H I S T O |L' Mtm NUMORUM CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library CJ335 .H43 1887 + Historia numorum, a manual of Greek numi 3 1924 029 779 141 olln Overs Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029779141 HISTORIA NUMORUM HEAD lonbon HENRY FROWDE Oxford University Press Warehouse Amen Corner, E.C. HISTORIA NUMORUM A MANUAL OF GREEK NUMISMATICS BY BARCLAY VrHEAD ASSISTANT-KEEPER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COINS AND MEDALS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1887 [ All fjghls reserved^ **■ i » S i jil. ^ L. MEMORIAE • lOSEPHI • ECKHEL- SCIENTIAE . NVMORVM ■ VETERVM INSIGNIS MAGISTRI D- D- D- CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE . . ■ • xiii BIBLIOGRAPHY . xix IM"TRODUCTIOK" § I. Primitive methods of Exchange by Barter . . . • xxvii § 2. The Metric Systems of the Egyptians, Babylonians, and Assyrians . . . . xxviii § 3. Tlie Phoenician Traders . . xxxi § 4. The Lydians . . xxxii § 5. The Invention of Coinage in Lydia . . xxxiii § 6. The Babylonia and Phoenician Silver Jlinae . xxxv § 7. Derivation of Coin- weights ...... xxxvi § 8. Transmission of Weight Standards from Asia to Europe by four principal routes ..... . xxxvii § 9. Further transmission of Weight Systems to Italy, Sicily, and the West . . . xlix § 10. Greek Coin-types ... Ivi § II. Symbols ... ... . lix § 12. The Chronological Classification of Coins by style . lix § 13. Inscriptions on Autonomous and Regal Coins . . Ixiii § 14. Magistrates' names on Autonomous and Imperial Coins Ixiv § 15. Public Games and Sacred Festivals . . , Ixviii § 16. Titles and Epithets applied to Cities . Ixxiil § 17. Alliance Coins . . Ixxvii § 18. Colonial Coins : . Ixxvii § 19. Dated Coins . . Ixxviii NOTANDA . . . Ixxx CORRIGENDA ... . . . Ixxx EUROPE . . . . . I HISPANIA . . I GALLIA . 7 BRITANNIA . . 9 ITALY . .10 ETRURIA . . .10 viii CONTENTS. PAGE UMBEIA . ... 17 PICENUM .... 19 LATITJM . . ZO SAMNIUM . 24 FBENTANI . . ■ -25 CAMPANIA . 25 APULIA . . • 36 CALABEIA . • '42 LUCANIA . 57 BEUTTIUM • '75 SICILY . -99 MACEDON • ■ 1^9 A. PANGAEAN DISTRICT I 7,4 B. EMATHIAN DISTEICT 17^ C. BISALTIAN DISTEICT . . ■ • l^^ D. CHALCIDICE . 181 E. STETMONIAN AND BOTTIAEAN DISTEICTS I 90 F. KINGS OE MACEDON . . .193 G. KINGS OF PAEONIA . . ■ 207 H. MACEDON UNDEE THE ROMANS 2o8 THEACE • 213 I. SOUTHERN COAST ■ ■ ■ 213 K. THRACIAN CHEESONBSUS . • 2 22 L. ISLANDS OF THEACE . 225 M. EUROPEAN COAST OF THE PEOPONTIS . 229 N. THE DANUBIAN DISTEICT ... 233 O. TAURIC CHBRSONESUS . . . . . 237 P. THRACIAN KINGS AND DYNASTS . . 239 Q. INLAND CITIES OF THRACE . . 244 R. KINGS OF THE SCYTHIANS 245 THESSALY .... .246 ISLANDS ADJACENT TO THESSALY ... 264 ILLYKIA KINGS OF ILLYEIA ISLANDS OF ILLYRIA 265 267 268 ILLYEIO-EPIROTE SILVER COINAGE . 269 EPIEUS ... 269 KINGS OF EPIRUS . . , 272 EPIEOTE REPUBLIC . .274 COECYKA . 275 ACAENANIA . .278 FEDERAL COINAGE OF ACAENANIA . 282 AETOLIA . . 283 CONTENTS. ix PAGK LOCEIS .... 285 LOOEI OPUNTII (ePICNEMIDh) . . . . 285 LOOEI OZOLAE ... . . 286 PHOCIS . . 287 BOEOTIA . . 291 EUBOEA . . 301 ATTICA . . . 309 MEGARIS COLONIES OP CORINTH PELOPONNESUS PHLIASIA SICYONIA ACHAIA ACHAEAN LEAGUE CEETE ASIA BOSPORUS COLCHIS PONTUS PAPHLAGONIA BITHYNIA KINGS OF BITHYNIA MYSIA THE CISTOPHOEI TEOAS TENEDOS AEOLIS . 329 AEGINA . • • 331 COEINTHIA . 334 340 342 344 345 347 350 ACHAIA (Eoman Province) . . . .3152 BLIS ... ISLANDS OFF ELIS MESSENIA . . LAC ONI A . ISLANDS OFF LACONIA ABGOLIS . , . , AECADIA 353 358 361 365 366 372 382 ISLANDS OF THE AEGEAN SEA (CYCLADES AND SPOEADES) 407 422 422 423 423 KINGS OF PONTUS, AND OF PONTUS WITH BOSPOKUS 427 KINGS OF THE CIMMEEIAN BOSFOEUS . 430 431 436 444 446 461 467 475 478 CONTENTS. PAGE LESBOS 483 HECATONNESi (Islands near Lesbos) ■488 IONIA 489 SATEAPAL COINAGE IX lt)NlA 512 ISLANDS or IONIA 513 CAEIA . 519 DTNASTS OF CAEIA 533 ISLANDS OFF CAEIA 53s- LYDIA . 544 PHRYGIA 556 LYCIA 571 PAMPHYLIA . . 581 PISIDIA . 588 LYOAONIA 595 CILICIA WITH ISAURIA 597 ELAEUSA, ISLAND ADJACENT TO CILICIA 618 KINGS OF CILICIA 618 CY^PEUS . 620 GALATIA 628 KINGS OF GALATIA 628 CAPPADOCIA . 631 KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA 631 CAPPADOCIA (Roman Province) 633 ARMENIA 635 KINGS OF AEMENIA • 635 KINGS OF THE EEGIONS ABOUT AEMENIA 636 SYRIA . . 637 THE SELEUCID KINGS . 637 COMMAGENE 652 CYEEHESTICA . 654 CHALCIDICE 655 CHALCIDENE 655 PALMYEENE 656 SELEUCIS AST) PIEBIA 656 COELB-STEIA 662 TRACHONITIS 663 DECAPOLIS 664 PHOENICIA 665 GALILAEA 676 SAMAEIA 678 JUDAEA . . 679 Kings, Princes, and Romau Procurators of Judaea 681 CONTENTS. xl PAGE ARABIA . . .685 KINGS OF NABATHAEA . 685 CITIES OF ARABIA PETEAEA . . 686 ARABIA FELIX . .687 MESOPOTAMIA . 688 BABYLONIA . . . 690 ASSYRIA , 690 PARTHIA . 691 AESACIDAE . . 691 PERSIS ... .696 SASSANIDAE . ... 697 CHARACENE, &c. . . . 697 PERSIA (achabmenidae) . . 698 BACTRIA AND INDIA . . . .701 AFRICA - . ,711 EGYPT THE PTOLEMIES . THE NOMES OF EGYPT ETHIOPIA CYRENAICA . LIBYA SYRTICA BYZACENE ZEUGITANA . ISLANDS BETWEEN AFRICA AND SICILY NUMIDIA KINGS OF NTTMIDIA CITIES OF NUMIDIA . MAURETANIA KINGS OF MAURETANIA CITIES OF MAURETANIA 711 711 GREEK CITIES OP EGYPT 7 i 8 722 724 735 735 736 737 743 744 744 745 746 746 747 INDEXES I- GEOGRAPHICAL II. KINGS AND DYNASTS . III. REMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS (a) GREEK .... (0) LATIN, ETRUSCAN, &c. . . ■774 (y) PHOENICIAN, ARAMAIC, PUNIC, AND HEBREW . . . ^y. 751 751 759 763 763 CONTENTS. PAGE IV. TITLES AND EPITHETS OF CITIES and MENTIONS OF SITES 77^ (n) GEEEK . ...... 776 0) LATIN . . . 780 V. MAGISTERIAL TITLES 7^2 (a) GEEEK . 782 (3) LATIN . 784 VI. ENGRAVERS' NAMES . 785 VII. INDEX RERUM • - . 786 Table or Weights 806 Table of Measurements . . 808 PLATES or ALPHABETS. I. Etruscan, Umbrian, Sabellian, Oscan, and Latin. II. Greek Earlier, Greek Later, aijd Ltcian. III. Cypriote. IV. Phoenician Earlier and Later, Punic Earlier and Latee, Israelite Earlier and Later, Aramaic (Satrap Coins). V. Arian Pali (Bactrian Coins). PREFACE. In few departments of historical research has more advance been made within the last half-century than in Greek Numismatics, and in none perhaps is it more difficult for the student to gain access to the papers, scattered up and down the pages of the publications of learned societies, which deal with the subject. The time is fast approaching when Greek Archaeology and Numismatics will take their due place, too long denied them, in the curriculum of study at our English and American Universities. It has therefore become incumbent upon the few who in this and other countries hold the key of knowledge, to pause for an interval to take stock of their possessions, to count their gains and arrange and classify the mass of new material which has been accumu- lated in years of patient enquiry, to eliminate the ore from the dross, of which there is no small quantity, and to piece together for the benefit of younger students the scattered fragments of truth which their predeces- sors and contemporaries have been at the pains of collecting. The last thorough retrospect of the science with which we are now called upon to deal was Eckhel's monumental work Boctrina numorum. vefenim, published at Vienna during the closing years of the last century, a marvellous compendium of wide research and profound erudition, a work which can never be altogether superseded, and which the Numismatist may always consult with advantage for the first principles of the science of his predilection. But since Eckhel's time much has been accomplished ; whole fields of study of which Eckhel was entirely ignorant have been opened up and explored, and hoards upon hoards of ancient coins have been brought to light, such for instance as the electrum staters of Cyzicus, of which at the present time no fewer than 150 varieties are known, though not one single specimen had ever come under Eckhel's observation, a circumstance which led him to doubt the evidence of the ancient writers and seriously to dispute the fact that such coins had ever existed [Prolegomena, p. 4a). Other series such as those of Elis and of Corinth, although known to Eckhel, were wrongly attributed by him, the former to Faleria in Etruria, the latter to Syracuse. Eckhel again had never seen a gold stater of Athens and disbelieved in the genuineness of the few specimens which had been described by others. Hence the following statement, startling as it now appears in the light of our fuller knowledge, concerning the coinage of Cyzicus, Phocaea, Corinth, and Athens, was by Eckhel's disciples accepted as the final decision of the master : — 'Atne horum quidem populorumvelunus repertus xiv PREFACE. est aureus et Corinthiorum quidem nullum omnino habemus numum certum ex quocunque metallo antequam romanam coloniam recepissent.' Passing from Greece to the East, we find Eekhel's work all but useless to the student. The Lycian, the Cypriote, the Arian and Indian Pali alphabets and syllabaries were absolutely unknown in Eekhel's time. All these and many other series of coins, some now thoroughly, and others as j-et but partially investigated, were, in the beginning of the present century still silent witnesses to the history of a dead past, lying undiscovered, though fortunately uninjured by the lapse of ages in the safe keeping of that mother-earth to whom they had been com- mitted more than two thousand years ago. I have still to mention two very important subjects concerning which the author of the Docfrina was very imperfectly acquainted : (i) The history of the development of Greek art, and (ii) Metrology. With regard to the first it is only indeed within quite recent years that archaeologists have been aware of any strict scientific basis of criticism for determining the exact age of works of ancient art. Archaeology as a science can hardly be said to have existed in the last century. There was little or nothing in the nature of things which precluded the possibility of assigning almost any uninscribed coin, within certain limits, to almost any age. All this is now changed, and we may approach the study of Greek Numismatics armed with at least a general knowledge of the laws which hold good in the growth, the development, and the decay of Greek art. Numismatics and Epigraphy have been of immense assistance in determining these fixed laws of criticism, and it is now a matter of no great difiiculty for the experienced Numismatist to place a coin within certain definite temporal and local limits often surprisingly narrow. It is thus possible with a tolerably complete series of the coins of any one city at our dis- posal to arrange them in the order in which they were issued, and so to reconstruct the numismatic history of the town. How much light may be thrown upon the dark spaces of political history by a series of coins classified and duly arranged in order of date can only be fully appreciated by "those who are familiar with the science of numismatics and accus- tomed to handle and study minutely the money of the ancients. One of the distinctive features of the present work is an attempt to set forth clearly the chronological sequence of the various series, and thus to build up in outline the history of the ancient world as it existed from the seventh century before our era down to the closing years of the third century A.D., a space of nearly a thousand years. If in some districts this historical outline is of the barest and most fragmentary kind, it will generally be found that this is due to the absence of numismatic evidence. Wherever coins are at hand in any quantities, there we have authentic documents on which to work. However rash therefore and tentative some of my chronological hypotheses may be thought to be by more cautious numismatists, I have preferred to submit such judgments as I PBEFACE. XV may perhaps sometimes too hastily have formed, to the criticism of all who are competent to give an opinion on these matters rather than to shield my ignorance under the convenient cloak of silence. I shall be only too glad if any errors into which I may have fallen may serve to call forth discussion and so to elicit the full truth. Next, as regards Metrology, Eckhel was perfectly justified in refusing to discuss the subject in detail in his great work. Much, it is true, had been written about the weights of ancient coins before Eckhel's time, but scarcely anything of solid and permanent value. ' Fatendum est etiam,' he says {Prolegomena, p. 34), ' multa esse adhuc in hac causa dubia atque incerta, multa Cimmeriis adhuc noctibus involuta, quod satis ex erudi- torum litibus atque dissidiis apparet.' The true reason why it was not possible at that time to draw any inferences from the weights of Greek coins was also duly appreciated by Eckhel, who however does not seem to have anticipated that this then valid reason would not always apply. So long as it was impossible to assign definite dates to the various issues of cities of the ancient world, so long were all metrological theories vague and worthless, as he most justly remarks, ' arduam tamen is sibi provin- ciam imponet qui volet monetae argenteae v. g. Syracusanorum, pondere mirum differentis certam secum rationem reperire. Tempora, inquies, esse distinguenda, atque aliis aliud pondus adsignandum. At enim quis noverit haec apte tempora distinguere 1 ' Not Eckhel himself, much less the metrological writers of his own and the preceding century. Now however this is happily no longer the case, and the metrologists of the nineteenth century, Eoeckh 1838, Queipo 1859, Mommsen 1865, Brandis 1866, Lenormant 1878, Bortolotti 1878, and Hultsch 1864 and 1883^ have, in the light of their fuller knowledge of the exact dates of the coins on which their theories are based, placed the science of ancient numismatic metro- logy at last on a firm footing. It can no longer be maintained that this branch of our subject is shrouded in ' Cimmerian darkness^ ; the night has at last broken and we are beginning to see well enough to feel our way. It is true that much still remains to be done, and all is not quite clear, and it is doubtless possible that before many years have passed those portions of the present work which deal with the origin and extension of the various systems of weight will need careful revision or may have to be entirely re-written. I am quite ready to admit that many of my opinions are hypothetical, and that some of my inferences may be based upon insufficient data. Further discoveries may confirm or modify my views on many points which are now obscure. My introductory chapters on metrology will perhaps be accepted as they are intended merely as plausible theories. This portion of my Manual may therefore be passed over by those who look only for facts, of which I trust a suSicient abun- dance will be found in the body of the work. One word more with regard to the scope and intention of the present Manual. In the first place it lays no claim to be a complete ' Corpus ' of xvi PREFACE. Greek coins. The time has not yet ai-rived for such a colossal undei'tak- ing, nor will it, I fear, ever be possible for a single student, by his own unaided efforts, to compile such a work. When the great Catalogue, of the Greek coins in the British Museum is completed, and when the French and German Museums have followed the example set by England and have published full catalogues of all their coins, then and not till then will the task be feasible, if competent scholars can be induced to under- take it. Meanwhile Mionnet's voluminous work in fifteen volumes, Description de MedaiUes antiques grecques et romaines, Paris, 1807-1837, will, in spite of its many inaccuracies, continue to hold the field as, longo intervallo, the nearest approach to a complete if not to a scientific Corpus. In the second place this Manual is not a general treatise or series of essays like Lenormant's valuable and suggestive, though alas ! unfinished, work. La Monnaie dans V Antiquite, Paris, 1878-9, 3 vols. My aim has been to produce a practical handbook in a single portable volume containing in a condensed form a sketch of the numismatic history of nearly every city, king, or dynast, known to have struck coins throughout the length and breadth of the ancient world. I do not attempt to provide a complete catalogue of all the known coins of any city, nor even to describe in minute detail the specimens which I have found space to mention. Either course would have involved the addition of at least a second volume, and the scope and object of the work would not have been the same. All that I have found it possible to accomplish in a Manual of moderate size has been to draw attention to the leading and most characteristic coin-types of each city and king, as far as possible in chronological order, taking care to distinguish the dialectic forms of the ethnic noun or adjective, to note the metrological standards in use in the various periods, the local myths, and the names and epithets of the deities chiefly revered in each locality, and to indicate remarkable palaeo- graphical peculiarities, in so far as this could be done without having special types cut for the purpose, which would have necessitated a large addition to the price of the volume. In the Imperial period I have endeavoured to give the titles, though not the names, of all the local magistrates, and the names of the chief religious festivals and public games, and I have also been careful to note the local eras wherever the coins bear dates. In all those regions where I have thought it helpful to the student to do so I have added a chronological conspectus of the coinage in a tabular form, with the object of showing at a glance in what periods the several cities struck money in gold, silver, or bronze. The four hundred engrav- ings executed by one of the new mechanical photographic printing processes will perhaps serve to give the reader a general idea of the fabric and style of many of the more remarkable specimens, but the numismatist who would study them in greater detail must have recourse to my Guide to the gold and silver coins of the Ancients, London, 1 881, to PREFACE. xvii Professor Gardner's valuable work The Ti/jies of Greek coins, Cambridge, 1883, to the Plates of the Numism.atic Chronicle, and to the volumes of the British Museum Catalogue of Greek coins, where the autotype process (the only thoroughly reliable method of reproducing ancient coins) will enable him to appreciate delicacies of treatment which it is at present impossible to indicate by means of cuts inserted in the text, which last however possess the advantage of greater convenience than plates at the end of the volume. The vexed question of the best mode of spelling Greek names I have not attempted to solve. Any system carried out with un- deviating consistency can hardly fail to lead to unsatisfactory or pedantic and sometimes even to absurd results. I have therefore preferred to be a little inconsistent, but have adhered as much as possible to the following rule. For all names of cities, kings, and dynasts, I have chosen the Latin spelling, as the Greek would have involved an alphabetical arrangement different from that which has been generally adopted in numismatic works and in the coin-cabinets of all the great museums of Europe. The names of the Greek divinities, heroes, and other mythological personages, on the other hand, I have kept approximately in their original Greek forms, as Zeus, Kybele, Odysseus, instead of Jupiter, Cybele, Ulysses, but I have never ventured upon such ugly and unnecessary transliterations as Odusseus or Akhilleus. At the end of the volume after the necessary Indexes will be found five plates of alphabetical forms, which will I trust prove to be of some use to young students. These I have compiled partly from the coins and partly from the following sources : — Lenormant's article ' Alphabet ' in Baremherg and Saglio's Dictionary, Lenormant's Essai sur la Propagation de V alphabet pMnicien, KirchhofF's Stndienzur Geschichte des griechischen Aljiha- lets, Isaac Taylor's The Alphabet, S. Reinach's Traite d J^pigraphie grecque. Part II, Savelsberg's Beitrdge zur Entzifferung der Li/kischen Sprachdenhndler, J. P. Six's Plate of the Cyprian syllabary in his Series Cypriotes, and Gardner's Table of Arian and Indian Pali characters in his Catalogve of the Coitis of the Greek and Scythic kings of India. In conclusion, I have to return my sincere thanks to my friends and colleagues, Professor P. Gardner, Mr. H. A. Grueber, and Mr. Warwick Wroth, for the great assistance they have rendered me in the correction of the proof-sheets. I havje also to acknowledge the many valuable hints which Professor W. M. Ramsay has from time to time been kind enough to give me in those portions of my work which deal with the Imperial issues of Phrygia and the southern coast of Asia Minor. My indebtedness to Dr. Imhoof-Blumer is, I fear, but inadequately attested by the many references to his works, citations which, numerous as they are, should have been still more frequent. MM. RoUin and Feuardent have likewise rendered me an invaluable service by most liber- ally placing at my disposal the volumes of the late Mr. M. Eorrell's carefully compiled MS. Catalogue of Greek coins. b xviii PREFACE. For the rest, I commit my book to the kindly judgment of numisma- tists, not without much misgiving and an inward consciousness of its many shortcomings and of the countless errors which in spite of all my strivings after accuracy of detail cannot fail to have crept into its pages. I shall be only too grateful to those who may have occasion to make use of it, if they will draw my attention to any mistakes which may come under their observation. These will, I fear, be more in number than I care to anticipate, but I console myself with the reflection that I have done my best, and with the well-worn French proverb, Le mietix est Vennemi du bien, BARCLAY V. HEAD. September, 1886. BIBLIOGRAPHY. A COMPLETE bibliography of Greek Numigmatics would doubtless be a most interesting compilation, but from a practical standpoint fully three-fourths of it would probably be useless. As space is valuable, I have only thought it necessary to mention (a) those works which I have myself had most frequent occasion to use or refer to in the course of my numismatic studies, and especially in the preparation of the present work. To these I have added one or two, such as Garucci's recent folio on the coinage of ancient Italy, which have appeared since this Manual has been in the Press. With the object of being as concise as possible, I have taken the liberty of abbreviating some of the more lengthy titles, and I have omitted many of the shorter, and what I have deemed less impoi'tant, articles. These will, however, be found without much difficulty by the student who will de- vote a short time to the perusal of the Indexes of the various numismatic period- icals (^), such as the Numismatic Chronicle, the Revue 7iumismatique, the Zeitschrift fur Numismatik, and others of which I have appended a short list (y). I have also added a select number of Geographical, Mythological, Historical, Archaeological, Metrological, and Epigraphical books (S), which will be most useful and indeed generally indispensable to the numismatist. (a) Numismatic Works. Babelon (E.). Monnaies royalea inddites. Rev. Num., 1883. Monnaies critoises. Rev. Num., 1885. Monnaiea de la Cyr^naique. Rev. Num., 1885. Monnaies de la E^publique romaine. Faris, 1885. Bahrfeldt (M.) and Samwer (C). Gesohiolite des alteren romischen Miinzwesens. Vienna, 1883. Behr, Catalogue. See Lenormant (F.). BeulS (B.). Les monnaies d'Athfenes. Paris, 1858. Birch (S.). Articles in the Nam. Chron., Ser. I. Blau (O.). De Nummis Achaemenidarum aramaeo-persicia. Leipzig, iS^^. Bompoia (F.). Medailles grecques autonomes fi'app^es dans la Cyr^naique. Paris, 1869. Etude historique et critique des Portraits attribu^s k Cl^om^ne III, roi de Lac^d^mone Paris, 1870. Explication d'un Didrachme inddit de la ville d'Iclinae (Mac^doine). Paris, 1S74. Observations sur un Didrachme in^dit de la ville de Ci&ium en Thessalie. Paris, 1876. Examen ehronologique des Monnaies frapp^ea par la communaut^ des Mac^doniens. Paris, 1876. Sale Catalogue. Paris, 1882. Various other articles on Greek numismatics. Borrell (H. P.). Numerous and valuable articles in the Num. Chron., Ser. I. vol. ii-xi. MS. Catalogue in the British Museum. Borrell (M.). Voluminous MS. Catalogue in the possession of MM. BoUin and Peuardent. Bosset (C. P. de). Sur les Medailles des lies de C^phall^nia et d'lthaca. London, 1845. Boutkowski (A.). Dictionnaire Numiamatique, vol. i. Leipzig, 1877. British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins. (Cited as P. M. Cat.) (i) Italy (Poole, Head, and Gardner) ; (ii) Sicily (Poole, Head, and Gardner) ; (iii) Thrace b2 BIBLIOGRAPHY. (Head and Gardner); (iv) Blacedon (Head); (v) Thessaly (Gardner) ; (vi) Central Greece (Head) ; (vii) Crete, etc. (Wroth) ; (viii) Seleucidae (Gardner) ; (ix) i-tolemiea (Poole); (x) Greek and Soythic Kings of India (Gardner). In progress. Britisli Museum. Guide to the Coins of the Ancients (B. V. Head). London, 1881. (Cited as B. M. Guide.) Bunbury (E. H.). Tetradrachms of Alexander. Num. Chron., 1S68 and iSS^. Unpublished Coins of the Seleucidan Kings of Syria. Num. Chron., 1883. Unpublished Cistophori. Num. Chron., 1883. Burgon (T.). Various articles in the Num. Chron., Ser. I. See also Pembroke and Thomas Sale Catalogues. Cadalvdne (E. de). Eecueil de M^dailles grecques. Paris, 1828. Carelli (Pr.). Numorum Italiae veteris tabulae ccii. Ed. C. Cavedoni. Leipzig, l8jo. Casati (C). fipigraphie de la Numismatique iStrusque, Bev. Num., 1885. Cavedoni (C). Numismatioa biblica. Morlena, 1S50-1855. Monete antiche dell' isola di Lipari. Modena, 1S69. Various articles in the Annali and the BuUetino delV Inst, di Con: Arch. Ciabouillet (A.). Stature d'or du roi Aces. Paris, 1S66. Cohen (H.). Monnaies de la E^publique romaiue. Paris, 1857. Monnaies frapp^es sous I'Empire romain. Paris, 1859-1868. 7 vols. New edition in progress. Combe (C). Nummorum veterum populorum et urbium qui in museo Gul. Hunter asservantur descriptio. London, 1782. Combe (T.). Veterum populorum et regum numi qui in Museo Britannico asservantur. London, 1S14. CousinSry (E. M.). Essai historique et critique sur les Monnaies d'argent de la Ligue ach^enne. Paris, 1825. Cunningham (A.). Coins of Alexander's successors in the East. Num. Chron., 1868-1S70. Curtius (E.). Uber den religiosen Character der griechisohen Miinzen. Translated by B. V. Head. Num. Chron., 1870. Delgado (A.). Medallas autonomas de Espaiia. Seville, 1S71-1876. Droysen (J. G.). Zum Miinzwesen Athens. Sitzungsberichte der K. preussisahen Akddenie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1882. Duchalais (A.). Description des M^dailles gauloises. Paris, 1846. Dumersan (M.). Description des M<5dailles antiques du cabinet AUier de Hauteroche. Paris, 1829. Eckhel (J.). Doctrina numorum veterum. Vienna, 1792-1798. 8 vols. Addenda to the same. Vienna, 1826. Evans (A. J.). Illyrian Coins. Num. Chron., 1880. Evans (J.). Ancient British Coins. London, 1864. Fellows (C). Coins of ancient Lycia. London, 1855. Peuardent (P.). Numismatique. — ^ifegypte anoienne. Paris, 1870-1873. 2 vols. Eiorelli (G.). Catalogo del Museo nazionale di Napoli. Naples, 1866-1872. Pox (C. K.). Engravings of unedited or rare Greek Coins. Part I. Europe, London, 1856. Part II. Asia and Africa. London, 1862. Priedlaender (J.). Die Oskischeu Miinzen. Leipzig, 1850. Eiu Verzeichnias von griechisohen falsohen Miinzen. Berlin, 1883. Eepertorium zur antiken Numismatik. Ed. R. Weil. Berlin, 1SS5. Numerous articles in the Berliner Blatter and in the Zeit.f. Num. Priedlaender (J.) and von Sallet (A.). Das koenigliche Mtinzkabinet. Berlin, 1S77. Gardner (P.). Sicilian Studies. Num. Chron., 1876. The Coins of Elis. Num. Chron., 1879. Pollux' account of ancient Coins. Num. Chron., 188 1. Samos and Samiau Coins. Num. Chron., 18S2. The Parthian Coinage. London, 1877. The Types of Greek Coins. Cambridge, 1882. ZacynthuB. Num. Chron., 1885. BIBLIOORAPHY. Numerous other articles in the Num. Chron. from 1871. See also British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins, and Imhoof-Blumer (F.)- Garucoi (K.). Le monete dell' Italia antica. Rome, 1885. (Too recently published for use in the compi- lation of the present work.) Monuayage antique de Ehegium et de Calabre. Ann. de Nv/m., 1882. Origines du monnayage d'or et d' argent en fitrurie. Ann. de Num., 1884. Gough (K.). Coins of the Seleucidae. ioMcZow, 1803. GrSau. Sale Catalogues, 1867 and 1869. Greenwell (W.). Eare Greek Coins. Num. Chron., 1885. Grotefend (C. L.). Chronologische Anordnung der Athenischen Silbermiinzeu. Banover, 1872. Head (B. v.). Greek autonomous Coins from the Wigan Cabinet. Num. Chron., 1873. History of the Coinage of Syracuse. Num. Chron., 1874. Metrological Notes on ancient electrum Coins. Num. Chron., 1875. Notes on the Staters of Cyzicus. Num. Chron., iS'] 6. Addenda, 1877. The Coinage of Lydia and Persia. London, 1877. Himyarite and other Arabian imitations of Athenian Coins. Num. Chron., 1878. Ancient Systems of Weight. Journal of the Institute of Bankers, 1879. A Himyarite tetradrachm and the Trdsor de Sau'a. Num. Chron., 1S80. History of the Coinage of Ephesus. Num. Chron., i?i&o. Addenda, 188 1. History of the Coinage of Boeotia. Num. Chron., 1S81. A Guide to the Coins of the Ancients. London, Brit. Mu.s., 18S1. The Young Collector's hand-book of Greek and Roman Coins. London, 1883. Unique Coins of Aetna and Zancle. Num. Chron., 1883. Coins discovered on the site of Nauoratis. Num. Chron., 1886. Various other articles in the Num. Chron., etc., from 1868-1886. See also British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins. Heiss (A.). Monnaies antiques de I'Espagne. Faris, 1870. Huoher (B.). L'Art gaulois d'aprfes lea MddaOles. Paris, 1868. Hunter Catalogue. See Combe (C). Imhoof-Blumer (P.). Zur Miinzkunde und Palaeographie Boeotiens. Num. Zeit., 1871 and 1877. Choix de Monnaies grecques. (Plates only.) Winterthur,\%-]i. Beitrage zur Miinzkunde und Geographic von Altgriechenland und Kleinaaien. Zeit.f. Num., 1873. Griechische Mtinzen in dem K.. Miinzkabinet im Haag, etc. Zeit.f. Num., 1876. Die Miiuzen Akamaniens. Num. Zeit., 187S. Griechische Munzen in der Sammlung in Karlsruhe. Zeit.f. Num., 1880. Die Euboische Silberwahrung. Monatsbericht der Jc. Akad. der Wissensch., Berlin, 1881. Zur Miinzkunde Kilikieus. Zeit.f. Num., 1883. Mallos, Megarsos, et Antioche du Pyramos. Ann. de Num., 1883. Monnaies grecques. Paris, 18S3. Die Mftnzen der Dynastie von Pergamon. Berlin, 1884. Griechische Munzen aus dem Museum in Klagenfurt, etc. Num. Zeit., 1884. Portratkopfe auf antiken Mnnzen. Leipzig, 1885. Beitrage zur griechischen Miinzkunde. Zeit.f. Num., 1885. Various other articles of which there is a list in his Mon. Or., p. iii. Imhoof-Blumer (P.) and Gardner (P.). Numismatic Commentary on Pausanias (II- VIII), Journal of Sellenic Studies, 1885 and 1886. (Part II too recently published for use by the author of the present work.) Ivanoff. Sale Catalogue. London, 1863. Keary (C. P.). The Morphology of Coins. Num. Chron., 1885 and 1S86. Kenner (P.). Die Miinzsammlung des Stiftes St. Florian. Vienna, iS^i. Knight (R. Payne-). Nummi veteres civitatum, regum, gentium, in Museo E. P. K. asservati. London, 1830. Koehler (U.). Die Miinzen der Kleruchen auf Delos. Mittheil. d. arch. Inst. Athen., VI. Numismatische Beitrage. Die Solonieche MUnzreform. Mittheil. d. arch. Inst. Athen, IX. Miinzfunde auf Euboea und in Eleusis. Mittheil. d. arch. Inst. Athen., IX. Various other articles in the same publication. Koebne (B.). Description du Mus^e Kotschoubey. St. Petersburg, 1857. xxii BIBLIOGBAPHY. Lambroa (P.). No/tiVjuara T^y vjjffou *A^(5p')'0v. Athens, 1S70. Articles in the Zeit.f. Num. Langlois (V.). Numismatique des Nomes d'Egypte. Paris, 1852. Numismatique de rArm^nie dans I'antiquit^. Paris, 1859. Lang (B. H.). Coins discovered in Cyprus. Num. Chron., iS'ji. Lavy (C. F.). Museo numismatico Lavy. Parte I, Medaglie greohe. Turin, 1839. Leake (W. M.). Numismata Hellenica. io»rfo», 1854. Supplement, 1859. Lemin6. Catalogue de M^dailles du Bosphore Cimm^rien. Paris, 1872. Lenormant (C). Essai sur les Statures de Cyzique. Pev. Nam., 1856. See also Tr^sor de Numismatique. Lenormant (F.). Description des Monnaies, etc. composant le cabinet du Baron Behr. Paris, 1859. Statures in^dits de Cyzique. Eev. Num., 1864. De quelques espfeces de Monnaies grecques mentionn^es dans les auteurs anciens et dans les inscriptions. Bev. Num., 1867. Monnaies royales de la Lydie. Paris, 1876. La Monnaie dans rantiquit<5. Paris, 1878-1879. 3 vols. Monnaies et M^dailles. Paris, 1883. Monnaies ^gyptiennes mentionnees dans les contrats d^motiques. Ann. de Num., 1884. Otter articles in the Rev. Arch, and Sev. Num. Lloyd ("W.). Articles in Num. Chron., Ser. I. vols, x and xi. On the types of Coins of Caulonia, Croton, Selinus, etc. LongpSrier (A. de). Numerous articles in the Eev. Num., Annali, and Bulletino di Corr. Arch., all reprinted in the (Euvres de A. Longpirier. Paris 1883, ^d. Schlumberger. Eois Parthes Arsacides. Paris, 1853-1882. Luynes (H. de). Choix de MMailles grecques. Pans, 1840. (17 Plates, no text.) Essai sur la numismatique des Satrapies et de la Ph^nicie. Paris, 1846. Numismatique et Inscriptions Cypriotes. Paris, 1852. Various articles in the Annali and in the Noavelles Annates de VInst. di Corr. Arch, and in the Rev. Num. Madden (F. W.). Coins of the Jews. London, i^^i. Marchi and Tessieri. L' Aes grave del Museo Kircheriano. Rome, 1839. Margaritis (P.). Catalogue. Paris, 1874. Millingen (J.). Recueil de quelques M^dailles grecques in^dites. Rome, 1812. Ancient Coins of Greek cities and kings. London, 1831. Sylloge of ancient unedited coins. London, 1837. Considerations sur la Numismatique de I'ancienne Italie. Florence, 1841. Supplement, 1844. Mionnet(T. E.). Description de M^dailles antiques grecques et romaines. Paris, 1807-1837. 15 vols. Mommsen (T.). Histoire de la Monnaie romaine, Tr. Blacas and De Witte. Paris, 1865- 1875. 4 vols. Muller (L). Description des Monnaies antiques du Mus^e ThorvaJdsen. Copenhagen, 1851. Numismatique d' Alexandre le Grand. Copenhagen, 1855. Die Miinzen des Thrakischen Kbnigs Lysimachos. Copenhagen, 1858. Numismatique de I'ancienne Afrique. Copenhagen, iS6o-tS6^. Supplement, 1874. 4 vols. Muret, (E.). Moimaies de Lydie. Rev. Num., 1883. Monnaies antiques rares ou in^dites du Cabinet de France. Rev. Num., 1883. Other articles in the Annuaire de Numismatique, Bulletin de Corr. Sell., etc. Newton, (C. T.). On a Greek Inscription at Mytilene relating to the coinage of that city and of Phocaea. Trans. R. Soc. Lit., vol. viii. On an electrum Stater possibly of Ephesus. Num. Chron., 1870. On an inedited Tetradrachm of Orophernes, king of Cappadocia. Num. Chron., 1871. Other articles in Num. Chron., Ser. I. vol. vii. Northwiok. Sale Catalogue. London, 1859. BIBLIOGRAPHY. xxiii Oreschnikow (A. W.). Zur Miinzkunde des Cimmerischen Bosporus. Moscow, 1883. Panofka ( T. ). Diasertations numismatiques. Parw, 1832. Pellerin (J.). Eeoueil de M^daMes de peuples et de villes. Paris, 1763-1770. 9 vols. Pembroke. Sale Catalogue. London, 1848. By T. Burgon. Pinder (M.). Die autiken Miinzen des K. Museums. Berlin, l8jl. tJber die Cistophoren, etc. Berlin, 1856. Pinder (M.) and Friedlander (J.). Beitrage zur alteren Munzkunde. Berlin, 185 1. Podsohiwalow (A. M.). Miinzen von Sarmatia Europaea, Chersonesus Taurioa, und Bosporus Cimmerius. Moscow, 1882. Poole (R. S.). On the Coins of the Ptolemies. iVwrn. CAro»., 1864-1867. Greek Coins as illustrating Greek art. Nnm. Chron., 1864. The Coins of Camarina. Trans. B. Soc. Lit., 1873. Athenian Coin-engravers in Italy. Num. Chron., 1883. Article ' Numismatics,' Encyclopaedia Brit., 9th ed. Various other articles in the Num. Chron., 1861-1862. See also British. Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins. Postolaka (A.). KaTd\070s rfflc apxa'iav vofuaiiaToiv tSiv vrjcrwv KipKvpas, AevxaSos, '18dict]9, KccfaAAiyi'ios, Za/cvvdov Kol Kvdrjpwv. Athens, 1868. KaTdXoyos tSjv dpxa.iojy voniffixdroiv, k.t.X. Athens, 1872. NofiifffiaTaev raj kdviKw Movffeicp KarariOevTa. Athens, 1885. Prokesch-Osten (A. von). Inedita. FienMa, 1854 and 1859. Easche (J. C). Lexicon universae rei numariae veterum. iei^iiy, 1 785-1 S04. Supplement, 1802-1805. Rathgeber (G-.). Silberne Mflnzen der Athenaier. Weissensee, 1858. Relnaoh. (Th.). Essai sur la Numismatique des rois de Cappadoce. IRev. Num., l886. Revillout (E.). Les plus anciennes Monnaies h^braiques. Ann. de Num., 1884. 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Monnaies d'Hieropolis en Syria. Num. Chron., 1878. Tetrachma Antigoneia. Ann. de Num., 1882. Mtinzkunde Pisidieus, etc. Zeit.f. Num., VI. 187?!. Du classement des S&ies Cypriotes. Bev. Num., 1883. Le Satrape Mazaios. Num. Chron., 1884. Dropion roi de P^onie. Ann. de Num., 1883. Sinope. Num. Chron., i88j. L'fere de Tyr. Num. Chron., 1886. Monnaies lyciennes. JRev. Num., 1886. L'fere de Tripolis. Ann. de Num., 18S6. Numerous smaller articles in the same periodicals. Subhy. Sale Catalogue. Constantinople, 1874. By C. Sibilian. Thomas. Sale Catalogue. London, 1844. By T. Burgon. Tochon (J. P.). Eecherches sur les Medailles des nomes de I'figypte. Paris, 1822. TrSsor de Uumismatique. — Numismatique des rois Grecs. Ed. C. Lenormant. Paris, 1849. Vaux ("W. S. W.). Articles in the Num. Chron., Ser. I and II. Ugdvilena (Q-.). SuUe monete Punico-Sicule. Palermo, 1857. Waddlngton ("W. H.). Voyage en Aaie Mineure au point de vue numismatique. Paris, 1853. Melanges de Numismatique. Pan«, 1861-1867. 2 parts. Numismatique de I'lsaurie et de la Lycaonie. Mev. Num., 1S83. Warren (J. L.). An Essay on Greek Federal Coinage. Zondon, iS6$. Weil (B.). Bemerkungen zu den griechisclien Bundesmiinzen. Zeit. f. Num., I. Akarnanische Bundesmiinzen. Zeit.f. Num., VII. Arkadische Milnzen. Zeit. f. Num., IX. Miinzwesen des Aohaeischen Bundes. Zeit.f. Num., IX. Die Ktlnstlerinscliriften der Sicilischen Miinzen. Berlin, 1884. Various articles in the Zeit.f. Num., the Mitth. d. arch. Inst. inAthen., and other periodicals. Werlhof (A. von). Handbuch der griechischen Numismatik. Hanover, iB^o. WTiittaU. Sale Catalogue. London, 18S4. Wicsay (C. M.). Musei Hedervarii numos antiques graeoos et latinos desoripsit. Vienna, 1814. Witte (J. de). Various articles in the Pev. Num., etc. See also Mommsen, Histoire de la Monnaie romaine, ed. Blacas and De Witte. Wroth (W.). Asklepios and the Coins of Pergamon. Num. Chron., 1882. Coins of Isauria and Lycaonia. Num. Chron., 1883. Cretan Coins. 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Essai sur la Propagation de I'Alphabet ph&icien. Paris 1872-1875 La Grande Gr^e. Paris, 1881-188?. xxvi BIBLIOGRAPHY. Marquardt (J.) and Mommsen (Th.). Handbuch der romischen Alterthumer. Staatsverwal- tung. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1881. Mitchell (L. M.). History of ancient Sculpture. London, 1884. Miiller (C. O.). Denkmaler der alten Kunst. New edition by Wieseler. 1862 ff. Murray (A. S.). History of Greek Sculpture. io»(?offl, 1880-1883. Newton (C. T.). Essays on Art and Archaeology. London, 1880. Overbeck (J.). Griechische Kunstmythologie. Leipzig, 1 871-1878. Griechische Plastik. Leipzig, 1 880-1881. Pape (W.). Wdrterbuch der griechischen Eigennamen. 3rd ed. Brunswiok, i^'jc^. Perrot {Or.) and Chipiez (C). Histoire de I'Art dans I'Antiquite. Paris, 1882 ff. Preller (L.). Griechische Mythologie. Berlin, 1860-1861. Queipo (v.). Essai sur les Systfemes m^triques et mon^taires des anciens peuples. Paris, 1859. Eamsay ("W. M.). 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Gorimitivo cubito Egizio) is of opinion that this Uten is exactly the — ;- part of the weight of a cubic cubit of Nile water, the cubit in question being not the ordinary royal cubit of 20-66 inches, but a measure which he calls the primitive Egyptian cubit of 17-71 inches in length. Besides this primitive (?) Uten of 1400 grs., there was also in use another and heavier form, of which a large number of examples (Kats and divisions of the Kat) have been re- cently discovered by Mr. Petrie on the site of Naucratis '- Signor Bortolotti {op. cit.) suggests that the standard weight of this heavy Uten may have been i486 grs. and that it may have been based upon the ^^ part of the weight of a cubic royal cubit (20-66 inches in length) of the Nile water, but Mr. Petrie's weights seem to show that the mean weight of this Uten cannot have exceeded 1436-1450 grs. although some specimens attain to as much as 1530 grs. The practical distinction between the two forms of the Uten is quite unknown. Possibly the light Uten may have been only a local variety, as the specimens of the heavier form are far more common. The Chaldaeans and Babylonians, as is well known, excelled especially in Babylonia the cognate sciences of arithmetic and astronomy. ' On the broad and mono- ^^^ tonous plains of lower Mesopotamia,' says Prof. Eawlinson ^, ' where the earth ^^^y"^- has little to suggest thought or please by variety, the " variegated heaven," ever changing with the hours and the seasons, would early attract attention, while the clear sky, dry atmosphere, and level horizon, would afford facilities for observations so soon as the idea of them suggested itself to the minds of the inhabitants '.' The records of these astronomical observations were inscribed in the cunei- form character on soft clay tablets, afterwards baked hard and preserved in the royal or public Libraries in the chief cities of Babylonia. Large numbers of these tablets are now in the British Museum. • "When Alexander the Great took Babylon it is recorded that there were found and sent to Aristotle a series of astronomical observations extending back as far as the year B.C. 2234. Eecent investigations into the nature of these records render it probable that upon them rests the entire structure of the metric system of the Babylonians. The day and night were divided by the Babylonians Into 24 hours, each ofTheeexa- 60 minutes, and each minute into 60 seconds — a method of measuring time g83i°»al which has never been superseded, and which we have inherited from Babylon, of thrBa- together with the first principles of the science of astronomy. The Babylonian bylonians. ' Publications of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Nuukratis, 18S6. " Ancient Monarchies, p. 126. " Cicero, Be Diviw. i. 2 : ' Principio Assyrii propter planitiem magnitudinemque regionum quas incolebant, cum caelum ex omni parte patens atque apertum intuerentur, traiectiones motusque stellarum observaverunt.' XXX INTBOBTJCTION. measures of capacity and their system of weights were based, it is thought, upon one and the same unit as their measures of Time and Space \ and as they are believed to have determined the length of an hour of equinoctial time by means of the dropping of water ^ so too it is conceivable that they may have fixed the weight of their Talent, their Mina and their Shekel, as well as the size of their measures of capacity, by weighing or measuring the amounts of water which had passed from one vessel into another during a given space of time. Thus, just aa an hour consisted of 60 minutes, and the minute of 60 seconds, so the Talent contained 60 minae, and the Mina 60 shekels. The division by sixties, or Sexagesimal system, is quite as characteristic of the Babylonian arithmetic and system of weights and measures, as the Decimal system is of the Egyptian and the modern French. And indeed it possesses one great advantage over the Decimal system, inasmuch as the number 60, upon which it is based, is more divisible than 10. About 1300 years before our era the Assyrian Empire came to surpass in importance that of the Babylonians, but the learning and science of Chaldaea were not lost, but rather transmitted through Niniveh by means of the Assyrian conquests and commerce to the north and west as far as the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Lion and Let us now turn to the actual monuments. Duck gome thirty years ago Mr. Layard discovered and brought home from the BalMo^°a^ ruins of ancient Niniveh a number of bronze Lions of various sizes, which may and now be seen in the British Museum. With them were also a number of stone Assyria, q^^^^^^ jy the form of Ducks. The bronze Lions are for the most part fur- nished with a handle on the back of the animal, and they are generally in- scribed with a double legend, one in cuneiform characters, the other in Aramaic. These inscriptions furnish us with the name of the king of Assyria or of Babylonia in whose reign the Lions and Ducks were fabricated ; and what is more to the purpose, they also state the number of minae or fractions of a mina which each one originally represented. There can therefore be no manner of doubt that these Lions and Ducks are genuine weights; or possibly even official standards of weight deposited from time to time in the royal palaces. At any rate it seems to be implied by the inscriptions on some of them, such as on three of the largest and most ancient of the Duck-weights, the following in cuneiform characters : — (i) 'The Palace of Irba-Merodach, king of Babylon [circ. B.C. 1050], 30 Manahs.' Wt. 15060-5 grm. yielding a Mina of 502 grm. (2) ' Thirty Manahs of Nabu-suma-libur, king of Assyria ' [date unknown]. "Wt. 14589 grm. A small portion of this weight is broken off : if this is allowed for, it would yield a mina of about the same weight as No. i. (3) ' Ten Manahs ' (somewhat injured) ; bears the name of ' Dungi,' according to Geo. Smith, king of Babylon about b. c. 2000. Wt. 4986 grm. yielding a Mina of 498-6 grm. ' Brandis, Miiuz- Mass- v. Gewichtswesen, p. 33 seqq. ' Brandis, op. cit., p. 19. THE PHOENICIANS. xxxi On three of the Lions we read : — (i) 'The Palace of Shalmaneser [circ. B.C. 850], king of the country, two manahs of the king ' in cuneiform characters, and ' Two manahs weight of the country ' in Aramaic characters. Wt. 1992 grm. yielding a Mina of 996 grm. (2) ' The Palace of Tiglath-Pileser [circ. B.C. 747], king of the country, two manahs ' in cuneiform characters. Wt. 946 grm. yielding a Mina of 473 grm. (3) ' Five manahs of the king ' in cuneiform characters, and ' Five manahs weight of the country ' in Aramaic characters. "Wt. 5042 grm. yielding a Mina of 1008 grm. The whole series of these ancient weights was some years ago subjected to a careful process of weighing in a balance of precision by an officer of the Stan- dards Department, and the results were published by Mr. W. H. Chisholm in the Ninth Annual Report of the Warden of the Standards, 1874-5, where a complete list of all of them may be found. All the more important pieces had, however, been weighed many years before, and it need only be stated that the results of the process of reweighing under more favourable conditions are in the main identical with those formerly arrived at by Queipo and by the late Dr. J. Brandis. A glance down the list of weights will convince us that there were two dis- tinct Minae simultaneously in use during the long period of time which elapsed between about B.C. 2000 and B.C. 625. The heavier of these two minae appears to have been just the double of the lighter. Brandis is probably not far from the mark in fixing the weight of the heavy mina at loio grammes, and that of the light at 505 grammes. It has been suggested that the lighter of these two minae may have been peculiar to the Babylonian and the heavier to the Assyrian Empire ; but this cannot be proved. Nevertheless it would seem that the use of the heavy mina was more extended in Syria than that of the lighter, if we may judge from the fact that most of the weights belonging to the system of the heavy mina have, in addition to the cuneiform inscription, an Aramaic one. The purpose which this Aramaic inscription served must clearly have been to render the weight acceptable to the Syrian and Phoenician merchants who traded backwards and forwards between Assyria and Mesopotamia on the one hand and the Phoenician emporia on the other. § 3. The Phoenician Traders. The Phoenician commerce was chiefly a carrying trade. The richly em- broidered stuffs of Babylonia and other products of the East were brought down to the coast, and then carefully packed in chests of cedar-wood in the markets of Tyre and Sidon, whence they were shipped by the enterprising Phoenician mariners to Cyprus, to the coasts of the Aegean, or even to the extreme west. Hence the Phoenician city of Tyre was called by Ezechiel [ch. xxvii] ' a merchant of the people for many isles.' But the Phoenicians in common with the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Hebrews, etc., with whom they dealt, were at no time without their own pecu- xxxii INTRODUCTION. liar weights and measures, upon which they appear to have grafted the Assyrio- Babylonian principal unit of account, or the weight in which it was customary to estimate values. This weight was the 6oth part of the mar>Mh or mina. Phoenician The Babylonian sexagesimal system was foreign to Phoenician habits. While system of therefore these people had no difficulty in adopting the Assyrio-Babylonian 6oth Si!d o^ne. as their own unit of weight or shekel, they did not at the same time adopt the sexagesimal system in its entirety, but constituted a new mina for themselves, consisting of 50 shekels instead of 60. In estimating the largest weight of all, the Talent, the multiplication by 60 was nevertheless retained. Thus in the Phoenician system, as in that of the Greeks, 50 shekels (Gk. staters) = i Mina and 60 Minae or 3000 shekels or staters = i Talent. The particular form of shekel which appears to have been received by the Phoenicians and Hebrews from the East was the 60th part of the heavier of the two Assyrio-Babylonian minae above referred to. The 60th of the lighter, for some reason which has not been satisfactorily accounted for, seems to have been transmitted westwards by a different route, viz. across Asia Minor and so into the kingdom of Lydia. § 4. The Lydians. 'The Lydians,' says E. Curtius {Hist. Gr. i. 76), 'became on land what the Phoenicians were by sea, the mediators between Hellas and Asia.' It is related that about the time of the Trojan wars, and for some centuries afterwards, the country of the Lydians was in a state of vassalage to the kings of Assyria'. But an Assyrian inscription informs us that Asia Minor, west of the Halys, was unknown to the Assyrian kings before the time of Assur-bani-apli or Assur- banipal, circ. B. c. 666, who it is stated received an embassy from Gyges, king of Lydia, ' a remote ' country of which Assurbanipal's predecessors had never heard the name. Nevertheless, that there had been some sort of connection between Lydia and Assyria in ancient times is probable, though it cannot be proved ^- Derivation Prof. Sayce is of opinion that the mediators between Lydia in the West and of the Assyria in the East were the people called Kheta or Hittites. According to system of this theory the northern Hittite capital Carchemish (later Hierapolis), on the the Euphrates, was the spot where the arts and civilization of Assyria took the form which specially characterizes the early monuments of central Asia Minor. The year b. c. i 400, or thereabouts, was the time of the greatest power of the nation of the Hittites, and if they were in reality the chief connecting link between Lydia and Assyria, it may be inferred that it was through them that the Lydians received the Assyrian weight, which afterwards, in Lydia, took the form of a stamped ingot or coin. But why it was that the light mina rather than the heavy one had become domesticated in Lydia must remain unexplained. We know, however, that one of the Assyrian weights is spoken of in cuneiform inscriptions as the ' weight of Carchemish^.' If then the modern hypothesis of a Hittite dominion in Asia ' Ctesias, Frag. 2.18; ed. MiiUer. ^ Maspero, ICisi. Anc, p. 480. Canei/orm Inscr. of West. As., vol. iii. PI. XLVII. No. 9. THE INVENTION OF COINING MONEY. xxxiii Minor turn out to be well founded, the weight of CarchemisJi might by means of the Hittites have found its way to Phrygia and Lydia, and as the earliest Lydian coins are regulated according to the divisions of the Light Assyrian Mina, this would probably be the one alluded to. (See below, p. xliv.) From these two points then, Phoenicia on the one hand and Lydia (through Carchemish) on the other, the two Babylonian units of weight appear to have started westwards to the shores of the Aegean sea, the heavy shekel by way of Phoenicia, the light shekel by way of Lydia. § 5. The Invention of Coinage in Lydia. It is somewhat surprising that the nations of the East, acquainted as they were with commerce, and familiar, as they also undoubtedly were, with the use of the precious metals for purposes of exchange, and even of usury \ should have continued for so many centuries to carry on their business transactions without a regular currency ; and yet nothing can be more certain than that such was the case. ' So far as we have any knowledge,' says Herodotus (i. 94), ' the Lydians were Invention the first nation to introduce the use of gold and silver coin.' From the little we ^^ ^^™*^® know of the character of this people we gather that their commercial instinct Lydians. must liave been greatly developed by their geographical position and surround- ings, both conducive to frequent intercourse with the neighbouring peoples of Asia Minor, Orientals as well as Greeks. 'About the time when the mighty Assyrian Empire was falling into decay, Lydia, under a new dynasty called the Mermnadae, was entering upon a new phase of national life. The policy of these new rulers of the country was to extend the power of Lydia towards the West and to obtain possession of towns on the coast. With this object Gyges, the founder of the dynasty of the Mermnadae, who ascended the throne circ. B. C. 700, established a firm footing on the Hellespont, and endeavoured to extend his dominions along the whole Ionian coast. This brought the Lydians into direct contact with the Asiatic Greeks. These Ionian Greeks had from very early times been in constant intercourse (not always friendly) with the Phoenicians, with whom they had long before come to an understanding about numbers, weights, measures, the use of the alphabet, and such like matters, and from whom, there is reason to think, they had received the 60th part of the heavy Assyrio-Babylonian mina as their unit of weight or stater. The Lydians on the other hand had received, probably from Carchemish, the 60th of the light mina. Thus then when the Lydians in the reign of Gyges came into contact and conflict with the Greeks, the two units of weight, after travelling by different routes, met again in the coast towns and river valleys of western Asia Minor, in the borderland between the East and the West. To the reign of Gyges the founder of the new Lydian Empire, as distinguished from the Lydia of more remote antiquity, may perhaps be ascribed the earliest essays in the art of coining. The wealth of this monarch in the precious metals ' Leuormant, La Mon. dans VAnt., i. 114, C xxxiv INTRODUCTION. may be inferred from the munificence of his gifts to the Delphic shrine, con- sisting of golden mixing cups and silver m-ns, and amounting to a mass of gold and silver such as the Greeks had never before seen collected together \ It is in conformity with the whole spirit of a monarch such as Gyges, whose life's work it was to extend his empire towards the west, and at the same time to keep in his hands the lines of communication with the East, that from his capital Sardes, situate on the slopes of Tmolus and on the banks of the Pactolus, both rich in gold, he should send forth along the caravan routes of the East into the heart of Mesopotamia, and down the river valleys of the West to the sea, his native Lydian ore gathered from the washings of the Pactolus and from the diggings on the hill sides. Lydian This precious merchandize (if the earliest Lydian coins are indeed his) he electrum. iggued in the form of oval-shaped bullets or ingots, officially sealed or stamped on one side as a guarantee of their weight and value. For the eastern or land- trade the light mina was the standard by which this coinage was regulated, while for the western trade with the Greeks of the coast the heavy standard was made use of, which, from its mode of transmission, we may call the Phoenician, retaining the name Balylonic only for the weight which was derived by land from the banks of the Euphrates. The earliest Lydian coins were composed of a metal called by the Greeks electrum (Sophocles, Ant. 1037) or white gold (Herod, i. 50). This was a natural compound of gold and silver, and seems to have been recognized by the ancients as a metal distinct from either. It was obtained in large quantities from the washings of the river Pactolus and from the mines on the mountain slopes of Tmolus and Sipylus. It consisted of about 73 per cent, of gold and 27 per cent, of silver (Hultsch, Metrologie, 2nd ed. p. 579), and therefore stood in a different relation to silver^ from that of pure gold to silver. Thus while gold stood to silver as 13.3 ; i electrum would stand at 10 : i or thereabouts. This natural compound of gold and silver possessed some advantages for purposes of coining over gold. In the first place it was more durable, being harder and less subject to injury and waste from wear ; in the second place it was more easily obtainable, being a native product; and in the third place, standing as it did in the proportion of about 10 : i to silver, it rendered needless the use of a different standard of weight for the two metals, enabling the authorities of the mints to make use of a single set of weights and a decimal system easy of comprehension and simple in practice. On this account electrum appears to have been weighed according to the silver standard, one Talent, one Mina, and one Stater of electrum were consequently considered as equivalent to 10 Talents, 10 Minae, or 10 Staters of silver of the same weight. The weight of the electrum stater in each district would depend therefore upon the standard which happened to be in use there for silver bullion or silver in the form of bars or oblong bricks, the practice of the new invention of stamping or sealing metal for circulation being in the first place only applied to the more precious of the two metals, electrum representing in a conveniently ' CurtiuB, Gr. Gesch., Bd. i. p. 466 ; Herod, i. 14. ^ 'Ubioumque quinta argeuti portio est, et electrum vocatur,' Pliny, H. N. 33. 4. 23. BABYLONIC AND PHOENICIAN SILVER MINAE. xxxv small compass a weight of uncoined silver ten times as bulky and ten times as difficult of transport. Once however in general use, the extension to gold and silver of the new Improve- invention would not be long delayed ; and there is good reason to suppose ™®"'' '" that both these metals were used for purposes of coinage in Lydia as early coining as the time of Croesus (b. c. 568-554) (see p. 546). effected The Greek cities which studded the coasts and islands of Asia Minor j^^j^^ were not slow to adopt and even improve upon the simple, but none the Greeks, less valuable, Lydian invention, and to the Ionian Greeks of Miletus and the neighbouring towns the credit is probably due of substituting artistically engraved dies for the primitive Lydian punch-marks and, at a somewhat later period, of inscribing them with the name of the people or ruler by whom the coin was issued. The official stamps by which the earliest electrum staters were distinguished from mere ingots consisted at first only of the impress of the rude unengraved punches between which the lump or oval-shaped bullet of metal was placed to receive the blow of the hammer. Subsequently the art of the engraver was called in to adorn the lower of the two dies, which was always that of the face or obverse of the coin, with the symbol of the local divinity under whose auspices the currency was issued, the gods being as it were called to witness to the good weight and purity of the coin. This symbol, device, or tyiye as it is called, consisted usually of the figure of an animal or of the forepart of an animal, or of some inanimate object, heads and figures of gods and men being rare or unknown in the earliest period. The reverse side of the coin does not at first bear a type, but only the impress in the form of a quadrangular depression, (commonly called an incuse square,) of the upper of the two dies between which the bean-shaped lump of metal was placed, probably after having been softened by heating it red hot, in order that it might receive with greater ease the impression of the lower die. § 6. The Babylonic and Phoenician silver Minae. Silver was very rarely at this early period weighed by the same talent and mina as gold, but according to a standard derived from the gold weight somewhat as follows : — The accepted value of gold as compared with silver was in these times and for long afterwards as 13-3:1'. There is no evidence that there were the same fluctuations between the relative values of the two metals which are now so common. The consequence of this steadiness of exchange was the early introduction in Asia of a double currency {' hi-metallism'). The proportion of I3'3: i made it inconvenient to weigh the two metals by one and the same standard, as in that case a given weight of gold would not have been easily exchangeable for a round number of bars or wedges of silver of like weight, but for 13^ of such bars; hence, in order to facilitate the exch^jnge of the two metals ■ Herod, says 13 ; i (iii. 89), but this ia not minutely correct, as has been shown bv Mommsen, Etst, Mon. Eom., ed. Blacas, torn. 1. p. 407. ■' C % XXX VI INTRODUCTION. the weight of the silver shekel, mina, and talent, was raised above or lowered beneath that of the gold shekel, mina, and talent, in order that the gold shekel might be the more readily convertible into a round number of silver shekels. § 7. Derivation of Coin-weights. Assyeio-Babylonic Gold Minae. HEAVT LIGHT. Mina . 15,600 grs. 7800 grs. 260 grs. 130 grs. -^ or Shekel Phoenician Standard. Persic Standard. Silver standaeds deeived feoji the Gold Minae. From the heavy gold shekel of 260 grs. 260 X I3'3 = 3458 grs. of silver. 3458 grs. of silver =15 shekels of 230 grs. On the silver shekel of 230 grs. the Phoenician or Graeco- Asiatic silver standard may be constructed. Talent 690,000 grs. = 3000 staters. Mina 11 500 = 50 staters. Stater 230 grs. II. From the light gold shekel of 130 grs. 130 X I3'3 = 1729 grs. of silver. 1729 grs. of silver = 10 shekels of 172-9 grs. On the silver shekel of 172-9 grs. the Babylonic, Lydian, and Persian silver standard may be thus constructed. Talent 518,700 grs. = 3000 staters = 6000 sigli. Mina 8645 grs. = 50 „ = 100 „ Stater 172-9 grs. = 1 „ = 2 Siglos 86-45 gi"s. The above figures must of course only be taken as approximately correct. In some districts the weights of the coins will be found to yield a higher, in others a lower, average. All such deviations will be noticed under the headmgs of the localities in which they occur. For the present it will be sufficient to take note of the fact that in Asia Minor and m the earliest period of the art of coining, (a) the heavy gold stater (260 grs.) occurs at various places from Teos northwards as far as the shores of the Propontis, (H) the light gold stater (130 grs.) in Lydia (Kpo..«o. .rar^p) and in Samos (^) ; (y) the electrum stater of the Phoenician silver standard chiefly at Miletus, but also at other towns along the west coast ot Asia Minor as well as in Lydia, never however of full weight : (8) the electrum and silver stater of the Babylonic standard chiefly, if not solely, in oIT- W '^'*'' °^ *''' Phoenician standard on the west coast TRANSMISSION OF WEIGHT STANDARDS. xsxvii § 8. Transmission of Weight Standards from Asia to Europe hy four principal routes. We have seen how, from the banks of the Euphrates and the Tigris, the standards by which the precious metals were weighed found their way to the shores of the Aegean sea, the heavy standard by way of Phoenicia and the sea, the light standard by way of Lydia and by land. It is now time to turn to European Greece and to trace the migration of these same standards of weight from Asia Minor to Greece, to Macedon, and to the Greek colonies in the west. This transmission of weight standards, in so far as we are able to follow it, seems to have taken place by three or four distinct routes, the southern route, the central route, and the northern routes. The shekel, or, as the Greeks called it, the stater, of the Phoenician standard I. The probably weighed originally as much as 230 grs., but this must have been^°J^^^®™ before the invention of coining, for the earliest Greek staters of Phoenician weight, whether of electrum or of silver, seldom exceed 220 grs.' ' The Phoenicians,' says Herodotus (i. i.), ' after having settled in the country Early which they now inhabit, forthwith began to adventure on long voyages, ^''°®™°'*" freighting their vessels with the wares of Egypt and Assyria. They landed ^ith Pelo- at many places on the coast, and among the rest at Argos, which was then ponneBus. pre-eminent above all the states included now under the common name of Hellas. Here they exposed their merchandize and traded with the natives for five or six days, at the end of which time, when almost everything was sold, there came down to the beach a number of women, and among them the king's daughter, whose name as the Greeks say was lo, daughter of Inachos.' Then follows the story of the abduction of lo by the Phoenicians while the women were standing round the stern of the ship intent upon their purchases. Here we have a picture of the Phoenician traders in direct communication with the Peloponnesus. Such Phoenician fairs or markets were probably held at stated intervals, although at some places they may have been permanent. Among the first lessons which the Greek coast-population would learn from this constant habit of bargaining with the foreign merchants would naturally be the use of the weights by which the Phoenicians doled out to them the precious gold and silver ornaments which they coveted. In some such way as this it must have been that the Phoenician weights were first introduced into Peloponnesus. Subsequently the Greeks themselves became a sea-going people, and little by little drove the Phoenicians back from the coasts of European Greece, but the lessons which the Oriental mariners had taught them were not so soon forgotten. Nevertheless, as is continually the case where there is no state authority to regulate the standard, the weights which the Phoenicians bad introduced into Peloponnesus suffered in the course of time a gradual reduction, if this ' The Ehodian and Bome other JR staters attain 240 grs., but these are of a later period and perhaps degraded Attic. See p. 539. xxxviii INTBODUCTION. inference may be drawn from the weight of the staters of Aegina, which are the earliest of all the European coins. It is usual to ascribe the first issue of these Aeginetan coins to Pheidon king of Argos, about the date of whose reign there is still much difference of opinion. The Parian chronicle places him in the first half of the ninth century, and states moreover that 4'eifiiMi' 6 'Apyuos eBrjficvcre ra fxirpa .... Ka\ avfo-KevacTf, Koi vopicrixa apyvpovv iv hlylvrj fVoii/o-ff. Other and better authorities ' bring him down to the 8th Olympiad (b. c. 748), while Weissenborn^ and E. Curtius go still further, and have attempted to prove that he reigned about B.C. 668. Lastly Herodotus (vi. 127) mentions a tyrant of Argos {tov to. ficTpa TToirja-avTot UfXaTTovvrjaioKn) named Pheidou, whose son was one of the suitors of Agariste the daughter of Cleisthenes of Sicyon. The date of this Pheidon can therefore hardly be much earlier than b. c. 600. We are not at present concerned to reconcile these contradictory statements. It is sufficient that all the traditions concur that a Pheidon of Argos was the first to introduce measures, weights, and coinage into European Greece. Pheidon It may be assumed, therefore, that the bullet-shaped coins of Aegina, fntroXoes ^^oubtedly the earliest coins of Greece proper, are the Pheidonian currency coined referred to in the Parian chronicle. It may be also positively asserted that EmoVan" '^°'^® of these Aeginetan coins are older than the earliest Lydian electrum Greece. money, and that consequently the date of the introduction of coined money into Peloponnesus is subsequent to circ. B.C. 700. It follows that Pheidou was not the inventor of money, for already before his time all the coasts and islands of the Aegean must have been acquainted with the pale yellow electrum coins of Lydia and Ionia. This coinage was, however, not current in the Peloponnesus, and, as Curtius remarks in his History of Greece, 'every business transaction in the Peloponnesian harbours gave rise to a complication of difficulties.' The weight standard which the Peloponnesians had received in old times from the Phoenician traders had suffered in the course of about two centuries a very considerable degradation. Pheidon accepted these weights as he found them in his own time (before B.C. 600), and on the basis of this reduced Phoenician weight he organized a system of weights and coinage of his own which was thenceforward called the Pheidonian, or more usually the Aeginetie after the island of Aegina, which then formed part of Pheidou's dominions, and where he set up the earliest Peloponnesian mint. Aegina the The island of Aegina, in spite of the Dorian migration, had always continued European *° "I'^'i^tain itself in the direct current of the maritime commerce with Phoe- niint. nicia. The Aphrodite of Aegina, in her capacity of a goddess of trade, and, as such, a promoter of international unity, was identical with the Phoenician Astarte. The sanctuary of this goddess had formed the kernel of every Phoe- nician settlement on the coasts and islands of the Aegean sea. Every occupa- tion, trade, or industry, such as fishing and mining, pursued by the inhabitants was under her protection. Through her means the precious metals with the Phoemcian system of weights made their way across the sea into Greece ' ^^usanias, vi. 32. 2. See also Clinton, Fast. Sell., , p 248 - BeitragezurGr. Alterthuniskunde, p. 18. ft- TRANS3IISSI0N OF WEIGHT STANDARDS. xxxix When maritime expeditions had become more frequent, and when improve- ments in the construction of ships had brought about increased facilities of intercourse throughout the basin of the Mediterranean, the primitive method of exchange by barter was seen to be insufficient. The priests of the goddess of trade then first introduced the metals as measures of value. It was they, in all probability, who first collected stores of precious metal, and marked with the symbol of the goddess the ingots belonging to the Temple-treasury. This symbol was the sea-tortoise or turtle, a creature sacred to Aphrodite, in whose temples even the wooden foot-stools were made in the form of tor- toises, the goddess herself being sometimes represented as standing on the back of a tortoise. In the island of Aegina then, and perhaps in the very sanctuary of Aphro- dite, Pheidon found all the material for his undertaking ready at hand. Here he instituted the first Peloponnesian silver mint, and adopted as the type of his coinage the tortoise, the sacred symbol of the Phoenician goddess of the sea, and then in the temple of the goddess Hera at Argos he hung up, in memory of the old order of things, specimens of the cumbrous bronze and iron bars, o/3fXio-KOi, which had served for money before his time {Etymol. J/., s. v. o^eKitTKos). The weight of the stater of the Aeginetic standard, judging from the coins which have come down to us, seems to have been fixed at about 194 grs. (see p. 332). The Aeginetic standard obtained in early times a wide extension not The only throughout Peloponnesus, but in most of the island states, such as Ceos, Aeginebo Naxos, Siphnos, and Crete. We find it also at all the towns which coined money in central Greece (Thessaly, Phocis, and Boeotia), but not at Corinth, Athens, or in Euboea, although at Athens Aeginetan money ajipears to have been current until the time of Solon (b. c. 590). This standard even seems to have crossed the sea to the Chalcidian colonies in Italy and Sicily. The money of Corcyra also follows the Aeginetic standard, somewhat reduced. Towards the north coins of Aeginetic weight occur at Abdera in Thrace. This standard is also met with sporadically in Asia Minor, at Cyme (?), Teos (?), Cnidus, Celen- deris, and perhaps in Cyprus. It was for the most part superseded by the Attic after the age of Alexander, but this was by no means the case univer- sally. In some places it continued to be used even down to the time of the Roman conquest. The central route is that by which the Babylonic gold stater of 130 grs. II. The passed over the sea into the island of Euboea, whence it received the name of ''™*''^' the Euhdic Standard, somewhat in the same way as the Phoenician became in European Greece the Aeginetic standard. Among the most important trading cities of the eighth and seventh centuries B. c. were Chalcis and Eretria, in the island of Euboea. These two towns, although in population they may not have rivalled the more famous cities of Corinth and Athens, were yet in these remote times more influential than either of them in spreading Greek culture and Greek ideas over the civilized world. They were the great rivals of Miletus across the sea, and they were the ports from which the ships set sail which bore to their new homes the colonists bound for the shores of Italy and Sicily in the west, and of Thrace xl INTRODUCTION. The Eiiboic Standard. The Lelantian war. and Macedon in the north. Here in the north the peninsula of Cbalcidice, with its numerous hospitable bays, attracted in early times a great number of colonists from Chalcis, who founded cities in every promising spot, and named the whole district after their mother city, Chaleidice. The colonies of Eretria, the rival sister of Chalcis, were hardly less nu- merous, and were for the most part situate on the promontory of Pallene and round the foot of Mount Athos. These two Euboean towns, Chalcis and Eretria, were the most enterprising Ionic cities in European Greece, and were perhaps scarcely inferior in this respect to Samos and Miletus in Asia. Their ships covered the seas and carried the native copper ore of Euboea, for which Chalcis was so famous, and from which its name was derived, to the coasts of Asia Minor, Thrace, Italy, and Sicily, bringing back in exchange the products of every land, — the gold of the East, the electrum of Lydia, and especially silver from the highlands of Cbal- cidice, in which district no less than thirty-two towns had been founded from Chalcis alone, not to mention those of which Eretria was the mother city. From Ionia, possibly through Samos ^, the Euboeans imported the standard by which they weighed their silver. This standard was the light Assyrio- Babylonic gold mina with its shekel or stater of about 130 grs. The Euboeans, having little or no gold, transferred the weight used in Asia for gold to their own silver, raising it slightly at the same time to a maximum of 135 grs., and from Euboea it soon spread over a large portion of the Greek world by means of the widely extended commercial relations of the enterprising Euboean cities. This may have taken place towards the close of the eighth century, and before the war which broke out at the end of that century between Chalcis and Eretria, nominally for the possession of the fields of Lelantum, which lay between the two rival cities. The war, which goes by the name of the Lelantian war, was in reality a contest for maritime supremacy, in which the commercial interests of both towns were at stake. The evidence of this is the universal character which it assumed. Nearly all the important states of Greece took one side or the other, and the whole Aegean sea became one vast theatre on which the quarrel was to be fought out. Corinth took the side of Chalcis, Corcyra that of Eretria. In Asia Minor Samos and Miletus also took opposite sides. Such a separation of all Greece into two hostile camps, we must suppose to have been occasioned by the clashing commercial interests of neighbouring states, the advantages of some being more closely bound up with one party, those of others with the other. The Lelantian commercial war shows what frequent intercourse there must have been in the eighth century between Euboea and the opposite coasts of Asia. From what Asiatic port the Euboeans received the Babylonic gold weight is doubtful, but there is some reason to think that it may have been Samos. ' Num. Chron., 1875, p. 272. TRANSMISSION OF WEIGHT STANDARDS. xli This island was in the eighth century, and for some time afterwards, one of the chief maritime powers in the Aegean. Its situation no doubt contributed much to its importance as a maritime trading state, and made it one of the natural outlets through which the products of the interior of Asia and of the coast-lands of Ionia made their way across to the opposite continent, and even into the remote lands of the West ; for it was a Samian ship which first passed the pillars of Herakles and made the Greeks familiar with the phenomenon of the tides. The theory that Samos was the port whence the Euboeans derived the gold standard subsequently used by them for silver, rests upon the weights of some very early electrum coins (about 44 grs.) which have been found in the island of Samos, and of the earliest Euboean coins, Euboea and Samos having been two of the greatest colonizing and maritime powers of the Aegean sea. Thus I think we may account for the fact that the towns of Euboea, when they began to strike silver money of their own, naturally made use of the standard which had become from of old habitual in the island, precisely in the same way as Pheidon in Peloponnesus struck his first silver money on the re- duced Phoenician standard, which was prevalent at the time in his dominions. Between Peloponnesus and Euboea lay the two great cities of Corinth and Corinth. Athens. Now Corinth and Euboea, as E. Curtius has pointed out\ were closely connected in early times. Wherever we find Corinthian colonies, whether in Aetolia, in Corcyra, in Thrace, or in lUyria, we find also a Euboean element mingled with the Corinthian ; and this is perhaps the reason why the earliest Corinthian coins follow the Eubo'ic standard and not the Aeginetic, which we might rather have expected from the proximity of Corinth to Pelo- ponnesus and from its ancient connection with Phoenicia, from which country the Corinthian worship of Aphrodite was derived. The unrivalled excellence of the site of Corinth, with her two fine harbours, one in direct communication with the East and the other with the West, enabled her enterprising population to extend their commerce in all directions, and jyari 2>assu with the Corinthian trade the beautiful Corinthian silver money, struck on the Eubo'ic standard, obtained a wide popularity to the north of the Corinthian gulf and across the sea as far as the island of Sicily. On the obverse of these Corinthian staters is a Pegasos and the koppa (9), the initial letter of the name of the city, and on the reverse, an incuse pattern in the form of the swastica, at an early period replaced by the head of Pallas. These coins, on account of the Pegasos, were commonly called iroiXot, while the Aeginetan staters went by the name of ;^eXSi/ai ^. Unlike the early coins of Euboea, the Corinthian stater was not divided into 2 drachms, but into 3. The reason for this division of the unit by 3 instead of by 2 may have been to accommodate the Corinthian currency to the Aeginetic coins of the neighbouring Peloponnesian states, for a Corinthian drachm of 45 grains, the third part of their own stater, would pass current as an Aeginetic hemidrachm or the fourth part of an Aeginetic stater. The weights, it is true, do not correspond exactly but sufficiently for ordinary purposes of small exchange. ' Hermes, x. p. 217. ^ Poll. ix. 74, 75. dii INTROBUCTION. The Corinthian system of dividing the stater by three prevailed also in the Chalcidice during the period in which the Euboic standard was there in use, but with this difference, that while at Corinth we get tridrachms of 135 grs. and drachms of 45 grs., in the Chalcidian towns we have distaters or hexadrachms of 270 grs. and sixths or drachms of 45 grs.' Dr. Imhoof-Blumer (Z. c.) would also apply the Corinthian system of division by 3 and 6 to the coinage of the Chalcidian colonies in Sicily and Italy (Ehegium, Himera, Zancle, Naxus), where the earliest coinage consistsfof pieces of about 90 grs. and 15 grs. which he would consequently call Thirds and Eighteenths of the Euboic- Attic distater of 270 grs. But in this case they may also be called Aeginetic drachms and obols^. Athens. Next comes Athens, and here we must be cautious not to accept without evidence the ancient traditions respecting the origin of the Athenian coinage, such as that recorded by Plutarch, which ascribed to Theseus the issue of coins with a Bull upon them '. The safest guide here, as indeed everywhere, is the coinage itself, which neither in style of art nor fabric has the appearance of being more ancient than the time of Solon. Before the age of Solon, Aeginetan didrachms averaging about 194 grs. would seem to have been the only money current in Attica as in Boeotia and Peloponnesus ; but there are no extant Athenian coins of Aeginetic weight, and there is consequently no proof whatever that there were any coins minted at Athens before Solon's time. There is only the doubtful evidence of tradition. For some long time after the first introduction into European Greece of coined money its actual issue appears to have been confined to a few great commercial centres such as Aegina, Corinth, and possibly Chalcis. Athens, it will be remembered, was by no means a wealthy trading state before Solon's reforms ; on the contrary, the lands were burdened with debt and every farm in the country was heavily mortgaged. One of the most important of Solon's measures of reform was the famous SeisachtJieia, a scheme for relieving the poorer masses of the Athenian popu- lation from a portion of the debt which lay so heavily upon them. This end appears to have been attained by the opening of a mint at Athens itself, and by the issue for the first time of Athenian silver money on the Euboic standard. It was now decreed that all existing debts should be payable in the new Attic money, and as these debts had been contracted in the previously current money of Aegina it is clear that a saving of as much as 27 per cent, was made by the debtor. A man who owed 100 Aeginetic drachms (one miua) was thus enabled legally to discharge his debt by the payment of 100 EuboYc-Attic drachms (one mina) of the new Solonian coinage, which were worth in actual metal value only 73 Aeginetic drachms. This at least seems to be the sense of the passage in Plutarch*, iKarhv yap iivolria, dpaxiii>v t^u pmv Trpdripov i^hopi^Kovra Ka\ rpmv o3aav &ovai kavpiwTiKai a\K' kvotKTjffovatv eVSoi/, ii/ re rois jSaXayriois kvviOTTivaovai Ka/cKiipovffi yuKpa fcepfxara, ' Numbers of them have been found as far east as the Oxus. xliv INTROBUCTION. of the fourth century are therefore archaistic, but not truly archaic (cf. Fig. 209 with 211, the former archaic, the latter archaistic). We have now traced the Phoenician silver standard in its progress west- wards and seen it domesticated in Peloponnesus in a deteriorated form under the name of the Aeginetic. We have also seen the Assyrio-Babylonic gold standard transmitted from Asia Minor to Euboea, Corinth, and Athens, to become in European Greece the Euhdic-Goriniliian and the Euhdic-AUic silver standards : these two being only distinguishable by their divisional systems, respectively 3 and 6 (Corin- thian) and 2 and 4 (Attic). From Chaloidice and Thessaly in the North to Crete and Cyrene in the South the earliest coins belong to one or other of these two standards, Aeginetic and Euboic. Our attention must next be called to the northern shores of the Aegean sea, to Thrace and Macedon, in order if possible to indicate the origin of the coinage or rather coinages of those districts. But before pointing out the two routes by which coined money may have passed from Asia Minor into Thrace we must return for a while to Asia Minor and briefly examine the silver standard which has been called the Babylonic, the Lydian, or the Persian. (See above p. xxxvi.) The Perso- rpj^g shekel or the 50th part of this mina appears to have weighed about Standard. 1 73 grs. Of this weight are all the earliest coins of the southern coasts of Asia Minor from the gulf of Issus as far as Lycia. We also iind it in use in Lydia probably as early as the time of Gyges for electrum, and of Croesus for silver, as well as in later times along the northern shores of Asia Minor. In fact, except in the western coast-lands of Asia jNIinor, this weight seems to have been widely extended from the Black Sea in the north to the island of Cyprus in the south. We are even warranted in thinking that this so-called Babylonic silver mina was in use in the Troad ages before the invention of coined money, at the period of the burial of the treasure discovered by Dr. Schliemann. There are in that treasure six flat bars or wedges of silver from seven to eight inches long by about two inches in breadth. These weigh respectively 171, 173, 173, 174, 183, and 190 metric grammes. The heaviest, which is also the best preserved, has gained slightly in weight by oxydisation and incrustation at one end to the amount of about 3 grammes. Supposing its original weight to have been about 187 grammes, or 2885 grains Troy, it may well have been a third of the Babylonian silver mina, which, if we may draw an inference from the coins, was very generally divided by 3 and 6 ^ and not by 2 and 4 '^. The six wedges together would therefore have represented 2 minae of silver. If my proposed identification of the mina of Carchemisb (see above p. xxxii) with the light Babylonian silver mina of from 8645 to 8656 grs., which was likewise the mina used in the Troad about the 14th century B.C. (the conjectural ' Brandis, Milnzwesen, p. 48. ^ Dr. Schliemann calls these bars Homeric talents. But there is no evidence as to the weight of the Homeric talent. All we know about it is that it was a small weight of gold perhaps not heavier than the Daric. Hultsch, Metro! offie, p. 104, note 4. TRANSMISSION OF JfEIGHT STANDARDS xlv date of the burial of the treasure), be accepted, may it not prove suggestive when considered in connection with the Egyptian text (the poem of Pentaur), in which the people of Ilium, Pedasus, Dardanus, Mysia, and Lycia, are mentioned as allies of the Kheta (Hittites) in their wars with Rameses II about the same period ? All this tends to show that the various populations of western and central Asia Minor received not only their early art and religion, but their weights and measures from the East. When therefore we find a particular form of silver mina designated on an Assyrian cuneiform clay tablet as the Mina of Carchemish \ it is to be pre- sumed that this is the weight which passed into Cilicia, Lydia, Phrygia, and the Troad, and that the six bars of silver in the Schliemann treasure represent in all 2 minae of Carchemish. Whether and by what route the Babylonic standard with its stater of 173 III. grs. passed out of Asia Minor into Europe is the question which we have now ^"f^"^™ to consider. Phrygia to It is well known that the Thracians and Phrygians were kindred peoples. Thrace. The religious rites of these tribes were closely connected. Even the name of the Thracian Bacchus, Sabazius, is the same as that of the Phrygian Bacchus. It seems to be quite certain that Thracian tribes crossed over from Phrygia in prehistoric times, and that they brought with them into Europe the worship of the Phrygian Bacchus. The earliest Thracian silver coins are staters weighing about 1 60 grs., to which the system of division by 3 and 6 is applied ^. This is clearly the Babylonic stater in a deteriorated form. The coins therefore seem to prove that these barbarous tribes inherited the Babylonic silver mina which, as we have seen, was predominant in central Asia Minor. The connection between the temples of the gods and the origin of coinage is a point to which I shall recur later on. I need here only remark that the types of these earliest Thracian coins reflect the religion of the country and more especially the wild orgiastic rites which were celebrated on the mountains of Phrygia and of Thrace in honour of Sabazius or Bacchus (see p. 174 sqq.). There can be hardly any doubt then that the Thracian mining tribes settled on the slopes of Mount Pangaeum had migrated originally from Phi-ygia by land, and that they bi-ought with them into Europe the Babylonic silver standard. It is not surprising tliat among tribes whose trade was in the precious metals a currency should have been adopted as soon as the idea reached their shores, which we may assume it did in the course of the sixth century B.C. The Pangaean region -with its port Neapolis and the neighbouring island of Thasos may therefore be taken as the starting point of a coinage which gradually spread in a westerly direction into the plains of lower Macedon, where the silver stater of 170-150 grs.^ held its own down to the age of '■ Cuneif. Inscr. of West. As., vol. iii. PI. XLVII. No. 9. ^ Brandis, Munzivesen, p. 147. " The weights in this region are Tery inexact ; many specimens of the stater fall as low as 140-130 grs. But the highest weights, here as elsewhere, must be taken as representing the true standard. xlvi INTRODUCTION. IV. Northern route (/3) Ionia to Thrace. Maoedon. Philip the father of Alexander, side by side with the stater of 224 grs. (the Phoenician stater) which had also penetrated into Thrace and Maoedon at an early period. The origin of the Phoenician standard for weighing silver has already been explained (pp. xxxii and xxxvi). We have also seen how it may have been imported into Peloponnesus (p. xxxvii), where, after a gradual deterioration, it finally became domesticated under the name of the Aeginetic standard. In the flourishing Ionian seaports, on the other hand, the Phoenician stater was maintained more nearly at its normal weight. Here it makes its appear- ance in electrum as early as the seventh century B.C. (the silver coins are all apparently later). The primitive electrum staters of this standard weigh about 220 grs. They are among the earliest coins which have been handed down to us. Their re- verses are characterized bv a peculiar triple indentation consisting of an oblong incuse depression between two square ones (Fig. 300. p. Sos)- The chief place of mintage in these regions was the great trading and colo- nizing city of Miletus, and it was from this city, or perhaps from its near neighbour Teos, that the Phoenician stater reached Abdera, a colony of Teos and the most important city on the Thracian coast. The type of the silver staters and distaters of Abdera is a seated Griffin (Fig. 161). This is also the type of the coins of Teos (p. 51 1), and were it not for the fact that the coins of Teos are all considerably lighter in weight than those of the colony, we should say that the derivation of the coinage of Abdera from that of Teos was proved^ From Abdera by way of the river valleys of the Nestus and the Strymon the Phoenico-Ionian stater passed into the inland districts of Thrace, where dwelt the Pelasgian tribe of the Bisaltae and the Thracian Edoni and Odo- manti. All these peoples coined silver money of the Phoenician standard during the half century which preceded the Persian invasion ; and when, shortly after the retreat of the Persians, Alexander I, king of Macedon, acquired the Bisaltian territory with its rich silver mines, which are said to have yielded him a talent of silver daily, he too adopted the Bisaltian coinage both in type and weight, merely substituting his own name for that of Bisaltae. (Cf. Figs. 120 and 132.) During the century which elapsed between the reign of Alexander I of Macedon and the accession of Philip II, the coinage of the Macedonian kings appears to have been more or less regulated by that of the important city of Abdera, the centre of commercial activity in the north. In each case the Phoenician standard gives place to the Persian, the weight of the staters falling from 230 to about 170 grs. (See p. 194.) The cities of the Chalcidice, on the other hand, during the same period, almost universally abandon the Eubo'ic-Corinthia'n for the Phoenician standard (p. 181). The causes of these changes are hard to explain, but the facts are neverthe- less not without interest, as they tend to define the courses of trade. ' The stater at Teos weighs no more than 186 grs. A similar degradation of weight seems therefore to have taken place here as in Peloponnesus. TRANSMISSION OF IFEIGHT STANDARDS. xlvii "When Philip succeeded to the throne of bis fathers he reorganized the coinage of his dominiona, and again introduced the Phoenician standard for his silver money, while for his gold staters he adopted the Euboic- Attic weight of 135 grs., causing them to be minted a few grs. heavier than the rival gold money of Persia. The adoption of a double standard for gold and silver was a device borrowed from Asia, to which Philip probably had recourse for the purpose of artificially keeping up the price of gold as compared with that of silver. The immense influx of gold from the newly opened mines of Philippi soon, however, proved the futility of this scheme. Gold, in spite of Philip's bi- metallic currency, based upon a relative value of gold as compared with silver which was no longer the actual maiket value of that metal, began rapidly to fall in value. The consequence of this would have been that the silver coinage, forced to pass for less than its value, would have been either melted down or exported as bullion, and so have disappeared from circulation. There is reason to suppose that this exportation of Philip's silver money was actually taking place when Alexander the Great succeeded to the throne. Otherwise how is the sudden change of standard in the early part of his reign to be accounted for 1 Certainly he lost no time in returning to a single coin- standard, and though he struck both gold and silver coins there can be no doubt that he returned in fact to a monometallic currency based upon silver, not upon gold. The rapid fall in the value of gold, which had commenced in Philip's reign, was still further accelerated in that of his son by the vast treasures of that metal which Alexander found stored up in the coffers of the Great King, and which he poured out freely in the form of gold staters, with the head of Pallas on the obverse and a Nike on the reverse. The significant fact, however, that Alexander did not seek to maintain his gold coin at an artificially high price by the adoption of a double standard, but issued both gold and silver according to one and the same weight (the Attic), is a proof that the gold money was regarded by his financial advisers simply as bullion, and that no attempt was made to fix, as Philip seems to have done, the number of silver drachms for which a gold stater should exchange. This would naturally vary according to the locality and the laws of supply and demand. Having now passed rapidly in review the origin and transmission from Asia Results. to European Greece of the four principal silver standards, viz. the Aeginetie, the Eubo'ic-Attio, the Babylonic, and the Phoenician, it may be useful to re- capitulate the routes by which these four standards, all be it remembered derived in the first instance from Babylon, found their way into Europe. These were briefly as follows : — I. The Southern Eoute, starting from Sidon and Tyre and proceeding from one Phoenician station to another, across the Cretan sea to Peloponnesus and Aegina, where the Phoenician silver stater of 236- 220 grs. was gradually deteriorated into the Aeginetie stater of 194-180 grs. xlviii INTRODUCTION. II. The Central Eoute leading straight across the sea from Samos to Euboea, Corinth, and Athens. By this route the light Babylonic gold weight of 130 grs. passing into Europe, and being there used for silver, became known as the Euboic [Attic, or Corinthian^ silver stater. Wt. 135-125 grs. III. The Northern Koute (a) by land from Phrygia across the Hellespont into Thrace, where the old Babylonic silver stater of 1 73 grs. took root in the Pangaean district as a stater weighing usually about 150 grs. IV. The Northern Eoute (^) by sea from Miletus and other towns of Western Asia Minor to Abdera in Thrace, whence the Phoenician stater of 236-220 grs. penetrated into Macedon, and there gave rise in later times to the Macedonian standard (224 grs.) '. ' Since writing the above sketch of the origin of the various systems of weight in Asia Minor and Greece, I have read an ingenious essay by M. Michel Soutzo, Syst^mes moniiaires primitifs de VAsie Mineure et de la Grice, Bucharest, 1884, in which ha endeavours to derive the Lydian, Aeginetic, and Euboic standards from the Egyptian Uten, fixed by him at 1496 grs. of silver, and the Phocaean gold, and the Persic and Phoenician silver standards, from the Assyrian mina. M. Soutzo supposes that bars of silver of the weight of an Egyptian Uten were used in Lydia long before the invention of coins, and that, when the Assyrian influence began to preponderate in Asia Minor, the Lydians grafted the sexagesimal system upon the old Egyptian weight, and thus formed a gold mina for themselves equivalent to 60 Utens of silver, thus ; — I Uten (or 10 Eats) = 1496 grs. of silver. 1496 grs. -f- 13.3 (the proportion of gold to silver) = 112.5 grs. of gold. Therefore 112.5 grs. ^ = 10 Kats of 149-6 grs. iR, or i Uten. 225 grs. A" = 20 „ „ 2 Utens. 6750 grs. S = 600 „ „ 60 Utens. The stater of 225 grs. thus became the Lydian unit for gold; and the equivalent of its 20th part, 149 grs. M, the primitive unit for silver ; a unit which, though occasionally found of full weight as in Lycia and Thrace, gradually fell to 135 grs., at which point it served as the basis of the Euboic- Attic and Corinthian systems. As this primitive silver unit of 149 grs. was the r^ part, so the Aeginetic silver stater of about 199 grs. was the y^ part of the gold stater of 225 grs. On the other hand, M. Soutzo accepts the derivation of the Persic and the Phoenician silver standards from the light Assyrian gold mica of 7800 grs., its ^ part (260 grs.) being the Phocaean gold stater, and its ^ part (130 grs.) the Persian daric. The equivalent in silver of the ^ part of the gold piece of 260 grs. is the Persic silver stater of 173 grs., while that of ^ part is the Phoenician silver stater of 230 grs. I give his results in a tabular form : — LYDIAN AND EUBOIC GOLD MINA. 6750 grs. .¥ = 60 Utens or 600 Kats M. ^=112.5 grs. .¥ = 10 Kats of 149 grs. JR. A = 225 grs. N = 2oKats of 149 grs. M. {Lydian Stater). 149 grs. Ai. Primitive silver stater from which the Euboic-Attic stater of 135 grs. is derived. 199 grs. M. Aeginetic silver stater. LIGHT ASSTEIAN GOLD MINA. 7800 gi's. M. TsV = 13° grs. M = {Persian Daric). jjV = 260 ^a.M== {Phocaean Stater). I II 173 grs. ^. Fersic silver stater. II 230 grs. M. Phoenician silver stater. TRANSMISSION— GREECE TO THE WEST. xlix § 9. Further transmission of Weight Systems to Italy, Sicily, and the West. Thus far we have not wandered beyond the basin of the Aegean sea. It now remains for us to cast our eyes westwards and to follow the track of the early Greek trader to the coasts of Italy and Sicily, Graul and Spain. The first Greek settlers in Italy are said to have been Euboeans, mostly The from Chalcis, and by far the oldest colony in the western seas was the ancient Q^jp^igg ^f city of Cumae, which took its name from Cyme in Euboea. This city stood on the West. a height to the north of the bay of Naples. For a long time Cumae remained a solitary outpost of Hellenic enterprise in the then unknown and dreaded western seas. The colony continued, however, to maintain some relations with the mother country, and when, towards the close of the eighth century, the Chalcidians began again to turn their attention to the West, they were joined by their kinsmen of Cumae, who were probably not unwilling to aid them in planting colonies at all such points as were most favourable to the development of their carrying-trade between the Aegean and the Etruscan seas. For this purpose it was essential for them to secure for Chalcidian ships a free passage through the Sicilian straits, and it was perhaps with this object that they founded the sister cities of Zancle and Rhegium, the one on the Sicilian, the other on the Italian shore. These twin arsenals were to be to all vessels other than Chalcidian as a Scylla and a Charybdis, not to be passed with impunity. Naxus, Catana, and Leontini, near the foot of Mount Aetna, and Himera on the northern coast of Sicily, complete the circle of the western colonies, in the foundation of which the enterjjrising mariners of Chalcis took a leading part. It is somewhat remarkable that the earliest coins of Cumae (p. 30), Rhegium (p. 92), Naxus (p. 139), Zancle (p. 133), and Himera (p. 125) (of Catana and Leontini there are no coins of the earliest j)eriod), all follow the Aeginetic standard, of which they are drachms, and not, as we should naturally have ex- pected, the Euboic ^ The weak link in M. Soutzo's chain of argument is that he recognizes no difference in value between pale electrum (containing from 20 to 30 per cent, of silver) and pure o-old. He ignores in fact the existence of electrum, and treats the early Lydian electrum staters as if they stood to silver in the proportion of 13-3 to I, that of pure gold to silver. Now it has been most clearly pointed out by Brandis {Miinzwesen, p. 164) and others that from the time of Sophocles {Ant. 1037), who contrasts the Sardiau electrum with the Indian gold, and of Herodotus (i. 50), who distinguishes pure gold from white gold, down to that of Pliny and other late writers, Greeks as well as Romans recognized electrum or white gold as a special variety of gold, possessing a distinct value of its own in relation both to gold and silver. The Lydian and Milesian electrum stater of 225 grs. (a weight by the way which the coins never attain) cannot therefore be considered as equivalent to 2080 grs. of silver or 20 Egyptian kats, but only to about 2250 grs. of silver or 10 Phoenician silver staters of 225 grs. or 15 pieces of 150 grs. Whether these coins of 150 grs. which undoubt- edly occur in some districts such as Lycia and Thrace are identical with the Egyptian kat, and consequently of Egyptian origin, or whether they are as I have supposed merely a degraded form of the Babylonic silver stater of about 1 70 grs. is another question, and one which we have no positive data for determining. The one point upon which I wish to insist is that the pale silvery electrum can never have passed current on an equality with dark yellow coloured pure gold. ' Hence Dr. Imhoof-Blumer argues that these pieces of about 92 grs. are in reality Euboic ootobols or thirds of the Euboic tetradrachm of 270 grs. slightly over weight ; Monatshericht d. K. Ahad, d. Wissensch. Berlin, 1 88 1 . d 1 INTRODUCTION. This may perhaps be owing to the circumstance that the earliest colonies from Chalcis in Italy and Sicily were in great part (and perhaps in the main) not Clialcidian at all. Chalcis was, it is true, the port of embarkation and the city under whose auspices the colonies in question were organized and planted out, but the actual colonists may well have been drawn from the mainland and islands of Greece, where the Aeginetic standard was pre- dominant. Moreover, the reasons, whatever they may have been, which induced the Euboeans in their own island and in their Thracian settlements to adopt the stater of 135 or the distater of 270 grs., may not have applied to their western colonists, who consequently adhered to the Aeginetic standard, which, while Aegina was still one of the great maritime powers, had obtained its widest circulation. Traces of this early extension of the Aeginetic standard may be found in the weight-system of the oldest coins of Corcyra which, though a colony of Corinth, never accepted the Euboic- Corinthian standard, but from the first beginning of her coinage started with the Aeginetic (p. 275). But — to return to Italy and Sicily,— the earliest coins of the Clialcidian colonies are essentially different in fabric from the contemporary money of Greece proper ; being flat and circular, not globular or bullet-shaped like the ancient coins of Aegina or the coasts of Asia Minor (cf. Figs. 81, 85, and 220). In this they resemble the contemporary money of Corinth (Fig. 222) and of the Achaean colonies of Magna Graecia (Fig. 54), The coinage of this group of cities is that which we must next examine. The The most famous of the cities which owed their origin to the Achaeans were Achaean gy^aris, founded b. c. 720 and Croton b. c. 710. Colonies of -r. 1 , Magna Both these towns stood on the shores of that great gulf which took its name Graecia. fj-om the Dorian city of Tareutum ; Sybaris in the low country at the conflu- ence of the two rivers, Sybaris and Crathis, Croton about fifty miles south, on a height facing the Lacinian promontory, on which, in the midst of a forest of dark pine trees, stood the far-famed temple of Hera Lakinia, the scene of the great annual gathering of all the Italian Greeks. Sybarie. Sybaris during the century and a half in which she flourished attained to a height of power, wealth, and magnificence truly surprising. Her population, not including the slaves, is said to have amounted to more than 300,000] and the number of mounted knights, all belonging to the wealthier classes] which she was able to equip was no less than 5000. The luxury and the efi'eminacy in which this vast population habitually lived have made the very name of ' Sybarite' a bye-word through all the ages. Now whence came all this wealth and why did it all flow to this one particular spot 1 M. Lenormant, with his usual insight, has divined the true answer to this question ^. Sybaris like Corinth, held the isthmus between two seas, the Ionian on the east and the Etruscan on the west. ' La Grande Orice, i. p. 262 sqq. TRANSMISSION— GREECE TO THE WEST. li Etruria was between the eighth and sixth century b. C. the great market for Oriental and Graeco-Asiatic articles of luxury, such as rich stuffs and precious vases both of metal and fine pottery. In return for these she exported chiefly the products of her mines of copper and iron. The territory of Sybaris, which extended across the narrow part of Southern Italy, from sea to sea, was the land on which both the buyer and the seller dis- embarked their goods. The Milesian trader on the one hand unloaded his ship ia the port of Sybaris, while the Etruscan merchant on the other sailed into the harbour of Laiis, a dependency of Sybaris on the western side. The Sybarites on their part had merely to carry the goods in safety across their own territory from one port to another, reaping, it may be assumed, no small profit for them- selves out of the transaction. The insecurity of the Etruscan sen, infested as it was with Carthaginian and other pirates, combined with the fact, above alluded to, that the Chalcidians held a firm grip on the Sicilian straits, had given to Sybaris a practical monopoly of the carriage of goods by land across her territoiy. It was this carrying trade which was the source of that vast wealth which by its too rapid and too easy acquisition demoralized in less than one hundred years the whole population of the largest city of the ancient world. Croton, the rival Achaean settlement in these regions, was for more than a Croton. century second in importance to Sybaris, and was gradually sinking into the same condition of luxury and effeminacy, wlien it became the scene of that great political and religious revival which was due to the personal influence of Pythagoras the Samian. About the middle of the sixth century b. c, under the rule (for such it practically was) of the Pythagorean brotherhood, Croton suddenly assumed a leading position among the Greek cities of Southern Italy. Then followed the famous war between Croton and Sybaris, and the utter destruction of the latter by the Crotoniates, about B.C. 510. From the rarity of the coins of Sybaris as compared with the contemporary coins of Croton, we can only infer that during the first century and a half of her history Sybaris carried on her extensive commerce without the aid of coined money. The coinage appears simultaneously in all the Greek cities of Southern Italy, during the period of the supremacy of Croton, but still some time before the destruction of Sybaris (see Table, p. 58). It is therefore almost certain that the use of coined money was introduced Federal into the Achaean towns of Magna Graeoia, while the government of all these coinage cities was practically in the hands of the Pythagorean clubs, whose policy seems Achaean to have been to unite into a single nation all the Greeks of Italy. That some towns of such project as this was entertained can hardly be doubted by anyone who is ^' familiar with the numismatics of South Italy in the sixth century before our era. The coinage of these cities is very distinctive in character. It stands by itself as a class apart, unlike all other coinages, and it has all the appearance of having been a federal currency, that is to say a coinage in which each da lii INTBODUCTION. participatiDg city, while retaining its own particular typeS maintained never- theless a strict uniformity in the matter of the fabric, size, weight, and value of its coins, as compared with those of the other cities of the League. The fahric of the early coins of the Achaean cities of Italy is peculiar. On the obverse is the leading type of the city where the coin was issued, in rdief, and on the reverse either the same type repeated or the type of some neigh- bouring city incuse. These coins are also to be distinguished from those of Greece and Asia Minor by their circular shape and thin beaten out plate- like aspect (Figs. 36, 37, 43, etc.) The standard and divisional system which they follow is that of the coins of Corinth somewhat reduced, the stater in good preservation weighing about 126 grs., and the Third, or draclim, about 42 grs. The fact that the Achaean colonies in Italy, in beginning to coin money of their own, took the Corinthian coins as their models, rather than the Asiatic or the Aeginetic, is an indication that the course of trade between these cities and Asia mainly flowed through the Corinthian Gulf, and across the isthmus of Corinth, and not in a direct line from Sybaris to Miletus. Thus the dangers of an open sea voyage were avoided, and the Achaean mariner never felt him- self in strange waters, for by this route land is hardly ever lost sight of. This early trade with Italy and Sicily must have been chiefly in the hands of the Corinthians. From Corinth it was that the Achaean towns received the idea of coining money, and the early Corinthian coins naturally served as models for those of Southern Italy. From Corinth (Fig. 222) they got the thin and flattened out metal disk, which distinguishes the coinage of this monetary con- federacy. From Corinth too they borrowed the idea of placing an incuse device upon the reverse of the coin, for this practice is a mere development of the Corinthian custom of placing an incuse geometrical pattern on the reverse of their money. Of the cities which took part in the Federal currency known as the incuse coinage of Magna Graecia the following may be mentioned : — In the north the Dorian Tarentum (Fig. 25), but only exceptionally, the bulk of the coinage of this great city belonging to a different category. Next, Metapontum (Fig. 37), then Siris (p. 69), in alliance either with Sybaris, or with Pyxus on the Tyi-rhenian sea, the latter alliance proving that Siris held commercial relations by way of her river valley with the western coast. Next, Sybaris (Fig. 46), either alone or in alliance with Siris on the north or Croton on the south. Then Croton (Fig. 54), sometimes in alliance with Sybaris and sometimes with Pandosia (p. 90), which stood inland among the mountains on the little river Acheron, an affluent of the Crathis, and sometimes again with Temesa (p. 96) on the eastern or Tyrrhenian sea. Last of all comes Caulonia (Fig. 52) the farthest to the South. The towns on ' In some of the later Federal currencies, such aa that of the Achaean League in Pelopon- nesus (p. 350), uniformity of type was also insisted upon. TRANSMISSION— GBEECE TO THE WEST. liii the Tyrrhenian sea, Temesa, Latts, and Pyxus, which participated in this coinage appear to have been dependencies of Croton, Sybaris, and Siris. Poseidonia (p. 67) (afterwards Paestum), bordering on Campania, had a coinage of a mixed character, the earliest coins with incuse reverses resembling in fabric those of the Achaean cities (cf. Figs. 43 and 52), but belonging to the weight-system prevalent in the Campanian towns (stater 118 grs.) ; while the somewhat later, but also archaic coins, on the other hand, follow the Achaean standard and system of division by three, but do not belong in fabric to the incuse class (cf. Figs. 43 and 44). Tarentum, like Poseidonia, seems to have received her first impulse in the Tarentum. direction of coining money from the cities of the Achaean union, her earliest staters belonging to the incuse series (Fig. 25). But after a short time the character of the Tarentine coins undergoes a change. The stater is no longer issued as a thin disk with an incuse reverse, but in a thicker and more compact form and with a type in relief on both sides (Fig. 26). The weight, however, remains the same (126 grs.), and the divisional system by two and not by three prevails from the first. The coinage of Tarentum therefore was but slightly affected by that of the Achaean union, and must be classed as Euboic-Attic rather than as Euboic- Corinthian. In this respect the money of Tarentum resembles that of Syracuse and the Sicily. other Sicilian cities in which the principal coins were the Attic tetradrachm (270 grs.), didrachm (135 grs.), and drachm (67 grs.), (except in the earliest period at the Chalcidian towns Naxus, Zancle, and Himera, where, as we have already seen, the Aeginetic drachm (circ. 90 grs.) was in use down to about B. c. 500, when it began to give place to the Attic tetradrachm), (Figs. 85 and 86). Of the Epizephyrian Locrians (pp. 86 and 341) who shared with theLocriEpi- Ehegians the southern extremity of the Italian peninsula, the earliest coins ^^^ ^"" which have come down to us are Corinthian staters of the Pegasos type, but with the inscription AOK or AOKPflN (135 grs.), all the other Locriau coins follow the Italic standard, 120 to 115 grs. The only other town in this part of Italy which did not belong to the Ehegium. Achaean monetary union was Ehegium, which, as has been already stated, began to coin at an early date, though probably not before B.C. 530, on the Aeginetic standard (p. 92). About the year b. c. 500 Ehegium, together with Zancle, from this time forward called Messana, on the Sicilian shore, and the two other Chalcidian towns Himera and Naxus, simultaneously exchanged the Aeginetic for the Attic standard, thus bringing their coinage into harmony with that of Syracuse and all the other Sicilian cities. We have now to consider the coinage of the Campanian coast from VeUa Campania, and Poseidonia in the South to Neapolis and Cumae in the North. The Cam- panian standard appears to have been derived directly from Asia Minor. The town of Velia was founded by fugitive Phocaeans in b. c. 540, and there can be little doubt that they brought with them the Phocaean drachm of 59 grs. of which the standard is distinctly Asiatic, as is also the type, a lion devouring his prey (p. 73 sq.). liv INTR OB UCTION. From Velia this standard spread to the neighbouring town of Poseidonia, which, while adopting the Campauian standard and striking drachms of 59 and didrachms of 118 grs., sought nevertheless to bring her money into harmony with that of the Achaean federation by imitating the flat fabric with incuse reverse-type common to the money of the Achaean union (cf. Figs. 43 and 46). About the beginning of the fifth century we find both these towns abandoning the Phocaean standard, Velia in favour of the reduced Attic standard of Tarentum (stater about 126 grs. divided into two drachms), and Poseidonia in favour of the Achaean standard — stater about 126 grs. divided into three drachms (pp. 67 and 74). This change of standard on the part of Velia and Poseidonia did not, however, take place until the Phocaean standard had had time to take firm root at the Chalcidian Cumae (p. 31) and its colony NeapoHs. The money of these two cities and of the Campanian towns issued on the ancient Phocaean standard is very plentiful. It consists in the main of didrachms weighing from 1 1 8-1 15 grs., which are on the average about 6 grs. lighter than the Achaean and the Tarentine coins, the two latter being almost identical in weight and differing only in the divisional system, which in the Achaean is by 3 and in the Tarentine by 2. Etruria. Passing still farther northwards into Etruria, we there find two standards in use for weighing silver in the fifth century B.C., the larger denominations of these two standards weighing respectively 354, 177, and 88 grs. for the one, and 260, 130, and 65 grs. for the other. This last is clearly the Euboic standard which found its way into Etruria probably from Syracuse. As to the other standard, it is generally supposed to be the Persic, derived in some way from commerce with Asia Minor, For my own part, however, I am inclined to think that it is the reduced Aeginetic standard which pre- vailed from the earliest times in Corcyra, and that it was received into Etruria by way of the Adriatic sea and the trading ports of Hatria and Spina on the mouths of the Po, which before the inroad of the Gauls were included in Etruria. K. 0. Miiller '■ has already, on other grounds, conjectured that the Cor- cyraeans and the Etruscans held commercial relations with one another by this route, which was very important in early times in connection with the amber trade. If this be so, it would seem that the two coin-standards which we find in use at one and the same time in Etruria, arrived in that country by different routes and from opposite sides ; the Euboic by the Tyrrhenian sea through Populonia on the western coast, and the Corcyraeo-Aeginetic by way of the Adriatic sea and the valley of the Po. Meantime the indigenous money of Etruria based upon the native pound weight of uncoined bronze remained in use down to a late period. With this and with the analogous heavy bronze currency of Rome and central Italy in general {aes rude) I shall not concern myself, as it hardly falls within the scope of the present work. Die Etrusker, i. 4. 2, p. 266. TRANSMISSION— GREECE TO THE WEST. Iv It may be remarked, however, that from the marks of value on the silver money of Etruria XX, X, A, IIA ( = 20, 10, g, and 2\), etc., it is certain that there was a legalized rate of exchange between silver and bronze, which there is also evidence to show varied both in Etruria and in Central Italy, very considerably in a comparatively short period of time ' (see pp. 11, 12). It does not, however, appear that the weights of the silver coins were in any way affected by the altered relations of the silver and bronze coins, the standards used for silver being in every case of Greek origin, while that according to which the native bronze money was cast was perhaps indigenous. Bronze was in fact originally the only medium of exchange, not only in Bronze the Italy, but in Sicily. In both it was probably related to silver in the proportion s'^°°3,rd of about 250 : 1 '', the pound weight of bronze in Italy, Libra, in Sicily, Litra, in Italy being the primitive unit of account. ^^^ Sicily. The Roman As before its reduction in weight (b.c. 269) represented this pound of bronze, and was called the As libi'alis (p. 15). The silver equivalent of the Sicilian Litra was a small silver coin called a vofjios, weight 13-5 grs., and when in B.C. 269 the Eomans instituted a silver currency, they applied the term nummus to their own unit, the scripulum, equal in value to i As libralis or 2^ of the asses of reduced weight, whence the silver unit obtained the name of nummus sestertius or simply sestertius (see p. 55). The Sicilian Litra of bronze, in weight 3375 grs. or | of the Roman libra, was never coined in that metal, but it was none the less the basis of the silver currency, its equivalent in silver, the voixos, or silver litra, was in weight ^\j- of the Attic didrachm and of the Corinthian stater, which latter in Sicily went by the name of the ScKaXirpos ararrjp '. Thus the Attic standard was grafted upon the native Sicilian system of the litra of bronze ; the Decadrachm being equivalent to 50 litrae and going by the name of Pentecontalitron, the Tetra- drachm to 20 litrae, the Didrachm to 10, and the Drachm to 5. After the time of Agathooles (b.c. 317-310) we meet with many other multiples of the litra which are foreign to the Attic system, such as pieces of 32, 24, 18, 16, 15, 12, 8, 6, and 4, litrae, etc., but before his time, with the exception of the litra of I3"5 grs., none but coins of Attic weight occur*. The Sicilian bronze coins, though only money of account, and of merely nominal value, sometimes bear marks by which they can be identified as belonging to the system of the litra which, like the Roman libra, was divided into 12 ounces. Thus the Hemilitron has six pellets, the Pentonkion five, the Tetras four, the Trias three, the Hexas two, and the Uncia one (see p. 127). Even in the Greek towns of Southern Italy it is probable that, before the introduction of coined money, values were calculated on the basis of the pound weight of bronze ; and it may be inferred that the Tarentine silver vofios was a small coin similar to the Roman sestertius or the Sicilian litra. Aristotle cited by Pollux (ix. 80) describes the nummus of Tarentum as having for type a representation of Taras the son of Poseidon borne upon a dolphin, and small silver coins of this type weighing about 16 grs. are known ' Mommsen, Hisi. Mon. Rom., i. p. 372. ^ jiommgen, ffist. Mon. Horn., ii. p. 31. ^ Pollux, ix. 80. * Num. Chron., 1874, P- 8°' Ivi INTRODUCTION. (B.M. Cat. Gr. C. Italy, p. 109) which are perhaps the nummi alluded to hy Aristotle (see p. 55). Mommsen, however (Sist. Mon. Rom., i. p. 141), is of opinion that the Tarentine vo'/ios is the didrachm of circ. 127 grs., and it must be confessed that the type of Tares on the dolphin is far more frequent on the didrachm than on the smaller coins •'. Gallia. Proceeding from Populonia in a north-westerly direction along the Ligurian coast we reach the shores of Gaul without coming upon a single town which was in the most ancient period (of which alone we are now speaking) acquainted with the use of money, or perhaps we should say which struck coins of its own, until we reach the Phocaean colony of MassaUa or Massilia. In the neighbourhood of this town there was found at Auriol in 1867^ a hoard consisting of 2130 small Greek silver coins of archaic style, comprising in all about twenty-five diflferent types. Smaller finds of similar coins have subsequently come to light at Volterra ^ in Tuscany and on the eastern coast of Spain. These little coins are all uninscribed and cannot therefore be attributed with absolute certainty. One point, however, seems clear, viz. that from the great variety of their types they can hardly be the coinage of any single town. They are probably the currency of a loose kind of monetary confederacy of which the Phocaean towns of Velia in Italy, Massilia in Gaul, and perhaps Em23oriae in Spain were members. The weight standard to which these interesting little coins belong is the Phoenician, of which the stater weighed about 220 grs. or somewhat less. They are for the most part I2ths or obols (wt. 18 grs.). The coast of Catalonia appears to be the limit towards the West beyond which the use of coins did not penetrate until a considerably later period than that for which I have hitherto spoken. Eeligious character of early § 10. Greek Coin-types. The stamp, device, or, as it is conveniently termed, the type, placed by authority on metal intended to circulate as money, was not originally, or indeed at any time primarily, an indication of a given quantity or value, as Aristotle imagined it to have been— d yap xapaKrfip iTiSr, rod ttoo-ov o-ijfieloi/ {FoUt. i. 3. 14). It was simply the signet or guarantee of the issuer, a solemn afiirmation on the part of the State tliat the coin was of just weight and good metal, a calling of the gods to witness against fraud. Such being its object it was of course necessary that the coin-type should consist of a generally intelligible device, which might appeal to the eyes of all as the sacred emblem of the god whose dreaded name was thus invoked to vouch for the good faith of the issuer. Hence the religious character of all early coin-types. Just as the word GEO I frequently stands at the head of treaties engraved on stone, so the em- coin-types, blems of the gods stand conspicuous on the face of the coins. ' See Num. Chron., i88r, p. .96 = Mer. Nn,.., N. S. xiv. pp. 348-360. Fenodico di Numismatica, 1872, p. 208. GREEK COIN-TYPES. Ivii Whetlier, as Professor Curtius thinks [Num. Chron., 18'jo, p. 92), the earliest coins were struck within the precincts of the temples and under the direct auspices of the priests, we have no means of deciding. At Kome indeed we know that the first regular mint was established in the temple of Juno Moneta, after whom we still call our current coin ' money,' and it is not unreasonable to suppose that the precious metals which, either as offerings, tithes, or rents, found their way into the temple treasuries of Greece, were put into circulation in the form of coin marked with the symbols of the gods, or with some animal or object emblematical of their worship. However this may originally have been, there can be no doubt that the assumption by the civic authorities of the sole right of coinage made no difference whatever in the character of coin-types ; the gods were still invoked on the coins as the protectors of the State, and their heads or emblems were alone deemed worthy of representation on the money. Apparent exceptions to the almost universal rule as to the sacred character of the types of Greek coins are the so-called agonistic types commemorating victories in the Games ; but it should be borne in mind that all Greek games partook of a religious nature, and that the representation of a victorious chariot or other agonistic emblem would be in a certain sense symbolical of the god in whose honour the games were held. The sacred nature of the types on Greek coins, from the earliest times down to the age of the Diadochi, naturally precluded all direct references on the coinage to victories in war, political revolutions, or other historical events, the commemoration of which we might otherwise have looked for on the current coin of the State ; not in- deed that such references are altogether wanting, but they are indirect, and though perhaps intelligible enough at the time of their introduction, are to our modern eyes mere hints to the initiated, the meaning of which is not readily apparent. Thus, for instance, when an olive-branch appears as an adjunct symbol by the side of the bull on the reverse of certain of the coins of Samos, the careful student of the series of the Samian money may see in it an allusion to the Athenian conquest of the island, the olive being the special symbol of Athena, and appearing regularly on the Samian coins while the island was subject to Athens, and only during that particular period (see p. 516). So also at Syracuse, when the Corinthion Timoleon succeeded in liberating that city from the tyranny of the Dionysian dynasty, the coinage of Syracuse was for a time assimilated to that of Corinth (p. loi). All through the history of free and independent Greece, and even until the death of Alexander the Great, the main object of the coin-type was to place before the people an ideal representation of the divinity most honoured in the district in which the coin was intended to circulate. No tyrant, however despotic, no general, however splendid his achievements by land or sea, no demagogue, however inflated his vanity, ever sought to per- petuate his features on the current coin. Hence the mythological interest of the coin-types is paramount, from the first introduction of the art of coining down to the age of the successors of Alexander. It is not until after Alexander's death that the first indication of a change of ideas becomes apparent. In the course of a single decade a new world had been added to Greece, a great wave of Hellenic influence had swept over the Iviii INTRODUCTION. ancient kingdoms of the East, and in its reflux had borne back to the West the purely oriental conception of the divinity of kings. Petty local interests, local cults, local trade, were now merged in larger circles of activity ; commerce was now carried on over a wider field and on a grander scale, and Alexander, the one man by whose impetuous force and insati- able ambition this mighty change had been brought about, over the whole face of the ancient world, came to be regarded as a demi-god. The altered political aspect of the world, and the inward change in men's minds were at once re- flected as in a mirror, on the current coin. The head of the deified Alexander now first appears on the coinage in his character of son of Zeus Ammon, and, as one after another of his generals assumed the title of king and the insignia of royalty, each in turn was emboldened to place his own portrait on the money which he caused to be struck in his name. Introduc- From this time forward Greek coins possess for us an altogether different tion of kind of interest. The ideal gives place to the real, and we are in the presence after o^ ^ gallery of royal portraits of undoubted authenticity, invaluable as iUustra- Alexander tions of the characters of the chief actors on the stage of the world's history. Meanwhile the reverse types become more and more conventional in style. This is in part due to the exigencies of an enlarged commerce which demanded a fixity and uniformity of type fatal to all originality of conception and design on the part of the die-engraver, a conventionality which in the case of some coinages extends to the obverse as well as to the reverse. This is especially noticeable in the Ptolemaic series, wliere the stereotyped head of Ptolemy Soter is repeated with wearisome similarity for no less than two centuries and a half, not however to the total exclusion of portraits of the reigning monarch. Character- Among the bronze coins of the Imperial age struck in Greek cities, com- co*in-t°^es ™o°ly ^^own as the G-reeh Imperial series, iheve are many which are in the in Imperial highest degree instructive, although it must be confessed that they can lay no times. claim to be regarded as works of art. The interest of this class of coin-types is both mythological and archaeological. They tell us what gods were held in honour and under what forms they were worshipped in every town of the ancient world. On this series also are to be found numerous copies of the actual statues of the gods as they stood in the temples ; — the hideous upright effigy of the Ephesian Artemis with her many breasts, no longer idealized and Hellenized as on the coins of the best period of art, but in her true barbarous Asiatic form (Fig. 317); the Aphrodite which Praxiteles made for the Cni- dians (p. 525); the famous chryselephantine Zeus of Pheidias at Olympia (P- 357) ; the simulacrum of the Sidonian Astarte (p. 673), and many others. Sometimes a complete myth is represented in the pictorial style, as on a coin of Myra in Lycia (Fig. 319), where we see the veiled effigy of an Asiatic goddess mounted on a tree, on either side of which stands a man wielding an axe in the act of striking at its roots, while two serpents emerge from the trunk seemingly to defend the tree against its assailants. This strange type seems to be another version of the story of the maiden Myrrha who was trans- formed into a tree, from the trunk of which, when her father hewed it with bis sword, Adonis was born. Another mythological type which may be here mentioned possesses for us still greater interest, I allude to the famous coins struck at Apameia in SYMBOLS. lix Phrygia, surnamed 17 KtfiaTos or ' the Ark.' Here a local form of the legend of the Noachian deluge prevailed, due perhaps to the existence of a Jewish ele- ment in the population of the town. On these coins we see the Ark in the form of a chest bearing the inscription Nn£ floating on the waters. Standing in the ark are two figures, and beside it two others, a man and a woman On the top of the ark is a raven and above it a dove canying an olive-branch (Fig. 3 1 6). The importance of such types as these can hardly be exaggerated, and we may turn to the Greek Imperial coins, as we might have done to the pages of Poly- histor had they been preserved, for illustrations of many obscure local cults which prevailed in Greece, Asia Minor, and the East under the Pvoman rule. § II. Symbols. A symbol has been well defined as a sign included in the idea which it represents, a part chosen to represent the whole. Thus the club is the symbol of Herakles, the lyre of Apollo, the trident of Poseidon, the thunderbolt of Zeus. As a rule in the archaic period, the coin-type is itself strictly speaking a symbol. Afterwards, when the die-engravers had become more skilful, the head or entire figure of the god takes the place of the mere emblem. The symbol is then either entirely omitted or becomes an adjunct of the principal type. In numismatic terminology such secondary devices which occupy some vacant space in the field of the coin are alone called symbols. Sometimes the symbol merely serves to emphasize or give greater precision- to the main type, as for instance the olive-branch beside the owl on the earlier coins of Athens (Fig. 209), or the bow beside the heads of Apollo and Artemis on certain coins of Syracuse (Fig. 104). But far more frequently the symbols have no connection whatever with the principal types, and are constantly varied on coins of one and the same series (Fig. 157). These changing symbols are generally the personal signets of the magistrates under whose authority the coins were issued ; cf the symbols in the field on the later tetradrachms of Athens, which vary from year to year with the names of tlie magistrates (p. 319 sqq.). A third class of symbols consists of those which occur on the various regal series from the age of Philip and Alexander down to Eoman times (p. 200). Here the symbol has sometimes a local signification, and indi- cates the place of issue, as for instance when the Eose on late coins of the second century b. c. bearing the types of Alexander stands for the town of Ehodes. Such symbols might be preferably termed mint-marks were it not for the occasional difficulty of distinguishing them from the personal signets of the officers entrusted with the supervision of the currency. § 12. The Chronological Classification of Coins hy style. It has been often and truly said that Greek coins are the grammar of Greek art, for it is only by means of coins that we can trace the whole course of art from its very beginning to its latest decline. Neither statues, bronzes, vases, nor gems can, as a rule, be quite satisfactorily and exactly dated. Coins, on the other hand, admit of a far more precise classification, for in every period there are numerous coins of which the dates can be positively determined ; . and around these fixed points a little experience enables the numismatist to gi-oup, within certain limits,, all the rest. Ix INTRODUCTION. Period of Archaic Art. The main chronological divisions or periods into which the coins of the ancients fall according to their style are the following : — I. B. c. 700-480. The Period of Archaic Art, which extends from the in- vention of coining down to the time of the Persian wars. Within these two centuries there is a gradual development from extreme rudeness of work to more clearly defined forms, which, however, are always characterized by stiffness and angularity of style, the distinguishing mark of archaic Greek art. As a rule the coin-types in this period consist of animal forms or heads of animals. The human face is of rare occurrence, and, even when in profile, is drawn with both corners of the eye visible, as if seen from the front (Fig. 85). The hair is generally represented by minute dots, and the mouth wears a fixed and formal smile, but withal there is in the best archaic coin-work, especially about the close of the period, a strength and a delicacy of touch which are often wanting in the fully developed art of a later age. The reverse sides of the coins in the archaic period do not at first bear any type, but merely the impress in the form of an incuse square (often divided into four quarters (Fig. 118) or into eight or more triangular compartments (Fig. 195), some deeply indented) of the punch used for driving the ingot of metal down into the slightly concave die in which the type was engraved, and for holding it fast while it was struck by the hammer. In Magna Graecia, Sicily, and in some parts of European Greece the coins are from the very first provided with a type ou both sides. For examples see B. M. Guide, Plates I- IX. II. B. c. 480-415. Tlie Period of Transitional Art from the Persian wars to the siege of Syracuse by the Athenians. In this period of about 65 years an enormous advance is noticeable in the technical skill with which the dies of the coins are prepared. The rude incuse square is generally superseded by a more regularly formed incuse square often containing a device or a kind of ornamental quartering (Fig. 124) together with, in many cases, the name of the city or of the magistrate (in an abbreviated form) under whose jurisdiction the coin was issued. In Asia Minor the incuse square is for the most part retained down to a much later period than in European Greece. The devices on the coinage of this period are cha- racterized by an increased delicacy in the rendering of details, and by a truer understanding of the anatomical structure of the human body (Fig. 86) and, towards the close of the 5th century, by greater freedom of movement. Some of the most delicately wrought and powerfully conceived Sicilian coin-types belong to the close of this transitional period; cf. the two eagles devouring a hare on the well-known coins of Agrigentum (Fig. 68). Period of III. B. c. 415-336. The Period of Finest Art, from the siege of Syracuse to the accession of Alexander. During this period the art of engraving coins reached the highest point of excellence which it has ever attained, either in ancient or modern times. The types are characterized by intensity of action, perfect symmetry of proportion, elegance of composition, finish of execution, and richness of ornamentation. The head of the divinity on the obverse Period of Transi- tional Art. Piuest Art. CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION. Ixi is frequently represented almost facing and in high relief ; cf. the beautiful beads of Apollo at Clazomenae (Fig. 296), Khodes (Fig. 312), and Amphipolis (Fig. 131), of Hermes at Aenus (Fig. 157), of the Nymph Larissa (Fig. 176), of Hera Lakinia at Pandosia (Fig. 61), of Arethusa and Pallas at Syracuse (Figs. 102, 103), and of Zeus Ammon at Cyrene (Fig. 390). Among the more remarkable reverse-types are the seated figures of Pan on a coin of Arcadia (Fig. 242) and of Herakles at Croton (Fig. 57). It is to this period that nearly all the coins belong which bear artists' signatures, a proof that the men employed at this time to engrave the coin-dies were no mere mechanics, but artists of high repute ; among them the two names of Euainetos and Kimon of Syracuse, the engravers of the splendid silver medallions (dekadrachms) of that city (Figs. 100, loi) can never be forgotten as long as their works remain, notwithstanding the fact that no ancient writer has recorded them. IV. B.C. 336-280. T/iePmocZo/iafeT-^me^rt, from the accession of Alexander Period of to the death of Lysimachus. The heads on the coins of this age are^^.^.^ remarkable for expression of feeling. The eye is generally deeply set and the brows more defined. The human figure on the reverses gradually becomes more elance, and the muscles of the body are more strongly in- dicated. On both obverse and reverse the influence of the school of Lysippus becomes apparent. The most frequent reverse-type is now a seated figure, the general aspect and pose of which is borrowed from the seated figure of the eagle-bearing Zeus on the money of Alexander. For examples, see Figs. 142-144, 172, 201, 239, and 254. V. B. c. 280-146. The Period of the Decline of Art, from the death of Lysi- Period of machus to the Roman conquest of Greece. As the chief silver coinages f \ -^"^ ™^ of this period are regal, there is little or no difficulty in dating them. They present us with a series of portraits of the kings of Egypt, Syria, Baotria, P/ontus, Bithynia, Pergamum, Macedon, Sicily, etc. The defeat of Antiochus by the Eomans at the battle of Magnesia, B.C. 190, was for Western Asia Minor no less important than the defeat of Philip V at Cynoscephalae in B.C. 197 had been for European Greece. The freedom of many Greek cities in Asia was forthwith proclaimed by the Eomans, in consequence of which they again obtained the right of coining money. This privilege they immediately took advantage of by issuing coins either in their own names or on the pattern of the money of Alexander the Great, and in his name, but with the addition of their respective badges and of the names of their local magistrates in the field ; a proof that the mass of the currency still consisted of the money of the great conqueror, for in no other circumstances could we exjjlain the adoption by so many towns of Alexander's types more than a century after his death. All these coins are easily distinguished from the real coinage of Alexander by their large dimensions and spread fabric. In European Greece, the money of the kings of Macedon comes to an end in B.C. 168 on the defeat of Perseus (Fig. 149) by the Romans, but soon afterwards silver was again issued in Macedon on its division into four regions under Roman protection (Fig. 153). Athens, after an interval Ixii INTRODUCTION. Period of continued decline. Imperial period. of about a century, during which she was not permitted by the kings of Macedon to strike money, recovered the right of coinage about B.C. 220, and from that time her tetradrachms of the 'new style' (Fig. 216) began to be issued in great quantities. In Italy the commencement of the Eoman silver coinage in b. C. 268 put an end to almost all the other autonomous silver coinages in that country. In Africa the money of Carthage, down to its destruction in B.C. 146, is remarkable for a rapid degradation in the style of its execution, and in the quality of the metal employed. Artistically, the coins of Asia are throughout this entire period incomparably superior both to those of European Greece and of the West, although it cannot be affirmed that they in any degree reflect the best contemporary art of the flourishing Schools of Pergamum, Ehodes, and Tralles. VI. B. c. 148-27. Tlie Period of continued Decline in Art, from the Eoman conquest of Greece to the rise of the Eoman Empiire. In Northern Greece, when Macedonia, west of the river Nestus, was finally constituted a Eoman Province (b. c. 146), and when the coinage of silver in that country consequently ceased, Maroneia (Eig. 160) in Thrace and the island of Thasos (Fig. 166) endeavoured for a time to supply its place by the issue of large flat tetradrachms of base style. Athens, almost the only silver coining state in Greece proper, continued to send forth vast quantities of tetradrachms at least down to the capture of the city by Sulla in B.C. 86 (Figs. 218, 219), about which time she too was deprived of the right of coinage. In Asia !Minor the chief silver coinage consisted of the famous Cistophori (Fig. 287), a special currency which was long permitted by the Eomans, even after the constitution of the Province of Asia in b. c. 133. Farther East, the regal series of Syria and Egypt remain unbroken down to the Eoman conquest of those countries. The Bactrian money rapidly loses its Hellenic character and becomes at last purely Indian. Almost the only coins in this period which can lay claim to any high artistic merit are those which bear the idealized portrait of the great Mithradates (Fig. 265). VII. B. c. 27-A.D. 268. Im2)erial Period. Augustus to Gallienus. Under the Eoman Emperors the right of coining their own bronze money was from time to time accorded to a vast number of cities in the eastern half of the Empire. In the western provinces this privilege was much more rarely granted. These coinages which now goby the name of 'Greek Imperial' are in reality rather municipal than Imperial. The head of the Emperor is merely placed on the obverse out of compliment to the reigning monarch, and is frequently exchanged in the Province of Asia for that of the Eoman senate (CYNKAHTOC or l€PA CYNKAHTOC) or that of the local council, senate, or people (BOYAH, rePOYCIA, AHMOC). At many small towns the privilege of coining money appears to have been enjoyed only on certain occasions, such as during the celebration of sames and festivals (Fig. 333) or under certain emperors, and to have been renewed only after an interval of perhaps many years. The dimensions of the present work will not permit me to give in detail the periods during which the local mints were active or dormant. I must content myself with INSCRIPTIONS. Ixiii indicating the highest and lowest limits within which coins occur at each town. It will be seen that the Greek Imperial series nowhere extends beyond the reign of Gallienus, except at a few towns chiefly in southern Asia Minor, where it is continued down to that of Aurelian, a.d. 270-275, and at Alexandria, where it does not finally come to an end until the reign of Diocletian, A. d. 284-313. § 13. Inscriptions on Autonomous and Regal Coins. The inscriptions on Greek coins, when present, which in the archaic period is rarely the case, consist as a rule of the first three or four letters of the ethnic, e.g. AOE (Fig. 211), META (Fig. 37), ZYPA (Fig. 92), for 'A^mW, MfTaTToi-TiVaf, "^vpaKoaiav, or of the name of a dynast sometimes at full length asTETAZHAONEOM BAZIAEYZ (Fig. 121), ZEYGA KOMMA(Fig. 171), 0ANOS EMI EHMA (Fig. 308), the last being especially remarkable, not only as the earliest inscription yet found on any coin, but as being couched in the first person. Although in the vast majority of cases the legend is in the genitive plural of the ethnic there are nevertheless instances where the name of the city itself occurs either in the genitive or nominative singular, as AKPAFAZ and AKPArANTOZ (Fig. 67), rOPTYNOZ TO OAIMA (p. 394), etc. Sometimes also an adjectival form is met with, as ZEPMY- AIKON (Fig. 126), APKAAIKON (p. 372), etc. agreeing, when in the neuter, probably with voiuajxa or some such word understood, or when in the masculine as KATANAIOZ (p. 115), PHTINOZ (p. 93), etc., with the name of the divinity whose figure is represented on the coins. In addition to or in place of the name of the people we frequently meet with legends referring directly to the type, as TEPINA and NIK A accompanying the head of the nymph Terina and the figure of Nike on a coin of Terina (Fig. 64), or again AIOZ EAAANlOY(p. 160), lEYZ EAEYOEPIOZ (p. 156), APEOZ (p. 136), etc. on Sicilian coins written round the heads of Zeus Hellenios, Zeus Eleu- therios and Ares. On some coins of the finest period of art the name of the engraver occurs Engravers' in minute characters either in the nominative or genitive, as K I MflN (Fig. loi), i^ameg. EYAINETO, EYMENOY, etc. on coins of Syracuse; the verb iiroUi. being in a few rare cases added, as OEOAOTOZ ETTOEi on a coin of Clazomenae (Fig. 296) and MEYANTOZ EnOEl on one of Cydonia in Crete (p. 391). Another class of inscriptions consists of the signatures of the officers ofMagis- the State or of the mint who were responsible for the coinage. trates These usually occupy some prominent place in the field of the coin, but as a rule they are expressed in an abbreviated form or in monogram. When they are written at full length they doubtless stand for some superior Magi- strate such as an Archon or a Prytanis during whose tenure of office the coin was issued (Fig. 298). When the sovereign power was in the hands of a tyrant or a king his name Names of occupies the place of honour to the exclusion of that of the people. Such <^y"*8ts. names are almost always in the genitive, as AFAOOKAEOZ (p. 159), AAE3EANAP0Y TOY NEOHTOAEMOY (Fig. 182), BAZIAEHZ ZEAEY- KOY (p. 637), etc. Ixiv INTRODUCTION. Responsi- bility of Magis- trates. Magis- atrates' titles. § 14. Magistrates' names on Autonomous and Imperial Coins. M. Lenormant has well remarked in his interesting treatise ' Les Magistrats monetaires chez les Grecs ' (Monn. dans I' Ant., iii. 69), to which I am indebted for many of the observations contained in this section, that whenever a Magistrate's name appears in the genitive the preposition im, when not ex- pressed, is to be understood, signifying that the coin was struck under a certain magistracy, the person mentioned being the eponymous magistrate of the state. It does not follow, however, that the chief magistrate was always directly responsible for the coinage ; but in case of fraud the presence of his name would render it an easy matter to fix the responsibility upon the proper person, viz. the man who held the office of Moneyer during such and such a magistracy. On the other hand direct responsibility for the quality of the coin is implied, in M. Lenormant's opinion, by the use of the nominative case. Thus for instance on the silver coins of Dyri-hachium and Apollonia, where there are two names, the one on the reverse in the genitive case is that of the eponymous magistrate for the year, while that on the obverse in the nominative is the name of the superintendent of the mint. "When the name of an eponymous magistrate occurs alone and in the nominative case it is probable that he was himself directly responsible for the coinage. Immediate responsibility seems also to be implied by the addition of a symbol or signet even when the chief magistrate's name is in the genitive with or without eVi. Of the three magistrates' names all in the nominative case which occur on the later Athenian tetradrachms it is probable that the first two, who held office for the space of a year, were immediately responsible to the State, and that the third magistrate, whose name changes with each successive prytany (about once a month), was a sort of auditor of accounts ajDpointed as a check upon the two annual magistrates. In Imperial times the presence of a magistrate's name on the bronze coins of Greek cities is usually, though by no means always, equivalent to a date, conveying no information as to the persons who were actually entrusted with the superintendence of the mints. The magistrates' names on the Imperial coins are frequently accompanied, especially in the Roman Province of Asia, by their titles, preceded by the preposition inl, as eVt Sp^nvros tov Suva. In most cases it would seem that the magistrate whose name is inscribed on the coin was a chief magistrate of the town, but we must beware of inferring that the title which accompanies his name is always the one by virtue of which he caused the money to be minted. Thus for instance at many cities where we know that the eponymous magistrate was a strategos we read some- times eVi (TTpaTrjyov and sometimes iwl apxovTos. It is clear that in such cases the word Sp^av must be taken in a general sense and translated, not by ' under the Archonship,' but by ' under the Magistracy ' of so and so, whose real title, perfectly well known at the time and therefore not specified, was strategos, and not archon. This applies more particularly to the numerous agonistic, sacerdotal, and MAGISTRATES. Ixv other honorary titles. When a chief magistrate happened to be also invested with the office and dignity of a priesthood he would, as often as not, omit all mention of the true title which constituted him eponymous Magistrate, while taking especial care to record the fact that he was 'Ao-iap;^?;?, apxi-^p^vs, iepivs, (rTc(j>avrj(j)6pos, 6eo\6yos, or what not. The above remarks of course only apply to the coins of cities which we know to have been governed by a civil Magistrate, for there can be no doubt that at some towns the eponymous Magisti'ate was regularly the dpxiepeis or some other sacerdotal dignitary. It is only by a careful study of the whole series of the coins of any particular city that we can ascertain positively what was the local custom in such matters. Although the use of cVi with a proper name in the genitive usually implies an eponymous date, many instances may be cited where this is not the case. Thus for example when the title accompanying the name partakes in any way of a financial character, such as rafiias, \oyia-Trjs, (TripeXrp-rjs, etc., it is not to be supposed that these officers were eponymous Magistrates ; evidently they were appointed for some special purpose which included the supervision of the coinage. The less important cities indeed seem only to have coined money at intervals as occasion required, when some one of the citizens would be delegated by the regular Magistrates to direct the issue, or might even voluntarily undertake the whole expense. In such cases the prepositions Sid and Trapd are sometimes used instead of eVi before the name of the person who caused the money to be struck. Nothing in fact can be clearer than the evidence afforded by the coins of the Province of Asia as to the prevalence in Imperial times of what we should term a laudable public spirit among the citizens. It appears to have been Dedicatory no uncommon practice for private individuals to present to their native towns ^ori^ulae. considerable sums of money in acknowledgment of municipal or sacerdotal honours conferred upon them by the city or the Emperor. The money so contributed to the public purse by private munificence was, we may suppose, forthwith minted in the name of the donor, the usual dedicatory formula being the name of the donor in the nominative with or without his honorary title, followed by the verb dvedrjKe and the ethnic either in the genitive or dative, as nOA€MnN CTPATHmN AMeOHK€ CMYP[N AlOIC], OCTIAIOC MAPKeAAOC 0- l£P€YC TOY ANTINOOY KOPINOinN ANeOHKeN. Even women occasionally contributed in this manner to the expenses of the municipalities, as we gather (among other instances) from coins of Attuda in Phrygia reading lOY(Xi'a) K{\avSia) KAAYAIANH ANeOH(M.') ATTOY- AenN (Mion. Suppl, vii. p. 522). Sometimes the verb dvcdriKe is either abbreviated to AN or A, or even altogether omitted for want of space, but it is always to be understood when a proper name in the nominative is followed by the ethnic in the dative as BeTOYPIOC TOIC APKACI (Mion. ii. 245). Dedicatory issues, such as those above described, are on the whole of rare occurrence, although at certain towns it appears to have been the rule for tke eponymous Magistrate, or even for an ordinary citizen, to provide out of his private means for the bronze coinage of his native town. Ixvi mmODUCTION. The Magistrates' titles which occur on the coins chiefly of the Greek Impe- rial series may he divided into the following classes :— I. Eoman. II. Greek (a) Municipal. (/3) Financial. (y) Agonistic, Sacerdotal, and Honorary. I. Soman. 'AvOu'iraTos — Proconsul. Chiefly on the coins of the Eoman Provinces of Bithynia and Asia. 'Ai'Tio-TpciTTiyos — Propraetor. Thrace, Galatia, Cyrenaica. Auo arSpes — Duumviri. This title very rarely occurs in Greek, but it is frequent on colonial coins in Latin, as II VI Ri. 'EiTiTpoiros — Procurator. Bithynia. 'HY€fiijc or 'Hyou'p.ei'os — Praeses. Frequent on Thracian coins. 'Ittitikos — Eques Eomanus. Occasional in the Province of Asia. Kop[i'iKouXapios] (?) — Gornicularius (?). Adjutant, Tribune, Assistant, etc., Laodiceia Phrygiae. nttTpioi' — Patronus. Nicaea and Nicomedia in Bithynia, where it is applied to the Proconsul. ripeo-peuTiis — Legatus. Various cities of Thrace, Galatia, and Cappadocia. Tofii'os — Quaestor. This title is applied both to Roman Provincial Quae- stors, as on coins of Macedon (p. 210 sq.), and of Cyrenaica (p. 7 3 3)1 ^"^^ to the Treasurers and Comptrollers of the public moneys of certain Greek cities, such as Smyrna (p. 510), and Rhodes (p. 542). 'YiraTOs — Consul, in the formula AHM. E^. YFTAT. {prjixapxiKrjs i^ovaias vTraros), equivalent to the Eoman TR. POT. COS. Chiefly met with on coins of Caesareia Cappadociae, and Antiochia Syriae, but it occurs also in Crete (p. 384) and Cyprus (p. 627). II. Greek. (a) Municipal. "Apxtdi' — Chief Magistrate. 'Apxav a. First Archon, at cities where there were several Archons. This title occurs very frequently throughout the Roman Province of Asia. It is met with also at Byzantium (p. 232). On the coins of Asander and Hygiaenon of Bosporus it is a dynastic title. XTpaTtiyos is also a title of the chief civic Magistrate of still more frequent occurrence than that of Archon, with which it is sometimes interchauge- able. It appears to be confined to the cities of the Province of Asia. At Smyrna this office was sometimes held for life, STparrjybs 8ia ^iov (p. 510). rpa|j.fiaT£u's — Secretary (A. V. Townclerk, Acts xix. 35). Chief magistrate in many cities of the Province of Asia. UpuTavLs — Prytanis, or one of a board of several Prytaneis. Chief magis- trates of some cities of the Province of Asia. Bou'Xapxos — President of the BokXij or Town Council. Mastaura Lydiae (Mion. iv. p. 234). Nop.o6^TT]s — Lawgiver. Laodiceia Phrygiae. Ba(T[t\eus] {]) — This word as a magisterial title occurs on certain coins of Byzantium (p. 232). MAGISTRATES. Ixvii 'Hp[il|jieVos] (?) — Electus (f). Byzantium (p. 232). fEpovTes — Elders. Lacedaemon (p. 365). ''E4)opoi — Ephors. Lacedaemon (p. 365, Ancyra, 557)- Nofio^iuXaKes — Guardians of the Laws. Lacedaemon (p. 365). noX^jxapxos — Polemarch. Tliebes (p. 299). (P) Financial, etc. TajAias — Treasurer. Smyrna (p. 510), Rhodes (p. 542). Aoyio-Tris — Curator reipublicae. Cidyessua (p. 561), Synnada (p. 569). 'ETri(ji,e\r]TTJs, 'EirificXriaas, 'ETrificXtjSeis, 'ETri,(i£Xr]6eI(Ta — Curator. Philadel- phia Lydiae ; Eucarpia and Hierapolis Phrygiae ; Antiochia, Mylasa, and Stratoniceia Cariae. Whether this ofiEcer undertook the charge of the coinage, or whether he bore the title fTrt/ifXi/Tijr in virtue of some other function, cf. cmncXijTrjs Ilaya^i/i/aiuj' on a coin of Mastaura Lydiae (p. 551), can hardly be decided. 'Ettio-kotvos — Overseer, Inspector. Ephesus (p. 498). 'AtTif)a(£(ji,€i'09 — Alia (p. 556), Ancyra (p. 557), and Eucai'pia (p. 563) in Phrygia. Friedlaender (Hermes, ix. 494) explains this word as referring perhaps to the statue or other object represented on the coin. It would thus mean that the work in question had been erected, or possibly that the coinage itself had been issued, on the requisition of the magistrate whose name appears as alTj}i(7dp,ei'os — on a coin of Stratoniceia (p. 531) — maybe explained as signi- fying that the coin was issued in pursuance of a decree voted by the Council on the motion of the magistrate mentioned on the coin. (y) Agonistic, Sacerdotal, and Honorary, etc. 'Apxiepeu's — Chief Priest. Frequent in Roman Asia. 'Apxiepareuuk' — Chief Priest. Sala (p. 568). 'Apxiepeus (ieyas — Chief Priest. Sardes (p. 553). 'Apxiepcus (leyio-Tos — Chief Priest. Crete (p. 384). 'lepeu's — Priest. Frequent in Roman Asia. 'lepeu: 8ia Piou tui' 1^^o.6pos — Superintendent of Sacrifices, so called from the crown which he wore while performing his sacred duties. Province of Asia. 'AyucoG^TT)? — Superintendent of the Games. Province of Asia. 'Ayufoe^Ttis 8ia Piou — Superintendent of the Games for life. Cotiaeum (p. 561). ruji.vaiolis imd Tri2>olis Phryijiae. TTANAOHMAIA, AAPIANA OANAOHNAIA, after the famous Athenian Festival in honour of Athena. Mastaura, Synnada. III. AAEZANAPEIA, AAEZANAPEIA OYOIA, OAYMOIA AAEZAN- APEIA, in honour of Alexander the Great. Byzantium, Odessus, Philijpjpo- polis, Magnesia ad Sipyluni, etc. ATTAAHA, ATTAAHA TOPAIAMHA, ATTAAEIA TOPAIAMEIA KAHI- TflAI A, in honour of Attalus king of Pergamum. Aphrodisias, etc. IV. AKTI A, Games in honour of the Actian Apollo. This festival was restored by- Augustus after the battle of Aotium. Actian games were afterwards cele- brated at a great many cities, usually with the addition of various epithets, as AKTIA AOYZAPIA, AKTIA KAIZAPIA, AYrOYZTIA AKTIA, AKTIA KOMOAEIA, OAYMRIA AKTIA, AKTIA OYOIA, AKTIA nYOIA ANTjQMINIANA, KOPAIA AKTIA, AKTIA OYOIA OIAA- AEAc|)EIA, AKTIA EPAKA., etc. (See Index.) V. KAIZAPEIA, AKTIA KAIZAPIA, AYfOYZTEIA, AYfOYZTEIA AKTIA, OAYMniA AYrOYZTEIA HYOIA, AYfOYZTEIA APIZTA, AY- rOYZTEIA APIZTA METAAA, AYFOYZTEIA APIZTA OAYMniA, AYrOYZTEIA HYGIA, OAYMOIA AYfOYZTEIA HYOIA, AYfOY- ZTEIA ZEBAZMIA or ZEBAZTA, AYrOYZTIA ZEYHPIA, AY- rOYZTIA KAI IA, KOINOZ ZEYHPIOZ *IAAAEA0IOZ OlAAAEAcDEIA, l AAAEAOEI A HYOIA, AKTIA HYOIA OIAa' AEA0IA, AYrOYZTIA KAI OIAAAEAOI A, etc., in honour of the brothers Caracalla and Geta. Ixxii INTRODUCTION. rOPAIANEIA ATTAAEIA TOPAIANEIA KAniTHAIA, ATTAAHA ToPAIANHk, rOPAIANHA OYAAEPIANA OlKOYMENlKA, OYA- AEPIANA, etc., iu honour of Gordian III and Valerian. VI. KOINON-KOINON AZIAZ, HPnTA KOlNA AZIAZ, KOINON BEIOYNIAZ and COM. BIT., KOINON BYZANTIflN, KOINON TAAATHN and KOINON TAAATIAZ, KOINON EEZIA — Games in honour of the Ephesian Artemis. OEMIAEZ — Games of which the prize consisted of a sum of money, cele- brated at various Pamphilian and Cilician cities. GAMES AND FESTIVALS. h GEOrAMI A — Games in nonour of the Epithalamia of Hades and Persephone, Corycus, Tarsus : OEOTAMIA OIKOYMENIKA, iVj/sa. I EPA — Sacred games in general; an epithet applied to various festivals. ISELASTICA — The celebration of the triumphal entry into the city of a victor, formed from the verb «(7eXawew : CERTAMEN SACRVM PERIODI- CVM OECVMENICVM ISELASTICVM, ^itZow ; CERTAMEN SA- CRVM CAPITOLINVM OECVMENICVM ISELASTICVM HELIO- POLITANVM, Heliopolis, p. 663. KENAPEIZEIA— Signification doubtful KENAPEIZEIA OYOIA, PM^>- 2>opolis : KENAPEZIA, Nicaea. METAAA — Epithet applied to various games, as ZEYHPEIA METAAA, etc. MYZTIKA — Games held in connection with certain mysteries, as lEPOZ nYOIOZ MYZTIKOZ OIKOYMENIKOZ, a festival held at ^SicZe. N AYM AX I A^Contests of ships. Gadara Decap. NYMcfcIA— Games in honour of local Nymjphs. CEBHPIA NYMIA. AncJdalus. OPTYrOGHPA— Quail hunt. Tarsus. nEPIOAIKA-CERTAMEN SACRVM PERIODICVM OECVMENICVM ISELASTICVM, etc. Ni/cav rriv irepiohov was a phrase applied to one who had borne off the prize at each of the four great public games. Hence nepluSos came also to mean the period of time between one celebration of the games and the next, and so games recurring at fixed periods were termed Periodica. TTPHTA — Games held at cities claiming the title TTPnTH, as nPHTA TTAM^YAnN at Side, the 'first city' of Pamphylia; FFPr^TA KOINA AZI AZ at Smyrna, the ' first city ' of the Province of Asia. ZHTHPEI A— Festivals held in honour of the saviour of the State, as at Sicyon in honour of Aratus, at Aneyra in honour of the god Asklepios, AZKAH- nEIA ZnTHPEIA, etc. XPYZANOEINA, Sardes (p. 553), XPYZANTINA, Hierapolis (p. 564), ZEBHPEIA XPYZANOEIA, etc.— Games probably so called from the colour of the flowers which formed the prize. § 16. Titles and Epithets a2)plied- to Cities. Under Roman rule many Greek cities sought to presei-ve a semblance of their ancient freedom by adding to their names high-sounding titles or epithets, with some of which there can be no doubt that certain immvfnities and privi- leges were bound up, while others seem to have had little or no distinct value or signification. The limits of this Manual do not warrant an enquiry into the nature of the privileges conveyed by these titles (where such existed). I shall therefore content myself with enumerating as briefly as possible some of the more remarkable which the student will meet with in the course of this work. _ It will be therefore unnecessary to recapitulate iu this place all the Imperial Civic titles- titles, such as KAIZAPEHN, lOYAIEHN, AAPIANliN ANTHNEINIA imperial, ' UaH, etc., which so many cities appended to their names by permission ofSS"' the Emperor or of the Senate, either out of gratitude for benefits conferred INTRODUCTION. upon them or merely out of flattery to the reigning prince. I may also pass over another class of titles by -which certain Asiatic cities sought to pei-petuate the memory of their origin, such as AnPIEHN, EiriNnN, MAKEAONUN, etc. ; nor need I dwell upon those cases where the geographical position of a city is specified by the addition to its name of the prepositions 0770, iv, em, Kara, Trpos, or vtto, followed by the name of the mountain, river, or sea, on which the citystood, as ZEAEYKEUM THN HPOZ Till KAAYKAANni. Lists of these three classes of titles will be found in Index IV. Civic titles These eliminated, the following list will be found to be still divisible into prfviTetef *^° sections, (a) Titles involving privileges more or less real and substantial, and empty and (/3) Vainglorious and empty titles. titles. (a) Titles involving Privileges. A. M. K. r. B. and A. M. K. F. P., Hpiarr] fieyiarr] KaWiaTT], ypafiiiaTi BovXrjs or Tepovalai. Tarsus and Anazarhus Ciliciae. (Le Bas and Waddington, Voy. arch., iii. 349.) APX[OYZH] nA(l)A[ArONlAZ]. Gangra and Germanicopolis Papla- goniae. AZYA02, lEPA AZYAOZ, lEPA KAI AZYAOZ. The titles 'sacred and inviolable ' are usually found combined in the formula THZ lEPAZ KAI AZYAOY, which occurs most frequently on the coins of Cilician and Syrian cities from the second century b. c. downwards. The towns which enjoyed the right of Asylum claimed to be under the divine protection of the gods whose temples stood within their territories. In some few instances the Divinity itself is said to possess the right of asylum, as AZYAOY APTE- Ml AOZ {Eiihesus, p. 498). ATEAHZ. Possessing the privilege of immunitas or exemption from tribute (Alahanda, p. 519). AYTONOMOZ. The privilege of 'autonomy' was conferred by the Eomans upon certain cities chiefly in Pisidia, Cilicia, and Syria. "With regard to the lex or constitution of such cities see Maiquardt, Handhuch der romisclien Alterthilmer, iv. p. 78. EBAOMH THZ AZI AZ. Seventh city of Asia, Magnesia (p. 502) ; referring to the order of precedence which the city took in the festal procession with which the games called Koiva 'Acrlas were opened. EAEYOEPA. Civilas libera, an epithet applied to those cities which had received the rights and privileges of freedom at the hands of the Eomans by means of a Senatus consultum. The right of lihertas was a free gift which could be withdrawn at the pleasure of Eome. Cf. Tacitus, Ann. xii. 58. H TO[YZ] KAnOYZ EXOYZA (?). Guardian of the sacred groves^) {Termessus, p. 594). MHTPOnOAIZ. In its literal acceptation of the 'mother city' in respect of her colonies this title rarely occurs; but cf. the legend of certain Imperial coins oi Heradeia in Bithynia, HPAKAEHTAN MATPOZ AnOIKflN nOAEflN (p. 442). Many towns were, however, called M^rpoTrdXew which had never sent forth colonies. In such cases the word simply means the chief city of a province or district. In some provinces, as in Asia, there CIVIC TITLES. Ixxv were several MijrpoTrdXeiy, which is to be perhaps accounted for hy the fact that such provinces were composed of several previously distinct parts. In many instances, however, the title M?;rpoVoXis seems to have been granted merely as an honorary distinction, probably in the case of the Province of Asia, to those towns in which the games called Kotj/a 'Aalas were celebrated. Similarly the title MTjT-pdn-oXis r^r 'lavias, applied to Miletus {Coiy. Inscr. Att., iii. 480), may be explained as referring to the Panionian Festival Koivbv ly TToXcoji', KOLVov TTavLQyviov^ or Koivov fxiqT poTToK^iT (i)v Twv iv Idiviay etc., common to the thirteen cities of the Ionian League. Another meaning must be assigned to M/jT-pdffoXir when there is reason to suppose that it was adopted from religious motives. It then means the ' city of the mother,' i. e. Kybele. Cf the analogous names Diospolis, Letopolis, etc. N AY APX I Z was a title adopted by, or conferred by the Emperor upon, various maritime cities, such as Nicopolis in Epirus, Tonii in Moesia, Side in Pam- phylia, Aegae, Corycus, and Sebaste in Cilicia, Dora, Sidon, and Trijwlis in Phoenicia, on account of their convenience as naval stations or of their naval importance in their several provinces. MEHKOPOS, probably ' Temple -Keeper,' was a title applied to those whose function it was to keep in repair the sacred edifices and generally to super- intend all affairs connected with the due observance of the sacred rites and ceremonies, and to safeguard the temple treasury. The office of Neokoros was a dignity often conferred upon the highest magistrates of the State, such as Archons, Strategi, Prytaneis, Grammateis, etc. As an honorary title it was also commonly adopted by the city itself. Of this practice the Imperial coinage affords ample evidence, as does also the well-known passage in the Acts of the Apostles (xix. 35), "AvSpfs 'Etpfcrwi, ris yap isTW avBpanos os ov yivaxTKei ttju 'E(f)(v tVei io Aspendus (Philostratus, V. Apoll. i. 15), referred simply to the order of precedence of the various cities in the grand processions with which the public games were opened. Thus when JEphesUS proudly styles herself 17 TvpiiT-q ■Kaa-av Ka\ /leylo-Trj, jxovol nparoi 'Acriaj, etc., and Smyrna irpSiToi. 'Aaias koW^i koI ixeyedd, we may infer that the refer- ence is to the Koii/a 'Ao-t'ar celebrated sometimes at Ephesus and sometimes at Smyrna. Similarly when Mytilene is npa-rrj AeV/Sou, Samos TrpaT-q 'lavlas, Tralhs irpwrr) 'EXXafioy, etc. (for other examples see Index IV, s. v. irpis-nf), it would appear that they were ' First ' in the local Festivals called Kowa Aeapiav, Koiva 'iwvaiv, and Kotvov rrjS 'EXXaSos (C. /. CrV., 5852). <1>IAH ZYMMAXOZ PHMAinN or niZTH *(AH ZYMMAXOZ PO- MAinN, Civitas foederata, a title to which those cities only had a i^ight between whom and Rome a formal treaty existed by which it was stipulated ut eosdem, quos populus Romanus, amicos atque hostes habeant (Livy, 38. 8. 10). See Side (p. 587), and Sillyum (p. 588). 4)| AOPflM AlOS, Arnica Bomanorum (Carrliae, p. 688), has perhaps a similar signification. 0) Empty Titles. APIZTH METIZTH, Best and greatest. Nicaea, p. 443. r[NnPIMOZ('!)], Notable. Abila,^. 66^; Gadara,^. 66^,. EN AOZOZ, Illustrious. Side, p. 587 ; Anazarhus, p. 598 ; Damascus, p. 662. ENAOZOTEPA, More illustrious. Syedra, p. 612. EMTIMOE, Honourable. Lalassis, p. 604. EniZHMOE, Distinguished. Neapolis Samariae, p. 678. EZTIA OEnN, Home of the Gods. G-'ermam'co^oZts, p. 433. EYZEBHZ, Holy. Zephyrium, p. 618. EYZEBHZ KAI EYfENHZ, Holy and noble, m'caea, p. 443. OEIOZ, Divine. Carrhae, p. 688. AAMnPOTATH, Most splendid. Side, p. 587. MATPOZ AnOIKfiN nOAEXlN, Mother of Colonies. Heracleia Bitk, p. 443- See also MHTPOnOAIZ. MYZTIZ, Initiated. Side, p. 587. nEIOZ C*), Pius, after Antoninus PiusCi). Ei)Jies\is, p. 498. ZEMNH, Venerable, Syedra, p. 612. ALLIANCE AND COLONIAL COINS. Ixxvii § 17. Alliance Coins. Alliances of two or more cities are of very common occurrence on the coinage of the Imperial age, especially in Asia Minor. A ' Concordia ' of two citiesisexpressedby the word OMONOIA, as ANTIOXEnN KAI AAOAI- KEHNl OMONOIA. The types of alliance coins are various, but they almost always contain some kind of allusion to the alliance. In most cases the allied towns are represented by their respective divinities ; thus a coin of Ephesus, Smyrna, and Pergamum, in alliance, has for its type the Ephesian Artemis, the Nemesis of Smyrna, and the Asklepios of Pergamum. Sometimes the types were considered as alone sufficient to indicate the towns between which the alliance was contracted, a single name, that of the issuing state, being placed on the coin, as OMONOIA MYTIAHMAinN, the divinities represented showing quite clearly that the alliance in question was between Mytilene, Per- gamum, Ephesus, and Smyrna. Another type of common occurrence is Two hands joined. This device occasionally takes the place of the word OMONOIA, which may be said to be implied in the type. With regard to the exact nature of the ofxovoiai recorded on Greek coins of the Imperial age Eckhel (iv. 338) has justly remarked that they cannot be regarded in the light of veritable alliances for purposes of mutual defence, or even of monetary alliances, for these would hardly have been piermitted by their Roman masters. Sometimes when the allied towns happen to be near neigh- bours we may suppose that the alliances consisted in the joint celebration of games and festivals, but in the case of cities remote fi'om one another they can be little else than mere empty compliments paid by one municipality to another. § 18. Colonial Coins. The coinage of the Eoman colonies in the Western portion of the Empire comes to an end quite early. In Sicily it does not extend beyond the reign of Augustus; in Africa and Numidia, that of Tiberius; in Spain, that of Cali- gula. Babba in Mauretania is the only colony in the West which continues to coin money down to the time of Galba^ A. d, 68-69 (Eckhel, iv. 500). In the East, on the other hand, the colonial coinage was prolonged, like that of the Greek towns, down to the age of Gallienus. A large number of cities were, in point of fact, not colonized until the time of Sept. Severus or even later. Nearly all such towns on their colonization had the Latin language imposed upon them, in place of the Greek which they had formerly made use of. The types of colonial coins are various. There are, however, a few which, from their continual recurrence on the coins of colonies, and of colonies only, must be considered as distinctive colonial types. These are the following : — (i) The Founder of the Colony performing the sacred rite of marking out the boundaries of the town with a plough to which a bull and a cow are yoked. Cf. Servius ad Virg. Aen. vii. 755, ' Conditores enim civitatis tanrum in dexteram, vaccam intrinsecus jungebant, et incincti ritu Gabino, id est, togae parte caput velati, parte succincti, tenebant stivam incurvam ut glebae omnes Ixxviii INTROBUCTIOX. intrinsecus caderent. Et ita sulco ducto loca murorum designabant, aratrum suspendentes circa loca portarum.' (ii) Military standards, sometimes accompanied by tbe numbers of the Legions from which the colonists were drawn. (iii) The Wolf and Twins, symbolical of the Roman origin of the colony. (iv) Aeneas carrying his father Anchises and accompanied by the young Ascanius. (v) The Satyr ITarsyas, standing with his right hand raised and with a wine-skin thrown over his shoulder, in the attitude of the famous statue in the Eoman Forum and symbolical of the jus Latinum enjoyed by a town. (Cf. Servius ad Aen. iii. 20 ; iv. 58 ; and Macrob. Saturn., iv. 12.) The inscriptions on the coins of Colonies are in the nominative case and often much abbreviated, as C. I. A. D. for Colonia Julia Augusta Diensis, on coins of Dium. (For other abbreviations see Index IV (0).) In addition to the names which the colonies received from the Emperors by whom they were founded, such as Julia, Trajana, Hadriana, etc., they frequently adopted an additional epithet or title, such as VICTRIX, INVICTA, FELIX, PIA, NOBILiS, PVLCHRA, PACEMSIS, PRIMA, GEMIMA or CEMELLA, CONCORDIA, LAVS IVLIA, etc. The origin of most of these is doubtful; the title GEM IN A, however, clearly signifies that the colonies so called were founded by veterans from two legions, or from a legion itself called Gemina or Gemella from its mixed composition. Cf. Caesar, £ell. Civ., iii. 4, ' Unam (legionem) quam factam ex duabus gemellam appellabat.' The following among other magistrates' titles are of frequent occurrence on the coins of Roman colonies (see Index V (/3) ) : — II VIR., Duumviri. II VIR Q_. or Q_yiNQ_;, Duumviri quinquennales. PRAEF. II VIR., Praefecti duumviri; PRAEF. Q_V I N (i^, Praefecti quinquen- nales ; 1 1 1 1 VIR., Quatuor viri. AED., Aediles. (Coins of Spain.) DD., Decuriones. The formula EX D.D. stands for ex decreto decurionum. § 19. Dated Coins. The ordinary method by which the ancients dated their coins was, as we have seen, by inscribing upon them the name of the eponymous annual magis- trate. It was not until after the age of Alexander that the custom of placing dates in the form of numerals upon the coins began to prevail. After the foundation of the dynasty of the Seleucidae in Syria the practice was intro- duced of dating the Royal SjTi'an coins according to the Seleucid era, which was computed from B.C. 312. In Egypt the Ptolemies usually dated their money by the regnal years of the king. This custom of dating according to an epoch became common in parts of Asia Minor and Syria in the second and first centuries b. c, and was continued under the Empire. The epochs in use at the various cities owed their origin to various circum- stances.^ Some are local eras, dating from an important event in the history of the city on the coins of which they occur. Others were computed from one DATED COINS. Ixxix or other of the great landmarks in the history of the district or the province in which the cities using them were situated. Of the former class it is frequently- impossible, in the absence of sufficient evidence, to decide to what event they owe their origin, although there is no great difficulty in fixing the year from which they start. Among the well known and widely used historical eras the following may be here mentioned. The eras of merely local interest will be noticed under the towns where they occur, and a list of them will be found in Index VII, s. v. ' Era.' The Seledcid Eba. After the victory of Seleucus and Ptolemy over Demetrius at Gaza, B.C. 312, the former took possession of Babylonia. Hence the Seleuoid era was reckoned from October ist, B.C. 312. The Pompeian Eea. In b.c. 64 Pompeius after the defeat of Tigranes entered Syria. During the winter B.C. 64-63 he had his headquarters in Damascus and spent some months in organizing the affairs of Syria and reducing it to the condition of a Roman province. The coins of Antioch, Epiphaneia, and Seleucia in Syria, of all the cities of the Decapolis, and of Dora in Phoenicia, confirm the fact that the Pompeian era was computed from B.C. 64. The Caesaeian Eba dates from the victory of Caesar over Pompeius at Pharsalia, Aug. 9th, B.C. 48. The city of Antioch, however, reckoned the com- mencement of the era from the autumn of the preceding year, B.C. 49. The people of Laodiceia in Syria, on the other hand, made the first year of the Caesarian era to end in B.C. 47, when Caesar spent some time in their city and conferred many benefits upon it. For like reasons Aegae in Cilicia and Gabala in Syria computed the beginning of the Caesarian era from the year B.C. 47. The Actian Eka dates from the victory of Caesar over Antony at Actium in B.C. 31. See Beroea, p. 211; Antioch, p. 657 j Apameia, p. 658; Rhosus, p. 661; and Seleucia, p. 66 r. The mode of expressing the date is as follows : — Units I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B r A E r z H Tens lO 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 K A M N ^ n 9 Hundreds . 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 P Z T Y * X [y n ^] The numerals are sometimes preceded by the word CTOYC, as GTOYC PAf Anno 133. On the Egyptian coinage, both under the Ptolemies and under the Eoman Emperors, the character L almost always precedes the date. This sign is an ancient Egyptian symbol, which is used in papyrus inscriptions to show that the characters which follow it are numerals. It was formerly thought that it was the initial letter of the Tare word ^vKaPas, a year, but there is no doubt that this was a mistaken explanation. NOTANDA. Gold coins (aurum) are distinguislied by the letters S. Electruin coins ,, ,, i, EL. Silver coins (argentum) „ „ ^■ Eillon and Potin coins (alloys of silver and bronze) by Bil. and Pot. Bronze coins (aes) » -^■ The disk of metal on wbich tbe types are struck is called the Flan. The front or face of a coin is called the Obverse. Obv. The back of the coin is called the Reverse. Rev. The principal device represented on the obv. or rev. is called the Type. Adjunct devices or secondary types are called Symbols. The area or space between the type and the circumference is called the Field. The lower portion of the area beneath the type and cut off from the rest of the field by a horizontal line is called the Fxergue. Portions of a coin which are sunk below the level of the surface of the field are said to be Incuse. COEKIGENDA. Page 39, line 15, far site read side. Page 53, line 7, /or PYAAH read APOAA (?). Page 53, line 4 from bottom /or AYK I ZKOZ read AYK I NOZ. Page 243, line 11, Demetrius. This coin, a cast of which from the specimen in the Hunter Collection I have only lately had an opportunity of examining, is false. The name of this Demetrius must therefore be struck out from the list of Thracian dynasts. Page 333, line i,for HPAKAHZ read HPAKAEI AHZ. Page 323, line S,for Eoma? read Metellus ? Page 34S, line 7 from bottom, for Buraecus read Buraicus. Page 400. The coins here attributed to Naxus in Crete must be transferred to Axus in the same island, the initial letter V\ or A/ being a. local form of the Digamma. See Halbherr, Mittheilungen des Arch. Inst, in Athen., Bd. XI. p. 84. Page 422, line 6 from bottom, /or First read Fourth to First. Page 424, line 2, for nOH.TOY read TTONTOY. Page 463, 1. 20, for Caria read Lydia. Page 630, Germa Galatiae. The coins reading ACTIA DVSARIA probably belong to Bostra in Arabia (see Zeit.f. Num., 1886, p. 279). Page 651, line 15 from bottom, /or Tripolis B.C. 64 read Tripolis B.C. iii. Page 674, 1. 2, for from the Seleucid and Pompeian eras B.C. 312 and B.C. 64 read from the Seleucid era B.C. 312 or from the era of Tripolis B.C. in. (See J. P. Six, L'irede Tripolis, Ann. de Num., 1S86.) Page 6S9, line 22, for Jlarciniana read Macriniana. Page 7S3, line 24,/o)-HP[EMENOZ] read HP[HMENOZ]. MANUAL OF GREEK NUMISMATICS. HISPANIA. [Heiss, Monnaies antiques de I'Espagne. Paris, 1870. Delgado, Medallae avtonomas de JSspaila. Seville, 1871-1S76. Zobel de Zangrdniz, Estndio Jiistdrico de la moneda aniigua Espauola. Madrid, 1879.] The ancient coins of the Spanish peninsula are of the following classes : Greek, Phoenician, Hispano-Carthaginian, Romano-Iberian, and Roman. Before circ. B.C. 350. Uncertain mints. The earliest coins struck in Spain consist of small divisions of the Phocaic drachm, Thirds, Sixths, Twelfths, and Twenty- fourths, weighing j-espectively about 18, 9, 4I, and 2^ grains. These coins are of the class which appears to have been current in various Greek colonies along the north-western coasts of Italy, and those of Liguria. The varieties found in Spain are, however, less archaic in style than those discovered in 1867 at Auriol in the Department of the Bouches-du-Rhone, and at Volterra in Tuscany (Revue mimismatiqiie, N. S. xiv. 348-360, and Perioclico di Nnmmnatica, 1872, 208). For the most part these little coins have archaic heads on the obverse and incuse reverses. limporiae was founded by Phocaeans of Massilia in the first half of the fourth cent. B.C. It was situated near the north-eastern extremity of Spain, and it soon rose to be one of the chief ports in the western basin of the Mediterranean, supplanting the neighbouring town of Rhoda. Circ. B.C. 350-250. Among the uncertain coins of Spanish origin above mentioned are some with types on both sides bearing the legends E, EM, or EM P. They bear on the obverse either a head of Persephone or a head of Pallas, and on the reverse a cock, one or two ivy-leaves, three astragali, a cuttle-fish, a two-handled vase, a bull's head facing, a wolf's head, an owl, a man- ^ 5- B mspjyiA. headed bull, or a goat standing. The later varieties show sometimes a female head facing with flowing hair or a head of Persephone in profile, and on the reverse a horseman with flying chlamys, a bird, three birds, a female head, a butting bull, two dolphins, or last, a flying Pegasos whose head is sometimes fancifully formed like a little winged Eros seated in a stooping posture and stretching out his hands towards his feet. These last-mentioned obols of the Pegasos type are contemporary with the better-known drachms of Emporiae, of which the chief varieties are the following: — Shortly before circ. B.C. 250. EN POP I TUN Head of Persephone copied from Siculo-Punic coins. Similar head surrounded by dolphins. Id. Horse standing crowned by flying Nike, (Heiss, 3Ion. ant. de I'Espagne, PI. I. i) M, Drachm ENPOPIiriN Pegasos flying r. (Heiss, PI. I. 2) . . . M Drachin EMPOPITnisI Pegasos r., his head formed Uke a crouching Eros. (Heiss, PL I. 3-7) ^Drachm Head of Artemis r., in front, dolijhins. „ Id. (Heiss, PL I. 8) . ^Drachm These drachms are of the same standard as those of Massilia, Rhoda, and Gades. In weight they range between 78 and 6 a grs. Circ. B.C. 250-206. The drachms of this period struck at and in the vicinity of Emporiae, frequently bear Iberian inscriptions and are clearly imitated from the purely Greek coins above described. These continued to be struck at least down to the time of the formation of the Roman Province in B. c. 206 ; the later issues having been already reduced to the weight of the older Roman denarii of tV 1^-, somewhat less than 70 grs. The remaining coins of Emporiae are bronze of the Romano-Iberian class (see below, p. 5). Klioda was an ancient foundation from the island of Rhodes. It stood in the bay at the foot of the Pyrenaeum promontory. Its coinage is contemporary with that of the earliest drachms of Emporiae, by which it was superseded after being current for a short time only. Shortly before circ. B.C. 250. POAHTflN Head of Persephone. Rose in full bloom seen in front. (Heiss, PL I. 1-3) . M Drachm 78-70 grs. Of these coins, which are all of good style, there are gi-eat numbers of Iberian and Gaulish imitations, many of them extremely barbarous and, for the most part, belonging to a more recent period. The reverse-type of the coins of this city, the Rose, contains an allusion to the name of the town. Cf. also the same type on the coins of Rhodes. Gades {Cadiz), the extreme western emporium of the ancient world, was established by the Phoenicians long before the beginning of classical history. Its silver coinage cannot, however, have commenced much before the middle of the third cent. B. c, and it comes to an end in B. c. 206, when the town submitted to the Romans. The types of its coms refer to the cultus of the Tyrian Herakles (Melkart) and to the TIISPANIA. fisheries for wliich Gades was famous (Athen. vii. p. 315 ; Pollux, vi. 49 ; Hesych. s. v. Gadeira). Before circ. B.C. 250-206. Head of the Tyrian Herakles (Melkart) in lion's skin. (Heiss, PL LI. 1-4. Tunny fisli and Phoenician inscrr. ; above, ^j;3D or Q^HD ; beneath, TUN or mjn Si The denominations known are the drachm, 78 grs., half-drachm, 39 grs., together with Sixths, Twelfths, and Twenty-fourths of the drachm, the three last being uninscribed. The standard to which these coins belong is either indigenous or of Carthaginian origin, and appears to be the same as that of the money of Emporiae and Rhoda. Ebusus. The island of Ebusus {Iviza) was inhabited by a Phoenician population. It was always closely allied with Carthage, whence the standard of its coins was derived. The silver money of Ebusus is prob- ably contemporary with that of Emporiae, but it does not extend beyond B.C. 317, when the Balearic islands submitted to Rome. Dancing Kabeiros facing holding ham- mer and serpent. Bull walking. (Heiss, PL L5III. i, 2) . . M Didrachm 154 grs., Hemidrachm 39 grs., and Quarter-drachm. The bronze coins of Ebusus have usually on the obverse the figure of a Kabeiros with hammer and serpent, and on the reverse an inscription, in Phoenician characters, Qti'Il^K, containing the name of the island. The soil of Ebusus was supposed to possess the property of destroying venomous reptiles: 'Ebusi terra serpentes fugat' (Plin. H.N. iii, v. 11). Hence perhaps the type. Hispano-Cartliagiiiian Coinage. The founder of the Carthaginian empire in Spain, Hamilcar Barca, and his successors Hasdi'ubal and Hannibal, have left us a record of their dominion in that country in a series of silver coins which, however, are unfortunately for the most part without inscriptions, but the circumstance that they are almost always found in Spain places their attribution beyond all reasonable doubt. Their place of mintage must have been Carthago Nova, the capital of the Barcide rulers of Spain, in the neighbourhood of which were the prolific silver-mines then worked for the' first time. This coinage begins about B.C. 234 and comes to an end in B.C. 210, when the city of Carthago Nova was surprised and taken by P. Scipio. It con- sists of the following types : — Circ. B.C. 234-210. Horse and Palm-tree . (i) Head of Persephone. Id. Id. (ii) Young male head. Id. (iii) Head of young Herakles, laur. with club. Head of bearded Herakles, laur. Head of Pallas in round crested helmet. Id. Horse without Palm-tree Horse's head Horse and Palm-tree . Horse without Palm-tree Elephant . Elephant with rider Horse standing. M M M M M M M M Palm-tree JQ (See Monatshericht der Mn. Alead. d. Wissenschaften. Berlin, 1863.) B 2 4 HISPANLl. The standard which these coins follow is derived from the Phoenician, the denominations found are the Hexadi-achm 354 grs., Tetradrachm 336 grs., Tridrachm 177 grs., Didrachm 118 grs.. Drachm 59 grs., and Hemidrachm 29 grs. The attribution of the above-described series of coins to Spain rather than to the African Carthage, Numidia, and Mauretania, to which countries they were ascribed by Miiller, is due to Sefior Zobel de Zangroniz [Esfudio Jiistdrico de la moneda atifigua Espai'wla, Madrid, 1879), who defends it in the first place because they have hitherto been found exclusively in Spain, and this not only singly but in whole hoards ; and in the second place on historical grounds, it being extremely improbable that the Barcide rulers of Spain, who derived their wealth from the rich Spanish silver-mines, should have contented themselves with an insigni- ficant bron2;e currency, or should have been at the pains of sending their silver to be coined at Carthage. The coins of type (i) (head of Persephone) are attributed by Miiller to Carthage; those of type (ii) (young male head) to Masinissa, king of Numidia (b.c. 202-148); and those of type (iii) (head of Herakles) to Micipsa and his brothers (B.C. 148- 11 8). Zobel points out the improbability of these kings having issued pure silver in large quantities at a time when Carthage herself, for half a century before her destruction, was obhged to have recourse to a biUon coinage after having lost the Spanish silvei--mines. Style of art, histo- rical probability, and the provenance of the coins themselves, all seem to indicate a Spanish origin under the rule of the Barcides, B.C. 234-210. Senor Zobel also regards as Spanish the following coins : — Bust of king diademed. Head of kiiiff diademed '. Fig. I. Punic iuser. Galloping horse (Fig. i). iH 224 grs. Prow of war-galley with oars. (Muller, Num. deVanc. Afriqite,TV.']i) . . N 117, and JR 229 and 113 gis. Fig. 2. Head of king with wreath and diadem entwined. Elephant (Fig. 2) . .1© 108 grs. m' sImbont/Nanl™"%f '"''n "^;-^ •^'^''? ^°"^ *^" ^"'^ '''"'' '' ''' P'"""" *° *« possession of M. bambon of Naples. Its authenticity is, however, not above suspicion. HISPANIA. These are attributed by Miiller respectively to Vermina of Mauretania, circ. B.C. 300, to Bocchus I or II or fiogud I of Mauretania, B.C. 106-50, and to Jugurtha of Numidia, B.C. 118—106. Bomauo-I'beriau and Latin Currency. This extensive group of coins owes its origin to the introduction of Roman money into Spain, and to the organisation of a native currency under Roman supervision. The Romano-Iberian coinage is classed by Senor Zobel under the following geographical headings : — HiSPANIA CiTEEIOK. I. Eastern Region. I . District of Emporiae. .2. „ ,, Tarraoo. 3. ., ., Ilerda. 4. ,, ,, Sagiintum. II. Northern Division. 5. District of Osca. 6. „ „ Pompaelo. 7. ,, „ Turiaso. 8. „ „ Calagurris. III. Central Eegion. 9. District of Numantia. 10. „ „ Bilbilis. 11. „ „ Segobi-iga. IV. South ei'n Region. 12. District of Carthago Nova. 13. „ „ Acci. 14. ,, ,, Castulo. HiSPANIA UlTERIOK. I. Eastern Eegion. 1. District of Obulco [Cordubal. 2. ,, ,, Iliberis. II. Soutliern Eegion. 3. District of Malaca [Abdera]. 4- „ „ Asido [Carteia]. 5. „ „ Gades. III. Western Region. 6. District of Garmo [Hispalis]. 7. ,, ,, Myrtilis [Emerita]. 8. ,, ,, Salacia [Ebora]'. It may be laid down as a general rule that the Iberian inscriptions on the reverses of the coins furnish the names of the tribes for whom, or by whom, the coins were issued. These names are in many cases identical with those of the chief towns of the district, but this is by no means always the case ; and it is remarkable that on the money of the most important towns the name of the tribe takes the place of that of the city. Thus, for example, the Iberian coins Of Emporiae are struck in the name of the Indigetes. „ Barcino „ „ Laietani. „ Tarraco , „ Cessetani. >> Osca ,, „ Celsitani. ,, Numantia „ ,, Aregoradenses. „ Saguntum „ „ [ f ^senses or ^ >' .- 1 Ardeates. „ Carthago Nova „ „ Sethicenses. ,. -^cci „ „ Igloetes. ' The names in brackets are those of the chief minting places of the Latin and later Imperial coins in the Ulterior province. HISPANIA. The difficulty of attributing the coins with Iberian legends to the various localities is considerable, for it must be borne in mind that a large proportion of these ancient names were exchanged during the period of the Eoman dominion for Latin names, and in such cases the attributions must of necessity be more or less conjectural. Only the repeated discovery of the same classes of coins in the same districts can afford us any solid basis for a geographical distribution of the various coins ; and even when we are tolerably certain as to the district to which a given class belongs, there must fi-equentty remain an element of uncertainty as to the precise locality within that district to which the class in question ought to be ascribed. Further, when the exact find- spot of a coin is known, its importance as evidence that the coin was issued there must not be exaggerated, for the reason that the Iberian money was issued for military purposes, and was carried about from town to town, and often from province to province in the military chests of the various legions. The Iberian coinage was, in fact, Roman money, which it was the policy of the Romans to introduce among the various Spanish peoples of the Citerior Province in the form in which it would be most accept- able to them, viz. with native Iberian inscriptions. In the Ulterior Province, on the other hand, in the south and south- west, the various communities were left very much to follow their own devices in the matter of coinage, which was, however, restricted to bronze. They chose their own coin-types, and placed upon their money the name of the tribe and the names of their own local magistrates in Iberian, Phoenician, Liby-Phoenician or Latin characters. The difficulty of deciphering these inscriptions brings a new element of doubt into the work of attributing the coins of this province, which exists to a far less ■ degree in the case of the money of the Citerior. The Romano-Iberian coins are classed chronologically by Sefior Zobel in the following periods : — Circ. E. c. I. 226-214, Victoriati of Saguntum, ist series, wt. 3 scruples. (Wt. 52^^ grs.) Emporitan drachmae reduced to the older standard of the dena- rius of TjL. lb. (Wt. 70 grs.) Oldest coins with Latin legends in the Ulterior Province. 218. The Romans begin to strike bronze coins in the Citerior Province with Iberian inscriptions. [2 1 7. J [Reduction of the Eoman denarius to the weight of g^ lb.] ("Wt. 60 grs.) IL 214-204. New issue of Victoriati of Saguntum on the reduced standard. (Wt. 45 grs.) III. 204-154. Largest issues of Romano-Iberian money. B.C. 195. Emporiae and Saguntum cease to strike silver. B.C. 171. Foundation of the colony of Carteia. Carteia strikes the divisions of the As in bronze. IV. 154-133. B.C. 154. Lusitano-Celtiberian War [of Viriatus or Numantia]. B.C. 138. Foundation of the colony of Valencia. Valencia strikes uncial bronze with Latin Legends. B.C. 133. Fall of Numantia. All coinage prohibited in the Citerior except the bronze of Emporiae and Saguntum. GALLIA. The provincial reforms of B.C. 133 put an end to the official coinage of money with Iberian inscriptions. The war of Sertorius, B.C. 80-72, brought about a temporary renewa for a few years of bronze money with bilingual (Iberian and Latinj inscriptions. There is also an isolated coin with an Iberian legend and a type which perhaps refers to the fall of Ilerda, B.C. 49- With these exceptions it may be safely affirmed that there are no Iberian coins subsequent to B.C. 133. Latin Coinage. Circ. B. r. 49-.I5. Civil war in Spain. Renewal in some towns of the Citerior Province of a bronze coinage with Latin inscriptions. 29-A.D. 41. Imperial Coinage. B.C. 27. Augustus. Bronze and brass coinage in the three new provinces, Tarraconensis, Baetica, and Lusitania, continued under Tiberius, a. d. 14-37, and Caligula, a. D. 37-41 ; but under the last only in Tarraconensis. GALLIA. rSaussaye, Numismatique de la Guide NarhoniiaUe. Paris, 1842. Duchalais, Description des midailles Gauloises. Paris, 1846. Huoher, L'Art Gaulois. Paris, 186S. Robert, Mommies Gauloises. Paris, 1880.] The coins of ancient Gaul consist of three principal classes : (i) Greek, of the town of Massilia; (ii) native Gaulish, imitated originally _ from Greek coins ; and (iii) Roman colonial of Lugdunum, Nemausus, Vienna, and Cabellio in the valley of the Ehone. Massilia was a colony of Phocaea founded about B.C. 600. Its earliest coins are small uninscribed divisions of the Phocaic drachm with incuse reverses and of various types (Tresor d'Auriol, Eev. mm. N. S._ xiv. 348, and Melanges de Num. i. 12 sqq.). Notwithstanding their archaic appear- ance it does not seem that these little coins are much earlier than the middle of the fifth century B. c It is not improbable that there were several issues of such coins, extending perhaps over a period of 70 or 80 years. Next in order of time comes a series of small coins, for the most part obols, struck on both sides. Among these the following types may be mentioned : — Before circ. B.C. 350. Head ofApollo(?)' of archaic style, wear- I Wheel. (Saussaye, PI. I. 12-17.) ing a helmet on which is a wheel. | M, Obol 1 3-8 grs. The wheel may be here an emblem of Apollo as the sun-god. Head of Artemis, of archaic style. M Crab. (Saussaye, PI. I. 6-10.) M Obol. The crab may be here a symbol of Artemis as the Protectress of Ports, AtfieKocTKOTros (Callim, Bian. 39, 259)- ' Of. the archaic statue of the Amyclean Apollo as described by Paus. Lac. 19, l^f' ^^ '"■' ^3 x€(^a\^ Kpavos. GALLIA. After circ. b. c. 350. About the middle of the fourth century the drachm makes its first appearance at Massilia : — Fjg. 3. Head of Artemis, her hair adorned with sprigs of olive. MASS A Lion. (Fig. 3) . . . . M. Drachm 58-55 grs. The earliest specimens of these drachms are of very beautiful work. The fii-st branch of the olive-tree is said to have been brought to Massilia ■with the statue of Artemis from Ephesus', hence its presence on these coins. The cultivation of the olive was a source of great wealth to the town. The fine style of art was not long maintained on the coins of Massiha. This is partly due to their having been carelessly manufactured in large quantities, for they were for a long time the chief currency not only of Southern Gaul as far as Lyons but even of the whole valley of the Po. They were^ extensively copied by the various Celtic tribes, and the barbarous imitations are now far more common than the pieces of pure Greek work. The smaller divisions have generally on the obverse a head of Apollo, and on the reverse a Wheel and the letters MA (Saussave PI I. 24-50). After circ. B.C. 200. About the close of the third century a change takes place both in the style and weight of the Massilian coins. Head of Artemis, with quiver at her shoulder (B. M. Guide, PI. XLIV. i). MASSAAIHTHN Lion {Al. 42-40 gis.) This reduction in the weight of the di-achm was sudden, not gradual. It was the result of the adoption of the standard of the Tidoriatus ( =r I of the Roman denarius) ^. Among the bronze coins of Massilia the following are of frequent occurrence : — Head of Apollo (Saussaye, PI. VI. 283- | 303). I Head of Pallas (Saussave, PL IX. j 377-387)- " I MASSAAIHTON Bull butting .^-95 MA Tripod ^.9 It is probable that Massilia finally lost the right of coining after its "cI&T^ ^^ ^' '^'■®^'^"'"^' Caesar's Legatus, B.C. 49 (Dion Cass. xli. 25, DelpU^io^Tsrab.lr/jS:"'^" '' Massilia were those of the Ephesian Artemis and ofApoUo thl™iLli'oftt*v-T-7'^'"^"7 ^ C'^^P'^"'"" <=°!". b>Jt after the fall of Capua, B.C. 211, BBITANNLI. Gaulish Money. The money of the Ganls, like that of most barbarous races in ancient times, consisted of imitations of the coins of Greece and Rome. The models selected were naturally coins already widely circu- lating in Western Europe, such as the gold staters of Philip of Macedon, large numbers of which had fallen into the hands of the Gaulish invaders of Greece, the drachms of Massilia and of the Greek cities on the coast of Spain, and, somewhat later, the denarii of the Roman Republic. Southern Gaul. In this district, comprising the Roman province of Narboriensis, the coins most frequently met with are silver, often inscribed with Greek characters and bearing types derived from the coins of Massilia, Rhoda, etc., and of quinarii with legends in the Latin character, having on the obverse a helmeted head and on the reverse a horseman. The Roman colonies of Cabellio, Nemausus, Lugdunum, and Vienna, all situate in the valley of the Rhone, issued bronze coins with Roman types. Central Gaul, comprising portions of the Roman provinces of Aqui- tania, Lugdunensis, and Celtica, was the district in which the gold staters of Philip were first imitated, and where the copies follow most closely their Greek model. The silver and bronze coins are of various types, and become very abundant in the time of Caesar and Augustus, after the suppression by Rome of the native gold currency. Western Gaul. In the maritime districts the coins depart further from their Greek and Roman prototypes and exhibit more characteristi- cally Gaulish devices, such as the head on the obverse surmounted by a boar, and the man-headed horse on the reverse. (Fig. 4.) Fig. 4. ITortheru Gaul (Belgica). The coinage of this region is almost wholly of gold, and the Greek origin of the types is scarcely traceable. In fabric the specimens which come from the parts about the Rhine are usually of concave form, the concavity becoming less and less perceptible as we approach the West. BRITANNIA. [Evans, Ancient British Cuius, 1S64.] The coinage of the island of Britain was derived from that of the Belo-ic and other tribes of the opposite coast, some of whose chiefs held sway on both sides of the Channel. It is probable that the Britons of the southern coast began to strike gold coins in the last half of the second century b. c. The earliest specimens show a laureate-head on the obverse and a rude horse or chariot on the reverse. The types are clearly degenerate copies of the stater of Philip of Macedon, or rather of Gaulish imitations of that 10 ETRURIA. coin. From this prototype a number of distinct types gradually arose by means of successive imitations until, as Mr. Evans has shown {Num. Ckron. xii. p. 137), their original was quite lost sight of. A few of the later British issues bear evidences of Roman influence, these being principally the inscribed coins of the age of Cunobelinus, the son of Tasciovanus who reigned over the Trinobantes with Camulodunum (Colchester) for his capital, B.C. 5 to circ. A.D.43. (Fig. 5.) The British coinage comes to an end with the invasion of Claudius. Fig. 5. ITALY. [Millingeu, Considerations sur la Numismaiique de Vancienne Italie. Florence, 184I, with Supplement, 1844. Carelli, Numormn Italiae veferis Tabulae CCII, ed. Cavedoni. Sambon, 3Ionnaies IIX = i2L XX = 2o, X = io, A = 5, IIA = 2i, andl = i. Gold. Lion's head with open jaws. Reverse, Plain. /f> =50 Wt. 44 grs. (Deecke, Etrushische Forschicngen, Heft II, PI. i, 2.) AXX =25 XIK =12^ 22 grs. {Periodica di Numismaiica, "VI, PI. Ill 2 ) II grs. (76., PI. III. 3.) ' Young male head. Reverse, Plain. AXX = 25 "Wt. 22 grs. {Per. di Num., VI, PI. Ill 4-6 ) X =10 „ 9 grs. (/6., PI. III. 7-9.) Female head (Artemis?). i.e., PI. I. 6"). (Deecke, I FEUSV retrograde in Etruscan cha- racters. Dog running. Mk. of value I A = 5 5^x8 grs. ETRURIA. 11 Young male head bouud with wreath. FEUZPAPI retrograde in Etruscan cha- racters. Bull crowned by bird with wreath in beak ; in front, star. (Fig. 6.) R 12-1 grs. Fig. 6. It will be noticed that we have here gold coins belonging to two distinct standards, of which the units are 0-9 grs. and y6 grs. respectively. The two classes do not seem to be contemporary. Chimaera Silver. (a) Enhoie-Syracusan Standard. Wt. 257 gri Reverse, Plain. Boar Gorgon-head X . . Head of Hermes A Sea-horse Hare Young male head . Gorgon-head II' Young male head I Wheel. R I . . (Sambon, Monnaies de la Presqu'ile ilalique, PI. III. 6.) 254 grs. (Ih., PI. III. 5.) 130 grs. (B. M. Guide, PI. VII. i.) 64 grs. (B. M. Cat. Italy, p. 7.) 65 grs. {lb.) 62 grs. (/6.) 60 grs. (Sambon, op. cit., p. 50, No. 14.) 32 grs. (B. M. Gat. Ital, p. 396.) 14 grs. (Per. di Num., I. c, PL III. 11,) 13 grs. (76., PI. III. 12.) (^) Eidjciic-Syraeusan Standard reduced hy one half. Reverse, Plain (or occasionally with a symbol in a plain field). Gorgon-head . . .XX Head of Herakles, facing XX Wt. 131 grs. (B. M. Cat. Ital, p. 2.) 130 grs. Symbol on R. Club. (B.M.Ca<.7<(z;.,p.i.) 66 grs. (Deecke, op. cit., p. 15, No. 17.) 32 grs. (B. M. Cat. Ital., p. 8.) 66 grs. {ih., p. 3.) 29 grs. (Deecke, 0^;. cit., p. 18, No. 30.) 19 grs. {Ih., No. 32.) 31 grs. (76., No. 28.) 31 grs. (B. M. Cat. Ital., p. 4, 19.) 60 grs. (Ih., p. 3, 13.) 31 grs. (Sambon, op. cit., js. 50, 8.) 129 grs. (B. M. Cat. Ital., p. 396.) 32 grs. (Sambon, op. cit., PI. III. 9.) 17 grs. (B. M. Cat. Ital, p. 8.) The unit of the first series is a small coin identical in weight with the Sicilian silver litra ( 1 3-5 grs.) The unit of the second series is exactly half that weight, but as the weights of the various denominations remain unchanged, the marks of value alone being doubled, it is clear that between the first and second series a reduction in the value pf bronze as Male head . . X Id. . . A Head of Apollo X Id. A Id. . . Al Head of Hermes A Head of youth . A Female head . . X Sea-horse . . Head of Athena, facing, R. ruv . . . Owl . . . . Lion's head with open jaws 12 ETRUBIA. compared with silver must have taken place similar to that which occurred in Sicily about the middle of the fourth century b. c. (N'utit. Cliron. 1874, p. 74). It is further noticeable that the smallest denomination which has a mark of value. All, is, in the second period, only shghtly heavier than the Roman sestei-tius, which also bears the mark of value 2^ IIS. Hence it may be inferred that the Etrurian silver of class (/3) extended from circ. B. c. 350-269, when it was superseded by the Roman silver then coined for the first time, the system adopted by the Romans being a slight modi- fication of that which then prevailed in Etruria. The silver coins of class (a) are, of course, previous to B. c. 350, some of them belonging to the archaic period, while others are comparatively of recent style. (7) Corey i-ean\?) {Aeginetk degraderl) o-r Persic Standard. Head of Zeus (?) Head of Apollo A Id. Gorgon-head. j Plain. (B. M. Cat. Ital., p. 13.) . I Id. (76., p. 12.) . . Jli75g,-s, i Wheel. (Sambon, op. cit, p. 51, 40.) 4li75grs Crescent. (Deecke, op. cit., p. 14, 15.) M 84grs. The unit on which these coins are based appears to have been about 36 gi-s. of silver, or twice the weight of the Roman scripulum. Running Gorgon, holding in each hand , GEII AVheel. (Fi"-. 7 ) M 112 srs a serpent. \ a 1 1 1 b ■ Fig. 7. OEIU Male head facing; above and 1 Sphinx. (Deecke, op. ciV , PI II 16) below, a serpent. I ^ 8^ ^.^_ OEIUE Cow's head. Sea-horse. (Fig. 8.) . . M 144 grs. Fig. 8. ETRUB.IA. 13 (b) Corcyrean (?) or Persic Standard reduced hij one-half. Sepia emerging from an amphoi'a XX Id. X Sea-horse, around which dolphins A Plain. {Per. di Num., 1. c, p. 65.) . . ^^ 350 grs- Id. (Deeoke,o;j.ci<.,Pl.I. 4.) Jii78grs. Kerberos in linear square. (Brit. Mus. ined.) . . . J^ 83 gis. The unit for the coins of class (6) is a weight in silver of about 18 grs. maximum, which may be considered as practically identical with the Roman scripulum of i7"56 grs. The reduction which took place between the issue of classes (7) and (8) corresponds precisely with that which we have already remarked between classes (a) and (/3), and is probably one and the same with it, and not a subsequent reduction of the same amount. Deecke {Etruskisclie Forschmyen, Heft II, 1876) argues that the four classes above enumerated followed one another in chronological sequence, thus ; — (y) B. C. 500-450. (a) B. C. 4OO-269. (8) B.C. 450-400. (/3) B.C. 269-200. This order I cannot bring myself to accept. Judging by style — in such matters our surest criterion — I have no hesitation in affirming that some of those of the Syracusan standard (a), all of which he would place after B. c. 400, are distinctly earlier than some specimens of the Corcyrean or Persic standard (y and 8), all of which he would make anterior to that date. I am therefore compelled to fall back upon the hypothesis that the two standards, Syracusan and Corcyrean, were for a long time simultaneously in use in Etruria, although, probably, not in the same cities. Beonze. The bi-onze coins of Etruria are numerous. The larger pieces belong to the class of aes c/rave, and are cast ; the smaller are struck, and are, for the most part, of later date. As a general rule both cast and struck coins bear marks of value. The following is a list of the types as arranged in approximate chrono- logical order by Deecke (op. eft., Heft II. pp. 89 sqq.), to whose work I must refer the student for the details of the weight, fabric, etc., of the various specimens: — • Wheel. Wheel with straight spokes. Wheel. Wheal with two straight and four curved spokes. Wheel. Cii-cle with three crescents (1) Wheel. Circle with bipennis. Wheel. Circle with krater. Wheel. Circle with amphora. Wheel. Circle with anchor (Vetluna). Wheel. . » _ „ (Cha). Circle with Augur's head. Circle with sacrificial instruments. Head of Janue. Marks of value. ] !) Club. I (Velathri.) it Dolphin. 1 14 ROME. Hammer and tongs. (Pupluna, pufl.) Club, bow and aiTow. (Pupluna.) Caduceus and two stars. Hammer and tongs. (Pupluna.) Owl, crescent, stars. (Pupluna.) Sea-horse in square. Griffin. Bird and lizard. Eagle. Cock. Serpent. Square. Anchor or Trident with two dolphins. (Vatl.) Two crescents and two or three stars. Elephant. Fox dog. Owl. Prow. (Tla.) Prow. (Tlate.) Prow. (Tl.) Half Lion (?) (Vercnas.) Owl. (Peithesa.) The inscriptions on the coins of Etruria have given rise to much dis- cussion. Many of them undoubtedly contain the name of the city where they were struck: &mongih&s,& Piqjhma has been identified as Populonia; Vehu asVolci; Vatl, Vethtna, asVetulonia; F^/a/I/wi as Volaterrae; Cha(niar&) as Camars {Livi/, x. 25, ' Clusium quod Camars olim appella- bant') ; Tla[mmi) as Telamon ; Velz[na) as Volsinii. On this subjectsee Corssen (^Zeit.f. Niim. iii. p. 1). Most of the Etruscan coin-types are of Greek origin. The Wheel, the Gorgon, and the Cow's-head point clearly to solar and lunar worship, the head of Vulcan with his hammer and tongs refers to the metal work- ing and mining activity of some of the districts about Populonia, and especially to the island of Elba. Other types, such as the Sea-horse, the Polypus, Dolphin, and Prow, indicate the power of the Etruscans on the sea ; while some, such as the head of Hades, th^ Kerberos, Griffin, Sphinx, Leonine Chimaera, and the head of a Priest or Augur, are symbolical of those gloomy and horrible or fantastic ideas connected with death and the world of shades, which are especially characteristic of the religion of the Etruscans. Head of Vulcan. Head of Herakles. Head of Hermes. Head of Athena. Head of Poseidon. Head of Hades. Head of Herakles. Head of Zeus. Head of Athena. Head of Asklepios. Male head. Head of Herakles. Head of j'outh. Head of negro. Head of Herakles. Head of Apollo. Head of Janus. Head of Zeus (1) Head of youth. Helmeted head. Head of Hermes. The Aes Grave of Italy. Although the history of the coinage of Rome is a subject which I do not propose to include within the limits of the present volume, neverthe- less the system of the Aes Grave holds so conspicuous a place in the coinage of Italy that occasional reference to it will be necessary. A slight sketch of the development of the heavy bronze money of Italy will not therefore be out of place, and will indeed be requisite for the dis- cussion of the chronology of the coinage of the Italo-Hellenic states. For AES GBAVE. 15 full details I would refer students to Mommsen's Ehloire de la Monnaie romaine, as translated and annotated by the Due de Blacas and the Baron de Witte, Paris, 1870 ; and especially to Bahrfeldt's recent work, Gesc/nc/de des dlteren romischen Mmizicesens, Vienna, 1883. The earliest measure of value throughout Central and Northern Italy was bronze, which circulated in large blocks or bricks of irregular form. In this primitive condition of the currency we have no reason to suppose that the weight of the blocks of bronze was fixed by the State or in any way regulated by law. It is, nevertheless, highly probable that it was customary to cast the lumps of metal according to the Roman pound weight of about 5057 grs. Troy, divided into I3 ounces of about 431 grs. each. This ancient Italian money was called aes nule (Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 3, 13). Subsequently it was found convenient, in order to avoid constant recourse to the balance, to adopt the custom which had long prevailed in the Greek cities of marking the bronze with an official stamp, as a guarantee of just weight. According to the popular tradition it was Servius TuUius who first introduced the practice of stamping bronze for circulation, prinms signavit aes (Plin. I. c), which was thence called aes signatum, but the advanced style of art exhibited even by the earliest specimens of Roman and Italian aes signatum is quite sufficient to show that the tradition which ascribes them to the age of the kings is not worthy of credit. Nor does the theory that the Roman coinage began in the time of the Decemvirs, b. c. 454, and that coins were mentioned in the laws of the XII Tables, rest upon much more solid foundation (see Bahrfeldt, p. 30). Neither does the often cited Lex Julia Papiria, B. c. 430, specifically fix the payment of fines in coined money, but probably by weight in bronze. Of the exact date of the first introduction of coined bronze money at Rome we have therefore no record ; but the style of the heads upon the earliest Roman asses points unmistakably to the fii'st half of the fourth century. There are indeed no Roman coins which can be positively assigned to an earlier date than circ. B. c. 350, for although the workman- ship of the heads of Janus and the other divinities on the As and its divisions is necessarily rough, owing to the process of casting employed, yet there is no trace of archaism, nor even of the severity characteristic of the period of transition from archaism to fine art, which we should expect to find at the close of the fifth century. When bronze was first coined at Rome it was on the basis of the pound of 13 ounces. The As libralis of 5057 grs. was not, however, maintained for long at its full weight. In the course of a very few years it fell to about 10 ounces, at which point it appears to have remained practi- cally stationary for nearly half a century. It seems that this reduced libral As was equivalent at a rate of exchange of 350 : i to the nummus or scripulum of silver which had at an earlier date been introduced into Etruria and thence into Central Italy. The weight of the scripulum was 17-56 grs., and if the As came to be regarded as its equivalent in bronze, this fact may have tended to fix its weight somewhere about 4390 grs. ; but there is so much irregularity in the actual weights of the early Roman Asses that these figures can only be regarded as approximate. 16 ROME. The following are the types of the As and its divisions : — As. Head of Janus. | Prow of galley. Mark of value I Semis. „ Jupiter. I „ ., S Triens. „ Minerva. ' ., „ • • . . Quadrnns. ,, Hercules. ] ,. ,. ... Sextans. „ Mercury. | ., , . • Uncia. „ Roma. ' ,, „ . In B.C. 268 a complete re-organisation was effected in the Roman coinage. According to Mommsen the weight of the As was now reduced to 4 ounces \ not on account of any material change in the value of bronze, but probably because the use of money for purposes of exchange had now become universal in Italy, and the old clumsy coins were found to be inconvenient. This first lez/al change in the weight of the Roman aes ffrave goes by the name of the Triental Redaction, the reduced As being equal in weight to the old Triens. One of the old Asses lihrales of about 10 ounces was consequently worth ai of the new Triental Asses of 4 ounces. For some time previous to the Reduction of B. c. 268, the use of silver as a medium of exchange had been gradually spreading in Italy, and a silver currency had now become a matter of necessity. Rome here followed the example of Etrnria, in which country silver money, as we have already seen, had been long in use. The divisional system of the new Roman silver coins, and theii" marks of value, IIS, V and X {%{, 5, and 10), may be compared with the Etrurian. They prove that bronze was still the legal standard, the Sestertius (IIS) of 17-56 grs. being equal in value to I libral as of 4390 grs., or to 2\ of the new Triental Asses of 1756 grs., while the Quinarius was worth 5 and the Denarius 10. In this period multiples of the As, such as the Dupondius marked 1 1 , the Tressis III, and the Decussis X, were added to the series of the Roman bronze money. It is worthy of remark that the legal reduction in the weight of the As from 12 (practically 10) to 4 ounces was not universally adopted in Italy. Latium, Cisalpine Gaul, and Picenum, continued to cast their asses according to the old libral standard, while, in Apulia and Umbria, on the other hand, the weight of the As suddenly falls, as at Rome, to about 4 ounces. The weight of the Roman As, although legally fixed at 4 ounces in B.C. 268, now began to decline rapidly and sank during the next half century to 3, 2, and finally to not more than i ounce. In B.C. 217. under the Dictatorship of Q. Fabius Maximus, a law was passed with the object of fixing the minimum weight of the As at i ounce. This has been called the TTucial Redaction. From this time forward bronze in Italj'' began to assume the character of a mere money of account, the true measure of value being now no longer bronze but silver. It therefore ceased to be any longer a matter of importance whether the As was of the full legal weight or not. Hence when C. Papirius ' Bahrfeldt however adduces some strong re.isons for placing the Sextantal reduction in B.C. 268. In nny case it is certain that there were only two legal reductions of the As, one in B. 0. 268, which may have been Triental or Sextantal, and another in B. c. 21 7, which was Uncial. Concerning the so-called Semunoial Reduction of B.C. 89 see infra. UMBBJA. ir Carbo, a tribune of the pepple, introduced a law in B.C. 89, by virtue of which it was permissible to strike the As of the minimum weight of half an ounce (Semuucial Reduction), this was merely a legal authorization of a custom which de facto had prevailed for some years before that date, if not in Rome itself, at any rate in some of the Confederate towns. Soon after the passing of the Lex Papiria the issue of bronze money ceased altogether in Rome (circ. B.C. 87-74), and it was not reintroduced until B.C. 15, when the right of coining gold and silver was taken away from the Senate by Augustus, who at the same time conferred upon that body the privilege of coining in the baser metal. Then begins the Roman Imperial series, commonly called large, middle, and small brass (sester- tius, dupondius, and as), distinguished by the letters S. C. (Senatus Consulto). The use of heavy bronze east coins was not confined to Rome, al- though it is probable that it originated there, for the earliest specimens of aes grave with types are the asses of Rome itself. During the greater part of the fourth and third centuries B. C, nearly the whole of northern and central Italy made use of cast bronze coins similar to those of Rome ; similar, but by no means identical. Each of the more important centres had a distinct coinage of its own, differing from that of Rome in type, and not unfrequently also in weight, for it does not appear that the pound was everywhere of the same weight. In Etruria, for instance, the pound was only about 3375 grs., not m^uch more than f of the Roman libra, while in Picenum it attained a weight of more than 6000 grs. The various series of aes grave cannot be all attributed with certainty as many of them have no inscriptions, but they may be assigned con- jecturally to certain districts, and even towns, on the evidence of repeated discoveries of the same classes in the same localities. The dates of the several series of aes grave are frequently no less difficult to fix than the places to which they belong. In this matter we must not be deceived by style, for the rudest and most clumsily executed pieces are not necessarily the earliest, as would doubtless have been the case if the art exhibited upon them had been of native growth, but this is not so. The art-work of the aes grave is everywhere borrowed from that of the Greeks, and the degree of excellence attained in any particular district depended upon the closeness of its relations, direct or indirect, with some Greek city, or at least with a population imbued with the spirit of Greek art. UMBRIA. Little is known of the early history of this district, the coinage is wholly of bronze, and belongs almost entirely to the series of aes grave. There are three towns which issued coins : Ariminum, Iffuvium, and Tuder. Arimiuaui {Rimini). The coinage of this town is of the rudest possible style and execution. It is distinguished by its type, the head of a Gaulish warrior wearing the national torques round his neck, recalling the fact that the Senones, a Gaulish tribe, after expelling the Etruscans, 18 UMBRIA. made themselves masters of Ariminum early in the fourth century. About B. c. 268 the Romans sent a colony to Ariminum (Liv. xv. 8), and this is the time to which the coinage probably belongs 1. Aes Grave. (The As weighs more than 6000 grs.) As. Head of Gaul. Quincunx. ., „ Triens. ., ,> Quadrans. „ „ Sextans. „ m Uncia. ;. )j Semuncia. „ „ Horse's head. Shield Sword and sheatli Trident Dolphin Rostrum Cockle-shell. The following large oblong Quincusses may be also attributed to Ai-iminum. They weigh about 25,000 grs. Inner side of oval shield (B. M. Cat. Ital., p. 27). Oval shield. Sword. Sheath {lb., p. 28). Struck Coin. Head of Vulcan (B, M. Cat. Italy, p. 2 5). | A R I M N Gaulish warrior JE Size -9 Ignviam {Guhhio) was a strong place on the western slope of the Apennines. The coinage follows the standard of that of Tuder, and is anterior to b. c. 268. Aes Grave. (The As weighs about 3300 grs.) Star. As. Semis. „ Triens. Tongs. Quadrans. ,, Sextans. Cornucopiae Uncia. „ I K V F I N I Crescent and Stars I „ Cornucopiae • • • Semis. Corn-grain and two stars. „ Helmet. Quadrans. Wheel. Sextans. Cornucopiae. ,, Branch. Uncia. Grapes. IKVFINI Crescent, astragalos. ,, Cornucopiae 3 ., Wheel . . • „ Branch • • „ Mark of value • • „ Cornucopiae • Tuder (Todl) must have been a town of some importance. It stood on the left bank of the Tiber, on the confines of Etruria. The coins are well executed, the earliest series commencing about B.C. 320. The weights show that the aes grave of Tuder, like that of Rome, passed through several reductions. ' Lenormant {La Monnaie dans VAniiquiti, 1863, p. 113), differing from Mommsen, assigns the aes grave of Ariminum to the time of the alliance between Gauls, Etniscans, Samnites, and TJmbrians, which was crushed by the Romans at the battle of Sentinum, B.C. 295. PICENUM. As. TVTEDE (retrog.) Wheel. Three crescents. )J " Eagle 1 Corniicopiae 1 Semis, ,j )> " Dog sleeping '^ Lyre '~' Triens. TVT Eagle • . • • Cornucopiae .... TVTEDE Two clubs.... Hand in cestus .... Quadrant. TV Anchor ... Toad Sextans. ,, Trident Cicada • • Uncia. ,, Spearhead . Vase • 13 > Toad. Tortoise. Almond-shaped Coins. »S'«mis. Club. Quadrans. „ ... Sextans. 11 . . Uncia. Struck Coins. 19 Young male head in pilos with flat top. Head of Silenos. Head of Faun. TVTEDE (retrog.) Sow and pigs (B. M. Cat. Italy, p. 397) . M -g^ TVTEDE Eagle {lb., p. 39) . JE, -75 „ Cornucopiae . . . JH -6^ The following oblong masses, quincusses, and smaller divisions, are also attributed to Tuder, on account of their having been discovered there : — Club. Bull. Dolphin. Fish-spine. Branch. Fish-spine (B. M. Cat. Italy, p. 36). Branch. PICENUM. No coins can be attributed to this region during the period of the dominion of the Umbrians, Etruscans, or Gauls. The Romans conquered the country about b. c. 390, between which date and B. c. 368 the issue of coins at Ancona, Asculum (?), Firmum, and Hatria took place. Ancoua. This town was founded from Syracuse in the time of Dionysius the Elder. It obtained its name from its position in a bend of the coast, ayKwv; cf. the type of its coins, a bent arm\ It was the chief port for the lUyrian trade, and it possessed a famous temple of Aphrodite. (Juvenal, iv. 40.) Bust of Aphrodite (B. M. Cat., 7toZ?/, | ATKHN Bent arm holding palm; p. 40). I above, two stars JE -8 Ascnlnm (?). It is doubtful whether the series of aes grave, with the letter A for type, belongs to Asculum in Picenum, or to the town of the same name in Apulia. ' This type may possibly, however, be sueceptibie of a religious interpretation, the two stars doubtless referring to the worship of the Dioskuri. See Burgon, in Nxim. Journal, vol. i. p. 108. C 3 20 TESTINI— LATIUM. Sesnmcia. Semuncia. A S (= ^ uncia). C • (=1^ ounces). H (^ 'H/utXiVpov ?) Triens. Thunderbolt. Quadrans. Id. Scvtans. Id. (1) Caduceus. (?) No type. A A A A A Pirmum was colonized by the Romans at the beginning of the first Punic war, B. c. 264, and this appears to be about the time to which its coins belong : — ■ Quadrans. Sextmis. Female head. Bipennis. FIR BuU'shead „ Spear-head Hatria was occupied by the Romans in B.C. 289. any of its coins are anterior to that date. As. Quincunx. Triens. Quadrans. Sextans. Uncia. Head of Silenos facing. HAT Dog sleepii HAT Human head in shell. Pegasos Head of Apollo 0). HAT Kantharos HAT Dolphin. Fish(Eay'!) HAT Shoe. Cock Anchor. HAT VESTINI. It is not likely that ig I or U The coins of this people, who occupied a mountainous district between the Apennines and the Adriatic, may be assigned to the towns of Pinna in the interior and Aternum which lay upon the coast some twenty miles south of Hatria. In B.C. 301 the Vestini concluded a treaty of alliance with Rome, and between this date and 268 the coinage falls. It is imitated from that of Umbria and Picenum. Triens. Inside of shell. Sextans. Bull's head facing Uncia. Bipennis Semuncia. Shoe. VEJ Club VE^ Crescent. VES Shell. VES No type. LATIUM. The coinage of Latium may be divided into two classes: ist, Cast coins, consisting of aes grave uninscribed and therefore of uncertain attribution but always found in Central Italy and chiefly in Latium ; 2nd, Struck 001718, M of the towns of Alba Fucentis and Simla, and M of Aquinum. LATIUM. 21 I. The aes grave of Latium and Central Italy is contemporary with that of the Li'bral series of Kome, circ. B.C. 350-368. The dates of the various series can hardly be fixed more precisely. In style the Latin aes grave is generally superior to that of any other part of Italy, the head of Apollo, for instance, on the As of the series attributed by Mommsen to Formiae, Fundi, or Fregellae, is purely Greek and betrays the influence of the neighbouring Campanian towns. The following are the classes into which the aes grave of Central Italy are divided by Mommsen (i. p. 182) : — (i) TiBUR OR Praeneste. As. Head of Roma 1 Semis. Head of Pallas S Triens. Thunderbolt • • • Quadrans. Open hand • • Sextans. Cockle-shell • • Uncia. Astragalos t Semuncia. Acorn t Reverses same as Obverses. (ii) TiBUR OR Praeneste. Series similar to the preceding, but with the addition of a club in the field on both sides of the coins. The As of this series is without the mark of value. (iii) ARDEii .(?). As. Head of Jlercury 1 ; Semis. Head of Pallas s Triens. Thunderbolt • • • • Quadrans. Open hand ... Sextans. Cockle-shell • • Uncia. Astragalos • Semuncia. Acorn. Head of beardless Janus Female head Dolphin Two corn-grains Caduceus No type (iv) Uncertain town of Latium or Apulia. Series similar to the preceding, but with the addition of a Reaping- hook in the field on the obverse of the As and Quadrans, and on the reverse of the Semis, Triens, Sextans, and Uncia. (v) Formiae, Fundi, or Fregellae. As. Head of Apollo. \ Sem,is. Pegasos S Triens. Horse's head .... Quadrans. Running Boar ... Sextans. Young head in pilos • . Uncia, Corn-grain . / Reverses same as Obverses. 02 LATIUM. (vi) Alba Fucentis (I). Dupondius. As. Semis. Wheel 'fi-iens. Quadrans. Sextans. (vii) Uncertain town. As. Kantharos. Trieiis. Quadrans. Sextans. Uncia. »5 II I s Head of Eoma Bull galloping Horse cantering Hound running Tortoise. Head of Pallas, )) Helmet • Cockle-shell. Club II I S Uncektain, principally of Central Italy. Lihral Series. Semis. Head of young Herakles. Lion's head facing with sword in mouth. Head of Jupiter. Krater. Bull's head. Female head diademed. Kantharos. Bearded head diad. Wheel with hooked spokes. Quincunx. Triens. Quadrans. Toad „ (.?) Dolphin. Sextans. Anchor „ Spear-head ., Tortoise ,, Boar's head. „ Plough. Uncia. Club „ Oenochoe ,, l^ouud shield „ Grapes. Grapes. Galerus (?). Crescent. Caduceus. Head of griffin. Horse's head. Eagle cari-ying fish. Boar S Prow S Corn-grain (symbol sometimes, caduceus) S Rudder. Shield. Crescent and star ... Triskelis . . , Anchor. Trident . . Bearded Dragon's head . . Kantharos . . Serpent (?). . . Pentagram , Pedum . Swastica | | ' Flower of four petals • Spear-head. Astragalos. (B. M. Cat., Italy, p. 60, 45.) Crescent. No type. Reduced standard. Triens. Semis. Quadrans. Crescent, Two crescents No tj^e Two naked figures dancing LATIU3I. 28 Heavy oblong coins of Centhal Italy. Pegasos flying. N. ROMANOM Scabbard'. No inscr. Similar. Ball standing. Two tridents and two dolphins. Caducous. Sow. Oblong shield. Quincusds. ROMANOM Eagle on thunderbolt. „ Sword. „ Similar. „ Bull standing. „ Two cocks and two stars. Trident. „ Elephant. „ Oblong shield adorned with two thunderbolts, i „ Tiipod. Anchor, „ Amphora. 1 Oblique lines. „ Eagle on thunderbolt. \ Parazonium. Dupondius. Two crescents back to j Two crescents back to back, back. These quadrilateral coins are not of a very early date. That with the Elephant, for instance, can hardly be anterior to the defeat of Pyrrhus (b. c. 275) who first introduced elephants into Italy. As a rule they may be considered as contemporary with the Roman aes grave of the Libral series. It seems probable, therefore, that all the heaviest pieces continued to be made of an oblong form, for the purpose of saving space in packing and storing large quantities of metal, which was necessary as long as bronze remained the legal standard in Italy. The form of the genitive plural, ROMANOM, on some of these coins shows that they cannot have been issued in Rome itself, and it likewise proves that the issue took place in a district subject to Roman dominion. (viii) LucERiA Apuliae. (See below, p. 39). (ix) Venusia Apuliae. (See below, p. 41). 3. Struck coins of Latium. Alba Pucentis. This town was occupied by a Roman colony in B.C. 303. It was between this date and B.C. 268 that it struck silver money. Head of Hermes. | AUBA Griffin. . . . Ai 18-3 grs. Head of Pallas. I „ Eagle on fulmen M 8-3 grs. Aquiuum. Bronze. Circ. B.C. 268-317. Head of Pallas. | AQVINO Cock and Star M Size -8 Cora(?). Circ. B.C. 300-268. Head of Apollo. C R A N Horseman armed with Spear. M 93 grs. KORANO Head of Apollo. Campanian Bull crowned by Victory. M Size -8 Concerning these two remarkable coins, which are undoubtedly of Campanian fabric, see Mommsen, i. p. 359. ' This coin has been doubted, vide Mommsen, vol. iv. p. 6: the letter N might possibly stand for Nuiumus. 24 SJMiYIU3I. Signia. Silver. Circ. B. c. 300-268. Head of Hermes. ^ E I C Head of Silenos and head of boar joined M g grs. The silver coins of Alba and Signia are called by Mommsen nummi and \ numm'i. The strange type of the coin of Signia is unexplained. SAMNIUM. Samnium, situated as it was, midway between the Greek silver-coining states of the south and the Latin and other bronze-coining peoples of the north, had in early times no coinage of its own whatever. Its pastoral village communities were indeed hardly important enough to require a separate coinage. The Samnites appear to have made use of the money of the neighbouring districts, especially of that of Campania. Not until after the final subjection of the country by the Romans, circ. B, c. 290, do we find the towns of Aesernia, Aquilonia, Beneventum, Cosa, and Telesia, striking bronze coins, similar in style to those of Campania. Aesernia was occupied by a Roman colony B. c. 262. Its coinage resembles that of the Campanian towns Cales, Suessa Aurunca, and Teanum Sidicinum. The head of Vulcan is appropriate in a country where earthquakes are of frequent occurrence. The Bull with the human head is a type borrowed from the coins of Neapolis. A 1 5 E R N I N Zeus thundering in Biga ; above, often, Victory . M Size -8 VOUCANOM Head of Vulcan. AI5ERNIN0 Head of Apollo. AI^ERNINO Head of Pallas. Bull with human face crowned by Vic- tory M Size -8 Eagle and serpent . . . & Size -8 The inscriptions are in the Oscan character. Aquilonia. There were two towns of this name in Samnium, one on the upper Vulturnus close to Aesernia, the other nearly a hundred miles to the S. E., not far from the borders of Apulia. It is to the first of these that the coins are attributed. The town is said to have been destroyed by the Romans under Papirius Cursor, B.C. 293; but the coins seem to be later in date. AKVRVNNIAR (in Oscan letters, re trograde) Head of Pallas. Armed warrior holding patera . . . M Size -8 According to Livy (x. 46), Papirius Cursor after the battle of Aqui- lonia carried off to Rome ' aeris gravis vicies centies millies et quingenta triginta tria millia,' together with 1,830 pounds of silver. We must not understand this as implying that the 2,533,000 pounds of bronze was actually money of Samnium. It is merely the sum in Roman money of the value of the spoil. Beneventum. The coins of this town are certainly subsequent to B.C. 268, when its name was changed from Maloentum or Maleventum to Beneventum by the Romans when they planted a colony there. BENVENTOD Head of Apollo. I Prancing horse and magistrate's name I PROPOM iE-8 FRENTANI— CAMPANIA. 25 Cosa (Compsa ?). Head of Pallas. CO ^ArJO Horse's head . . ^-7 5 Head of Ares, bearded. „ Horse's head and dolphin , There is some doubt as to the town to which these coins should be attributed, but as their style is purely Campanian, they may well belong to Compsa in the south of Samnium. Peripoli Pitanatae. See Peripolium Bruttiorum. Telesia. Rare bronze coins, subsequent to B.C. 268, with Oscan inscr. Head of Pallas. | Cock and star M -^ FRENTANI. The Frentani occupied a fertile district between Samnium and the Adriatic. In B. c. 304 the Romans concluded peace with this people. The coins are well executed and date probably from circ. B.C. a68. They bear a retrograde inscription in Oscan characters, reading FRENTREI Head of Hermes. | Pegasos M Size -8 Larinnm, about 14 miles inland, appears to have been a place of . some importance. But as it struck no silver coins we may infer that its money is all subsequent to B. c. 268, when the coinage of silver was monopolised by Rome. The bronze money of Larinum falls into two classes : — (i) Circ. B.C. 268. AAPINnN Head of Apollo. | Campanian bull . . . M Size -8 (ii) Circ. B.C. 217. Series of struck coins on the uncial system, with marks of value from the Quincunx down to the Semuncia, and with inscr. UADINOD (LARINOR) in the Oscan character : — Ohv. Types. Heads of Pallas, Dodonaean Zeus, Herakles, Dione, Apollo, and Artemis. Rev. Types. Galloping Warrior, Eagle on Fulmen, Centaur, Dolpliin, Cornu- copiae. Hound. CAMPANIA. The coinage of this district is of Greek (Phocaean) origin, and con- sists of didrachms weighing 118 grs. maximum, and of bronze coins of about the same size as the didrachm, which perhaps represent the older litrae of silver. The silver money comes to an end about B.C. 268, when the Roman denarius was first issued. How long after this date bronze continued to be coined in Campania it is hard to determine. It was certainly very generally issued down to the close of the Hannibalic war and the fall of Capua, B. c. a 1 1 , and at some towns specially favoured by the Romans the right of coining their own bronze money may have been preserved perhaps for a century longer. 26 CAMPANIA. The following is a list of the Campanian towns, arranged as far as may be in the approximate chronological order of their money : — B.C. 500-420. Cumae 420-340, AUiba Phistelia Neapolis . Hjria Canapani . 340-268. 268-211, or later. Neapolis . . . Neapolis Nola • Komano-Campanian . Capua Aurunca Compulteria Gales . . Cales Nuceria . Nuceria Suessa Teanurii Suessa Teanum Caiatia Atella Caiatia The inscriptions are at first purely Greek ; subsequently the Oscan element prevails, except at Neapolis, and finally the Latin gradually supersedes both Oscan and Greek. For convenience of reference we shall describe the coins in alpha- betical order : — AUiba. Of this town, which was probably situated not far from Cumae, silver coins only are known ^ AH OH A Head of Pallas. Campanian bull AAAl BANON \ Head of Apollo. ,^^^^ ^j^^„ AUUIBA j „ „ Pallas. •' AAAEI Oyster-shell. H {SiiiiKiTpovV) . All these coins belong to the first half of the fourth cent. B. c. Atella. This city issued bronze money only, of late style and bearing an Oscan inscr. and marks of value according to the Triental system (circ. B.C. 250-211). It participated in the revolt from Rome during the Hannibalic war and was severely punished in consequence, B.C. 211, after which it ceased to coin money. Ai didr. Al Utra, 9-12 grs. Al I litr. Triens. Sextans. Head of Zeus • • • • Ade or Aderl. [Oscan] Zeus in quadriga driven by Nike, • • • • Ade. Two warriors taking oatli upon a Uncia. Bust of Helios • pig .. Ade. Elephant. Aurunca. The capital of the Aurunci or Ausones, a small tribe to the north of Campania. Suessa Aurunca was a colony from this town. There is a bronze coin known with an Oscan inscr. and a magistrate's name, the date of which is probably about the middle of the third century. Head of Apollo (B. M. Cat., Italy, P- V5)- Aurunkud [Oscan] Dolphin, beneath, Makdiis . . . . M Size -7 ' The bronze coins, sometimes attributed to AUiba, B. M. Cat., Italy, p. .74, may be classed as uncertain. ALLIBA — CAPUA. 27 Caiatia lay about lo miles N. E. of Capua on the river Vulturnua. Its coinage is wholly of bronze and subsequent to B. c. 268 : inscr. CAIATINO:— Head of Apollo. | Cock and star . . . M Size -7 Caiatia was also in the neighbourhood of Capua. Its coins are of bronze with Oscan legend and marks of value according to the Trieutal system, similar to those of Atella. These two towns were probably dependent upon Capua, whose fate they shared after the revolt of B.C. 316. The date of the coinage is circ. B.C. 250-211. Sextans. Head of Zeus Uncia. Kalati [Oscan] Zeus in quadriga. „ Selene in biga. ,, Horse prancing. Cales. This town, originally the capital of the Ausonian Caleni, was colonized from Rome in B.C. 334. Its coinage is plentiful and consists of silver didrachms of the Campanian standard, similar in style to those of Nuceria, Suessa, and Teanum, and corresponding bronze coins. Fig. 9. Head of Pallas. C ALE NO Nike in biga (Fig. 9) . . ^112 grs. Head of Apollo. CAUENO Campanian bull, sometimes crowned by Nike . M Size -8 The silver coinage comes to an end in B. 0. 268. The bronze money continued to be issued for some time after this, but with a new type : — CAbENO Head of Pallas. | Cock and star . . . . M Size '8 Cf. the contemporary bronze of Teanum, Suessa, Caiatia, Aquinum, and Telesia. All these towns had probably concluded an alliance on favourable terms with Rome, by virtue of which they were permitted to issue bronze coins in their own names down to a comparatively late period. Capna. The earliest coins of Capua are silver staters of the Cam- panian standard with Greek, or mixed Oscan and Greek inscriptions, KAMPANON, KAMPANO, KAPPANO, KAPPANOM, HAMPANOM, etc., and types borrowed from the coins of Neapolis. Head of Pallas in Athenian helmet. I Inscr. Man-headed Campanian bull . . I Al 1 1 4 grs. max. This coinage is anterior to B. c. 338, when Capua, in order to obtain help from the Romans against the Samnites, allied herself to Rome on the standing of a civitas sine suffragio. Henceforth Capua was authorized to coin money bearing the inscrip- tion ROMANO or ROMA in Latin characters. This Romano-Cam pauian coinage cannot, it is true, be proved to be solely Capuan, for other Cam- panian cities may have also been permitted by Rome to take part in it. It falls into three distinct classes, (i) Coins with the inscription ROM AN 0, 28 CAMPANIA. consisting of didrachms, thoroughly Campanian both in style and weight, together with a few rare bronze coins (htrae and \ litrae?). This coinage lasted in all probability from B.C. 338 to 318, when the Roman rule, hitherto merely nominal, was more directly enforced at Capua, a special Praefect being then despatched from Rome as Governor of the city, (ii) The coinage was now in a measure assimilated to that of Rome, the weight of the silver didrachm being gradually reduced to the standard of 6 Roman scruples (105-36 grs.), and the inscription ROMA, in the nominative case, being substituted for ROMANO (for Romanom, gen. plur.). The gold coins struck at Capua at this time are also regulated according to the Roman standard, the denominations being 6, 4, and 3 scruples (circ. 106, 70 and ^7, grs.}. This coinage also bears the inscrip- tion ROMA, (iii) In B.C. 268, when the denarius was first coined at Rome, the Campanian silver was restricted to the Quadrigatus and Vic- ioriatus, which were tariffed at Rome as denarii and quinarii. At the same time the circulation of the bronze coin was confined to Capua and its immediate territory. The Capuan money after B. c. 268 thus consists almost entirely of silver Victoriati^ with ROMA, and of bronze coins inscribed KAPU in the Oscan character, and generally with marks of value which show them to belong to the Roman Triental and Sextantal systems. In addition to the above there are likewise coins of electrum, Ohv. Head of Janus, Rev. Zeus in quadriga, which, it will be remarked, are without the inscription ROMA. Thisfact^ combined with their late style, renders it probable that they were issued during the Hannibalic War, B.C. 216-211, when Capua rebelled against the Roman yoke^. Romano- Campanian coinage. Class i. Circ. B.C. 338-318. Silver didi-achms and bronze coins with legend ROMANO. SiLVEK. Weight 1 15-11 2 grs. Head of bearded Ares helmeted. Head of Apollo. Head of young Herakles. Head of Roma in Phrygian helmet. Horse's head. Prancing horse and star. Wolf and twins. Nike attaching wreath to palm-branch (Fig. 10). Fig. 10. ' After the fall of Capua the Romans transferred the coinage of the Victoriati to Rome itself, where they continued to be coined for half a century longer for the use of the provinces. ^ Contemporary perhaps with these Campanian electrum coins are the gold pieces, obv. Head of Ares, rev. Roma Eagle on fulmen, supposed to have been issued by Roman generals in Southern Italy to meet the exigencies of the war again,st Hannibal. These coins are of three sizes, and bear respectively the marks of value 60, 40, and 20, which are usually thought to indicate the numbers of sestertii at which they were valued. They weigh respectively fi2-5, ,^5, and 1 7-5 grs. ■R OMANO-CAMPANIAN. 29 Young head diademed. Head of young Ares helmeted. Head of Ares helmeted. Bronze. Lion raising his paw. Eagle on fulmen. Horse's head. Class ii. With legend ROMA, circ. B. c. 318-268. Gold. Fio. II. Head of beardless Janus (Fig. ii). | Two soldiers taking oath upon a pig j held by kneeling man. These coins weigh io6, 70, and 53grs. The piece of 70 grs. is marked XXX' Silver. (Weight falling to 105-36 grs.) Fig. 12. Head of young Ares helmeted. Head of Apollo. Head of Ares. Head of beardless Janus. Horse's head (Fig. 12). Prancing horse (B. M. Guide, PI. 33, 9). Bronze. Head of young Ares helmeted. Head of Apollo. Head of Ares helmeted. Head of Herakles. Female head turreted. Female head helmeted. Head of Koma in Phrygian helmet. Horse's head. Prancing horse. J) jj Pegasos and Club. Horseman with whip in hand. Two Cornuacopiae. Dog. Class iii. B.C. circ. 268-211. (a) Silver with legend ROMA. Fig. 13. The only specimen of this coin which I have seen, viz. that in the British Museum, is false. 30 CAMPANIA. Head of beardless Janus. Head of Zeus. Zeus in Quadriga driven by Nike (Fig. 13) /R 105-3 S^^- {Quadrigatus). Id. . . M 52-3 grs. Nike crowning trophy M, 52-6 grs. ( Victoriatus) '. (/3) Silver with KAPU in Oscan letters. Head of Zeus. I Eagle on fulmen JR ^2 grs. Bronze, with KAPU in Oscan letters and marks of value. Quincunx. Triens. Quadrans. Sextans. Uncia. Head of Pallas. Head of Zeus. Head of Demeter. Head of Zeus. Head of Herakles. Female head turreted. Head of Zeus. Head of Pallas. Female head turreted. Head of Artemis. Pegasos. Fulmen. Ox. Two soldiers and pig. Selene in biga. Two soldiers and pig. Eagle on fulmen. Lion with spear in mouth. Horseman armed with spear. Nike crowning trophy. Nike holding wreath. Horseman armed with spear. Boar. 1-5 1-5 Bronze, with KAPU in Oscan letters, no marks of value. Zeus in quadriga . . M . . . .M _ Eagle on fulmen . . . . JE i'05 Two veiled figures, archaic idols M -75 Fulmen M Ear of corn M Lyre M Lifant suckled by doe . . M Elephant . . M Trophy M Kerberos . . . . , M Head of Janus. Heads of Zeus and Hera. Head of Zeus. Bust of Hera. Head of Demeter. Head of Apollo. Young head in Phrygian head-dress. Head of Pallas. 55 6 65 55 Head of young Herakles. Compulteria or Cnbulteria (Livy, xxiv. 20) on the upper Vulturnus, o 5 55 Campanian bull crowned . . . . iE-8 Bronze coins only with Oscan inscriptions, circ. B. c. 300-268 Head of Apollo. I Kupelternum, I by Nike Cumae. This ancient Chalcidian colony struck its earliest silver coins according to the Aeginetic standard, circ. B. c. 500-490 : — Forepart of frog. 1 K V M E (retrograde) Mussel-shell . . I M 84 grs. This coin is contemporary with the early issues of the other Chalcidian colonies, Rhegium in Italy, and Zancle, Naxos, and Himera in Sicily, which also follow the Aeginetic standard. The weight of the Viotoriate was not long maintained at 52 grs. It soon fell to about 45. CAPUA — CUMAE. 31 To this first period also we may ascribe certain small gold coins of Cumae : — CorintUan helmet. | KVME Mussel-shell . . ^ 5-5 grp. Supposing the relative value of gold to silver to have been the same here as at Syracuse, viz. 15:1, this Attic half-obol of gold would have been the exact equivalent of i Aeginetic drachm of 84 grs. There are also small silver coins with Helmet and Mussel-sholl weighing less than 3 grs. In all the above-mentioned Chalcidian Colonies, about B.C. 490, the Chalcidian (Aeginetic) standard was abandoned for the Attic, and the same change is noticeable at Cumae. (ii) Circ. B.C. 490-480 {Attic weight). KVMAION (retrograde) Head of I Crab holding shell Pallas. I M 129 grs. The Attic (or Tarentine) didrachm of 130 grs. took no firm root at Cumae, and early in the fifth century it gives place to the Phocaean didrachm or stater of 1 18-1 15 grs. imported from the Phocaean Colonies Velia and Poseidonia before its abandonment by them. The silver currency of Cumae on the Phocaean standard is very plentiful, and lasts from about B. c. 480-423, the date of the capture of Cumae by the Samnites. About fifteen years before its destruction, Cumae had received from Rome the status of a civitas sine svffragio, but neither then nor during the period of its greatest prosperity does it appear to have struck any bronze coins, for the few bronze coins that are known were probably once plated with silver. (iii) Circ. B. 0. 480-423. {Phocaean or Campanian didrachms.) Fig. 14. Female head diademed, of archaic style. Head of Pallas in round Athenian helmet. Lion's scalp facing between two hoar's heads. KVME or KYMAION Mussel-shell and various symbols, e. g. corn-grain, sea-serpent, mouse, fish, or marine- plant (Fig. 14). Similar. Similar. Fig. i: Female head of early fine (transitional) style. Young male head in laureate pilos. Mussel-shell. Symbol sometimes Skylla, sea-serpent, etc. (Fig. 15). Scylla . . M Size -8 (once plated 1) 33 CAMPANIA. Head of Pallas. "Wheel with three spokes. Helmet. {Small silver coins.) KV, KVME, or KVMA Mussel . . J& i2-8gr6. KV Dolphin j;i 2-2 grs. Mussel . . . . . Ai 1-2 grs. The Mussel-shell is a remarkable example of a coin type borrowed from among the natural products of the locality, the shallow salt-lakes Avernus and Lucrinus being peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of shell fish ^ The female head on the coins of Cumae may perhaps represent the famous Cumaean sibyl or the sii-en Parthenope. Hyria. This town is supposed to have been the palaeopolis of Nola ^. Its coinage is wholly of silver, and consists of Campanian didrachms of about 115 grs., dating from about B.C. 420-340, with Oscan, or mixed Oscan and Greek inscriptions, YDINA, YPINAI, YPIANOS, and rarely YDIETE5. The coinage of Hyria commences about the time when that of Cumae ceases : — Fig. 16. Head of Pallas in round Athenian helmet, adorned with olive wreath and owl. Head of Hera facing, wearing Ste- phanos (cf Coins of Poseidonia). Campanian bull. Similar. (Fig. 16.) ITeapolis, a colony of Cumae, fell into the hands of the Komans in B.C. 390, but it always remained essentially a Greek city, and its political vicissitudes have left scarcely any traces on its coins. The silver money of this, the most important town of Campania, falls into three classes, which may be distinguished by the form of the legend which they bear, and arranged in approximate chronological order as follows : — Fig. 17. Class I. NEOnOUTE^ or NEP0AITE5, circ. B.C. 420-400 (Fig. 17). Hor., Epod. ii. 49 ; Sat. ii. 432. ' Momm. i. 162. IIYRIA—NEAP OLIS. 33 Fio. 18. Class II. NEOPOAITHS, circ. B.C. 400-340 (Fig. i8). Fig. 19. Class III. NEOnOMTHN or NEOPOMTEnN, circ. B.C. 340-268 (Fig. 19). The obverse types of the Neapolitan silver didraehms are (i) Head of Pallas in round Athenian helmet, bound with olive-wreath, and (ii) Female head usually diademed, perhaps Dia-Hebe the bride of Dionysos Hebon. This head is variously represented in profile, and occasionally facing and with flowing hair (in which case it may be intended for Hera, cf. the coins of Hyria and Poseidonia). The reverse type is always the Campanian human-headed bull, crowned on the more recent coins by a flying Nike. This type, of such frequent occurrence throughout Campania, first occurs on the money of this city. It is supposed to symbolize Bacchus Hebon, a tauriform Chthonian divinity worshipped very generally in southern Italy, but more especially in Campania. This god, whose nature partook both of that of Hades and of Dionysos, was associated with a female divinity, Kore or Dia- Hebe, a goddess resembling both Persephone and Ai-iadne, and personi- fying the eternal renewal of nature in the spring time. Concerning the mystic worship of this pair see Lenormant, La Grande Grace, i. 420. In the earliest period the small ciirrency of Naples consisted of twelfths of the stater (obols) weighing 1 1-8 grs. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. I Fore-part of Campanian bull of archaic I style. In the second period the obol or twelfth is replaced by pieces of a litrae, i litra, and \ litra, weighing respectively 28, 14 and 7 grs. maximum. Head of Apollo. Head of Apollo. Young laureate head. Head of Pallas. Biga. Cock. Heraklcs strangling lion. H (jiniKiTpov). To the second and third periods belong also the drachms weighing 59-48 grs., with inscr. NEOPOAITHS and MEOPOAIinN. Female head. Campanian bull. D 34 CAMPANIA. Towards the end of the second period (circ. B. c. 340) the small silver coinage ceases and in its stead bronze coins begin to be issued, which are probably Litrae (Size -8) and half-litrae (Size -G^). Head of Apollo, Fore-part of Camj)anian bull. Campanian bull. Campanian bull crowned by Nike. Omphalos and Lyre. The bronze coinage outlasts the silver by a period of uncertain duration. Among the later bronze types are the following :— Head of one of the Dioskuri. Head of Artemis. Head of young Herakles, laureate. Horseman. Cornucoplae. Tripod. All the later coins of Neapolis, whether of silver or bronze, have sjonbols or letters in the field. Among the latter we may mention I S as being extremely common, and curiously enough not peculiar to coins of Neapolis, for it likewise occurs on contemporary coins of Aesernia, Cales, Compulteria, Suessa, and Teanum. ITola. The coinage of this town is very similar to that of Neapolis, but it does not begin at so early a date. It would seem, for the most part, to be included between about B.C. 340 and 268. In 313 Nola was conquered by the Romans to whom it remained faithful, even during the war with Hannibal. Fig. 20. Silver didrachms, wt. 114 grs. maximum. Female head diademed (Kore?) as on coins of Neapolis. Head of Pallas in round Athenian helmet bound with olive. Cam- NilAAiaN rarely NflAAIOS. panian bull crowned by Nike. NHAAinN Campanian bull. (Fig. 20.) Silver litrae (?). NHAAI Head of Apollo. Head of Apollo. Campanian bull crowned by Nike . Wt. 10' 2 grs. Bronze litrae [1). I Campanian bull crowned by Nike . . I Size -85. Wuceria Alfatema. A town on the river Sarnus. It was taken by the Romans during the second Samnite war, e.g. 308. No coins are known which can be given to an earlier date than the Roman conquest. They all bear an Oscan inscription 'Nnvhrimtm Alafaiernvm. NOLA—TEANUM. 35 Silver didracJims, wf.. 113 grs. maximum. Fig. 21. YouDg male head with Eam's horn. One of the Dioskuri standing beside his horse. (Fig. 21.) Bioiize litrae{li) and \ litrae(l). Young male head diademed. I The Dioskuri on horseback . M size -8 Young male head bound with wreath. | Hound on the scent . . JE size -65 Phistelia. This town is thought to have been in the vicinity of Cumae (Friedlander, OsMsc/ie Miinze?i, p. 28). It is only knovs^n to us by its coins, which are among the most ancient in this part of Italy, dating from about b. c. 430-400. Mussel-shell and corn-grain . AX obol. Cf. Fistlus or Fisthds (Oscan). Campanian bull M didr. Lion .... . . . M obol. Fistluis (Oscan). Mussel, corn-grain and dolphin . . M litra, 1 2 grs. Snessa Anrunca. Suessa was occupied by a Roman colony in B.C. 3 [3. Its coins are all late in style, like those of Cales, Nuceria, Teanum, etc. (i) Circ. B.C. 313-268. Young head facing. Head of Hera facing, hair loose. Coins of Poseidonia (p. 68). Similar. » Head of Zeus. Head of Pallas. Head of Zeus. KAIAlNnN Trophy. „ Nike witli wreath and trophy. „ Pallas running. „ Trophy. ,, Fulmen. Quadrans. , . , Head of Pallas (reduced weight). For other types, see Brit. Mus. Cat., Ifa/^, p. 134 KAIAINnrJ Three crescents. ASCULUM—LUCERIA. 39 Canusium, near the river Aufidus, was one of the chief towns of Apulia. Silver and bronze coins, circ. b. c. 300, the latter with Tarentine types, also bronze coins, with marks of value, of the end of the third century. Amphora. Male head. K A Lyre . . M Obol or \ nummus KANYi^lNnN Tarentine horseman . M size -85 Grumnm. Bronze, circ. B. c. 300, with Greek types. Female head. I fPV Galloping horse . . . M size -5 Male head diademed. „ Butting bull ... M „ -6 Herdouia (?) destroyed by Hannibal circ. B. c 2 1 o, shortly before which event it may have issued the following bronze coins :^ OPAANnN Head of young Herakles j Ear of corn; infield, club: Magistrate's in lion's skin. | nameTPEBlOY . . J3 size -5 [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PL A. 14.] Hyrium (Rodi) was a maritime town situated on the northern site of the promontory of Garganum. Its coins are of bronze, and although without marks of value, belong apparently to the latter part of the third century. Head of Pallas. I YPI ATI NflN Rudder and dolphin . . I M size -55 Luceria after various vicissitudes fell finally into the hands of the Romans in B.C. 314. Its coinage consists of oes grave of the Libral system, circ. 314-2,50, and of two other series which correspond with the Roman Triental and Sextantal Reductions, circ. 250-217. \d Series. Cast aes grave, Libral system, B. C. 314-250. As. No inscription. Head of Herakles. As. U and magisti-ates' names, Head of Apollo. As. V Similar. Mark of value, t . Head of horse. Horse prancing ; above, star. Cock. Quincunx. Wheel without tire, of oblique cross. Wheel witli Triens. Fulmen. Club. Quadrans. Star. Dolphin, Sextans. Cockle-shell. Astragalos. Uncia. Frog or toad. Spear-head. jj jj Ear of corn. Semuncia{T Crescent. Thyrsos. • « • • • • • « • 2Hd Series. Cast aes grave, Triental system after B. c. 250. As. Head of Herakles. | Horse prancing ; above, star. AU the other denominations as in series i, but with the addition of the letter L- on the reverse. 40 APULIA. Zrd Series. Struck coins. Sextantal System, before -B.C. 2\7. UOVCERI Wheel. Quiver, club, and bow. Dolphin and trident. Cockle-shell. Toad. Horses of the Dioskuri. Crescent. Quincunx. Head of Pallas Triens. Head of Herakles . . . Quadrans. Head of Poseidon • • Sextans. Head of Demeter . 4 Uncia. Head of Apollo • Semuncia (?) Heads of the Dioskuri. „ Head of Artemis. In addition to these autonomous coins of Luceria there is a series of Roman coins both of silver and copper, with the inscription ROMA, and the mint-mark of Luceria (1^), which we may call Romano-Lucerian. Mateola. (Pliny, iii. 11, s. 16.) Perhaps the modern Matera, near the frontiers of Lucania. Bronze coins with maris of value, circ. B. c. 250-217. Sextans. Head of Pallas. . . Uncia. M AT (in monogram). Lion seated with spear in mouth. „ Herakles leaning on club in the attitude of the Farnese Herakles. Weapolis Peucetiae. The modern Polignano, a town not mentioned by any writer. The attribution of the coins rests upon the evidence of numerous finds. Bronze, with Greek types, circ. b. c. 300. NEAP Vine-branch and grapes. ^'7 NEAPOA Trident J&-^ „ Ear of corn . . . .M-6 Head of Dionysos. Female head in stephanos. Veiled head. Bnbi, between Canusium and Butuntum, is one of the few Apulian towns of which silver coins are known. They consist of nummi and \ nummi. There are also bronze coins of late style. Silver. Circ. b.c. 300. PY Ear of corn, M Diobol (nummus). ,, Herakles and lion, „ ,, Lyre. M Obol. ,, Fulmen, „ „ Two crescents „ Circ. B. c. 300-200. Head of Pallas, >j Bull's head facing, >) Head of Helios. Bronze. PYBA Nike with wreath and palm PYt Eagle on fulmen . . . tE -75 PYt Club, bow, and quiver . M -7 PYBASTEINnN Owl on olive-branch M-6 PY Female figure with patera and cornucopiae , . . . . M -6 Salapia. The bronze coins of this town belong to the same time as those of Arpi ; it would seem indeed from the occurrence of the two names, Jr-yllus and Dazus (or Daxus), on the coins of both cities that they were at one time closely united, not only commercially but politically Head of Pallas. Head of Zeus. Head of Herakles (?). Head of Pallas. Head of Zeus. ][JA TEOLA— VENUSIA. 41 Bbonze. SAAAPlNnN Head of Zeus. „ Head of Apollo. „ Dolphin. CAAPINnN Horse. CAAAPlNnN Head of Pan. Circ. B.C. 250-200. Calydonian boar M -Ze^ Horse prancing . . . . ^ '85 Dolphin . . . . . tE -6 Dolphin ^ -85 Eagle on capital of column M .65 Teate. Of this town there are silver coins with Tarentine types, and bronze coins with marks of value and of weights corresponding to those of the Uncial system, and consequently subsequent to b. 0. a 1 7. Silver. Circ. b.c . 300-268, or later. Female head diademed. TIATI Naked horseman crowning his horse . . M Didrachm. ,, Owl on olive-branch . . . M, Drachm. Head of Pallas. ,, Herakles and Lion . . . . J& Diobol (nummus). Bronze. Circ. b.c. 217. Nummus. Head of Zeus Dodonaeos. TIATI Eagle on fulmen (N) Quincunx. Head of Pallas. „ Owl Triens. Head of Herakles. „ Lion • • • . Quadrans. Head of Poseidon (?) • • • „ Taras on dolphin, Head of Pallas. Owl Sextans. „ !. .) • • Uncia. I) » • Veunsia, on the confines of Apulia and Lucania, was captured and colonized by Rome, B.C. 292. It was a stronghold of the Romans in the war with Hannibal. Its coinage may be compared with that of Luceria, with which it is contemporary. It consists of the following series : — 1*^ Series. Cast coi)is of the Libral system. Circ. B. C. 292-250. As. Forepart of boar. Quincunx. Triens. Quadrans. Sextans. Uncia. Head of Pallas . Head of boar Forepart of boar Head of boar Crescent Head of Herakles. Head of dog or wolf. Spear-head. Owl Lyre Head of Herakles Owl Crescent Coins of various denominations with VE in monogram. Cockle-shell. Dolphin. Three crescents. Dolphin. Crescent. Crescent. 2nd Series. Struck coins on the Triental system, after circ. B. C. 250. Three crescents with stars. VE. Two dolphins. ,, Lion seated holding spear. „ Owl. Quadrans. Sextans. Uncia. Stmuncia. Head of Zeus . Head of Pallas Bust of Herakles Boar's head 42 CALABlilA. Zrd Series. Struck coins on the Sextantal and Uncial systems. Circ. B.C. 250-217 and later. II Nummi. I Nummas. Quincunx. Quadrans. Sextans. Sescuncia. Uncia. VE Bust of Herakles (mark of value N • 1 1 .). VE Head of Bacchus. Head of Zeus • Head of Hera veiled Head of Pallas Bust of Helios. Head of bearded Herakles The Dioskuri. CAQ^. N-l. Bacchus seated holding grapes and thyrsos. VE Eagle on thundeibolt. „ Three crescents containing stars. „ Owl on olive-branch. „ Crescent and star ,S „ Lion seated, holding spear. Mk Series. Struck coins, uncertain system. Semis. Head of Hermes. Uncia {f). Toad. VE Winged shoe and Caduceus ,, Crab. CALABRIA. In the district called by the Greeks Messapia and lapygia, and by the Komans Calabria, the only town which presents us with a continuous series of coins, extending from the earliest period down to its capture by the Romans in B.C. 27 a, is the populous and wealthy city of Tarentum. The other less important towns, as will be seen from the following table, only began to coin money after that date, with the single exception of Baletium, if the didrachms reading FAAE^AJ and BAAE(8iA^ are correctly attributed to it. Baletium 530-500 500-473 473-400 400-360 360-300 300-272 272-203 203-89 M Brundusium J& M Graxa M Hyriii Mt m Sturuium (?) M Tarentum M JR M S, A\ N., M R,M,M {M, M-\ Uxentum M Baletium, about five miles east of the modern Gallipoli, is the town to which the silver coins reading BAAE<8>A$ and FAAE0AJ have been attributed. It is not mentioned in history. Silver. CzVc. b. c. 350. FAAE®A^, retrograde, on both sides of the coin. Taras on dolphin. (Rev. Num. 1859, PI. XV.) BAAE<8)A^; retrograde, Dolphin. Dolphin in semicircle M Didr. 1 1 8 grs. BAAEIAOKAHS SI AY 11. Naked horseman galloping to right. (i) APISTIAS (2) ©PA (3) HIPPO .... (4) NIK0AA/V>0S EY EY Sepia. Shell (buccinum). Fig. 30. 12. Naked liorseman with two horses, Nike crowning him ^') *' K I ^ (Fig. 30). TARENTUM. 51 13 Armed horseman standing beside his horse. 14. Naked horseman prancing. (Cf. Type 4.) (i) £A I 2YM Helmet. 15. Naked boy on prancing horse which is welcomed by a youth; Nike, above, crowning boy. (i) I I K [B. M. Guide, PI. XXIV. 6]. Fig. 31. 16. Naked boy on horse, a youth kneels beneath examining horse's hoof. (i) * E (Fig. 31). (2) (t> r 17. Armed horseman received by Nike. (i) \rh M KAA KAA (2) No letters. 10 P 18. Naked youth crowning his horse. (i) €A 0IAIAPXOS AfA (2) APH Ivy-leaf. (3) AP (in monogram), lOP (4) K Club. n (5) SA APEGHN CAS 19. Naked youth crowning his horse; Nike, above, crowns the rider. (i) SIM I HHP 20. Helmeted horseman, left ; shield on 1. arm. (Cf. Type 5.) (i) E NIKA ... I AFA Cock. 21 FjG. 32. Naked horseman thrusting downwards with spear. KA API 2 stars (Fig. 32V KAA ^ ^ KAA \ Dolphin. Prow. (i) = API (2) J- A KAA A (3) l-A KAA A (4) AN KAA X (5) l-A KAA A (6) €A (7) SA (8) SA B 2 AP (mon.) Dolphin. 52 CALABRIA. (9) £A AK Dolphin. (10) £A (11) £A (12) SA (13) «A (14) SA (15) SA (16) SIM (17) SIM (18) AP l (19) £1 (20) €1 (21) SI AEINOKPATHS 22. Helmeted horseman thrusting downwards with spear, AK A P hHP hHP IAIS 01 IAiS l No letters AP Ivy-leaf. Dolphin. Eagle. (i) AAI (2) AAI (3) IAI H I I Buccinum. Ivy-leaf. Silver Dideachms, e. c. 300-272. Heduced weight, 102-95 ?*■*• 23. Helmeted horseman thrusting downward* with spear. (Cf. Type 22.) (i) EY SnSTPATOS (2) TY (3) TY SnSTPATOS (4) EY (DINTIAS (5) OE AAE (6) AAI POAY POAY POAY POAY SI Fulme Prow. Star. Prow. 24. Similar to Type 23, but Nike cro\ nis horseman. (I) SI AY PY 25. Naked horseman crowning himseU (i) SA Capital of column. (2) in lAAO (3) in lAAO KOM ANQ 26. Two horsemen (the Dioskuri ?). (i) No letters. AP (mon.). ' (2) YIAOKPA NK (mon.) I APIST (2) lENEAS EY » Elephant. Two amphorae M. Guide, PI. XXXIII. 15]. Bee. 37. Naked horseman crowning his horse, to left. 38, (i) APISTIS (2) inPYPOS (3) !AflTA£ (4) USTIAP (5) USTIAP (6) IAnTAS Cornucopiae. Naked horseman carrying palm. (i) NIKOKPATHS A/ Anchor; PY Al EY 01 EY NK (men.) XPH Cock. Two ivy-leaves. APOA Owl. POAY 54 CALABRIA. 39. Naked horseman crowning his horse, to right. (i) APISTOKPATHS M (2) AAMOKPE . .(?) EYE (3) APISTEIA ... <1>I PI Term. Monogram. 40. Horseman wearing chlamys and cuirass. (i) iEENOKPATHS mon. (2) ,, Piles and mon. (3) KAAAIKPATHS Mon. [B. M. Guide, PI. XLV. 16]. Monogram. Monogram. 41. Horseman with riglit hand raised, horse standing, (i) <|)IAI£KO£ I Tripod. Drachms, B. C. 400-272. The smaller silvei- coins can hardly be arranged by style within the above limits. Head of Pallas in crested helmet adorned with figure of Scylla. TAP Owl, usually with magistrates' names, lOP, APISTOKPATHS lAAO, NEYMHNIOS, POAY, OAYMPIS,HSTIAPXOS,etc.,etc. & Drachms, wt. 56-41 grs. The magistrates' names on this series being, without exception, identical with those which occur on the didrachms, it is evident that the two classes are contemporary. D'ulraclims and Drachms, B.C. 212-209. Naked rider holding palm and crown- ing his horse (style very late). MagistratesKPITOS.SHPAMBOC, SnrENHS, SnKANNAS, etc. TAP AS Taras on dolphin, usually with monogram in field. M. Didrachms, wt. 120 grs. Drachms, wt. 61-55 g^^- Half-drachm, 26 grs. In spite of the high weight of the coins of this class, there can be no doubt that they are later than any of the other silver coins of Tarentum. In no single instance do we find the same names on them as on the didrachms and drachms of previous periods. The short period when Tarentum shook off the Roman yoke during the Second Punic War is the only time to which they can be attributed. Smaller silver coins, B. c. 400-272. DiOBOLS, wt. 32-5 grs. (max.) Herakles strangling the lion or per- forming one of his other labours, often with the legend TAPANTINflN at length or abridged. The later speci- mens have letters and symbols in the field. Head of Pallas. Head of Herakles. Free horse. Two horses' heads. Club and bow. TAP Taras on dolphin. Two horses' heads. Distaff in wreath. TARENTUM. ^^ The diobols, especially those of the Herakles type, are very abundant These Uttle coins formed the staple of the common currency of the Tarentine fish markets, as well as of the rural districts subject to Ta en um, and even beyond its territories, in Apulia and Samnium for instance They are identical in type with the diobols of Heraclea, the ^."Si'place o'ithe federal congre'sS of the Italiot G-eks and hey are \n poiSt of fadt a federal rather than a local issue. Pollux (ix. «o) itous, on the authority of Aristotle, that there was at Tarentum a o5n called a uu.nMus, the type of which was Taras riding on a do phjn. This is the constant type of the didrachm, but it occurs a so on the dioboi and Pollux gives us no clue whatever as to whether the nummus was the didrachm, as Mommsen supposes, or as Prof. Gardner thinks more probable the k.ho\{Num. Chron., i88i,p. 2^6). It must be borne m inind that the Romans when they monopolizfed the coinage of silver, which thev did immediately after the closing of the Tarentine mint, which had hitherto supplied by far the greater part of the silver circulating in Italian markets, transferred the Greek term v6ixo, {nnnmus)io then- sestertius, a coin as nearly as possible of the same weight as the iarentme Dioboi, and like it equivalent to lo ounces of bronze {2\ asses o± 4 oz. eachj. That the Tarentine dioboi exchanged for 10 ounces of bronze, we crather from the fact that the obol commonly bears the mark of value ...... as we shall presently see. If therefore the obol was equal to the bronze quincunx, the dioboi must have been equivalent to the dextans, which, as struck in Apulia (see Teate, p. 41, and Venusia, p. 42)= was also called a Nummus. .. -, n j- n j. The name Nummus seems, therefore, to have been applied first ol all to the silver dioboi as the Federal unit of account at Heraclea and Tarentum, and probably throughout Southern Italy -, and then to have been transferred to its equivalent, the unit of bronze consisting of 10 ounces and weighing consequently (at the rate of 350 : i) about 5000 grains (see p. 36). In the Tabulae Heracleenses (Boeckh. Corp. Inscr. Gr., 5774, line 123), which were di-awn up at the time when the weight of the bronze coins was being generally reduced, a distinction is drawn between the silver and the bronze nummus, for a fine of 10 nummi, btKa yoV&)s apyvpCoi, is ordered to be paid by the tenant of certain lands who shall have omitted to plant the full number of olive trees specified in his contract. The fine was 10 silver nummi for each plant, Trap rd (Jjvtov (Kaarov ; the addition of the word apyvpm was intended to secure the payment of the sum in silver, and was a necessary restriction at a time when the weight of coined bronze was beginning to fall. Obols, wt. 1 1-25 grs. (max.) Female head. Kantharos • • Kantharos • • Kantharos »<••< . . wt. ^-2 grs. Kantharos . • wt. 9-7 grs. Bucranium wt. 8-4 grs. ^ ApiffTOTfAi;! iv Tj TapavTivaiv voKiTfla KaXetaSai ^^ Cn O W o I— I o o w w H o CO & EH O W Ph CO o o < o I— I o o o o « tn CO o (M I OS to W 05 o 3 •^ S-i > W H fc) > K B 3 ?- o (Zi cS a ^ rt OS h *J2 ^ h 3 eg" CD > M ^ o !z; I o m OS o _o S d^ pm Ph :3 -s. ^ CQ OJ t> HEBACLEA. 59 after this Heraclea fell into the hands of the Lucanians, but it does not appear to have been deprived of autonomy. In the Pyrrhic war it sided with the other Greek towns, but soon afterwards, B. c. 272, it accepted the Roman protectorate under a treaty especially favourable (Cic, Pro Balb. 22 ; Pro Arch. 4). The coins of Heraclea should be studied in conjunction with those of its metropolis Tarentum, the standard of which they follow. They may be divided into the following classes : — I. Circ. B.C. 432-380. Head of Herakles. HE sometimes retrogr. Lion running. Diobol or Nummus circ. 22 grs. (max.), [B. M. Guide, PI. XV. 5.] 11. Circ. B.C. 380-300. Didrachms of full Tarenline ivt., 123-110 grs. Fig. 34. Head of Pallas, her hair bound with olive and turned up behind, the whole surrounded by aegis with border of serpents. HPAKAEinN or h HPAKAHinN Herakles naked reclining on rocks, holding vase in his hand (Fig. 34). Fig. Head of Pallas in crested Athenian helmet adorned with Hippocamp or Scylla. Head of Pallas facing. Head of Pallas as on No. 2. 5. Head of Pallas as on No. 3. 6. Head of Pallas in Corinthian hel- met ; in front sometimes A O A N A . (See also Imhoof-Blumer, Mon. Gr., p. 2 35- HPAKAEinN or h HPAKAHinN Herakles contending with lion. (Fig. 35-) „ Similar. ,, Herakles standing facing, holding club and lion's skin. „ Similar. „ Similar. " Head of Pallas as on No. Drachms. l-HPAKAHinN Owl on olive branch. Wt, 57 grs. 60 LUCANIA. Head of HeraMes. Head of Pallas. Numraus or Didbol. l-HPAKAHinN Herakles and lion. „ Same or Herakles standing. Quincunx or Obol. Head of Pallas as on No. i. Club and bow. Hemiobols. Four crescents with dots. Corn-grain, Club and bow. h HP Plough. III. Circ. B.C. 300-268. Didrachms of reduced wt., 100-90 grs. Head of Pallas in crested Corinthian helmet adorned with griffin. h HPAKAEinN Herakles standing as above, or sacrificing before altar, or crowning himself, or crowned by Nike, usually with magistrate's name. [B. M. Guide, PL XLV. 17.] Gold. Period IT or III. There is but one gold coin known of this town, a J stater weighing 33 grs., which may belong to either of the above periods. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet adorned with griffin. Herakles seated on rock. Beonze Coinage. Inscr. h HPAKAEinN. The bronze money of Heraclea was all struck in the period between circ. B.C. 330-200. The chief types are : — Head of Persephone. Head of Pallas facing. Owl on fulmen. Pallas sacrificing at altar. Bust of Pallas. Ear of corn -^ -15 Trophy M-55 Forepart of horse -^ -45 Two figures of Herakles One figure of Herakles . M.65 The double and single Herakles on these coins, like the double-bodied owl on coins of Athens, simply means that the one coin is double the value of the other. Head of Pallas. Head of Herakles. Marine divinity (Glaukos 1) armed with helmet, shield, and spear . jE -55 Club, quiver, and bow . . . -iE -5 The coin-types of Heraclea reflect its double origin, the head of Pallas is borrowed from Thurium and the cultus of Herakles, like the name of the city, from the Dorian Tarentum. Laiis was an ancient Achaean port on the western side of Italy, near the mouth of the river of the same name. It was a colony of Sybaris, HERACLEA — LAUS. 61 and after the destruction of the latter, B. c. 510, a portion of the Sybarite refugees took up their residence there. In B. c. 390 the town fell into the hands of the Lucanians. The coins of Laiis are of two classes, (i) Silver Staters (126 grs.). Thirds (43 grs.), and Sixths (21 grs.), all belonging to the period of archaic art, i. e. to the end of the sixth and first decade of the fifth century B. c, and (ii) Bronze coins, all of which are subsequent to the silver and (perhaps with a few exceptions) later than B. c. 4C0. Period I. Circ. B.C. 550-500. Thin plate-like coins with reverse-types incuse. Inscription divided, AAJ being placed on one side of the coin and MOM on the other, the whole word Aalvos in the sing. masc. of the ethnic, probably refers to the word orarijp, understood. Fig. 36. Bull with human head looking back. Bull as an obv., incuse (Fig. 36) . . Stater, wt. 126 grs. Period II. Circ. B.C. 500-450. MA on both sides, types in relief. Bull with human head looking back. Sometimes acorn, in exergue. Similar. Bull with human head, but not looking back. [B. M. Guide, PL VII. 9.] Stater, wt. 126 grs. Third, wt. 42 grs. Acorn .... Sixth, wt. 21 grs. Period III. Circ. B.C. 400-350 (?). Beonze Coins. Female head of finest style, wearing sphendone. Magistrate EYOYMOY. (Cf. Inhoof, Mm,. Gr., p. 3.) AAlMnM Crow to right; symbol, Eam's head. Magistrate SPEA . i;.8 Of this coin there are varieties without magistrates' names. A A I N n N Head of Persephone ; around, dolphins. A A Head of a goddess ; hair in sphen- done. A A Head of goddess facing. Head of young Kiver-god (Laiis) horned. Crow : symbols, stag's head and star : magistrates Ml — BE . . . M ■'jn Crow, magistrates KO — MO . ^-55 Two crows passing one another in opposite directions . . . . ^E .6 Two crows in opposite directions M -s 62 LVCANIA. There are also coins of Laiis without the name of the town, strvick perhaps in the names of Lucanian chiefs : — Head of Dionysos. Crow. Legend ST A — 0^1 Head of Herakles. „ „ „ „ Female head, hair rolled. „ „ EY — Bl The magistrates' names £TA and Ol'l may perhaps be completed Statius, or Statilius and Opsidius. Cf. STATIOY on a coin of Nuceria in Bruttium. Metapontum. Metabos, Metapos, or Metapontum, was an Achaean colony, founded from Sybaris and Croton, under the leadership of Leukippos early in the seventh century B.C. It occupied a plain of extraordinary fertility on the gulf of Tarentum, between the rivers Bradanus and Casuentus. Its coinage in the earliest period consists of Staters (126 grs.), Thirds (42 grs.), Sixths (ai grs.), and Twelfths (11 grs.), inscribed METAP (in archaic characters), more or less abridged. In fabric the coins resemble those of the other Achaean cities, being thin plate-like disks with the reverse-type incuse. Period I. Ckc. B.C. 550-480. Ear of corn in high relief, often ac- companied by a locust (Fig. 37). Same. Same. Same. Same. Ear of corn incuse. Where there is a locust on the obverse a dolphin takes its place on the reverse .... Staters, 126 grs.; Thirds, 42 grs Bull's head facing, incuse. Sixth, 2 1 grs Corn-grain Twelfth Corn-ear Twelfth Three crescents with four pellets Twelfth Towards the close of this first period the fabric of the coins becomes more compact, and the pieces gain in thickness what they lose in super- ficies. The Locust is often replaced by a Ram's head or a Lizard. The badge of Metapontum, the Ear of corn, shows that Demeter was the divinity chiefly honoured there. Cf. also the oflTering of the Meta- pontines at Delphi of a Oipos xp^o-ovv (Strab. vi. 264). The locust, or some other creature destructive to the crops, is perhaps intended as a sort of propitiation of the destroying influences in nature — the powers of death and destruction (Lenormant, Grande Grece, i. p. 128). Period 11. Circ. B.C. 480-400. In this period the incuse revei'se disappears, and its place is taken by a reverse type in relief. METAP0NTU3L 63 META Ear of corn. Symbol frequently a Locust. Five corn-grains in star pattern . . Stater. Fig. 38. META Ear of corn. Sj'mbol frequently a Locust. Same. Same. Same. Same. Same. The Eiver Acheloiis in human form, bearded, and with bull's horns and ears, standing facing, holding patera and long reed, inscr. AtEAO^O AEGAOW. Dolphin sometimes in field . . Stater. Apollo naked, standing, holding laurel tree and bow, in front sometimes an altar (Fig. 38) . . . . Stater. Herakles standing, naked, with club over shoulder Stater. Herakles sacrificing at altar . Stater. Apollo seated, wearing chlamys, playing lyre, before him laurel tree . Stater. Head of bull with human face in profile Sixth. The worship of Acheloiis at Metapontum was probably closely related to that of the tauriform Dionysos. The remarkable inscription AXEAOIO AEGAON shows that games were celebrated in his honour at which these coins were prizes. Among the other divinities to whose worship at Metapontum the coins of the fifth century bear witness, are Herakles, who is said to have rested in the Metapontine plain while bringing the oxen of Geryon across Italy, and Apollo. The worship of Apollo was especially enjoined upon the Metapontines by Aristeas, the disciple and successor of Pytha- goras. The figure of Apollo beside the laurel tree on the stater described above, was probably suggested by the statue mentioned by Herodotus as standing in the agora at Metapontum with laurel trees round about it (irf'pt^ 8€ avTov bcK^vai eoram, Herod, iv. 15). Period III. Giro. B. c. 400-350. In the period of finest art the following are the most remarkable types of the stater : — Head of Herakles in lion's skin. | META, etc. Ear of corn (locust). Fig. 39. Youftg head with Ram's horn and ear. \ META, etc. Ear of corn (Pig, 39). 64 LUCANIA. Female head. Inscr. hOMONOIA (Fig. 40). MET A, etc. Ear of corn. Fig. 40. Female head. Inscr. h Y f I E I A Female head. Inscr. AAMATHP Female head ; hair in sphendone. Female head ; hair rolled. Female head, laur. Signed API STOIE Female head. Inscr. API STH Female head, hair bound with cord wound four times round it. Female head with curly hair. Female head with corn-wreath. Head of Zeus, sometimes with EAEYOEPIOS Head of young Dionysos. Signed HO AY Head of Apollo, laur. Inscr. APOA META, etc. Ear of corn. „ (KAA Bird, etc.) „ „ „ (Murex.) „ (Vase.) " ," ',', (Z.F.N. ii. 2.) „ ,, ,, (Honey-suckle.) „ (10), [B. M. e'Mtc^e,Pl.XXIV. 16]. „ „ (Locust.) „ (Poppy-head) [B. M.Gmde, PI. XXXIV. 18]. „ (Owl flying.) ,, „ ;, (S sometimes.) The purity and extreme beauty of the work exemplified on the numerous varieties of the heads on these coins leave nothing to be desired. Of the inscriptions which accompany them, some are evidently epithets or appellations (e.g. hYriEIA, APISTH, EAEYOEPIOS HOMO- NOIA), others are the names of the divinities themselves (e.g. AAMATHP, APOA[AnN]), and others again are the signatures of the die-engravers APISTOZENOS, no AY. Those in larger characters, usually on the reverse, are the signatures of magistrates. The goddess variously represented, and under various names, is probably Demeter or Persephone. The young male head with ram's horns and ear may be either the Libyan Dionysos, or possibly Apollo Karneios, the god of flocks and herds. The only small coins of this period appear to be Sixths with the young horned head, and with a bearded horned head, which may be Zeus Ammon. Period IF. Circ. B.C. 350-330. Gold. Head of Leukippos Inscr. AEYKinnOS Female head with flowing hair, wear- ing stephane. Two ears of corn, £ I [B. M. Onide, PI. XXIV. 14] wt. 44 grs. METAPON Ear of corn . wt. 44 grs. METAPONTUM. 65 Silver. Fig. 41. Head of bearded liero Leukippos in Corinthian helmet. > Similar. Inscr. AEYKIPPOS METAPONTINnN or META Ear of corn (Fig. 41). Distater.wt. 240 grs. Same . . . . M Stater, wt. 1 2 2 grs. Magistrates' names APH, AMI, AA 1, hH, etc. ; various symbols. Head of hero with slight whisker, in Corinthian helmet. Inscription OAPPAFOPAS Apollo standing with bow. Owl on olive-branch, £1 META Ear of corn (Imhoof-Blumer, Mon. Gr., PI. A. 2) . . M Stater. META Ear of corn: the whole in olive-wreath . \ Stater, wt. 62 grs. META Ear of corn \ Stater, wt. 4 9 grs. In this period Metapontum appears to have assimilated her coinage to that of Thurium, and to have adopted a divisional system by two and four instead of by three and six. Period. V. Circ. B.C. 330-300 (some perhaps later). On the coins of this period the head of Demeter (or Persephone) appears with flowing hair, usually in profile, but sometimes facing and accompanied by the epithet SHTHPIA. Another late type is the head of Nike with the inscription NIK A. On the latest issues the execution is generally unworthy of the conception, and very careless. It is improbable that any staters were struck in the name of Meta- pontum after the capture of the town by the Lucanians shortly before B.C. 300, for there are none of the reduced standard as at Tarentum and Heraclea, and magistrates' names at full length do not occur. Half staters of light weight are, however, met with, and the inscriptions AY, AYK, etc. may signify that the coins were struck in the name of the Lucanians. The following are the usual types of the stater in Period V :— 66 LUC AN I A. Head of Demeter with corn-wreath, and (i) flowing hair, in profile, or (ii) facing (with SflTHPIA); (iii) hair rolled ; (iv) hair in sphendone ; (v) veil hanging down behind ; (vi) hair in pet ; (vii) veiled. Head of Nike, (i) wearing laureate Stephanos (inscr. NIK A), (ii) with hair in sphendone adorned with stars (NIK A). Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. Head of young Dionysos three-quarter- face, ivy-crowned, Mag.: KAA- MET A, etc. Ear of com (Fig. 42). Symbols: Plough, ant, cornucopias, amphora, vine^-branch, cicada, star, nike, satyr, tongs, griiEn, rake, Artemis, club and fulmen, bucra- nium, leaf, caduceus, tripod, mouse, krater, etc. Magistrates: MAN, A,KPI,etc.' [B. M. Guide, PI. XXXIV. 20 and 21.] MET A Ear of corn. Symbols : Locust, mouse, pomegranate, pear, etc. Ma- gistrate: ST, etc. META Ear of com. Symbols: Owl and club. META Ear of corn, *Sy«i6o/.- Serpent. Ifag.: \\. Smailee Silver Coins. Head of Pallas (or Roma ?) in winged helmet. Head of Demeter with flowing hair. METAPONTI Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. Ear of corn. (AYK in mon.) Symbol: Club . . Half-staters, 56-49 grs. META Ear of corn. Symbol ■ Thugh. Diobol, wt. 21 grs. Ear of corn. Symbols : Plough, cornu- copiae, etc. Diobol, wt. 2 1 grs. Beonze Coins. Hermes sacrificing, EY. M E Head of Demeter, hair rolled Female head. Head of Herakles, Head of Zeus. Head of Hermes, Head of Pallas. Head of Helios. Young horned head. Head of Silenos. Head of Artemis. Head of Leukippos, Head of Dionysos. Eagle on fulmen. Pallas fighting. Mask. Female head in stephane. Tripod. Circ. B. c. 350-272 {some perhaps later). ME Ear of corn. Inscr, OBOAOS. JE size -85 „ OBOAOS. M size -8 Two ears of corn, Three corn-grains, )) » Ear of corn. Kantharos. Demeter with torch. Ear of corn. Ear of com and fulmen. Owl. Corn-grain. „ Marks of value (?) TE and HE. Of these bronze coins, -which range in size from •85—45 inch, those with the inscription OBOAOS are interesting, as they prove that bronze was accepted at Metapontum merely as money of account. The small coins with TE and HE may likewise be TeraprT/juo'pia and 'HjxiTeTapT-qixopia. METAP ONTUM—P OSEIB ON I A. 67 Foseidonia was colonized from Sybaris in the seventh century B. c. In fabric its earliest coins resemble those of the other Achaean towns, but in two important points they differ from them, viz. in their weight and system of division, in both of which they follow the Campanian standard of the neighbouring Phocaean colony Velia (Staters 1 18 grs. and Drachms 59 grs. max.). Period I. Circ. B.C. 550-480. Fig. 43. rOM (retrograde). Same type incuse. (Fig. 43.) M Stater, 118 grs. POM Poseidon naked, with chlamys hanging loosely across liis shoulders, wielding trident. A sea-monster or pistrix sometimes as an adjunct symbol. Some of the coins of this period have a second inscription, F^^M (Fl IS), which Millingen [Considerations, p. 45) suggests may stand for an alliance between Poseidonia and Phistelia (p. 35) ; others take it for the name of the little river Is (the modern Juncarella), mentioned by Lycophron. Period 11. Circ. B.C. 480-400. Early in the fifth centur}' a complete change was effected in the coinage of Poseidonia. The Campanian standard then gave way to the Achaean, the weight of the stater being raised to 126 grs., while Thirds (42 grs.). Sixths (21 grs.), and Twelfths (11 grs.) took the place of the older Halves. The faljric of the coins of this second class is thick and compact, and the types are in relief on both sides. Inscr. POME^AAN^ATAM (IToo-etSariaTas), more or less abbreviated. • ■ ■ ■ i grs. one Fig. 44. Poseidon wielding trident. | Bull. (Fig. 44.) ^ Stater, 12C The bull is here symbolical of the worship of Poseidon. On ^^^ specimen there occurs a second inscr., MEIUA (retrogr.), which probably stands for the name of a city, Silarus or Silaria, on the river of that name, which formed the boundary between Lucania and Campania. Such alliances are characteristic of the coins of the Achaean cities of Italy at this time, and Silarus, granting its existence, would be by no means the only town in these parts not alluded to by any historian. F a 68 LUCANIA. Towards the close of the fifth or the beginning of the fourth century, a new type, the head of Hera facing, the Hera Aj-eia of the neighbouring temple on the banks of the river Silarus, was adopted at Poseidonia, whence it spread to the coins of Phistelia, Hyria, and NeapoUs. Head of Hera facing, wearing Stepha- nos. POMEIA Bull M Stater. This is also the time to which the bronze coins, for the most part resembling in type the silver with Poseidon and Bull, and bearing the inscr. POME^, or more often POSEIA, belong. These are the last coins struck at Poseidonia before its capture by the Lucanians, circ. B. c. 400-390. By the Lucanians the name of the town was corrupted into Paestum. Paestum. The coins of Paestum, as the barbarous Lucanians desig- nated Poseidonia, when that ancient and wealthy Greek city fell into their hands, circ. B. c. 400-390, are all of a late period. It is doubtful indeed whether any money was struck there before the Roman coloniza- tion of the town in B.C. 373. The coinage of Paestum may be divided into the following classes : — I. Circ. B. c. 300-268, with Greek or semi-Greek inscr. PAIJTANO Head of young river- god horned and crowned with reeds, behind, a swan. Head of Poseidon. The Dioskuri on horseback (Sambon. PL XX. 26). M Stater iii grs. PAISTANO Winged Eros on dolphin. M size -85 PAI Dolphin . . . . ^ „ .5 P Dolphin . . . . ^ „ -45 These coins may have been issued either by the Lucanians or. under the Romans before the coinage of silver was interdicted by Rome in B.C. 268. II. B.C. 268-89, wi^A r'AIS and marks of value. Heads of the Dioskuri. Semis. Triens. Quadrans. Sextans. » Sescuncia. Uncia. Head of Poseidon. Head of young Dionysos. Head of Poseidon. )> Head of Demeter. » Head of Artemis. Trident. Cornncopiae. Dolphin. ?) Forepart of boar or whole boar. Wolf. Ear of corn. III. With PAES ( md marks of value. Semis. Triens. Head of Poseidon. Head of Dionysos. Shield. Anchor and rudder. Prow and dolphin. Cornucopiae. „ and fulmen crossed Sextans. Sescuncia, 3i Lion. Head of Demeter. 7> Forepart of boar. Wolf. POSEIDONIA—SIRIS. 69 IV. With PAE, etc., marks of vahie, and names of Duumviri and other municipal magistrates. This series extends down to the age of Augustus and Tiberius. Paestum, for some reason which remains unexplained, having been allowed by the express permission of the Roman Senate to continue the issue of small bronze coins long after that privilege had been with- drawn from all the other towns in Italy, the letters P. S. S. C. on late coins of Paestum stand for Paesti Signatum Senatus Consulto. Pal .... Mol .... Uncertain towns, probably in Lucania. Circ. B. c. 550-480. Thin plate-like fabric. AAH Boar. (Fig. 45.) Fig. 45. I AOM Boar incuse M Stater, \vt. 122 grs. Siris and Pyxus. Siris, called after the river of that name, occupied a fertile territory on the bay of Tarentum. The history of the town is involved in much obscurity. There appears to have been in very remote times a town called Siris in these parts, but the city of which we possess coins was a subsequent Ionian settlement, the origin of which is ascribed to the early part of the seventh century B. c. This Ionian city rivalled in wealth and luxury its most powerful Achaean neighbours. It was still in existence in the reign of Cleisthenes of Sicyon, B.C. 584, for one of its citizens was among the suitors of Agariste ^. Shortly after this, circ. 570-560, it became the object of a combined attack from its Achaean rivals, Metapontum, Sybaris, and Croton, who succeeded in forcing it into the Achaean confederacy. Of this its coins afford sufficient proof, for they cannot be ascribed to an earlier date than B. C. 560, and they are in all respects similar to the earliest coins of Sybaris. They are also valuable historical documents, for they reveal to us the existence, in the sixth century B. c, of the town of Pyxus, which stood on the opposite shore of the Bruttian peninsula, facing the west. The territories of Siris and Pyxus were therefore probably adjacent to one another, a fact which may serve to explain a monetary alliance between them : — M0IA^'<1^M (Stplras). Bull looking I PVXOEM (ntv^des). Same type incuse, back. I [B. M. Guide, Plate VIII. 14.] M Stater, wt. 120 grs. riD^o'ej {Uv^ovs) is the name of the town in the nominative case. StjOivos, like AaCvos, UoaeihaviaTas, etc., is an adjective, also in the nomi- native, and agreeing with some such word as ararrip understood. Pyxus, which this remarkable coin shows to have been in intimate commercial ' Herod, vi. 127. 70 LUC AN J A. relations with Siris circ. B.C. 560-500, is not mentioned before B.C. 471, when it is said to have been founded by Micythus, tyrant of Messene. The evidence of the coins proves that this statement is erroneous, and that Micythus cannot have been the original founder of the town (De Luynes, Nouv. Annates, i. p. 395), which had probably fallen into decay after the destruction of Sybaris (b. c. 510) amid the general break up of the ancient Achaean confederation. Sybaris. For the early history of this great Achaean city, see Intro- duction. Its coinage, which commences early in the sixth century, consists of the following denominations. Inscriptions MV, MVB, /V\VBA, (=-SYBA) usually retrograde. Bull with head reverted (Fig. 46). Similar. Similar. Same type, incuse Staters (126 grs.), Thirds (42 grs.). Amphora, incuse . . Sixths (21 grs.). No type. Inscr. y Twelfths (10 gre.). The Sybarite refugees, who, after the destruction of their city in B.C. 510, had found a home in Laiis, Poseidonia, and Scidrus, returned in B. c. 453 and rebuilt their ruined city at a short distance from the ancient site. This new Sybaris enjoyed but a short lease of life, for the Crotoniates, jealous of the revival of their ancient foe, expelled the unfortunate colonists and levelled to the ground their newly built walls B.C. 448. Nevertheless, this short interval of six years has left us 9, numismatic record, for to this time only we can attribute the following coins : — Giro. B.C. 453-448. Bull standing. Poseidon brandishing trident. MV, MVB, or MVBA (retrograde) Poseidon brandishing his trident . . Sixths (?) wt. 25-17 grs. Bird (dove'!) . . . Sixth, wt. 20 grs. In alliance with Poseidonia. VM Poseidon brandishing trident. MOT Bull standing Sixth, wt. 1 3" I grs. These alliance coins are a distinct proof that Poseidonia took part in the recolonization of Sybaris. A few years later the Sybarite exiles prevailed upon the Athenians to assist them in another attempt at the restoration of the unfortunate city, and this time the project resulted in a brilliant success, the foundation of the great Panhellenic settlement of Thurium B.C. 443. The Sybarite element in the new colony was, however SYBARIS—THUBIUM. 71 far outnumbered by colonists from other parts of Greece, and they made themselves so unpopular by claiming to take the lead in the management of aflfairs (Diod. xii. ii) that they were obliged to retire to a third site near the mouth of the river Traeis, where they founded another city for themselves, which has also left us coins resembling in type those of Thurium ; a fact from which it is to be inferred that, although banished from the new Athenian colony, they continued to maintain commercial relations with it. The new Sybaris would thus seem to have been little more than an offset from Thurium. Its coinage cannot have lasted many years for it is uniform in style. It consists of Thirds, Sixths, and Twelfths of the old Achaean standard. Girc. B.C. 443. Head of Pallas in Athenian helmet, bound with olive-wreath [B. M. Cat. Ital, p. 286.] Same. Same. SYBAPI Bull with head reverted, or butting, as on coins of Thurium M Third, wt. 42 grs. SYBA Bull with head reverted M Sixth, wt. 2 1 grs. ,, Bull's head M Twelfth, wt. 10 grs. Thnriiim. This important colony was founded B.C. 443 at a spot not far removed from the site of the deserted Sybaris, where there was a fountain called Thuria. Its rapid rise was doubtless in part due to the same local advantages which must have contributed so largely to the commercial prosperity of the ancient Sybaris. During the first twenty years of its existence its coinage was very scanty. This we infer rather from the advanced style of art exhibited by the Thurian coins than from the presence of the Cl in the inscription, for it must be borne in mind that there was a predominant Ionic element in the population of Thurium, and there is no reason why the Ionic alphabet should not have been in use at Thurium from its first foundation (cf. the archaic coins of the Ionic Veha with YEAHTHN struck certainly before B.C. 450). The coins of Thurium which fall into the period of the greatest prosperity of the city, circ. B.C. 420-390, take rank among the finest specimens of numismatic art. For purity of style and delicacy of execu- tion nothing can excel the specimens signed by an engraver . . . , who seems to have enjoyed a high reputation as a die-engraver in Italy, for he worked also for the mints of Neapolis (?), Velia, Terina, and Pandosia. [B. M. Guide, PI. XV. 3, 7, 13, and PI. XXV. aa.] Head of Athena in helmet tound with olive (Fig. 47). Artist's signature $. Fig. 47. ©OYPiriN Bull walking with head lowered; or rushing : in ex. usually a fish : symbols and letters varied. M wts. Distater, 240 grs. ; Stater, 120 grs. ; Third, 46 grs. ; Sixth, 20 grs. ; Twelfth, 10 grs. In B. c, 390 the Thurii suffered a severe defeat from the Lucanians 72 LUCANIA. (Diod. xiv. loi), but the city did not begin materially to decline before the middle of the fourth century, when the rise of the Bruttian power deprived it of its inland sources of wealth. The coinage of this period, B. c. 390 to 350, reaches the highest point of excellence in respect of execution, without perhaps losing much of the severe delicacy of style which is so remarkable on the coins of the earlier time. Circ. B.C. 390-350. Head of Athena, her helmet richly adorned, generally with a figure of Soylla (Fig. 48). [Cf. Imhooi, Mon. Gr., p. 7.] Fig. 48. OOYPinN Eushing bull: in ex. usually a fish, other symbols however occur, and artists' names ISTOPOS, MOAOSSOS, and NIKANAPO, on the base beneath the bull M Distater, Stater, and Sixth.' The head of Athena on these coins is probably that of Athena Skyletria, a sea-goddess whose worship appears to have prevailed at the town of Scylletion (of which, however, we have no coins) as well as on- the rocky lapygian promontory^, at Heraclea, and perhaps at other dangerous points on the Bruttian coasts 2. With regard to the meaning of the Bull on the reverse of the coins of Thurium there has been much difference of opinion. Some take it to be a symbol of Dionysos, others to be the BoCs Qovpios or rushing bull indicative of the fountain ©ovpia, from which the city took its name, while others again, and perhaps with better reason, look upon it as symbolizing the river Crathis, and as merely an artistic outcome or development of the bull which was the constant type of the archaic coins of Sybaris. Circ. B.C. 850-300. In this period the names of magistrates occur with greater frequency, and a marked deterioration is noticeable both in the style and execution of the pieces [B. M. Guide, PI. XXXIV. 2a]. The Sixths (diobols, nummi?) of this period are of common occurrence, their types being the same as those of the larger coins. Circ. B.C. 300-268. About B. c. 300 the weight of the didrachm or stater falls, as at Taren- tum and Haraclea, from 1 20 to 100 grs., and new types are adopted : — Head of Apollo, laureate. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. Veiled female head, sceptre behind. OOYPinN Butting bull, magistrates' names AAE, API, Efll, &c. [B. M. Guide, PI. XL V. 1 8] Stater 1 00 grs. Similar type : above, owl Stater 100 grs. OOYP I flN Butting bull iR 23 grs. ' Probably the three headlands to the north of tlie Scylletio gulf. Strabo, vi. cap. i. ' Lycophron, 1. 853. Lenormant, Gr. Grkce, ii. p. 338. THVniUM— TELIA. 73 After B.C. 268 the coinage of silver ceases at Thurium, and is replaced by that of the Bruttii. Bronze. Circ. b. c. 400-300 ani later. The bronze coins of Thurium begin about b. c. 400. Their types, until about B. c. 300, resemble those of the silver coins, ohv. Head of Athena, rev. Bull. Towards the middle of the fourth century a sudden and remarkable increase in the size and weight of the bronze coins takes place. A similar rise at the same time is noticeable in the weight of the bronze money in Sicily. After B.C. 300 types referring to the worship of Apollo and Artemis replace the head of Athena and the Bull. This new coinage was not of long duration. Head of Apollo. n ») Head of Artemis. Head of Apollo. Tripod . M size Lyre M „ Artemis huntress . . . ^ „ Apollo standing, holding lyi'e M „ Cornucopiae . . . M „ Copia. Not until the despatch of the Koman colony of Copia, B.C. 194, 'in Thurinum agrum' (Livy, xxxiv. 53) does the coinage recom- mence, and it is then restricted to small bronze coins struck according to the semuncial weight then prevalent in southern Italy. Cf. the coins of Paestum, Brundusium, Uxentum, and Valentia. B.C. 194-89. Bronze, with marks of value. Semuncial weight. Ax. Head of Janus. ] COPIA Cornucopiae. Semis. Female head veiled S Triens. Head of Pallas • • • • Quadrans. Head of Herakles • • • „ Head of Hermes. I ,, ,, The Lex Papiria Plautia, B.C. 89, in legalizing the As of Semuncial weight at Rome itself, put an end at the same time to all local issues, and enjoined upon the whole of Italy the exclusive use of the Roman money, all Italians being thenceforward admitted to the rights of Roman citizens. Velia, on the Tyrrhenian sea, some twenty miles south of Poseidonia, was founded about b. c. 540 by the Phocaeans who had voluntarily left their own land rather than submit to the Persians. They appear to have brought with them to their new home the system of weights with which they had been familiar in Asia, viz. the drachm of 60-58 grs., together with the Ionic alphabet, for the letters H and n occur on the earliest inscribed coins of Velia. Period I. Circ. B.C. 540-500. No inscription. Fore-part of lion devouring prey. Incuse square M Drachm 60-58 grs. M Obol 13-8 grs. 74 LUCANIA. These early coins are attributed to Velia, not only on account of their type, but because they have been found in that district on more than one occasion. Period IL Circ. B.C. 500-450. In this period the didrachm makes its first appearance at Velia : — Lion's head. No inscr. Female head of archaic stylC) hair turned up behind; Lion, above, B. (Fig. 49,) FtG. 49. VEAH or VEAHTnN Similat head, of somewhat later style . . . . M Didrachms, wt. 126 grs. Female head tvearing diadem of pearls, hair turned up behind. Style transitionah Female head of archaic or transitional style. VEAHTEflN Lion; above, often an owl flying [B. M. Guide, PI. XV. 8] . Jfe Didrachm, wt. 118 grs. VEAH Owl on ohve-branch . . . . M, Drachm, wt. 60 grs. Period III. Circ. B. c. 450^00. Didrachms abd Drachms of similar types, but of more advanced style. Lion. Period IF. Circ. B.C. 400-268. Female head of finest style, similar to that on Syracusan medallions. Signed by . . . (see p. ^i) M Didr. 118 gra. Head of Pallas in helmet bound with oUve or richly adorned with grifiin, Pegasos, &c. On some specimens the head is facing. On the helmet is occasionally seen an engraver's name, KAEYAnPOY, ®tc. Both sides in relief, (i) Tripod. Tripod. Symbols. Crane. Kantharos. Caduceus. Thymiaterion. Alliances. 9^^ and P, I A, PA, &c. (Uncertain towns). (2) 9PO Tripod. I Helmet. ) TE Tripod. I 9P Helmet / Croton and Temesa. CJiOTON. 81 (3) Eagle on capital of column or on stag's or ram's head, etc. (4) Eagle with spread wings on laurel- branch, or devouring serpent. Fig. 55. Tripod ; fillet sometimes attached to handle (Fig. 55). Symbols. Corn-grain. Olive-branch. Ivy-leaf. Letters. E, ME, etc. Triijod, sometimes filleted. Symbols. Ear of corn. Olive-branch. Laurel-leaf. Letters. BO I. Tripod. Smaller silver coins. Sepia. Biohol. Pegasos. Half Pegasos. Kantharos. Hare. Obol. (n Circ. B.C. 420-390. It was towards the close of the fifth century, when Thurium was rising to be the first city of Southei-n Italy, that the long Ionic H came into general use in the west. About this time also we note that the old letter 9 ia replaced by K on the coins of Croton. Human figure types, of fully developed style, are in this period frequently met with. Some of these designs are of extreme beauty, and are perhaps due to the influence of the works of Zeuxis, who was painting at Croton about the end of the fifth century. Inscriptions. KPO, KPOT, KPOTON, KPOinNIATAN, KPOTnNIATA£. Fig, 56. Herakles, the Oekist of Croton, naked, seated on rocks before a blazing altar. He holds a filleted branch and rests on his club. Above" O^KJMTAM (=OIKI£TA£). Tripod filleted, on one side of which is Apollo aiming an arrow at the Python which is curled in a menacing attitude on the other side (Fig. 56) M Stater. BUl'TTWM. The forms of the letters on the obverse of this stater are designedly- archaic, as it is certainly later in style than B. c. circ. 443, the time when the more recent forms I and %. were introduced ; of. the coins of the later Sybaris, p. 71. Fig. 57. Head of Hera Lakinia, facing or in I Herakles naked, reclining on rocks profile, wearing lofty Stephanos Letters. A, B Eagle with wings spread, standing on olive-branch or hare. Letter n. Al. holding wine-cup. Letters. ME, MA. (Fig. 57.) M Staters. [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. A. 4.] Tripod. Synibol. Crane. Letters. B, A, etc. M Staters. Circ. B. c. 390. About B.C. 390 the Greek cities of Southern Italy were threatened on the one hand by the Lucanians and on the other by Dionysius of Syracuse. The league for mutual defence against these two formidable enemies which they then formed is alluded to by the type of the Crotoniate coinage of this time, a type which is the same as that of the contemporary money of Thebes and of the alliance coins of Ephesus, Samos, Cnidus, lasus, and Rhodes. The idea of the infant Herakles sti-angling two serpents is symbolical of the victory of Light over Darkness, of Good over Evil, and of free and united Hellas over barbarism and tyranny. The wide popularity of this treatment of a familiar subject just at this particular time may be ascribed perhaps to the famous painting of Zeuxis, mentioned by Pliny [Hist. Nat. xsxv. 9, s. ^6, § 2) as 'Hercules infans dracones strangulans, Alcmena matre coram pavente et Amphitryone.' KPOTflMIATAS Headof Apollo, laur., | Infant Herakles strangling two serpents, with flowing hair. | JR Staters and Diobols. [Gardner, Ty^pes Gr. C, PI. V. 16, lo.J The great defeat of the Confederates by Dionysius, in B.C. 388, at the river Helleporus, resulted in the ruin of most of the Greek cities of Bruttium, with the exception of Locri his only ally. As for Croton, our information concerning its fate is scanty. Livy (xxiv. 3) says that Dionysius captured the citadel, and he is also said to have held the city for the space of twelve years (Dionys. Exc. xix). The latter statement is apparentlj^ confii-med by numismatic evidence, for CROWN. 83 there is a well-marked interval in style between the head of Apollo on the coins above described and the head of the same god on the pieces of the following series. It is therefore very probable that no coins were struck at Croton while the town was occupied by the foreign garrison. Circ. B. c. 370-330. Head of Apollo, laur. with flowing hair. Young head with short hair bound with taenia (river Aesarus). Young head of river Aesarus. Head of Apollo, laur., hair short. KPO Tripod. In field filleted branch [B.M. Guide, PI. XXXIY. 25]. M Stater, 119 grs. ,, Owl on corn-ear iR Third, 44 grs. Pegasos Tripod ^33 grs- iR 24 grs. These coins closely resemble in style the electrum money of Syracuse, issued between B.C. 345 and 317. From this time the city of Croton, involved in continual warfare with the Bruttians, became greatly impoverished, until in B.C. 299 it was captured and pillaged by Agathocles of Syracuse. In B.C. 277 it fell finally into the hands of the Romans. Circ. B. c. 330-299. KPOinMlATAN Eagle on branch with spread wings. olive- Ti-ipod with conical cover. Symbols. Ear of corn and Python. Letters and monograms. Various. JR Staters, 118 grs. The smaller silver coins, which belong chiefly to the fourth century, are of the following types : — KPOTHNIATANI Head of Pallas. KPOin OIKISTA? Herakles leaning on his club . . . M Diobol, 18 grs. OIK 1ST AS Herakles strangling lion . JR Diobol, 17 grs. It wiU be remarked that the staters of Croton, from first to last, are of full weight, 126-118 grs. Of course we often meet with specimens which have lost weight, but the evidence all tends to prove that no legal reduction took place at Croton, as it certainly did at Tarentum, Heraclea, Thurium, etc., about b. c. 300. The inference is that no staters were struck at Croton after that time. Beonze coins. £efore circ. B.C. 420. 9PO Tripod. J' >) Head of Pallas. Hare Sepia . PPO Cock G 2 JE Size I.I M Size -85 JR Size i-i 84 BJiUTTTUM. Circ. B.C. 420-300. Inscr. KPO, etc., and KPOTHNIATAN Tripod. TPI (Trias?) . . . ./E i-i Bow. TPI (Trias?) . . M -^ Eagle on stag's head. TPI (Trias?) M 1. 1 KPO Tripod and crane . Fulmen between crescents KPO Head of Herakles „ Club. „ Head of Pallas. Eagle. Eagle on rain's head. AISAPOS Head of river-god Aefarus, hair long. AYK flN Head of young Herakles (Lykon) in lion's skin. Id. Head of Persephone. . M ■6 M •IP, . M •65 Fulmen and star KPOTfiNlATAN Eagle carrying ser- pent .... . . ^ -75 KPO Crab M -8 KPO Three crescents . . M -8^ The types of the coins of Croton, from the earliest down to the latest, form an instructive commentary on the religious ideas of the Pythago- reans, as the Due de Luynes and M. F. Lenormant ^ have already pointed out. First and foremost in importance comes the Tripod, the emblem of the Pythian Apollo, whose cultus lay at the root of the doctrines and speculations of the school of Pythagoras. With the Pythagoreans the Tripod represented the sacred number f7/ree, to which they attached a mystic significance. Next, the Eagle, the sj^mbol of Zeus, the supreme god, occupies a place second only in importance to the tripod of Apollo. In connection with this type we are reminded that an Eagle was the familiar bii-d of Pythagoras, believed by his followers to have been sent down to him by Zeus himself in evidence of his divine mission. Among the adjunct s3'mbols, which here, as at Metapontum, have a religious meaning, and are not merely magistrates' signatures, the Crane (ye'pa^'oy), by far the commonest, is the bird of passage, the witness from the regions of the air of all that happens on earth, and so the symbol of the all-seeing eye of the God of Light-. Among the local types we note the head of the river-god Aesarus, and especially Herakles as the legendary oIkutti)s of the colony, and Herakles surnamed Lykon (Apollod. iii. lo, § 5). But of all the Crotoniate coin-types that which obtained the widest popularity in Italy, as the coins of many other towns with the game type amply testify, was the striking full-face representation of the Lakinian Hera with flowing hair and Stephanos adorned with flowers and the fore-parts of Griffins. The Temple of this great goddess was by far the most renowned sanctuary in all Italy, and to this shrine at stated times vast crowds would flock from all parts of the west. The goddess here worshipped was originally perhaps an earth-goddess of native Oenotrian origin, afterwards identified by the Greeks with Hera. One of her surnames, according to Lycophron (1. 858), was 'O-rrkoa-fxia. She was probably therefore an armed goddess, closely allied to if not identical with the Hera Argonia, Argeia, or perhaps Jreia (Strabo, vi. 1,1), whose temple ' Ln Grnvfle Crfce, ii. p. 99, = Lenormant, he. CROWN— HIPPONIUiM. 85 stood near Poseidonia, on the banks of the river Silarus, and whose head is represented on Certain coins of Poseidonia, Neapohs, Hyrina, &c., precisely in the same manner as that of the Lakinian Hera on the coins of Croton, Pandosia, etc. Hipponinm, or more correctly Heiponium or Veiponium, was according to Strabo (vi. i, § 5) a colony of Locri, situated on the west coast of Bruttium. It was pillaged by Dionysius, and its population removed to Syracuse in B.C. 389. Ten years later it was re-established by the Carthaginians, and its inhabitants restored. Circ. B.C. 350 it fell into the hands of the Bruttians, was liberated again by Alexander of Epirus, B.C. 330-325, conquered by Agathocles, B.C. 396, but recovered soon after by the Bruttians who held it until B.C. 272, when it was garrisoned by the Romans. In B.C. 189 it was made a Latin colony under the name of Vibo Valentia. Its coins are all of bronze, and fall into the following periods : — I. Circ. B.C. 379-350. With luscr. CEI or CEIH [=Veip.]. Head of Herm . Eagle on serpent Amphora Caduceus ^.85 iE.75 M .6 n. Circ. B.C. 330-325. Head of Zeus AIO£ OAYMPIOY „ AlOS Head of Apollo, in front NYM {i'vti.T]y(TT]s (f) Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p.8)._ Head of young river- god PEilN l'i?ne of Alexander of Ejnrus. El PilN I EnN Eagle on fulmen, wings spread JS -8 EinnNIEnN Amphora . . . . Symbols, torch, caduceas . . jE -7 El nnN I EnN Goddess Pandina stand- ing, holding sceptre and caduceus or wreath. Legend PANAINA M -65 EIPHNIEON Club . . , . M-i Concerning the goddess Pandina, who was also worshipped at the neighbouring city of Terina, we have no information. III. Circ. B.C. 296. Time of Agathocles. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet, SriTElPA EinnNIEnN Nike standing ; infield sometimes, NIK A . . . . BL -a Vibo Valentia (see Hipponium), a Latin colony sent out in B.C. 192 (Livy, xsxv. 40). Coinage of bronze with marks of value, and of Semuncial weight. Cirt. B.C. 192-89. Ai. Seniin. Triens. 17 Quadrans. Sextans. Uncia. Semuncia. Head of Zeus Head of Hera Head of Pallas Head of Demeter Head of Herakles Head of Apollo Head of Artemis Head of Hermes I S • b • . '• % * 9 • • • VALENTIA Fulmen Double cornucopiae Owl Cornucopiae . Two clubs Lyre Hound Caduceus 86 BRUTT1U21. The Lex Plautia Papiria B.C. 89, Be asse semunciali (Plin. Hist. Naf. xxxiii. 3, 46), introduced by C. Papirius Carbo, put an end to the coinage of bronze in the few Confederate towns in Italy which were at that time still coining in their own names, Paestum alone excepted. Locri Epizephyrii. Although Locri was from the first a flourishing city, and, from the time of Dionysius the Elder even predominant in the Bruttian peninsula, nevertheless, strange to say, it has left us no coins whatever which can be attributed to the period of its greatest prosperity. Whether the Laws of Zaleucus, which are said to have been in force at Locri down to a late date, forbade, like those of Lycurgus, the use of coined money w^e do not know, but it is certain that there are no Locrian coins earlier than the middle of the fourth century. The Locrian silver money is of two entirely distinct classes, differing from one another both in type and weight, (a) Corinthian staters of the Pegasos type, wt. 135-130 grs., and (/3) staters of native Locrian types, which follow the standard of the neighbouring towns, wt. iao-115 grs. I. Circ. B.C. 344r-332. (a) Corinthian staters for foreign commerce. AOKP^N Head of Pallas iu Coriii- Pegasos . M 135-130 grs. thian helmet. The Corinthian stater was adopted as the standard silver coin of Syracuse on the occasion of the restoration of the Democracy by Timo- leon, B. c. 345 (see Syracuse). Locri, which was at all times most intimately connected both politically and commercially with Syracuse, appears to have coined money in her own name for the fii'st time at this period, and to have received the Corinthian stater from Syracuse, with which city as well as with Corinth and her colonies in Acarnania, Corcyra, and Illyria, Locri then contracted de facto a monetary alliance. The Corinthian staters of Locri are by no means rare coins, and are found mixed with those of other cities. This shows that Locri carried on an extensive foreign commerce in the direction indicated above. Meanwhile for her home trade with the Italian towns it was necessary to strike money on the Italic standard. (^) Italic standard for home trade. Staters wt. 120-T15 grs. Fig. 58. lEYS Head of Zeus, laur., with tihort hair (Fig. 58). EIPHNH AOKPnM Eireue seated ou square cippus, holding caduceus. The reverse type of this coin points to the beginning of an era of internal peace and prosperity, such as that which may well have followed LOCRl EPIZEPHYRII. 87 the expulsion of the younger Dionysius. The figure of Eirene may be compared with that of Nike (?) on coins of Terina. (y) Bronze coins. The bronze money of this period is of peculiarly rude fabric. The metal of which the coins are composed appears to have been melted and run into a series of circular moulds, connected with one another by a continuous channel. The blanks after being cast were clipped off one by one and struck separately. Head of Zeus, laur., with short hair. I No iuacr. Eagle with closed wings I M i-o U. Circ. B.C. 332-326. (a) Corinthian staters as in Period I. (^) Staters of Italic weight, 1 30-1 15 grs. AOKPnN (sometimes wanting). Head Eagle devouring hare : in field, fubuen. of Zeus, left, with flowing hair. M Staters. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXXIV. 26.] (y) Bronze coinage, perhaps as in Period I. The head of Zeus here entirely changes its character, the hair is no longer short and crisp, but falls in flowing locks as on the contemporary money of Alexander of Epirus, introduced into, if not struck actually in Italy at this time. III. Circ. B.C. 326-300. (a) Corinthian staters of later style, and reading only AO or AOK usually on the reverse instead of AOKPHN at full length on the obverse; also Corinthian drachms : — Female head, facing or in profile, Pegasos flying ; beneath A or AOK PflN wearing earrings and necklace. M 39 grs. (/3) Staters of the Italic standard, wt. 120-115 grs. Imcr. AOKPHN either on obv. or rev. Symbol, Fulmen frequent. Head of Zeus, right, as in Period II, often of very careless work. Eagle devouring hare . . Ai Staters. Many of these coins are so negligently made that we might almost imagme them to be Bruttian imitations. (y) Bronze coinage. Head of Apollo. | Pegasos ^.65 IV. Cite. B.C. 300-280. (a) No Corinthian staters were struck at Loeri in this period. 0) Staters of Italic weight. Eagle devouring bare. AOKPriN Fulmen and symbol (usually ^tdujS;^ '''-' -'-'-' '^ '-^'' AolXIn twobntfSe^rtb^m A-0 Eagie with closed wings. Fulm'^^between two anS^' '' '^ M 1 1 -5 grs. 88 BRUTTIUM. (y) Bronze coinage. A I OS Head of Zeus. Head of Pallas. AOKPnN (in twolines) Fulmen M .85 ^.65 In their reverse types, style, and epigraphy, these coins bear so close a resemblance to the money of Agathocles that there can be no doubt about their date. V. Circ. B.C. 280-268. In B.C. 377 the Locrians placed themselves under the protection of Eome, expelling the garrison which Pyrrhus had placed in their citadel. The next year the king of Epirus recovered the town, but in another year or two we find it again among the allies of Rome. It was during these troubled times that the Locrians, perhaps by way of propitiating the Romans, celebrated the Good Faith of Rome towards their city by imprinting upon their staters the following type : — Head of Zeus. Fig. 59. AOKPnN, Fides, fllSTIS, standing, placing a wreath upon the head of Eoma, PHMA, who is seated before her (Fig. 59) M Stater, 11 4-1 12 grs. The head of Zeus on these interesting coins is of the leonine type, with deeply recessed eye, strongly emphasized frontal bone, and hair" falling in heavy locks over his brows, which is characteristic of the tetradrachms of Pyrrhus. The resemblance to the money of Pyrrhus is in fact so striking that we are inclined to regard them as works of the same engraver, and to draw the inference that Pyrrhus actually struck his famous tetradrachm while he held Locri. This hypothesis is greatly strengthened by the fact that Pyrrhus's tetradrachms have been fre- quently found in Southern Italy, and even on the site of Locri itself'. During this period the Bruttians monopolized the coinage of gold and silver in theii- peninsula. The coins described above are therefore in all probability the last silver money issued at Locri. Bronze. Circ b.c. 300-268 or later. The following bronze coins belong for the most part to the time of the Pyrrhic wars, some of them, however, may be later : — Head of Persephone; behind, torch or AOKPilN Eagle on fulnieu . M 1-05 poppy-head. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. Head of Persephone. Head of Pallas. )» )) Heads of the Dioskuri. „ Persephone holding sceptre ending m poppy-head, seated with patera iu hand : in field, stars M 1-05 AOKPnN Pallas standing . M -75 ,, Eagle on fulmen . JEi -75 „ Pegasos . . . . iE -85 „ Zeus seated . . . iE -75 ' F. Lenorinant in the Academy, June 36, 1880. L OCBI— PAN I) OSIA. 89 The head and figure of Persephone on these coins remind us of the prominent place which the famous temple of that goddess at Locri occupied in the minds of all men during the Pj'rrhic war, cf. the speech of the Locrian Legatus at Eome (Livy, xxix. i8), Tanum est apud nos Proserpinae de cujus sanctitate tempU credo aliquem famam ad vos pervenisse Pyrrhi hello.' The coin with the heads of the Dioskuri is a poor copy of the silver coins of the Bruttians (p. 77). Mesma or Medina, on the west coast of Bruttium was captured by Dionyaius in B.C. 388, and its territory bestowed upon the Locrians. This town never rose to any great importance. It is not probable that any of the coins which bear its name are of an earlier date than b. c. 388, they seem rather to be even later than B. c. 344, the time when Locri herself began to coin money. The Mesmaean coinage consists of (a) Corinthian daters, similar to those of Locri, but with ME or M on the reverse, and no inscr. on the obv.^, and (,3) bronze coins of the following types :— Head of Persephone facing. | MESMAIHN Head of Apollo ^-85 MESMA Female head. ,, . - - . , . . MEAMAinN Headof Apollo. MECMA Male head 1. ,, Female head r. Male figure naked, seated on rock, in front, a dog with head turned back. M -8 Horse running . . . M '6 Nike carrying wreath . M -6 „ ,, „ . ■ M -6 The female head on these coins, which is often accompanied by a vase, is thought to be the Fountain-nymph Mesma (Strabo, vi. i, 5). The naked figure with the dog may be the river Metaurus, or the god Pan. Itlystia and Hyporon, on the east coast of the Bruttian peninsula [Itin, Ant., 115, 4). See Berliner Blatter, iv. p. 137. Bronze Coins. Circ. b.c. 300. Head of Apollo. MY-YrnP Tripod as on coins of Croton . . . Jil -75 Nuceria (Nocera), in the immediate vicinity of Terina. This town is only mentioned by Steph. Byz. (s. v.) Its coins are of bronze, and apparently struck in alliance with Ehegium and Terina : — Circ. B. c. 350-270 or later. NOYKPlNnN Head of Apollo ^-85 Lion's head facing. Head of Apollo. Young male head diademed. „ „ „ KEA(?) Horse standing ; pen- tagram . . .... .^ -85 NOYKPI Eagle; magistrate's name STATIOY'^ . . . . ^ .65 NOYKPI Fulmen . . . . ^ -6 Pandosia was an inland town, and if not a colony of Croton certainly a dependency of that city in the fifth century B.C., as its coins testify. The place appears to have stood on a height overlooking the little river ' Imhoof-Blumer, Die Miinzen Akarnaniens, p. 6. '' Cf. £TA — OS'I on coins of Laiis Lucaniae, p. 62. 90 BRUTTIUM. Acheron [Mucone), a tributary of the Crathis (Strab. vi. 356). Its earliest coins were struck in alliance with Croton, and date from about B.C. 450. 9PO Tripod. PAN — AO Bull in incuse square . . M, Stater, 126 grs. Fig. 60. nANAOM^A(=nANAO£IA)Head of goddess or nymph Pandosia, wear- ing broad diadem, and with hair turned up behind (Fig. 60). KPAG^M(=KPAOIS) Eiver Crathis naked, standing, holding patera and olive-branch, at his feet an object which looks like a fish M Stater, 105 grs. (light). This last coin is of the highest interest as it fixes the site of Pandosia near the river Crathis. It may be compared for style with the coins of Metapontum (Fig. 38, p. 63). It also shows that the ancient forms of the letters £ and I (M and 5) were still in use in the middle of the fifth century, the date of the general introduction of the ordinary forms of those letters into South Italy seems to have been somewhat later (circ. B. 0. 443), cf. the coins of the later Sybaris (p. 71). Circ. B.C. 400. Fig. 61. Head of Hera Lakinia facing, with streaming hair, earring and neck- lace, and wearing Stephanos orna- mented with foreparts of griffins and honeysuckles (Fig. 61). Similar. PAN] A 02 IN Pan the hunter naked, seated on rocks, beside him a dog : in front a bearded term of Hermes with caduceus affixed. In field, 0. M Stater, 120 grs. PANAOSI Pan seated. Legend, N I KO M Third, 34 grs. Simile Bhonze. I PAN Incense altar . M Size -45 The beautiful stater above described is one of the most exquisite productions of any Greek mint. The letter <|) in the field leads me to think that it is by the same engraver as certain coins of Terina, Velia, Neapolis, and Thurium, also signed » j RE and Olive-sprig . M -5 " !5 >) j PH „ ,, ... JEi -6 " " )) j PHriNH Head of Apollo, hair turned 1 up ^ -5 RHEGIUM. 95 Circ. B.C. 350-270. The following types may be placed after the restoration of the city by Dionysius II, shortly before the middle of the fourth century : — (a) Silver Corinthian staters of the Pegasos type, with PH (in mon.) and a Lyre behind the head of Pallas. (/3) Bronze. P H r I N fl N Zeus seated holding patera and sceptre . M ■?> Head of Zeus r., laur. Lion's head facing;. Head of Apollo with flow- ing hair. Symbols various M -8—6 „ Lyre . ^ .6— 4 The coins with the head of Apollo are very numerous and exhibit a gradual decline in style. In B.C. 271 the Campanian Legion, stationed at Rhegium by the Romans, seized the city, but they were soon afterwards expelled. Circ. B.C. 270-203. (o) Silver. Head of Apollo. (/3) Bronze, without marks of value. Head of Apollo. Head of Artemis. PHriNriM Lion walking JR, wt. 50 grs. „ Young .Taniform head M wt. 18 grs. PHriNnN (in two lines) Tripod JE -9 ,, Lion wglking . . JR -g Lyre . M -g „ Young Asklepios naked, standing holding bird and resting on snake-entwined staff . . M ^g The very rare silver coins of this time are contemporary with the latest silver coins of Syracuse, Agrigentum, and Tauromenium, which no longer follow the Attic standard, but are nevertheless multiples of the silver litra. Those of Rhegium seem to be respectively pieces of 4 litrae (normal wt. 54 grs.) and i^ litrae (wt. 20-2 grs). Bronze. Circ. b.c. 203-89. With marks of value. Tetras. Heads of Apollo and ; PHflNnN Tripod .... Artemis jugate. Reduced weight. Pentonkion. Janiform female head wearing modius. Head of Artemis. Head of Pallas. Heads of Dioskuri. PHflNnN Asklepios seated, holding staff, sometimes entwined with serjjent. P Apollo seated on om- phalos. P ,, Pallas Nikephoros standing. P ,, Hermes standing. P 96 BEUTTIUM. Tetras. Heads of Asklepios and Hygieia, jugate. Head of Artemis. Heads of Dioskuri. Trias. (?) Head of Asklepios. Head of Apollo. Head of Apollo. Head of Apollo. PHriNnN Artemis standing with dog. I I Lyre. I I „ Demeter standing. I I ,, Hermes standing. I I , , Young Asklepios stand- ing, holds bird and branch and rests on staff. Hygieia standing. Wolf. Nike. Dioskuri on horse- back. I I f I I I I I I I X I I The marks of value on these bronze coins seem to stand for fractions of the silver litra, of. the coins of the Mamertini. The weights and sizes, which are very various, show that there must have been a rapid reduction in the course of the century to which they belong (Momm. Hist. Mon. Horn.. p. 213 sqq.). i. p. 138 sq.). See also Garucci {Ann. de Num., 1882, Temesa was an ancient Greek city on the west coast of Bruttium. In its territory were mines of copper (Od. i. 184 ; Strab. vi. i). From its coin-tj^pe, a helmet and greaves, it might be inferred that the Temesaeans excelled in the manufacture of bronze armour. It also appears from its coins to have been closely allied to, if not a dependency of, Croton about B.C. 500, after which it has left us no numismatic records : — Tripod between two greaves. | TEM Helmet For alliance coins, see Croton, p. 80. M, 120 grs. Teriua, a few miles south of Temesa on the gulf of Hipponium, was a colony of Croton. Its coinage commences about B.C. 480, before which time it was doubtless dependent upon its metropolis. In common with so many other towns of south Italy, Terina fell a victim to the rapacity of Dionysius of Syracuse, circ. B.C. 388, by whom it was ceded to the Locrians. It afterwards passed successively under the dominion of the Lucanians (b. c. 365) and the Bruttians (b. c. 356) who held it, except for a brief interval when Alexander of Epirus released it from their yoke (circ. B.C. 325), down to B.C. 272. The town was burnt by Hannibal in B.C. 203. Circ. B.C. 480-470. Fig. 64. TEMESA—TEBINA. 97 TEP^NA Head of Terina of archaic style, hair turned up behind. N5KA (retrogr.) Nike Apteros stand- ing, holding a branch. The whole in wreath of olive or laurel. (Fig. 64) M Stater 124 grs. Circ. B.C. 470-440. Head of Terina, hair rolled ; the whole in wreath. Similar. Hair in sphendone, or waved. Winged Nike or Siren Ligeia holding wreath in both hands arched over her head. M Stater 1 1 7 grs. TEPINAION Winged Nike or Siren Ligeia seated on four legged seat. She holds wreath and caduceus. JSi Stater. Circ. B.C. 440-400. Fig. 65. Head of the nymph Terina of finest style, variously represented. Some- times she wears an ampyx above her forehead (Fig. 65), on some specimens her hair is simply rolled, on others bound with a sphendone or confined by a string and with loose ends. Artist's initials or P. For va- rieties, see Num. Chron., 1883, PI. XI and XII. TEPINAION Winged female figure seated on prostrate amphora(Fig. 65), cippus (Fig. 66) or four-legged seat. Sometimes she sits beside a fountain drawing water in a vase which she holds on her knee. Sometimes a little bird is perched on her forefinger. Sometimes she is tossing balls into the air, or again, stooping forward as if mounting a rocky height. She usually holds a caduceus or less fre- quently a wreath or sceptre sur- mounted by a poppy head. Artist's initials ct) or P. M Staters. Fig. 66. The types of the smaller silver coins (wts. 35, 19 and 11 grs.) resemble those of the staters, but sometimes Nike sits on the capital of a column, and on the obol she is flying. Signatures IAI€, A, etc. H 98 BHUTTIVM. Circ. B.C. 400-388. TEPINAinN Head of Terina, richly ornate, with curly hair. Winged Nike (1) seated on cippus ; bird perched on her hand. [B. M. Guide, PL 25, 24.] Ai Stater 117 grs., Third 36 grs. The Thirds frequently have the Sicilian triskelis below the head of the city, showing them to have been struck after the conquest by Dionysius. Bronze. Circ. b. c. 400-388. PAN AINA Head of Pandina r. hair I TEPI Winged Nike or Siren seated on rolled. I cippus. She holds bird . . .^ -g Circ. B.C. 388-356. (a) Corinthian staters with TE (in men.) behind the head of Pallas ; cf. the contemporary staters of Locri and Rhegium. {h) Bronze. TEPI Crab ^ i. Female head, hair rolled. Crab and crescent . . M -i Circ. B, 0. 272. Lion's head facing. TEPINAinN Head of Apollo. TEPINAinN Head of Apollo with flowing hair ^ -85 Pegasos flying, above, sword in scabbard & .65 Among the silver coins of Terina, of the best period, there are specimens which, in elegance of design and exquisite delicacy of work, take rank among the most beautiful of all Greek coins. It will be generally found that these truly admirable works of art bear the signature of the engraver O (see p. 71). Those signed P are less carefully executed. The types of the Terinaean coins have given rise to much learned discussion. The head on the obverse is probably always that of the city- nymph, Terina, herself. The winged figure on the reverse is more difficult to identify. She may be intended for Nike or Eirene (cf. the . coin of Locri (Fig. 58), where, however, Eirene is wingless), or the Siren Ligeia, whose monument, according to Lycophron (1. 725), stood at Terina. The goddess Pandina is also a divinity of whom we have no in- formation. She was also worshipped at Hipponium, where she is represented holding a sceptre and a caduceus or sometimes a wreath. Ser Uncertain town, probably of Bruttium. M E P Bearded Dionysos, naked, stand- ing, holding kantharos and vine- branch. AA E P Head of bearded Dionysos. Vine-branch with grapes M Stater, wt. 122 grs. Bunch of grapes . . . M Twelfth. SICILY. Period 1. _ Before b. c. 480. First in this period comes the coinage of the Chalcidian colonies, Naxus, Zancle, and Himera. These early coins, some of which may belong to the end of the seventh century, follow the Aeginetic standard, although as a rule the drachms do not exceed 90, nor the obols 15 grs. It is probable that this standard was imported, together with the worship of Dionysos, from the island of Naxos, ■whence, as the name given to the earliest Sicilian settlement implies, a preponderating element of the first body of colonists must have been drawn. Somewhat later, probably about the middle of the sixth century, the coinage of the Dorian colonies begins, Syracuse, Gela, Agrigentum, etc. The standard is here not the Aeginetic but the Attic, which was soon universally adopted throughout the island, even by those Chalcidian colonies which had begun to coin on the Aeginetic standard. The change fii'om Aeginetic to Attic took place at Naxus sometime after B.C. 498, at Zancle between B.C. 493 and 480, and at Himera in B. C. 482. Meanwhile the original Sikel and Sicanian population of Sicily, driven inland by the Greeks, was becoming rapidly Hellenized. Of this a signal proof is furnished by the small silver coins of the Sikel towns Abacaenum, Enna, Galaria, Morgan tina, etc., bearing Greek inscriptions and types. These coins are Litrae weighing 13-5 grs., and were equal in value to the native copper Litra, which the Sikels had brought with them from Italy when they first crossed the straits. The Litra, as struck in silver bj^ these Sikel towns, happened to cor- respond in weight exactly to ^ of the Attic drachm. It was therefore readily adopted by those Greek cities which used the Attic standard, as an additional denomination slightly heavier than their own obol, from which they took care to distinguish it by giving it a different type, or by a mark of value. Thus at Syracuse the Litra was marked with a sepia and the Obol with a wheel. It is not probable that any of the Sikel towns began to strike money much before B. c. 480. The coins struck in Sicily dui-ing this first period exhibit all the characteristic peculiarities of archaic art, but they are far more advanced, both in style and execution, than the contemporary coins either of Magna Graecia or Greece proper. 'Period II. B.C. 480-415. The great victory of the Greeks over the Carthaginians at Himera in B. c. 480 was the prelude to a long interval of peace and prosperity all over Sicily. The coins of this period, which are plentiful throughout the island, are of great variety and interest. In style they exhibit a continuous advance upon the methods of archaic art, and a nearer and nearer approach to the highest point of excellence ever reached in the art of die-engraving. The whole period between B.C. 480 and the Athenian expedition in B.C. 415 may therefore be appropriately called the Period of Transition. Greek art and civilization were now making their way even into the non-Hellenic cities in the eastern portion of the island, e. g. Segesta and Eryx, ancient cities of the Elymi, and Motya and Panormus, strongholds of Carthage. H 2 100 SICILY. Period III. B.C. 415-405. In this period the art of engraving dies for coins was prosecuted in Sicily with remarkable success. The towns appear to have vied with one another as to which could produce the most perfect specimen of the numismatic art. The following names of Sicilian engravers occur on coins ; at Syracuse, Eumenos, Kimon, Euainetos, Eukleidas, Euth[ymos], Phrygillos, Parme[nides], and Sosion ; at Camarina, Exakestidas ; at Catana, Euainetos, Herakleidas, Choirion, and Prokles ; at Naxus, Prokles ; at Agrigentum, Myr , etc. Even before the age of Gelon and Hieron, whose victories at the great Greek games were celebrated by Pindar, it had been usual at many Greek towns in Sicily to perpetuate the remembrance of agonistic con- tests by the adoption of a quadriga crowned by Victory as the principal coin-type. It seems nevertheless certain that no one special victory can have been alluded to in these agonistic types ; they are rather a general expression of pride in the beauty of the horses and chariots which the city could enter in the lists, while perhaps they may likewise have been regarded, though in no very definite way, as a sort of invocation of the god who was the dispenser of victories ; the Olympian Zeus, the Pythian Apollo, or some local divinity, perhaps a River-god or a Fountain- nymph, in whose honour games may have been celebrated in Sicily itself. Some such local import would account for the presence of the victorious quadriga on the money of some of the non-Hellenic towns in Sicily, which would certainly never have been admitted to compete at the Olympian, the Pythian, or other Greek games. The manner in which the quadriga is treated may be taken as a very accurate indica- tion of date. Down to b. c. 415 the horses are seen advancing at a slow and stately pace ; after that date they are always in high and often violent action, prancing or galloping ; not until quite a late period (on the coins of Philistis) are the horses again represented as walking. The only exception to this rule is the mule-car on the coins of Messana, where the animals are never in rapid movement. One of the most striking peculiarities of Sicilian numismatics is the frequency with which personifications of Rivers and Nymphs are met with. Thus on coins of Himera the type is that of the Nymph of the warm springs ; on a coin of Naxus we see the head of a river Assinus (probably the same as the Akesines) ; at Catana we get a full-face head of the river Amenanus ; at Gela and Agrigentum we see the rivers of those towns, the Gelas and the Akragas ; while at Camarina the head of the Hipparis appears. On the coins of Selinus the rivers Hypsas and Selinus are represented as offering sacrifice to Asklepios. In the archaic period the Sicilian rivers usually take the form of a man-headed bull, but in the transitional period they more often assume the human form, and appear as youths with short bulls' horns over their foreheads. Among the nymphs represented on Sicilian coins are Himera, Arethusa, and Kyane, Kamarina, and Eurymedusa. Period IV. B.C. 405-340. The Carthaginian invasion at the close of the fifth century, which spread ruin through the island, put an end to the coinage almost everywhere. Syracuse alone of all the Greek silver- coining cities continued the uninterrupted issue of her beautiful tetra- SICILY. 101 drachms and decadrachms, and it was these which served as models for the Siculo-Punic currency of the Carthaginian towns. Period V. B.C. 340-317. With the expedition of the Corinthian Timoleon (b. c. 345) a new era began for Sicily. Timoleon was every- where the Liberator, and his influence is especially noticeable in the Sicilian coinage of his time. There are a few coin-types which now appear for the first time, not only at Syracuse, but at many other towns which Timoleon freed from their oppressors. Two of these types are the head of Zeus Eleutherios and the Free Horse. Pegasos-staters and other coins with Corinthian types were also now first coined in Sicily. The number of inland towns which at this particular time began to coin money is remarkable, e.g. Adranum, Aetna (Inessa), Agyrium, Alaesa, Centuripae, Herbessus, etc. It would seem that bronze, which had before been only coined as money of account, now assumed the character of real money of intrinsic value. On any other hypothesis it is impossible to explain the sudden appearance, both at Syracuse and at all the above-mentioned Sikel cities, of large and heavy bronze coins, which, unKke the older small bronze currency, are without any marks of value. This monetization of bronze was probably due to the increasing- influence of the native Sikel peoples of the interior of the island, who now combined to support Timoleon, and issued at Alaesa, and perhaps elsewhere, a new federal currency in bronze, with the legends KAINON andSYMMAXIKON. Period VI. B.C. 317-241. "With the usurpation of Agathocles, Syra- cuse once more monopolizes the right of coinage for the whole of Sicily even more distinctly than in the time of Dionysius, for the symbol of the Triquetra or Triskelis, which makes its first appearance on the Syracusan money in the time of Agathocles, constitutes in itself a claim on behalf of the coins so marked to be the currency of all Sicily. This claim to strike money for the whole island was probably main- tained by the successors of Agathocles, Hicetas, Pyrrhus, and Hieron II, down to the time of the First Punic War. Period VII. B.C. 241-210. At the close of the First Punic War all Sicily, except the dominions of Hieron along the eastern coast from Tauromenium to Helorus, passed into the hands of the Romans. The immediate result of the new political status of the Sicilian communities was the issue of bronze money at a great number of mints, many of which, such as Amestratus, Cephaloedium, laetia, Lilybaeum, Menaenum, Paropus, Petra, etc., had never before possessed the right of coinage. Within the dominions of Syracuse, Tauromenium alone was allowed to coin in all metals, but whether this Tauromenian gold and silver cur- rency took place during Hieron's reign, or in the interval between his death and the final constitution of the Roman Province in B.C. 210, can hardly be ascertained. Period Till. After B.C. 210. After the fall of Syracuse and the constitution of all Sicily into a Province of the Roman Republic, bronze coins continued to be issued at Syracuse, Panormus, and a great many other towns, probably for at least a century. These late coins possess, however, but slight interest. 103 SICILY. The following is a chronological conspectus of the coinage of Sicily from the earliest times to the latest : — —480 480-415 415-405 405-340 340-317 317-241 After 241 Naxus M M JR Zanole M Himera Thermae M Jj\> JEi JR JEi ... JR J& M M Agi-igentum M MM S MM M.M JR JSt M Camarina M M M.M M ... M Catana M M M MM M Gela M M S. MM ... MM M Leontini M JR MM M M Messaua M JR MM ... M '" M M Selinua M JR M Stiela ... M., Syracuse "m jr' H MM S MM EL^^ S M.M S.M.M Tauromenium M M M S.M.M Tyndaria ... ... .oRi JEi M ... M Entella JR M M Eryx "jR JR jr' M M.M ... M Segesta M JR M.M M Heraclea M M MM M Motya "jR M M.M Panormus ... JR M M JR MM M Solus M M M M Abacaenum JR M M M Enna JR '" M M Galaria "jR Hipana JR Longane JR Morgantina "m M ... M Piacua M Adranum M M Aetna (Inessa) ., M M Agyrium '"m '" M M M Alaesa M M Aluntium '"m M Centuripae ... '" M M Herbesaua M Mytiatratus M Nacona '"m ... M Silerae M Acrae ... M Amestratus M Assorua M Calacte M Cephaloedium ". M Hybla Magna M laetia ■ •. ... M Lilybaeum ... M Megara ... M Menaenum M Paropua M Petra M A£A CAENU3I— AETNA. 103 [G. L. Castelli, Siciliae numini veteres. Palermo, 1781. A. Salinas, Le monete delle aniiche cittd, di Sicilia. Palermo, 1871. Landoliiia-Patern6, Ricerche num. suit' antica Siciliu. Palermo, 1872. British Museum Catalogue, Coins of Sicily (Poole, Head, and Gardner), 1876. B. V. Head, Coinage of Syracuse (Num. Chron.), 1874. P. Gardner, Sicilian studies (Num. Chron.), 1876. A. Holm, Gesckichte SicilienSy 1870-4.] Abacaeuum was a Sikel town situated some eight miles from the coast, towards the N. E. extremity of the island. Its small silver and bronze coinage shows Greek influence, but we are not told that the town was at any time colonized by Greeks. Circ. E. c. 450-400. Inscr. ABAKAININON (usually abbreviated) on one or both sides. Head of Zeus laureate. Head of nymph, facing, with flying hair. Female head r. Boar. Symbols, Acorn, corn-grain. Sow and pig . Jti Litrae, circ. 13 grs. I Boar Circ. B. c. 400-350. Female head, hair in sphendone. M Hemilitron 6 grs. ABAKAlNlNriM Forepart of bull M Size .8 Head of Apollo {V). After B.C. 241. ABAKAININIIN Bull walldng . . M Size -85 The bull is probably the little mountain-torrent Hehcon. Acrae {Palazzuolo) stood on a height some twenty miles due west of Syracuse, at the sources of the river Anapus. It was a dependency of Syracuse down to the capture of that city by the Eomans. After B.C. 210. Head of Persephone (?) with wreath of ears of corn. AKPAinN Demeter standing with torch and sceptre . . . . ^ -8 Adraunm (Aderno), on the upper course of the river Adranus, a few miles S. W. of Mt. Aetna, was founded by Dionysius circ. B. c. 400, and was dependent upon Syracuse until the time of Timoleon (B.C. 345), when it first struck coins. It owed its celebrity to the temple of the SiciHan divinity Adranos (Diod. xiv. 37). The bronze coins of Adranum apparently all belong to one period : — AAPANITAN (sometimes wanting), Lyre . . ^ 3 sizes, i-2, -95 & -8 AAPANITAN Butting buU . ^.85 No. inscr. Lyre JE I'Z Head of Apollo, sometimes with APOAAnN beneath. Head of young Kiver Adranus, horned. Head of Sikelia wreathed with myrtle, hair in sphendone. Id. Female head. AAPANITAN Sea-horse . AAPA Corn-grain in wreath • ^-45 Aetna. This name was at first given by Hieron to the city of Catana, when in B. c. 476 he expelled the Catanaeans and repeopled their city 104 SICILY. with a mixed body of Syi-acusans and Peloponnesians. Soon after the death of their founder theae colonists were driven out of Catana and the old population restored (b. c. 461). For the coins struck at Catana during the fifteen years that it bore the name of Aetna, see Catana. The Aetnaeans (b. c. 461) retired to Inessa on the southern slope of Mt. Aetna, about ten miles N.W. of Catana, and to this place they trans- ferred the name of Aetna and continued to look upon Hieron as their Oekist (Diod. xi. 76). Aetna was always more or less dependent upon Syracuse, and was garrisoned by Syracusans before the Athenian war (Thuc. iii. 103). In B.C. 403 Dionysius established at Aetna a garrison of Campanians, who held the town until the time of Timoleon, b. c. 339, when the city regained its freedom. It is to this period that the first issue of its coins belongs. Girc. B. 0. 339. AITNAinN Fulmen. . . .^.8 Free horse, rein loose . . . /E -85 Id M.(, lEYS EAEYOEPIOS Head of Zeus Eleutlierios. AITNAinN Head of Pallas. ,, Head of Persephone with corn-wreath. The horse with loose rein is a symbol of freedom recovered, and is frequent in Sicily in Timoleon's time. The resemblance in style between the last mentioned coin and certain pieces of Nacona and Entella, issued while those cities were in the hands of the Campanians, is striking. The remaining coins of Aetna are subsequent to the fall of Syracuse, and belong to the period of Roman dominion. Trias. Head of Apollo radiate. Hexas. Head of Persephone. After B.C. 210. AITNAinN Warrior standing, mark of value ... M ■% AITNAinN Cornucopiae .. . .^ .6 Agrigeutnm was by far the richest and most magnificent city on the south coast of Sicily. The ruined temples still to be seen at Girgenti would alone be sufficient to prove its ancient splendour. It stood on a height a few miles from the sea near the confluence of the two rivers Akragas and Hj^sas. Its coinage begins during the prosperous period which intervened between the fall of the tyrant Phalaris (circ. b. c. 550), and the accession of Theron to supreme power (circ. b. c. 488). Circ. B.C. 550-272. Liscr. AKRACANTO^, AKRACA?, AKRA, etc. Eagle with closed wings. Crab M, Didrachms. [B. M. Guide, PI. IX. 24.] The Eagle and the Crab are usually taken as symbolical of Zeus and Poseidon, but it may be doubted whether the crab is not in this case the fresh- water crab common in the rivers of Italy, Sicily, and Greece. If so, the crab would represent the river Akragas. Theron of Agrigentum made himself master of Himera, b. c. 48a. A comparison of the coins of Himera bearing Agrigentine types which can AETNA— A GRIGENTUil. only belong to the time of Theron, with some of the latest specimens of the series above described, is sufficient to fix the date of the latter. The great victory of Theron and Gelon of Syracuse over the Cai-tha- ginians at Himera resulted in the further aggrandisement of Agrigentum. Theron died b. c. 472, after which a democracy was estabhshed, and a period of unexampled prosperity commenced which terminated only with Carthaginian invasion in b. c. 406. Numismatically, however, this space of sixty-seven years must be divided into two periods, which may be characterized as those of Transi- tional Alt, B. c. 47 a — circ. B. c. 415, and of finest art, b. c. 415-406. Girc. B.C. 472-415. Fig. 67. Inscriptmis and T1/2KS (Eagle and Crab), as in the Period of archaic art. The Eagle sometimes stands on the capital of a column. On the reverse symbols are of frequent occurrence. Flying Nike, Rose, Star, Volute ornament (Fig. 67), and others. Benommations. Tetradxachm, Didrachm, Drachm with letters PEN (=Pentalitron'?), Litra (with AIT), Pentonkion with mark of value *•*, and Hexas olv. Eagle's head, rev. ',. The Tetradi-achm apparently was not struck at Agrigentum before circ. B.C. 472. To this period may also be attributed a series of very strange looking lumps of bronze, made in the shape of a tooth with a fiat base, having on one side an eagle or eagle's head, and on the other a crab, while on the base are marks of value II, •*•, '» (Tetras, Trias, Hexas). The uncia is almond shaped, with an Eagle's head on one side and a Crab's claw on the other. The weights of these coins point to a litra of about 750 grs. Circ. B.C. 415-406. Fig. 68. In this period the coinage reflects the splendour to which Agrigentum had now attained. 106 SICILY. AKPA Eagle devouring serpent. Mark of value • • SIAANOS Crab . . it wt. 20-4 [B.M.(?«i-(Ze,Pl.XVI.i4.] Two eagles standing on a hare on the summit of a mountain, one lifts his head as if screaming, while the other, mth wings raised, is about to attack the hare with its beak. Symbol in field : Locust. The finest known specimen of this beautiful coin is in the Munich collection. AKPATAS Male charioteer driving quadriga. Above an eagle flying with a serpent in its claws. Symbol: Crab (Fig. 68) M Dekadrachm, wt. 670 grs. Similar type, sometimes with magis- trates' names STPATflN or SIAANOS. Symbols: Locust, bull's head, lion's head, head of Kiver- god. AKPATANTINON Quadriga driven by winged Nike or by charioteer crowned by flying Nike. Symbols: Crab, pistrix, knotted stafiF or vine- branch. [B. M. Guide, PL XVI. 16.] M Tetradrachm. Similar, or single Eagle devouring hare. I Crab, beneath, Skylla or river-fish. I Engraver's name MYP . . . . [Gardner, Types Gr. C, PI. VI. 32,33.] M, Tetradrachm. Didi-achms, Drachms, Hemidrachms, and Litrae, with simpler varieties of the above types. As a powerful composition the type of the two eagles with the hare is perhaps superior to any other contemporary Sicilian coin-type, and is certainly the work of an artist of no mean capacity. The subject is one which cannot fail to remind us of the famous passage in one of the grandest choruses of the Agamemnon (11. iio-iao), where the poet describes just such a scene as is here represented. Two eagles, one black, and the other white behind : — oluivmv ^acnXfvs l3a(nX.ev(n viuiV o KfXaivos, o t f^omv apyas, (jyavevTes iKrap fxeXadpcov, X^pos ^k bopLTrdXrov, irapLTTpsTTTOis ev ebpaicnv, jioaKop-ivoi Xaylvav fpiKvpi,ova l Two eagles on hare . . . /E -8 ., Eagle looking back . . . Ji] -55 Coins struck by Phintias for all his dominions. Head of river Akragas, horned, and BASIAEOS OiNTIA Wild boar ^-8 with flowing hair, crowned with reeds [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. A. 1 6]. Head of Artemis. „ „ Id. . M -8 Id. with SHTEIPA. „ „ Id. . M-% The type of these coins illustrates in a remarkable manner a passage of Diodorus [Reliq. xxii. 7), in which he tells how Phintias elhev ovap StjXow TTjV Tov pCov K.aTaa-Tpo(f>riv, vv aypiov KVvrjyovvTOs opfiTJcrai Kar avrov ttiv vv, Kttt Tr]v ■nkevpav avrov toIs ohovcri irard^aL Koi biekdcravTa rrjv irXrjyrjv KTiivai. We seem here to have a clear instance of a coin-type having been chosen with the avowed object of propitiating the goddess Artemis whose anger the tyrant probably thought he had incurred. Circ. B.C. 279-241. Nearly all the remaining coins of Agrigentum may be classed to this period, during which the city was for the most part an independent aUy of the Carthaginians against the Romans and Hieron II. On the conclusion of the first Punic War (b. c. 241) Agrigentum passed under Roman dominion. Head of Zeus. AKPATANTlNnN Eagle with spread wings, various letters in the field M 58 and 26 grs. Two Eagles on hare . . . . iE -85 AlOS SHTHPOS Eagle on fulmen . iE.85 AKPAfANTlNnN Tripod . .^-85 „ Naked warrior thrusting with spear . . . M -95 Cicero [Verr. iv. 43) mentions a statue of ApoUo by Myron which stood in the temple of Asklepios at Agrigentum. The curious coin-type above described, where a serpent is seen crawling up the face of Apollo, taken in conjunction with the words of Cicero, seems to indicate a connection between the cultus of Apollo and Asklepios at Agrigentum. Head of Apollo, a serpent sometimes crawling up in front. AKPAFANTlNnN Young head of Zeus Soter diademed. Head of Apollo. Id. Circ. B.C. 241-210, and later. Head of Persephone. Behind, BH C 1 C , in front, ACKAAniOC. Head of Zeus. Head of Asklepios. Female head. AKPAfANTlMnN Asklepios standing. ^■85 „ Eagle on fulmen. M -9 „ Serpent-staff . . ^•75 Tripod . . JE .7 A GRIGENTVM-A G YRIUM. 109 The two last described coins sometimes occur with the name of the Eoman Quaestor Manius Aciliua on the reverse instead of AKPArANTlMnN. For the Imperial coins of Agrigentum struck under Augustus, see B. M. Cat., Sicily, p. 33. Agyrium was a large town in the interior of Sicily, standing on a steep hiU, almost midway between Enna and Centuripae. At this town Herakles, during his wanderings in Sicily, had been received with divine honours, and down to a late period Herakles, his kinsman lolaos, and Geryon, continued to be revered there. Its coins fall into three periods. Circ. B.C. 420-345. Eagle with closed wings. ArYPlNAION Youug male (lolaos 1). head AfYPINAI Wheel M -g PAAATKAIOS Forepart of man- headed bull iE .7 These two coins belong to the time when the city was governed by a tyrant named Agyris, a contemporary and ally of Dionysius (Diod. xiv. 9) 7^1 95)- Palankaios is perhaps the name of a river. Cire. B.C. 345-300. About the middle of the fourth century Agyrium was governed by another tyrant, by name Apollouiades. This despot was deposed by Timoleon, b. c. 339. The coins which I would give to the years im- mediately preceding the hberation by Timoleon are the following : — Head of Herakles. Man-headed bull, and star. Head of young Herakles or lolaos wearing taenia and lion's skin. Head of Apollo, behind, bow. Forepart of man-headed bull . M 1-2 Id M 1-2 AFYPlNAinN Leopard or lioness devouring a hare . . . tE i-i ArVPlNAinN Hound on scent ^ -7 The following, from their types, appear to be subsequent to B. c. 339 : — ATYPlNAinN Fulmen, eagle . . ... lEYS EAEYOEPIOS Head of Zeus Eleutherios laur. Head of Pallas in crested helmet. Head of young River-god horned. in field r., . . ^ I- ATYPlNAinM Club and bow(1) (re- struck on previous coins). . jE i- ATYPlNAinN Free horse . M i- After B. c. 300 we hear of Agyrium as subject to Phintias of Agri- gentum. Subsequently the territory of the city was largely increased by Hieron of Syracuse, and even under Eoman rule it remained a place of some importance. It is to this late period that the following coins belong : — After B.C. 241. Eni CnnATPOY HeadofZeus. Head of bearded Herakles. ATYPlNAIflN lolaos in hunter's dress, holds horn and pedum, at his feet, dog. Above, Nike . . M -g ATYPlNAinM lolaos burning the necks of the Hydra with a hot iron . ^•75 110 SICILY. Alaesa was built on a hill about eight stadia from the sea (Diod. xiv. 1 6), on the north side of Sicily, in the year B.C. 403, by a colony of Sikels under a chief named Archonides, after whom the city was some- times called Alaesa Archonidea (cf. the inscriptions on the late coins). Its earliest coins date from the period of Timoleon's war with the Carthaginians (b. C. 340), when many Sikel and Sicanian towns joined the alliance against the Carthaginians (Diod. xvi. 73). From the inscription AAAISlMnN SYMMAXIKOM Alaesa would seem to have been the head quarters of the Sicilian allies of Timoleon, but, as the word AAAISINHN is sometimes wanting, there is no absolute proof that all the coins of the allies were struck there. Circ. B. c. 340. lEYC EAEYOEPIOS Head of Zeus Eleutherios. S I K E A I A Head of nymph Sikelia. APXAfETAS Head of Apollo. Head of Sikelia, in myrtle-wreath. KAINON Free horse prancing. AAAISlNnN SYMMAXIKON Torch between two ears of corn . . M 1-2 SYMMAXIKOM Id. . . , ^E i- ^ 1-2 ,, Fulmen and grapes. ^■85 AAA]ISINnN Lyre.' . . . M -^ Griffin running, 1 2E -85 The heads of Zeus Eleutherios, of Apollo as original leader of the colonists, and of Sikelia herself, are all most appropriate on coins of an alliance formed under the auspices of Timoleon, as are also the torch and ears of corn, the symbols of Demeter and Persephone, under whose special protection Timoleon set out (Plut. Tim. c. 8 ; Diod. xvi. 66). The remaining coins of Alaesa belong to the following century, when it began, simultaneously with many other Sicilian towns, to coin money again after its submission to Komo during the First Punic War. After circ. B.C. 241. Head of Zeus. Head of Apollo. AAAISAS APX. Eagle . . .^-85 ,, „ Clasped hands jE '9 „ „ Apollo beside lyre . ^.85 „ Lyre . . . ^ -65 „ Tripod . . ^ -55 ,, „ Naked figure resting on spear .^ -5 AAAISA£ APX. Cuirass . . iE -5 „ „ Quiver and bow . . Considerably later than the foregoing are the coins of Alaesa with Latin inscriptions : — Head of young Dionysos. )) ?> J) Head of Artemis. HAL. ARC. Headof Artemis (]). HALAESA ARC. Head'of Apollo (?). Tripod iE -8 CAEC. R. II VIR Lyre . . . ^ -85 M. CASSIVS M. ANT Wreath M -9 Aluntium {San Marco), on the north coast of the island between Tyndaris and Calacte, a Sikel town of no great importance. Its origin was ascribed to the followers of Aeneas under a leader named Patron. ALAESA—CALACTE. Ill Circ. B. c. 400. Head of Pallas in round crested helmet. AAONTINON Sepia. ^•75 Circ. B.C. 241-210, or earlier. Head of bearded Herakles. Head of Patron in Phrygian helmet. Head of bearded Herakles. Head of young Dionysos. Head of Hermes. AAONTlNnN Eagle on part of car- case M \- A A N T I N n N Man-headed bull ( Ki ver- ged), spouting water from his mouth, ^•85 AAONTINHN Club and bow-case . M -7 „ in two lines, within wreath .^ -5 AAONTI NUN Caducous . . M -^ Amestratus [Mistretta) on the northern coast, about ten miles west of Calacte, a town mentioned only by Cicero and Stephanus. Circ. B.C. 241-210, or earlier. Head of young Dionysos. Head of Artemis. AMHSTPATlNnN Armed horseman galloping, above AEY . . . M -65 AMHSTPATINUN Apollo standing with lyre ^ -8 Assorus (Assaro), an inland Sikel town, midway between Enna and Agyrium. After B.C. 210. ASSORV Head of Apollo. Female head wearing stephane. CRYSAS River-god Chrysas, naked, standing, holding amphora and cor- nucopiae . JE -85 ASSORV Yoke of oxen . . . ^ -75 The figure on the first of these coins is probably a copy of that ' simulacrum praeclare factum ex marmore ' which Cicero ( Ferr. iv. 44) describes as having stood on the road from Enna to Assorus, perhaps on the bank of the river Chiysas. Caena. Concerning the coins reading KAINON, sometimes ascribed to this town, see Alaesa and p. 102. Calacte, on the northern coast, midway between Tyndaris and Cepha- loedium, was a Peloponnesian colony founded in b. c. 446 by the Sikel chief Ducetius on his return from his exile at Corinth. Its coins are all of a late period. Circ. B.C. 241-210. Head of Pallas in crested Athenian KAAAKTlNilN Owl on amphora .^ -8 helmet. Grapes . . . JE -65 Lyre . . ■ . JE -6 Caducous . . jE .5 The first of the above coins is clearly copied from the late Athenian coins. Head of Dionysos. Head of Apollo. Head of Hermes.. 112 SICILY. Camarina was a colony of Syracuse, founded eirc. B. c. 599, between the mouths of the Oanis and the Hipparis, on the south coast of Sicily. In consequence of a revolt against Syracuse it was destroyed by that city in B. c. 55a. In B. c. 495 it was rebuilt and recolonized by Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela, but again destroyed about B. c. 485 by Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse. To this period of ten years the following archaic silver litrae seem to belong. Circ. B.C. 495-485. KAMARINAION) Pallas standing. KAMARINAIA V [Gardner, Types KAMARINAIOS ) (?r.C.,Pl.II.3, 4.] Nike flying ; beneath, a whole in olive-wreatli swan : the M 13 grs. The city was once more i-ebuilt as a colony of Gela in B.C. 461, and from this time until the removal of its citizens to Syracuse in B. c. 405 it enjoyed great prosperity. Pindar's fourth Olympian ode records the victory of Psaumis the Camarinaean in the chariot race B. c. 456 or 453, an agonistic victory which Mr. -Poole {Coins of Camarina, p. 2) believes to be commemorated on the tetradrachms of Camarina, struck during the latter half of the fifth century. Circ. B.C. 461-405. Corinthian helmet on round shield. KAMARINAION Head of bearded Herakles in lion's skin [Gardner, Types Gr. C, PI. VI. 12]. KAMARI Dwarf fan-palm with fruit, between two greaves JR Didrachm, 130 grs. Quadriga driven by Pallas, above, Nike crowning her ; in exergue sometimes a swan flying . . M Tetradrachm. On the later specimens the head of Herakles is not bearded, and an artist's name EZAKESTIAAS is sometimes written on the exergual Une (Fig. 69). Fig. 69. To the close of this period belong the following beautiful didi-achms : — Fig. 70. CAALllUXA — CAT AX J. 113 Horned head of j'outhful Eiver-god Hipparis, sometimes facing, and surrounded by an undulating border of waves with fish in the field ; sometimes in profile with legend innAPI£. Artists' names EYAI [ceros-] and E^AKE[crTiSnf]. Head of Nymph Camariua facing, with hair flying loose. K A M A P I N A Head of Camarina, hair in sphendone. KAMAPlNAorKAMAPlNAION The Nymph Camarina with inflated veil, riding on a swan which swims over the waves of the Camarinaean Lake amid which one or more fishes (Fig. 70) . . . . M, Didrachm. K AM API Nike flying, holding cadu- ceus JR Drachm. Flying Nike carrying shield . zR Drachm. The smaller silver coins are litrae weighing 13 grs. maximum. Head of Pallas. Head of Nymph Camarina. Id. Nike with streaming fillet. Id. Swan swimming over waves. Concerning these coins Poolo remarks (I. c.) that nothing can be more striking than the agreement of the coin-types with the words of Pindar, ' with both, the Nymph Kamarina holds the foremost but not the highest place in the local worship, with both, Pallas is the tutelary divinity, with both, the reverence for the liver Hipparis is associated with that for the sacred lake.' The bronze coins of Camarina yield a Mtra of 32 1 grs. Cf. remarks on the bronze money of Himera, p. ia8. Trias. Gorgon-head. „ Head of Pallas. Uncia. Gorgon-head. ,, Head of Pallas. Circ. B.C. 415(?)-405. KAMA Owl and lizard Id. Id. Id. yE 65 grs. iE 54 grs. iE 1 4 grs. jE 20 grs. Circ. B. c. 345. In the time of Timoleon Camarina recovered to some extent from the calamities inflicted upon her by the Carthaginians (Diod. xvi. 82). It is to this period that both style and types of the following coin seem to point : — KAMAPINAinN Head of Pallas in round Athenian helmet. Free horse prancing M -6 After this time no coins of Camarina are known. Catana, which stood at the foot of Mount Aetna, was a Chalcidian colony from Naxus. Its inhabitants were expelled by Hieron of Syracuse B.C. 476, to make way for a colony of Syracusans. These were, however, driven out B.C. 461, and the old inhabitants restored. The name of the town was changed to Aetna by Hieron when he founded his new colony there, but it was again called Catana after B.C. 461. I 114 SICILY. Before circ. b. c. 476. Fig. 71. Man-headed bull with one knee bent ; beneath, fish, pistrix, or floral orna- ment ; above, sometimes, branch, water-fowl, or kneeling Silenos. The whole within a border of dots. Bull standing, crowned by flying Nike with fillet. KATANEor KATANAION Catanaas Nike lunning, holding fillet or wreath or both ; the whole in incuse circle (Fig. 71) . M Tetradrachm. KATAMAIOS Similar Ai, Tetradrachm. In style these tetradrachms are decidedly in advance of the con- temporary coins of most other Sicilian cities. With regard to the mean- ing of the types, it is perhaps preferable to look upon the bull as the river-god Amenanus (who on later coins is represented in human form) rather than, with Eckhel, as the tauriform Dionysos. The city in the guise of Victory on the reverse may be supposed to be about to sacrifice to the divinity of the stream. Head of bald Silenos with jDointed ears. KATANE Fulmen with two curled wings . . .iR Litra, 13 grs.^max. The form of the fulmen on these coins is unusual. Coinage of Catana under the name of Aetna. B.C. 476-461. UNA I ON Head of bald and bearded Silenos to the right, with pointed ear, and eye in profile, lower eyelids slightly indicated; he wears a wreath of ivy ; beneath, scarabaeus. The whole within a border of dots (Fig. 72). Zeus Aetnaeos seated, right, on a lichly ornamented throne covered with a lion's skin. He is clad in a IfiaTiov which hangs over his left shoulder and arm, and he holds in his ex- tended left hand a winged fulmen similar in form to those on the other Catanaean coins. His right shoulder is bare and his right arm, slightly raised, rests on a knotted vine-staff bent into a crook at the top. In the field in front of the figure is an eagle with closed wings perched on the top of a pine-tree . JR Tetradr., 266 grs. CATANA, AETNA. 115 This unique coin, now in the Cabinet of the Baron de Hirsch, is in many ways highly instructive as showing the point of development which art had attained in Sicily between b. c. 476 and 461. The scarabaei of Aetna were remarkable for their enormous size (cf. Schol. Ar. Pac, 73), hence the scarab as a symbol on the obverse. As Mount Aetna was also famous for its prolific vines (cf. Sfrab., p. 269), Zeus hlrvaio^, under whose special protection the city of Aetna was placed, is appropriately shown as resting on a vine-statf. The pine-tree is also a local symbol no less characteiistic than the vine-staff, for the slopes of Mount Aetna were at one time richly clad with pine and fir trees, ti]v Alrvrjv opoi yeixov Kar (Keivovs tovs xpovovs TrokvTeXovs eXdrTjs re Kal irevKrjs, Diod. xiv. 43. Cf. Pindar, Pj/t//., i. ^^. For a full account of this coin, see Num. C//ron., 1883, p. 171. AITNAI Winged fulmen, as on tetra- drachm, the whole in incuse circle . Ai Litra or Obol. Similar head of Silenos, sometimes with ivy- wreath, as on the tetra- drachra, sometimes laureate, and sometimes hare. The Aetnaeans, expelled e.g. 461, retired to a neighbouring stronghold called Inessa, to which they transferred the name of Aetna. For the coins struck at this new Aetna, see p. 104. Coinage of Cafana after the restoration. B.C. 461-415. This period was one of great prosperity throughout Sicily. Every- where art, as exemplified on the coinage, now makes i-apid progress, shaking off one by one the fetters of conventionalism and striving to attain a fuller freedom. It has been well called the period of transition. Inscr. KATANAIOM or KATANAIOS, never KATANAinN. Head of Apollo laur., hair usually gathered up behind and tucked under the string of his wreath. Quadriga of walking horses, on the later sjaecimeus a flying Nike . &. Tetradrachm. [B. M. Guide, PI. XVI. 20.] Young male head with short hair laureate, but not resembling Apollo. Perhaps he is the river-god Ame- nanus, although without the horn. Id. (Fig. 73). M, Tetradrachm. Circ. B.C. 415-403. Catana was for a time the head quarters of the Athenians during their expedition against Syracuse. The following coins date from this time I a 116 SICILY. until the capture of the city by Dionysius in b. c. 403, when, according to his frequent practice, he sold the population into slavery and gave up the city to his Campanian mercenaries. Head of Pallas ; on her helmet a sea- Two olive-leaves with berries ; between horse. them K A 5? 18 grs. [B. M. Guide, PI. XVI. 19.] This little gold coin might with equal probability be attributed to Camarina. The tetradrachms of this period always have the inscr. KATANAinN. The heads of Amenanus (?) in profile resemble those of the previous period, but belong to a more advanced stage of art (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PL A. 17). The horses of the chariot on the reverse are in rapid action. On one beautiful specimen, signed on the reverse by the Syracusan engraver Euainetos, the chariot is seen wheeling round the goal. Aquatic symbols, such as a crab or a crayfish, are often added on one or other side of the coin. Some pieces are signed by an artist named PPOKAHC, who worked also for the Naxian mint (Weil, Winchelmanns-Vrogramm, 1884, PI. II. 1 3). The following are the most important silver coins of this time : — Head of Apollo laur. facing, between a bow and a lyre. Beneath, APOAAHN ; artist's name, XOIPIflN. KATANAinN Fast quadriga; in the background an Ionic column (the meta). In ex. crayfish M, Tetradrachm. Of this coin a variety, signed by the engraver Herakleidas, shows a laureate head facing with loose hair (Fig. 74). On some specimens the Nike holding wreath and caduceus is descending through the air in an upright posture towards the charioteer. Some of the heads on the Catanaean tetradi-achms are bound with a plain taenia in place of the laurel- wreath ; all such (and apparently some also which are laureate) are heads of the river Amenanus, although he is without the characteristic horn of the river-god. On the following small denominations Amenanus is represented as a horned youth : — Young head of Amenanus horned, with Fast quadriga . . . . M, Drachm, lank loose hair, three-quarter face. Around two river-fishes. AMENANOS Similar head in pro- file, horned, and bound with taenia. Beneath artist's signature, EYAI, around, crayfish and two river- fishes. AMENANOS Full-face head of Amenanus horned, with wavy flow- ing hair. Artist's signature, XOI. Similar & Drachm. Quadriga driven by Pallas. Beneath, Maeander-pattern. Artist's name HPAKAEIAAS . . .^Drachm' CATANA. 117 Head of bald and bearded Sileuos facing. Id. Head of bald Silenos in profile, some- times with ivy-wreath. Head of nymph wearing sphendone. Head of Ameuanus wearing taenia . M, Drachm. Head of Apollo laur., right .... JR, Half-drachm. Fulmen with two wings. In field two disks . JR. Litra and smaller coins. Eushing bull . . . JR Obol or Litra. There are not many bronze coins of Catana which can be attributed to the best period of art. The following may, however, be mentioned : — KATANAinN Head of Persephone, as on Dekadrachms of Syracuse, around dolphins. KATANAinN Head of Persephone with long hair. AMENANOS Young horned head of river-god. Man-headed bull walking . . .^ -95 Fulmen as above . . . ^ .75 Fulmen with spread wings . J& -55 Of the subsequent histor};- of Catana we possess very slight infor- mation. We know that the city continued to exist, but it does not seem to have struck any coins whatever for more than a century. During the First Punic War it submitted to Rome, and under the Roman rule it attained great prosperity. The bronze coins of Catana, which belong chiefly to the end of the third and to the second century, are very numerous. Head of Pallas. Fulmen and thja-sos . . J& ■65 Eeclining river-god. Helmets of the Dioskuri . JE •75 Head of Silenos. Grapes JR •5 Heads of Serapis and Isis. Two ears of corn ^ •5 With marks of value. Litra. Head of Poseidon. Dehonkion. Heads of Serapis and Isis. Pentonkion. Head of Apollo. Hexas. Id. Head of young Dionysos. One of the Catanaean brothers carry- ing his father. Dolphin. Mk. of value XII ^ -55 Apollo standing „ ,, X .^ -8 Isis standing, holds bird „ „ P JE -8 Id. „ „ II ^-5 The Catanaean brothers carrying their parents . . . . . JE -8 The other brother carrying his mother. ^•7-5 These types allude to a popular tale that once during a fearful eruption of Aetna in the fifth century, when a stream of lava was descending upon Catana, and when every man was eagerly bent upon saving his valuables, the brothers Amphinomos and Anapias bore off on their shoulders their aged parents, but the lava overtook them heavily laden as they were, and their doom seemed inevitable, when the fiery stream miraculously parted and let them pass scatheless. Ever after the Catanaean brethren were held up as types of filial piety, and received divine honours (Holm, GescA. Sic, i. p. 25). 118 SICILY. Head of young Dionysos. Head of Hermes. Head of Zeus Ammon. Head of Serapis. Janiform head of Serapis wearing modius. Dionysos in car drawn by pantliers . Nike with wreath and palm . M ■% Aequitas with scales and coruucopiae . M .9 Isis standing with sceptre and sistrum, beside her Harpokrates . M !■ Demeter standing with torch and ears of corn ... .... .^E -95 The coins with marks of value in Koman numerals are clearly con- temporary with those of Rhegium with similar marks (p. 96). There is no evidence that the money of Catana was continued after the end of the second or the beginning of the first century b. c. Ceuturipae was a city of the Sikels of some importance as a strong place. No coins are known of it before the middle of the fourth century, when, in common with many other Sicilian towns, it was liberated from tyrannical rule by Timoleon (b. C. 339). It then restruck the large bronze coins of Syracuse {obv. Head of Pallas, rev. Star-fish between dolphins) with its own types : — :. 339. KENTOPIPINnM Leopard M 1-2 Circ. I Head of PersejDhone as on Syracusan medallions. Between this time and that of the First Punic War, when it submitted to Rome, no coins are known. After circ B.C. 241. Dehonkion. Head of Zeus. Winged fulmen Hemilitron. Head of Apollo. Lyre Trias. Hexas. Uncertain. Head of Artemis. Head of Demeter. Head of Herakles. Head of Apollo. Tripod Plough, on which bird Club Laurel-bough M !■ M •95 M ■85 M •6S M •5 M •5 XI In style these coins are very uniform, and they seem to be all of the third century b. c. The territory of Centuripae was very productive of corn, and the inhabitants were farmers on a large scale, ' arant enim tota Sicilia fere Centuripini ' (Cic. Verr., iii. 45). Cephaloedium, on the north side of the island, stood, as its name implies, on a headland jutting out into the sea. In early times it formed part of the territory of Himera. In B. C. 254 it fell into the hands of the Romans, and it is to this period of Roman dominion that its coins belong. Circ. B.C. 254-210 {mid Uteri). KE0AAOIAIOY Head of Herakles. Head of bearded Herakles, laur, Id. young Head of Hermes. C. CANINIVS 11 head. VI R Young male Pegasos M KE0A Herakles standing . M ■<)$ „ Club, bow, quiver, and lion's skin iE -9 KEct)A Caduceus . . . . ^- -5 ,, Herakles holding club and apple . .iE '95 CENTUB.IPAE — ENTELLA. 119 Enna, in the centre of Sicily, stood on a fertile plateau, about three miles in extent, on the lofty summit of a mountain defended on all sides by steep cliffs. It was held to be one of the most sacred places in Sicily, being the chief seat of the cultus of Demeter, and the scene of the rape of Persephone. Its earliest coins are litrae of the period of early transi- tional art. Circ. B. c. 450. Quadriga driven by Demeter. The bronze coins of Enna are of two distinct periods. HENNAION Demeter with lifrlited torch sacrificing at altar .... M Obol or Litra. Circ. B. ('. 340. Head of Persephone. AAMATHP Head of Demeter wear- ing corn-wreath. Id. ENNAI (in ex.) Goat standing in front of torch between two ears of corn M 1. 1,5 ENNAinN Head of sacrificial ox with filleted horns . ^ i- EN Two corn-grains . M -6 ENNAinN Demeter standing hold- ing torch, and figure of Nike. EhlNAinN Triptolemos standing naked, holding sceptre. EMNAinN Head of Hemes. Under the Romans after b. c. 258. Grapes in wreath Plough drawn by serpents . Figure seated (■?) before tree . M -9 M -9 These statues of Demeter and Triptolemos, the former holding in her hand a Victory, are mentioned by Cicero ( Verr., iv. 49). The coins of Enna as a Roman Municipium, reading MVN. HENNAE, are the latest which we possess of the town. They bear the names of M. CESTIVS and L. MVNACIVS II VIR[I, and among the remarkable reverse-types are Hades in quadriga carrying off Ferseplwne and Triptolemos holding ears of corn. Eutella, originally a Sicanian town, stood on a lofty summit in the interior of the island on the river Hypsas. Its earliest coins are of silver : — Female figure sacrificing. Circ. B.C. 480-450. EN TEA (retrog.; (river Hypsas) ENT (retrog.) * Man-headed bull . . J& Litra. M, Hemilitron. Head of young Herakles in lion's skin. In B. c. 404 the Campanian mercenaries who had been in the service of the Carthaginians seized upon Entella, which they held for many years. The following coins were struck under their occupation, but not until the time of Timoleon. (Head, Sijraciise, p. ^,6 note.) For other coins struck by the Campanians in Sicily, see Aetna and Nacona. 120 SICILY. Circ. B. C. 340. Head of Demeter in KAMPANflN Pegasos . ENTEAAA2 corn-wreath. ENTEAA . . Head of bearded Ares in close fitting helmet, laur. EM TEA A . . Close fitting helmet. ^•8 Pegasos or free horse. M .85 Id. . . M -85 On some of the specimens struck in the name of the Cainpanians that of Entella is wanting. Head of Helios : ATPATINOY Period of Roman Dominion. magistrate's name eNieAAINuuN Female figure with patera and cornucopiae . . ^E -^ This magistrate's name also occurs on coins of Lilybaeum. Eryx stood on the summit of a lofty isolated mountain at the north- west extremity of Sicily. Here was the far famed Temple of Aphrodite Erycina of Phoenician origin. In the archaic period Eryx would seem from its coin-types to have been for a time dependent upon Agrigentum, probably, like Himera, in the time of Theron. Before circ. b. c. 480. Eagle on 1 Crab . . M Drachms and Obols. ERVKINON (retrog.] capital of column. I In the Transitional period the town appears to have been in close re- lations with the neighbouring city of Segesta, for the reverse-type the dog is common to the coins of both towns. Cf. also the unexplained termination 11 B which occurs on coins of this city as well as at Segesta (see Segesta). Circ. B.C. 480-415. Head of Aphrodite facing. Head of Aphrodite r., in sphendone. EPYKINON or ERVKAIIB Female figure sacrificing. ' Circ. B.C. 415-400 Quadriga, horses in rapid action. ERVKINON (retrog.) Dog . J:i Obol. IRVKAII[B Dog and three stalks of corn M Didr. Dog . ... M Obol. Aphrodite seated, holding dove. Aphrodite seated, crowned by flying Eros. Aphrodite seated, drawing towards her a naked youth (wingless Eros). Head of Aphrodite r., in sphendone. EPYKINON Aphrodite seated, holding dove ; before her a winged youth, Eros [Gardner, Types Gr.C, PI. VI. 3] M Tetradrachm. EPYKINON Dog . ^ Litra or Obol. ,, Xu. . . ,, ,, „ Dog on prostrate hare . M Litra or Obol. Dog . M i Lit. or ^ Ob. Ci: B.C. 400-300. During the greater part of the fourth century Eryx was in the hands of the Carthaginians, and it is to this period that the coins with the Punic inscr. ■^")^? belong. EBYX— GEL A. 121 Head of Aphrodite 1. Head of Pallas. Punic inacr. M Obol. M Didr. E PYK I N n N Head of Zeus Eleuthe- rios. Trias. Bearded head. Hexas. Id. Bull standing Pegasos The last type is due to the influence of the Corinthian coinage in Timoleon's time. There are also bronze coins which belong to the middle of the fourth century. Aphrodite seated . . . M 1-2^ (Restruck on large M of Syracuse.) Dog ... jE 1-05 Id. . . M -8 This bearded head may be intended for that of the eponymous hero Eryx. After circ. B. c. 241. Head of Aishrodite. 1 CPYKINHN Herakles standing I ^-85 In Roman times the sanctuary of Aphrodite Erycina was held in great honour, a body of troops being appointed, to watch over it, and the principal cities of Sicily being ordered to contribute towards the cost of its maintenance in due splendour. Galaria [GaglianoV). An ancient Sikel town about six miles to the north of Agyrium, founded, according to Stephanus, by Morges, a Sikel chief. Before circ. b. c. 480. CAAA Dionysos standing, holding kantharos and vine-branch .... M Obol or Litra. SOTER (retrog.) Zeus seated holding eagle. [Gardner, Types Gr. C, PL II. i, 2.J Dionysos standing, holds kantharos j CAAARI-NON Vine-branch with and thyrsos. I grapes . . JH Obol. Gela. After Syracuse and Agrigentum, Gela was the wealthiest city in Sicily in early times. In the reigns of Hippocrates, B.C. 498-491, and Gelon, B.C. 491-485, it extended its dominion over a large part of the island. Gelon even made himself master of Syracuse, and trans- ported thither a great portion of the population of Gela, after which its prosperity began to wane. The city stood at the mouth of the river Gelas, ' immanisque Gela fluvii cognomine dicta' [Aen. iii. 702), and the figure of this river in the form of a rushing man-headed bull forms the type of nearly all its coins. Before circ. b. c. 466. Fig. 75. 132 SICILY. Quadriga, liorses walking, with Nike floating above. On some specimens the meta or goal, in the form of an Ionic column, is seen behind the horses. Naked horseman armed, with helmet, wielding spear, horse prancing. CEAAS Fore-part of bearded man- headed bull (Fig. 75) . M Tetradr. CEAAS Bull prancing r. represented entire, . . M Tetradr. [Num. Chron., 1883, PI. IX. 3.] The type of the first of these tetradrachms is agonistic, and alludes perhaps to some Olympic or other victory of an ancestor of Gelon's. The horseman is perhaps a local hero. Similar horseman. Horse with bridle ; above, a victor's wreath. Fore-part of Gelas. CEAAS Fore-part of man-headed bull ^Didr. Similar . M Litra. Wheel m. Ohol. On some of the litrae the name is wi'itten CEAA, but this is an abbreviation, as it is probable that the name of the river was Gelas, not Gela, cf. the Akragas, the Hypsas, the Himeras, etc., etc. After the expulsion from Sja-acuse of the dynasty of Gelon in B.C. 466, the inhabitants of Gela, who had been forcibly removed to Syracuse, returned to their native town, and from this time until its destruction by the Carthaginians in B.C. 405 it enjoyed great prosperity. Circ. B.C. 466-415. CEAA2 and later TEA AS Fore-part of man-headed bull : beneath, some- times an aquatic bird . M. Tetradr. TEAOION (retrog.) Similar. Quadriga of walking horses, above Nike or a wreath ; in ex. often a floral scroll, sometimes, a stork flying. [B. M. Guide, PL XVI. 22.J SOSIPOAIS (retrog.) Female figui-e placing a wreath on the head of the bull Gelas . . . . M Tetradr. [Num. Chron., 1883, PI. IX. 4.] The goddess here called Sosipolis is the guardian divinity or Tyche of the city. She is represented as crowning the river-god in return for the blessings conferred by him upon the Geloan territory. Horseman armed with shield and spear. CEAAS Fore-part of man -headed bull M Litra or Obol. Circ. B. c. 415-405. TEAAS Fore-part of bull, Gelas above, corn-grain. Armed horseman r., horse walking . . K wt. 27 grs. [B. M. Guide, PI. XVI. 23.J Similar. SflSIPOAIS Head of goddess, hair in sphendoue . . . K wt. 18 grs. The period immediately succeeding the defeat of the Athenians is GELA. 123 that to which all these small Sicilian gold coins of Syracuse, Gela, and Catana, weighing 27, 18, and 9 grs., undoubtedly belong. /^^% ^- \ Fig. 76. TEAniON Winged Nike driving quadriga of walking horses, in field above, a wreath (Fig. 76). Head of young river-god Galas, horned and bound with taenia. Around, three river-fishes M Tetradr. The presence of the £1 on this and the preceding coin shows that they belong to the last decade before the destruction of the city. rEAA[£ Similar head of Gelas : tlie whole within a wreath . . , . JR Didrachm. TEA AS Fore-part of man-headed bull M, Hemidrachm, Gr., PI. B. 2.] FEAAS (retrog.) Fore-part of man- headed bull, Gelas. In field, often, a M Tetradr. Armed horseman spearing prostrate foe. Armed horseman striking downwards with spear. [Imhoof, Mon. r E An 1 N Winged or wingless Nike driving quadriga of galloping horses; above, an eagle flying with a servient in his claws. In ex., often, ear of corn. corn-gram Tetradrachms such as the above, with the horses in high action, resemble those struck at Syracuse after the final defeat of the Athenians, signed by the artists Kimon, Euainetos, etc. Head of young Herakles in lion's skin ; symbol, astragalos. Head of young river-god with loose hair. Behind, corn-grain. FEAAS Head of young Gelas horned and bound with taenia. Head of young Gelas with floating hair, symbol, corn-grain. Head of bearded Herakles. TEAninN Head of Demeter facing, crowned with corn. TEAni nN Bearded human head of river Gelas crowned witli corn M Obol or Litra. TEA AS River Gelas as a bull walk- ing with head lowered .... Trias, ... ^E -65 Bull with lowered head . Trias, ... ^ -75 TEA AS Bull Gelas as on Trias UnciaC!) M ■^g, TEAninN Bearded human head of river Gelas crowned with corn iE .65-45 Similar head of Gelas . M -55 The corn-wreath and corn-grain which so often appear in conjunction with the head of the river-god sufficiently indicate that to his beneficent 124 SICILY. influence the Geloans attributed the extraordinary fertility of their plains. Even now the upper course of the Terranova is rich in woods, vineyards, and corn-fields. Circ. B.C. 340. After an interval of more than half a century, during which the prosperity of Gela was at a very low ebb, for it never recovered from the ruin inflicted by the Carthaginians, it was recolonized B. c. 338, and from this date until the time of Agathocles the town appears to have to some extent regained its ancient prosperity, but it never again struck large silver coins. Free borse . . . M, Trihemiobol, wt. i6'2 grs. TEA AS Head of bearded Gelas horned. [Gardner, Types Gr. C, PI. VI. 38.] EYNOMIA Head of Demeter, hair I rEAflinN Bull on ear of corn . . iu sphendone. I JR Diobol (?). The epithet EYNOMIA, here applied to the goddess Demeter, may be compared with that of YFIEIA on a coin of Metapontum (see above, p. 64). Warrior holding a ram, which be is about to sacrifice. Free horse M i'05 Subsequently Phintias of Agrigentum, B. c. 287-279, removed the inhabitants of Gela to a new city called after himself, at the mouth of the river Himeras, midway between Gela and Agrigentum. Gela never- theless continued to exist, and struck bronze coins after the time of the Roman conquest. After circ. B.C. 241. Head of young river-god Gelas crowned with reeds. Head of Demeter crowned with corn. FEAfll nN Warrior slaughtering ram ^.85 „ Ear of corn . . -^ -TS Heraclea Minoa. This city, which stood at the mouth of the river Halycus, between Agrigentum and Selinus, was founded, according to tradition, by the Cretan Minos. Subsequently it was colonized by a body of Spartans (b. c. 510), who bestowed upon it the name of Heraclea. Later on it fell into the hands of the Carthaginians and became indeed one of their principal naval stations. At the close of the First Punic War it passed under the dominion of the Eomans. The Phoenician name n~)pbQ ti'l, Resh Melkarth or Promontory of Herakles, is the equivalent of the Greek Heraclea, to which also the original Cretan name may have corresponded, Minos, Herakles, and Melkart, being but three different forms of one and the same divinity. The coinage of Heraclea belongs almost entirely to the time during which the Carthaginians were most powerful in Sicily. Head of Persephone crowned with corn-leaves and surrounded by dol- ])hins. (Copied from coins of Syra- cuse.) Bearded male bead laureate. B.C. 409-241. Punic inscr. as above. Victorious quad- riga as on coins of Syracuse . . M Tetradr. Similar .... M Tetradr. TIERACLEA MINOA — HIMERA. 125 On some specimens this inscription is rVipbu tt^Nl. The work is at first very good but rapidly degenerates. Circ. B.C. 340. There was a short interval, probably in Timoleon's time, during which Heraclea was recovered by the Greeks. It would appear from the following coins that it received at this time a fresh body of colonists from the town of Cephaloedium (Holm, Gesch. Sic, ii. 478). The legend of'these coins is HPAKAEIHTAM EK KEAAOIAIOY. Head of young Herakles. | Butting bull . . . . . JE -55 [Millingen, Anc. Coins, PL II. 11.] Kerbessus. There were two towns of this name in Sicily, one in the Agrigentine territory, the other a Sikel town of more importance, a little to the west of Syracuse. It is to this last that the coins are usually attributed (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 30). Circ. B. c. 340. EPBHSClNnN Head of Sikelia. The head and neck of a bearded andro- cephalous bull JE 1-2 Id. Eagle with closed wings looking back at serpent . . . . JE 1-2 These coins belong to the age of Timoleon and are restruck over coins of Syracuse with the head of Zeus Eleutherios. Himera, on the north coast of Sicily, was an ancient Chalcidic colony from Zancle, founded in the middle of the seventh century B. c. Of its early history hardly anything is known. Its first coins, like those of Zancle and Naxus, follow the Aeginetic standard (see p. 100). Before circ. b. c. 482. Fig. 77. Cock (Fig. 77). Flat incuse square containing eight triangular compartments, of which four are in relief . .... JR Drachm, wt. 90 grs. JR Obol, wt. 15 grs. Cock. Hen in incuse square . JR Drachm. These coins occasionally bear the inscr. HI ME, and sometimes the letters U, TV, or W[^l; which remain unexplained. The cock, as an emblem of Asklepios, refers to the healing properties of the thermal springs near Himera. (Cf. the coins of Selinus, on which the cock as an 126 SICILY. adjunct symbol has the same signification.) This bird, as the herald of the dawn of day, is thought by Eckhel to contain also an allusion to the name of the town, i/xe'pa, an old form of fjiiipa (Plato, Cratj/l., 74'; Plutarch, Be Pyth. Orac, xii.), but this is a very doubtful derivation. Another unexplained word, I ATOM, is also found on early Himeraean coins. This has been supposed to be a Greek rendering of an old Phoenician name of Himera, ^<^^i or ^<''• Circ. B.C. 482-472. In B.C. 482 Theron of Agrigentum made himself master of Himera, and in the next year, with the help of Gelon, gained a great victory over the Carthaginians, who had blockaded him in the town. Theron and his son Thrasydaeus for some years after this exercised undisputed sway over Himera, and reinforced its population with a Doric colony. At the same time the old Chalcidic (Aeginetic) coinage was abolished, and money of Attic weight introduced, on which the crab was adopted for the reverse type as a badge of Agrigentine dominion. HIMERA Cock. Crab . Cock. HIMERAIOM Astragalos. [ • • ... The astragalos as a religious symbol may refer to the practice of consulting oracles by the throwing of aarpayaKoi (Schol. ad Pind. Pyth., iv. 337). Circ. B.C. 472-415. Theron died in B.C. 47 a, and soon afterwards his son Thrasydaeus was expelled. From this time until b. c. 408, the date of the destruction of the town by the Carthaginians, Himera appears to have enjoyed a time of uninterrupted prosperity. Ast M Didr. ^Dr. ragalos . 135 grs. 65 grs. J& Dr. M Hexas 65 grs. 1.2 grs. Fio. 78. IMEPAION Quadriga of walking horses (Fig. 78). IMERA (retrog.) Nymph Himera standing facing, wearing chiton and ample peplos. Nymph Himera sacrificing at an altar, behind her is a small Silenos washing himself in a stream of water which falls upon him from a fountain in the form of a lion's head .... M Tetradr. PEAOS' Pelops driving chariot, horses walking ; in ex. palm-branch with bunch of dates . . . M Tetradr. [Imhoof, Moil. Gr., PI. B. 3.J HIMEliA. 127 The worship of Kronos at Himera is proved by a coin of the next period; that of Pelops, whom Pindar calls KpoVioy {01., iii. 41), falls perhaps into the same cycle. The presence of Pelops on a Himeraean coin might also be explained as referring to the Olympic victory gained by Ergoteles of Himera in b. c. 47a (Pind. Ok, xii.), for Pelops was especially revered as the restorer of the Olympic festival. IMEPAION Naked horseman riding sideways on galloping horse. I ATOM Nymph Himera sacrificing, in field caduceus and corn-grain . M Didr. [Gardner, Types Gr. C, PL II. 38.] HIMEPAION Naked youth riding on a goat and holding a shell, bucci- num, which he blows. Monster with bearded human head, goat's horn, lion's paw, and curled wing. Bearded helmeted head. Bearded liead. NIKA Nike flying, holding aplustre M 4 Dr. H I M E P A 1 N Naked youth on goat . M Litra. HIMEPAION Two greaves ^ Obol. HI ME Helmet . . . . M Obol. Cire. B.C. 415-408. Quadriga, horses in high action ; above, Nike holding a tablet on which was once the artist's name. Nymph Himera sacrificing at altar ; behind her, Silenos washing at foun- tain . . . . M Tetradr. [Gardner, Tyim Gr. C, PI. VI. 2.] KPONOS Bearded head of Kronos I IMEPAinN Fulmen between two bound with taenia. 1 corn-grains . . J& Litra. [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. B. 4.] Pallas standing facing, with shield and spear . ' . M Obol or Litra. IMEPAinN Head of young Herakles in lion's skin. Kronos was revered as an ancient king of Sicily at various places in the island, of which one waS)„probably at or near Himera (Diod. iii. 6j). Beonzb. Cire. B.C. 472-415. The bronze coins of Himera fall into two distinct series : — (a) Heavy class with marks of vahte. Hemilitron. Gorgon head. ... • ■ . . M 408 grs. \'\ . ^274 grs. \\ HI ME PA (retrog.) M 330 grs. .... ^ 253 grs. Pentonh ion. Id. Tetras. Id. Trias. Id. (/3) Light class with marks of value. Hermes C?) riding on goat. 1 KIMAPA or IMEPA Nike flying I carrying aplustre. JS -8 Hemilitron with | | ] , ^ '6 Trias with • • • , and M -5 Hexas with . . 128 SICILY. Circ. B.C. 415-408. I M E Head of nymph Himera with hair in sphendone ...... Head of nymph facing. ^ ^ ^ in wreath ^ -65 IME Crayfish . ^ .5 Of the above series of bronze coins the first, judging from the tetras, yields a litra of 990 grs., while the second only yields one of less than 300 grs. At Agrigentum during the same period the litra appears to fall only from 750 to 613 grs., and there even in the latter half of the fourth century it stands as high as 536 grs. In the face of such contradictory evidence it is hazardous to draw any conclusions from the weights of the bronze coins as to the various reductions of the litra in Sicily. Cf. also the bronze coins of Panormus. Thermae Himerenses. In B. c. 408 the old town of Himera was utterly destroyed by the Carthaginians and the inhabitants partly put to the sword and partly di-iven into exile. The remnant of the popula- tion was, however, permitted to settle within the confines of the Hime- raean territory, at the hot springs not far from the old city (Cic. Verr., ii. 35). Here a new city grew up which was called Thermae or Thermae Himeraeae. These thermal fountains were traditionally said to have been opened by the nymphs at Himera and Segesta to refresh the wearied limbs of Herakles on his journey round Sicily (Diod. iv. 33). Hence the type of Herakles in repose. Circ. B.C. 405-350 {?). O E P M I T A NJ Female head in sphen- done, around, dolphins. OEPMITAN Head of Hera in pro- file wearing stephaiios adorned with fore-parts of griffins. Victorious quadriga, horses in high action M Tetradr. Herakles naked, seated on rocks over which is spread his lion's skin & Didr. Head of Hera. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXV. 26.] OEPMITAN Head of Artemis ; behind, crescent. Head of Herakles . . M -6 Id M -75 After these coins there is a long interval, for Thermae does not appear to have struck money again until after its capture by the Romans in the course of the First Punic War. Under Roman Dominion. Aflei Head of bearded Herakles. Id. Veiled female head. Head of City veiled and turreted. B.C. 241. © E P M I T A N Three nymphs standing, the middle one veiled. M i-i „ Veiled statue of City holding cornucopiae and patera . tE -8 „ She-goat recumbent M -5 OEPMITAN IMEPAinN Statue of Stesichorus leaning on staff and read- ing book ^ I 'O THERMAE HIMERENSES — LEONTINI. 129 Cicero [Verr. ii. 35) mentions among the bronze statues which Scipio restored to Thermae after the destruction of Carthage that of the City of Himera, ' in muliebrem figuram habitumque formata ;' that of the poet Stesichorus, ' erat enim Stesichori poetae statua senilis incurva, cum libro, summo ut putant artificio facta ; qui fuit Himerae sed et est et fuit tota Graecia summo propter ingenium honore et nomine,' etc. ; and that of a she-goat, ' etiam quod paene praeterii capella quaedam est scite facta et venuste.' It is interesting to find all these three statues copied on the latest coins of Thermae. Hipana. Polybius (i. 34) mentions a town of this name not far from Panormus. The following archaic coin was struck there : — Girc. B. G. 480. IPANATAN Eagle on capital of I Dolphin and scallop-shell . iB. Litra. column. I A coin of Motya (q. v.) has very nearly the same types. Hybla Magna. The largest of the three cities in Sicily which bore the name of Hybla (Leake, Nitm. Hell., p. 60) stood on the southern slope of Mt. Aetna, not far from the river Symaethus. No coins are known to have been struck there until the period of the Eoman dominion (see also Megara Hyblaea). After circ. B.C. 210. YBAAS METAAAS Dionysos in long robes holding kantharos and sceptre. A she-panther jumps up to him . M -8 The head on this coin is that of the goddess Hyblaea (Paus. v. 23). laeta {laio). A Sikel fortress and town on a precipitous mountain, about fifteen miles south-west of Panormus. Its coins belong to the period of the Roman dominion. Veiled female head wearing modius ; behind, a bee. After circ. B.C. 241. I A I T I N n N Head of bearded Hera- kles. Bust of Artemis. Head in helmet with crest, like a mural crown. Warrior standing. Triskelis, in centre of which Gorgon- eion ^ -85 lAITlNnN Standing figure leaning on spear surmounted by Phrygian helmet M .85 „ "Warrior standing lAITlNnN in wreath . . . ^ -8 Leoutiui [Lentini) was an inland town about twenty miles north-west of Syracuse. It was a Chalcidic colony from Naxus, founded before the close of the eighth century B. c. Unlike the other Chalcidic colonies, Naxus, Zancle, and Himera, it does not appear to have struck money on K 130 SICILY. the Aeginetic standard its first issues consisting of tetradrachms of Attic weight, none of which can well be earlier than the beginning of the fifth century. Girc. B.C. 500-466. Inscr. UEONTINON, AEON, or AE (often retrograde). Victorious quadriga. Id. In ex. lion running. Id. (Fig. 79.) Naked horseman. Lion's head, usually facing Lion's head to right. Id. Id. Fig. 79. I Lion's head with open jaws, around I four corn-grains . . M Tetradr. [B. M. Guide, PI. IX. 28.] Female head with hair turned up and wearing wreath . . . M, Tetradr. Archaic head of Apollo laur., beneath, running Hon, and around three laurel leaves M Tetradr. Lion's head and four corn-grains . . M Didr. and Dr. Corn-grain Corn-grain M Diob. and Obol. M Hemilitron. JR Pentonkion. M, Hexas. After passing successively under the dominion of Gelon and Hieron, Leontini regained its independence in B. c. 466, and, like the rest of the Sicilian cities, enjoyed an interval of repose and prosperity until B.C. 427, when it became engaged in a struggle with Syracuse which ended, circ. B. 0. 42a, in its reduction into a state of dependency on that city. The coins which belong to this period are the following : — Circ. B.C. 466-422. Inscr. UEONTINON, UEOM, or AEON. Fig. 80. LEONTINl — LILYBAEUM. 131 Head of Apollo, laur., style progressing from archaic to early fine. Similar. Lion's head as above. Head of Apollo. Lion's head with open jaws; around, four corn-grains, or three only, the fourth being replaced by a lyre, tripod, laurel-leaf, river-fish, etc. (Fig. 80) . M Tetradr. and Dr. Corn-grain Sx Litra. Naked river-god, Lissus (?), holding branch and sacrificing at altar, be- hind, corn-grain . . M, Litra. Trij)od between two corn-grains ; be- tween legs of tripod a lyre. Mark of value ••• . . Trias, Jil -55 From the above described coin-types it is abundantly evident that Apollo was worshipped at Leontini as a sun-god and that his emblem was the lion. It is also quite clear that the aspect under which this lion-god was worshipped was that of a beneficent ripener of the crops. The Leontine plain was renowned for its extraordinary fertility (Cic. Verr., iii. 18), and, after Apollo, Demeter was the divinity chiefly wor- shipped there. Circ. B.C. 340. When Timoleon made himself master of Leontini there was a small issue of Corinthian staters similar to those struck at Syracuse at the same time. Inscr. AEONTINON 1 Pegasos Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. I M Didr. Not until Leontini by the fall of Syracuse fell into the hands of the Eomans did it begin again to strike money. After circ. B.C. 210. Inscr. AEONTlMnN on reverse. Demeter standing with torch, ears of corn and plough at her feet . ^ -85 Demeter or Isis standing facing .^E .85 Eiver-god seated on rock, holds branch and cornucopiae, in field, crab M -85 Wheat-sheaf M -6 Head of Apollo, quiver at shoulder. Head of river-god (?) bound with reeds, behind, crab. Bust of Demeter facing, in field, plough. Head of Demeter veiled, symbol, plough. Jugate heads of Apollo and Artemis. Female Dionysiac head ivy-bound. Head of Apollo, behind, plough. Id. Id. Lilybaenm. This city was founded by the Carthaginians in b. c. 397, a remnant of the inhabitants of Motya which had been destroyed by Dionysius being then settled there. It remained a Carthaginian strong- hold until it was taken by the Eomans after a ten years' siege B. c. 341. All its coins are subsequent to this date. K 3 Two ears of corn . M ■6n Warrior facing . . . M .6 Lion, or forepart of lion . M •^a Two fishes .... . M ■a Sacrificial galerus . . . M •55 132 SICILY. After B.C. 241. Inscr. AIAYBAITAN or AIAYBAITAIC." Head of Apollo. Veiled female head in mural crown within triangular enclosure. Tripod {M -55) or lyre {M -p). Serpent coiled round tripod. Mag. ATPATINOY nVOinN. .. This head has been thought to represent the Cumaean Sibyl whose tomb Solinus states was one of the ornaments of the city. The magis- trate Atratinus, whose name also occurs on coins of Entella, was probably the one of the two quaestors of Sicily whose residence was at Lilybaeum. The Atratini belonged to the Sempronia gens ; with the above inscr. cf Cohen, Med. Cons. Sempronia 2. Lilybaeum continued to strike money as late as the age of Augustus. Longaue. Diodorus (xxiv. 6) mentions a fortress, Longon, in the territory of Catana. A river Longanus is also mentioned by Polybius (i. 9) as being in the Mylaean plain (Holm. Gesch. Sic, i. 345). Circ. B. c. 466-415. AOrrANAION (retrogr.) Head of I Head of young river-god with short Herakles. I horns , M Litra. IHCegara, a colony from Megara in Greece, was situated on the coast a few miles north of Syracuse. At an early period the inhabitants re- moved to the neighbouring Sikelian town of Hybla, which thenceforth obtained the name of Megara Hyblaea. After circ. B.C. 210. Bust of Pallas, | ME Bee,... .... Trias ^ .65 The bee here, as well as on the coins of Hybla Magna, refers to the famous Hyblaean honey (Virg. Eel., i. ^^). Menaeunm or Menae was an inland town founded by the Sikel chief Ducetius B.C. 459, about eighteen miles west of Leontini. After its conquest by Dionysius it appears to have been always subject to Syracuse until the Roman conquest, when, like most other Sicilian towns, it obtained the right of coining in bronze. Period of Roman Dominion. Head of Serapis, E or TT Head of Apollo TT Id. Id. Head of Deraeter veiled. Head of bearded Herakles. Head of Hermea. MENAlNnN Nike driving quadriga Fentonkion .^ -75 » )> ,, ^ -15 Lyre „ JE --j „ Asklepios „ M ■'j „ Two torches crossed, • • • •, INI, or A, ^ Tetras, M -y— 65 Club, . . ., Trias, M -6 ,, Caduceus, • •, Hexas, L ONGANE — ZANCLE. 133 Zaucle, Messana, Mamertiui. Zancle, on the straits of Messina, was one of the earliest Chalcidic settlements in Sicily, founded according to Thucydides (vi.4) from Cumae, and subsequently recolonized from Euboea. Strabo, however, asserts (vi. p. 268) that it was a colony of Naxus. The name is of Sikel origin and signifies a Sickle {hayKXov) ; it was evidently given to the locality on account of the configuration of the coast, the port being there enclosed by a sickle-shaped bar of sand (Thucyd. vi. 4). Like the other Chalcidian colonies, Rhegium, Naxus, and Himera, Zancle began to coin at an early period on the Aeginetic standard. Before B.C. 493. 81. DANKUE, DANK etc. Dolphm within a sickle (the port of Zancle) . [B. M. Guide, PL IX. 29.] Scallop-sliell within an incuse pattern of peculiai- form (Fig. 81) . . . . M Drachm, 90 grs., Obol, 14 gl-s., \ Obol, 2 grs. Circ. B.C. 493-480. In B.C. 493 the town of Zancle was treacherously seized by a body of Samians and Milesians from Asia Minor at the instigation of Anaxilas of Rhegium (p. 93). The following remarkable tetradrachm of Attic weight would appear to belong to the time of the Samian occupation. The very advanced style of the figure of the standing Poseidon (or Zeus) on the obverse is quite conclusive against its attribution to a period before B. c. 490, while, on the other hand, the name of Zancle probably precludes its being of a later date than the death of Anaxilas in B. c. 476. Fig. 82. Naked Poseidon (or Zeus) with 1. arm extended and r. arm raised and grasping trident (or fulmen) ; across his shoulders hangs a chlamys. Before him is a lofty altar adorned with honey-suckle pattern. [Num. Chron., 1883, PI. IX. 2.] DANKUAION Dolphin 1., beneath, scallop-shell (Fig. 82) 2& Attic tetradrachm 263-5 134 SICILY. About this period Anaxilas who, it cannot be doubted, maintained his influence with the Samian colonists, changed, or induced them to change, the name of the town to Messene, in honour of his own Messenian Origin. The new name is said by Thucydides (vi. 4) to have been given to Zancle by Anaxilas on his expulsion of the Samians, but the following coins with Samian types (if they are in reality Samian) would seem to prove that the name of Messene was in use at Zancle while the Samians were still in occupation, and this hypothesis is borne out by the fact that similar Samian types occur on the coins of Ehegium, indi- cating a close alliance between the two cities while the Samians were still at Zancle (p. 92). Lion's head, facing (Fig. 83). Id. Fig. S3. MESSENION Calf's head to 1. . . . M Attic Tetradr. MES (retrogr.) in incuse circle . . . M wt., 14 grs. Another coin of which the type is more distinctly Samian was found some years ago in a hoard near Messina. There were several examples of it, together with others of Rhegium and Messene, of the lion's head and calf's head type {Zeit.f. Num., iii. p. 135). Although they are uninscribed, it is highly probable that they were struck at Messana. Prow of Samian galley (Samaena) . . M Attic Tetradr. Round shield, on which a lion's scalp, facing. As I have already remarked (p. 93), the exact date of the expulsioji or subjection of the Samians cannot be fixed, but the new coinage, in- augurated by Anaxilas in his two cities, Rhegium and Messene, some time before his death in B. c. 476, in all probability marks the epoch of their expulsion. The new types in question are as follows : — Giro. B.C. 480-420. Biga of mules, anrivrj, driven by a bearded chai'ioteer. Above some- times Nike crowning driver mules. In ex. laurel-leaf. or MESSENlON,andlaterMESSANlON or MES^ANION. Hare running. Letters in field. A, B. Symbols : Laurel-branch, buoranium, etc. . M Tetradr. The whole in wreath . . M Drachm. MES (retrogr.) or MES . ^Litra(?). Dolphin in wreath . . . M Obol (?). MESSANlONHare running. Symbols : Dolphin, cicada, locust feeding on grapes, ear of corn, flying eagle, etc. M Tetradr. The mule-car is of course an agonistic type, 2tK€Atas 5' Sxqiia haihaXeov l4.aT€Viiv (Find. Hyporch. 3). The hare is a symbol of the worship of Pan, Id. Hare. MES Hare. Inscr. usually MESSANA Mule-car driven by female charioteer (Mes- sana). In ex. generally two dolphins. MESSANA. 135 but see also Aristotle's explanation of these coin-types (p. 93 supra). The adoption of the Dorian dialect (A for E) should be noted, as indi- cating the increasing preponderance of the Dorian element in the population. B.C. 420-396. ^X-^ Fig. 84. Messana driving mule-car, above, Nike, in ex. two dolphins (Fig. 84). Id, MESSANA Messana in mule-car . [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PL B. 5.] PEAilPIAS Head of goddess Pelorias, r., wearing corn-wreath. Hare. Symbols : Ivy- leaf, olive- spray, cockle. Hare. MESS AM I ON Hare. Symbols : Dol- phin, hijjpocamp, cockle-shell, head of Pan, sometimes with syrinx, stalk of corn with three ears . M Tetradr. MESSANinN Hare. Symbols: Dol- phin and waves, eagle devouring serpent J& Tetradr. PAN Pan naked, seated on rock covered with nebris, holding in left lagobolon, and with right caressing a hare which jumps up before him . JB, Tetradi'. (tEPAIMnN Pheraemon naked with helmet, shield, and spears, charging . M Drachm. M E S in wreath ... Si Litra. M E in wreath M. \ Litra. Beonzb. MESSANA Head of Messana, hair bound with crossing fillets. MESSANinN Hare ; in ex. locust. PEAnPI AS Head of Pelorias. Biga of mules driven by Messana M i-o Cuttle-fish ^ -75 MESSANinN Trident. . . M -^ In the year B. c. 396 Messana was utterly destroyed by the Cartha- ginians under Himilcon. The above described coins show most clearly that Pan and Poseidon were the two chief divinities at Messana. The long sandy spit called Peloris or Pelorias, with its three lakes of volcanic origin, abounded both with game and fish ' duplicem piscandi venandique praebent voluptatem' (Solinus, v. 3), and was a fitting home for the worship of the two divinities to the existence of which our coins bear witness. The nymph Pelorias is the personification of the district. Pheraemon, one of the sons of Aeolos, was the local hero who, with his brother Androkles, ruled over the northern part of Sicily from the straits to the western point (Diod. v. 8). Circ. B.C. 357-282. It was long before Messana recovered from the blow inflicted upon her in B. c. 396. There is no evidence of any further coinage there until 136 SICILY. after the death of Dionysius of Syracuse, -when we find the town in a condition to render assistance to Dion against the younger Dionysius. About B. c. 38a the city was seized and all its inhabitants put to the sword by a body of Campanian or Oscan mercenaries, who styled them- selves Mamertini. The following bronze coins range in style from the age of Timoleon to that of Agathocles. n £ E I A A N Head of Poseidon lau- reate. PEAflPIAS Head of nymph Pelorias with flowing hair bound with corn. Id. MESSANinN Head of young Hera- kles in lion's skin. MESSANinN Trident bet weendol- phins . . .^ i-o „ Naked warrior, Phe- raemon, in fighting attitude . .^ -95 „ Nike in biga M -85 Lion advancing with fore-leg raised, above, club -^ '85 Circ. B.C. 282-200. The Mamertini derived their name from Mamers, an Oscan form of Mars. Soon after their seizure of Messana they extended their dominion over the greater part of north-eastern Sicily, and were, in a short time, strong enough to maintain their independence, both against Pyrrhus and Hieron II of Syracuse. They allied themselves closely with their Cam- panian kinsmen who seized Rhegium in B.C. 271, and they were also fortunate in obtaining the friendly aid of the Romans, with whom they continued to enjoy, down to a late period, the privileges of an allied city. The coinage of the Mamertini is wholly of bronze. The following are among the most frequent types : — A A P A N Y Head of Adranos bearded, in Corinthian helmet. A P E £ Head of young Ares laureate, with short hair. Head of young Herakles in lion's skin. AlOS or AlOS MES Head of young Zeus laureate, hair long. APEOS Head of young Ares, Head of Apollo laur. A I OS Head of Zeus. Female head. Head of Apollo. Head of Artemis. Circ. B.C. 282-210. MAMEPTlNnN Dog. . M -75 Eagle, wings open on fulmen . . . M i-o „ M -85 M .8 „ Butting bull . M I'O „ Fighting warrior . M -85 „ Hermes standing with ram M -75 M A M E Warrior naked, standing . . ^ -55 „ Omphalos . . . ^ -5 . . ■ M -45 With marks of value. After circ. B.C. 210. Hexas. k?£0'S. Head of young Ares | MAMEPTlNflN Pallas armed . M -9 MAMERTIXI— MOR GAXTIXJ. 137 Pentonkion. Head of Zeus. „ Head of Ares. „ Head of Apollo. Reduced vseight. : MAMEPTlNnN Warrior fighting . or P „ Dioskuros beside horse P "Warrior standing or seated P Hemilitron. Fore-part of bull MAMEPTINflN Head of Apollo Trias. UnciaC!) Xike flying, hold- ing aplustre. Nike with wi-eath and pahn. Ill •(?) These coins belong to the same monetary system as that which pre- vailed at Rhegium. Their weights show a steady reduction in the weight of the copper litra. The occurrence of the head of the god Adranos on ^essanian coins shows that the worship of this divinity was not confined to the imme- diate neighbourhood of his great temple on ilt. Aetna (cf. Plut., Tim. 12, 'Abpavov ^€o{! TLixmp.ivov Sta^epo'iTcos ev o\r) SiiceAta), in the sacred enclosure of which more than a thousand splendid dogs were kept, which, according to Aelian (Hid. An., xi. 20), appear to have been the Mt. St. Bernard dogs of antiquity, friendly guides to strangers who had lost their path. Adranos was an armed god, and partook of the nature both of Ares and of Hephaestos. His cultus was probably introduced into Sicily by the Phoenicians, and he seems to be identical in origin with Adar or Moloch, to whom the dog was also sacred (ilovers, i. 340, 405). Morgantina was a Sikel town of some importance, which lay in the fertile plain watered by the upper courses of the river Symaethus and its tributaries. Although Morgantina is often mentioned by ancient writers we have no connected account of its history. Its coins may be classified by style in the following periods :— Before circ. b. c. 480. Bearded head bound with taenia. MORCANTIhJ A (retrogr.) Earofcom. M Litra. Circ. B. c. 420-400. MOPTANTI NriN Head of Artemis. „ Head of Pallas, facing. „ Head of Hennes, facing. Xaked horseman with spear .M Litra. MOPfA . . . Xike seated on rocks, holding wreath, beneath, corn-grain . M Litra. Similar type M Litra. Beonze. Circ. B. c. 340. MOPrANTIhinN Head of Pallas in richly adorned helmet, behind, owl. Lion devouring stag's coiled beneath him . head, serpent . . ^ 1-05 138 SICILY. Head of Sikelia bound with myrtle . AAKOS Head of Apollo laureate. MOPTANTlNnN Eagle on serpent. M .8 Tripod . M -6 Motya (i. e. spinning factory — Schroeder, Phoen. Sprache, p, 279) was a Phoenician emporium on a small islet which lay off the west coast of Sicily, about ten miles north of the Lilybaean promontory. The island was united to the mainland by an artificial mole. Possessing a good harbour, Motya rose to be the chief naval station of the Carthaginians, and so remained until in b. c. 397 it was attacked by Dionysius, who put all the inhabitants to the sword. The coins of Motya, like those of the other Carthaginian settlements in Sicily, are imitated from the money of the Greeks, chiefly from the coins of the nearest important town, Segesta, but also from those of Agrigentum. The adoption of Agrigentine types at Motya may, how- ever, be connected with the victory of Agrigentum over Motya mentioned by Pausanias (v. 25, 2). Sometimes they bear the Punic inscr. Kliaon, sometimes the Greek MOTYAION. Coins with Punic inscr. Circ. B. c. 480-420. Eagle with closed wings. Female head. Id. Id. Crab ^Tetradr. Dog gnawing stag's head M, Didr. Dog standing . . . , J& Didr. Half man-headed bull . M \ Obol. Circ. B.C. 420-397. Head of nymph facing, around, dol- phins. Id. Gorgon-head. Crab M Didr. and Obol. Palm-tree . . . M Obol. Id iRObol. Trias. Gorgon-head • • • Uneia (?). Fore-part of horse. Palm-tree ^ '8 Id iE -4 Coins with Greek inscr. Archaic and Transitional. Eagle on capital, serpent in beak. Head of nymph, hair tied with cord passing four times round it. Head of nymph. Dolphin and scallop . . . M Obol. Naked youth riding sideways on gallop- ing horse M Didr. Dog standing M Didr. Mytistratus was a strongly fortified place in the interior of the island, between the modern Mussumeli and 8. Caterina (Imhoof, Man. Gr., p. 24). Its coins are of bronze and belong to about the time of Timoleon. Circ. B. c. 340. Head of Hephaestos in conical cap. Id. MYTI Id. V M in wreath * ' * Hemilitron, iE i ■ 1 S • • • ' ^ TV AA Three rays or spokes of a wheel. ^■8 Free horse M -6 The largest of these coins is usually restruck on large bronze of Syracuse. MOTYA — NAXUS. 139 Kacona. The site of this town is unknown, and belong to a good period of -art. Its coins are of bronze, Before circ. b. c. 400. NAKON[AION Head of nymph, hair gathered up behind and bound with cord wound three times round it. Id. Young head with short hair, wearing wreath. Silenos riding on ass, holds kantharos and thyrsos, • • . . Trias, M -6^ Goat, grapes, and ivy-leaf • Uncia, M -5 N — A Kantharos • • • Trias, JE -6 In the fii'st half of the fourth century Nacona was held by Campanian mercenaries who had come over to Sicily in B.C. 412, just too late to help the Athenians against Syracuse. These soldiers of fortune, after serving the Carthaginians for a time^ subsequently settled at various inland cities, among which, as we learn from the coins, were Nacona, Entella, and Aetna : — KAMPANnN Head of Persephone with wreath of corn. Id. Head of young Herakles in lion's skiu. NAK[nNH]£ Pegasos, beneath, hel- met ^ -75 NAKnNAinN Free horse, beneath, helmet JE -"j N A Head of trident between dolphins. JE i-o Waxus was the most ancient Greek settlement in Sicily : it was a colony from Chalcis and derived its name we may suppose from a preponderat- ing contingent from the island of Naxos. Of the early history of this place little is known, but between B.C. 498 and 476 it passed successively under the dominion of Hippocrates of Gela and of Gelon and Hieron of Syracuse. In B.C. 461 it seems to have recovered its autonomy, which it retained until its destruction in b. c. 403 by Dionysius. Before circ. B. c. 480. Aegineiic Standard. Fig. 85. Head of Dionysos with pointed beard and ivy- wreath. N A X 1 N Bunch of grapes (Fig. 8 5). M, Drachm, wt. 90 grs. M Obol, wt. 15 grs. Some specimens of these early drachms of Aeginetic weight are of extremely archaic style and seem to belong to a period not later than the middle of the sixth century. 140 SICILY. Circ. B.C. 461-415. Attic standard. Fig. 86. Head of Dionysos, of early style, with long beard and hair in bunch be- hind bound with ivy-wreath (Fig. 86). Id. Id. N AX I ON Bearded Silenos of strong archaic style, naked, with pointed ear and long tail, seated on the ground facing with head in profile ; he holds a wine-cup with one hand and leans on the other. M Tetradr. „ li. . . . M Drachm. „ Bunch of grapes . . . M Litr. or Obol. Circ. B.C. 415-403. Fig. 87. Head of Dionysos bearded, bound with broad band adorned with ivy-wreath (Fig. 87). N A Z 1 N Similar Silenos, but of softer and more refined style, seated on the ground, from which a vine springs ; he holds thyrsos and kantharos . . M Tetradr. Similar ; to r. a term ; sometimes with artist's signature, PPOKAHS . . M Didr. Naked Silenos seated,holding wine-skin, kantharos, and branch of ivy ; in front a vine grows . . . . & Tetradr. In the Berlin Museum there is a coin which in style and type resembles the coin with PPOKAHS, but instead of NAZinN it reads NEOPOAI. It is supposed by Holm {Geseh. Sic, ii. 432) that these pieces were issued by the Naxians, after the destruction of their old town, at Mylae, where they found a new home (Diod. xiv. 87). NAZmsl Head of Apollo, laur, ; beliind, laurel-leaf. NAZIilN Head of young Dionysos ivy-crowned. ASSINOS Young horned head of river-god Assinus. Similar Silenos JB. \ Drachm. NAXU8— PAN0R3IUS. 141 NAZiriNi Young head of river-god Bunch of grapes . M, Litr. or Obol. Assinus crowned \vith vine-leaves. NAZI Head of bearded Dionj'sos Similar . . . . M Litr. or Obol. crowned with ivy. The river here called Assinus seems to be identical with the Asines of Pliny (iii. 88) and the Acesines of Thucydides (iv. 25), the modern Cantara. Ifeapolis. See Naxos. Pauormns {Palermo) was the most important of all the Phoenician towns in Sicily. Its Greek name, however, is sufficient to show that here, as everywhere else in Sicily, the Greek language was predominant at least in early times. Before the great repulse of the Carthaginians at Himera, in B.C. 480, no coins whatever were struck at Panormus. No Phoenician people had in those early days adopted the use of money. It was doubtless due to the victory of Gelon at Himera that the Greeks were able to extend their language and civilization even to the Phoe- nician settlements in the western portion of the island. Hence in the Transitional period the coins of Panormus bear for the most part Greek inscriptions. Circ. B.C. 480-409. PANOPMITIKON (retrogr.) Head of Apollo, hair rolled. PANOPMITIKON Head of Nymph. Head of Nymph. PANOPMO[S Headof young river- god. Slow quadriga, horses crowned by Nike. M Tetradr. Dog M Didr. PANOPMOS Dog . .^Didr. Forepart of man-headed bull .... M Litr. A few, however, have the Punic inscr. y^lJ [ziz), of which many ex- planations have been offered, none of them thoroughly satisfactory. Head of Nymph, hair turned up be- hind under diadem. Inscr. ps and IIB. Dog, in field above, head of Nymph JR Didrachm. The word IIB occurs frequently on coins both of Segesta and Eryx. Its juxtaposition on this coin with the equally unexplained Phoenician ziz, looks as if it were a Greek transcript of the same word. The Due de Luynes has suggested that it is the Phoenician name for the island of Sicily (Bulletino Arch. Nap. N. S. i. p. 171). See also Schroder (Phoen. 8pr., p. 278) and Friedlander (Num. Zeit., 1870, p. 26). It may, however, be simply the Phoenician name for Panormus (Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., p. 26). Poseidon seated on rock with trident and dolphin. f"i Similar. Head of Nymph ; around, dolphins. f'''i Naked youth riding on man-headed bull . . . . M Litr. or Obol. PANOPMOS Similar. iR Litr. or Ob. Poseidon, as above . M Litr. or Ob. The signal successes of the Carthaginian arms in Sicily between B. c. 409 and 405, and the consequent influx of the precious metals from the devastated Greek towns into Panormus, led to the coinage by the latter of money on a far more liberal scale than before. The Greek language now entirely disappears, but it is curious to note how from an entire 142 SICILY. lack of artistic originality the Phoenicians in Sicily were driven to copy the types of the money of their enemies. After circ. e.g. 409. Head, usually of Persephone, copied from coins of Syracuse of the best period of art. Around, dolphins. Head of Nymph with hair in sphen- done. Young male head, and dolphins. Dolphin and scallop ; mark of value. Head of Nymph ; hair in sphendone. Head of young river-god. ps Victorious quadriga . M Tetradr. Dog standing M DIdr. Free horse . . . M Didr. Eagle devouring hare . M Litr.(?) Half man-headed bull M Litr. or Obol. Similar, or whole bull. Id. The inscr. on the last described coins sometimes runs V''!? 7^111? (money) of the citizens of Panormus (?). Bronze with marks of value. The following bronze coins may be assigned to the latter part of the fifth century: — ::: ^'95 M-6 The weight of the litra, of which these coins are fractions, can hardly be ascertained. The hemilitron yields a litra of 380 grs., while the trias points to one of 604 grs. Hemilitron. px Cock Trias. „ Id. Hexas. „ Id. Bronze without marks of value. Circ. B.C. 400-254. pv Boar running. Head of Hera wearing Stephanos. Head of Apollo laureate. Man-headed bull ps Id. above, sun „ Pegasos . . ^.65 ^.85 M .7 Gold. Time of Pyrrhus. The following little gold coins with the Greek letters PA in mono- gram, if they be of Panormus, would seem to have been struck during the temporary occupation of Panormus by the Greeks under Pyrrhus in B.C. 376. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. Head of Apollo. PA (in mon.) Owl ., Lyre SL 8.3 grs. R 5-4 grs. In B. c. 354 Panormus was captured by the Eomans, under whose rule it retained its municipal freedom, and remained for many years one of the principal cities of the island. PANORMUS— PIACVS. 143 Bronze, ivith Greek inscr. TTANOPMITAN. After B.C. 254. Head of Persephone . . . . M i-o5 Female figure standing with patera and cornucopiae ^ i-o Triskelis with Medusa head in centr JE Eagle on fulmen JE Eagle with spread wings . . M Altar JE Flaming altar JE Poppy-head and ears of corn . JE Inscr. as above, in Wreath . . JE Id iE Proyr . . . JE Dove JE Warrior standing, holds patera JE 95 95 85 7 7 65 7 7 5 45 6 Bust of Pallas. Id, Id. Head of Zeus. Ham standing over Janus' head. Female head. Hermes seated on I'ock. Head of Persephone. Heads of the Dioskuri. Earn. Head of Demeter veiled. Head of Aphrodite in stephane. Head of Zeus. Later than the above is a series of coins with, on the reverse, the Graeco-Latin inscription FTOR (for PORTVS?) ia monogram. Obv. Heads of Janus, Zeus, or Demeter. Still later is another series, oiv. Head of Zeus, rev. Military figure or front of Temple, accompanied by the abbreviated names of Eoman magistrates. In the time of Augustus, Panormus received a Eoman colony (Strab. vi. 272). Its bronze coins continued to be issued for some time longer, bearing the names of various resident magistrates, e. g. ManTius] Acilius Q[uaestor] ; Axius Naso ; Q. Baebius ; Cato ; Crassipes ; Cn. Dom. Procos j Q. Fab.; L. Gn. ; Laetor. II VI R ; P. Terentius, etc. These coins follow the Koman system, the As being distinguished by the head of Janus, the Semis by that of Zeus, and the Quadrans by that of Herakles. On some specimens the inscription is written PANHORMITANORVM. The heads of Augustus and Livia also occur. Paropus (Collesano), (Polyb. i. 24) probably stood between Cephaloe- dium and Himera. It coined in bronze during the period of Roman dominion after the end of the First Punic War. Head of Apollo laur. After circ. B.C. 241. PAPflPINfiN Hunter standing, rest- ing on spear ; beyond him a running dog ^ .8 Petra [Petralia), an inland town near the sources of the southern Himeras. It was subject to Carthage until the end of the First Punic War, after which it struck bronze money. Head of bearded Herakles. After B.C. 241. neTPeiNriN Female figure standing beside column ^ '75 Piacus, mentioned by Steph. Byz. as wo'Xiy St/ceAfaj. The site is quite unknown. 144 SICILY. Circ. B. c. 415-400. r I AKIN [ON Head of young river- god horned, and laureate. Between the letters are the marks of value Dog seizing a fawn by the throat . . M ^7 Hemilitron, wt. 70 grs. (Imhoof-Blumer, Mon. Gr., p. 26.) In style the head on this coin bears a striking resemblance to the laureate head on the tetradrachms of Catana (B. M. Cat. Sic, p. 45, no. 35). Piacus may have been situated somewhere in the vicinity of that town. The river symbolized by the dog seizing a fawn may be one of the torrents which descend at times from Aetna, perhaps the Acis. Segesta, west of Panormus, was a non-Hellenic town in the district of Sicily inhabited by the Elymi. It stood on the summit of an isolated hill, skirted by a deep ravine, through which flows a torrent which empties itself into the river Crimisus. According to a local tradition the city owed its foundation to Egestos, the son of a Trojan maiden Segesta by the river-god Crimisus, who met her in the form of a dog (Serv. ad Aen., i. 550, v. 30). From the earliest tim^es the Segestans were engaged in continual hostilities with the Selinuntines, doubtless concerning the boundaries of their respective territories. These disputes gave occasion for the Athenian intervention in Sicilian affairs, and subsequently to the great invasion of the Carthaginians, upon whom Segesta became dependent B.C. 409. The silver money of Segesta, notwithstanding the fact that it was not a Greek city, affords but slight indications of barbarism, unless indeed the words II B and II A are to be taken as such. It ranges from the archaic period down to the time of the Carthaginian invasion in B.C. 410, when it suddenly ceases. The Segestan coin- . types were copied both at Motya on the west and at Panormus on the east of Segesta. Circ. B.C. 500-480. Fig. 88. Itiscr. SATESTAIIB, SErESTAIIBEMI, etc., usually retrograde. The word EMI may signify that the coins (didrachms) on which it occurs are ' halves ' of the tetradrachm, the principal silver coin in most of the other Sicilian cities. But see Von Sallet's remarks {Z. f. N., i. p. 278 sqq.), where he expresses his opinion that EMI here stands for d\xi, 'I am Segesta.' If, as some suppose, the Phoenician word Y>2{= the Gk. op/xoj or Panormus, then, when compounded with SETESTA, the word II B (supposing it to be a Greek form of Y^iJ) may mean the 'port of Segesta,' to t5>v AlyecrreiDV ifxTTopiov (Strab. vi. 266, 272). PI A CUS—SEGESTA. 145 Ti/pes : — Head of Nymph Segesta of archaic style with hair turned up behind under her diadem (Fig. 88). Head of Nymph facing. Dog (river Criraisus), often accompanied \yy symbols: Murex-shell or corn-grain. J& Didr. and Litra. Dog. Symbol : Wheel . JR Trihemiobol. Girc. B.C. 480-415. SArESTAIIB or SETESTAlIB Head of Segesta, her hair variously arranged, in sphendone or other- wise. Dog, river Crimisus; the head of Segesta in field above . . M. Didr. Girc. B.C. 415-409. Fig. 89. SETESTAIIA Head of Segesta; hair in sphendone, adorned with stars. Symbol: Ear of corn (Fig. 89). ETESTAinN Youthful hunter naked, accompanied by two dogs, his conical cap falls back upon his shoulders ; he holds two javelins and stands with one foot resting on a rock. Before him is a terminal figure . M Tetradr. Similar . . M Tetradr. SEFESTAIIB Victorious quadriga driven by female figure holding ears of corn, above, flying Nike. Head of Segesta, hair in knot behind, and bound by cord passing four times round it. The whole in ivy wreath. ETESTAION [or HM] Head of Segesta, hair bound with cord passed thrice round it, or enclosed in sphen- done, or rolled up behind. Head of Segesta. three-quarter face, between two laurel boughs. Forepart of dog. Dog's head. The young hunter on the beautiful tetradrachms of Segesta is probably the river Crimisus, who, according to Aelian {Var. Hid., ii. o,^), was worshipped at Segesta in human form :' Atyecrraujt 6e ^hv Ylop-naKa KaX Tov KpifxuTov KoX Tov TikjiKTCTov iv avbpQv e'idfi TijiSxn. The Dog, his special attribute, serves here to distinguish the figure. On the didrachms thg same river is symbolized by the Dog. L ETESTAION Dog standing ; in front a murex-shell . . '■ . . M Didr. SETESTAIIB Dog standing, some- times beside stalk of corn, or devour- ing head of stag M Didr. M, \ Dr. and \ Litra. EFESTAION Dog standing. Symbols : Murex, gorgoneiou . . . M Litra. SETE around a large H . M, \ Litra. M. Hexas. 146 SICILY. Bbc )NZE. Before 33. c. 409. Tetras. Head of Segesta. Dog . • • • . . . . S. •8 Hexas. Id. Id. • • (beneath, sometimes aw easel ?) JE ■8-65 J5 HEIAS (retrogr.) Head of Dog . . M •65 Segesta. From the weights of these coins we can form no idea of the real weight of the copper litra, as the tetras of which the weight is 132 grs. yields a litra of 396 grs., while the hexas (wt. 86 grs.) yields one of 516 grs. Cf. B. M. Cat. Sic, p. 136. After B.C. 241. For more than a century and a half Segesta was a mere dependency of Panormus, and struck no money whatever, unless indeed we suppose that the didrachms with Segestan types and the Punic legend ziz, here . described under Panormus, were struck at Segesta. When, however, after the end of the First Punic War, Segesta had passed under the dominion of the Romans, it obtained once more the right of coinage, though only in bronze. The Segestans now made the most of their traditional Trojan descent, claiming relationship with the Romans on this ground, ' Segesta est oppidum pervetus in Sicilia quod ab Aenea fugiente e Troia atque in haec loca veniente conditum esse demonstrant. Itaque Segestani non solum perpetua societate atque amicitia, verum etiam cognatione se cum populo Romano conjunctos esse arbitrantur ' (Cic. Fer)-., iv. 33). Head of Segesta veiled and turreted. Id. Id. ErECTAinN Similar. SEFESTAinN Aeneas carrying An- chises . . . ^ -8 , Warrior standing . ^■85 „ Warrior beside horse. JE.-J5 Id. ... ^ -7 Under Augustus we find Segesta still in the enjoyment of the right of coinage (B. M. Cat. Sic-., p. 137); but it is probable that there was a considerable interval between the cessation of the autonomous and the commencement of the Imperial series. Seliuns (SeXtz/o'et?, SeXivovs), the most western of all. the Greek cities of Sicily, stood near the mouth of the river Selinus and a few miles west of that of the Hypsas. It derived its name from the river, which in its turn was called after the wild celery, a-iXivov (apium graveolens), which grew plentifully on its banks. As an emblem of the worship of the river, the Selinuntiues adopted from the first the leaf of this plant as the badge of their town, (rv^ijiokov ^ ■napaa-rnj.ov rrjs T7o'A.ecoy (Plut. Pyt/i. Orac, xii.), placing it upon their coins, and dedicating, on one occasion, a representation of it in gold in the temple of Apollo at Delphi SEGESTA—SELINVS. 147 Before circ. B.C. 466. Selinon leaf (Fig. 90). Selinon leaf. Fig. 90. Incuse square triangularly divided into eiglit or more parts . . . M, Didr. Selinon leaf in incuse square, letters SEAI, sometimes in the corners . M Didr. Obols or Litrae and smaller coins also occur. Circ. B.C. 466-415. In the great Carthaginian invasion of Sicily in B.C. 480, Selinus appears to have sided with the invaders (Diod. xi. 21). During the period of general prosperity which followed the expulsion of the tyrants, B. c. 466, SeKnus rose to considerable power and wealth, xp^^Ta r eyo'^"''- TO. yiv Xhia, ra be Koi ev rots lepoTs eVrt ^eXLvovvriois (Thuc. vi. 3o). It must have been quite early in this period of peace that Selinus was attacked by a devastating pestilence or malaria, caused by the stagnant waters in the neighbouring marsh lands (Diog. Laert. viii. 2, 70). On that occasion the citizens had recourse to the arts of Empedocles, then at the height of his fame, which was noised abroad through all Sicily. The philosopher put a stop to the plague, it would seem, by connecting the channels of two neighbouring streams, koi Korafxtfaira ykymvaL ra peviiara (Diog. Laert. 1. c). In gratitude for this deliverance the Selinuntines conferred upon Empedocles divine honours, and their coin-types still bear witness to the depth and lasting character of the impression which the purification of the district made upon men's minds. The coins of this period are as follows : — Fig. 91. SEAINONTION Apollo and Artemis standing side by side in slow quad- riga, the former discharging arrows from his bow (Fig. 91). £ E A I N £ The river-god Selinus naked, ■with short horns, holding patera and lustral branch, sacrificing at an altar of Asklepios, in front of which is a cock. Behind him on a pedestal is the figure of a bull, and in the field above a selinon leaf . . M Tetradr. h a 148 SICILY. Apollo is here regarded as the healing god, aXe£,iKaKos, who, with his radiant arrows, slays the pestilence as he slew the Python. Artemis stands behind hira ia her capacity of elXeCOvia or a-ooibiva, for the plague had fallen heavily on the women too, wore kol rhs yvvalKas bva-roKeiv (Diog. Laert. 1. c). On the reverse the river-god himself makes formal libation to the god of health in gratitude for the cleansing of his waters, whUe the image of the Bull symbolizes the sacrifice which was offered on the occasion. SEAINONTIOM Herakles conteBding • with a wild bull which he seizes by the horn, and is about to slay with his club . . [Gardner, Types, PL II. i6. 17]. HYvl'A^ River Hypsas sacrificingbefore altar, around which a serpent twines. He holds branch and patera. Behind him a marsh bird (stork) is seen departing. In field, selinon leaf . . M Didr. Here instead of Apollo it is the sun-god Herakles, wlio is shown strug- gling with the destnictive powers of moisture symbolized by the Bull, while on the reverse the Hypsas takes the place of the Selinus. The marsh bird is seen retreating, for she can no longer find a congenial home on the banks of the Hypsas now that Empedocles has drained the lands. EYPYMEAOSA (retrogr.) Head of i 2EAIN0S (retrogr.) Head of young Nymph Eurymedusa wearing sphen- river-god Selinus with bull's ear and done. Behind her, a stork. horn. Behind, selinon leaf ' .51 Drachm. Eurymedusa appears to have been a fountain-nymph, for one of the daughters of Achelous was sq, called (Preller, Gr. Myth., and ed. ii. 392, note 2). Nymph or goddess seated on a rock receiving to her bosom an enormous serpent, which stands coiled and erect before her. SEAINOES Man-headed bull; above, . sometimes, seUnon leaf & Litra or Obol. The obverse of this coin represents perhaps the goddess Persephone visited by Zeus in the fonn of a serpent (Eckhel, ii. p. 240). The Bull on the reverse is supposed by Eckhel to be the tauriform Dionysos, the offspring of the union of Persephone with the divine serpent ; but it seems to be more in keeping with the other Selinuntine coin-types to suppose that the river Selinus is here symbolized. Cire. B.C. 415-409. SEAINONTION Nike driving quad- riga, horses in high action. In exergue, ear of com, and in field above, a wreath. SEAINONTION Eiver-god sacrificing, as on the earher tetradrachms . . M Tetradr. The didrachms of this period resemble in type those of the Transitional period. Head of Herakles bearded or beardless in profile or three-quarter face. SEAINONTION "Victorious quadriga, horses in high action : above, selinon leaf . . M\ Drachm. SELLVUS— SOLUS. 149 Beonze. Trias. Head of young river-god. | Selinon leaf .*. . JE, -75. wt. 138 grs. The weight of the Litra according to this coin would be 5^2, grs. Selinus was destroyed by the Carthaginians B. c. 409, and although the Selinuntines are from time to time mentioned in later ages, the city was never again in a position to strike its own coins. Silerae. The site of this town is quite uncertain, nor is it even mentioned by any ancient author. Its rare bronze coins belong to the time of Timoleon. Cire. B. c. 340. SIAEPAinH Fore-part of man- headed bull. £IA Naked warrior charging' JE i-i and -75 Solus was a Phoenician town of no great importance some twelve miles east of Panormus. Although it was always a dependency of Carthage, some of its coins bear Greek inscriptions and betray the all- pervading influence of Greek religious ideas. The earliest Soluntine coin at present known is a didrachm copied slavishly from one of the coins of Selinus described above. Befoi-e circ. B.C. 409. Herakles contending with bull. Cock. Hermes seated, in front caduceus. SOAONTINON Kiver-god sacrificing. Symbols : Selinon leaf and stork . M Didi-. NiaS Tunny-fish . . . . M Obol. ,, Bow and case . . . M Obol. The word Kfra (Kaphara, village) is supposed to be the Phoenician name of Solus. Circ. B.C. 405-350. Head of Herakles in lion's skin. Id. SOAONTINON Similar. Head of Pallas facing. Niaa Hippocamp jE -7 No inscr. Tunny-fish . . • ^ '5 X"ia3 Crayfish 1 1 1 H&militron M '8, wt. 116 grs. ,, Id. . . . Trias M ■'j, wt. 69 grs. „ Naked archer kneeling . JE -55 Circ. B.C. 340. Head of Persephone in corn-wreath. N-3 Head of Pallas in close helmet. X-1S3 Man-headed bull . . . M i--8 Prancing horse and caduceus . ^E -8 ' After the fall of Panormus, Solus passed under the dominion of the Romans. We then hear of it as a municipal town under the name of Soluntium. 150 SICILY. Head of Pallas. Id. Head of Poseidon. Id. C0A0NTir4ujr4 Dolphin. Male head with earring and pointed beard. Id. After B.C. 241. COAONTINUUM Head of Poseidon . ^■85 Wreath . . M -^ COAONTINnN Naked warrior . . M .7 „ Sepia . . . .(^ -5 Tunny-fish . . . . . M -^ Id. . . . . .E -55 Prancing horse . M-s Stiela or Styella, described by Steph. Byz. (s. v. 2n;eX\a) as a fertress of the Sicilian Megara. Leake [Num. Hell., p. 70) places it near the mouth of the river AJabon, which flows into the Megarian gtdf. Circ. B.C. 415-405. • Young male head laureate, in front, branch of selinon (?). £TIA Forepart of man-headed bull . JR Drachm and \ Drachm. The head on these coins, although not horned, is probably intended fox a river-god. In expression it is quite unlike a head of Apollo, and may be compared with certain similar heads on coins of Catana. Forepart of man-headed bull. male figure 2TIEAANAI0 Young sacrificing at altar . (Millingen, Considerations, p. 143.) Syracuse. The earliest coins of Syracuse belong to the time of the oligarchy of the Geomori or Gamori, who, as their name implies, were the legitimate descendants of the first colonists among whom the lands had been allotted. * We cannot assign these coins to an ea,rlier date than the latter part of the sixth century, before which time Syracuse (hke Athens before Solon's time) must have used the money of some other state. Before circ. E. c. 500. Incuse square divided into four parts. In the centre the head of a nymph or goddess of archaic style. M, Tetradr. Similar . . M Didr. Fig. ^VRApO^ION or ^VRA Slow quad- riga (Fig. 92). Horseman riding one and leading a second horse. These are probably the earliest examples of coin-types referring to agonistic contests. That they do not, however, allude to any particular victory in the games is evident from the way in which the types are from the first made subservient to the denominations of the coin; thus 8TIELA— SYRACUSE. 151 the quadriga is made use of to indicate a Tetradrachm, while two horses stand for a Bidrachm, and a man riding a single horse is the distinctive type of the Braclim. The head in the centre of the reverse may Ije assumed to be that of the presiding goddess of the island of Ortygia, Artemis, who is identified with the water nymph Arethusa, although on these early specimens the head is not accompanied by the dolphins which on later coins symbolize the salt waves of the harbour surrounding the island ol Oiiygia in which the fountain of Arethusa gushed forth. Cire. B. c. 50JD-478. To this period, which terminates with the death of Gelon, may be attributed the following: — a ■si Fio. 93. SYRA90SION' SYRAKOCION Female head sur- rounded by dolphins. Id. SYR A Female head. Female head. Id. (no dolphins). Quadriga with Nike above (Fig. 93) . m. Tetradr. ' Man riding one and leading a second horse [Gardner, Tyfes, PI. II. 7, 1 1] M Didr. Horseman . M. Drachm. Sepia . . . jELitra. SYR A Wheel . . m. Obol. In the year B.C. 480 Gelon gained his famous victory over the Carthaginians at Himera, and, by the intervention of his wife Demarete, concluded a peace with his vanquished foes, the conditions of which were so much more favourable than they had been led to expect, that in gratitude they presented Demarete with a hundred talents of gold, from the proceeds of which were struck, cire. B. c. 479, the celebrated Syracusan medalhons, or properly speaking Pentekontalitra (or Dekadrachms), sur- named Bernareteia (Diod. xi. 26). Fig. 94. SYRAKOSION Head of Nike crowned | Slow quadriga, the horses crowned by witholive,around,dolphins(Fig.94). I flyingNike. In ex. alioii. ^ Dekadr. 152 SICILY. In the issue of these magnificent coins immediately after a great victory, which for the Sicilian Greeks was an event fully as momentous as the contemporary victories over the Persians at Salamis and Plataea were for the people of Greece proper, it might well be thought that they would have been made in some way commemorative of the occasion, and it has consequently been suggested that the Lion on the reverse may be a symbol of Libya, as it certainly is on some Carthaginian coins. But it may be contended that, if any allusion to the vanquished Carthaginians had been meant, it would surely have been contained in the principal type and not in a mere adjunct symbol. The head of Nike and the victdrious quadriga both refer to agonistic victories and not to victories in war. The Lion may consequently be taken in connection with the main type as symbolizing the god in whose honour the games were held, who may therefore in this instance have been Apollo. (Cf. the contemporary coins of Leontini where the Lion is the constant symbol of that God.) Besides the dekadrachm there is a tetradrachm a;nd an obol of this coinage. (Head, Coinage of Syracuse, PL I. ii, 12.) Circ. B.C. 480-415. The earlier coins of this period, which have been elsewhere attributed by me [oji. cit. p. i o) to the reign of Hieron, are distinguished by the sea- monster ov pistrix, which replaces the lion in the exergue of the reverse. If the Hon symbolized games held in honour of Apollo, the pistrix in a similar way may have indicated Poseidon as the divinity in whose name the contests took place. The tetradrachms with the pistrix are of a somewhat hard style, which is characteristic of the early transitional period. The hair of the goddess on the obverse is variously arranged on different specimens, but is usually bound with a plain cord or fillet. Fig. 96. During the Democracy which succeeded the expulsion of the Gelonian dynasty in B.C. 466, the tetradrachms of Syracuse exhibit a greater freedom of style and variety of treatment than had been previously usual (Figs. 95-97). The head of the goddess assumes larger proportions, and the surrounding dolphins are less formally arranged and less conspicuous. The hair of the female head is sometimes confined in a sphendone, some- SYRACUSE. 153 times in a bag or saccos, and sometimes gathered up and bound by a cord passing four times round it. (Cf. B. M. Guide, PI. XVII. ^^, '2,6.) Fig. 97. It is. in this period that the coinage of bronze commences at Sj^racuse. £YP A Head of nymph. | .'.Sepia Trias M ■ 6^-^ Circ. B.C. 415-405. It is probable that, after the destruction of the Athenian armaments B.c._4i2, great reforms were effected in the coinage of Syracuse. One of thes'e appears to have been the institution for the first time of a coinage in gold. Head of Herakles in lion's skin [B. M. Guide, PI. XVII. 39.] SYP A Quadripartite incuse square with female head in centre . N wt. 1 8 grs. Aegis on which Gorgon head .... S wt. 1 1 grs. SYPA Quadratum incusuni with wheel in centre . • . . . S wt. 9 grs. For the value in silver of these gold coins, see my Coinage of Syracuse, p. 1 7. SYPA Head of Pallas. Head of Pallas. Another innovation which must also have been introduced about this time was that the die-engraver was permitted to place his name on the coins (Fig. 98 and B. M. Guiile, PI. XVII.40, with artist's name EYMHNOY). This shows that the beauty of the State currency was now regarded as a matter of public interest. The list of Syracusan die-engravers is given p. 100. The tetradi-achms now become highly ornate in style and great variety is apparent in the arrangement of the hair of the goddess on the obverse, while on the reverse the horses of the chariot now no longer walk, but are in high action, galloping or prancing. About this time the letter H begins to be seen on coins of Syracuse and other Sicilian towns. We can fix no exact date when it came into universal use, but for convenience sake we may be allowed to attribute all coins with SYPAKOSION to the period before the accession of Diony- sius, B.C. 405, Those with SYPAKOSinN would be for the most part subsequent to that date. A new type for the drachm was introduced about this time : — 154 SICILY. 2YRAK02I0N Head of goddess with dolphins. AEYKASPI? Hero naked, armed with helmet, shield, and sword, charging to r M, Drachm. Leucaspis was a native Sicilian hero, who, according to Diod. (iv. 33), was one of the leaders of the Sicanians slain by Herakles on his passage from Syracuse across the centre of the island. A later variety of this drachm recurs in the next period. Circ. B.C. 405-345. To the time of Dionysius and his successors must be classed the finest of all the Syracusan coins both in gold and silver. SYPAKOSION Head of goddess. SYPAKOSinN Young male head (river Anapus ]). Fig. 99. Herakles and lion (Fig. 99). K 90 grs. SYPAKOSinN Free horse. ^ 45 grs. [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. B. 13.] If the proportionate value of gold to silver was at this time as i : 15 as has been supposed (Head, Coinage of Syracuse, p. 79), these coins must have passed as pieces of 100 and 50 litrae respectively. Head of Persephone crowned with corn-leaves and surrounded by dolphins. Beneath, in faint cha- racters EYAINETOY (engraver's name). Fig. 100. SYPAKOSIflN Victorious quadriga in exergue, AOAA, helmet, thorax, greaves, and shield (Fig. 100) . M Dekadr. 66.7-5 E^'^- Fig. ioi. SYRACUSE. 155 Female head with hair in net ; around, dolphins, signed KIMflN Similar (Fig. loi) M Dekadr. Of these two magnificent dekadrachms the one which is signed by Euainetos is the chef cVmivre of the art of coin-engraving, and as such it seems to have been generally recognized in antiquity, for it served as a model not only for the coins of many other Sicilian towns (e. g. Panor- mus, Centuripae, etc.), but for some coins in Greece proper, such as those of the Opuntian Locrians [B. M. Guide, PL XXII. 24]. Among the many beautiful Syracusan tetradrachms of this age the following by Kimon and Eukleides are the most striking : — Fig. 102. APEOOSA Head of Arethusa facing, her hair floating in loose locks, among which dolphins are swim- ming. On the band across her forehead the artist's name K I MHN. SYPAKOCinN Quadriga; ahove,Nike: in exergue, ear of corn (Fig. 102) . . M Tetradr. Persephone with toich, driving vic- torious quadriga : in exergue, ear of corn (Fig. 103) . M Tetradr. Fig. 103 SYPAKO£inN Head of Athena facing, in richly adorned helmet with crest and feathers. On it the artist's name EYKAEIAA, around, dolphins. There are many other fine tetradrachms of this time, both with and without the names of artists (Head, Coinage of Syracuse, PL V.), also the following drachms : — Head of Athena facing, as on coin by Eukleides [Gardner, Tyjpes, PL VI. 40, 35.J CYPAKOSinN Leucaspis with helmet, spear, and shield, in fighting attitude before an altar. In front, a dead ram. M Drachm. The half drachms repeat for the most part the type,s of the tetra- drachm. On the smaller coins the sepia still distinguishes the litra, and the wheel the obol. 156 HICILY. Bkonze Coinage. Head of nymph. Id. Id. SYPAKOSI[nN Id. Star in quadripartite inc. sq. . M SXPA Wheel and two dolphins. M „ Sepia M Trident ... . . M 65 65 6 45 Circ. B.C. 34.5-317. In B. c. 345 Timoleon of Corinth, under the special protection of the gi-eat goddesses of Sicily, Demeter and Persephone, left his native land to fulfil his divine mission of liberating Sicily from her tyrants (Plut., Tim. 8 ; Diod. xvi. 66). The democratical form of government was now re-established at Syracuse. At the same time an entirely new currency was issued, wherein electrum supplanted the pure gold previously in circulation. By this change the State effected a saving of some 20 per cent. (Head, op. cif., p. 26). The Corinthian silver stater, equivalent in value to an Attic didrachm, was also substituted for the tetradrachm as the principal silver coin. Electeum Coinage. Fig. 104. SYPAKOSinM Head of Apollo. Head of Apollo. [B. M. Guide, PI XXYI. 34.1 IEY2 EAEYOEPIOS HeadofZeus. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXVI. 35.] Head of Apollo. Head of Arethusa. Sepia SiLVEE Coinage. SnTElPA Head ofArtemis (Fig. 104). EL. 112-5 grs.:=ioo Utr. SYPAKOSinN Tripod EL. 56-2 grs.=5o litr. ,, Pegasos • • • . . . EL. 33-7 grs. = 3o]itr. Lyre EL. 28-12 grs.= 25 litr. EL. 11-25 grs.= io litr. Fig. 105. lEYS EAEYOEPIOS HeadofZeus. SYPAKOSinN Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet wathout crest. SYPAKOSinN Pegasos. [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. B. 16] M, Stater 132 grs.= io litr. Pegasos (Fig. 105) M Stater 135 grs.= io litr. SYRACUSE. 157 Head of Arethusa with Jolpliins. Head of Kyane ; symbol, lion's head (mouth of fountain). Head of Arethusa. Head of Kyane (symbol, lion's head). Id. Id. Head of Pallas facing. Janiform female head laureate. Pegasos Pegasos Half Pegasos . Id. . . Sepia . Horseman Free horse M 40-5 grs.: M 40-6 grs.r :3litr. : 3 litr. JR 20- 2 5 grs.= i^ litr. M, 2025 grs.= ij litr. JR 13-5 grs.= i litr. ■^ 33-75 grs. = 2| litr, jfi 27 grs. = 2 litr. The prevalence of the Pegasos as a Syracusan type is of course owing to the influence of the money of Corinth. The head of Zeus Eleutherios and the free horse speak for themselves as symbols of freedom and democracy. Another important reform which seems to have been introduced by Timoleon was the issue of bronze coins of substantial weight and having an intrinsic value in themselves, although still perhaps representing a value somewhat greater than their weight. These heavy bronze coins were probably struck to meet a demand for money in the Sikel districts of Sicily which, by Timoleon's means, were brought into direct and frequent intercourse with Syracuse. Bronze Coinage. Imcr. SYPA or CYPAKOSIflN. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet.- Id, Head of bearded hero, Archias, in Corinthian helmet.- Head of Persephone. Head of Aphrodite. Head of Anapus facing. Female head. lEYS EAEYGEPIOS Head of Zeus. Id. [Imhoof, 17oM. Cr., PI. B, 17.1 Id. -' Id, Id, Id. [Imhoof, op. cit, PI. B, 18.] [Imhoof, 02). cit., PI. B. 19 and 20. J Head of Kyane (?) facing. Head of Apollo. [lEYS EA]AAMI0[2] Head of Zeus, [Imhoof, op. cit, PI, B, 21,] Head of Apollo, flmhoof, op. cit., PI, 22,] Star-fish between two dolphins M i-ik^ Sea-horse ..... ^ '8 Pegasos and dolphin , . , ^1.05 85 Pegasos . . , . , Half Pegasos . .... Half Pegasos . . ... Dolphin and scallop Free horse .... Half Pegasos . . Fulmen . . . . M Sepia Swastica M .a Shell ; around, three dolphins, or sepia. M '7 Id ^ -55 Pegasos ^ .y Dog barking , ^ .7 M M -65 M -7 M I'O M -95 ■95-65 M .65 Dog lying, head reverted M ■(, ,. '^^^}]^^ «^ Archias as Oekist of Syracuse Is most appropriate at the time of Timoleon a reeolonization. With regard to the river Ajiapus and the fountain Kyane, see Aelian (Far. Eisi., xxxiii.). The largest of these Syracusan bronze coins were extensively used in bicily, chiefly by the Sikel towns, as blanks ov flans on which to strike their own types. 158 SICILY. Reign of Agalhocles, B.C. 317-289. The coins struck while Agathocles was ruler of Syi-acuse do not all bear his name. They fall into three periods, as follows : — I. B.C. 317-310. Gold. Attic drachms, tetrobols, and diobols. Silver. Tetradrachms, staters (Corintliian), and drachms. Bronze. All reading SYPAKOSinN and without the name of Agathocles. n. B.C. 310-307. Gold. Stater reading ATAOOKAEOS. Silver. Tetradr. „ SYPAKOSinN -ATAOOKAEIOS. „ KOPAS— ArAOOKAEIOS. „ KOPAS— ArAOOKAEOS. Bronze coins ,, SYPAKOSIHN. III. B.C. 307-289. Gold. Staters (wt. 90 grs.) reading — AfAOOKAEOS BASIAEOS. Bronze coins with same inscr. Silver. Corinthian staters of reduced weight. Period I. C'irc. B.C. 317-310. Gold and Silvee. Attic Weight. Fig. 106. Head of young Ares (?) laureate. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXXV, 27.] Head of Persephone. Head of Persephone (Fig. 106). SYPAKOSinN HeadofyoungAresO) laur. [Imhoof, 3fo?i. Gr., PI. B. 23.] Head of Pallas in crested Coiinthian helmet. SYPAKOSinN Biga. Symbol: Tri- skelis .... N Drachm and Tetrobol. Bull. . .^Diohol. „ Quadriga. Symbol : Triskehs M Tetradr. Triskehs M Drachm. SYPAKOSiriN Pegasos. Symbol : Triskelis . . M, Corinthian Stater. BEOJfZB, SYPAKOSinN Head of Persephone. Young male head laur. Bull butting. various . Triskelis . Symbols and letters .... ^-.9-7 . . . ^:75 The Triskelis or Triquetra does not occur on any Sicilian coins before the time of Agathocles, who appears to have adopted it in virtue of his claim of sovereignty over all Sicily. SYRACUSE. 159 The type of the gold coins above described seems to have been borrowed from that of the gold staters of Philip of Macedon. Period II. Circ. B.C. 310-307. Gold and Silvee. Attic Weight. Young head wearing elephant's skin. ATAOOKAEOS Winged Pallas armed, standing ; at her feet, owl SL Stater. This coin was probably struck soon after the victory of Agathocles over the Carthaginians in Africa (Diod. xxii. ii), B.C. 310, before which he let fly a number of owls, the favourite birds of Athena, which, perch- ing upon the shields and helmets of the soldiers, revived their fainting spirits. The absence of the royal title proves that it was struck before B.C. 307. KiG. 107. SYPAKOSinN Head of Persephone with flowing hair. KOPAS Similar (Fig. 107). ATAOOKAEIOS Nike erecting tro- phy. Symbol: Triskelis M Tetradr. ATAOOKAEIOS or AfAOOKAEOS Similar ... M Tetradr. Little by little Agathocles seems to have taken into his own hands the right of coinage, for the inscription SYPAKOSIflN is first dropped on the gold, next on the silver, and finally, as will be seen, upon the bronze. The adjective ATAOOKAEIOS agrees perhaps with NIKH understood in the type. Beonze. SYPAKOSinN Young male head diademed. SriTElPA Head of Artemis. SYPAKOSinN Head of Pallas in crested Corinthian helmet. Head of Pallas as above. Id. Lion. Symbol: club . ^-85 SYPAKOSinN Fulmen . Pegasos . ... . J5-85 . ^.-85 SYPAKOSinN Horseman ^-8-65 ,, Fulmen . . ^ -55 Period III. B.C. 307-289. In B.C. 307 Agathocles assumed the title iSaaiXfvs, following in this the example set by Antigonus, who had adopted the title, ' king,' in the same year. Head of Pallas in crested Corinthian I ATAOOKAEOSBASIAEOS Fulmen. helmet. I SI 90 grs. [B. M. Guide, PL XXXV. 30.J 160 SICILY. Similar (helmet without crest). I Pegasos. >St/»i6o? : Triskelia or star . . I M io8 grs. [B. M. Guide, PJ. XXXV. 31.] SriTElPA Head of Artemis. ATAOOKAEOS BASIAEOS Fulmen. ^•85 The gold staters of this time follow the old Syracusan gold standard which prevailed in the reign of Bionysius (p. 154). But as gold in the time of Agathocles was only worth about twelve times as much as silver, whereas in that of Dionysius it had stood at 15:1, the stater of 90 grs. would be equivalent only to 80 silver litrae instead of 100, as of old. In consequence perhaps of the altered relations of gold and silver, the weight of the Corinthian stater, as issued at Syracuse, was propor- tionately reduced from 10 to 8 litrae. Democracy, B.C. 289-287. On the death of Agathocles republican institutions were restored for the space of about two years, during which the worship of Zeus Eleu- therios becomes again apparent on the coinage. SnTElPA Head of Artemis. AIDS EAEYOEPIOY Head of Zeus. AlOS EAEYGEPIOY Fulmen M SYPAKOSinN Fulmen . . M Hicetas, B.C. 287-278. Next follows the tyranny of Hicetas, whose name appears as chief magistrate on the gold money only. The silver and bronze, which as I have elsewhere shown [Coinage of Syracuse, p. 54) can only belong to the time of Hicetas, are without his name. Fig. 108. Em IK ETA Biga. Symbols: Moon, star, [sun], etc. . . K 67-5 grs. SYPAKOSIfiN Quadriga. Symbol: Star, etc. ... . M 202-5 grs. SYPAKOSinN Head of Persephone. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXXV. 32.] Head of Persephone with long hair. Symbols: Bee, bucraniuiii, etc. (Fig. •108). Of the above coins the gold drachm was worth 60, and the silver coin 15 litrae. The tetradrachm was never struck at Syracuse after the reign of Agathocles. . M .0-8 SYPAKO^inN Head of Persephone with long hair. AlO? EAAANIOY Young laureate head of Zeus Hellenios. [Gardner, Types Gr. C, PI. XI. 25.J Biga. Symbol: Star . SYPAKOSinN Eagle on fulmen . ^•8 SYRACU8R 161 This last type was adopted by the Mamertines after their seizure of Messana, B.C. 382; the head on the obverse of the Mamertine coin is, however, there called Ares. Time of Pyrrhus in Sicily, b. c. 278-276. The following Syracusan coins probably belong to the time of Pyrrhus's expedition into Sicily (Head, Coinage of Syracuse, p. 58): — Head of Persephone, hair long. SYPAKOSiriN Similar. Head of young Herakles. SYPAKOSinN Nikeinbiga . . K 67-5 grs. Torch in oak-wreath . . M \o Pallas in fighting attitude M •9--8 This Pallas Promachos is the Macedonian Athena Alkis, a type which first occurs on coins struck by Ptolemy Soter in Egypt for Alexander the son of Roxana, next on silver coins of Pyrrhus struck during his Italian and Sicilian campaigns, and on these bronze Syracusan coins, and again on the coins of Antigonus Gonatas, b. c. 277-239, and on those of Philip V, B.C. 220-179. Hieron II, B.C. 275-216. After the departure of Pyrrhus, one of his young officers named Hieron was elected general of the army. He soon rose to great power in the Councils of the Republic, and after his victory over the Mamer- tines, B. c. 270, received the title I3aai\evs. Head of Persephone (various symbols). [B. M. Guide, PI. XL VI. 30.] lEPHNOS Biga S 67-5 grs. The silver coins which belong to the reign of Hieron may be divided into five classes as follows : — Head of Pallas. [B. M. Gidde, PI. XL VI. 32.] Class A. WitJi inscr. lEPHNOS. I Pegasos M 90 grs. Class B. With inscr. BASIAEOS lEPHNOS and portrait of Hieron. Head of Hieron diademed. Fig. 109. I Quadriga (Fig. 109) M 432 grs.=32 litr. M 162 SICILY. Class C. With inscr. SYPAKOSIOI TEAflNOS and portrait of Gelon. Head of Gelon diademed, Id. Head of Hieron or Gelon. Id. Biga . . . . iR io8 grs. = 8 litr, Eagle on fulnien .iK 54 grs.=4 litr. SYPAKOSIOI XII M i3-5grs.= i litr 2YPAK02I0I TEAnNOS XII . ^ i3-5gi"s.= i litr Class D. With inscr. BASIAIS2AS va ovbev rjaa-ov rj ol 'Ajxixdvioi, Ai^vuiv). While tributary to Athens, before B.C. 424, it struck no coins (Co;p. Inscr. Att., vol. i. p. 229). Circ. B.C. 424-358. Head of Zeus Ammon with ram's horns facing. Id. in profile. Id. A*YTAinN Kantharos . . iE -65 [B. M. Cat. Mac, p. 61.] A0Y Two eagles face to face M -65 A*Y One eagle .... iE -55 The kantharos refers to the worship of Dionysos at Aphytis, where, according to Xenophon, there was a temple of that god. After B.C. 168. Head of Zeus Ammon. [See also Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 64.] AOYTAI Eagle, or two eagles face to face iE -S- — -6 Scioue, on the south coast of Pallene, was probably of Euboean origin, notwithstanding the fact that the inhabitants ascribed the foundation of their city to some one of the Achaean heroes returning from Troy. In B. c. 424 it revolted from Athens, and two years afterwards was captured and its inhabitants put to the sword. Circ. B.C. 480-421. Young head, of early transitional style, bound with taenia. SKI ON [X) (retrogr.) Forepart of lion looking back. £K 1 (retrogr.) Helmet in incuse square JR Euboic tetrobol. Quadripartite shallow incuse square M, Euboic tetrobol. [B. M. Gat., Mac, p. 102.] Young male head bound with taenia. Head of Aphrodite. Id. After -B.C. 421 (?). £Kin Helmet [Ihid., p. 103) . M SKinNAinN Two doves . . M SKinNAinN or SKI One dove ^ Meude was an ancient colony of Eretria, situate on the south-west side of Cape Poseidion in Pallene. The types of its coins allude to the MACBBON.—(I)) CHALCIDIAN DISTRICT. 187 worship of Dionysos and his companion Silenos. The wine of Mende was famous and is frequently mentioned by ancient writers. It may be doubted whether any coins were struck at Mende after its first capture by Philip, B.C. 358. Here, as at Acanthus, etc., the Eubo'ic standard gives place to the Phoenician about B.C. 424. Circ. B.C. 500-450. MIM, MINAAON, MINAAIOM, or no inscription. Ass standing before vine, on his back a crow pecking at his tail. Symbol, sometimes, crescent moon. Ass. Head of Ass. Four or more incuse triangles, in centre sometimes O. [B. M. Guide, PI. IV. 8, etc. ; Zeit. f. Num. X, Taf. iii. 3.] M Eubo'ic tetradrachm. Id. Id. .'R Tetradr. and Tetrobol. . . M. Hemiobol. Circ. B.C. 450-424. Fig. 129. Silenos reclining on back of ass. He holds a kantharos. In front a crow seated on a tree, and beneath ass, a dog. Silenos standing beside ass and hold- ing it by the ears. Fore-part of ass. MEN A Al ON Vine in incuse square (Fig. 129) . . M Tetradrachm. Crow in incuse square. M Tetrobol. [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. C. 19, 20.] Kantharos . . 2Si Obol. Circ. B.C. 424-358. Head of young Dionysos crowned with ivy. [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. C. 21.] Id. [Imhoof, 02). cit., p. 83, No Silenos reclining on ass. Head of young Dionysos. MENAAinN Ass standing, on his back a crow pecking at his tail, in- cuse circle ... M, Tetradr. (Phoenician), 190 grs. MENAAinN Amphora between two 5.] branches of ivy . .51 Didr., 104 grs. MENAAIH or MENAAinN Am- phora in sunk square . M, Tetrobol. M E N A A One or two Amphorae M .65— .4 For other varieties, see Imhoof, Mo?i. Gr., p. 83. Cap^a or Scapsa, north of Mende and near Assera, see Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 69. Before circ. B.C. 480. Mule ; above, vase [kylix). j K A in two of four incuse triangles I M Tetrob., 45 grs. 188 MACEB0N.—{1)) CHALCIBIAN DISTRICT. This coin is attributed by von Sallet {Zeit. f. Ntim., 1885, p. 358) to Mende, which he thinks may have once been called Canastraeum after the promontory near which it stood. Potidaea, a colony of Corinth on the Thermaic gulf, began to coin money early in the fifth century. Its name is clearly derived from Poseidon (cf. Poseidonia). The type of the tetradrachm was doubtless suggested by the sacred image of Poseidon, which Herodotus (viii. 129) mentions as standing in front of the city, kv tco irpoaa-TeiM. Millingen (Si/ll., p. 48) thinks that the female head on the tetrobol may represent Pallene, from whom the peninsula received its name. With the celebrated blockade of Potidaea by the Athenians, B.C. 432-429, the coinage comes to an end. Circ. B.C. 500-429. Fig. 130. P Poseidon Hippies on liorseback. He holds trideut ; under horse, star. PO or n Id. P Naked horseman on forepart of prancing horse. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. Incuse square, diagonally divided (Fig. 130) . . JR Euboi'c tetradr. Female head in spiked headdress, in incuse square JR Tetrobol. Similar . . , JR Diobol. POT Pegasos , JE -7 Cassandrea, Eurydicea. This town was founded by Cassander on the site of Potidaea. It appears to have been called for a time Eurydicea (Polyaenus, vi. 7), in honour either of Eurydice, daughter of Lysimachus (B.C. 298-294), or of Eurydice, sister of Cassander. who reigned for a time in Macedon, B.C. 280. Circ. B.C. 298-280. Veiled head of queen (B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 75). EYPIAIKEnN Tripod . .^-65 No other coins are known until the time of Augustus, when it received a Roman colony, and struck bronze coins with Latin legends between the reigns of Claudius and Philippus. Inscr. COLONIA IVLIA AVC. C ASSAM DREN SIS, variously abbreviated. With few exceptions the reverse type is a head of Zeus Ammon. Bottice. The Bottiaeans originally occupied the coast of the Thermaic Gulf, but they were expelled at an early date and settled near Olynthus in the district called after them Bottice. Their chief city was Spartolus (B. M. Cat., Mac, p. xL). MACEL0N.-{JJ) CHALCIMAN LTSTRICT. 189 Circ. B.C. 424-392. Head of Demeter crowned with corn. [Imhoof, Choix, PI. I. i6]. BOTTIAinN Forepart of bull in incuse square ... . . . M Phoenician Tetrob, 36 grs. Time of the Chalcidian League, B.C. 392-379, or later. Head of Apollo laureate. Head of Artemis. Female head. BOTTIAinN Lyre . , . . ^ -55 Id -*E -45 Bull butting . JE ■■] (See also Bottiaei Emathiae, p. 211.) Sicaea, on the Thermaic gulf, was a colony of Eretria, from -which its coin-type is borrowed. On the distinction between the coins of this town and those of Dicaea in Thrace, see J. P. Six {Num. Chron., N. S., vol. XV. p. 97). In the Athenian Tribute Lists [Corp. Inscr. Ait., vol. i. p. 330) it is called Aixaia 'Ep6rpi[(3!;], and the inhabitants AiKatoTroATrat 'Eperpiwj' ajroiKoi. Circ. B. c. 500-450. Cow scratching herself, sometimes in- scribed AIKA . . . [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 70]. Cock [Imhoof, 3foH. Gr., PL C. 14]. AIKAI Cock [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. C. 1.5]. Bull, or forepart of bull . . [Ibid., Nos. 16, 17]. Four or more triangular incuse depres- sions . . JR Euboio tetrobol, 44 grs. Sepia in incuse square. iE. Tetrobol, 4 igrs. Scallop shell in incuse square M Di( bol. Id. . . M Diobol and Obol. Circ. B. c. 400. Female head. | Al KAIOPOA Bull standing ^65 For other varieties, see Imhoof, oj}. cit., p. 7 1 sq. Aeneia, on the Thermaic gulf, was said to have been founded by Aeneas (Otto Abel, Mahedonien tor Kbiiicj Phdipp, p. 37, and Friediander^ Monatshericht d. K. Akad. d. TVissensch., 1878). AINEAS Aeneas carrying Anchises, preceded by his wife Kreusa carry- ing Ascanios. Before e. c. 500. Quadripartite incuse square {Zeit.f. Num., vii. 221). M, Euboic tetradr. Concerning this remarkable coin, which affords the oldest representa- tion of a Trojan myth which has come down to us, see Friedliinder (/. c). The smaller silver coins are of two periods. B.C. 500-424. Head of bearded Aeneas, helmeted, of archaic style. Quadripartite incuse square . . . . iE Euboic tetrobol, 39 grs.. and Diobol, 21 grs. 190 MACEI)ON.—{E) STRYMONIAN AND BOTTIAEAN DISTRICTS. B.C. 424-350. Head of Aeneas of more recent style. Head of Pallas in Athenian helmet bound with olive [Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., PI. C. 12]. Head of Ascanios in Phi-ygian cap [Imhoof, C/iow, PI. I. 15]. AINEAS Quadripartite incuse square. M, Phoenician tetrobol, 35 grs. „ Bull looking back, in inc. square. M Phoenician tetrob. 36 grs. AlNEIATflN Bull M -6 E. Macedonian cities in the Steymonian and Bottiaean DISTRICTS. Amphipolis, on the Strymon, although founded B.C. 437 by the Athenians, does not seem to have struck money before its capture by Brasidas B.C. 434, from which time until it was taken by Philip in B. c. 358 it remained practically free. The coins of Amphipolis as works of art perhaps excel those of any other city of northern Greece. The Kace-torch, the usual reverse-type, is symbolical of the worship of Artemis Tauropolos or Brauronia, who was especially revered at Amphi- polis, and in whose honour Torch-races, Lampadephoria, were held (Leake, Num. Hell., p. 11). The weight-standard is the Phoenician. Circ. B.C. 424-358. Fia. 131. Head of Apollo, three-quarter face ; various symbols in field : Bee, tripod, Boeotian shield, plant or ear of corn, crab, dog, etc. Similar. Young head, r., wearing taenia. Head of Apollo, or young head, bound with taenia. AMIPOAITEnN (rarely AM*!- POAITnN) written on a raised frame in an incuse square. In the midst, a race-torch and various symbols or letters (Fig. 131) . . . .iH Tetradr. 224 grs.. Drachm, and Triob AM<1>I Eace-torch in wreath . . M Tetradr. and Tetrob, ,, Dolphin in incuse square . M Obol „ Race-torch in linear square. [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 45] . M -7—45 Circ. B.C. 358-168. During this period Amphipolis was one of the principal places of mintage of the kings of Macedon. MACEI)ON.—{E) SmUIONIAN AND BOTTIAEAN LISTKICTS. 191 Cire. B.C. 168-146. As the capital of the First Region the coins reading MAKEAONnN nPilTHS were struck at Amphipolis, as were also many of the bronze coins described below (p. 209). Circ. B.C. 146. — Time of Augustus. Few indications of date are afforded by the bronze coins reading AM(t>inOAITnN or AM0inOAEITnN. Many of the types are, however, identical with the bronze coins reading MAKEAONflN, though clearly later. The following types are of frequent occurrence : — Head of Herakles. Head of hero Perseus (or Koma ?). Head of Poseidon. Head of Strymou crowned with reeds. Head of Artemis Tauropolos. Id. Head of young Dionys6s. Head of Medusa. Head of Poseidon. Head of Apollo (?). Head of Artemis. Bust of Artemis. Centaur [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 46] Wreath . Club in oak wreath . Dolphin in wreath . Bull butting Two goats on their hind legs Goat . . Pallas Nikephoros .... Horse . . Ear of corn Id Artemis Tauropolos with infl ridinff on bull ^75 ^•75 M M M m M M m M M ated veil M 8 6 75 85 75 75 8 65 75 Semuncial reductimi after b. c. 88. Head of Janus. Mark of value I Head of Poseidon Two Centaurs back to back . As. ^ I., wt. 290 grs. I S Prow . Semis. M -g, wt. 89 grs. Most of the remaining types, even when without the name of the Emperor, belong to Imperial times (see B. M. Cai., Mac, p -^o so ) Augustus to Salonina. ^'^' Tragilus, at the south eastern end of the Pangaean range, and about ten miles west of Philippi, is the town where the coins readino- TPAI and TPAIAION were issued. " Circ. B. c. 450-400. Ear of corn. [B. M. Cat., Mac, p. 130]. Bunch of grapes. Head of Hermes in petasos. TRAI or TPAI in the four quarters of an incuse square . . Ai 5-6 ors. W ^3 grs. TPAI between the four spokes of a wheel Circ B.C. 400-350. Head of Hermes in petasos. | TPAIAION Eose ^ .gg With regard to this type Heuzey (Mhdon arohSologique de Macedoine, 192 MACEBON.—ii:) STRYMONIAN AND BOTTIAEAN DISTRICTS. p. 158) has pointed out that the roses of Mt. Pangaeum, called kKwrovTa- (j>vKka, were famous in antiquity. Philippi. As early as the sixth century B. c. the Thasians possessed a mining settlement on the mainland of Thrace, called Daton, a district which extended inland as far as the springs called Crenides. Subse- quently the Pangaean tribes expelled the Thasians, but in B.C. 361 the Athenian orator CaUistratus refounded the colony of Daton at Crenides with the assistance of a number of Thasians. Gold and bronze coins were now issued at the revived colony with the inscription OASION HPEIPO, ohv. Head of Herakles, rev. Tripod. In B. c. 358 Philip made himself master of the district with its rich mines, renamed the town after himself, Philippi, and allowed it the privilege of striking money identical in type with the Thasian coins above described, but with the legend v apixdr^v eyxapi.TTa>v roh voixiajxaaiv. Philip was also successful at Olympia with the race-horse (I'ttttco /ce'ATjrt ; Plut., Alex. 3), a victory of which he perpetuated the memory on his tetradrachms. The horseman with kausia and chlamys is less certainly agonistic and may represent the king himself as a typical Macedonian linrim. Philip's coins were struck at many mints in various parts of his empire. For the various mint -marks which they bear, see Miiller's Man (VAlex. le Grajid, whose local attributions are, however, to be accepted with great caution. They continued to circulate in Europe long after his death, and the Gauls, when they invaded and pillaged Greece, took vast numbers of them back into their own land, where they lono' continued to serve as models for the native currency of Gaul and Britain. "^ Alexander the Great, B.C. o,?,^-^,^?,- The coinage of Alexander is a branch of Numismatics too extensive and complicated for discussion in detail in the present work. His first coinage is of Macedonian fabric and style and must be assigned to the early years of his reign, before his expedition against Asia. The tetradrachm (337 grs.) follows the standard ot Philip s coins, while for the smaller denominations the Eubo'ic- Attic standard was introduced, which some years later came into general use for the coinage both of his European and Asiatic dominions 198 3IACED0N.—{F) KINGS. Circ. B.C. 336-334. Head of Zeus as ( m tetradr . of Philip. AAEIANAPOY Eagle on fulmen, his [Imhoof, Mon. Gr. PI. D. 8.] head turned back . . .... M Tetradr., 227 grs. Head of young Herakles in lion 's skin. AAEiANAPOY Id M, Drachm (Attic.) Id. „ Eagle on fulmen . . & \ Drachm. Id. ,, Two eagles face to face, on fulmen . . . M. Diobol. Id. AAEIANAPOY Fulmen . M. Obol. Id. ,, Eagle on fulmen, head turned back . . . . M -(^i, Head of Apollo, 1] air long. AAE3EANAP0Y Fulmen . . ^ -55 After circ. B.C. 334. It was probably not until his invasion of Asia that Alexander insti- tuted his vast international currency, of which the following are the principal types : — Gold. Fig. 139. Head of Pallas in crested Corinthian helmet, adorned with serpent, griffin, or sphinx (Fig. 139). Id. [B. M. Guide, PL XXX. 4.] Id. Id. Head of Pallas. Id. AAEIANAPOY (rarely with BASI- AEn?) Winged Nike holding trophy- stand, various mint-marks and mono- id Distater, 266 grs. . S Stater, 133 grs. N \ Stater, 66 grs. N I Stater, 33 grs. S I Stater, 33 grs. grams . Id. . . . Id. ... Id. . . Club and bow Fulmen . N i Stater, 16 grs. The usual denomination is the stater ; the rest are only exceptionally met with. The cultus of Pallas Athene and of her attendant Nike was introduced by Alexander, before whose time there is no trace of it on Macedonian coins. Head of young Herakles in lion's skin [B.M. Guide, F\. XXX. 5,6, 7.] SiLVEE. Id. AAEIANAPOY (sometimes with BA- SIAEflS) Zeus seated on throne, holding eagle and resting on sceptre M Tetradrachm. JB, Drachm. Dekadrachms also exist, but are of great rarity ; Didrachms, Triobols, MACEDON.—{F) KINGS. 199 and Obols occur somewhat more frequently. AH coins of these unusual denominations appear to be of Syrian origin. Beoxze, Head of young Herakles in lion's skin Youne male head, wearing taenia. AAEIAN APOY Club, and bow in case M Various sizes. Free horse . JEi -6 Other varieties less frequent than the above are the following, for the most part oi post Alexandrine style: — Head of Herakles. Head of Pallas. Young head wearing taenia. Head of Herakles. Head of Apollo. AAEIANAPOY Biga . . .4; -8 Nike . . . M ■^ [BASIAEflS] Horse- man M -7—6 , Horseman . M -y Id; . M -7 Bow, club and quiver . . M 7 Horseman . M 7 Prow . • . M .7- ^ Prow . M 6 Helmet , . M 6 Head of Herakles. B A Id. Head of Pallas. Head of Poseidon. Macedonian shield. The difficulties with which we are confronted in attempting a systematic classification of the enormous series of coins which bear the name of Alexander are of two kinds: — (i) we have to decide as to whether a particular coin belongs to the reign of Alexander himself, or, if not, to what subsequent period it should be assigned, for in some parts of the ancient world silver coins continued to be struck in the name and with the types of Alexander for some centuries after his death, (ii) We have to determine the geographical attribution. The tetradi-achms have been arranged by M. Miiller -in seven classes, which he distinguishes in the main by the following characteristics : I. Thick fabric, severe style. Zeus seated in stiflf attitude, his right lea visible in front of his left. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXX. 5.] II. Similar, but with some slight variations. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXVII 2 4, 5-] III. Similar, but of more elegant style. [B. M. Guide, PL XXX. 6.] IV. Fabric less lumpy; style fine; work usually (but not always) careful. Right leg of Zeus drawn hack behind left. [B. M. Chiide, PI XXVII 6, 7, 8 ; PI. XXX. 10, ii; PI. XXXI. 12-14.] Similar. Fabric flatter, and flan more spread. Style free, and usuallv superficial. [B. M. Guide, PI. XXXVI. 1-4.] Thin outspread fabric. Work usually sketchy, but not rude or barbarous [B. M. Guide, PL XLVIII. 1-3.] VII. Thin outspr*iad fabric. Work rude, and frequently barbarous [B. M. Guide, PL LIII. i, 2 ; PL LXIV. 2.] oaroarqus. V. VI These classes belong in part to Europe, and in part to Asia, and mav be arranged somewhat as follows :— '' 200 3Iacedon:—{F) kings. B.C. 334-300, and later. EuEOPE. Asia. Class I. Kingdom of Macedon, etc. Class II. Cilicia, Syria, Phoenicia. J) i-J-t. ,, ,, ,, 1X1. ,, ,, ,, B.C. 300-280. Class IV. Macedon, etc., Peloponnesus Class IV. Cilicia, Syria, Phoenicia, and Islands. and Egypt. B.C. 250-200. Fig. 140. Class V. Thrace. Class V. Greek cities of western Asia Minor (Fig. 140). Phoenician cities (circ. 244-183). After B.C. 200. Classes VI, VII. Thrace, down almost to Imperial times. Class VI. Free cities of western Asia Minor (b.c. 190-133). The attributions to individual cities depend upon the correspondence of the adj unct symbols with known coin-types of the cities in question. On the coins of the later classes these symbols in the field of the reverse are undoubtedly mint marks, but there is not sufficient evidence to show that this was always the case on the coins of Classes I-IV, and in many cases we have no safer guide to the local attribution than a knowledge of the countries from which certain sorts of tetradrachms usually come to us. No gold or bronze coins with Alexander's name were probably issued after circ. B.C. 280. 'PP^. Fig. 141. Philip III (Aridaeus), B.C. 323-316. The coins of this king are identical in type with those of Alexander of Classes III and IV. Inscr., <1>IAIPP0Y or BASIAEnS OIAIPPOY. They were issued both in his European dominions and in Cilicia, Syria, Phoenicia, and Egypt. [B. M. Guide, PL XXVII. 9, 10 ; PI. XXX. 8, 9.] (Fig. 141, K Statel^) Alexander IV, son of Koxana, b. c. 323-31 i. See below under Ptolemy Soter. MACEI)ON.—{F) KINGS. 201 Cassander, B. c. 316-297. This king did not place his name upon the ^old or silver money, which continued to be issued in the name of Alexander (Class IV). Circ. B.C. 316-306. Iiisor., KASCANAPOY. Head of Herakles. | Seated liou . . . Circ. B.C. 306-297. Insor., BASIAEHS KAS2ANAP0Y. M-e^ Head of Apollo. Head of Heraklea. Id. Helmet. Triijod . ... ^E .7 Boy on horse . . M -S— 7 Lion walking ... . ^ -6 Spear-head . . . . . ./E -7 To the reign of Cassander belong also the bronze coins struck in the name of his general, Eupolemus, B. c. 314-313. Three Macedonian shields. | EYPOAEMOY Sword with belt. .^ 7 Philip IV, B.C. 297-296, son of Cassander. Alexander V, B. c. 395, son of Cassander. To these reigns no coins can be confidently assigned, though some of the coins of late style, bearing the types of Philip II and Alexander the Great, may belong to this period. Antigonus, B.C. 306-301. This king, the father of Demetrius Polior- cetes, was acknowledged 'King of Asia,' in B.C. 311. In B.C. 306 he assumed the title ^aaikivs. In all his Asiatic mints it is probable that he continued the issue of gold and silver with Alexander's types and name unchanged (Class IV). There are, however, gold staters of the Alexandrine type (except that ISike holds in her right hand an acrostolium), reading ANTIfONOY BASIAEnS, and tetradrachms, the latter struck in Peloponnesus, probably in the year b. c. 303, by Demetrius in the name of his father Antigonus.. Fig. 142. Head of Herakles (Fig. 142). BASIAEnS ANTirONOY Zeus aetophoros M Tetradr. These coins are mentioned in the Inventory of the Asklepieion at Athens as TeTpaxiJ,a avTiyoptta (see J. P. Six in the Annuaire de Numis- maii que,- J 88 2,, p. 27). No bronze money can be certainly attributed to this king. 202 3IACEI)0N.—{F) KINGS. Demetrius Foliorcetes, B.C. 306-383. Gold. Head of Pallas. Head of Demetrius with bull's horn . [B. M. Guide, PI. XXXI. 15.] Nike blowing trumpet, and holding trophy- stand, standing on prow. BASIAEnS AHMHTPIOY Nike . . S Stater. BASIAEnS AHMHTPIOY Armed horseman with spear . . K Stater. BASIAEnS AHMHTPIOY Pallas Promachos with shield and spear . . SL Stater. SiLvr.E. Nike, as above (Fig. 143). Head of Demetrius horned. Fig. 143. BA?IAEnS AHMHTPIOY Poseidon wielding trident M Tetrad., Dr., and \ Dr. BASIAEnS AHMHTPIOY Poseidon, as above . . JB, Drachm. Fig. 144. Head of Demetrius horned (Fig. 144). BASIAEilS AHMHTPIOY Poseidon resting foot on rock, and leaning on trident M Tetradr. Id- BASIAEnS AHMHTPIOY Poseidon seated on rock, holds aplustre and trident JR, Tetradr. The types of these coins refer to the naval victory gained by the fleet of Antigonus, commanded by Demetrius, over that of Ptolemy off the island of Cyprus in B. c. 306. The same victory is commemorated by a monument discovered some years ago in the island of Samothrace, now in the Louvre, consisting of a colossal Victory standing on a prow, as on the coins. See Conze, etc. {Scmothrake, Bd. ii. p. 47 seqq.). With very few exceptions the bronze coins of Demetrius Poliorcetes have a prow on the reverse, and the letters BA (for BASIAEHS). The obverse type is usually a head of Pallas or of Zeus. Pyrrhus was king of all Macedon, E. c. 387-6, and of west Macedon until B. G. 384, and again e. c. 374-372. If he issued silver coins in Macedon they were probably, like those of Cassander, impressed with the name of MACEDON.—{F) KINGS. 203 Alexander (Class IV). His Macedonian bronze coins are of the following type:— Macedonian shield, with monogram of -i BASIHehnet and mou. PYP, all in Pyrrhus in centre (PYP). ) oak wreath ^ -5 Interval, B.C. 386-377. During this period, while the government of Macedon passed rapidly from Pyrrhus to Lysimachus, Seleucus, Ptolemy Keraunos, Antipater, Sosthenes, etc., few coins were struck in Macedon. Lysimachus, it is true, appears to have struck tetradrachms at some of the Macedonian mints in his own name, but of the rest no coins are known. There is, however, one series of Alexandrine tetradrachms of Class IV (Muller, Nos. 225-236, and B. M. Gnide, PI. XXX. 11) with a Macedonian helmet in the field on the reverse, which I would attribute to this date, together with a corresponding set of bronze coins : — Macedonian shield symbols. Head of young nerakles. in centi'e, various" BA ilacedonian helmet ^■5 BASIAEHS Bow in case, and club. Symbol: Race-torch . . .(E -75 It is not always possible to dis- tinguish from one another the coins of these two kings. Dr. Imhoof-Blumer is in favour of attributing all the silver money to Gonatas. Antigonus Gonatas, B.C. 277-239 Antigonus Doson, B. c. 239-330 Fig, 145. Head of Poseidon, with flowing locks bound with marine plant (Fig. 145). Similar head of earlier style. BASIAEnS ANTirONOY inscribed on prow, upon which Apollo is seated naked, holding bow . . M Tetradr. BASIAEnS ANTirONOY Athena Alkis of archaistic style, hurling fulmen, and holding shield M, Drachm. Macedonian shield, in centi'e of which, head of Pan horned, with pedum at shoulder. Fig. 146. BASIAEnS ANTirONOY Similar type (Fig. 146) . . ^Tetradr. 204 MACEBON.—[F) KINGS. The types of the first of the above tetradrachms refer clearly to a naval victory. Dr. Imhoof [Mon. Gr., p. 128) thinks that the victory recorded is that of Gonatas over the Egyptian fleet off the island of Cos, B. c. 265. On the mainland, opposite Cos, was the Hieron of Apollo Triopios, where games were celebrated in honour of Apollo and Poseidon, the two divinities represented on the coins, ' C'^tait la sans doute, que le vainqueur a consacrd sa trifere ; et c'est la aussi, suivant une inscription trouv^e prfes de I'hi^ron, qu'existait plus tard un autre sanctuaire, tres riche et tres vt^n^r^ des Cnidiens, celui du Mros Antigone Jils de V Epigone (Demetrius).' This sanctuary doubtless owed its origin to some exploit, such as the victory off Cos, by means of which Antigonus had rendered himself the benefactor of the town of Cnidus and its temple of Apollo. But if, on the other hand, as the late style of the head of Poseidon on the majority of these coins might lead us to infer, they belong to the later Antigonus, the reverse type is still capable of explanation as con- taining an allusion to the fortunate naval expedition which Antigonus Doson undertook in b. c. 228 against Caria. I was at one time inclined to adopt the last mentioned attribution (B. M. Guide, p. 75 sq.), but I admit that Dr. Imhoof 's arguments have somewhat shaken my conviction. Tlie bronze coin of the two Antigoni most frequently met with are of the following types : — Head of Pallas. Head of Poseidon as oil silver. Head of young Herakles. BA and ANTI (in monogram) Satyr erecting a trophy • ■ . ^-75—65 Prow M-b BA and ANTI (in mon.) Naked rider crowning his horse . . ^ -65 BA^I Macedonian hehiiet . M --j Macedonian shield, on which ANT (in mon.). Demetrius II, B. c. 239-229. No gold or silver coins. Bronze Coins. Macedonian shield, in centre of which monogram composed of the letters AHMHTPI. Id., but in centre, star. Head of young Herakles. Philip V, B.C. 220-179. SiLVEK. BASI Macedonian helmet .... M -65 and -35 BASIAEnS AHMHTPIOY Id. M 65 BA AH Rider crowning horse. M -65 Head of king diademed (Fig. 147). Fig. 147. BASIAEflS ct>l Air TOY Athena Alkis armed with shield, hurling fulmen . M Tetradr. MACEI)ON.—{F) KINGS. 205 Fig. I Macedonian shield, with head of the hero Perseus in the centre, wearing winged cap of Phrygian form, end- ing at top in eagle's head. Head of king diademed. Id. Id. BASIAEnS OIAIPPOY Club in oak wreath (Fig. 148) . . M Tetradr. BASIAEnS *IAIPnOY Id. ^Didr. Id. M Dr. Id. M i Dr. Beonze. Head of Zeus in oak wreath. Head of Poseidon. Id. Head of Helios, radiate. Head of Artemis. Head of bearded Herakles. Id. Head of young Herakles. Head of Pan. Head of young Herakles. Do., laur., lion's skin round neck but not over his head. Head of hero Perseus. Id. Id. Id. Macedonian shield with wheel-orna- ment in centre. Id. Similar ; Head of Perseus in centre. . M -80-65 BA (tl Rider crowning horse M .75 „ „ Athena Alkis „ Prow .... /E -55 BASIAEIiS OIAIPPOY Fulmen in oak-wreath .... ^E i-o BA * Eagle on fulmen in oak wreath. BASIAEnS 0IAIPPOY Harpa in oak- wreath . , . . M -a BA (J) Prow . ■ ^ -45 Two goats at rest . iE -75 » Id ^ .g „ Rider crowning horse M -65 BA \ Club . . Harpa . M -6 . M .4 . ^-65 in iE.5 BA IAA Club, see Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 90. Scotussa or CotTisa, on the right bank of the Strymon, not far from Heraclea Sintica. To this town Dr. Imhoof-Blumer {Mon. Gr., p. 114) would attribute the coins struck by the dynast named Adaeus, after circ. B.C. 200 (see above, p. 206), and the following bronze coin which resembles the money of Adaeus : — After B.C. 168. Head of bearded Herakles. | KOTOYSAinN Club JE .8 It is, however, quite possible that this coin may belong to the Thessalian Scotussa. Stobi was situate at the confluence of the rivers Axius and Erigon. No coins are known to have been struck there before it became a Roman Municipium. Inscr., MVMICIPIVM STOBENSIVM. The most frequent type is Victory with wreath and palm, but the most interesting shows the City standing between the two river-gods Axius and Erigon (B. il. Cat., Mac, p. 106, 18 ; Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 91). Thessalonica (the ancient Therma) was so named by Cassander (B.C. 315) in honour of his wife. No autonomous coins were struck THRACE.— {I) SOUTHERN COAST. 213 there until the fall of the Macedonian monarchy in B.C. i68. Thessa- lonica was then made by the Romans the capital of the second Region, and the silver coins reading MAKEAONflN AEYTEPAS {see p. 209) were issued from its mint. In the Roman period, both before and during the Empire, the bronze coins of Thessalonica are plentiful. Tnscr., OeCCAAONiKH, OeCCAAO- NlKenN, KABCIPOC, etc. Titles :—^^aY.O?0<:, and on late coins MHTPOn,'OA!C] and KOAn[MlA]. Perhaps the most remarkable type is that which shows a figure of one of the Kabeiri, in whose honour games were celebrated at Thessalonica, called Ka/3eipta, Kafiiipia YlvOia, and KajSeipia k-nivUia (Eckhel, ii. 78). On some of these coins the Kabeiros is carried by either Apollo or Nike (cf. the distinctive epithets applied to the games). Games called 'OXvixirta, Tlvdia, and "Axna Uvdia also occur. Other coins of Thessalonica have heads of Libertas, eACYoePIA, and of ArnNOOeCIA, the personification of the Presidency of the Games. II. THRACE. I. The Greek Towns Of Southern Thrace. Aenus was an important city which stood at the mouth of the Hebrus, and thus commanded the navigation of that river, which brought it into commercial relations with all the eastern regions of Thrace. It did not begin to coin money at so early a date as Abdera, the higher limit of its currency being the middle of the fifth century. Circ. B.C. 450-400. Fig. 156. Head of Hermes in profile, wearing close-fitting petasos. Id. (Fig.. 156). Similar; AIM I on petasos. A I N Bull on ear of corn. Incuse square, within which AIM ION (retrogr.) around a Caduceus . . . iK Tetradr. and small M. Incuse square AINl Goat standing. Symbols various — astragalos ; cre- scent and ivy-leaf; term of Hermes on throne ; bipennis ; caduceus ; animal's head ; fly ; amphora ; crab ; ivy-leaf; mask of Silenos, etc. . . & Tetradr. and small M. Incuse square, within which linear square, containing goat. Magistrate, A N Tl A A A S . Symbol : naked figure of Pan M Tetradr. Incuse square of ' mill-sail ' pattern M Trihemiobol. 214 THRACE.— {I) SOUTHERN COAST. The weight-standard of the coins of Aenus appears to be a light form of the Euborc-Attic. The tetradrachms of the first period range from 258 to 236 grs. The coin reading ' Antiadas ' is attributed by von Sallet [Zeif.f. Num., v. 187) to the period 411-409 B.C., during which an aristo- cratic form of government was set up under the auspices of the Four Hundred at Athens in some of the tributary Thracian, etc. cities. Circ. B.C. 400-350. In this period the weight of the tetradrachm falls to 240-232 grs. It thus corresponds with the standard introduced about the same time at Ehodes, and has hence been called the Rhoclian standard. Gold. Head of Hermes in profile [B. M. Gat., Thrace, p. 77.] A I N 1 N Terminal figure of Hennea standing on throne . . iP 32-6 grs. Silver. Fig. 157- Head of Hermes facing, in close-fitting petasos (Fig. 157). Head of Hermes facing, in wide petasos. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 80.] AINION Goat. Symbols: dolphin; amphora ; monota ; rhyton ; star ; caduceus and petasos ; race-torch ; trophy ; vine ; eagle ; lyre ; serpent; tripod ; fly ; helmet ; wres^th ; laurel- branch ; astragalos, etc M, Tetradr. ; 4 Obols ; and 2 Obols. AINION Terminal figure of Hermes on throne to left. Symbols : kan- tharos ; goat's head ; corn-ear ; star. ^ Drachms. Bronze. Head of Hermes, in close or wide petasos. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 80]. Id., in wide petasos [Ibid., p. 81]. Al, AINI or AINION Caduceus. Symbols : astragalos ; ear of com ; grapes ; ram's head, etc. Goat. Symbols: caduceus; pentagram; torch, etc M ■7—6 Circ. B.C. 300-200. Head of Hermes in wide petasos . .' AINION Hermes seated on throne, [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 8t.J holds purse and caduceus . . ^ .65 THRACE.-{I) SOUTHERN COAST. 215 Period of Roman Dominion, after circ. B.C. 190. Head of Poseidon [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 8i.} AlNlilN Hermes standing between goats, or beside altar, holds purse and caduceus ^ '8 Of the history of Aenus we know but little. During the Sicilian expedition (B.C. 415) it was one of the subject allies of Athens. After B. c. 350 it formed part of the Macedonian empire, and ceased to coin in its own name, at least in silver, but coins were struck there in the name of Lysimachus, though, perhaps, not until after the death of that monarch. After its liberation by the Romans, circ. B.C. 190, it coined bronze for a considerable time. Some of the full-face heads of Hermes on the coins of this town are very fine as works of art. With regard to the curious terminal figure of Hermes standing on a throne, Leake has justly remarked that it exactly resembles the description which Pausanias has given of the statues of Apollo standing on thrones at Amyclae and Thornax in Laconia (Paus. Lac, X. 12). There was doubtless a similar cultus-statue at Aenus. Maroneia was an ancient city situate on the coast about midway between the mouths of the Hebrus and the Nestus. It was named after Maron, son of Euanthes, a priest of Apollo, who in the Odyssey gives Odysseus the wine with which he afterwards intoxicates Polyphemos. Maron is also called a son of Dionysos. The coins of Maroneia prove that Apollo and Dionysos were both objects of especial worship there. The earliest coins of Maroneia are obols, which seem to belong to the ancient Thraco-Macedonian or Babylonic standard. Before circ. b. c. 500. Forepart of prancing horse .... [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 123.] Incuse square of ' mill-sail ' pattern .M Obols, 14-5 grs. Circ. B.C. 500-450. Phoenician standard. Drachms 57 grs. Inscr., MAP, MAPfi, MAPnN, MAPnMOS, or MAPnNITHS. Forepart of prancing horse .... [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 123 sq.] Incuse square containing a sun-flower or a ram's head, or simply quartered. Sometimes with magistrates' names, AOH, or nOA (POM?) . . JR Drachms, and J Drachms. Circ. B.C. 450-400. Fig. 158. 216 THRACE.— {I) SOUTHERN COAST. Phoenician wt., Tetradrachms 220 grs.; Didr. iia grs.; Drachms 5ogr8. Inscr. MAPnN, MAPHNimN, MAPnNlTEnN, or M APHNEITEnN. Horse prancing (rarely standing). Incuse square, within which vine with Symbols : kantharos ; star ; wheel ; bunches of grapes in linear square : wreath ; lyre ; helmeted head ; around, magistrate's name, often pre- helmet (Fig. 158). ceded by EPI . . . . 45, Tetradr. Magistrates: BPABEnS, AEONYS, MHTPOAOTOS, MHTPOcDnN, POSIAHIO, PYOOAnPO, etc. On some specimens the inscription MAPnNlTEnN stands on the reverse in place of the magistrate's name. Forepart of prancing horse Id. [Ibid.] Id. [Ibid.] [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 125 ; and Z.f. N., iii. 274.] Incuse square quartered ; around, MAPnNITnN, or magistrate's name EP APXEMBPOTO. ^ Didr. Incuse square, in which, vine; around, M APflM I TnN, ormagistrate'sname POSEIAIPPOS . . ^Didr. Incuse square, in which, grapes. M, Dr. The following exceptional coin of light Attic wt. must also be placed shortly before b. c. 400 : — Head of young Dionysos. MAPnNlTEnN EPI MHTPO- {Zeit.f. Num., iii. PI. VI. 18.) ct>ANEOS Vine growing over a Silenos mask, facing JB. Tetradr. 255 grs. Circ. B.C. 400-350. About the end of the fifth century the Phoenician standard was replaced by the Persic, of which the staters weigh about 175 grs. The standard of the gold coin is uncertain. Piancing horse. Prancing horse. Inscr. MAPri(Fig. 159). Fig. 159. MAPHNITEnisI Vine . ^ 48-5 grs. sometimes Vine in square. Symbols on some specimens, — caduceus ; cray-fish ; bee ; ear of corn ; dog. Magistrates' names on reverse, preceded by EPI : — APEAAEfl, EYZIOE- MiOS, EYPOAIOS, IHNlnNOS, HrHSAfOPEn, HPAKAEIAOY, IKESIO, KAAAIKPATEOS, MHTPOAHPO, MHTPf^NOS, NEOMHNIO, PATPOK- AEOS,POAYAPHTOY, POAYN I KOY,POSEIAEIOY,XOPHrO,etc. ^Staters. There are also Triobols or \ Staters (wt. 44 grs.), and Trihemiobols (wt. 22 grs.). Forepart of horse. | Vine in incuse square. Inscr., MA, usually on the reverse, and magistrates" names generally abbreviated;— AOHN En, APISTOAEH, IHNnNOS, HPAKAEI AEH, MHT- POAnPO, NOYMHNIO, etc. THRACE.— {I) SOUTHERN COAST. 217 Beonzb. Horse prancing. ■ Head of young Dionysos ivy-crowned. MAPnMlTnN in square . . M -6 Grapes.EPI PYOONIKO 2E -7 On the coins of Maroneia the horse is an emblem of the sun-god Apollo, as is also the sun-flower. The vine as a symbol of Dionysos refers to the famous wine of Maroneia, which was said to be capable of mixture with twenty times its quantity of water. The autonomous coinage of Maroneia ceased when it fell under the dominion of Philip of Macedon, but the town appears to have remained a place of mintage under Philip, Alexander, Philip Aridaeus, Lysimachus, etc. Not until the second century b. c, when the Romans were supreme in Greece, did Maroneia regain its autonomy (Polyb. xxx. 3). The exact date oi the commencement of the new series of tetradrachms is doubtful, but it is presumable that neither Maroneia nor Thasos began to coin again until after the closing of the Macedonian mints in b. c. 146. Both in style and fabric these large flat tetradrachms belong to the last stage of the decline of art on coins. They may be compared with the contemporary dated tetradiachms of Alexandria Troas. Fig. 160. Head of young Dionysos (Fig. 160). Head of young Dionysos. Head of Apollo. Head of bearded Herakles. AIONYSOY SniHPOS MAPnNl- TXlN Dionysos standing, holding grapes and two stalks of the narthex. In field, monograms of magistrates. M Attic tetradrachms, light wt. 255-230 grs. Bkonze. i Similar j^ i-o-?? I MAPnNllnN Asklepios standing I M .9 Horse galloping. M .8 See also Imperial coins in B. M. Cat., Thrace, Mionnet, etc., etc. Phytaeumm. This town is only known from a single coin. It was probably in the neighbourhood of Maroneia. Circ. B.C. 450-400. Bearded male head (Ares 1) in close fitting crested helmet. <1>YTAI0N Incuse squaie, vine (Baron de Hirsch, Ann. deNum., 1884' PI' I- 9) • . ■ M 29.5 grs! 218 THRACE.— {I) SOUTHERN COAST. Dicaea was an ancient seaport not far from Abdera with which it appears to have been in close commercial relations, vide Num. Chron., N. S., XV. 99. Before circ. B.C. 500. Incuse square diagonally quartered M Stater, 148-2 grs. JR Diobol, 27-6 grs. These coins follow the ancient Thraco-Macedonian | or Babylonic standard. Circ. B.C. 500-480. Head of bearded Heraklea in lion's skin of very archaic style. Similar [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 115.] A I K Bull's head 1., in incuse square . M Stater, wt. 11 1.6 grs. Dicaea appears to have changed its weight standard and adopted that of Abdera when the latter city began to strike money. Circ. B.C. 480-450. Female head, hair rolled. Head of Herakles. AIKAIA Bull's head, r., the whole in incuse square . . . JB, Dr., 55 grs. AIKAIA Bull's head facing .... M I Dr., 24 grs. This town is mentioned in the Athenian Tribute hista (Corp. Tmcr.Att., Ed. Kirchhoff, vol. i. p. 1 11) as a member of the Athenian Confederation between B. c. 454 and 428. It is there called AiKata -nap 'K^hr\pa, to distinguish it from the other Dicaea, the colony of Eretria in Chalcidice (p. 189). Abdera, on the southern coast of Thrace, not far from the mouth of the river Nestus, was originally a Clazomenian colony founded in the seventh century B. c. This first venture did not prove a success, but in B. c. 544 the site was reoccupied by the larger portion of the population of Teos, who preferred to leave their native land rather than submit to the Persian conqueror (Herod, i. 168). Abdera now rose to be a place of considerable importance and wealth, on which account it was selected by Xerxes as one of his resting places in his progress along the northern shores of the Aegean. This is the period to which its earliest coins belong. The silver money of Abdera may be divided into the following classes : — Circ. B.C. 500-450. Phoenician standard, wt. of Tetradrachm 430 grs. jMs$\ I '- '*\.''Tt '■^^ p 1 ■ \' ''^n Sf-^ A ^'^ a ^ ^ Fig. 161. THRACE.— {I) SOUTHERN COAST. 219 Griffin seated, with one paw raised. i Shallow incuse square divided into four I quarters. No name of town. Magistrates, £1 C?), HPX, EP, A, on Octadrachms ;— ARTE, ASPA, AAM, HPAK, MEIAI, PPri, SMOP, Phoenician trading station or factory, for if the Teian colonists in B. 0. 544 had not found the Phoenician standard already established there, and used for silver in bullion form, it is to be presumed that they would have issued their coins uniform in weight as well as in type with those of Teos, which is not the case. Circ. B.C. 450-430. Phoenician standard, weight of Tetradrachm 236-230 grs. Griffin with curled wing, seated on fish. Magistrate, K A AAI A AM AS. Similar griffin, sometimes with pointed wings, on one variety walking. Symbols : cock ; kantharos ; scara- baeus with ball [Ateuchtis Sacer); amphora ; pomegranate ; star, etc. Inscr. on some specimens ABAHPI- TEnN. ABAHPITEnN in shallow incuse square. In centre, a smaller square quartered [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 67]. In place of ethnic, Magistrates' names, EP HPOAOTO, EPI SMOPAO- TOPMO KAA, EPI (t)ITTAAO, EPI NYMOAnPO, EP EPMO- KPATIAEn, EPI NE£TIOS, EPI MANAPnNAKTOS [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. C. i]. Weight of Tetradrachms reduced to circ. 224 grs. Griffin with pointed wings, usually rearing, hut sometimes seated. Symbols (less frequent) : crayfish ; ivy-leaf, etc. Shallow incuse square with magis- trate's name around, and in the centre a type which changes with the magistrate [B. M. Gat., Thrace, p. 681. Varieties: EPI AHMOKPITO Lyre; EPI MOAPAAOS Young male head; MEAANIPPOS Head of Pallas; NIKOSTPATOS Warrior charging • POAYAPHTOC Grapes; ANA5IAIK0S Hermes standing; EPI AAEZI- MAXO Kantharos; AOHMAIOS Bearded Dionysos standing, holding kantharos and long branch [Imhoof, Ifo??. Gr., PI. C. 2]; ANAEIPOAIS Bearded Dionysos; Id. Female head (Aphrodite ?) ; APTE/vyriN Diota etc. ' 220 THRACE.— {I) SOUTHERN COAST. Girc. B.C. 430-408. Aegmetic standard [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 69]. Staters or Didrachms 198-190 grs.; Drachms, 97 grs.; Triobols, 48 grs. ; Trihemiobols, 24 grs. Inscr. on obverse, ABAHPI orABAHPITEflH Griffin with wings pointed, or rounded and smooth, without indication of feathers. Reverse-types ; Didrachms, EPI ArOPHS Dolphin ; PPriTHS Head of Apollo(?) ; EPI PPnTEH Three ears of corn; EPI IAAIO Hermes standing; AOHNHS Stag. Trihemiobols, PPflTHS Bull's head ; KAEAN Ram's head, etc. Circ. B.C. 408-350. In B. c. 408 Abdera, then in a flourishing condition, was brought by the Athenian general Thrasybulus under the dominion of Athens. The following coins appear to be subsequent to that date : — Weight of Slater reduced to 175 grs {Persic wt.l). EPI KAAAIAMAKTOS Incuse square within which Apollo with patera and branch, standing beside stag. POAYKPATHS Artemis with bow standing beside stag. ABAHPI Griffin with pointed wings, usually recumbent. Id. [Gardner, Types, PI. III. 31]. Fig. 162. Similar griffin, EPI PAYS AM I fi Id. EPI IKESIOY Griffin with pointed wings. ABAHPITEfiNHeadofApollolaureate. Id. (Fig. 162) . . M Staters. Id. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 72] . . iR Triobols, wt. 44 grs. Magistrates on Triobols, EPI OANEr^; EPI APXEAAOY- EPI PAYSANlfi EPI XAPMO. ' ' Griffin on club. ABAHPITEnN Id A Diobols; wt. 25 grs. Magistrates on Diobols, HP A, M HMO, etc. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 73.J Weight of Stater reduced to circ. 158 grs. ABAHPITEHN Griffin recumbent, I No iucuse. Head of Apollo laureate with pointed wings. \ ("b. m. Cal, Thrace, p. 73.] THRACE.— {I) SOUTHERN COAST. 221 Magistrates' names on reverse, preceded byEPI — , AIONYSAAOS, EYPHSIPPOY, inrnNAKTO?: Symhol, cockle-shell. PYOOAnPOY : &WW' kantharos. AHMHTPIOY, AIQOANTQY, OMHPOY . .H Staters. EPI— ANAZIPOAIO,AIONYSAAOS,EKATnMYMOY,OMHPOY,POAY- ANTOY, IPPnNAKTOS, EYPHSIPPOY, AIPI AAEHS, etc., and PPXITHS in nominative case without EP! ^ Triobols, 40 grs. Although it is convenient to distinguish the weights of the coins of Abdera as Phoenician, Aeginetic, and Persic, it seems nevertheless very- probable that the changes in weight were gradual rather than sudden. Bronze. Circ. B.C. 400-350. Griffin rearing. Griffin recumbent; magistrates, Ol, EPMO, EYAN, MENAN, El, etc. Griffin seated. Id. ABAHPITEnN Giiffin rearinff. Head of Hermes. ABAHPITEnN Head of Apollo. M-b ,, Id. in linear square . m -6 EPI AIONYSAAOS;EPI PAPM...., etc., in quadripartite square . M -/^ EPI OES . . . Eagle on serpent. M -4 Head of Apollo in linear square, EPI EPMOSTPATOY; EPI lEPO- 0nNTOS(?) . . . . ^.75 EPI AIONYSA Griffin seated. ^-65 The above list of magistrates, extending over more than a century, is of course by no means complete, but the number of names recorded is sufficient to warrant us in supposing that they were the annual Eponymi of the city. The almost constant presence of the preposition EPI, and the prominent place occupied by the name are arguments in favour of this hypothesis, as is also the fact that down to the end of the fifth century the reverse type seems to be subordinate to the magistrate's name, not only changing with it, but in some cases evidently suggested by it; e.g. NlKO£TPATO£, a warrior; PYOflN, a tripod; EYAPflN, a prize amphora; MOAPAPOPH?, a dancing girl; and perhaps others. Several of the magistrates may also be identical with famous citizens of Abdera, mentioned in history. Cf. von Sallet [Zeit.f. Num., viii. 106), who points out that a Nyinphodorus, circ. B. c. 430, held the supreme power at Abdera (Thuc, ii. 29). Democritus the philosopher was also an Abderite. He flourished circ. B.C. 440-357, and it is very possible that he may have occupied at one time the chief magistracy of his native town, as may also his brother Herodotus, for both these names occur on coins struck before B. c. 430. Some of the coin-types of Abdera, notably the Herakles at rest, the dancing girl, the Discobolos, the Apollo, and the Artemis standing beside a stag, are among the most artistically instructive coin-types which have come down to us from any ancient city. No autonomous coins were struck at Abdera after its absorption into the empire of Philip of Macedon. Imperial coins are known, but the types offer no points of interest See B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 76. Trie[riis'?]. This town is known only from the following coins which have always been found on the northern coast of the Aegean. It was 222 {K) THUACIAN CHERSONESUS. probably situate between Chalcidice and Maroneia (Imhoof, Num. Chron.. 1873, p. 18). Circ. B.C. 450-400. Fore-part of horse. Head of Apollo. TPIH in four quarters of incuse square. M 6.3 grs. „ in the four corners of a square, within which, laurel-branch. M 7 grs. Cypsela was a Thracian town on the Hebrus. Circ. B.C. 400-350. HeadofHermes in close-fitting petasos. KYtE Two-handled vase (Ku>^fXi;) . A vessel of this shape is seen also on coins of Cotys I, king of the Thracian Odrysae, B. c. 383-359. See Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 52, and infra sub § P. if o > J K. The Thracian Cheesonesus. The smaller silver coins of Chersonesus are very abundant, and were probably issued at a town called anciently Cherronesus. Whether this place was identical with the later Callipolis or with Cardia is uncertain. The weight standard in use appears to have been the Aeginetic. There are, however, archaic tetradrachms of Attic weight. Attic weight. Circ. b. c. 500-480. Lion with fore-paw raised and head reverted ... (Baron de Hirsch, Ann. de Num., 1884, PI. I. I.) Incuse square, in which archaic head of Pallas wearing close-fitting helmet with large crest . ^253 grs. Aeginetic weight. Forepart of lion looking back ■ ■ •. I Quadripartite incuse square . . . . [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 182.] I ^ 46 and 23 grs. Circ. B. c. 480-350. Forepart of lion with head reverted . [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 183 sqq.] Incuse square divided into four quarters; in the two deeper ones a symbol and a letter . . . M\ Dr., wt. 40 grs. Beonze. Inscr. XEP, XEPPO, etc., on one or other side. Lion's head, or female head facing . . {Ibid., -p. 186.) Corn-grain ^ -45 Aegospotami. Although there is no mention of a town of this name m B. c. 405, when the Athenians were defeated by Lysander at the ' Goat Eiver, yet there are small silver coins with the Aead of a goat, and with an incuse reverse of Chersonesian pattern (wt. 14 grs.) which are certainly earlier than that time. There are also bronze coins anterior in style to !k ^^-^.i^ Alexander, which prove that a city Aegospotami existed in the middle of the fourth century. (K) THRACIAN CHERS0NESU8. 223 Before circ. B. c. 350. Head of Demeter wearing wreathed and ornamented Stephanos. AirOSPO or AirOnO Goat standing. [B. M. Cat.,\Thrace, p. 187] ."^ -85 This head is identified as that of Demeter by comparison with a coin of the neighbouring city of Sestus, on which the entire figure of the goddess is seen wearing the same head-dress and holding ears of corn. Agathopolis. This town is only mentioned by the Byzantine historian Pachymeres (vi. 4). H. P. Borrell {Ntim. Chron., vi. 3) suggests that it may have been named after Agathocles, son of Lysimachus, and that it is his portrait which the coins bear, but his arguments are not con- vincing. Girc. B. 0, 300, or later. Young male head bound with taenia. Young male head bound with taenia . [B. M. Cat, Thrace, p. 188.] Similar head. ATA witliin a laurel wreath Ji Size -7 AT AGO Owl(sometimes double bodied), beneath, spear-head . . . JE ■'j A-f Caducous ^ -45 Alopeconuesus, on the northern shore of the Chersonese, owed its origin and name, according to Steph. Byz., to the fact that the first settlers had been commanded by an oracle to found a city on the spot where they should first see the cubs of a fox. Head of Dionysos. Head of Maenad. Head of Pallas. Circ. B.C. 400-300. AAfl or AAriPEKON Kantharos. Symbols : Fox and bunch of grapes, and sometimes corn-grain .... [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 188.] ^E -75-55 Id. Id. Cardia, a colony of Miletus, was one of the chief cities of the Chersonese. It was destroyed by Lysimachus in B. C. 309. Its coinage in bronze falls chiefly into the latter half of the fourth century, but if, as some suppose, the silver coins of Chersonesus above described were struck at Cardia, the city must have begun to coin at least a century earlier. Circ. B. c. 400-309. Head of Demeter or Persephone wear- ing corn-wreath [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 189.] Lion or lion's head. KAPAIA, KAPAIANOS, or KAP- AlANnN Lion devouring prey. Symbols : Corn-grain, star, etc. . . ^ -75 Corn-grain in Hnear square . . tE -45 The lion here, as at Miletus, the mother city of Cardia, is a solar emblem. Coela or Coelus, a port in the vicinity of Sestus. To this town Miiller ascribes various coins of Phihp II, Alexander, PhiHp Aridaeus, and Lysimachus, with the cornucopiae as a symbol, on the ground that this is the usual symbol on the money of Coela as a Koman Municipium The attribution, however, cannot be accepted as sufficiently established " '224 (K) THBACIAN CHF.BSONESUS, The Imperial coins of Coela read Al. AAVN. COILA, AEL. MVNICIP. COEL, etc. The most frequent reverse types are a Prow surmounted by a cornucopiae ; or the Genius of the city holding statuette of Tyche and cornucopiae ; or the common Colonial type, Silenos with wine-skin over his shoulder (B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 191 sqq.). Critliote was probably situated near the modern Gallipoli. Circ.-R.c. 350. Head of Demeter. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 194.] Head of Pallas.. K P I ©0 Y£ I nN Grain of com in corn- wreath ^ -85 KPI Corn-grain . . . . ^ -8 Elaens, the southernmost town of the Chersonese, celebrated for its temple and tomb of the hero Protesilaos, who is represented on Imperial coins of Commodus struck at Elaeus. EAAI in wreath . . . M -7-4 EAAIOYSinM Owl. . . M -45 „ Bee . . . ^ .65 Circ. B.C. 350-280. Prow. Head of Pallas. Bust of Artemis. See also other varieties and Imperial of Commodus in Imhoof, Mm. Gr., p. 45 sq. Lysimachia. This important city was built by Lysimachus in B.C. 309, near the site of Cardia, which he had destroyed. From its position near the narrowest part of the isthmus it became the key of the Chersonese, and commanded also the passage of the Hellespont. Lysi- machus made it his residence and his principal European mint. After his death the town fell under the rule at first of the Seleucidae and then of the Ptolemies, but it probably retained its right of coining in bronze. Beonze. Cire. B.C. 280-220. The most frequent oteerse-tjrpes are — heads of Lysimachus, of young Herakles, of Demeter veiled, of the City turreted, of Pallas, of a Lion, or of Hermes. Those of the reverse are — a lion running, or seated in upright attitude, or the fore-part of a lion ; Artemis standing, holding torches ; Nike holding wreath and palm ; wreath of corn ; ear of corn, etc. Inscr., AYSIMAXEfiN (B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 195 sq.). Madytus, nearly opposite Abydus, was a town of some importance in the fourth century, to the middle of which its coins belong. Circ. B.C. 350. Kushing bull ; above, fish. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 197.] MA AY Dog seated. Symhols : ear of corn or star ; magistrate's name . M -75-45 Circ. B.C. 197-27. Female head, 1. I M A AY Lyre; in field, grapes . . {Zeit.f. Num., xiii. PL IV. 2.) | M -6 The rushing bull and fish may symbolize the stream of the Helles- pont, the dog is the Kynossema or tomb of Hecuba, which was in the territory of Madytus, kwos TaXaivrjs trrijxa, vavrCKois reKfj-ap (Eur. Hec, 1273). {L) ISLANDS OF THRACE. 235 Sestus, renowned in myth for the romantic tale of Hero and Leander, and in history for the crossing of the Persian hosts over the bridge which Xerxes caused to be constructed across the Hellespont, was always a place of considerable importance, but it did not begin to coin money until shortly before the time of Alexander. After a long interval, during which some regal coins were struck there in the name of Alexander, Lysimachus, etc., it began once more to issue autonomous bronze coins in the second century b. c. Cf. an inscription from Sestus {Hermes, vii. 135), where it is recorded that a certain Menas was appointed to superintend the coinage of the town. Girc. B. c. 360. Obverse types: — Female head with hair in sphendone. Head of Demeter bound with corn. Term of Hermes. Head of Hermes, etc. Reverse types : — Demeter wearing Stephanos, seated on cippus and holding- ears of corn, in front a phallic term. Hei'mes standing. Amphora with long neck. Term. Caduceus, etc. /«*«•., S A, later SH. \B.M.. Cat., T//race, p. 198.] Second Century b.c. Obverse types : — Head of ApoUo. Female head in sphendone or sakkos. Reverse types: — Seated Demeter. Symbols: Term. Headdress of Isis. Grapes, etc. Inscr., SHSTI. The chief divinities of Sestus were Demeter and Hermes. Tmjyerial Coinage. Caligula to Philip Jun. The most interesting type of this series is the representation of the exploit of Leander. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 200.] L. The Islands of the Theacian Sea. Imbros. This island struck no coins which can be positively asserted to be_ earlier than the time of Alexander. Its money is of bronze, and falls into two clearly marked periods. After cire. B.C. 300. Female head : sometimes of Demeter. Head of Pallas. IMBPOY Naked ithypliallic figure of Hermes Imbramos, sacrificing M •R-.4 IMBPOY Owl .... ^ .451.35 About the time of the siege of Athens by Sulla in B.C. 87-86, it would seem that the Athenian kleruchs settled in Imbros issued bronze coins reading AGENAIiiN. Head of Pallas. [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 49.] Hermes Imbramos, standing before a thymiaterion M .6k Q 226 (i) ISLANDS OF THBACE. Imperial Times. Head of Pallas. IMBPinN Types various: — Owl- Apollo Musegetes — Female figure holding cornucopias . . iE -p— 85 The figure of the ithyphallic Hermes on the coins of this island is that of a Pelasgic divinity of reproduction (Herod, ii. 51). With the Carian epithet 'I/x^pa/xos (Steph. Byz. s. v. "ln^pos) cf. the Gk. "I/xepoy (Preller, Gr. Myth., i. p. 297). Iiemnos. Kephaeatia. Bronze coins of two periods. Circ. B.O. 350-280. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet : the whole sometimes in oak- wreath. [B. M.-Cai., Thrace, p. 213.] Id. HA or H Ram or torch M 7 ,, Two torches M -7 ., Cornucopiae, etc. K -7-5 The caps of the Kabeiri appear sometimes as symbols beside the torch. Period of Roman Dominion. Bust of Hephaestos. | HAICTI€nN Torch . . iE -75 Lemnos was also, probably, the name of a town at which coins were struck : — obv. Bearded head ; rev. AHM Helmeted head .3& 75. ni[3rrina. Bronze, circ. B. c. 300. Head of Pallas, often facing. MYPI Owl, facing or r. . . M -q^ [B. M. Cat, Thrace, p. 2 1 4.] Samothrace. The seat of the famous mysteries of the Kabeiri. The coins of this island are all subsequent to the time of Alexander. Circ. B.C. 300. Head of Pallas. [B. M. Guide, PI. XLI. 4.J CAMO Kybele seated on throne, be- neath which. Lion. Magistrate's name . M Attic Didr., also jE -75 Id. 2AM0 Fore-part of ram or ram's head. Symbol : caduceus . iE -5— 45 The ram is a symbol of the cult of the Pelasgic Hermes (see Imbros). Period of Roman Dominion. Bust of Pallas. | CAMOGPAKnN Kybele seated ^ -75 (X) ISLANDS OF THliACE. 227 On an Imperial coin of Hadrian (Mion. ii) the remarkable inser. CAMIUUN €N OPAKH occurs. Cf. the line in Virgil [den. vii. 208), ' Threiciamque Samum quae nunc Samothracia fertur.' Thasos. The rich gold mines of this island had at a very early date attracted the Phoenicians to its shores. Later on it was colonized by lonians from Paros. There was also a Thracian tribe called Saians settled in the island. The Thasian possessions in the mining districts on the mainland were a source of enormous wealth, yielding, shortly before the Persian invasion, as much as from 300 to 300 talents annually (Herod, vi. 46). It was apparently from the mainland that the Thasians derived the Babylonic standard of weight, as well as the types of its earliest money. The Silenos carrying off a struggling nymph is one of a class of types intimately connected with the orgiastic worship of the Thracian Bacchus whose oracle stood on the summit of Mt. Pansaeum. Circ. B.C. 550-465. Fig. 163. Naked ithyphallic Silenos, kneeling on one knee and carrying in his arms a nymph. Two Dolphins. Dolphin. Quadripartite incuse square. (Fig. 163.) M Stater, 160-140 grs. 3i Drachm, 70 grs (max.). Id. . . M Obol, 10 grs. (max.). Id . . M, \ Obol, 5 grs. (max.). Circ. B.C. 465-411. Fig. 164. In this period of Athenian supremacy in Thasos the same types of the stater and drachm are in the main adhered to, but there is a steady decrease in the weight, which, on the later specimens, coi-responds with the Attic or even falls below it. In style many of these later Thasian staters are admirable as works of art, and quite worthy of the aee of Pheidias. (Fig. 164.) -1 j 8 Circ. B.C. 411-350. In B.C. 411 Thasos revolted from Athens and received a Lacedae- Q 3 228 {L) ISLANDS OF THEACE. monian garrison, but was afterwards again dependent upon Athens. As at Acanthus and other towns on the mainland, an abrupt change of standard from Attic to Phoenician took place at Thasos, in the last quarter of the fifth century. This in the case of the Thasian money is also accompanied by a change in the types. Gold coins in small quantities were also issued at this time. Head of Dionysos, bearded or young, ivy-crowned. O AS I ON Herakles kneeling, shooting with bow . . iy 60 & 43 grs. Fig. 165. Id. (bearded.) (Fig. 165. Young male head crowned with reeds. (River god.) Janiform head of bald Silence. Silenos kneeling, holding kantharos. Head of Silenos. Head of Nymph. OASION Id, Various symbols in field M Tetrad., 236 grs. JR Didr., 109 grs. ^ Dr., 59 grs. ,, Id. . M \ Dr., 29 grs. [Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PL C. 4.] OA2I Two amphorae placed in oppo- site directions . . . . M, \ I)r. OASinN Amphora M \ Dr., 14 grs. ©AS I Two dolphins JR i Dr., 7 grs. QA Dolphin . . M ^^ Dr., 4^ grs. Beonzb. Head of bearded Herakles. GAS I ON Club, bow, and Bacchic symbol . . M -^ Jn this period there was also a separate issue of gold and bronze coins intended to circulate in the Thasian territory on the mainland. These coins read OASION HPEIPO ; obv. Head of Herakles ; rev. Tripod or Club and Bow (see p. 192). Of the time of Philip, Alexander, and Lysimachus there are no Thasian coins, but after B.C. 380 the mint of Thasos was again active for a few years. After circ. B.C. 280. OASinN Club in wreath .... M Attic \ Dr. „ Club, bow, symbol, and mon, M .7 OASION Id ^ .85 _„ Heads of the Kabeiri in vine-wreath . .... ^ .9 After circ. B.C. 146. After the battle of Cynoscephalae, Thasos, which had formed part of Head of bearded Dionysos, ivy-crowned, of late style. Head of bearded Herakles. Head of young Herakles. Head of Demeter veiled. (M) EUROPEAN COAST OP THE PROPONTIS. 329 the dominions of Philip V, regained its freedom, B.C. 196, but it is not probable that the series of large flat tetradrachms of base style com- menced before the closing of the Macedonian mints in B.C. 146, by order of the Roman Senate. These latest coins of Thasos were issued in enormous quantities, and with those of Maroneia represent the staple of the silver currency of Northern Greece in the 2nd and ist centuries, B.C. Head of young Dionysoa, of base style, wearing band across forehead, and ivy-wreath. Fig. 166. HPAKAEOYS SriTHPO^ OASinrsI Hei'akles naked, standing with club and lion's skin. (Fig. 166.) . . . JR Attic tetradr., 260 grs. These coins were largely imitated by the barbarous Thracian tribes of the mainland. The bronze coins of this late period are of various types, among which the following may be specified : — Bust of Artemis. Amphora. Herakles advancing, drawing bow . M -75 Cornucopiae ^ '5 Imperial. Hadrian, Caracalla and Geta ; rev. ©ACIUUN Herakles advancing with club and lion's skin. M. The European Coast of the Propontis. Bisanthe was a Samian colony on the northern coast of the Propontis, a few miles west of Perinthus. After circ. b.c. 280. Head of Pallas. Head of Apollo. Bl Owl BISANGHNnN Tripod M -6 ^ -53 Byzantium was a Megarian colony with an Argive element, to the influence of which latter the worship of Hera and the introduction of the myth of lo are perhaps to be ascribed. We gather from a passage in Aristophanes that at the end of the fifth century the Byzantines were using an iron currency (Arist. Nub., 249 et Schol. ; Pollux, ix. 78 ; Hesych. s. v. 2t8dpeos). None of this money has been preserved. The silver coins of this wealthy port are extremely common, and may be divided into three series. They are all probably later than the iron money above alluded to. Circ. B. c. 400-350. TY Bull standing on dolphin. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 93.] Incuse square, quartered, of ' mill sail ' pattern . . . . JR Dr., 84 grs. 230 (M) EUROPEAN COAST OF THE PROPONTIS. These coins correspond in weight with the Persian Sighs, which was current in Asia Minor down to the age of Alexander. Like the sigli, the Byzantine coins are very frequently found covered with little coimter- marks. Circ. B.C. 350-280. Fig. 167. About the middle of the fourth centurj' the -weight standard of the Byzantine silver coinage changes from the Persic to the Phoenician. The types remain the same, but the frequent addition of symbols and monograms in the field indicates the period of Philip and Alexander as that to which these coins of Phoenician weight should be ascribed. [Tetradrachm, 230 grs. (Fig. 167.) Drachm, ^'j grs. ; Tetrobol, 38 grs.] Bronze. Bull on dolphin. Bull's head. I TY Trident . I „ Three dolphins M .65 ^ -55 The form of the letter B (T) is peculiar to the money of Byzantium. The bull and dolphin symbolize the worship respectively of Hera and Poseidon. Circ. B.C. 280-277. At this time Byzantium suffered severely from the incursions of the Gauls, whom it was compelled to buy off by the payment of an enormous yearly tribute (Polyb., iv. 46). The state was completely drained of money, and in their straits the Byzantines appear to have been driven to make use of foreign coins, countermarking them with the letter \y. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. no.] Circ. B.C. 277-270. To these few years belong in all likehhood the following rare silver coins, of which the obverse type is identical with that which occurs on the_ money of Chalcedon, on the opposite shore of the Propontis, with which city Byzantium seems to have been for a time united in a monetary alliance. FiG. 16s. {31) EUROPEAN COAST OF THE PBOPONTIS. 231 Head of veiled Demeter, wearing corn- wreath. (Fig. 1 68.) Head of Poseidon. Head of Apollo. Head of Apollo. Head of veiled Demeter. Poseidon naked to waist, seated on rock, holding trident and aplustre. In fJeld.T" and mon. Magistrates : E P I ANTIPAT, En EKATOAn, EPI MENISKOY, EPI OAYMPIOAfi- POY, EPI £OAPIA, etc., etc. . . M Tetradr., 215 grs., and Octobols 80 grs. Prow on which BY ; behind, serpent, Magistrate: EPI AIONYSIOY . M Attic 8 oh., 88 grs, T" Tripod. EPI AAMONAKTOS EPI MENISKOY, etc. . . ^ 95 BYIANT 1 „ . , 3. „ KAAXA } T^P^*^- ■ ^ -9 BYIAN f Poseidon seated on rock . KAAXA ( M i-o After circ. B.C. 270. The above coinage v^as of short duration. Chalcedon v\ras absorbed into the kingdom of Nicomedes I of Bithynia, and Byzantium, now surrounded on all sides by states in vs^hich the Attic standard prevailed, was compelled to conform to the new monetary convention, for such it may be called, by which many of the chief Thracian towns agreed to adopt the types of the coins of Alexander or Lysimachus, on account of the commercial prestige which attached to these regal coinages. The Byzantine issues are distinguished by the letters BY and a Trident. [B. M. Guide, PI. LIII. 3, 4 and LXIV. 3, 4.] Many of these quasi-regal tetradrachms and gold staters are of very barbarous work, and may be Thracian copies. The bronze money of this time is rude. Head of Poseidon. Head of Demeter. j Trident and magistrate's name ^ -85 ' Cornucopiae .... . JE i-o With various other smaller denominations, on one of which the word A PAX MA occurs. Period of Roman Dominion. How long the coins of regal type lasted is doubtful. The next series of Byzantine coins is of bronze, and belongs in style to the first century B.C., and to Imperial times. The independence of Byzantium was long recognised by Rome. Among the coins most frequently met with are the following: — with quiver at Head of Artemis shoulder. Head of young Dionysos. Youthful horned head (river Lycus f). Head of Hermes. Monogram in wreath. BYZAMTinN Crescent and star M „ Grapes . . M Bull . M ,, Caduceus . . JE Two tall •75 ■8 •65 •7 baskets pointed at both ends JE -55 The crescent on the first of these coins is supposed to allude to a miraculous light which had once appeared in the heavens during a nio-ht 232 {M) EUROPEAN COAST OF THE PBOPONTIS. attack of the Macedonians upon the town, revealing to the besieged their approaching foes. Hesychius relates that in memory of this portent a statue was erected to Hekate (Smith, Diet. Geoff.). The crescent as a Byzantine symbol was inherited by the Turks after their capture of Constantinople. The tall baskets, usually called fish-baskets, have been thought to refer to the famous Byzantine fisheries, the profits arising from which obtained the name of ' Golden Horn ' for the harbour of Byzantium, but as they are frequently accompanied by symbols referring to the worship of Demeter, it is not probable that they are fish-baskets at all. In Imperial times, M. Antonius to Gallienus, Byzantium struck money both with and without the Emperor's head. Among the latter the following is worthy of note : — BVIAS Helmeted head of Byzas, bearded. (The reputed oekist.) Prow or entire galley, with magistrates' names identical with those which occur also on other coins with the Emperors' heads . . . iE ^95 Magistrates without title or with that of APX((iiv), or less frequently HP(eixevos) electus (?), iePOMNA(/ua)y), or BAC(tA€w) ; see Zeit.f. K, h.. 145 and Eckhel, ii. 31. The name of a divinity sometimes occupies the place of that of a magistrate, e.g. EPI AHMHTPOC TO B. This curious custom has been explained by supposing that from time to time the chief magistracy of the city fell to the turn of the corporations of the Priesthoods of the various divinities, and that the High Priest (or Priestess, as the case might be,) for the time being, instead of placing his own name, as such, on the coin issued during his tenure of office, substituted for it that of the god whom he (or she) represented. {Zeit.f.N., ix. 147). Games: ANTnNeiNlAC€BACTAandAAeiANAPGIA. Alliance coins with Nicaea. Perinthus, an ancient Ionian colony from Samos, was situated between Bisanthe and Selymbria. Its earliest coins are of the Alexandrine and Lysimachian classes (Mviller, Num. d'Alex.). There are also autonomous bronze coins of the same period. Circ. B.C. 300. Head of Pallas. PERI N 01 nN The foreparts of two [B. M. Gat., Thrace, p. 147.] horses, joined back to back . M -8 At Perinthus, Herakles was revered as oekist or founder, and on coins of the time of the Empire his head is surrounded by the inscription lIlNnN TON KTICTHN in allusion to the Ionian origin of the colony. The various labours of Herakles are, as might be expected, commonly represented on the large bronze coins of Perinthus in Imperial times. Among other remarkable types is that of Dionysos standing over the sleeping Ariadne (Num. Zeit., 1884 ; PI. IV. 5). The Imperial coins often bear the names of the Eoman Legatus and Propraetor, e. g. k-nl Mat-dov NfTj-ajTos TTpiajievrov ^fj3aaTov Kal avTiaTpaTrjyov. (Imhoof, Mo7i. Gr., p. 43.) The title Praeses, Hre(fia)K), also occurs. Games : — AKTI A HYOI A, <1>I AA- A€A(l>eiA, CCYHPEIA HPHTA, HPAKAeiA HYOIA, and eniAHMIA B CeYHPOY. Selymbria or Salybria was an ancient city situate about twenty-two miles east of Perinthus. It struck silver money at first on the Persic and later on the Attic standard. (N) THE DANUBIAN DISTRICT. 233 Circ. B.C. 500-450. £A Cock. [B.M. Ca<., r/wace, p. 1 7 O.J Cock. Head of bearded Herakles in lion's skin. Quadripartite incuse square .... M 'j6-4 grs, SAAY Ear of corn , . . M 67 grs. Incuse square, within which cock in dotted square . Jl 57 and 30 grs. This town is several times mentioned in the Athenian Tribute Lists. There are no Selymbrian coins after the middle of the fifth century. Odrysns, according to Lampridius, was identical with the later Hadrianopolis. After circ. B.C. 280. Head of Herakles. OAPOSITnN, OAPOSnS, OAPO- H£, etc. Bull standing on club . M .7 See also Thracian kings of the Odrysae (p. 239 sqq.). N. The Noeth-Western Coast of the Euxine and THE Danubian Provinces. Olbia, near the mouths of the rivers Hypanis and Borysthenes, was a Milesian colony which rose to great prosperity in consequence of its trade, on the one hand, with the Scythian tribes of the interior, and on the other with all the coasts of the Euxine. It struck money in all three metals after the middle of the fourth century B. c. The principal types are, on the gold and silver, a Head of Bemeter. Reverse, OABIO, a sea eagle flying tvitk aJisJi in its claivs. The bronze coins have usually a Head of the River-god Borysthenes, bearded and horned; and on the reverse, a Bow in its case and a battle-axe. For numerous other varieties the student must be referred to Koehne {Musee Kotsclwuhey, torn. i. pp. 41 sqq.). There are also large cast bronze pieces of Olbia (aes grave) with a Head of Pallas, facing, or a Gorgoneion, on the obverse ; and either a Wheel or a Sea eagle with, afsh on the reverse ; likewise some curious bronze pieces, made in the shape of fish, and marked with the letters OY or APIXO which have been ingeniously explained by Von Sallet {Zeit. fNum.,y..r>. 14O as standing respectively for Qvwos, 'tunny-fish;' and ^^^.^o/or Sp/vo., a basket. The coins marked O Y being the legal price of a tunny-fish andthosemarked APIXO for a basket full. ^ The weight standard in use at this town for silver, in the fourth and third centuries BC appears to have been the Aeginetic; and in the neighbourhood of Olbia is said to have been fSund the follow^" Aeginetic stater of archaic style :— ^"^lowmg E M I N A K Herakles kneeling, string- ing his bow. \Z.f N., iii. ; Taf. ii. 4.J Wheel, around which are four dolphins, in an incuse square . ^ i8i grs. The ins.cription appears to be the name of a Dynast in the genitive, and 234 (N) THE BANUBIAN DISTRICT. as the coin has nothing in common with the money of Olbia, it is not likely that it was struck there. Concerning the title Archon, on coins of Olbia of the first century B.C., see Lenormant, Mon. dans T Ant., i. 52 and iii. 64. For Imperial coins, reading OABIOflOAITOuN, etc., see the Mm, KoUclioubey . Tyra was a Milesian colony on the river Tyras (^Dniester), about twenty miles from its mouth. It struck silver on the Aeginetic standard, and bronze in the latter part of the fourth century. Circ. B.C. 350-280. Head of Demeter veiled, facing. Head of Hermes. TYPANON Rushing bull (the river Tyi-as) . . , . yR wt. 86 gi-g. TYPA Caduceus . . M size -4 Coins were also struck at Tyra in the name of Lysimachus, and there are Imperial coins from Vespasian to Julia Mamaea. Inscr., TYPANnN {Berl. Bliitt., vi. 27.) Dacia. Imperial. Imcr., AAKIA,PROVINCIA DACIA, etc., with dates AN . I - AN . X, ranging from a.d. 247-256. See Eckhel, ii. 5. Viminaciiim, Moesiae Superioris. Colonial coins from Gordian III to Gallienus. Inscr., P. M. S. COL. VIM (Provincia Moesiae Superioris Colonia Viminaciensis), with dates AN. I. -AN. XV I., ranging from a.d. 240-255- Callatia, Moesiae Inferioris, was a colony of Heracleia Pontica, about twenty-five miles south of Tomi. Autonomous silver of Aeginetic weight. Circ. B.C. 300, and later. Head of Herakles in lion's skin. | K AAA ATI Bow in case, club, and ear [B. M. Ca<., j?7tr«cfi, etc., p. 21.] | of corn . . M, 77, 44, and 30 grs. Also gold staters and tetradrachms, copied from the money of Alexander and Lysimachus, which circulated for more than a century and a half in these regions. Autonomous bronze coins are likewise known with the heads of Herakles, Pallas, (reverse-types as above) and of young Dionysos, rev. Ivy-wreath. Herakles was revered at Callatia as Ktistes or Founder, and on coins of the Imperial period (Imcr., KAAAATIANnN) various labours of Herakles are represented. Dionysopolis. Imperial coins from Coramodus to Gordian III. Inscr., AlONYCOnOACITnN. %je«— Demeter, Serapis, Dionysos, Herakles, Hygieia, Serpent, etc. Istrus, a colony of Miletus, south of the Ister, appears from its plentiful silver coinage to have been, in the third century B.C., a place of some commercial importance. The weight standard of the silver money IS the same as at Sinope, heavy Aeginetic. (N) THE IJANUBIAN DISTRICT. 235 Giix. B.C. 300. ISTPIH Sea-eagle on dolphin M Draclira, lOO gib. Two heads united, in opposite direc- tions, upwards and downwards. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, etc., p. 25.] This strange type probably refers to the cult of the Dioskuri, which was very prevalent on the coasts of the Euxine. The eagle seizing its prey in the waters has been explained as symbolical of the maritime prowess of the town. On autonomous bronze coins of Istrus a full face head of the river Ister appears in human form, bearded and horned, size -55. Like Callatia, Istrus at a later date copied the coins of Lysimachus. Imperial coins. Hadrian to Gordianus III. Inscr.,\Ql?\WHClU. Types — Kybele, the god Men on horseback, river-god Ister, etc., etc. Karciauopolis. Imperial from Sabina to Philip Jun., with the name of the Koman Praeses, ^ye/xwy, of the province preceded by YflO or by title HrOYM[eNOY]. /««cr., MAPKIANOnOAeiTnN. j?^^;^'* very numerous; but for the most part possessing no great interest. Nicopolis ad Istrum. Imperial from Trajan to Gordian III. Inscr., NIKOnOAeiTnN nPOC ICTPON or ICTPn and name of the riyi^xw preceded by YflO but without title. Ti/pes, numerous, among which is Mount Haemus, AIMOC, represented as a hunter seated on a rock, on which is a tree, and at its base a bear. River Ister recumbent, grasping a tree (B. M. Cat., Thrace, etc., pp. 48 sq.). Tomi, a Milesian settlement between Istrus and Callatia, is memorable as the place of the exile of Ovid. No early coins of this town are known. From the time of Lysimachus down to the first century B. c, gold and silver coins in the name of Lysimachus were struck there, also bronze. Obv. Head of Poseidon ; rev. Eagle in oak wreath. In Imperial times, in addition to the coins with the head of the Emperor, Tomi struck bronze coins, obv. Head of Apollo ; rev. TOMITujN The Dioskui'i : obv. Head of Demeter ; rev. Torches: obv. TOMOY HPujOC or TOMOC KTICTHC Head of Tomos, the mythical founder ; rev. Lion ; Head of Herakles ; Grapes ; etc. On the Imperial coins from Aurelius to Philip Jun. the inscription is MHTPOn.nONTOY.TOMEnC, sometimes with titles NEnK[OPOY] or NAY[APXI AOC]. In the field is a numeral B, F, or A, i.e. 3, 3, or 4 units (asses'?), according to the size of the coin. Such marks of value are frequent on coins of other cities on the west coast of the Euxine. See Gardner, Num. Chron., N. S., 1876, p. 307. The types of the Imperial coins are numerous and interesting (B. M. Cat., Thrace, etc., pp. 55 sqq.). Odessus. A colony of Miletus at the mouth of the river Panysus. Its earliest coins are gold staters and tetradrachms of Alexandrine or Lysimachian types, many of them with abbreviated magistrates' names among which the Thracian name KYP?A .... occurs. This unique name is also found upon an autonomous tetradrachm of Odessus of the second century b. c. (cf. the analogous coins of Maroneia and Thasos). 236 (lY) THE DANUBIAN DISTRICT. Bearded head bound with taenia, hair OEOY METAAOY OAH[SITnN] falling in lank locks (Fig. 169). Bearded figure draped, standing, hold- ing patera and cornucopiae ; beneath, KYPSA AlTetradr. The head on this coin is probably that of the divinity represented on the reverse. On bronze coins the same god is seen in a recumbent atti- tude like a river-god. Youthful head, or head of Apollo. OAHSITflN Bearded male divinity reclining, holding cornucopiae and patera. In field, reversed amphora ; in front, sometimes, thyrsos . ^E -7 Also Imperial from Traj an to Salonina. Inscr. OAHCCEITnN. Types— The Zeus or Serapis of Odessus wearing modius and Jiolding patera, Hades, Demeter, and Persephone, etc. Gmnes, AAeZANAP€IA and HAIA. Anchialus, between Mesembria and ApoUonia, struck money only in Imperial times, Domitian to Gordian III. ANXIAAOC Young head of tradi- tional founder Anchialos'. Bust of Serapis. ANXIAAEHN ArXIAAEnN Asklepios standing . ^ -6 Isis Pharia . M 1 On some Imperial coins mention is made of games, CeBHPIA NYMOIA, and CeOYHPIA' NeMAIA (Mion. 5.,ii. p. 223). Usual inscr. OVAniANflN ArXIAAenN. Magistrate, occasionally with title Hre[MfiHj (Praeses). Types— J)e,xaeiQr, Triptolemos, Coiled serpent, City gate, Agonistic table, etc. ApoUonia on the Euxine was another Milesian colony. It possessed a famous temple of Apollo, who was here worshipped under the symbol of the Lion, as at Miletus. The Lion's head facing represents the disk of the Sun. B.C. 430-400. Lion's scalp facing. [Cat. Lemme, 1872, PL I. 7.] Lion's scalp facing. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, 87.] Id. Quadripartite incuse square, in each quarter a small raised tablet on which A — n and two stars . M, 73 grs. APOA in the four quarters of a shallow incuse square . . .51 ^ Dr., 24 grs. Incuse square containing swastica orna- ment . . . . M ^ Obol, 4 grs. ' This coin is attributed by Mionnet {Siippl., vii. 188) to Aiichiale in Cilioia. (0) TAUBIC CHESSONESUS. 237 These coins seem to belong to the Persic standard. See also Imperial coins, Inscr. AnOAAnNIHTenN eN nOMTfi, etc. (Eckhel, ii. 35). Mesembria. There were two places of this name in Thrace, one, an important colony of Megara on the Euxine, the other, mentioned only by Herodotus (vii. 108), who calls it a continental stronghold of the Samo- thracians. It is to the former that the coins with the name of Mesem- bria seem to belong. B.C. 450-350. Crested helmet facing. Id. Incuse square . . . M Obol, 8 grs. M ETA in the four quarters of a radiate wheel . . . M Diobol, 19-4 grs., I Obol, 4-8 grs., and JE, size -65-5 The silver coins may be of Attic weight. The types clearly refer to solar worship. The helmet is a symbol of the sun-god Ares ; the radiate wheel is also the midday sun (cf . the meaning of fji.e(xr]ixl3pia). See Gardner in Num. C/iron., N. S., 1880, p. 59. The peculiar form of the letter S (T) occurs on the coins of no other city. It is probably the ancient sibilant san, and not siffma (I. Taylor, Alphabet, ii. 95). Third and second centuries b. c. Alexandrine tetradrachms of large flat fabric (MiiUer, 487-489) and bronze coins. Head of City veiled and turreted. MESA Ear of corn in wreath M -6 Diademed female head. M ETA M B P I A N H N Pallas iu fight- [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 132.J ing attitude ^ .8 The later coins read MESAMBPIANflN. There are also Imperial corns from Hadrian to Philip Junior. %7e*— Apollo Musegetes, Serapis, Kybele, Pallas, Hygieia, etc. O. The Tauric Chersonesus. Cercine, on the western coast of the Tauric Chersonesus (Friedlander Annah dell Inst., 1844, p. 2^^), struck bronze coins probably during the third century b. C. ■> a C'irc. B. c. 300, or later. K E P K I Scythian seated on rock, hold- ing bipennis. KEP Head of Artemis 1., with quiver at shoulder. Horse trotting 1. Magistrate's name . ^•75 Stag advancing 1. Magistrate's name in field ^ .g Cherronesus (near the modern Sebastopol) was a colony of Heracleia Pontica. The earliest coins are of bronze of the fourth or third century B. c. The types usually refer to the worship of Artemis Tauropolos whose symbol as a moon-goddess is the bull. She often appears how- ever, on the coins as Artemis Agrotera or Elaphebolos 238 (0) TAVEIC CHERSONESUS. XEP Naked warrior kneeling M -85 Galloping quadriga. [Num. Zeit., 1884, PI. IV. I.J Artemis with bow, kneeling. Artemis seated beside stag, feeling the point of her arrow. At a somewhat later period silver coins were struck at this town which appear to belong in style to the earlier part of the third century. Griffin running . Bull upon a club M .9 M.() Circ. B.C. 300-200. Head of young Herakles in lion's skin. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, etc., p. i.] XEP Artemis with bow and arrow, seated. Magistrate's name . . . M Didr., 142 grs. „ Rushing bull M Dr., 72 grs. Stag . . ^ Dr. Magistrate's name. Rushing bull, torch, and quiver . . .^ -8 Id. [/Wrf.] Head of Artemis in turreted crown. XEP Artemis spearing stag. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, etc., p. 3.] Subsequently Cherronesus sought the protection of Mithradates against the incursions of the Taurians and Sarmatians, and it formed part of the kingdom of Bosporus until it was liberated by the Romans (Plin., iv. 0,6), after which it struck coins reading X€PCOMHCOY €AeYeePAC. Inijierial Times. XeP Bust of Apollo with lyre. €AeY9€PAC Artemis huntress, be- side her a stag recumbent . .^E ^9 See also Koehne in the Memoires de la Soc. cl'Arch. de Si. Peterslurg, 1 848 ; Musee Kotschouhey, 1 856 ; and von Sallet, Z. f. N., i. p. 1 7 sqq., where numerous other varieties will be found. ZTympIiaeniii (?). A Milesian colony in the Tauric Chersonese. Circ. B. c. 400. Head of nymph ; hair in sphendone. N Y Branch in incuse square. 2B, 4 grs. M (Coll.deHirsch.) Fanticapaeum (Kertch) was a Milesian colony founded in the sixth century on the west side of the Cimmerian Bosporus. The issue at Fanticapaeum of gold staters in the fourth century indicates a flourishing condition of commerce. Circ. B. c. 350. Fig. 170. (P) THE AC IAN KINGS AND DYNASTS. 239 Head of Pan facing or in profile, some- times with ivy-wreath (Fig. 170). PAN Lion-headed Gryphon horned and winged, with spear in his mouth, standing on a stalk of barley . . R Stater, wt. 140 grs. These gold staters are fine works of art without any trace of barbarism. The worship of the god Pan at this town may have been connected with the supposed derivation of the name. The winged and horned lion is a variety of the grifiin, the fabled guardian of the gold-producing regions of the north (Herod., iii. 116), the Ural or Altai mountains, whence the Greeks of Panticapaeum obtained gold in great quantities, as has been proved in our own time by the enormous masses of treasure unearthed in the tumuli near Kertch. It was perhaps owing to the cheapness of gold at Panticapaeum that the stater attains there the excessive wei_ght of 140 grs. Bpfore circ. b. c. 400-300. The silver coins, mostly of the fourth century, usually bear on the obverse a Aead of Pan, and on the reverse a Bull's head, a Lion with a ■^pear in his rnouth, or a Lions head. Among the earliest may be men- tioned the following didrachm and obol in the cabinet of the Baron de Hirsch, which are probably to be attributed to the latter pai-t of the fifth century. Lion's scalp facing. Incuse square, in the four quarters of which n — A — N and a star . iK 126 grs. H. PANTI Ram's head in incuse square . ^10 grs. . The Bull's head points to the cultus of Artemis Tauropolos. The Lion breaking a spear is perhaps only a variant of the winged monster on the gold coins. The bronze coins are numerous and for the most part resemble the silver in their types. Oirc. B.C. 300-200, and later. In the third and second centuries the silver coins have usually a head of young Bionysos or of Apollo on the obverse, and the inscr. nANTIKAPAimM, with various types of no special interest, on the reverse. On the largest of the bronze coins of this time the head of the Moon-god, Men, occurs, with, on the reverse, Bionysos standing with panther beside him. Amoncr other types may be mentioned the Drinking Pegasos, and the Cornucopiae with the caps of the Bioskuri. P. Thracian Kings and Dynasts. Kings of the Odrysae, etc. Between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars these kings had gradually extended their sway over the greater part of Thrace. Sparadoous, brother of Sitalces, circ. B. c. 430 {Bull, de Corr Hell iii p. 409). • •' • 240 (P) THUACIAN KINGS AND DYNASTS. Horseman with two spears. SPAPAAOKO Incuse square, within which eagle devouring serpent . , M Attic Tetradr. Incuse square. Flying eagle with ser- pent . ■ . . JR Drachm. Id ^Diob. SPAPAAOKO (retrogr.) Horse walk ing. SPA Forepart of horse. From the reverse types of these coins we may infer that they were struck at Olynthus. Seuthes I, son of Sparadocus and successor of Sitalces (Thuc, ii. 95-101 ; iv. loi). Fia. 171. Armed horseman (Fig. 171). SEYGA APPYPIOM or £EYOA KOMMA No types. ^ Attic Didr. These coins are remarkable for their reverse inscriptions, which show most clearly that we may usually understand a word signifying 'coin' in general, without any exact definition of the denomination, in all cases where the name of a king or an ethnic adjective in the genitive case stands alone. Analogous examples are KOTYOC XAPAKTHP (p. 243) and rOPTYNOS TO PAIMA (see Gortyna). On the other hand, the legend ANO£ EMI CHMA (see Halicarnassus), 'I am the sign of- Phanes,' refers to the type, a stag, as the sign or signet of Phanes. Metocns, circ. B.C. 400, called Medocus by Xenophon (Anai., VII. ii. 32; iii. 16 ; vii. 3, II. Hell., IV. viii. 26). See Zeif. f. Num., v. 95. Head of bearded Diony- Bipennis, Symbol, grapes .... M Attic Didr. MHTOKO SOS. The double axe is a symbol of Dionysos as well as of the great Thracian goddess Kotys or Kotytto, a divinity closely allied to the Phrygian Magna Mater (Preller, Gr. Myth., i. 549). Amadocus I, circ. B. c. 400. The money of this king was struck at Maroneia and bears the name of the municipal magistrate, whence we gather that Amadocus was virtually supreme in this Greek city for a short time. AMAAOKO Bipennis. Incuse square. EPI AHM[OKPI]TO Vine in linear square . . . .^ -9 Teres II, circ. B. c. 400. The coins of Teres resemble those of Ama- docus, and must also have been struck at Maroneia. Inscr. THPEfi and EPI KASITNAKIOS, M -9 {Zeit. f. Num., v. 97). Eminacus (?), before B. 0. 400. Silver stater found near Olbia, described above, p. ■2,'^'^. (P) THBACIAN KINGS AND DYNASTS, 241 Saratociis, circ. B. c. 40Q. This dynast is only known from his silver' coins (wt. cire. 17 grs.), reading CAPATOKO, SAP, or SA. Some of them with types of Thasos, ohv. Kneeling Satyr, rev. Amphora, were certainly struck ia that island {Zeit.f. Num., i. p. 163). Others, with a youthful head on the obverse, and a bunch of grapes on the reverse, may have been struck by the same prince on the mainland of Thrace. Ber^aeus. Dynast in Thrace or Thasos, circ. B.C. 400-350. Known only from his coins. Silenos kneeling, carrying nymph. Head of Silenos. [Zeit.f. Num., i. p. 164. J Cetriporis, B.C. 356. This Thracian dynast is mentioned as an ally of the Athenians against Philip in an inscription found some years ago, in, the Acropolis at Athens {Num. Chron., N. S., xv. p. 21). Head of bearded Dionysos. IKETPirOPIOS Kantharos . . . (. I ^ -55-- 3$-, Cotys I, B. o. 382-359. Dynast in Cypsela. B E P r A 1 Y written round incuse square BEPr Fish , . . . M-4 Bearded head. [B. M. Cat., Thrace, p. 202.] Horseman. [Ibid., p. 203.} KOTYOS, KOTY, or KOTO Vase of^ the same shape as that on the coins, of Cypsela, . '. . . . ^13 grs.. Similar . . ^ -8 Cersobleptes, B. C. 357-341. Female head wearing sphendone. [ KEP Vase as on preceding . ,^•45- Cersobleptas was the son and successor of Cotys I, and, like his farther, appears to have struck his coins at the town of Cypsela. Imhoof- Blumer [Mon. Gr., p. 53) suggests that certain similar coins, reading R 2 244 («3) INLAND CITIES OF TIWACE. Coson, circ. B. C. 42. K S n N The Consul Brutus between two lictors. Mod. BR. Eagle holding wreath . . ... K Stater, 130 grs. (Mommsen, Hist. Mon. Rom., iii. 283.) Rhoemetalces I, B.C. ii-A. D. 12. BASIAEnS POIMHTAAKOY Head | KAISAPOS SEBASTOY Head of of king r., diademed. | Augustus . ... iE -y-'p Other coins of this king bear the heads, jugate, of Rhoemetalces and his Queen on the obverse, and of Augustus or Augustus and Livia on the reverse. Cotys IV and Rhaescuporis, A. p. 13-19. M with KQ (in monogram). Head of king, R Head of Augustus, and M with BASIAEYS KOTYS Head of king, R BASIAEnS PAISKGYPOPEnS or PAISKOYPOPI AOS Nike with wreath and palm. Khoemetalces III with Caligula, A. D. 37-46. M with BASIAEYS POIMHTAAKAS Bust of king R Head of Caligula. Q. Inland Cities of Thrace. Bizya, near the sources of the Agrianes, about 80 miles north-west of Byzantium. Autonomous coins of Imperial times. Imcr., BIZY, BIZYHMflN, etc. Ti/jjes — Head of Zeus, rev. Nike. Head of Poseidon, rev. Zeus sacrificing. Head of young Dionysos, rev. Silenos with kantharos and askos. Also Imperial from Hadrian to Philippus II. Ti/pes, Hera seated with Peacock on her knees, River-god, Asklepios, Hygieia, Telesphoros, Apollo, Serapis, Isis, Harpocrates, etc. 31agis- trates — Presbeutes, Antistrategos, and Hegemon. Seultuin. A colony established by Vespasian. Imperial coins with Latin inscr. C. F. P. D. etc. (Colonia Flavia Pacensis Deultum). (Sestini, Class. Gen., p. 28. See also Eckhel, ii. p. 32.) Hadrianopolis, on the Hebrus, founded by Hadrian. Autonomous coins of Imperial times. Inscr., AAPI ANonOAITnN : and Imperial from Hadrian to Tranquillina, with or without name of the Hegemon or Roman Praeses. Ti/jks chiefly referring to the labours of Herakles. On some specimens is the river-god TONZOC, an affluent of the Hebrus. Nicopolis ad Ifestum, about twenty miles north of Abdera. Imperial only, of Crispina, Severus, Domna, Caracalla, and Geta. Fu!l inscr., OYADIAC NIKOnOAenC nPOC MECiri, %;£»— Dionysos, Nemesis, Men on horseback, etc. Pautalia, south of Mt. Haemus, on tjie upper Strymon. Imperial coins fi-om Hadrian to Elagabalus. Liscr., flAYTAAinTriN or OYAFIIAC riAYTAAIAC, usually with name of the Hegemon. Types various and of considerable interest, e. g. River Strymon surrounded by four children, BOTPYC, CTAXYCXPYCOC, and APFYPOC, emblematical of the fertility of the soil and metallic wealth of the district. On a coin of Caracalla the name CTPYMflN accompanies the type of the recumbent river-god. {R) KINGS OF THE SCYTHIANS. 245 Philippopolis. Autonomous and Imperial froin Domitian to Salonina. inscr., 0iAinnonoA€iTnM, or MHTPonoAeac 0iAinnonoAenc, with or without NenKOPOY. Various names of magistrates, sometimes with titles Presbeutes and Hegemon. Tijpcs numerous, among which, repre- sentation of Mt. Rhodope, POAOrJH, seated on rock; and the River Hebrus recumbent, with name CBPOC beneath ; also agonistic types, e.g. Prize urns, etc., with legend KOINON ePAKHN, AACZANAPCIA flYeiA, AAezANAPiA eN IAinnOnOAITriN Zeus Akraios seated on rock (Mt. Pindus) and rest- ing on sceptre. In field, fulmen M, Drachm. Circ. B.C. 300-200. Similar, or head of nymph with float- ing hair. Id. Head of Apollo. rOMOEriN Zeus enthroned . . . (B. M. Gat., Thes., PI. III. 4.) M -8-7 rOMOITOYN Id ^ -8 Id . . .^ .8 The letter f on the above described coins has sometimes the form A. Gouuus (Pelasgiotis), on the river Peneius, near the pass of Tempe. Giro. B.C. 300-146. Head of Zeus. Female head. Gyrton (Pelasgiotis), about five miles north of Larissa rONNEHN Earn {Z. f. N., xiii. 10) . M -8 rONNE Lion standing . . . ^E 7 Circ. B.C. 400-344. Head of nymph facing. Young male head beside horse's head. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL XXXI. 3.) TYPTriNinN Horse feeding . . . JR \ Drachm. rVPTriNinN Head of nymph . . M -65 Circ, B.C. 300-200. r YPTnM I nN Female head. . M -^ Bridled horse . ^ -8 Head of Apollo, hair short, laur. Head of Zeus. (B. M. Gat., Thes., PI. III. 5, 6.) Halns (Phthiotis), on the northern shore of the Pagasaean gulf, at the extremity of Mt. Othrys, said to have been founded by Athamas, one of the sons of Aeolos. Zeus was here worshipped as the dark god of storm and winter under the epithet of Aa^vorios (the Devourer). To this divinity Athamas was ordered by an oracle to sacrifice his children Phrixos and Helle. The myth of their rescue by means of the ram with fleece of gold, sent by their divine mother, Nephele, forms the subject of the coin-types of Halus. No silver coins are known. The bronze money is of two periods, B. c. 400-344 and B. 0. 300-300 AX of the Phthiotan Achaeans. Some of these last bear the monogram Head of Zeus Laphystios, laureate, or wearing taenia. (B. M. Gat., Thes., PI. XXXI. i.) AAEflN Phrixos naked, or more rarely Helle draped, holding on to the ram. ^•7-55 Ueracleia Trachinia (Oetaea). This important Spartan stronghold commanded the only road into Thessaly from the south. It was named 252 THESSALY. Heracleia in consequence of the cult of Herakles, indigenous in Trachis and Oetaea from the earliest times (Preller, Gr. Myth., ii. 247). Its coins belong to the earlier half of the fourth centiiry. Circ. B. c. 400-344. Lion's head. (fe. M. Cat., Thes:, PL III: 7-9.) Lion's head. (B. M. Cat., Thes.^ PI. III. 10, 11.) See also Oetaei. HPAK or HPA Chib. Symbols: ivy- leaves, crayfish, etc M Obols, I Obols, and i Obols. Id., or club in wreath . . JE •7—6 Homoliiuu (Magnefeia), at the foot of Mt. Homole, near the vale of Tempe. Circ. B.C. 300-200. Head of the hero Philoktetes (?) in j OMOAIEriN Serpent coiled. ^-8-7 conical hat (pileus). I The serpent may here symbolize the worship of Asklepios, or it may be connected with the myth of Philoktetes. Hypata (Aeniania). The capital of the Aenianes: Circ. B. c. 400-344. Head of Zeus ; behind, fulmen. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. III. iia.) YHATAiriN Pallas Kikephol-Os stand- ing with spear and shield . . ^ -55 Lamia (Phthiotis), near the head of the Maliac gulf, and the chief town of the people called the Malians. The coins usually read AAMIEHN, more rarely MAAIEHN. Circ. s.C: 400-344. Head of yduiig Dionysos, ivy-crowued. AAMIEHN Amphora Id. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. III. 13 ; VII. 5.) Head of nymph (Lamia, daughter of Poseidon T), hair rolled. (B. l&.Cat., Thes., PI. III. 15.) Id. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL IV. 3.) Head of Pallas. (B. M. CaL, Thes., PI. VII. 6.) M \ Dr. and Obol. MAAIEriN Id. . M\T>Y. A A M I E n N Wounded Philoktetes naked, seated on the ground support- ing himself with one hand and raising the other to the top of his hat (pileus); beneath, bird M -6 AAMIEnisI Philoktetes (or Herakles?) on one knee shooting with bow and arrow at birds M -6 M AAI EfiN Similar, but Philoktetes in standing posture . ^ -55 nOMOLIUM—LARISSA. 253 Circ. B.C. 302-286. Fig. 174 Female head, diademed, wearing ear- ring (Fig. 174). AAMIEflN Philoktetes or Herakles naked, seated on rock, holds bow in case . . . . M Dr., 86 gr.s. Professor Gardner (i\'?/«i. C//ro«., 1878, 266) believes the head on this coin to be a portrait of Lamia, the famous Hetaira who captivated and lived with Demetrius Poliorcetes. In her honour both Athens and Thebes erected temples, and the people of the town of Lamia, to flatter Demetrius, may have placed her head on their coins. Dr. Friedlaender, however, considers the head in question to be that of Apollo {Zeit.f. Nnin., vii. 352), and cites a coin of Amphipolis on which a head undoubtedly of Apollo Larissa (Pelasgiotis), on the right bank of the Peneius, was the most important town in Thessaly, and the residence of the Aleuadae, the noblest of all the aristocratic families of the land. The mythical ancestor of the race, Aleuas, was a descendant of Herakles through one of his sons, Thessalos. The rich series of the coins of Larissa begins at an earlier date than that of any other Thessalian town. The sandal of Jason on the oldest coins refers to the story of the loss of one of that hero's sandals in cross- ing the river Anaurus. The coins of the best period are of exquisite beauty. The head of the nymph is clearly that of the fountain Larissa, and may be compared with the beautiful full-face head of Arethusa on contemporary tetradrachms of Syracuse. The coin with the head of Aleuas, with the word EAAA[£] on the reverse, may belong to the time of the occupation of Larissa by Alexander of Pherae, on one of whose coins the same word occurs {Zelt. f. Nvm., v. PL II. 2, 3). The magis- trate's name, SI M0£, is that of an Aleuad chief who appears to have been appointed tetrarch of one of the four divisions of Thessaly by Philip of Macedon, B. c. 353 (B. M. Cat., TJies., p. xxv). On Philip's second invasion of Thessaly, b. C. 344, he put down the tetrarchs whom he had formerly set up, and Thessaly was brought into direct subjection to Macedon. From this time there is a break in the issue of silver money throughout Thessaly. All coins struck in the country now bore the name and types first of Philip and then of Alexander ; and there is nothing to show that Larissa recovered her autonomy until the liberation of Greece by Flami- ninus in B.C. 197, when it became the place of mintage of the Federal coinage of Thessaly. Before circ. B.C. 480. Inscr., AARI^AION, AARIMEOM, etc. Horpe biting his fore-leg. (B. M. Cat., The!,., PI. IV. 4.) Sandal of Jason in incuse square M, Drachm. 254 THESSALY. Head of nymph, or bull's head, or head of Jason(?) in petasos. Sandal or horse's head, in incuse square M Obols. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL IV. 7.) Circ. B.C. 480-430. 7w«cr., AARI, AARI^A, AAPISAI, AAPISAION, etc.; Drachms, ^ Drachms, Trihemiobols or ^ Drachms, and Obols. Fig. 175. Thessalian youth restraining bull, or forepart of bull. Horseman or horse. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. IV. 10, 11.) Free horse, or forepart of horse in incuse square (Fig. 1 7 5). Nymph Larissa, seated on chair or sup- porting on her knee a hydria which she has filled at a fountain, or seated on hydria and playing with ball, etc., in incuse square. Circ. B.C. 430-400. Inscr., AAPISAIA, AAPISA, etc.; Drachms, Trihemiobols, and Obols. Thessalian youth restraining bull. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. IV. 12, 13 ; PI. V.I, 2, 4.) Horseman. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. V. 5.) Horse. (B.M.Cai!.,rAes.,Pl.IV.i5;Pl.V.6-8.) Id. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. V. 9.) Horse's hoof on shield. Incuse square. Free horse of Poseidon. JRBr. Incuse square. Nymph Larissa on chair, holding a mirror before her face . . M Tribemiob. Incuse square. Nymph in various atti- tudes, playing ball or fastening her sandal, etc JR Obol. Incuse square. Asklepios feeding serpent. M Obol. Incuse square, Larissa running and playing ball .Si Obol. Cii-c. B.C. 400-344. 7»iscr., AAPISAIA, AAPISAIHN, etc. ; Didrachms, Drachms, | Drachms, and Trihemiobols. „. Fig. 176. LARISSA—MA GNETES. 255 Head of fountain nymph, Larissa, at first in profile, and later facing with flowing locks (Fig. 176), AAEYA Head of Aleuas in richly ornamented conical helmet. Eunning bull. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. V. 13,) Horse galloping, trotting, grazing, or held by man ; or mare walking be- side her foal, Sometimes with name £IMO£, the Tetrarch of Larissa, B.C. 352-344. Eagle on fulmen ; in field, EAAA. (B. M, Gat., Thes., PI. V. 12.) M Dr. Thessalian horseman galloping . M Dr. Beonze. B.C. 400-344, Inscr., AAPISA or AAPI^AiriN. Head of Larissa in profile, Id. Head of Larissa facing. Id. Head of Asklepios and serpent, M -6 Feeding horse (B, M. Cat., Thes., PI. VL 13). M -65 Id., or horseman . . , , iE -75 ^ -85 (B. M. Cat., Tlies., PI. VI. 11,12.) I Trotting horse Circ. B.C. 300-200, or later. Head of Apollo, laureate, | A API SAIfiN Artemis huntress. iE -85 After B.C. 146, or Imperial Times. 9E2?AAnN Herakles naked, seated on rock. AAPI?A Larissa standing draped, one hand raised to her forehead . 'M -6 Larissa Crenxaste (Phthiotis) stood on the slope of a steep hill (hence the surname Kpeixaa-rri) about twenty miles west of the Malian gulf. It was believed to have anciently formed part of the dominions of Achilles, whose head appears upon some of its coins. When Demetrius Poliorcetes, in B.C. 302, invaded Thessaly he took Pherae and Larissa Cremaste and proclaimed them free, and it is to this period that its earliest coins belong. Circ. B.C. 302-286. Head of Achilles. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VII. i.) Head of nymph, Id. (B. M. Cat., Thes., ¥].YI. 15.) A API Thetis riding on hippocamp bearing shield of Achilles inscribed with AX, the monogram of the Achaean s of Phthiotis . . . ..-E -75 A API Perseus holding harpa and Gorgon's head Ai ■•] AAPI Harpa in wreath . M -55 Head of Zeus. Circ. B.C. 197-146. I AAPISAinN Pallas in fighting atti- tude ; in field, mon. AX M -8 Magnates. This people after the liberation of Thessaly, B. c. 197, struck federal coins for the whole of the Magnesian peninsula at Deme- trias, where their assemblies were held, and where the Magnetarchs resided (Livy, xxv. 31). The head of Zeus is clearly contemporary with that on the Federal coins of the Thessali. 256 THESSALY. B.C. 197-146. Head of Zeus crowned with oak. (B. M. Cat., Tim., PI. VII. 2, 3.) Bust of Artemis. MATNHTnN Artemis with bow, seated on prow . . . M, Attic Dr. MArNHTnM Prow . ^ ^ Dr. Beonze. Head of Zeus. MAFNlHTflM Centaur holding branch. (B. ¥, Gat., Ties., i»l. VII. 4.) Head of Artemis. Head of Poseidon. Head of Apollo. Head of Asklepios. & .9-8 ., Prow . . . ^ -6 Id. . . & .8 ,, Artemis with torch . . m .6 „ Asklepios seated with serpent-staff; at his feet, dog. M -g Roman Times. MATNHTUJhJ APruu Ship Argo. | Centaur playing lyre . . . . JE -g As lolcus was one of the towns included in the territory of Demetrias, the Argo is here an appropriate type. The Centaur is Cheiron, who dwelt in the neighbouring Mt. Pelion, to whom sacrifices were offered by the Magnetes until a late date (Plut. S//mpos., iii. i). Keli'boea (Magnesia), on the sea-coast a few miles north of Mt. Pelion, mentioned by Homer as subject to Philoktetes (//., ii. 717). B.C. 400-344. Head of nymph facing or in profile. MEAI or MEAIBOE One or two (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL XXXI. 4.) bunches of grapes . . JE, ■'j ICelitaea (Phthiotis) near the river Enipeus. Circ. B.C. 350. Head of young Dionysos(^). Head of Zens. ME Lion's head . . ■ . ^ Obol. MEAI or MEAITAIEHN Bee . . . M Diob., and M -7 The Bee, \xi\i.rTa, contains an allusion to the name of the town (see Prokesch, Ined., 1 854, PI. I. 30-35). Metliydriuui (Thessaliotis), near Scotussa (Imhoof, Zeit.f. Nvm., i. g'^). Circ. B.C. 480-400. Forepart of springing horse. | Incuse square. MEOY Corn-grain with I its husk & Drachm. Metropolis (Histiaeotis), in the plain at the foot of one of the eastern ofF-shoots of the Pindus range, near the borders of Histiaeotis and Thes- saliotis. Aphrodite was here worshipped under the name KacrTvirjris, and swine were sacrificed to her (Strab., ix. p. 437 f). 3IA GNETUS— ORTTIE. 257 B.C. 400-344. Head of Aphrodite facing; to 1., bird(?); to r., Nike crowns her. Id. (B. M. Cat, T/ies., PI. VII. 8.) Bearded head facing. (B. M. Cat, Thes., PL VII. 7.) MHTPOnO[AITnN Dionysos stand- ing M Diob. MHtPOPOAITnN Apollo Kitha- roedos M Trihemiobol. MHTPO Aphrodite Kastnietis seated on rock under tree, holding thyrsos. M Obol. Circ. B.C. 300-200. Head of Apollo. Id. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. XXXI. 6.) MHTPOPOAITHN Forepart of bull , ^•75 „ Aphrodite Kast- nietis standing, holding dove, with Eros beside her JE -75 Mopsiam (Pelasgiotis) between Larissa and Tempe.. The town was named after the Lapith Mopsos, the companion of the Argonauts. B.C. 400-344. Bearded heroic head (Mopsos?), facing. (Monatsber. d. Berl. Akad. d. Wiss., 1878, PI. I. 6.) MOtEinN The Lapith Mopsos con- tending with Centaur . . .MS Oetaei. There is said to have been a city called Oeta near the mountain of the same name, the scene of the death of Herakles. The coins of the Oetaei resemble those of Heracleia Trachinia. B.C. 400-344. Head of lion, spear in mouth. (B. M. Gat, Thes., PI. VII. 9.) Id. (B. M. Cat, Thes., PI. VII. 10.) Id. (B. M. Cat, Thes., PI. VII. n.) OITAnN (retrogr.) Herakles standing, holding club M ^ Dr. 01 T A Bow, and quiver . . iR Obol. OITAnN Spear and knife ^.6 B.C. 196-146. On the liberation of Thessaly the coinage recommenced with the old types, but of inferior style (B. M. Cat, Thes., PI. Vn. 12, 13). Bronze coins of the type of the Aetolian federal money, the spear-head and jaw-bone of the Kalydonian boar, are also known [B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VII. 14]. Orthe (Perrhaebia), (Pliny, iv. 9, sect. 16). Bronze, b.c. 300-200. Head of Pallas. I OPGIEinN Forepart of horse spring- {R&o. Num., 1843, PI. X. 4.) I ing from rock . . . . ^ -7 S 258 THESSALY. Peirasia (Thessaliotis), otherwise called Asterium, near the junction of the Apidanus and the Enipeus. B.C. 400-344. nEIPASIE[nN] Horseman . . . . M Trihemiobol. Head of Pallas, facing. {Annali dell' Inst., 1866, Monuni,, PI. XXXII. 5.) Feliuua (Histiaeotis), east of Tricca, near the northern bank of the Peneius. B.C. 400-344. Horseman gallo^jing or spearing pros- trate foe. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VIII. 1-4.) PEAINNAI, PEAlNNA.etc. AVarrior with spear and shield in attitude of combat M Dr., ^ Dr., and smaller coins, also JE. Circ. B.C. 300-200. Veiled female head. I PEAlNNAinM Armed horseman. ^-8 I (B. M. Cat., Then., PI. VIII. 5, 6.) Ferrhaebi. These people were descendants of the original occupants of Thessaly, and in historical times inhabited the region between Mt. Olympus and the river Peneius. Their chief town was probably the Homeric Oloosson near Tempe. Circ. B.C. 480-400. Inscr., PE or PEPA on reverse; Silver. Drachms, \ Drachms, Trihemiobols, and Obols. ThessaUan restraining bull or forepart of bull. Horseman. Horse galloping. Forepart of bull. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. VIII. 7-1 1.) Galloping horse or forepart of horse in incuse square . . M. Dr. and ^ Dr. Pallas (?) or Thetis seated, holding helmet in incuse square . . . . M, Obol. Pallas running with spear and shield in incuse square IR Obol. Horse's head in incuse square. M Obol. B.C. 196-146. Head of Zeus. Id. Head of Hera veiled, facing. PEPPAIBnN Hera seated . M ^^ grs. Id ^ -8 ,, Zeus hurling fulmen ^•8 Peumata (Phthiotis). See TJ. 'KJ6)i\&Y,Zeit.f. Num., 1884, p. no. Bronze coins, probably contemporary with the Federal coinage of the Phthiotan Achaeans. Cin. B. c. 302-286. Head of nymph bound with oak- wreath. {Zeit.f. Num., 1884, p. iii.) PEYM ATinN written round the large monogram of the Achaeans, AX ; in field, Phrygian cap . . . . M -e, PEIRASIA— PHARSAL US. 359 Fhacium (Pelasgiotis), near the banks of the Peneius, between Atrax and Pharcadon. Cire. B, c. 300-200. Head of nymph crowned with corn. (tAKIASTHN Horseman . . M -^ (E. M. Gat., Tlies., PL XXXI. 7.) Fhalauua (Perrhaebia), a few miles north-west of Larissa, on the left bank of the Peneius. Circ. B.C. 400-344. cbAAANNAinM Bridled horse . . Young male head with short hair. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL VIII. 12-14.) M Dr., 1 Dr., and Trihemiobol. Circ. B.C. 300-200. Young male head. (B. M. Gat., Thes., PL VIII. 15, 16.) Helmeted head. ORIS Head of Zeus (?), r. (Leake, Num. Hell., p. 88.) Female head facing. (Hunter, PI. XLIII. 6.) Fhaloria (Histiaeotis), in the west of Thessaly. The only known coin is the following : — (tAAANNAinN Head of Nymph, hair in net ^. -8 AAANNAinN Horse. . . M -^ <1>AAAN Nymph seated, with left hand extended towards a stork . . xE -55 AAAN Wolf running . . . ^ -75 Giro. B.C. 302-286. Head of Apollo laur. (Brit. Mus.) ctiAAfiPIASinM Apollo naked, seated on rock, holding in r. arrow, and in 1. a long branch of bay . . M -85 Pharcadon (Histiaeotis), on the left bank of the Peneius, between Pelinna and Atrax. The silver coins of this town all belong to the fifth century. B.C. 480-400. Youth restraining forepart of hull. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL IX. i.) Free horse walking (PL IX. 2). Bull's head. Id. A P K A A Forepart of horse in incuse square & \ Dr. ct)APK A AON I ON Pallas standing. . M Obol. 0AR Horse's head. (Si/m5oZ .• trident . M Obol. E Grain of corn with husk in incuse square (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. X. 4-7). M Dr. and \ Dr. The half drachms often read TA or OA in addition to E perhaps the abbreviated names of tyrants or magistrates. Horse's head bridled. These are E Corn-grain, or club, incuse square . M Obols. PEARS AL US—PIIEEAE. 261 Head of Hekate or Artemis Pheraea to r., in myrtle wreath ; in front, torch. (B. M. Cut., Thes., PL X. 9.) Lion's head. {Ihid., PI. X. 10.) (JjEPAIONI Lion's head fountain ; below, iish Ji -65 (tEPAION Hekate with torches riding on horse M -55 No coins are known with the name of the famous Jason of Pherae, but of the tyrant Alexander, who obtained the supreme power soon after his death, we possess valuable numismatic monuments. Alexander of Pherae. b. c. 369-357. Fig. 178. Head of Hekate, or Artemis Pheraea, facing, wearing myrtle wreath : in field, her hand holding torch. Head of Artemis Pheraea in profile; also her hand holding torch. Female head in myrtle wreath. Inscr., EAAAS (?), or magisti-ate, EN- NOIOS. Wheel. AAEEANAPOY or AAEZANAPEI- OC Armed horseman prancing; beneath, and on horse's flank, a bipenois (Fig. 178) . M Didrachm. AAEZAMAPOY Lion's head; beneath, sometimes, bipennis . . . M, Dr. (B. M. Guide, PI. XXIL 22.) AAEZANAPOYor AAEZANAPEIA (SC. hpaxf-f]) (B. M. Cat, Thes., PI. X. 13.). M Dr. AAE Bipennis .51 Obol. Beonze. Young male head. Forepart of rushing bull. AAEZAN APOY Leg and foot of horse. ,, Forepart of horse . . (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL X. 14.) .^ -5 The cultus of Artemis Pheraea as a moon-goddesa was identified with that of Hekate and of Persephone (Brimo), (Preller, Gr. Myth., i. 246). The Bipennis as an adjunct on the reverse refers to the special worship paid by Alexander of Pherae to the Dionysos of Pagasae, who was surnamed UikfKvs, from the sacrificial axe used in sacrificing to him. Cf. Simonides (as cited by Athenaeus, 10, 84), who calls the axe Atcowo-oto avaKTos l3ov(j)6vov Oepd-novra. See the Schol. in Hom. //., xxiv. 428, ©eoTTO/^TTOs 6pu)S. Teisi2>honus. B.C. 357-352 (?). This tyrant was one of the brothers of Thebe, the wife of Alexander, who usurped the tyranny after Alexander's assassination. Forepart of butting bull. I TE I S I OM OY Forepart of horse. JE -5 {Bev. Num., 1853, PI. XIV. 10.) | 263 THESSALY. B.C. 302-286. Pherae, like Lamia and other Thessalian towns, appears to have possessed the right of coinage for a few years in the time of Demetrius Poliorcetes. Head of Hekate to I. ; behind, torch. (B. M. Cat., Thts., PI. X. 15.) E P A 1 Y N Nymph Hypereia stand- ing, placing her hand on Uon's-head fountain . . . . i5J 4^ Dr. Circ. B.C. 300-200, or later. Head of Hekate facing ; hand with torch beside her. (B. M. Gat., Thes., PI. X. 16.) Fhthiotis. See Achaei of Phthiotis (p. 348). Froerna (Thessaliotis). Circ. B.C. 300-200 (?). 0EPAinN Hekate holding torch, riding on galloping horse . . M -85 Female head facing. (Coll., Imhoof-BIumer.) PPnEPNinN Demeter standing, hold- ing ears of corn(?) and torch(?). M -8 Scotussa (Pelasgiotis), between Pherae and Pharsalus. The coins of this town are of three periods. B.C. 480-400. Forepart of horse. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. XL i.) S K Grain of corn with husk . . . A\ Dr. and I Dr. B.C. 400-367. Head of Herakles bearded. I £K0 Forepart of horse feeding . . . (B. M. Cat., Tims., PI. XI. 2.) M\ Dr. Head of young Herakles. j ,, Id -^ -55 In B. c. 367 Scotussa was treacherously seized upon by Alexander of Pherae, and ceased for some time to strike coins. B. c. 300-200, or later. Female head facing. Head of bearded Herakles. Head of AresC?) in close-fitting helmet with feather. SKO[TOYSSAinN] Poseidon seated on rock with trident and dolphin M \ Dr. SKOTOY[S]£Ainisl Club .... (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. XXXL 8.) ^•85 £KOTOYS£Amisl Horse prancing. (B. M, Cat., Thes., PI. XXXL 9.) ^•75 PHERAE—TBICCA. 263 Thebae (Phthiotis). There are no early coins of this town, all those that are known certainly belong to the time of Demetrius. Gire. B.C. 302-286. Head of Demeter. OHBAinM and(on7E) AX mon. of the (B. M. Cat., Tlies., PI. XI. 3.) Achaeans of Phthiotis. Protesilaos leaping ashore from prow of galley . M \ Dr., and M -55 Protesilaos was a native of this part of Thessaly, and at the neighbour- ing Phylace there was a temple sacred to him, mentioned by Pindar (Isthm., i. 84). WpodTiuiKa, TO Tiov 8' avhpSiv 'K\aiS)v ev 'i'vXa.Ka Ttjxevos tru/x/SaAAo/xat. For other varieties, see Zeit.f. N., i. p. 175. Tricca (Histiaeotis) was named after the fountain-nymph Trikka, a daughter of the river Peneius, on the left bank of which the city stood. The town is mentioned by Homer as subject to Podaleirios and Machaon, sons of Asklepios, who led the Triccaeans in the Trojan war. At Tricca was the most ancient and illustrious of all the temples of Asklepios in Greece, and to this sacred place the sick had recourse from all parts (Strab., viii. 374; ix. 437). B.C. 480-400. Thessalian restraining bull or forepart of bull. (B. M. Gat., Tim., PI. XL 7, 12.) Horseman, Horse. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. XI. 8, 10, 11.) Horse. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PL XI. 9.) TPIKKA, TPIKKAION, later TPIK- KAlriM Incuse square, forepart of horse M, \ Dr. TPIKKA Nymph Trikka seated, hold- ing patera and mirror JR Trihemiobol. TPIKKAION Nymph playing ball, or leaning on column and extending hand towards swan, or opening cista, or sacrificing at altar . . .51 Obols. TPIKKAION Pallas running . M Obol. B.C. 400-344. TPIKKA Warrior Podaleirios or Ma- chaon advancing . . . . M -6^ TP I K K A I nN Asklepios seated, feeding serpent with bird . . . . ^ -8 Head of Nymph Trikka. Id. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. XL 13.) Thessali. In B.C. 196 the Thessali, the Perrhaebi, and the Magnetes, were proclaimed free by Flamininus, whereupon the Thessali instituted a federal currency, probably striking their coins at Larissa. The Magnetes at the same time began to issue silver and bronze at their capital Demetrias ; but the Perrhaebi at Olodsson struck only in bronze. All these coinages came to an end in b. g. 146, when Thessaly was incorporated in the Roman province of Macedon. 264 ISLANDS ADJACENT TO THESSALY. B.C. 196-146. Fig. 179. Head of Zeus crowned witli oak. Behind, sometimes, the name of the Strategos of the League in the genitive case. Among the names of Strategi whose dates are known are Androsthenes, B.C. 187, and Nicocrates, B. c. 182. Head of Apollo Strategos. with name of the Head of Apollo with name or mono- gram of the Strategos. Head of Athena Itonia. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. I. 4, 6.) Head of Zeus in oak-wreath. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. I. 5.) OEZEAAON The Thessalian Athena Itonia (Paus., x. i. 10) in fighting attitude, usually accompanied by the names of two magistrates, of which one is often in the genitive. What offices these magistrates filled is un- certain (Fig. 179) M Double Victoriatus=iJ Denarii, wt. 100-86 grs. OEZSAAilN Demeter with torch in each hand M Victoriatus=|- denarius, 47-41 grs. OEZZAAriM Athena Itonia and M Attic Dr. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. I. 3.) OEZZAAflN Horse . M Attic Dr. magistrate's name ,, Athena magistrate's name Itonia and M Attic \ Dr. The bronze coins usually resemble the Drachms, having on the obverse a head of Apollo or Pallas, and on the reverse Pallas fighting (R. Weil, Zeit.f. N, i. 177 sqq.). Im2)er{al Times. Caesar, after the battle of Pharsalia, conferred liberty once more on the Thessalians, and henceforth the Imperial coins from Augustus to Hadrian bear the name of the Strategos, and in the reign of Augustus usually the inscr. ZEBAZTHflN GEZZAAHN. From M. Aurelius to Gallienus the coins read KOI NON OECC AAHN, the name of the Strategos being omitted (B. M. Cai., Thes., pp. 6-9). Among the types may be mentioned — Head of Achilles, with inscr. AXIAAGYC, Apollo Kitharoedoa, Athena Itonia, Nike, Asklepios, etc. ISLANDS ADJACENT TO THESSALY Icus. Head of Poseidon, laur. Halouesus. Head of Zeus. IKinN Trident and dolphins . ^-65 (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 134.) AAONHS Earn ^•8 ILLYRIA. 265 Peparethus. This island produced excellent wine, and Pliny (iv. 13, s. 23) says that it was once called Euoinos. It struck bronze coins with inscr. PEPA, and later fieriAPHQIUUM, from about the middle of the fourth century to the time of Augustus, and Imperial of Augustus and Commodus. The types mostly refer to the worship of Dionysos (B. M. Cat., Tim., PL XL 14-16). Sciathus. Bronze coins from circ. B. c. 350 onwards. Head of Hermes, or Gorgon head, SKIAOI Caduoeus . . . ^E •65-'5 facing. (B. M. Gat., Thes., PI. XI. 17-19.) ILLYRIA. [British Museum Catalogue of Greek coins, Thessahj — Aetolia, pp.xxxvii-xiiii., and 55-87 with autotype plates, by Professor P. Gardner, 1883. A. J. Evans, On some recent discoveries of Illyrian coins, in the Numismatic Chronicle, 1880, p. 269.] Amantia. Autonomous bronze coins of the period of the Epirote Eepublic, b. c. 230-168, with Epirote types. Heads of Zeus Bodonaeos or of Zeus and Bione. Rev., Fulmen or serpent. Bust of Artemis. Rev. Torch. Inscr., AM ANTflN. (Imhoof, Man. Gr., p. 137, and B. M. Cat., PL XXXI. 10,11.) Apollonia. Colony of Corcyra. Silver coins of five periods : — (i) First half of the fourth century B. C. with Corcyrean types, Cow and Calf. Rev. AP, Conventional pattern usually called Gardens of Alkinoos, which we shall in future describe as a square containing a stellate pattern, or as a Stellate square. Staters of circ. 160 grs. (B. M. Cat,, PL XII. I, a). M Lyre, R APOAAfiNOS Obelisk of Apollo. (ii) B.C. 350-300. Staters of Corinthian types and weight, reading APOA, etc. (iii) B.C. 229-100. New series of silver coins of the period during which Apollonia and Dyrrhachium were under the protection of Rome. These coins are of the weight of the Roman Victoriatus, circ. 52 grs. Obv., Cow and Calf. Rev., Stellate square (B. M. Cat., PL XII. 3), and of the half Victoriatus, circ. 26 grs. Rev., Fire of the Nymphaeum. They bear magistrates' names on both sides, that on the obverse, in the nominative case, is the moneyer's name, that on the reverse, in the genitive, stands for an eponymous annual magistrate. There are also bronze coins of three or more sizes. Inscr., APOAAflNl ATAM (B. M. Cat., PL XIL 8-12). Tripod . . ^ 1-05 Cornucopiae . . M •<) Obelisk iE -65 Head of Artemis. Head of Dionysos. Head of Apollo. (iv) From circ. B.C. 100 to Augustus. About B. c. 100 the Victoriatus was abolished at Rome, being assimilated to the Quinarius. From this time forwards the silver coins of Apollonia were issued on the standard of the Roman Denarius. Head of Apollo. (B. M. Gat., PL XII. 13.) Head of Pallas. (/6«U, PLXII, 15.) Three nymphs dancing round the fire of the Nymphaeum . . ^ 62 grs. Obelisk .^29 grs. 266 ILLYRIA. (v) Imperial. Augustus to Elagabalus. Inscr., AflOAAflMlATAN, NePUJNl AHOAAOUNI KTICTH, NEPUJNI AHMOCIUJ HATPOUNI EAAA- AOC, etc. Types: — Dancing nymphs; Obelisk of Apollo; Hades seated with a standing female figure before him carrying an infant in her arms ; Apollo ; Poseidon ; Asklepios ; Kiver god, etc. The Nymphaeum near Apollonia was sacred to Pan and the nymphs. It is described by Strabo (p. 316), Wirpa 5' 1(tt\ -nvp kvahihova-a., v-k avTr\ 8e KprjvaL pfovcri ^AiapoC koI cKTcpaXrov. For the meaning of the obelisk, see Ambracia, p. 270. Byllis, on the north bank of the Aous, about twenty miles above Apollonia. Small bronze coins of the period of the Epirote Republic, B.C. 330-168. Inscr., BYAAIONnN or BYAAIS. Types:— Head of Zeus; R Serpent twined round cornucopiae. Youthful helmeted head ; R Eagle B. M. Cat., Thes., etc., p. 64). Daorsi. An Illyrian tribe which had been subject to king Genthius, on whose defeat by the Romans it obtained its freedom. Bronze coins of the second century E. c. (Eckhel, B. N. F., ii. p. 155). Head of Hermes to r. | A AOPSHN Galley 1. {Z.f.N., xiii. p. 9) Dyrrhachii. Epidamnus, the capital of the Dyrrhachians, was a colony of Corcyra of considerable importance. The money of this city down to about B.C. loo, when it comes to an end, falls into the same periods as that of Apollonia. Its coins bear the name of the people and not of their chief town. (i) B. c. 400-300. Silver staters of the Corcyrean standard, ca. 1 70 grs. Cow suckling calf. AYP Double stellate square. M Staters. (B. M. Cat., PI. XIII. 10.) (ii) Circ. B. c. 350-250. Staters of Coriut/dan types and weight. (iii) B.C. 229-100. Neio series of Byrrliachian coins. Cow suckling calf. Forepart of cow. AYP Double stellate square .... (B. M. (?Mirf«, PI. LXV. 12.) iR 53 grs. „ Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XIV. 3.) . M 26 grs. These coins are of the weight of the Roman Victoriatus and \ Vic- toriatus, and bear the names of two magistrates, that of the eponymous annual magistrate in the genitive on the reverse, and that of the moneyer in the nominative on the obverse. The adjunct symbol on the obverse changes with the name on the reverse, and therefore belongs properly to it. The bronze coins, also with magistrates' names, bear types relating to the worship of the Dodonaean Zeus, Herakles, Hehos, etc. Oricus. A seaport in the neighbourhood of Apollonia, not far from the mouth of the Aous. Circ. B.C. 230-168. Head of Apollo. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXXI. 13,) Head of Pallas. nPIKinN Obelisk of Apollo . ^-65 „ Fulmen . . . . M -^ KINGS OF ILLY MA. 267 Bhizon. Bronze coins after circ. B.C. i68. Inscr., PIIO and PIZONI- TAN(?) {Num. Ckron., 1880, p. 293). Scodra. The eai'liest coins of this town may be referred to the reign of Philip V of Macedon, who was supreme in Illyria between B.C. 211 and 197. Macedonian shield. | CKOAPlNilN Helmet . . . M -6 After B.C. 168. Head of Zeus. | SKOAPElNnN War galley . ^-65 See A. J. Evans in Nmn. Chron., 1880, p. 288. KINGS OF ILLYRIA. Monanius, circ. B.C. 300 or 380, king of the Dardanian Illyrians. He occupied Dyrrhachium and struck money there of the Dyrrhachian type. Fig. 180. Cow suckling calf (Fig. 1 80). BASIAEnS MONOYNIOY Double stellate square . M, Staters, 160 grs. On the coins of this king the S is sometimes written C, a form which is rarely met with at so early a date (Droysen, iii. i. 184). Geuthius, circ. B. c. 197-168, probably succeeded to the Illyrian throne on the expulsion of Philip V of Macedon from his Illyrian possessions, by the stipulations of the Peace of Tempe, b. c 197. Genthius was afterwards induced by Perseus to attack the Romans, but was defeated beneath the walls of Scodra and taken prisoner by L. Anicius. BASIAEfiS TENGIOY Helmet. M -6 Illyrian gal- ley . . JE .7 Ballaeus, known only from coins. The date of his reign is probably B.C. 167-135 {Num. Chron., 1880, p. 300). BASIAEnS BAAAAIOY Artemis with Macedonian shield. Head of Genthius in kausia. Head of king, bare. (B. M. Cat., PI. XIV. 1 4-) torch and two spears, running . . M 54 grs., and M •'J--6 These coins are usually found at Risano, and were probably struck at Rhizon. Somewhat similar bronze coins are often found in the island of Pharos, but these are without the title Bao-iXci;?. 268- ISLANDS OF ILL YELL ISLANDS OF ILLYRIA. In the early part of the fourth century Dionysius of Syracuse began to turn his attention to the western coasts of lUyi-ia and the islands in the Adriatic sea. He assisted the Parians in colonising the two islands of Issa and Pharos, b. c. 385 (Holm, GescA. Sic, ii. 134). About the same time the island of Corcyra Nigra, so called from its dark pine forests, appears to have received a Greek colony. A town named Heracleia, perhaps situate in the island of Pharos, in which the coins which bear its name are found, belongs also to this category (Num. Journ., i. 164). The coins of the whole of this group belong to the fourth and second centuries B. c. There are apparently none of the third. Corcyra ITigra. Fourth century b. c. Rude head of Apollo. I KOPKYPAinN Ear of corn . . . . I {Num. Zeit., 1884, PI. IV. 20). M -8 Heracleia. Fourth century b. 0. Head of Herakles in lion's skin. ( HPAKA, HPAK or HPA Bow and club. (B. M. Cat., Thes., PI. XIV. 8.) | M .95 Issa. Fourth century b. c. I££A Head of Artemis(?). | Star with eight rays . . . . M -^ Second century b. c. Head of Pallas. Head of Pallas. Head of Zeus (?). IS Amphora. Jugate heads. Youthful head. \i. Goat M -95—75 I ? Stag with head turned back . . M -6 3—1 Id M -YS Vine-branch with grapes . -^K -75 IS Grapes M •^ I — S Kautharos . . . . iE -85 To this island may also be ascribed certain bronze coins of good style (fourth century B. c.) bearing the inscription I0NI0[S], concerning which see Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 258. On the obverses of these pieces are male heads, youthful or bearded, or a female head wearing a stephane, and on the reverse is a dolphin over a line of waves. Pharos. Fourth centv/ry b. c. Head of Zeus. Goat standing ^41 grs. APinN Id. Symbol: sometimes, serpent J& -95 Id. Head of Persephone. JUC Rev. AHOAAUJN AEYKATHC, Imhoof {Mon. (?r., p. 141), also INAIOC accompanying the type of Asklepioa standing. Games, AKT I A. Fandosia, on the river Acheron. Beonze. B.C. 238-168. Head of Dodonaean Zeus and magis- trate's name. HAN Fulraen in oak-wreath .... (B. M. Gat, PI. XXXII. 9) . M -75 Phoeuice was, according to Polybius (ii. 5, 8), the most important city in Epirus after the fall of the Molossian kingdom. It was probably therefore the capital of the Epirotic Republic, and the place of mintage of the Federal currency (p. 274). In the same period it struck also municipal coins of bronze. B.C. 238-168. Head of Zeus (?). Head of Artemis. iDOlNIKAIEHN Fulmen in wreath . M -7 „ Spearhead .... (B. M. Cat.,V\. XXXII, 10, 11.) M -7 Also Imperial of Claudius, Nero, and Trajan. KINGS OF EPIRUS. Alexander, son of Neoptolemus, B. C. 342-326. The gold coins of this king were almost certainly struck in southern Italy whither Alexander went in B. C 332 to aid the Greek cities against the Lucanians and Bruttians. In style the silver staters closely resemble the gold, but their weight (165 grs.), that of the coins of Corcyra, is in favour of their Epirote origin. The bronze money is undoubtedly Epirote. Fig. 182. Head of Zeus Dodonaeos, wearing oak- wreath. (Fig. 182). AAEZANAPOY TOY NEOnTO- AEMOY Fulmen. SL Stater 133 grs. M Stater 165 grs. KINGS OF EPIRUS. 273 AAE^ Fulmen. . . iP xV Stater. Id ^Diobol. AAEZA. TOY NE Fulmen . M .65 Head of Helios. (B. M. Cat.,V\. XX. 2.) Id. Eagle, wings closed. Pyrrhus, B.C. 395-272. Pyrrhus, like Alexander, struck coins in various parts of his dominions, chiefly in Italy and Sicily, but also in Macedon and Epirus. All the gold coins and the silver pieces of 90 grs. are of Syracusan fabric, as are also the finest of his bronze coins. His tetradrachms and didrachms of Attic weight appear to have been issued at Locri in Bruttium ; his Macedonian bronze coins are distinguished by the Macedonian shield on the obverse ; while his Epirote money bears the head of Zeus, and is of ruder fabric. Inscr. BASIAEHS PYPPQY, usually at full length except on the Macedonian coins and on some of the Epirote bronze pieces, where the name appears in monogram. Head of Pallas (Fig. 183). Head of Artemis. Fro. 183. Nike with wreath and trophy . . K Stater. Id. (B. M. Guide, PI. XL VI. 25, 26.) K A Stater. Fig. 184. Head of Dodonaean Zens in oak wreath. ! Dione with sceptre, enthroned (Fig. 184). I M Tetradr. Fio. 185. Head of Achilles, helraeted (Fig. 185). Thetis veiled, riding on Hippocamp, and holding shield of Achilles . . M Didr. 274 EPIROTE REPUBLIC. Fig. zi Head of Persephone with flowing hair and corn-wreath (Fig. i86). ttOI AS Head of Phthia veiled. Head of Persephone as on M,. Head of Pallas. (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 15.) Macedonian shield, on it PYP in monogram. Head of Dodonaean Zeus. Pallas with spear and shield, in fighting attitude M go grs. Fulmen. (Gardner, Tyj)es, PL XI. 27.) M i-i Demeter enthroned. (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 14.) . . M -95 Ear of corn in oak- wreath . . jE -75 AS I Macedonian helmet in oak- wreath (B. M. Cat., PI. XX. 16.) . ^.65 Fulmen in oak- wreath . . ^E •95-.75 The veiled head with the inscr. nSIAnNlAA£, IAnTAC, etc. (B. M. Cat., PL XXIV. 18). B.C. 48-A. D. 138. J. Caesar to Hadrian. Throughout this period the city of Corcyra continued to strike autono- mous bronze coins on which the deities ZEYC KACIOC and AfPEYC, with their names in full, and Ares, are frequently represented. The first is usually in the attitude of Zeus seated on a throne. Agreus is a standing bearded figure, clad in a long chiton, and holding a cornucopiae (B. M. Cat., PI. XXV. 7). The worship of this pastoral god was related to that of Aristaeos. . A. D. 138-222. Antoninus to Caracalla. The Imperial coins of this period have the Emperor's head. The reverse types are Zeus Kasios, Agreus, Ares, Galley under sail, Pegasos Dionysos on panther, etc. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVI.). 278 ACARNANIA. ACARNANIA. \Briiish Museum Calalogue of Greek crnns, Thessaly — Aetolia, pp. li-liv. ami 168-193, with Autotype Plates, by Professor P. Gardner. Inihoof-Bluraer, Vie Milnzen Aiarnaniens in the Namismatische Zeitschrifl, x. pp. 1-180, Vienna, 1878.] Acarnania, the country between the Acheloiis on the east, and the sea on the west, derived its coin standard from the two flourishing com- mercial colonies of Corinth, Anactorium, and Leucas. Before the close of the fifth century the towns of Acarnania formed themselves into a Con- federacy, of which Stratus on the Acheloiis was the chief city. At all the Acarnanian coast-towns staters of the Corinthian type, ohv., Head of Pallas, rev., Pegasos, now began to be issued, mainly for com- merce with Italy and Sicily, where they are still chiefly found. The cities of the interior. Stratus, Oeniadae, etc., took little or no part in this Corinthian coinage, but struck small silver coins with their own types. About B. c. 300 Stratus fell into the hands of the Aetolians, and Leucas took its place as the chief city of the Acarnanian League. Thyrrheium likewise rose to importance after this date. At what precise period the Pegasos staters ceased to be issued cannot be determined, but it is certain that in the latter part of the third century (circ. 220) they had already been superseded by a regularly organized Federal currency, the coins having on the obverse the head of the national river-god Acheloiis, and on the reverse a seated figure of the Actian Apollo. It is to be inferred that Leucas was the place of mintage of these Federal coins down to B.C. 167, when it was separated from Acarnania by the Komans, and began to strike silver in its own name. After this date Thyrrheium continued for some time the series of coins of the Federal tj^e, but with the legend OYPPEHNl in place of AKAPNANriM, until soon afterwards all coinage ceased in the land. C'heonological Table of the Coinage of Acarnania. Alvzia Before 400 400-350 350-250 250-167 After 167 ^.(Cor.) JR Anactorium JP. (Cor.) M (Cor.) ^v(Cor.) JE M M A rgos M (Cor.) J& A stacue M. (Cor.) Coronta M (Cor.) Leucas M (Cor.) M (Cor.) ^(Cor.andFed.).* M M M, (Fed.) M M Medeon ... X Metropolis M (Cor.) M Oeniadae JE Palaerus M (Cor.) Phytia JR (Cor.) JE Stratus M M (Fed.) M (Fed.) M Thyrrheium JR. (Cor.) JE M M ALYZIA—LEUGAS. 279 Alyzia. Corinthian staters, B. c. 350-350. Inscr., AAY or AAYIAinM, and contemporary bronze coins with types relating to the cult of Herakles, to whom there was a temple in the neighbourhood (Imhoof, Akarnania, p. 46). Anactorium. Corinthian staters down to b. c. 350 with the digamma (F). After 350 with ANA (often in monogram), ANAKTOPinN, etc., and smaller denominations often with inscr. AKTIO, AKTIOY, referring to the worship of Apollo Actios in the territory of Anactorium, and AKTIAS accompanying the head of the goddess of the Actian games (Imhoof, I. c, p. S-^). B.C. 250-167. Head of Zeus. Head of Apollo. AM (raon.) in laurel-wreath. JR 35 grs. ANAKTOPIEHN Lyre . . . /E 75 (B. M.. Cat., PI. XXVII. 10, II.) Argos Amphilochicum. Corinthian staters (350-250), inscr., A, AP, APFEinN, etc., or AMl, AMcMAOXfiN, etc., and bronze coins of two types :— Young male head with short hair. Head of Pallas. APrEinN Dog . • ^-75 „ Owl facing . . . ^ -55 (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 14, 15.) Astacus. Corinthian staters (350-250), inscr., AS, and symbol, cray- fish (doraKo'y), (Imhoof, I.e., p. loi, and B. M. Cat., Thes., p. 173.) Coronta. Corinthian staters (350-250). Inscr. K and so-called Mace- donian shield. Heracleia. See Heracleia in Bithynia. Leucas. This city began as early as the fifth century to strike Corinthian staters, and continued to do so down to about b. c. 250 with inscr. A, AE, AEY, AEYK AAinN, etc., as the chief city of the Acarnanian Confederacy. After the fall of Stratus it appears also to have been the place of mintage of a series of Corinthian staters distinguished by the letters AK (in mon.). The bronze coins of Leucas (350-250) are of the following types: — A Head of Pallas. Chimaera. (B. M. Ccd., PI. XXVIII. i.) ^.75 (Usually restruck on M of Philip of Macedon.) AK Head of man-headed bull (Ache- loiis). Id. or Head of Aphrodite. Bellerophon on Pegasos. Pegasos. A Head of Pegasos. Head of Apollo. A Pegasos. AE Chiraaera ^ -8 „ Trident. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVIII.4.) AEY Chimaera. {Ih., PI. XXVIII. 6.) M -7 AEYKAAinN Trident . . . tE .5 Dolphin and trident . . . . ^ .5 AEY Prow. (B. U.Cat., PI. XXVIILii.) ^•7 W M-6 280 ACAENANIA. From about b. c. 250 to 167 Leucas was probably the chief mint of the Federal coinage of the Acarnanian League. See Federal coinage (p. 283). After B.C. 167. In B. c. 167 Leucas was separated by the Romans from the Acarnanian Confederacy, but it continued to be a place of importance, and, like Corcyra, appears to have retained its autonomy under Roman protection. To this period may be ascribed the long series of silver coins with magistrates' names (Prytaneis ?), of which more than forty are known. Fig. 189. Statue of goddess, 'A(ppoSiTr) Alvuds, with attributes — Crescent, aplustre, owl, stag, and sceptre surmounted by dove : the whole in a wreath. Head of young Herakles. AEYKAAinN Prow and name of magistrate (Fig. 1 89). M Attic Didr. AEYKAAinN Club in wreath, and magistrate's name ... . . JR 'j'j, 67, and 59 grs. (B. M. Cat., Pl.XXVrn. 17.) The figure on these Leucadian coins has been identified by E. Curtius (Hermes, x. 343) as a statue of Aphrodite Aineias, whose sanctuary stood on a small island at the northern end of the canal which separated Leucas from the mainland. The bronze coins of this last period of Leucadian autonomy bear the same magistrates' names as the silver (Imhoof, I.e., p. J 35). Medeon. Bkoxze. Circ. B. c. 350-300. ME Head of Apollo, hair short. Head of Apollo, hair long. Head of Pallas. A or M in laurel-wreath . . JE --j M-E Triijod . . JE ■^ ., Id. or owl . . . JE -7—6 (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIX. 9, 10.) Metropolis. Corinthian staters (350-350) with MH in mon. (Imhoof, I. c, p. 143). Oeniadae. For the silver coins with the digamma (F) and T (Tpid- ^okovl) usually attributed to Oeniadae, see Stratus. The Aetolians seized Oeniadae in the time of Alexander. As the bronze coins of this town are not of early style, they can hardly have been struck before B. c. 319, when Philip V took it from the Aetolians, nor can they well be subsequent to B. c. 311, when the Romans gave it back to that people. 31EBE0N— STRATUS. 281 Girc. B.C. 219-211. Head of Zeus, t 1 N I A A A N Head of man-headed bull, (B. M, Cut., PI. XXIX. 14.) I Achelous, and AKAP. in monogram. I M -9 Palaerus. Silver (350-250), Imhoof, I. c, p. 153, I Pegasos . Female head, and mon. PAAAIP. . .iH 25 grs. Phytia. Corinthian drachms (wt. 40 gi's.), B. c. 350-250, and bronze coins resembling those of Medeon. Head of Apollo, hair long. 0— Y Tripod M -7 Stratus, down to the early part of the third century, was the chief town of the Acarnanian Confederacy. It then passed into the hands of the Aetohans, and Leucas became the capital of the country. The coins of Stratus fall into the following classes : — Circ. B.C. 450-400. Bearded head of Acheloiis, facing. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIX. 15.) Id. £ — T — R — A (retrogr.) Incuse square in which head of Kallirrhoe, facing . JR 36 grs. € — T — I? — A (retrogr.) Young head in profile ... . Ji 15 grs. The nymph Kallirrhoe was a daughter of the river-god Acheloiis, and mother of Akarnan the eponymous ancestor of the Acarnanians (Paus., viii. 24. 9). About B. c. 400 these autonomous coins were replaced by a Federal coinage of the same types as the above, but with A— K on the reverse or the name of a strategos(?) ATHMnN. The following coins, some usually attributed to Oeniadae, may be preferably given to Stratus. Girc. B. c. 400-300. Head of Achelous in profile. F in incuse square, around KAA- AIPOA M 34 grs. Id. T between oak-boughs KAA . . M 16 grs. Id. ' qTs in concave field . . M i9, grs. Id. qTx in concave field . . .^ 17 grs. Id. tTq in concave field . . . ^31 18 grs. qTi between two bunches of grapes, Head of bearded Herakles. (B. M. Ca<., Pl.XXIX. 11-13.) incuse square . .5a, 14 grs. The digamma on the first of the above described coins is probably the initial letter of the word JFaKapvavis. The large T stands probably for Tpid^oXov. The signification of the small letters between which it is placed is doubtful. On the third coin it would seem as if the T formed an integral part of the inscr. SIP: whereas KO and TO may be ab- breviated names of magistrates. On the last coin the three letters T — P — I might stand for Tptw/SoAor. 282 ACARNANIA. The following bronze coin of Stratus belongs also to the fourth century : — Head of Kallirrhoe (?). 1 STPATinN Head of Achelous . M--] I (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIX. 1 6.) ThyrrheiTini was in late times a place of some importance, and after the separation of Leucas from Acarnania in B.C. 167, it became the chief place of mintage for silver in Acarnania. It struck Corinthian staters (B.C. 350-229?) with inscr. O, OY, OYP, OYPP, and perhaps also certain pieces weighing about 106 grs., with Corinthian types and the Achelous head as an adjunct symbol behind the head of Pallas. To this period likewise belong the bronze coins : — Head of Pallas in Attic helmet. OYPPEHN or OYP Owl M .8-6 Cf. similar coins with Attic types of Argos and Medeon. After circ. b. c. 167. When Leucas was separated from Acarnania, Thyrrheium appears to have adopted the types of the Federal coinage which ceased to be issued at that time. Hgad of beardless Acheloiis and magistrate's name. (B. M. Cat., PL XXX. I.) GYPPE Head of Pallas. OYPPEinM Apollo Actios seated, naked, holding bow . . . M 165-132 grs., and 73 grs. Magistrate's name in wreath .... M 45 grs. Among the names of magistrates we meet with one ZENOMENHS, who may be an ancestor of the Xenomenes of Thyrrheium, who enter- tained Cicero when he passed through the town in B. c. 51 and 50. FEDERAL COINAGE OF ACARNANIA B. c. 400-350 {Mint, Stratus). Head of Achelous, facing. Id. A — K Head of Kallirrhoe, facing . . (B. M. Cat.,Y\. XXVII. i.) M 2g grs. Id. ArHMHN (Strategos^) . . M 30 grs. B.C. 350-300 (J/i??«, Stratus?). Series of silver drachms marked F (initial of FaKupvaves) and Triobols marked T described above; see Stratus. B. c. 300-250 (Mint, Leucas). Series of Corinthian staters with AK in mon. and bronze coins. AK Head of Achelous. I Chimaera ... JE -S AETOLIA. 283 B.C. 250-229 {Mint, Thyrrheium?). Series of reduced Corinthian staters with head of Acheloiis as a symbol, wt. io6 grs. B.C. 250(?)-167 {Mint, Leucas). Inscr. AKAPNANnN, and name of Strategos on obverse or reverse. Fig. 190. Head of beardless Acheloiis (Fig. 190) Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 4.) Id. Id. Head of Apollo. (B. M. Guide, PL LV. 20.) Head of Zeus. Head of young Herakles. Head of Pallas. Apollo Aktios seated witli bow . A 66 grs., M 156 grs., and 78 grs Artemis running with torch ... M 65 grs, Apollo Kitharoedos standing . M, 100 grs., and 45 grs Zeus hurling fulmen . . . ^ 49 grs- Artemis with bow, quiver, and torch, running . . . yK 113 grs. AK or A Head of bearded Acheloiis . ^•95 Similar . . .• . . . ^ .85 Similar. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 6-8.) ^•95 AETOLIA. [British Museum Caiahffue of Greek coins, Tliessaly — Aetolia, pp. Iv-Iviii, and 194-200, with Autotype Plates, by Professor P. Gardner, 1883.] The Aetolians, notwithstanding their ancient heroic fame, were in historical times the most turbulent and uncivilized people of Hellas. Before the age of Alexander there is no trace of native Aetolian money, nor was it until after the consolidation of the Aetolian League brought about by the invasions of Aetolia by the Macedonians (b. c. 314-311 j, and by the Gauls (b. c. 279), that the Federal coinage began. This is proved by the reverse type of the tetradrachm, which contains a distinct allusion to the repulse both of Macedonians and Gauls by the Aetolians. 284 AETOLIA. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. (B. M. Guide, PL XLII. 14.) Girc. B.C. 279-168. AITflAflN AetoUa wearing kausia, short chiton, chlamyg, and endro- mides, with sword and spear, seated on pile of shields, her left breast i bare, and holding Nike . K Stater. Head of young Herakles in lion's skin. I AITflAilN Id ' (B. 11. Guido, PI. XLII. i^.) K\ Stater AITflAilN Id. without Nike (Fig.19 1 ). M Attic tetradr. ., Id. . . M Attic tetradr. ,, Naked warrior (Aetolos) with kausia hanging at his back and sword under his arm, standing rest- ing on spear with one foot on rock . M 158 grs. AITflAnN Aetolia seated on shields ; (B. M. Guide, PI. XLII. 18.) ^ 82 grs. AITflAnN Boar and spear-head . (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. D. 18.) ^ 87 grs. AITflArihJ Calydonian boar; in ex- ergue, spear-head (B. M. Gat., PI. XXX. 8.) .iiki.(Tjj.(.vr}s, r) Ahcokia brjdev (Paus.,x. 1 8. 7), in memory of their victory over the Gauls. Beneath her feet on the tetradrachms is a Gaulish trumpet [carnyx) ending in the head of a wolf or dragon, and some of the shields on which she is seated are of the Gaulish and others of the Macedonian pattern. ' Concerning the old attribution of this figure to Atalanta and of that of Aetolos to Meleager, see Imhoof {Mon. Gr., p. I4.=;). Head of young Herakles in lion's skin. Bust of Artemis laur., with bow and quiver at her shoulder. Young male head (Aetolos) wearing wreath intertwined with diadem. (B. M. Guide, PI. XLII. 17.) Head of Artemis laureate, with bow and quiver at her shoulder. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. Head of Aetolia wearing kausia. Head of Aetolos, hair short, wearing kausia. Head of Aetolia. Id. Head of Aetolos {?), laureate. Id. Id. (B. M. CW., PI. XXX. 12.) Head of Pallas. (B. M. Gat., PI. XXX. 13.) I OCR 78. 285 None of the Aetolian towns issued autonomous coins. The few bronze pieces with Aetolian types wei-e probably struck by cities in alliance with the Aetolians outside the boundaries of Aetolia proper, or not actual members of the Confederacy, such as Oeta in Thessaly, Amphissa, and Oeantheia in Locri Ozolae, Thronium in Locri Epicnemidii, and ApoUonia near Naupactus. LOCRIS. LOCRI OPUNTII (EPICNEMIDII). IBritish Museum Catalogue of Greek coins, Central Greece, by B. V. Head, 1884, pp. xiii- xxiii. and 1-13, with Autotype Plates.] The eastern Locrians, sometimes called 'Hotot, sometimes Opuntii, after their chief town Opus, and sometimes Hypoenemidii (later Epic- nemidii) from their geographical position at the foot of Mt. Cnemis, struck no coins which can be attributed to an earlier date than about B. c. 400, nor was it until after the Peace of Antalcidas, which enacted that all towns in European Greece Kat /xiKpas kol [jieyd^as avTovofxovs etvai (Xen., Hell., v.) that the capital Opus began to place her own name on the money. The weight standard of the Locrian money is the Aeginetic, and the following are the chief types : — Fig. 192. Head of Persephone crowned with corn, apparently copied from the famous Syracusan dekadrachm by Euainetos (b.c. 405-367), (Fig. 192 ; cf. Fig. 100.) OPON Amphora. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. I. 2.) Head of Pallas. OPONTinN The Locrian Ajax, the son of Oileus, naked, but armed with helmet, sword, and shield, advancing to the fight, accompanied on one variety by his name Al A€ JR Staters and ^ Drachms. Star (rjaos darrip, the badge of the eastern Locrians. Cf. Strab., p. 416). Ai Obols. OPONTinN Grapes . . . . ^ 5 After the battle of Chaeroneia, B.C. 338, it is probable that Opus, like Thebes, fell under the displeasure of Philip, and that as, in Boeotia, the right of coining silver was transferred from Thebes to the Boeotians, so also in Locris it was transferred from Opus to the Locrians. The coins of the Locrians which appear to be subsequent to the battle of Chaeroneia resemble for the most part in then- types those already described, although they are distinctly later in style, but instead of OPONTinN they bear the epigraphs AOKPnN YPOK (in mon.), AOKP, AO, or AOKP EPIKNA (B. M. Cat.,Cerit. &•., PL IL). 286 LOCRIS. Under Macedonian rule from circ. B. c. 300 there is no reason to suppose that any coins were struck in Locris, but when Flamininus (b. c. 197) restored freedom to all the cities of Greece, Opus began once more to strike bronze coins with the old types, but reading OPOYNTinN in place of OPONTinN. This coinage came to an end in B.C. 146 (B. W.Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. II. 9). Under the empire Opus again enjoyed the right of coinage, but for a short period only, during the reigns of Galba and Otho. On some of these coins of Imperial time are the heads of Hades and Persephone, and on the reverses a warrior (perhaps Opous) standing. For other varieties of Locrian coins, seeB. M. Cat., Central Greece and Imhoof, 3/om. Gr., p. 148. Scarpheia was an ancient Locrian city mentioned by Homer {11., ii. 532). Beonzk. Before B.C. 338. Female head. 1 SKAP:, PL III. 3-8.) Id. or in profile. Bull's head in profile. Rough incuse square M Triobol, Triliemiobol, and Hemiobol Female head in incuse square M Triobols, Torepart of boar in incuse square . M Obols Helmet in incuse square Al Hemiobols, The bull's head, sometimes bound with a sacrificial fillet, is perhaps symbolical of some special sacrifice in honour of the national eponymous hero, Phokos, to whom there was a temple called the Hereon of the hero Archagetas, where sacrifices were offered daily throughout the year, and, presumably at certain stated times, a great sacrifice on behalf of the whole people, when a prize bull may have been the victim (of. Boeckh, CI. G., 1688, where, in an Amphictyonic inscription, one particular bull sacrificed to the hero Neoptolemos is called 6 /3oSj roC iipojos). The head of the goddess on the reverse is probably intended for Artemis, to whom the boar also alludes {T(piron4vr] KaTrpoLan., II., vi. 104). Circ. B.C. 371-357. In this period of Theban supremacy in central Greece bronze coins make their first appearance. Head of Pallas, facing. I or nKEnM Three bull's heads. {Ibid.,PllU. 21.) Bull's head, facing. Id. {Ihid., PI. III. 24.) Id. 4>fl Head of the Delphian Apollo . . M Triob. T in laurel- wreath . JE Trichalkon -85 ^ in laurel-wreath . . ONYMAPXOY in wreath 1P'-^C°VTai, \xe\pL tov vvv ol Aekipoi.. The dolphins refer to the cultus of Apollo Delphinios, who assumed the form of a dolphin (Homeric Ih/mn to Apollo, 1. 390). Cf. Staph. Byz., s.v. A€A<^ot: — €K\7i6T](Tavhe A(X(f>oi, ort 'AttoAAcod avveirKeva-e bekcplvi dKaadds. The negro's head has been supposed to represent the mythical founder of Delphi, by name Delphos, the son of Poseidon by the nymph Melaine. (Panofka, Lelphos und Melaine, p. 7.) Others have taken it for Aesop, who, according to one tradition, was a black, and who met his death at Delphi (cf. Leake, Num. Hell., s. v.). Between b. c. 357 and 346 the Phocians held Delphi and struck money there in their own name (see p. 288). Circ. B.C. 346. Head of Demeter of Anthela veiled (Fig. 194). 194. AM4>IKTI0NnN Apollo in long chiton, with lyre and kurel-branch, seated on Delphian omphalos, over which hang fillets. ...... &, Stater i87'3 grs. 290 PH0CI8. Head of Demeter of Anthela veiled. (Imlioof, Mon. Gr., p. 149.) Id. (Eev. Num., i860, PI. XII. 8.) AMcDIKTlONnN Apollo in long chiton, with lyre and laurel-branch seated on Delphian omphalos, over which hang fillets JR Drachm 84 grs AMOIKTIONnN Omphalos, round which is coiled a serpent . . . M Diob. 30-8 grs. These remarkable coins seem to have been struck on the occasion of the reassembling of the Amphictyonic Council at the close of the Phocian war (b. c. 346). At all the meetings of the Amphictyonic Council ■nvkaia, markets or fairs, were held, called irvkarides ayopai, for which such coins may have been struck, but the great Pythian festival of B. c. 346 is by far the most probable date of the above coins. From this time until the reign of Hadrian there appears to tave been no mint at Delphi. That Emperor's strenuous endeavoui-s to reanimate the ancient religion of the Greeks, together with the influence of Plutarch who was a member of the Amphictyonic Council, and held the oiSce of Priest of the Pythian Apollo at Chaeroneia, the duties of which must have brought him into frequent relations with the neighbouring oracle of Delphi, doubtless added much to the importance of Delphi about this time. The right of coinage was now restored to the city, and numerous pieces were struck in honour of Hadrian and the Antonines, among which two may be here selected as worthy of especial mention. Of these onebears the unusual inscription ANTI MOON HPHA nPOnOAOl AMctlK- TYONeC. Rev.Hrv^oA over omphalos and legend, lePeYC APICTOTIMOC AMeeHKeisI {Zeit.f. N., xiii. PI. IV. 3). The other, without the Emperor's name, may be thus described : — Apollo Kitharoedos. | FIVGIA The three mountain-peaks of (Millingen, i?ecM«iZ, T. II. II.) | Mt. Parnassus . ./E i-o For other Imperial coins of Delphi, see Imhoof-Blumer, Zeii. f. N., i. 115, especially with regard to the famous Delphian El. Cf. Plutarch, TTfpt Tov El, Tov kv Ae\(f)OLs. This mystic word is represented on a coin by a large E placed within a temple. Elateia. Among the noteworthy objects in this town Pausanias (x. 34. 7) mentions an archaic bronze statue of Athena and a temple of Athena Kranaea. The statue on the following coin is perhaps the one referred to. B.C. 196-146. Bearded head. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PL IV. 26.) EAATEHN Athena in fighting atti- tude. Symbol: bull's head facing. . LUaea. Silver and bronze with Phocian types : BuU's head and female head of archaic style. Inscr. A I (Imhoof, 3Ion. Gr.,-p. 150). Neon. Silver of archaic style. CD Bull's head facing. {Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 150.) N E Forepart of boar in incuse square . M Trihemiobol. BOEOTLl. 291 BOEOTIA. [Imhoof-Bluraer, Zur Munzkunde Eoeotiens in the Nnm. Zeit., iii. 1871 ana ix. 1877. B. V. Head, Sistory of the Coinage of Boeotia, London, 1881, with Autotype Plates. British Museum Catalogue of Greek coins. Central Greece, by B. V. Head, 1884, pp. xxxvi xlv. and 32-93 with Autotype Plates.] In Boeotia, a^ in Phocis, the commencement of the coinage may be placed in the earlier half of the sixth century B.C. The moBt striking characteristic of the money of Boeotia is that it is in great part a Federal currency. The various Boeotian cities appear to have been from the first united in an Amphictyonie confederation, as members of which they adopted a common coin- type, which serves to distinguish the Boeotian currency from that of all other Greek states. This type is the so-called Boeotian luckier, a round or oval shield with semicircular openings at either side. That this shield is a sacred religious emblem there canbe little doubt, but to what divinity it properly belongs we have no positive information. It is presumable, however, that it is the shield of Athena Itonia whose temple, near Coroneia, was the meeting-place of the Boeotian League (Paus., ix. 34, es tov kolvov avviaa-iv evravOa ot BoiojtoI a-vXXoyov). That golden shields were preserved at Coroneia we gather from another passage of Pausanias (i. 25. 7 1 where he relates that the Coroneians put Lachares to death (B.C. 299) because he had taken away the golden shields from the acropolis of their city, and stripped the image of Athena of her ornaments. The weight standard of the Boeotian money is the Aeginetic down to the time of the restoration of Thebes by Cassander, B.C. 315, after which there are tetradrachms of Attic weight, and thirds of the tetradrachm, weighing about 80 grs. as in Aetolia. Cheonologicai Table of the Coinage op Boeotia.' Acraephium Chaeroneia 650-446 446-387 387-374 379-338 338-315 315-220 220-27 Imperial. M iR M Copae' Coroneia' M Haliartus M M M Lebadeia Al M ^ Mycalessus Orchomenus M JR{^) Al M iE Pharae M M Plataea M M Tanagra Thespiae Thebes M MM Al Al 'k JE M JE Federal JR Al Ai M m. M m, M Al M V 2, 292 BOEOTIA. Acraephinm, on the eastern shore of lake Oopais, is said by Pausanias (ix. 27. 5) to have belonged in early times to Thebes. It must, however, have enjoyed intervals of autonomy, both before and after the Persian wars. B.C. 550-480. Boeotian shield. (^ei<./. iV., ix. Pl.I. 35.) Id. (B. M. Gat., Cent. Gr., PI. YIl. 2.) Half shield. A in centre of mill-sail incuse . . . M Stater. A in incuse square . . . M, Obol. Id Ml Obol. Circ. B.C. 456-446. Boeotian shield. (On i obols, a half shield.) (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. VII. 3.) A-K Kantharos in incuse square . . M, Staters, Obols, and \ Obols. Cliaeroiieia, once included in the territory of Orchomenus, appears to have obtained autonomy at the Peace of Antalcidas. Circ. B.C. 387-374. Boeotian shield. I XAI or XAIPnNE Club .... I ^ 1 Dr. and M -7 Copae, on the edge of the lake Copais, not far from the Katabothra into which the Cephissus flows on emerging from the lake. Circ. B.C. 387-374. Boeotian shield. KnTAIilN Forepart of rushing bull . (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. VII. 4.) M Obol. Id. K-n Bull's head, facing . . iE -45 The bull may here symbolize the river Cephisus. Coroneia. Circ. B.C. 550-480. Boeotian shield. | 9 i'^ incuse square ... . . I .51 Drachm, Obol, etc. Circ B. c. 456-446 and 387-374. Boeotian shield. I KORO, K-0 Gorgon-head or head of (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. VII. 6.) I Athena Itonia M ^ Dr., Obols, etc. The gorgon-head on the coins of Coroneia symbolizes the worship of Athena Itonia, whose temple stood in the vicinity of Coroneia, and was the meeting-place of the Council of the Boeotian League (Paus., ix. 34. i). Cf. the story of lodama, priestess of that goddess, to whom, when one night she entered the sacred Temenos, the goddess appeared with the gorgoneion on her chiton, and straightway lodama was transformed into stone. The custom of daily kindling fire upon the altar of lodama was still kept up when Pausanias visited Coroneia (Paus., /. c). ACBAEPIIIUM— OECHOMENUS. 393 Haliartus was destroyed by the Persians in B. c. 480. There are silver coins previous to that date, from the stater downwards, distinguished by the aspirate ( B ), the initial letter of Haliartus, placed either in the side- openings of the shield, or in the centre of the incuse on the reverse {Nmn. Zeit. 71, PL IX. i-a). The town was subsequently restored, and issued staters, etc. in the fifth century. Boeotian shield. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PL VIL 15.) A 1^1 (retrogr.) or A Amphora or Kan- tharos M Stater. B.C. 387-374. Boeotian shield on which trident. | ARIARTIO^ Poseidon Onchestios na- (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PL VII. 16.) I ked, striking with trident ^l Stater. This interesting coin refers to the celebrated temple and grove of Poseidon at Onchestus in the territory of Haliartus [II. ii. 506), which was the meeting-place of an Amphictyonic Council of the Boeotians, Oy)(7jcrr6s 8' ecrrti' ottod to ^Afj. jtj JE Cyme (?) M(^) Eretria EL^ JR JR -(Tj JE Histiaea JR. JE JR iE JR JE Federal JR JE, JE Athenae Diades(?) An Athenian settlement neai- the northern extx'emity of the island. (Kohler, Delisch-Attische Bund, p. 196.) Before b. c. 480. Owl. (B. M. Guide, PI. VI. 26.) I Incuse square, diagonally divided . I M Didraclim. The type of these staters is borrowed from that of the money of Athens, but in style and fabric there is no resemblance. Carystus. Of this town it does not appear that there are any coins of the first period, but after B.C. 480, except during the intervals of Athenian and Macedonian rule, the coinage is continuous. B.C. 480-445 and 411-336. KARVSTIO[N] Incuse square, in which cock ....... M Tetradr. K Incuse square (except on later coins), within which, cock . . . JR Didr. KAPY Bull recumbent JR Drachm, and \ Drachm. Incuse square, palm tree. M. \ Drachm. KAPY Two palm trees . . M Diobol. K Three palm trees . . . M Obol. Bull scratching himself with his horn. {Coll. de Hirsch.) Cow suckling calf. (B. M. Cat., Gent. G>\, PI. XVIII. i.) Head of Herakles. {Ibid., PI. XVIII. 3.) Forepart of bull . {Ibid., PI. XVIII. 2 .) Bull's head. {Ibid., PI. XVIII. 9.) Head of Apollo. {Ibid., PI. XVIII. 10.) Head of Herakles. {Ibid., PI. XVIII. 13.) KA Bull's head JE ■'j Head of bearded Herakles. (B.M. Guide, PI. XLIII. 29.) Head of Antiochus IH (?) as Apollo. (B. M. Guide, PI. XLIII. 30.) Head of Herakles. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PL XIX. 3.) Head of Zeus. {Ibid., PI. XIX. 4.) Veiled head of Hera. {lUd., PI. XIX. 5.) Id. {Ibid., PI. XIX. 8.) Head of Poseidon. {Ibid., PL XIX. 6.) Head of young Dionysos {V). {Ibid., PL XIX. 9.) B.C. 197-146. KAPY Bull recumbent A' 49-3 grs- KAPY^TinM Nikeinbiga. J& Didr. KA Bull's head . '. . . . J& -^ KAPYSTinN Eagle, wings open jE- 7 KAPY Bull butting . . . . ^ -65 KAPY Dolphin ^ -65 KAPYSTinN Dolphin and trident. M -7 KAPY Dolphin ^ -55 ATIIENAH BIABES-C II ALOIS. 303 The Imperial coins have usually a head of Poseidon on the reverse. The Cow and Calf and the Bull are probably symbolical of the worship of Hera, who possessed a primitive temple on Mount Oche, at the foot of which Carystus stands (Steph. Byz. s.v. Kapva-ros; Walpole, Travels, p. 235). The Cock [ktjpv^, Kapv^, Aristoph., Eccl. 30) contains an allusion to the name of the town Kapvaros, cf Kapviraco (Anthol., p. 5. 3), to crow. As the Herald of the Dawn the Cock may also be a solar emjalem (cf Coins of Himera in Sicily, p. 136). The gold coins of Carystus were called drachms ; see the Inventory of Demares, one of the 'lepo-n-otoi of the Temple of Apollo at Delos, who, among other gold and silver coins dedicated to the god, registers i Carys- tian gold drachm. Chalcis. This important Ionic town, the mother-city of so many colonies in Italy, Sicily, and the peninsula of Chalcidice, carried on an extensive commerce in early times with all parts of the Hellenic world. Its relations with the lonians of Asia Minor were probably instrumental in introducing into Europe the standard for weighing gold and silver, afterwards known as the Euboi'c. The earliest Chalcidian coins appear to have been of electrum (wts. 45 and 22-5 grs.). In silver, Didrachms, Drachms, Trihemiobols, and Obols also occur. Circ. B.C. 700-480. Eagle devouring hare. (B.M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XX. i.) Eagle flying. (Ihid., PI. XX. 2.) Wheel of four s23okes. (Ibid., PI. XX. 3.) Irregular incuse square El. 44-4 grs. Id. Id. El. 22-1 grs. El. 21.8 gr.s. Wheel of four spokes. (Fig. 202.) Id. (B. M. Cat, Gent. Gr., PI. XX. 5.) Id. Id. Fig. 303. Incuse square diagonally divided M Didr. Id. . . . ... ^ Dr. Id. . . M Trihemiobol. Id. . . . . M Obol. Circ. B. G. 480-445. H' (archaic X) on so-called Boeotian shield. Flying eagle, holding serpent. Id. or without serpent. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XX. 8.) Eagle flying. Wheel in incuse square . JR Tetradr. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 221.) Wheel in incuse triangle . M, Didr. {Zeit.f. Num., iii. j). 217.) i'AU Id. in incuse square or triangle . M Tetrob. ,. Id M Obol. 304 EUBOEA. From the time of the reconquest of Euboea by Pericles in B. c. 445, the coinage of Chalcis ceases until after circ. B.C. 369 (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., Introd. p. Iviii.), when the series of di'achms and bronze coins begins, which extends down to the age of Alexander. Circ. B.C. 369-336. Female head with earring. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr.. PI. XX. 9.) Id. {Ibid., 71. XX. 12.) Id. facing, wearing diadem surmounted by five disks, connected by a fillet. {Ibid., PI. XX. 15.) Female head in profile, covered with head-dress of pearls. {Ibid., PI. XX. 17.) X AA Flying eagle, holding serpent M 58 grs. ,, Id. devouring hare . M 2'j grs. „ Id. devouring serpent . ^ -55 Id. M .65 ' The female head on these coins is probably the celestial Hera, a lunar goddess worshipped on Mount Dirphys, overlooking the Chalcidian plain. The disks which encircle the head may symbolize the Planets (cf. Over- beck, Kunst-mytJiologie, iii. ; Gemmentafel, i. 8). The Eagle devouring a Serpent seems to be an emblem of the Olympian Zeus, as on the coins of Elis, for at Chalcis one of the chief shrines was that of Zeus Olympics (cf. Hicks, Gr. Insor., p. 34). Circ. B.C. 336-197. Throughout the Macedonian period Chalcis was one of the chief strong- holds of the kings of Macedon, and was hence called one of the three fetters of Greece. Tetradrachms of Alexander's types were struck there ; symbol, Head of Hera encircled by disks as above. Circ. B.C. 197-146. In B.C. 197 Chalcis received her freedom at the hands of Flamininus, as did also the other Euboean towns Carystus, Eretria, and Histiaea. Fig. 2b3. Head of Hera veiled, and wearing stephane. (Fig. 203.) XAAKIAEilN Hera with sceptre in quadriga. Magistrate's name, HEN 0- KPATHS . . iR Attic tetradr. CI-IALCIS—EBETEIA. 305 Fig. 204. Female head, with two long locks at back of neck. Id. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XXI. 3.) XAAKI Quadriga. (/6k?., PI. XXI. 4.) Head of Hera crowned with pearls, or facing on the capital of a column. XAAKI Eagle and serpent. Magis- trate's name, MENEAH ... (Fig. 204.) .51 84 grs. XAAKI Id M Diobol. Magistrate's name in wreath . M -g XAAKI AEnN Eagle and serpent M -7 {nid., PI. XXI. 5.) Imperial Times. On the Imperial coins a head of Hera, crowned with a headdress com- posed of three tiers of pearls, and fixed on the top of a column is the most frequent type ; but on a coin of Sept. Severus a complete statue of the celestial Hera is seen, accompanied by her name HPA. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PL XXI. 12.) She is seated on a conical stone, and wears a long chiton and peplos, and a lofty headdress ; she holds a patera and a sceptre. The sacred conical stone also occurs by itself as a reverse type. The magistrates' names on Imperial coins are L. Livius, Rvfitius, Tib. Claudius, Euthycleides, Mesciniua, Cleonicus, etc. (Imhoof, Mou. Gr., p. 223.) Cyme, a town of great antiquity on the eastern coast of Euboea, had fallen into a dependent condition, probably before the close of the sixth century B.C. The coins which may be (though only conjecturally) ascribed to it are didrachms and drachms, in style and fabric correspond- ing with the other Euboean series with the Wheel, the Gorgoneion, etc. Horse in plain circle. (Beule, Man. d'Athenes, p. 19.) Forepart of horse in plain circle. Hindpart of horse in plain circle. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XXIV. 20.) Incuse square, diagonally divided . . M Didr. Id yR Didr. and Dr. Id M Didr. and Dr. The horse, as in Thessaly and Boeotia, may be symbolical of the cultus of Poseidon. Eretria. This city was second only to Chalcis in importance and may lay claim with reasonable show of probability to the following series of coins : — Circ. B.C. 600-480. Fio. 205. X 306 HVBOEA. Bull's head, facing. {Rev. Num., 1864, PI. VII. 10.) Gorgon-head, (Fig- 205.) Id. Id. (B.M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PL XXII. 7, 8.) Id. {B.M. Guide, Fl.Y. 24.) Incuse square . . EL Diohol. Incuse square, diagonally divided . . M Didr. Id M Obol. Id., -within which, lion's head, facing . M Tetradr. Id M Didr. Gorgon-head. (Fig. 206.) Incuse square, within which Bull's head, facing M Tetradr. Bull's head, facing. Id., diagonally divided . . M Didr. (B.M. Guide, PI. V. 23.) The Gorgoneion and Bull's head may be symbols of the worship of Artemis Amarynthia {t/ie Befulgent), a Moon-goddess whose sanctuary near Eretria remained, down to a late date, a kind of Amphictyonic centre for aU central and southern Euboea. Girc. B. C. 480-445. The new issue of Eretrian coins, after the Persian wars, is marked by a change of fabric. From this time the pieces are thinner, flatter, and more spread, and are distinguished by the letters ^ or ^1^. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XXIII. 1-6.) Fig. 207. Cow scratching herself, on her back a swallow. Id., no swallow. Id. Head of bull or cow, facing. 3. Tetradr. Sepia in incuse square (Fig. 207.) Id " . . . . M Didr. Id ^ Dr. Id M Diob. and Obol. As on the coins of the earliest period, the cow or bull may be emblematical of moon-worship. The sepia {t€vOLs) points to the cultus of Poseidon. This creature appears to have been the well-known and recognised device or ' arms ' of the town of Eretria, just as the owl was of Athens ; for Themistocles, on one occasion, mockingly compared the BRETRIA. 307 Eretrians to cuttle-fish : tovs 8^ 'Eperptety (tna-KuiiTTOdv eKeyfv &a-nep Tevdihay ix6.xaipav nev ex^iv mpbiav be fxr] e'xetz^ (Plut., ApopUh. Beg. et Imp). (TliemisL), also Vita Themist., xi.~ XIV. With the revolt and reconquest of Euboea by Athens in B.C. 445, the right of coinage appears to have been withdrawn from all the cities of the island, but when Euboea regained its autonomy in B.C. 411 it would seem that Eretria became the place of mintage of a series of Federal coins then issued with the epigi-aph EYBOI, EYB, EY, etc., though with Eretrian types. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XVII. i sqq.). Circ. B.C. 411-336. Ox recumbent. Head of nymph Euboea. Id. Id. Bull's head, facing. Bull standing. Head of nymph. Head of nymph Euboea, in incuse square M 184 grs. ' Head and neck of bull JR Dr. 66 grs. Id ^ I Dr. Vine-branch with grapes . M Diobol. Sepia JE -55 Bunch of grapes M -6 Bull's head with grapes . ^ -5 In the Macedonian period there are no Eretrian coins, but after the liberation of Greece by Elamininus, they again became plentiful. Those of silver were struck in the name of Eretria, but the bronze coins usually, but not always, with the inscr., EYBOI EHN. Circ. Bust of Artemis, with bow and quiver at her shoulder. B.C. 197-146. ERETPIEnN Ox standing. Magis- trate's name. The whole in laurel wreath . . . . M Tetradr. Head of Artemis. (Fig. 208.) Head of nymph. (B. M. Cat., Cent. Gr., PI. XXIII. 11.) Id. (J6td, PI. XXIII. 12.) Veiled female head. (lUd., PI. XXIII. 13.) EPETPIEnN Ox recumbent. trate's name . . . . M. Octobols. ERETPIEnN Vine-branch. Magis- trate's name . . . . M, Tetrob. ERETPIEnN Head and neck of bulb Magistrate's name . . M, Triob. EPETPIEnN Ox recumbent. Magis- trate's name M -63 ' This is the only known Euboean coin which follows the Aeginetic standard. All the other silver coins are of the Euhoic (Attic) weight, at first full, anavr]cf)6pov bpaxfj-as eKarbv TpMKOVTa KOL OKTO) TTpOS TO. (TTady.ia TO, iV TW apyVpOKOTtfLiO. The 'Ere<})avri(j)6pov bpaxfJLal here mentioned are ordinary drachms of the Attic standard, so called because the mint was attached to a shrine of Theseus, the traditional inventor of coinage, who was represented holding a wreath in his hand, and was popularly known as the Hero Stephane- phoros. Here the official standards of weight were kept. From this inscription we also gather that the Aeginetic standard continued to be used at Athens in ordinary commercial transactions, although it had been abandoned for the coinage. The new standard introduced by Solon in place of the Aeginetic has been convincingly proved by Mommsen (Sloti. Rom. Ed. Blacas, i. p. 29 sqq-; 73 sq.) to have been the Euboic, and henceforth Euboean coins would circulate freely in Attica, side by side with the new Attic money. It has been abeady remarked under Chalcis (p. 303) and Eretria that the use of gold or electrum was not unknown in Euboea, and there is reason to suppose that Athens also, in the early part of the sixth century, may have struck small electrum coins, one of which is figured in Beuld, p. 64, No. I ; see also Koehler, Miinzfunde avf Ettboea in the Mitth. d. Arch. Inst., ix. 359. Owl to left. Incuse square, irregularly divided . . El. 21 grs. The monetary scale used for . A.thenian silver coins comprised the following denominations : — Dekadraclimoii m; 10 Dr., wt. 675 grs. Tetradrachmon = 4 ,> ?) 270 „ Didrachmon =z 2 „ )j 135 » Drachme := I „ 5J 67-5 >, Pentobolon = 5 Ob.; t )) 56-25 „ Aristoph., Eq., 798. Tetrobolon =: 4 >, )» 45- » Pollux, ix. 63. Triobolon = ^ Dr. or 3 „ JJ 33-75 >. Ibid. Diobolon = 2 » )) 22'5 „ Ibid. Trihemiobolion = li » )J 16-87 „ Ibid. Obolos = I „ )I 11-25 >. Tritemorion = f „ ), 8-45 » Pollux, ix. 65. Hemiobolion = i ., '1 5-62 „ Xen., Anah., i. 5. 6; Arist., Ran., 554- Trihemitartemorion = 1 ,> 1J 4-2 „ Tetartemorion ^z 1 )J 2-8 „ Pollux, ix. 65. Hemitartemorioa z= 1 S !> J> 1-4 » The coins of Athens are remarkable for their uniformity of style and type. There are nevertheless certain well marked variations which enable us to classify them in the following periods. Circ. B.C. 590-525. Fig. 209. ATHENS {OLD STYLE). 311 Head of Athena of rude archaic style with large prominent eye, wearing round earring and close-fitting crested helmet, plain but for a sim- ple volute ornament behind. The hair is usually combed over the fore- head, each separate lock ending in a twisted curl : fabric globular. Id. Janiform heads of archaic style wear- ing earrings, hair bound with taenia. Head of Athena of archaic style, in close-fitting helmet. AOE or A©E Incuse square, within which, owl r., head facing, and wings closed. Behind, olive-spray. (Fig. 209.) M Tetradr. AOE Incuse square, within which female head r., of archaic style. Hair clubbed at back of neck and bound with taenia . . JB. Triobol. AOE Head of Athena in close-fitting crested helmet . . M, Trihemiob. AOE Incuse square, in which owl and olive-spray M, Obol. The coins of this first class do not seem to have been struck in large numbers much before the time of Peisistratus. Among the most archaic specimens, however, there are doubtless some which are as early as the time of Solon. Throughout this period (b.c. 590-525) it would appear that the two forms O and © were both in use, though the former is by far the commoner even on the most archaic specimens (cf. Droysen, Zum Miinzwesen Athens, p. 9, 1882). Circ. B.C. 525-430. In Aiistot., Oecott., ii. 5, it is stated that Hippias called in the money then current in Athens, and reissued it with a new type, to 6e ro'/xtcr/xa to 6v 'AdrivaCoLS aboKiixov eTTOirjcrev' rd^as be TifXT^v eKfKevcre irpos avrbv ava- KOjJiiCfi'V' crvviKdovToiv b\ eTrt riG Koxj/ai erepov xapaKTrjpa e^e5a)Ke to avro apyvpiov. This statement is by some thought to refer to the first issue of Athenian coins with the head of Pallas and the owl. For my own part, however, I see no difficulty in supposing that the money called in was the extremely archaic coinage above described, which by its rudeness might naturally offend the artistic taste of the Peisistratidae. The eVepos Xa.paK.Trip introduced by Hippias may therefore have been the following: — Fig. 210. 312 ATTICA. Head of Athena of refined archaic style, her helmet adorned in front with three olive-leaves erect, and at the back with a floral scroll, the hair neatly arranged in wavy hands across the temples. AOE Incuse square, within which owl facing, with spread wings. To 1., olive-spray. (Fig- 210.) . . . . M, Dekadrachm. Id. (Fig. 211.) Fig. 211. AOE Incuse square, within which owl r., head facing, wings closed, behind crescent-moon and olive-spray . . . JR Tetradrachm. Id. (Fig. 212.) Fig. 212. AOE Id M Didrachm. Id. (Fig. 213.) Fig. 213. I AOE Id., but no crescent M Drachm, Id. (Fig. 214.) Id. Fio. 214. AOE Incuse circle, owl facing, wings closed, between olive-branches . . M Triobol. AOE Incuse circle, owl facing, wings open, above, olive-spray .... M Trihemiob. ATHENS {OLD STYLE). 313 Id. Id. Id. AOE Incuse circle, two owls r. and 1., between them, olive-spray .... M Trihemiob. AOE Incuse square, owl r., behind, olive-leaf and berry . . Si, Obol. AOE Id M Hemiobol. On the coins of this period the eye of the goddess is always shown in the archaic style, as if seen from the front. On the earlier specimens the work is delicate and in the purest archaic taste. Towards the close of the period it becomes coarser, and it is evident that the archaism is of the conventional kind which archaeologists distinguish by the term ' archaistic' Fig. 215. Head of Athena of fully develoiaed style, but rough and careless execu- tion, the eye in inojile. The deco- rations of the helmet as on coins of previous period. Id. Id. Id. Id. (Bvll. Corr. Hell., vi. 210.) Id. AOE Owl r., wings closed behind, crescent and olive-spray. In front, kalathos. On some specimens traces of incuse square. (Fig. 215.) . . N. {xpvaovi a-Tarfjp) 133 grs AOE Owl on olive-branch . . . N (xpuo-oO SpaxfiTj) 66 grs, AOE Owl facing, wings open, beneath kalathos S (j(pviTov Tpia^oKov) 33 grs AOE Owl and kalathos .... S {(KTij) 2 2 grs. AOE Two owls with olive-branch be- tween them . . SI {(KTrj) 22 grs AOE Owl on olive-branch . . . M (fip.UKTov) 1 1 grs SiLVEE. Head of Athena exactly resembling that on the gold coins. Id. Id. Id. Id. AOE Owl of rough careless work, behind, olive-spray and crescent . . JR Tetradrachm. AOE Id M Drachm. AOE Owl facing, wings closed, between olive-branches . . . M Triobol. AOE Owl with two bodies and one head, in field, olive-spray JR Diobol. AOE Incuse square, within which four crescents, back to back . M Obol. 314 ATTICA. Head of Athena exactly resembling that on the gold coins. Id. Id. Id. Id. AOE Three crescents, horns inwards JR Tritemorion AGE Incuse square, owl within three crescents . . . M. Tritemorion AOE Incuse square, kalathos J& Trihemitartemorion AOE Incuse square, crescent JR Tetartemorion AOE Owl between olive-branches . .zR Hemitartemorion Some of the smaller divisions may belong to the previous period. The tetradrachms of this time are very carelessly executed, and still more carelessly struck, the impression of the die being frequently half off the coin. All this is to be accounted for by the exigencies of a time of war. The annual expenditure in armaments of every description, both during the Peloponnesian war and later, necessitated a coinage on a vast scale, and it is only natural that the coins should bear the marks of wholesale manufacture. It is not quite certain at what precise time, within the above limits, the gold money of Athens was issued. Aristophanes [Ran. 720 et Schol.) ^ apparently alluding to an issue of gold money at Athens, contrasts it with the good silver coin of former times, and calls it ' wretched copper,' and the Scholiast to this passage asserts, on the authority of Hellanicus and Philochorus, that the gold was issued in B. c. 407, and that it was much alloyed. Aristophanes' words are, however, anything but clear, and it is quite possible that he may have been alluding to the new bronze coins first issued the year before the Frogs was acted, the expression to naivov xpva-iov might just as easily be applied ironically to bronze as xakdov to gold. In any case the base gold coins, if any such were indeed issued, must have been soon called in again, for none of them are now extant. The Attic gold coins are of excellent quality, and probably somewhat later than most of the silver money of the period now under consideration. The year b. c. 394, when Athens, under the administration of Conon, had recovered much of her former prosperity, seems on the whole the most likely date of their issue. Bbonzb. Head of Athena as on the silver and gold money. AOE Owl with two bodies and one head, in field, olive-spray. Symbol : on some specimens, kalathos . .^ -5 IIoAAaKis 7' fiiuv iSo^iv )J iroAis nenovBivai Tavrbv (S Tf rav iroMraiv Toi/s ica\ois re KayaSovs, ts re TOLpxaToi' vSfua^a, Kal rb Kaivbv XP^^^^^' Oi/Te ydp TOvToiaiv oZ oil iceKi0Si]\fviiivois, dWa HaWiffTois dnai'Tajy, ws doKCi, voiutJp.drojVy Kal fxSyOtS 6p6QJS KOTT€?ffl, Kal KfKOjSojvtfffUvots, (V Tc Toh "'EKKi^oi Kal toTs ^ap^&pottxi TravTaxov, Xpa)ii(6' ovSiv, iXKd TOVTOts rots novijpots x^A"'"". X^ey T€ Kal irpdnjv Konuai t^ KaKiortjf K6^p.aTi, ATHENS {OLD STYLE). 315 These bronze coins are identical in type with the diobols, and un- doubtedly of the same period. The Scholiast (in Arist., Ban., 1. c.) says that bronze coins were struck at Athens under the archonship of Callias (b. c. 406), and it is not improbable that they may have been originally issued as money of necessity, legally equivalent to the silver diobols. In this case they would serve to explain another passage in Aristophanes {Eccl., 816 sqq.) where he alludes to a recent proclamation by which the use of bronze coins was made illegal, and a silver currency reverted to. This demonetization of bronze probably took place about B.C. 394 [Rev. Num., 1 85 1, p. 107), for the Ekklesiazusae was exhibited in B.C. 392. Circ. B.C. 350-322. In this period there appears to have been a great falling off in the amount of money coined at Athens. Such a diminution is only natural at a time when Athens had ceased to be the leading state in Greece. The Macedonian tetradi'achms of Philip and Alexander were gradually superseding those of Athens as the international currency of the ancient world. The few examples which have been handed down to us from this time are distinguished by the constant presence of an adjunct symbol in the field of the reverse. In this peculiarity they conform to the universal custom of the age. Head of Athena of later style than those previously described. Helmet decorated with upright olive-leaves and floral scroll. Head of Athena wearing long earring, helmet decorated in fi-ont with olive-leaves, and at the back with aplustre. AGE Owl, as before. Symbols: Bull's head in profile. Bull's head filleted, facing. Fulmen and crescent. .(R Tetradrachms. AOE Owl, as before (or on rudder). Symbols : Y. Trident. Stern of galley. Head of Medusa. JR Drachms. AOE Owl with open wings towards r. Symbol: Amphora. M Pentobol. AOE Two owls face to face .... M Tetrob. AOE Owl facing, wings closed, between olive-branches . . . . JB, Triob. The bronze money now begins for the first time to be issued in larger quantities. The following types are all apparently earlier than the conquest of Athens by the Macedonians after the Lamian war. Head of Athena in crested Corinthian helmet. Head of Athena in Attic helmet with- out olive-leaves. Head of Athena in Attic helmet with- out olive-leaves. Id. Id. (head 1.) Id. AOE Two owls face to face, in olive- wreath. Symbols: kalathos, ple- mochoe, grain of corn . . . ^ . c e AOE Owl JE.4I AOE Owl facing between olive- branches J£ .OR AOH Owl in olive-wreath . . JE -^ 316 ATTICA. The coins last described with AOH in place of AOE are the only ones on which the H occurs until the time of the Empire. A-O Owl in corn-wreath . . M -^ AOE Owl. Symbol: wreath or cornu- copiae ^ -5 AOE Owl towards r., wings open, in front, plemochoe or amphora. ^ -75 AOE Id M-6 AOE Pig standing on torch, symbol in ex. plemochoe -^ -55 AOE Torch in wreath . . . ^ -55 Head of Athena in Corinthian helmet. Id. Head of Athena in Attic helmet, with three olive-leaves in front. Head of Athena in Corinthian helmet. Triptolemos in car, drawn by winged serpents. Two pigs. These two last types refer to the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries, on the occasion of which a solemn procession travelled from Athens to Eleusis, along the sacred way. Cf. also Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 151 sqq. B.C. 322-220. After the Lamian war and the submission of Athens to Antipater the coins of Athens of the Old Style ceased to be issued, and there can be no doubt that Athens was at that time deprived of the right of coining money in her own name. This privilege she did not recover until the latter pai-t of the third century (circ. B. C. aao), as will become apparent by a minute consideration of the coins of the New Style. Athenian coins of the New Style circ. B.C. 220-86. Head of Athena Parthenos, r., wearing earring, necklace, and helmet with triple crest adorned in front with the foreparts of four or more horses abreast, on the side with a running grifSn or Pegasos, and on the back with a scroll resembling an aplustre : border of dots. AOE (or AGE) [except in Class I] Owl r., head facing, wings closed, standing on amphora lying on its side; the whole in olive- wreath : in the field at first two monograms and later two or three magistrates' names, and a symbol. On the am- phora there is usually a letter (A-M), and as a rule there are two or more letters beneath the amphora . . . M Tetradr., Drachms, and Triobols. This coinage falls into 106 series easily distinguished by the names (or monograms) of the two magistrates which occupy the upper part of the field on either side of the owl on the reverse. The 106 series may be classified as follows: — Without AOE, two monograms. Work good. 2 series. AOE AEMO?, no names. Work good. I series. AOE, two monograms. Work good. 17 series. AOE, two names abbreviated. Work good. ) 9 series. Class V. AOE, three names. Work good. 27 series, f Class VI. AOE, three names. Work rough. 19 series. I Class VII. AOE, two names. Work rough. 31 series. B.C. 220-196. B.C. 196-186. B.C. 186-146. B. c. 146-86. ( Class I. Class II. I. Class III. Class IV. ATHENS {NEIV STYLE). 317 The head of Athena on the coins of the new style is almost certainly copied from that of the colossal chryselephantine statue by Pheidias in the Parthenon. Pausanias describing this iigure (i. 24. 5) says that on each side of the helmet was a griffin, and in the midst a sphinx. The griffin, sometimes replaced by a Pegasos, appears on the coins, but not the sphinx. In its place are the foreparts of four or more horses which Pausanias has omitted to mention, but which the die-engraver would hardly have placed there had they not been conspicuous in that position on his model. Here, as on most other copies of statues or heads of statues on coins, the artist has been content to reproduce the general atpect of the original and to retain only so much of the detail as he could conveniently accommodate to the limited space at his disposal. In fabric these late Athenian tetradrachms betray their date by their large size and flat out-spread style, which only came into vogue towards the end of the third century, as weU as by their reduced weight, which seldom exceeds 260 grs. The two magistrates' names which stand first on the coins are annual magistrates, and to one of them belongs the accessory symbol in the field. The third name in Classes V and VI changes as many as twelve times in the course of the year during which the two others remained in office, and, as a rule, the letter on the amphora changes with every change of the third magistrates name. It is there- fore to be inferred that the third magistrate was elected in rotation from each of the twelve tribes, and that the letters on the amphora A, B, f, A, E, Z, H, O, I, K, A, M, indicate the twelve periods of about a month each during which the twelve tribes prytanized in succession. The letters beneath the amphora are supposed to stand for the initials of the names of the officinae or workshops in the mint from which the coins were issued. With regard to the chronological arrangement of the 106 series, it should be observed that there are only four of which the dates can be accurately fixed ; these are — (i) ANTI0X02— KAPAIXOZ (Class V). Symbol, Elephant, to the year B.C. 176, when Antiochus, afterwards Antiochus IV of Syria, was in Athens, for to him the Syrian symbol, the elephant, clearly refers (B. M. Guide, PL LV. 23). (2) BAZIAE[Y2:]MIOPAAATHZ—APIZTljQN (Class VII). Symbol, Star and crescents, to B.C. 88 (B. M. Guide, PI. LXV. 14). (3) APIZTinN— (DIAriN (Class VI). Symbol, Pegasos drinking, to B. C. 87. (4) AHEAAIKflN— rOPriAZ (Class VI). Symbol, Griffin, to B.C. 86 (B. M. Guide, PI. LXV. 15). The second of these series can only have been issued when Athens joined the cause of Mithradates against Rome, b. c. 88. Aristion, the partizan of Mithradates (Paus., i. ao. 5), made himself tyrant of Athens in B.C. 87, and ApeUicon, the peripatetic philosopher, was his friend and accomplice. We thus get two fixed points, B.C. 176 and B. 0. 88-86, round which to group by analogy of style the 106 series which have come down to us, and of these 106 series there are none that can be positively asserted to 318 ATTICA. be later than the capture of Athens by Sulla in B. c. 86, while, on the other hand, there are from thirty to forty series, Classes I, II (?), Ill, IV, and part of V, which are evidently earlier than B. c. 176. This brings us up to about B.C. a 1 6, or let us say 220, as the starting-point of the coins of the new style. The remaining series, sixty to seventy in number, of Classes V, VI, and VII, would fall into the ninety years between B. c. 1 76 and 86. The total number of 106 series would therefore cover a period of about 134 years (from circ. B. c. 220 to 86), leaving a margin of about twenty-eight series which future discoveries may possibly bring to light. As a probable chronological arrangement of the Athenian coins of the new style, I would therefore propose the following. In each period the series are arranged alphabetically, as it is manifestly quite impossible to attempt an exact attribution within the limits of each period. Period I. b. 0. 220-196 (24 years, 20 series), Classes I-IIT. Already as early as B.C. 228 Athens had entered into very friendly relations with Rome, and about this time, or shortly afterwards, afoedus aequum between the two cities was concluded (cf. Tacit., Ann., ii. 53, Hertzberg, Gesck. Gr., i. p. 45, note 53), in consequence of which it may well have been that Athens resumed her ancient right of striking silver money, a right which throughout the period of Macedonian dominion she had been precluded from exercising. Class I, without AOE. (i) In field, two monograms. (2) In field, two trophies. (This series, which is of rude work, may however be of later date ; see Von SaUet's remarks, Zeit.f. Num., xii. p. 381, where he gives plausible reasons for attributing it to the year B. c. 86.) Class II, AOE AEMOS (3) in field symbol, Harmodlus naked, wielding sword and holding sheath. {Zeit.f. Num., xiii. PI. III. 4.) The three known specimens of this series were discovered in 1883 at Carystus in Euboea. U. Kohler {Zeit.f. Num., xii. p. 103) is of opinion that this coin belongs to the latest period of Athenian autonomy, circ. B.C. 86; but as both style and fabric seem to me to bear a closer resemblance to the series with monograms than to the smaller and rougher pieces of the age of Mithradates, I have preferred to include it among the earlier issues of the new Athenian currency, although I do not deny that the execution of the head of Athena is more careless than that of the other series of this period. Fig. 216. ATHENS {NEW STYLE). 319 Class III, AOE. In field, two monograms, and following symbols. (4) Trophy. (5) Columnar Hermes. (6) Plemochoe. (7^ Rudder. (8) Thyrsos. (9) Club. (10) Cornucopiae. (11) Ear of corn (Fig. ai6). (i2| Pilei of the Dioskuri. (13) Two serpents. (14) Nike. (15) Eagle. (16) Cicada. (17) Aplustre. (18) No symbol, one of the monograms sometimes resolved into the letters <1)ANI[AZ. (19) nOAY — Tl, and monogram. Palm. (30) AH — AYSI, and monogram. Forepart of horse. Amphora-letters from A to M occur on series i, 5, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19 (on this series to 1. of owl), and 30, and mint-letters on 8, 11, 15, 17, 19, and 30. There can be little doubt that the above twenty series (with the possible exception of series 3 and 3) with monograms, and of large out- spread dimensions, and (for the time) good style, precede those which follow on which the magistrates' names are written at greater length. It is noticeable that on series 13, 16, 17, and 19, the amphora numerals run up to M (13), whence we may infer that those series are subsequent to the creation of the tribe called Attalis, in honour of Attains of Pergamus, which is supposed by Grotefend to have raised the number of Athenian tribes to twelve (circ. b. c. 300) from eleven, at which it had stood since B. c. 365. Grotefend's arrangement {Chron. Anord. d. Atken. SilbermUnzen) cannot, however, be used in support of this theory. Period II. B.C. 196-186 (10 years, 9 series). Class IV, AOE. Two names abbreviated. The following nine series, on which the monograms are resolved into two much abbreviated names, form the link between the coins of Classes 1 and III, with monograms, and those with three magistrates' names (Class V). In fabric and style they resemble the coins of Class III. (i) AAEI— HAIO Symbol : Trident. , ^ f AMMn— AlO J) Plemochoe. None. (3) „ Cornucopiae. (4) TAAY— EXE Head of Helios. (5) AHMH— lEPn )j Helmet. (6) AIO0A— AIOAO )) Apollo standing (Pans., i (7) KTHZI— EYMA )» Nike. (8) XAPI— HPA )» Cock and palm. (9) MIKI— OE0*PA )) Nike in quadriga. 3-4). These nine series have as a rule both amphora-numerals and mint- letters. The magistrate MIKI[riN] of series 9 is probably Micion, the son of Eurycleides, whose name occurs as a victor with the quadriga in an inscription of which the date is B. c. 1 94 (Rangabe, ii. 963 ; cf. Grote- fend in P/iilolog., 38, 73). Both this man and Eurycleides, whose names occur on coins more than once in the next period, are doubtless descendants of the more famous Athenian orators, Eurycleides and Micion, mentioned by Plutarch {Arat, 41), Polybius (v. 106), and Pausanias (ii. 9. 4). 320 ATTICA. Feriod III. b. c. 186-146 (40 years, 27 series). Class V, AOE, Three names ; work good. Fig. 217. Introduction about this time of the custom of placing the name of a third magistrate on the coins. Style good. Fabric somewhat less spread than in the previous Classes. (i) AMMriMiOZ— KAAAIAZ. Symbol: Two torches. This Ammonius is probably identical with the AMMH- of Class IV. (2) ANTIOXOZ— KAPAIXOZ Elephant (Fig. 217). The Antiochus of this series has been identified with Antiochus, after- wards the IV th of Syria (Theos, Epiphanes), who was residing at Athens for some time previous to his accession to the throne in b. c. 175. Club, bow, and quiver. Nike stephanephoros. Double cornucopiae. Cornucopiae and ear of corn. Quiver and bow. Dionysos (Melpomenos T). Helios in quadriga. No symbol. Forepart of lion. Eagle on fulmen. Artemis Brauronia with stag beside her (Pans., i. 23. 7). Woman standing with cornucopiae. The three Charites. (B. M. Guide, PL XLII. 22.) This Eurycleides seems to be the son of Micion mentioned in an inscription {Philisfor, iv. p. 343) among other contributors to some public fund at Athens, circ. B.C. 190, MtKiwi; RTj^io-tei/s A koX v-nep rod vov EvpvKXeChov Kal tov vCbov MikCojvos. It appears that the families of Eury- cleides and Micion were closely related, and that in both the two names recur in each successive generation (Grotefend, Ai/ienisc/te Sillermiinzen, p. 15, note, where other references will be found). The symbol on this coin has been identified with the group of the three Charites by the philosopher Socrates. Paus., i. aa. 8 ; ix. ^^. 7 : Beule, p. 398, (3) APIZTOtt)— HPA (4) APOAIZI— AnOAHZIZ (5) A(t)POAIZI— AlOrE (6) AXAIOZ— HAI (7) AAMHN— ZnZIKPATHZ (8) AiorE— nozEi (9) AIONYZI— AIONYZI (10) AIOTIMOZ— MAFAZ (11) AnPOOE— AIO0 (12) EHirENHZ— ZnZANAPOZ (13) EYBOYAIAHZ— APAOOKAHZ (14) EYMHAOZ— KAAAIPA— ZriTA Bee. Trophy on galley (cf. Pans., i. 36. i). Winged fulmen. ATHENS {NEW STYLE). 321 There is no reason why the Theophrastus of this series should not be the same man as the colleague of Micion of Class IV. series 9. {19) KAPAIX— EPrOKAE Prow. Cf. Caraichus in ser. 2 of this Class. (20) AYSAN— rAAYKOZ Cicada. Cf. Glaucus in Class IV. ser. 4. {21) MENEA— EniTEMO Asklepios (cf Paus., i. 21. 4). The second name is here in the genitive case (EnrENO[YZ]). The only other instance of a genitive is in the series TIMAPXOY — NIK A TO. MHTPOAHPOZ— MIATIAAHZ Grapes. MHTPOAHPOi:— AHM02OEM Grapes. (22) { In this year Miltiades, the second magistrate, was replaced after the second prytany by Demosthenes. The two series must therefore be counted as one. (23) MIKinM-EYPYKAEI Dioskuri standing (Paus., i. 18. i ; B.M. , Paus i 19. 6). (24) APXITIMOZ— AHMHTPI Aphrodite holding dove. (25) APXITIMOZ— nAMMENHZ Thyrsos^(?). (26) AHMEAZ-KAAAIKPATIAHZ Isis standing. Cf. CI. VI. ser. 6, where Demeas has also a symbol referring to the worship of Isis. (27) AIOKAHZ MEAI— MHAEIOZ Athena Parthenos (Paus., i. 24. 7). With regard to the word MEAI I am inclined to accept Grotef end's suggestion that it may stand for MeAireiJy, indicating the Deme to which Diodes belonged. Y % 324 ATTICA. (28) AIOKAHZ TO AEY— MHAEIOZ Hygieia (Paus., i. 23. 4). (29) AIOKAHS TO TPI— AIOAUUPOZ Dionysos of Alcamenes (Paus., i. 20. 3). Although many names occur more than once on the coins of the new style, Diodes is the only one who, by the addition of to hevrepov and to rpiTov, is careful to chronicle the fact. Respecting the Dionysos of Alca- menes, see Overbeck, Plastik, i. 243. (30) AIOKAHS— AEUJNIAHZ Asklepios standing. As on this series to ThapTov does not occur, it is in all .probability another Diodes. (31) AIONYZIOZ— MNAZArOPAZ Dionysos standing {Num. Chron., i88i, PI. IV. 4). (32) AI04)ANT0Z-AIZXINHZ Sphinx. (33) EniTENHZ— ZENnN Apollo Lykios (Lucian, Ana- char sis, 7). (34) EYMHAOZ— OEOZENIAHZ Theseus or Ares naked, resting on spear (Paus., i. 8. 4). (35) HPAKAEnN— HPAKAEIAHZ Eagle's head. (36) KAAAIMAXOZ— ETTIKPATHZ Triptolemos, above him sun and crescent moon (cf. Paus., i. 14. i). (37) KAEO0ANHZ— EniOETHZ Stone of Pessinus. (38) AEYKIOZ— ANTIKPATHZ Artemis Propylaea (?) (cf. Paus., i. 38. 6) and Demeter with torches. (39) AYZANAPOZ— OINO0IAOZ Poppy-head and corn. (40) MENEAHMOZ-TIMOKPATHZ Demeter seated. (41) MENTnP— MOZXmN Harmodius and Aristogeiton (Paus., i. 8. 6). This series offers a copy of the famous group of the two tyrannicides by Critius and Nesiotes. Overbeck, Plastik, i. 116. (42) BAZIAE MIOPAAATHZ— APlZTinN Sun and crescent (Fig. 219). This series may be dated exactly to B. c. 88 (Paus., i. ao. 5), and it immediately precedes those with APIZTIHN — IAnN and ATTEA- AIKHN — rOPriAZ. A gold stater of this series is also known, the only one which exists of the new style. (43) MNAZEAZ— NEZTfiP Plemochoe. (44) NEZTnP— MNAZEAZ Stag. (45) EENOKAHZ— APMOZENOZ Trident and dolphin. (46) ZENOKAHZ— APMOZENOZ Serpent. (47) ZENOKAHZ— APMOZENOZ Seated figure facing. (48) ZnTAAHZ— OEMIZTOKAHZ Branch («>o-iIAOKPATHZ-HPnAHZ Dionysos standing. (50) ] AQB Nike ^ -7 „ Apollo Delios (cf. CI. V. ser. 26). JE -7 „ Tripod, poppy-head, and fulmen. M -7 „ Sphinx jE -7 AOE Zeus hurling fulmen, at his feet, eagle ; in field, symbols as on con- temporary silver coins . JE '85, JE -7 AOE Zeus Polieus (]). Symbol: prow. M -7 ,, Demeter standing with two toi-ches ^ -7 „ Artemis running with torch . . JE -6 AOE Athena advancing with spear and aegis ^ -75 AOE Athena hurling fulmen ; in field, symbols yE -65 AOE Athena Archegetis holding owl and patera (Schol. in Ar.,Av. 515) . ^■85 AOE Athena advancing with spear and aegis ........ ^ AOE Owl on fulmen . . . . M „ Oenochoe and palm .' . JE „ Owl and lyre . .' . . M ,) Lyre M „ Amphora in wreath . . JE „ Head of bearded Dionysos JE „ Kantharos ^ „ Cicada J^ „ Bow and quiver . . . JE „ Plemochoe JE „ Kalathos in corn-wreath ^ „ Plemochoe in corn-wreath M „ Plemochoe iE „ Plemochoe JE 7 5 45 65 55 75 7 6 6 5 9 5 5 5 35 326 ATTICA. Head of Demeter with corn-wreath, Head of Demeter veiled. Head of Demeter. Head of Demeter veiled. Triptolemos in serpent- car. Head of Demeter. A O E Owl with palm-branch in wreath. M -7 „ Triptolemos in serpent-car . /E .7 „ Pig ^ -8 and -4 ,, Poppy and ears of corn . .^E -55 ,, Torch and ear of corn crossed . ^•55 „ One or two ears of corn . M- .45 Imperial Times. From the capture of Athens by Sulla in B. c. 86 until the time of the Empire there is no proof that any coins, even of bronze, were struck at Athens. At what time the latter recommenced is uncertain, but it seems probable that about the time of Hadrian the rare privilege of striking autonomous bronze money was accorded to Athens. How long the cibyv remained in the possession of this right is also uncertain. The following- are the chief types of the Imperial period. A e H N A I n N Athena Parthen os hold- ing Nike and resting oh shield and spear M -9,^ A e H N A I n N Athena Archegetis with owl JE -85 ASHNAinN Athena Hygieia feeding serpent ^ -85 AGHNAinM Athena armed, in various attitudes Ji} -85 AGHNAinN Athena beside olive tree on which her owl is perched, serpent sometimes present . . . M -85 AGHNAinN Athena seated before olive tree, feeding serpent coiled round it ^ -85 AGHNAinN Athena Hippia in gal- loping biga ^ -85 AGHNAinN Athena and Poseidon with olive tree, owl, and serpent be- tween them ^ I- AGHNAinN Athena and the satyr Marsyas tE -85 AGHNAinN Olive tree between owl and oenoohoe, or with owl perched upon it ^ -85 AGHNAinN Sacred table, on which owl, wreath, and bust of Athena . . M -9 AGH. Altar beside olive tree . M -6^ „ Oenochoe and owl . . J2 -8 „ -Owl M -6-4 „ Owl on olive-spray . . M -6 AGHNAinN Demeter in car drawn by serpents M .8—65 Bust or head of Athena in crested Corinthian helmet, with the addi- tion sometimes of shield or aegis. Id. Id- Id. Id. Id. Id, Id. Id. (Paus., i. 24), Id. Id. Id. (Beule, p. 292). Id. Id. Head of Athena in Attic- helmet with olive leaves in front, Bust or head of Athena in crested Corinthian helmet as above. ATHMS {IMPERIAL TIMES). 327 Bust or head of Athena in crested Corinthian helmet as above. Id. Id. Id. (helmet Attic;) Id. (Cor. helmet,) Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Head of Theseus, club at shoulder^ Head of Hermes. Bust or head of Athena as abovei Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. A9H. Tripfcolemos in serpent-car . - M -6 „ Coiled serpent ... jSI -5 A 6 H N A I n N Apollo I'atroos {X) naked, standing holding bow ■. . ^ -85 A 6 H N A m N Apollo Ly kios with lyre and one hand placed on his head JE -8 AGHNAir^N Apollo Pythios draped, standing holding patera and lyre M -8 AGHMAinN Tripod with . serpent coiled round it .^ "5 AGHNAinN Zeus Polieus standing before altar M -^ AGHNAIXiN Zeus Olympics seated . M -9 „ l)ionysosof Alcamenes(?) enthroned, holding kantharos and thyrsos M -^ A G H N A I n N Theseus raising the rock, copied from statue (Pans., i. 27, 8) . M -9 AGHMAIilN Theseus driving Mara- thonian bull (Pans., I.e.). . M -9 A G H N A I n N Theseus contending with the Minotaur, also suggested by group on the acropolis (Paus., i. 24, i) . . M -9 AGHlslAir^N Theseus wielding club . A9H. Various types. Oenochoe, pig, two torches, bunch of grapes, bucra- nium, club, etc M -45 AGH. Caduceus ^ -45 AGHNAIilN Bucranium bound with olive- wreath .ffi -85 AGH. Themistocles, carrying trophy and wreath, standing on the Sala- minian galley (Paus., i. 36, i). M -g AGH. Prow ...... M-^. „ Monument of Miltiades at Mara- thon, i.e. Miltiades bringing a captive Persian before a trophy "(Paus., i. 32. 4, 5) ^ • ■ • • ■ • ; . ^ -85 A e H N A I il N Asklepios standing with serpent staff J& -g AGHNAinN' Eirene standing carry- ing infant Plutos, group by Cephiso- dotus (Paus., i. 8) . . . . M -g AGHNAinN View" of the Acropolis showing the Propylaea, the Parthe- non, and the colossal statue of Athena Promachos, together with the flight of steps leading to the toj), and the grotto of Pan on the side of the rock M -S^ 328 ATTICA. Bust or head of Athena as above. A 6 H N A I fl N Front view of the theatre of Dionysos, above it caverns in the rock, and, higher up, the wall of the Acropolis surmounted by the Propy- laea and Parthenon . . J3 -85 Denominations of Attic bronze coins. With regard to the denominations of the Athenian bronze coins we have little definite information. Pollux, ix. 6^, says that the obol con- tained 8 xc^i^o'i a-nd it is probable that the x"^*^"^^ consisted of 4 / 146; METAPEnrJ Bearded head of the philosopher Eucleides of Megara, veiled and wearing earring. Artemis (Soteira(?) Paus., 1. 40, 2) run- ning with torch in each hand, proh- ahly a copy of the statue made by Strongylion for the Megarians JKi'O This remarkable type refers to the story that Eucleides attended the lectures of Socrates in the disguise of a woman, the Athenians having passed a decree that no citizens of Megara should be admitted within their walls (Aulus Gellius, NocL Att., vi. 10). Imperial Times, On the Imperial coins, Antoninus Pius — Geta, the following types may be mentioned : — Zeus Olympios C?) seated (Paus., i. 40, 4). Zeus advancing. Demeter standing holding two torches before a third tall torch fixed in the ground (Paus., i. 40, 6). Asklepios and Hygieia (Paus., i. 40, 6). Tyche sacrificing at altar (Paus., i. 43, 6, statue by Praxiteles). Artemis running with two torches. Artemis Agrotera holding bow and drawing arrow froni quiver at her shoulder (Paus., i. 41, 3). Pythian Apollo with Ij're, beside altar (Paus., i. 42. 2, 5). Apollo, Artemis, and Leto (Paus., i. 44, 2). Statue of Pallas, probably that of gold and ivory on the Acropolis mentioned by Pausanias (i. 42, 4). Dionysos standing (Paus., i. 43, 5). Herakles at rest. Term in temple. Pagae, the port or harbour of Megara on the Corinthian gulf. After B.C. 243 it becamea member of the Achaean League, and independent of Me- gara (see Achaean Leagtie, p. 351). Imperial coins are also known, Aurelius — Sept. Sever us, Inscr. nAFAinN Types — Temple containing statue of Artemis running with torches. (Paus., i. 44, 4) Kybele seated, at her feet lion. Dionysos seated. Isis in temple. Bust of Tyche. Horseman. Gate with three entrances, on which three figures, etc. Herakles on basis in building. ABGINA. 331 AEGINA. The island of Aegina was the first State in European Greece to adopt the use of money. Ancient tradition, which ascribed to Pheidon, king of Argos, the credit of having been the first to strike coins in this island, is fully borne out by the archaic appearance of the oldest staters of the Tortoise type. Unfortunately there is much doubt about the date of Pheidon. Weissenborn, Hermann, and Curtius bring him down to the first half of the seventh century, while Clinton, on the other hand, places him a century earlier. As for the earliest Aeginetic coins there can be little doubt that they belong to the first half of the seventh century, and in 80 far as they may be taken as evidence, they bear out the opinion of Weissenborn and Curtius. The principal ancient writers who mention Pheidon as having struck coins in Aegina, or the Aeginetans as having been the first to strike money, are — Ephorus in Strabo, viii. p. 358 ; Aelian, Far. Hid., 1%. 30; and the Parian Chronicle, Boeckh, C. I. G. 3374, V. 45 {'i'ii.h(ov 6 'Apyetos ibrifjL€V(T€ to. jiiTpa koX avtffKivaae, Kal v6jxiij\xa apyvpovv ev Alylvrj eTToirifriv). Cf. also Etym. Magn. s. V. 6(3e\L(T- Koy — , irdvTQiv be irpSiTos ietficof 'Apyeioy vopLia-pia fKO\lr€V ev AlyCvrj. Why Aegina rather than Argos was chosen by Pheidon as his place of mintage is not difiicult to understand, when we remember that from very early times down to its conquest by Athens in b. c. 456 Aegina was one of the greatest commercial states of Greece, while Argos was to some extent removed from the main current of the stream of trade vs'hich flowed through the Saronic gulf to and from the isthmus of Corinth. Whether the Aeginetic standard was derived from the Phoenician, as the weights of some of the heaviest Aeginetic coins have led me else- where (Ancient Systems of Weight, Journal of the Institute of Bankers, 1879) to suggest, or from Egypt, with which country the Aeginetans were in close relations (Herod., ii. 178), is and will probably remain doubtful; but the fact that the tortoise, a creature sacred to Aphrodite (the Phoenician Astarte, the protector of trade as well as the goddess of the sea), was chosen as the coin-type, lends much probability to the theory fii-st advanced by E. Curtius (Num. Chron., 1870), that Pheidon's mint was connected with the Temple of Aphrodite, which overlooked the great harbour of Aegina. The coinage of Aegina, like that of Athens, exhibits great uniformity of type, a uniformity which characterizes it as an international, and no mere local, currency. Throughout Peloponnesus the coinage of Aegina was, down to the time of the Peloponnesian war, the only universally recognized medium of exchange. This is implied by several passages in ancient authors, e. g. Pollux, ix. 74; ''ot' I'-^v to Yleko-!iovvr]a-i(jiv v6)xicrp,a •)(eK(iivf]v Tives rj^Lovv KoKelv (1. KaXelcrOai.) airo tov Tvirdp-aros ; Hesychius, \eX(avq v6\iicTp.a UekoTTOvvrjcrLaKov. By the Athenians the Aeginetic drachm was called, in contradistinc- tion to their own drachm, 17 vraxeta Spaxfxrj (PoU., ix. 76). Hesychius also says, A.€77ras Kal iraxeias ZdAeuKos ev voixois ras bpaxixAs, AeTrras jxev ras efcoySo'AoDs, Traxetas he ras TrXeoi/ ex"'^"'''* • ^^^ '"■"X^'I? ^P°-XI^V '''o bCbpaxjJ-ov 'Axatoi. From the weights of some exceptionally heavy specimens we gather that the Aeginetic stater originally weighed over aoo grs., and in the Bibliothfeque nationale, Paris, is an unique electrum stater, oh. Tortoise, 332 AUGINA. rev. Inc. square, divided into two parts, weight 207 grs. The date of this remarkable coin can hardly be much later than about B.C. 700. It belongs to the class of early electrum money struck on the Phoenician standard somewhat reduced. Here therefore perhaps is a clue to the source whence the merchants of Aegina may have derived their standard of weight. Putting aside this coin, and some few silver staters of more than 200 grs., as exceptional, we may take the following scale as repre- senting the actual maximum weights of the coins of Aegina : — Stater, Drachm, Triobol, Diobol, Trihemiobol, Obol, Hemiobol, Tetartemorion, The following are approximately the chronological periods into which the money of Aegina falls. 194 grs. 97 grs. 48 grs. 32 grs. 24 grs. 1 6 grs. 8 grs. 4 grs. Circ. B.C. 700-550. FlQ. 220. Tortoise ■with plain shell and row of dots down the middle of its back (Fig. 220). Incuse square divided into eight tri- angular compartments, of which four or more are deeply hollowed out . . M, Staters and divisions. Circ. B.C; 550-480. Id. Incuse square divided by broad bands into five parts M, Staters and divisions. On these coins the original rough incuse square has already become a conventional pattern, maintained, there can be no question, not from any ■ lack of skill- on the part of the engraver, who might, if the State had so willed it, have provided the coin with tjrpes on both sides, but, for' fear of damaging the credit of a currency, with the primitive aspect of which, the traders of the Peloponnesian towns and of all the Aegean ports, had, for more than a century and a half, been familiar. There is, however, in the British Museum one very remarkable coin, with a reverse type, unlike any others known. It may be described as follows : — Tortoise, as on the other coins of the period. Incuse square, within which Triskelis . M 187.5 grs- AEGINA. 333 Circ. B.C. 480-456. In this period a marked advance is visible in the skill with which the shell of the tortoise is delineated. Tortoise, of which the structure of the shell is shown, as in nature, divided into numerous compart- ments or plates. Incuse square divided by bands, as on the coins of the preceding period , . M Staters and divisions. Circ. B.C. 456-431 and 431-404. In B. c. 456 Aegina was made tributary to Athens. There are a few coins, chiefly small, having the letters A-l on either side of the Tortoise on the obverse, and various letters in the divisions of the incuse square on the reverse, which may belong to this period. In B.C. 431 the Aeginetans were expelled en masse by the Athenians, and the island was occupied by Athenian kleruchs. In b. c. 404, after the great defeat of the Athenians, Lysander restored the remnant of the Aeginetan popu- lation to their old homes. After B.C. 404. The restored Aeginetans seem to have begun at once to strike money. The old types are adhered to, but the fabric is more spread, and there are letters on one or both sides. Fig. 221. Tortoise, as in last period. On either side, often, A-l. Two dolphins, between them A. Ain, Air, or Nl and dolphin in divisions of incuse square (Fig. 221). JB, Staters and divisions. Incuse square divided in the conven- tional Aeginetan manner, sometimes with letters A-f, A-l, N-0, etc., in two of the compartments . JE -55 Bronze coins were first issued at Athens in b. c. 406. Those of Aegina are of about the same time. Third and Second Centuries, b. c. Shortly after Alexander's time tetradrachms appear to have been struck in Aegina, with the tortoise and dolphin as symbols (MUUer, 899). For the rest, Aegina in this period struck bronze money of various types :■ — AiriNA Prow of galley. A-l Bucranium. Head of Zeus. Eam's head M ■'i Al. Dolphin ^ .65 AI-ri-Nl Archaic Apollo walking with bow and branch (cf. Pausanias, "• 30, i) M .65 334 CORINTEIA. Imperial Times. _ Severus and "family. Inscr. AITEINHTriN. Types : Hekate. (Paus., ii. 30, a.) Columnar Hermes. Hermes carrying a ram on his shoulders. The port of Aegina,_ expressed by a semicircular enclosure, in which is a galley, and above it a statue of Aphrodite in a temple (Sestini, 3Ius. Fontana, p. 49, 4) : see Pausanias (ii. 39, 6). Aphrodite draped, holding branch and apple. Demeter. Pallas. Nike. Poseidon. Aphaia (Brito- martis) standing by Zeus {Mits. Fontana, PI. II. 7), see Pausanias (ii. 30, 3). Zeus holding eagle and fulmen (Paus., I. e.). CORINTHIA. [E. Curtius, Hermes, x. 215 sqq.] Corinth. This ancient and illustrious city on- the isthmus between Peloponnesus and the mainland of Hellas occupied the meeting point of the great routes of commerce between the East and the West. Like Chalcis in Euboea, Corinth derived her standard for weighing the precious metals from Asia Minor, the unit of weight being the light Babylonic stater of 130 grs. The system of division by 3 and 6 which prevails in the Corinthian coinage sufficiently attests its Asiatic origin. The style and peculiar fabric of the earliest Corinthian silver coins distinguish them from those of all the other states of European Greece. At what precise time this wealthy commercial city began to send forth her well known Pegasos staters it is not easy to determine, but we shall not be far from the truth in placing the commencement of the Corinthian coinage in the age of Periander, B. c. 625-585. As Aegina in those days commanded the commerce of the eastern side . of the isthmus, so Corinth, by means of her port, Lachaeum, on the gulf which bore her name, monopolised that of the western seas, and im- parted the use of the Corinthian standard of weight to her Colonies, Ambracia, Anactorium, Leucas, etc., on the shores of Epirus and Acarnania, and to the Achaean cities of Magna Graecia on the other side of the Ionian sea. The extension of the Corinthian standard and system of division by 3 and 6 to the Achaean quasi-federal currency of S. Italy, can be most satisfactorily proved, not only by the weights themselves of the coins of Croton, Sybaris, Metapontum, etc., but by their flat fabric, incuse reverse type, and by the fact that they are frequently re-struck on Corinthian coins of the most archaic class. The types of the Corinthian coins refer to the myth of Bellerophon and Pegasos, and to the worship of Athena yaXivlns, for she it was wh& assisted Bellerophon to subdue the wondrous winged horse. Pegasos on his part was regarded as the author of fountains of fresh water, which with a stroke of his hoof he caused to gush forth from the rocks ; cf. the fountain of the Muses. Hippokrene, which Pegasos produced in this way, hence Pegasos is also the horse of the Muses. On the Acrocorinthus he was said to have alighted, and to have drunk CORTNTHIA. 335 from the fountain of Peirene, where Bellerophon sought in vain to take and tame him, until at last, while the hero lay asleep beside the altar of Athena, the goddess came to him in a vision and gave him a golden bridle, which on awakening he found beside him, and with this he easily subdued the winged steed. Another version of the tale makes Athena herself tame Pegasos, and it is she who hands him over to Bellerophon. The worship of Athena at Coriuth, it may be here remarked, was also connected with the cultus of Poseidon and with the sea (cf. Preller, Gr. Myth.,\. x'ji). The great goddess of Corinth was, however. Aphrodite, and it is her head which on the drachms takes the place of that of Athena. The Pegasos-staters of Corinth, familiarly called TrcDAot (Poll., is. 6. 76), were the chief medium of exchange along all the coasts of the Corinthian Gulf, and even beyond the seas in Italy and Sicily, where the largest hoards of them have been brought to light. In its divisional system the Corinthian coinage possessed a practical advantage over both the Attic and the Aeginetic, which enabled it to pass current in the territories of both its rivals. Thus the Corinthian stater of about 130 grs. would pass as a didrachm side by side with the tetradrachms of Athens, while the Corinthian drachm (^ stater) of about 44 grs. was practically equivalent to an Aeginetic hemidrachm. The region in which the Corinthian money circulated was therefore at no time confined to the narrow isthmus and hmited territory of the town of Corinth. The following are, as nearly as may be, the periods into which the coins of Corinth seem to fall. Time of Periander, b. c. 625-585. 9 Pegasos -with curled wing. (B. M..(?TOcZ«, Pl.VI. 30.) Incuse square divided into eight tri- angular compartments, of which four are in relief . , . . JR Stater. Circ. B.C. 585-500. Fis. 222. 9 Pegasos with curled wing (Fig. 222). 9 Half Pegasos. 9 Pegasos. Head of Pegasos. Incuse pattern in the form of the swastika M Stater and Drachm. Id Mi Drachm. Id M Obol. Id Mi Obol. 336 CORINTHIA. The fabric of these coins is flatter than that of any other money of early times, except the coinage of the Achaean cities of southern Italy derived from it. Circ. B.C. 500-430. Archaic Style. (j) Pegaso3 witli curled wing. Id. P Half Pegasos with curled wing. 9 Head of bridled Pegasos. P Pegasos with curled wings; symbol, trident. p Head of Pegasos. Incuse square, within which head of Athena Chalinitis helmeted. Pare archaic style . M Stater and Drachm. Incuse square. Head of Aphrodite {!,) of archaic style : hair turned up be- hind M Drachm. Id. or head of Athena Incuse square, containing large A M Diobol. Incuse square, within which Gorgon head and T-P-l-H . ^ TrihemioboL Incuse square containing large H . . M Hemiobol. JR, ^ Drachm. In this period the flat fabric is abandoned, and the coins become smaller in dimension and more compact. Transitional Style. Pegasos with curled wing. (B. M. Guide, PI. XIII. 25.) Id. Incuse square. Head of Athena of trans- itional style (eye in profile), some- times with symbol, trident, or shell behind M, Stater. Incuse square. Head of Aphrodite (V) hair rolled M, Drachm: Circ. B.C. 430—400. Transitional Style. p Pegasos with curled wing. p Bellerophon, naked and bare-headed, riding on Pegasos ^- p Pegasos with curled wing. P Pegasos with curled wing, symbol vine-branch. Incuse square. Head of Athena of trans- itional style (eye in profile), some- times with symbol. (usually a trident) behind ...... M Stater. Incuse square, in which Chimaera to r. .iR Trihemidrachm. Incuse square, within which head of Aphrodite 1., hair rolled. JR Drachm. Incuse square. Pegasos prancing, adv., inscr. A-l-0 . . . . M Diobol. There are also trihemiobols, as in the previous period, but they are of later style, for the Pegasos on the obverse has pointed wings, and the tongue of the gorgon-head is not protruded. ' The trihemiobols on which Bellerophon wears a petasos and chlamys belong to a later period, circ. B. 0. 338. They usually have the letters A I in the field. CORINTH. 337 Circ. B.C. 400-338. Fine Style. Fig. 223. (j) Pegasos, usually flying, with pointed wing, but occasionally standing or walking, with curled wing, or at- tached by a cord to a ring fixed in the wall above him ; on some few specimens he is represented as diinking. 9 Pegasos with pointed wings. (J) Half Pegasos with curled wing. Q Pegasos with curled wing. Head of Athena, of fine style, in Co- rinthian helmet with large neck- plate. In the field a magistrate's symbol, which was changed probably annually ; sometimes also there are one or more dolphins in the field, which cannot be regarded as magis- trates' symbols . . . iU Stater. Head of Aphrodite variously repre- sented, often with adjunct symbol . M, Drachm. Head of Aj)hrodite, her hair variously dressed . . . . M\ Drachm. Pegasos with curled wings, prancing or trotting, sometimes with dolphin or inscr. AlO Cross of Swastika form Trident . . M Diobol. M Obol. M Obol. might, with 9 Pegasos with curled or with pointed wings. 9 Id. Some of the smaller denominations mentioned above almost equal probability, be attributed to the period before°B.e. 400, about which time the smallest divisions seem to have been in great part superseded by the newly introduced bronze money. Fourth and Third Centuries to circ. B.C. 243. Next in order, though in part contemporary with the series above described, there follows a large class of staters, drachms, etc., with magistrate's letters or monograms in the field of the reverse, in addition to the adjunct symbol. These series, like the others, always have the letter 9 on the obverse. Although it is very difficult to speak with assurance as to the chrono- logical sequence of these lettered coins, the following dates may be perhaps accepted as approximately correct. The list includes only such specimens as I have myself seen. Before B.C. 400 Z Circ. B.C. 400-350 AA J, 3 or E Symbols: Shell (on obv. Pegasos of archaic style, with curled wing). Trident. „ Fore-part of bull ; torch ; rose ; bow,- poppy-head; star. (Pega- sos on obv., often walking.) 338' CORINTHiA. Circ. B.C. 400-350 EP Symbols: Nike holding thymiaterion. ), EY ., Naked figure holding fillet ; tripod. (Pegasos on obv., sometimes walk- ing-) „ aY3 ,, Rose and dolphin. ,, EYO „ Double-bodied owl ; chimaera; ap- lustre. „ EYTY „ No symbol. (Pegasos on obv. with curled wing, attached to ring by cord.) !) I A „ Dolphins around. )l or KA „ Trident. ,, 3 or i. ., Dolphin. Circ, B.C. 350-338 A „ Shield, on which trident; bee; oak -wreath ; astragalus ; harfia ; sword; helmet with broad flap; stork. ,) AA ,, Wheel; globular object; bearded mask ; three crescents ; cuirass ; trophy. ,, AY , Figure holding torch and cornu- copiae. ,, A ., Dionysos standing ; krater ; rvy- wreath ; oak-wreath ; head of Helios ; wolf; cuirass. „ N or Nl ,, Corn-wreath ; three crescents in circle; kantharos; Ares(?); prow; oenochoe ; cock's head ; bucra- nium; term; Macedonian helmet. Circ. B.C. 338 T ,, Thyrsos; dove in wreath. „ I ,, Nike with fillet; cock on club; star; bow in case ; owl. ,, KA(innion.) ,, Crested Macedonian helmet. Circ. B.C. 338-300 AP „ Boar; ivy-leaf; plough; aegis; Pallas Promachos ; chimaera ; helmet j cornucopiae ; eagle. (Helmet of Pallas, on this series always laureate.) „ A I „ Cow and calf ; wreath ; Zeus seated; Pallas standing ; Artemis, hun- tress ; Artemis with toi ch ; term with cornucopiae ; amphora, tiie last on trihemidrachms of the Bellerophon type. Circ. B.C. 300-213 B „ Grapes. ,, A „ Trophy stand. „ Yar. Mons. „ Term ; eagle, etc. Bronze Coins. Circ. B. c. 400-338. Pegasos with pointed wing. Trident with various symbols and letters in the field . ' . . . JE -^ CORINTH. 339 Circ. B.C. 338-243. Head of Athena, wearing crested Corinthian helmet. Head of Athena as above. Head of Poseidon with hair falling in heavy locks, and bound with wreath of marine plant, as on the coins of Antigonus Gonatas, or Doson. Head of bearded Herakles, wearing wreath. KOPlNOinN Trident, often with letter in the field . . . . M-'j^ K Pegasos with pointed wing . M -^^ KOP or p, and vairous letters. Bellero- phon mounted on Pegasos and strik- ing downwards with his spear M -8 9 and various letters. Forepart of Pegasos flying r. ... J^ -55 Corinth, although occupied by a Macedonian garrison from B.C. 338-^43, when it was delivered by Aratus, does not seem to have been deprived, like Athens, of the right of coinage, for its Pegasos staters continued to be struck, though much less plentifully than of old, until it became a member of the Achaean League. But in B.C. 233 Corinth was sun-endered by the League to Antigonus Doson, and between this time and 196, when it was again set free by the Romans and reunited to the League, it does not appear to have been allowed to strike money, unless indeed the bronze coins with the heads of Poseidon and Herakles described above are to be assigned to this period. *• Corinth a Roman Colon]]. From its destruction by Mummius in B.C. 146, Corinth remained a heap of ruins for the space of one hundred years. In b. c. 46 Caesar sent a colony there, and the city became once more a flourishing place, as, from the natural advantages of its position, it could hardly fail to do. From henceforth it struck bronze coins with Latin legends, COL. COR., or simply COR., CORIMT., etc., which, down to the reign of Galba, usually bear the names of Duumviri in the ablative ease. From the reign of Domitian to that of Gordian III the legends are COL. IVL. FLAV. AVG. COR., COL. IVL. COR., or C. L. I. COR (Colonia Laus lulia Corinthus), and the magistrates' names are discontinued. Among the types deserving of special mention are the following : — Bellerophon holding or Subduing Pegasos. Bellerophon standing beside Pegasos while he drinks from a stream at the foot of the Acrocorinthus. Bellerophon mounted on Pegasos contending with the Chimaera. Pegasos leaping from the point of the rock of the Acrocorinthus. Other frequent types refer to the myth of Melikertes or Palaemon, in whose honour the games called Isthmia were celebrated at the Isthmus. Such are the boy Melikertes lying on the back of a dolphin under a pine-tree (Paus.,ii. 1,3); the body of Melikertes lying on a dolphin, which is placed .on an altar beneath a tree with Isthmos as a naked youth holding a rudder, or Poseidon with his trident standing by ; Palaemon standing or riding on the back of the dolphin ; circular temple of Palaemon, sometimes with sacrificial bull in front ; Ino holding her child Melikertes in her arms, before her, sometimes, Isthmos seated on a rock, with a dolphin repre- senting the sea ; Ino throwing herself from the' rock Moluris with Melikertes in her arms, in front dolphin or sea-god stretching out his arms to receive the child. The following types are also worthy of note : z a 340 COLONIES OF CORINTH. Isthmos personified as a naked youth, either seated or standing, and holding one or two rudders, in allusion to the two ports of Corinth, inscr. in one instance ISTHMVS. The two ports Lechaeum and Cenchreae as nymphs holding rudders, legend sometimes LECH, CEMCH, or as re- cumbent male figures with the Acrocorinthus between them. The port of Cenchreae with statue of Poseidon in the centre, on either side of the harbour are the temple of Aphrodite and the sanctuaries of Asklepios and Isis, while below are three galleys (Paus., ii. 3, 3). Statues of Poseidon in vai'ious attitudes. Temple of Poseidon with Tritons on the roof (Paus., ii. i, 7). Poseidon in chariot drawn by hippo- camps. Isis Pharia. Artemis huntress. Artemis Ephesia. Among the numerous copies of statues on the coins of Corinth one of the most interesting is that of the Aphrodite of the Acrocorinthus, standing naked to waist, and holding the shield of Ares, on the polished surface of which she is gazing at her reflection as in a mirror. This type illustrates the epithet inrXiajxivr] applied by Pausanias (ii. 5, i) to the statue. The Acro- corinthus with temple of Aphrodite on the top, and buildings and a tree at the foot. Head of Aphrodite or of the famous Hetaira Lai's, rev. Tomb of Lai's, consisting of the capital of a column surmounted by a lioness standing over a prostrate ram, as described by Pausanias (ii. 2, 4), Tacf>os Aathos,

, A/V\(t)l, AMOIA, AMIAO, AMOIAOXnN. Astacus, with AS. Coronta, with K. Leucas, A, A, AE, AEY, AEYKAAI and AEYKAAI^N. Metropolis, M and M. Palaerus C*) TTAAAIP in Mon. (Divisions only.) Phytia, . (Divisions only.) Thyrrheium, 0, OY, OYP, OYPP. Acarnanian Federal with Pi-, struck in Leucas. (6) In Oorcyra ;— K, *, ^, and KOP. (c) In Ejnrus: — Ambracia, A, A, AM, AMP, AMPPA, AMPPAKI, AMPPA- KIOTAN, AMPPAKIHTAN, and AMBPAKiriTAN. Epirote federal, IaE (ATTEI) and A (probably for Ambracia). (d) In lUyria : — ApoUonia, APOA. Epidamnus— Dyrrhachium,with^orA,AYP,AYPA,AYPPAXlNnN. (e) In Sicily : — Eryx with TIN. Leontini, AEONTINON. Syracuse, SYPAKOSION and SYPAKOSiriN. ( f) In Bmttium : — Locri Epizephyrii, /^, AO, AOK, AOKPi^N. Mesma, M and NE. Ehegium, Pi. Terina,"E. Of the above cities ■which adopted the Corinthian stater, Anactorium, Leucas, and Ambracia appear to be the only ones which did so before the close of the fifth century, for of these towns alone, in addition to Corinth, are staters extant of the transitional and early fine style. Epidamnus, Argos-Amphilochicum, and Alyzia, followed their example at a somewhat later period, but it was not until after the middle of the fourth century that the Corinthian stater came into general use in the western parts of Greece, in Bruttium, and in Sicily. From this time until the middle of the third century the Pegasos staters continued to be issued in large quantities, chiefly,>it is to be inferred, for the purposes of trade with Italy and Sicily, where the largest finds of this class of coin have been brought to light. The Pegasos coinage, common though it undoubtedly was to many cities, is not to be confounded with a federal coinage properly so-called, such as that of the Achaean League, as there is no reason to suppose that it was adopted in pursuance of reciprocal treaties between Corinth on the one part, and the towns participating in the coinage on the other. The various cities would seem rather to have selected the Corinthian 342 PELOPONNESUS. types independently of one another, and for their own individual con- venience and profit, much in the same way as many Asiatic cities, long after the death of Alexander, copied the Macedonian tetradrachm, which his conquests had raised to the rank of an international coin, familiar in all the markets of the Greek East. In the outset no doubt the Corinthian coinage may have been imposed either by choice or necessity upon Anactorium and Leucas by the mother city, Corinth ; but from these mints the system appears to have spread naturally enough throughout the Acheloiis-district among towns which, as members of the Acarnanian League, were quite beyond the influence of the ' city of the two seas.' Thus, as Dr. Imhoof-Blumer (Acarnavia, p. 12) has pointed out, the Pegasos staters within the limits of Acarnania became a quasi-federal Acarnanian coinage, while outside those limits they would circulate freely side by side with the staters of Corinth herself, Ambracia, Syracuse, etc., as a generally recognised international currency. PELOPONNESUS. The history of the coinage of the Peloponnesus, regarded as a whole, inay be summed up in a few words. From the age of Pheidon of Argos down to the Persian wars the only coins generally current in Pelopon- nesus were on the north coast the Corinthian Pegasos staters, elsewhere the staters of Aegina. In the interior the Arcadian triobols served the purpose of small change. The Aeginetic standard continued to be everywhere prevalent in Peloponnesus, The splendid and varied series of Elis does not begin before the close of the period of archaic art (circ. B.C. 480). Between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars we note an increase in the number of Arcadian mints, Cleitor, Heraea, Mantineia, Pallantium, Paroreia, and Psophis, all issuing small silver coins in addition to the money of the Arcadian League. In the next period, B.C. 430-370, the Arcadian Federal money is entirely superseded by the local issues of the various Arcadian cities. The place occupied of old by the Aeginetic stater is now filled by the beautiful staters of Elis, Sicyon, and Argos. With the restoration of Messene and the renewal, under Theban auspices, of the Arcadian Confederation, B.C. 370, Messene and Megalo-' pohs were added to the now considerable number of Peloponnesian mints. After B.C. 323, when Peloponnesus had for the most part fallen under Macedonian dominion, the greater number of the. Peloponnesian towns ceased to strike silver in their own names, and between B.C. 280 and 146 the Federal coinage of the Achaean League became little by little the chief currency in Peloponnesus, the types and style of which, the few mints which held aloof from the League tended more and more to imitate. With the constitution of the Eoman Province in B.C. 146, all silver money (except perhaps at Patrae) was put an end to. Bronze coins continued, however, to be issued at many towns. As a rule the Imperial coinage is confined to the time of Sept. Severus and his family. PELOPONNESUS. V 343 The following table includes the coins not only of Peloponnesus, but of Attica, Aegina, and Corinth : — 700-480 480-430 430-370 370-322 322-280 280-146 146-27 Imperial Times. . Athens M M NMM MM MM MM M Eleusis M Oropus M M Salamis M M Aegosthena M Megara M MM Fed. M M Pag;ie Fed. M Aegina EL.^. JR JR JEi M M M Corinth M M MM Jlii Jej MM M.MSc Fed. Phlius M.M M.JE Fed. M Sicyon M.JE M.M MM M & Fed. M Aegae M M Aegeira M Fed. M M Aegium Fed. M M Bura M Cerynei.L Fed. Dyme MM Fed. Helice „. M Patr;ie Fed. MM M Pellene MM Fe.l. Elis JR M M M Fed. M M Hypana. Fed. Pisa S Cephallenia M M M.M M Ithaca M M Zacyntlms M M MM MM MM M Cythera M Messene MM MM M.M& Fed. M Aeine Fed. M Colore Corone M. M & Fea. Cyparissia M Mothone M M Pyliis M M Thuria M M Asopus M M Boeae M Cranae M Gythium M Laceclaemon Jx\i .^Xi ^.^'&Fed. M M Las M Argos Ml JR M MM AIM M.M& Fed. M Cleonae • . . M M Fed. M Epidaurus MM M.] MJ Fed. M Hermione M,M Fed. M Methana M M Mideia M Tiryns M Troezeh M M.M M 344 PHLIASIA. 700-480 480-430 430-370 370-322 322-280 280-146 146-27 Impeiial Times. Alea M Fed. Alipheira Fed. Asea Fed. Callista Fed. Caphya Fed. JE Cleitor M m'je Fed. Mi Dipaea ... Fed. Eli.sphasii ... Fed. Gortys Fed. Heraea A m'm '"jE Fed. ^ Lusi Fed. Mantineia M M m" "JE Fed. M Megalopolis MM Fed. M Methydrium "jE Fed. Orchomenus ... ^ *.. M . Pallantium M m' Fed. Paroreia JB, JR Pheneua M. JRJE Fed. JE Phigaleia Fed. M Psophis M Jl\j .f^' M Stymphalus JR jE MM Fed. Tegea M j3i J£j Fed. M Teiithis Fed. Theisoa Fed. Thelpusa JlSi Ji*j Fed. M M Arcadia. Fed. M M Ji^ Jtj [Note.— For tlie metals of the Federal coins in the above Table, see p. 351 sq.] FHI.IASIA. Phlins was an independent city whose territory consisted of the valley of the river Asopus, bounded on either side by mountains. It derived its name from a certain Phlias, or Phlios, a son of Dionysos (Pans., ii. 1 2, 6), and the temple of Dionysos was the most ancient edifice in the town. Its coins consist of drachms and smaller divisions of Aeginetic weight. Girc. B.C. 430-322. 21 ON (end of obv. inscr.) iu the four corners of an incuse square, within which a wheel , . . M, Drachm. Bull with head lowered (tauviforra Dionysos, or river Asopus). In exergue AEIA. In the centre of the wheel there is usually a pellet enclosed in a circle, which here, as at Delphi, may symbolize the 6fx(^aA.o'j, a sacred stone at Phlius, which the inhabitants, with unaccountable ignorance of distances, affirmed to be the centre of Peloponnesus (Paus., ii. 13, 3). The hemidrachms and smaller coins are uninseribed, but bear on the reverse a large /3oXov) . JR. Triob. Id. Z and ('0)3oXo?) . . M Obol. M = Z in incuse square . Al ^ Obol. Dove flying in incuse square, in corners Z and H ('H/iio/3dXio>/) . M \ Obol. Id. . . . . . .^ J: Obol. WitTiout Incuse Square. SE Chimaera. Apollo, kneeling on one knee, .with bow and arrows. Flying dove . . . £E in laurel-wreath M Triob. M \ Obol. Circ. B.C. 400-322. Fig. 234. S E (rarely £ I ) Chimaera, above, some- times, wreath ; beneath, sometimes kneeling Apollo with bow. Head of river-god Asopus (?), etc. SE or i.\ Dove alighting. Dove flying in laurel-wi-eath, often with letters in field, A, E, I, N, AO AP PA, SIBYPTIO[S, etc., or symbols! bow, ivy-leaf etc. (Fig. 224) . -51 Stater and Drachm. W Jl Drachm." 346 SIC YON I A. £E or £1 Chimaera. £ or SI Dove alighting. 5 or £ Lion walking. Head of Apollo. Id. Apollo kneeling with bow and arrows. Apollo with lyre, seated on rock. Head of A2:iolIo. Dove flying. Id Id. . Id. . Lyre in wreath Lyre . . . 2E in wreath . ZE in monogram Letters in field . M Tnobol. M Diobol. . M Obol. M I Obol. M Obol. M Obol. M i Obol. M i Obol. M i Obol. Beonze. Naked Apollo holding up a long fillet, which falls behind his back ; in field, dove. Dove flying. Id. Head of Apollo. Dove flying. Zl in wreath ^■65 Tripod in wreath JE -65 Z in wreath . . . JE -55 Z in wreath M ■•] Magistrates' names, EY, AH, OEY,KAE, ME, TE, within a wreath . JE -65 Zl Dove feeding. Zl Tripod in wreath . . . JE ■"] Some of the names on these bronze coins have been identified by R. Weil (Zeit f. N., vii. 376) with historical personages, among whom Euphron may be mentioned, who made himself tyrant of Sicyon shortly after B.C. 368. C'irc. B.C. 322-251. After the close of the Lamian war, B.C. 322, Sieyon passed for a time into the hands of the Macedonians, under whose rule tetradrachms were struck there, with the name and types of Alexander the Great (b. c. 316-308), (Miiller, Hon. cVAlex., Nos- 864-898). A large number of these tetradrachms was discovered near Patrae in 1850 (C. T. 1^ erwion. Num. Chroii., 1853, p. 29). Some of the accessory symbols on these coins, such as Apollo holding a fillet behind his back, and the Chimaera, are undoubtedly Sicyonian. The whole class is distinguished by its peculiar fabric. The majority of the specimens have the throne of Zeus surmounted by two small figures of Nike. Contemporary with these tetradrachms are the following series of Aeginetic triobols (or Attic tetrobols) and bronze : — Flying dove. Large Z surrounded by magistrate's name, all in shallow incuse square . J& Triobol. Among the names the following occur: — AINEIAZ, AAEZIHN, AMEINIAZ, ANAPnNlAAZ, OPAZYKAHZ. KAEANAPOZ, AYAIAAAZ, ZENOTIMOZ, OAYMniAAAZ, HOAYKPATHZ, HPOMAXIAAZ, ZHZI- KPATHZ. Flying dove and one of the above names. Zl in wreath ^•65 Dove feeding, ANAPOTIMOZ. Head of Apollo. , Zl Tripod in wreath . . . JE ■'j Zl Dove flying, carrying fillet, and I magistrate's name . . . ./B -7 For coins of Sicyon as member of the Achaean League, see p. 351. ACHAIA. 347 Concerning the coins of Sicyon, Col. Leake remarks {Num. Hell., p. 95) that 'the change from SEKYHN or SEIKYnN to SIKYHM occurred about the time of Alexander the Great. The bird is probably the wood -pigeon, great numbers of which still inhabit the cliffs that surround the ancient site. They were perhaps sacred to Aphrodite, whose temple was one of the principal edifices of Sicyon, and in which there was a seated statue of the goddess by Canachus (Paus., ii. 10).' The M = Z, which so frequently occurs as a coin type, was the device of the city, and was placed by the Sicyonians on their shields (Xen., Hell., iv. 4)- . . Imperial coins exist from Domitian to Geta. Inscr., CIKYnNlfiN. Types, various ; the most remarkable is a representation of a tomb (cf. Paus., ii. 7) 3). The coin shows a small distyle temple on a rock, flanked by two tall terminal figures, and by two cypress trees. Another coin has for type a Maenad in attitude of frenzy, holding a sword and a bunch of grapes, perhaps one of the Maenads in the temple of Dionysos at Sicyon .mentioned by Pausanias (ii. 7, 5). Another very frequent type is a naked Apollo with hands raised, holding a long fillet. There also occur on Imperial coins of Sicyon figures of Aphrodite and Eros, of Dionysos, of Pan, of Artemis Pheraea (Paus., ii. 10, 7), of Demeter, of Tyche ^AKpaia (Paus., ii. 7, 5), etc. ACHAIA. Aegae was in early times (after Heliee) the chief seat of the worship of Poseidon in Achaia. The town gradually fell into decay, until, before the time of Alexander the Great, the remnant of its inhabitants migrated to the neighbouring Aegeira. Its coins are triobols of the Aeginetic standard. B.C. 480-430. DM Forepart of goat. D I A Forepart of goat. {Zeit.f. Num., v. i. 6, 7, 8.) Incuse square quartered . M, Triob. VVOIAMA Archaic head of bearded Dionysos ivy-crowned in incuse square M Triob. Cire. B.C. 430-365. AlC Forepart of goat. AICAION Similar head of fine style . M Triob. AICAION Goat standinsr . M Obol. Head of young Dionysos crowned with ivy. See Zeit.f. Num., v. p. 5, and Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 157. Aegeira. To this town, which stood between Aegae and Pellene, the inhabitants of the former place removed when it fell into decay. Circ. B. c. 350. Head of Pallas in close fitting crested | AIT Forepartof goat in wreath M-kk helmet. I ^ ^ 00 ^.65 For Federal .coins, see Achaean League, p. 351. After B.C. 146. AiriPATAN Veiled female head, | Goat standing in wreath 348 ACIIAIA. Imperial, Severus, Domna, and Plautilla. Inscr., AirCIPATHN, rarely AiriPATnN. Aegium, the chief political and religious centre of Achaia, and the meeting-place of the delegates of the various cities which composed the League. Of this town, with the exception of the federal money (p. 351), bronze coins only are known. Girc. B.C. 146-43. HMIOBeAiN Head of Zeus. Airi€nN Kiver god (Seliiuis) . M -8 AineriN HeadofZeus. HMIOBeAiN Zeus hurling fulmen (prob. Zeus Soter, cf. Paus., vii. 23, 7). ^.85 Other varieties with magistrates' names, OEOZIOZ KAHTAIOZ. AinenN HeadofZeus. HMIOBeAiN Nymph Phthia with in- flated veil following a dove, which looks back at her . . . . M .85 The type of this coin alludes to a local myth, which told how Zeus in the form of a dove seduced the nymph Phthia (Athenaeus, ix. p. 395 ', Aelian, Far. Hist., i. 15). HMIOBCAIN is suppo.sed to be a variant of HMIOBOAION. AinenN HeadofZeus. HMIOBCAlN Infant Zeus suckled by goat between two trees. The goat looks back at an eagle . . . M ■'] This type is explained by Strabo, viii. p. 387, Xa-Topovai 6' ivravOa koX Tov A[a inr' alybi Tpa(f)fjvai KaOomep (Prjal kol "Aparos. AinenN Head of young Dionysos crowned with ivy. AinenN Bust of Artemis. OEOZIOZ KAHTAIOZ Eagle. M ■'j OEOZIOZ KAHTAIOZ Female figure, Eileithyia(?), standing holding knife(?) Cf. Pausanias, vii. 23, 5, where, however, Eileithyia is said to have held a torch. Imperial coins from Hadrian to Geta. Types : Ant. Pius, Artemis holding two torches (Paus., vii. 24, 1). Others reading ZeYC MefAC are associated with a figure of Zeus, hurling fulmen and holding eagle. BTira, destroyed by an earthquake B. c. 373, but subsequently rebuilt, joined the Achaean League B. c. 275, but none of its federal coins have as yet been found. Imperial, of Severus and his family. Inscr., BOYPAeuuN. Types: Herakles wielding club, perhaps a copy of the statue of Herakles Buraecus in the oracular cavern, sacred to Herakles, between Bura and the Corinthian Gulf. Another coin has Eileithyia facing, holding a torch (cf. Paus., vii. 23. 3, 5). Ceryneia. Federal coins only (see p. 351). Syme, the most western city of Achaia, bordering upon Elis, struck small silver and bronze coins circ. B. c. 350 {Zeit. f. Num., vii. 366). Inscr. AY or AYMA. AEGIUM—PATRAE. 349 Amphora . . . . M Obol Broad fish . . . . ^.65 AY in wreath . . ^-65 Id . , ^-65 Female head. Id. Head of Pallas. Female head, veiled. For other varieties, and for coins struck at Dyme as a Roman colony, reading C. I. D. or C. I. A. DVM. (Colonia Julia Augusta, Dumaeorum), J. Caesar to Tiberius, sometimes with names of the Duumviri quin- quennales followed by the formula EX. D. D. (ex decreto decurionum), see Imhoof, Moti. Gr., p. 162 sqq. See also Federal Coins, p. 351. Helice. The most ancient of all the cities of Aehaia was totally destroyed in the earthquake of B.C. 373, when its territory was in- corporated with that of Aegium. Circ. B. c. 400-373. EAIK (retrog.) Head of Poseidon dia- demed within a circle of waves. Trident between doljjhins in wreath. {2./. N., vii. PL VIII. 6) . JE■^ At this city was a famous temple of Poseidon, called Helikonios, to whose anger the destruction of the town was attributed (A''«ffl. C//ro?i., 1 861, p. 316). Patrae, previously known under the name of Aroe, was a port on the Corinthian Gulf between Aegium and Dyme. As a member of the Achaean League from B.C. 280 it issued silver coins (p. 351), but apparently none of bronze. Circ. B.C. 146-43. After the dissolution of the League it appears to have been allowed to retain the exceptional privilege of striking money both in silver and bronze. Head of Aphrodite (1). Head of Zeus, APICTAPXOC AAMUUNOC Diony- soj holding thyrsos. AAMACIAC and nATP (in mon.) all in wreath ^36 grs, ATYC AICXPIUUNOC and same mon. in wreath ... . ^ 36 grs. nATPeUjM Sepulchral monument of the oekist Patreus, all in wreath of ivy JE --J This monument, according to Paus., vii. 20, stood in the agoi'a of Patrae. Among other types are the following, bearing the names of various magistrates ;n full : — Head of bearded Heraklea. Head of Pallas. Owl, magistrate, AAMACIAC. Pallas, with shield and spear, advancing (cf. Pans., vii. 20) .... ^ .8 Poseidon wielding trident (cf. Paus., vii. 21) ,^-75 Trident, between TT-A . . . M ^55 It was at Patrae that M. Antonius passed the winter before the battle of Actium, B.C. 32-31, and it must have been on this occasion that coins were struck at Patrae with the portrait of Cleopatra, rev. Head-dress of Isis. After the battle of Actium, Augustus established a colony at Patrae, which continued to strike money until the time of Gordianus, Inscr. C. A. A. P. (Colonia Augusta Aroe Patrensis). Among the remark- able types are copies of the statues of Artemis Laphria, with her doc beside her, by Menaechmus and Soidas in the temple of that goddess at'^Patrae. 350 ACHAIA. This statue was transpoi-ted to Patrae by Augustus from Aetolia. Pausanias (vii. 18, 6) thus describes it, cyrfiJ.a rod aydknaTos Orjpevova-a kdTW f\i(f)aVTOS Se Kol \pVCrOV ■ff€T70t7J7ai. In honour of this goddess a splendid festival was celebrated at Patrae, in which Pausanias tells us that the priestess of the goddess, a maiden drawn in a biga of stags, closed the festal procession. This type occurs on coins of M. Aurelius. Another statue mentioned by Pausanias (vii. 20, 5), which is copied on coins of Commodus, is that of Asklepios. Other types show Hermes seated on a rock, with a ram before him, perhaps copied from a statue at Corinth (Paus., ii. 3, 4). The following topographical type is also worthy of remark: — Plan of the town and harbour of Patrae ; above, three temples ; below, a statue on a pedestal. This type is varied on coins of Gordian, where we see a colossal statue in the centre of the harbour, galleys within the port, and several small buildings over it. Pellene, the most eastern town in Achaia, struck silver and bronze coins in the latter half of the fourth century. Ch-e. B. c. 370-322. Head of Apollo. PEA in laurel-wreath Ai Triob. Lyre- P-E Tripod M -^ Head of Apollo. PE (in vion.) Eam's head in wreath . ^•65 Apollo Theoxenios was the god chiefly worshipped at Pellene, lo-rt koL 'Atto'AAcoi'os Qio^ivLov H(.k\rjviV(nv lepov' to be ayaXp-a x.a\Kov TreTToCrjTai (Paus., vii. 27). Pellene became a member of the Achaean League about B.C. 270 (see p. 351). _ _ On the Imperial coins, Severus and family, inscr. TTEAAHNGnhi, are figures of Dionysos Lampter (Paus., I. c), standing naked with kantharos and thyrsos, and of Artemis with torch and bow (Paus., l. c.) -. TTXrja-iov be Tov ' AttoWcovos vaos ecrnv ' ApTejiibos, To^evovarjs be rj Qebs iiape^eTai (yyrjjxa. ACHAEAN LEAGUE. [Leicester AVarren, Greek Federal Coinage, London, 1863 ; Lambros, P., Zeitsehrift filr Numismatik, 1875, P- 160; Weil, E., Zeit. f. Num., 1882, p. 199.] The earliest federal money of this famous League appears to date from the time before the Macedonian Conquest. Before circ. B.C. 330. Head of Zeus Homagyrios. j AX (in mon.) . M, Heraidrachm. Head of Pallas. i Id. . . . . . M ■^ It was not, however, until the reorganisation of the League in B. c. 280, when Patrae and Dyme succeeded in throwing off the yoke of the Mace- donians, that the plentiful coinage, which for about 130 years formed the staple of the currency of Peloponnesus, regularly commenced. Gradually, as town after town was brought within the political union, the circle of federal mints went on widening, each town on its admission to the League agreeing to adopt a uniform coinage, not only in silver, but also' ACHAEAN LEAGUE. 351 in bronze ; for identity of laws, weights, measures, and coinage was, as Polybius, ii. 37, informs us, imposed by the central authorities upon all the members of the Confederation: wcrre ju,?) \x6vov avjiixaxiKriv kol (^iXiKr\v KOLVcdvCav yeyovivat irpayixaTcav wept avTovs, aWa km, vojxols xPV'^^ol'- ^"'J atroij Kal a-raOfxois koI ixerpoLS kol voixicrixacn, k.t.K. The types of the federal silver coin were as follows : — Fig. 225. Head of Zeus Homagyrios (Fig. 225). The Achaean monogram, around which various letters, monograms, local sym- bols, names of magistrates or of cities, usually abbreviated, all within wreath of bay . . . Ai 40-34 grs. It is upon these symbols, etc., that the classification to particular cities is based with more or less probability. The bronze coinage is much more historically important than the silver, since it offers the name of each city in full, preceded by the name of the Achaeans collectively, e.g. AXAIflN KOPlNOinN, etc. Types as follows : — Full length figure of Zeus Homagyrios holding Nike and leaning on sceptre. Demeter Panachaia (1) seated, holding wreath and resting on aceptre . JE --j On one side is the name of the city, on the other a local magistrate's name, nearly always at full length. Zeus Homagyrios, the assembler of men, and Demeter Panachaia, were the protecting divinities of the League, whose temples stood side by side at Aegium, where the central assembly held its meetings, e^e^T/s be t<2 'Ofj-ayvpLw Att Tlavax^aias eo-ri ArnnjTpos (Paus., vii. 34, a). The towns which took part in this federal currency are about forty- three in number. The probable date of admission to the League is added wherever I have been able to ascertain it. In Achaia, B.C. Aegeira, 2 74(?) M Symb. Half-goat Aegium, 275 . Ceryneia, 273 Dyme, 280 Patrae, 280 Pellene,'2 74(?) &, Symb. freq. Fulmen . J& ,, Trident M „ Fish . ^ „ Doljihin. J& Symb. Lyre or vafe . M AXAinN AirEIPAinN. M AXAinN AITEnN. .E AXAinN KAPYNEHN. JE AXAIflN AYMAIIiNl. JE AXAinNnEAAAMEHN. Sicyon, 251 Phlius, 228 Corinth, 243 Megara, 243 Pagae, 208 .51 Symb. Dove, tripod M JH (p or Peyasos Lyre JE AXAinN ziKynMinN. JE AXAinN OAEIASinN. JE AXMnN KOPINOinM JE AXAinN METAPEHN JE AXAinN nAFAinN. 352 ACIIAIA. In Argolis, B.C. Argos, 228 . 1^ ^y^l;^ Wolfs-Tiead, harpa, | ^ ^XAinM APrEliiN. Cleonae, 229 . M AXAinN KAEnNAinN. Epidaurus, 243 M SYmh.Ser2)ent,cu2)2>ing-vessel JR AXAIHN ETTIAAYPEfiN. Hermione, 229 iE AXAIIlN EPMIONEHN. In Arcadia, b. c. Alea,bef.235 ^ AXAinisI AAEATAN. Alipheira, 194 . . . ^ AXAinN AAIYEnN. Cleitor. . . ^R Letters K AH " . . . . ^ AXAPHN KAEITOPinN. Dipaea, 194 . . . . . JE AXAIHN AinAIEIlN. Elisphasii, 194 . . . M AXAinN EAIZOAZIUN. Gortys, 194 .. . ... JE AXAinN KOPTYNIHN. Heraea, bef. 234 . . . yE AXAIHN HPAIEHN Lusi .... JE AXAinN AOYZIATAM. Mantineia, bef. 2 2 2 ^E Symb. Trident. Mantineia, called 1 ^ j^g^^^^g ^^ .... .E AXAinN ANTirONEnN. Antigoneia, 2 2 2 j Megalopolis, 234 {^ ^/i^^^^""'''/''!^""'' } ^ AXAINN MErAAOnOAIT^N. Methydrium JE AXAinN MEGYAPIEHM. Pallantium, 194 JR Symb. TTAA, Trident . JE AXAinM HAAAANTEnN. Pheneus, 234 . M „ Caduceus . . . JE AXAinN tDENEHN. ^,. ,. „ fiE AXAinN irAAEnN or Phigaha, 208 I ctXAAEflN. Stymplialus,bef.234 ^ AXAinN ZTYMAAinN. Tegea, 222 . . JR Letters TE . . . . JE AXAinN TETEATAN. Teuthis . . JE AXAinN TEYOIAAN. Theisoa, 194 .^ AXAinN OIZOAinN(orEhN). Thelpusa, bef. 234 JE AXAinN OEAnOYZinN. In Elis, B.C. Elis, 191 . JB. Letiers FA, Eagle, dove, fidmen M AXAinN AAEinN. Hypana JE AXAinN YHANnN. In Jilessenia, B.C. Asine ■ JE AXAinN AZiNAinN. Corone,i84 JE AXAinN KOPnNAinN. Messene, 191. . iH Letters MEZ or ME . ^ AXAinN MEZZANinN. In Laconia, B.C. Laeedaemon, 192 JR Sjmh. Pilei of DiosJcuri. A C HA I A (Roman Provmce). The only Imperial coins of the Roman Province of Achaia which call for special notice are the following, which belong rather to the class of dedicatory medallions than to the ordinary cuiTency, although it is ELIS. 353 probable that they also circulated as money. It was no unusual thrng for wealthy individuals to undertake, on behalf of their native cities, the entire expenses of religious festivals, games, dedications of temples, or other solemnities, in return for municipal honours of various kinds. The sums paid into the local exchequer by such public benefactors, _ when issued in the form of coin, usually bore the name of the donor m the nominative case, together with his honorary title and the verb avidr^Ke, followed by the name of the city or province in the dative or genitive. Such dedicatory pieces are not uncommon in Asia Minor, but in Europe they are very rarely met with. The following examples were struck at Corinth by Hostilius Marcellus, the priest of the worship of the deified Antinous, and by him dedicated to the Achaeans and Corinthians : — OCTIAIOC MAPKeAAOC l€P€YC TOY ANTINOOY Bust of Antinous. Rev., TOIC AXAIOIC ANeOHKeN Antinous leaning on terminal figure, or as Bellerophon taming Pegasos (Mion., ii. i6o. 97, 98). Another, but with KOPlHOinN ANeOHK€N. Rev. Type, Helios in biga (Mion., ii. 180. 239). ELIS. Circ. B.C. 480-421. Figs. 226, 227. The beautiful silver coins of Elis, of the Aeginetic standard, form a series, which, for the variety of treatment, and the high artistic ability which it evinces, is excelled by no other class of coins in European Greece; There are no coins of Elis which can be said to belong to the period of archaic art before the Persian wars ; but from about B. c. 480 until Elis became dependent upon Macedon after the Lamian war, B.C. 322, the silver staters of Elis form an almost unbroken series, which Professor Gardner, in his able essay on the coins of Elis (Num. Chron., 1879, p. 221 sqq.), has arranged in fifteen periods, corresponding with the political history of the city. In the present work a more general classification is all that need be attempted. The whole land of Elis was sacred to the Olympian Zeus, and the symbols of this god, the Thunder-holt, and the Eagle tvith a serpent, a hare, or other animal in his claws, the well-known omen of victory sent by Zeus, Ato? re'pas atyto'xoio (II., xii. 21 1), form the constant types of the coins of Elis from about B.C. 480-421 (Figs. 226-229). Other varieties exhibit Nike in various attitudes, ruiming to crown a victor in the games, or seated on a cippus, or standing with the sacred fillet in her hand ; or again, the Olympian Zeus himself, enthroned, with his eagle flying beside him, or wielding the thunder-bolt. A.a 354 EL IS. Figs. 228, 229. The following coin is remarkable, as bearing the engraver's name EYO . . . , not improbably the same EYO . . . who was shortly after- wards employed as a coin engraver at Syracuse (p. 100) :— Eagle devouring hare. Incuse square, within which FA, Nike with spread wings running 1., hold- ing wreath in outstretched hand ; in front EYO . , . M Stater. The inscriptions on the coins of the above period are FA or FAAEION and in one instaice OAYMPIKON without the name of the Eleians at all, denoting probably that the coin was issued on the occasion of one of the Olympic festivals, at which, as at Delphi during the Pythian festivals, fairs or markets were held, such as would naturally call forth an unusually large issue of Eleian coins, for the convenience of visitors irom all parts of the Greek world. Circ. B. c. 421-365. The introduction of the head of Hera as an Eleian coin-type is sup- posed by Professor Gardner {op. ciL) to have been introduced both at Ehs and Argos about the time of the alliance contracted, circ. B.C. 430, between Elis, Argos, and Mantineia. But, although it. is quite con- ceivable that in the worship of Hera the Argives and Eleians may have tound a bond of union, which they expressed upon their respective coinages, I cannot admit that the head of Hera, either at Elis or at Argos, makes its appearance on the coins before the end of the fifth century. The chief Eleian coin-types of this period are the foUowing :— Figs. 230, 231. Head of Zeus laureate, features large, hair short behind, style severe. Head of Hera wearing lofty Stephanos adorned with conventional flowers, the letters HPA sometimes above or on the Stephanos. F-A Fulmen in wreath of wild olive (Fig. 230) M Stater. Id. (Fig. 231) M Stater, Drachui, J Dr. & Obol. ELI8. 355 Eagle's head of noble style, beneath it, a leaf, on which sometimes en- graver's initials A A (or A A). Fulmen in wreath of wild olive (Fig- 232) M, Stater, Drachm, Triobol, & Obol. On the drachm the Eagle's head is accompanied by a lizard. Another type (Fig. 233), which is supposed to have been sug- gested by the trophy erected by the Eleians in commemoration of a victory which they gained over Agis king of Sparta (Pans., vi. a, 4), shows Sike with spread wings and hokling a palm in her hand, seated on a basis of two steps. Fig. 233. This type is one of the most striking compositions in Greek numis- matic art. The monument, which it probably represents more or less faithfully, was the work of the Sculptor Daedalus of Sicyon, and was set up about B. c. 400 in the altis at Olympia. Professor Gardner has even ventured to suggest that Daedalus may actually have been employed to engrave coins for the Eleians about this time, and that the letters A A which he reads on some specimens (Fig. 232) may stand for his name, but Dr. Imhoof-Blumer {Mo7i. Gr., p. 168) disputes the reading A A and prefers to read AA. Circ. B.C. 365-322. '^ \ -""^N. J " %:J Tj^X l> ^^ ^^1 ^"'^:^^ ^"^H 1 \o ' \. '-i| vjjn!' °dv >i./«iiSp _Ur W^ Fig. 234- This period embraces the age of the Theban supremacy in Pelopon- A a 2 356 EL IS. The Eleian coins now offer a head of Zens of softer and more ornate style than the large and severe conception of the same divinity previ- ously met with (Fig. 234). A head of the nymph Oli/mpia, sometimes aocompanied by her name OAYMPIA, now also makes its appearance on the money of Elis, and may be intended as an assertion of the claim of the Eleians to the exclusive administration of the Olympic games ; a right which the Pisatans, backed by the Arcadians, successfully disputed on the occasion of the 104th Olympiad (b.c. 364). (See Pisa, p. 357.) To this period probably belong also the series of coins with the head of Hera, rev., Eacjle within a wreath of olive (Num. Chron., 1879, PL XIV.), these heads being unquestionably later in style than the bolder Hera -head of the preceding period (Fig. 231). The inscription on the money of this time is FA or FAAEIflN. Circ. B.C. 322-312. During this period of Macedonian supremacy, if any coins were struck at Elis, they will probably be found among the tetradraehms issued by Alexander's generals in Peloponnesus in the name and with the types of Alexander the Great (cf. Miiller, Mon. d'Alex., Nos. 894 and 895). €irc. B.C. 312-271. Fig. 235. During the precarious autonomy which followed the expulsion of Telesphorus, a general of Antigonus, who had made himself supreme in Ehs, the series of Eleian coins begins again. The types of most frequent occurrence are Heads of Zeus and of Hera, of late, and often of careless style. That of Zeus has flowing hair, and closely resembles the contemporary Zeus-head on the coins of Boeotia, struck after Demetrius had presented Thebes with her freedom, B.C. 288 (cf. Figs. 235 and 201). Some of the later specimens of these coins bear the letters AP or API, showing them to have been struck under the rule of Aristotimus, who made himself despot of Elis B.C. 272-271 (Justin, xxvi. i). iCirc. B.C. 271-191. Fig. 236. ELIS—PI8A. 357 Throughout this long period, the Head of Zens and t/ie Eagle, frequently contending with a serpent, are the types of most common occurrence. In style they exhibit a steady degradation, and as a rule they bear in the field the initials of the names of successive tyrants, none of whom have however been identified (Fig. 336). Circ. B.C. 191-146. In B.C. 191 Elis was compelled by the Achaeans, njuch against her will, to join their League. (For coins, see p. 352.) Circ. B.C. 146-43. With the Roman conquest the series of the silver coins of Elis comes to an end, but the town still continued to issue bronze money of base style. Head of Zeus. Head of Apollo. FAAEinN in wreath . . . M -i FA Zeus striding to right, wielding fulmen and holding eagle . M -d Imperial Times. Hadrian to Caracalla. Inscr., HAEIflN or HAEIUJN. The following types deserve especial mention. Hadrian, rev., Figure of Zeus Olympios seated on throne, holding Nike, and resting on sceptre. Hadrian, rev., Head of Zeus Olympios (Gardner, Types of GJc. Coins, PI. XV. 1 8 and 19). There can be no doubt that these two remarkable coins are copies of the head, and of the entire statue of the world-renowned chrysele- phantine Zeus of Pheidias at Olympia, and moreover that they are the most faithful copies of this masterpiece which have been handed down to us (cf. Gardner, Coins of Elis, p. 47 sq.). Hadrian, rev., Biver-god Alphe'ms reclining, holding in his right hand a wreath and in his left a reed, at his feet an urn with a palm. It was on the banks of this river that the Olympian games were solemnized, to which the palm in a prize urn here alludes. Pisa. The ancient city of Pisa, a little to the east of Olympia, had been destroyed by the Eleians in B.C. 57a, but the descendants of its former inhabitants continued to be distinguished as Pisatans, and in B. c. 364 the Arcadians determined to restore to them their ancient right of presiding over the Olympic games. This attempt proved successful on the occasion of the 104th Olympiad. The Pisatans then seized the temple treasures, and converted them into coin for the payment of troops. A few specimens of this money, which is of gold, have been preserved. Head of Zeus. (Num. Chron., 1879, PI. XIV. 7.) Id. {Ihid., PI. XIV. 8.) P I ?A Three half thunderbolts . . . K Trihemiobol, 24 grs. Thunderbolt . . . K Obol. After this bold attempt on the part of the Pisatans, the Eleians recovered the presidency of the games, and forthwith ordered the 104th celebration to be omitted, as having been illegal, from the official list of Olympiads. 358 ISLANDS OFF ELIS. ISLANDS OFF ELIS. [De Eosset, Sur hi MO. dts ties de Cephallenia et d' Ithaca, London, 1845. Numismatiische Zeitung, 1837. Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 81.] Cephallenia, the largest of the Ionian islands, derived its name from the hero Kephalos. In historical times this island was a tetrapolis, the land being divided between the four towns, Same, Proni, Pale, and Cranii, each of which seems to have been independent of its neighbours. The money standard of the Cephallenian towns was the same as that which prevailed in Corcyra, viz. a light form of the Aeginetic. (Stater, 172 grs. [Drachm, 86 grs.] ; Tetrobol, 58 grs. ; Triobol, 44 grs. ; Diobol, 29grs. ; Trihemiobol, 22 grs. ; Obol, 14 grs.) Cranii, B. C. 500-430 or later. The archaic silver money of this town, Inscr., KR, KRA, KRAN, etc., shows on the obverse a ram's head (Stater); ram (Triob.); forepart of ram, R. TRI (Trihemiob.) ; head of ram (Obol), The usual reverse type is a bow. The following types also occur: — Female bust of archaic st^le. Female head of archaic style. Eam's head in incuse square jSI Tetrobol. Id M Trihemiobol. After circ. B.C. 400. Ram's head. I KPA Animal's hoof . . . iS Obol. Gorgon-head. „ TTT . . ^ Tritetartemorion. Ham's head. | „ H M, Hemiobol. On the bronze coins of the fourth century the usual types are : — Bam, rev., how ; Bull's head, rev., K ; Earn, rev., H ; Kephalos standing resting on spear, rev., KPA, raras head or hoof; Head of Pallas, rev., K or H ; Head of Pallas, rev., Kephalos kneeling with bow in hand; Helmet, rev., K ; etc. It will be seen that the types for the most part refer to the myth of Kephalos, and to the cultus of Hermes, his reputed father, to whom the ram was sacred. Imperial — Domna, Philip I., and Otacilia. See Num. Zeitung, 1837, 113. Pale: Circ. B.C. 480-400. P Earn. Incuse square, in which pine-cone and leaves . . . . M Triobol. Circ. B.C. 400-350. PA Head of Kephalos, bare. KEAAOS Kephalos naked, seated on rock holding spear M Tetrobol & Diobol. Similar . . . M Tetrobol & Diobol. PA Female head crowned with corn leaves (Demeter %). The same types occur on the bronze coins, but of these the most frequent reverse type is a corn-grain within the letter P, or the letters PA in monogram. For some other coins, possibly of Pale, see under Paros. '^^°^^'- Circ. B.C. 400-300. Head of Kephalos (1). Head of Zeus Aenesios. ppnisiNnN Club . . . .^ Triob. PP Fir-cone ^ -65 On the summit of Mt. Aenus, in the southern part of the island, was the temple of Zeus Alvriam. This mountain is still covered with forests CEPHALLENIA—ZACTNTHUS. 339 of fir-trees, which the fir-cone shows must also have been the case in ancient times. Same : Circ. B.C. 400-300. Head of Kephalos (?) with short hair, laureate. Head of Pallas facing. Id. SAMAinN DoQ. AlTefrob.andDiob. „ Ram. M Tetrob. Id. . . . M -75-6 The dog on the silver coins of Same is the hound Laelaps presented to Kephalos by Prokris. Ithaca. This island, which derives its chief interest from the poems of Homer, issued autonomous bronze coins, which appear to belong chiefly to the fourth and third centuries. Inscr., lOA, lOAKHN. Fulmen in olive- wreath . . M -6 Head of Odysseus in conical pilos Head of Athena. Id. Id. Head of Odysseus. Head of Odysseus . . .^-85—6 Odysseus (?) naked, standinjy resting on spear . .^ '65 Cock . ^ -75 Id M-6^ Pausanias (vi. 26) says that the cock was sacred to Athena, who appears on coins of Ithaca as the tutelary goddess of Odysseus (Paus., viii. 44). Zacynthus, an important island about ten miles south of Cephallenia, and the same distance west of the coast of Elis, contained but one citj'^, which bore the same name as the island. The chief deity of Zacynthus was Apollo, to whom there was a temple in the lower town. Pliny (xxxv. 15) mentions Mt. Elatus as a remarkable feature in the island, ' Mods Elatus ibi nobilis.' On this mountain fragments of an inscription have been found which show that a temple of Artemis once stood there (Bursian, Geog., ii. 379). The silver money of Zacynthus falls into the following chronological periods : — lA Amphora. (N. C, 1885, PL III. 2.) Crescent. {Ibid., PI. III. 3 ) Before b. c. 431. Tripod in incuse square M Tetrobol, Diobol, and Obol. Id ^Diobol. Circ. B.C. Head of Apollo laureate of early style. {N. C, 1885, Ph ni. 8.) Id. {Ihid.,V\. 111. 12.) Id. [ibid., PI. III. 13.) Head of Apollo laureate of early style. {Ibid., PI. III. 14.) Head of Apollo laureate of line style. {Ibid., PI. III. 18.) 431-394. lA Tripod M Stater, Tetrobol, Diobol, \ Obol! „ Two laurel leaves . . M ^ Obol. „ Laurel leaf in incuse square . . . M \ Obol. lAKYNOOS Apollo naked, seated on rock, playing lyre . . M Stater. M Tetrobol. IAKYNO02 Youthful Asklepios seated 1. on rock, placing his hand on the head of a coiled serpent . JB, Stater, 360 ISLANDS OFF FLIS. Fig. 237. Head of Apollo laureate of fine style (Fig. 237). lAKYNOinM Infant Herakles strang- ling serpents . . . . M Stater. The last mentioned coin was probably issued in B. c. 394, when, after the battle of Cnidus, the type of the infant Herakles strangling the serpents became very popular in Greece ; of. contemporary coins of Cnidus, lasus, Ephesus, Samos, Rhodes, Thebes, and Locri Epizephyrii. Circ. B.C. 394-357. Head of Apollo laureate of fine style. {N. C, 1885, PI. III. 20.) Id. {Ibid., PI. IV. I.) Id. Id. Lyre. lAKYN Tripod and magistrate's name M Stiiter. I-A Tripod in laurel-wreath .... M Tetrobol. lAKY Tripod and symbol M Diobol. I A K Altar M\ Obol. I-A Tripod ^ -75 Circ. B. C. 357. I-A Tripod, around which the name A I n N S . . . . M Stater. Large I within which I A and Al . . ^•55 I-A Tripod in wreath, A I . .^ -55 Head of Apollo laureate. (N. C, 1885, PI. IV. 7.) Head of Apollo laureate. {Ibid., PI. IV. 8.) Head of Apollo laureate. {Ibid., PI. IV. 9.) These coins bear the name of Dion of Syracuse, who, while preparing his expedition against Dionysius the Younger, made Zacynthus his head- quarters, and before embarking offered solemn sacrifice with great magnificence to Apollo (Plut., Mon.., xxii). Circ. B.C. 357-146. The silver and bronze coins of this period are of no special interest. All the chief varieties are engraved in Professor Gardner's paper on the coinage of this island {Num. Chron., 1885, p. 81). The standard of the Zacynthian silver coins is the same as that of Corcyra and Cephallenia (Aeginetic reduced). The stater never exceeds 180 grs. The Imperial coins of Zacynthus, M. Antony to Caracalla, are of various types, Zeus standing, Pan carrying infant Dionysos, Dionysos standing. River-god, Asklepios standing, etc. MES8ENIA. 361 SSESSEiriA. Messeue. From the close of the second Messenian war, B. c. 668, for the space of 300 years Messenia was subject to Sparta and incorporated in Laconia. It was not until after the battle of Leuctra that the exiled descendants of the Messenians were restored to their country, under the auspices of Epaminondas, and the city of Messene founded B.C. 369 on the western slope of Mt. Ithome, where stood a temple of Zeus Ithomatas, whose figure appears on the coinage, and in whose honour an annual festival ('IfloS/xata) was held (Paus., iv. 33). The coins of Messene fall into the following periods : — B.C. 369-330. Fig. 238. Head of Demeter crowned with corn ; of the finest style of art (Fig. 238). MESSAMinN ing to right, holding eagle Zeua Ithomatas strid- wielding fulmen and . M Aeginetic Stater. The temple of Demeter on Mt. Ithome is mentioned by Pausanias (iv. 31) as a place of peculiar sanctity, Ar)fxr)Tpos Upov Miaarjvioi^ ia-Tiv ayiov. The figure of Zeus on the reverse was probably suggested by the statue executed by Ageladas for the Messenians while they were settled at Naupactus, to 6e 3ya\fxa tov Aids 'AyeXdSa [ifv fcrnv 'ipyov, l-noL-qdi) hi «£ apxvs Tols oiKrjcraa-iv h NanTTa/crco Meaa-r]v[o:iv (Paus., iv. 33). On the restora- tion of the Messenians to their native land the statue appears to have been transported to Messene. It was not, however, placed in the temple of Zeus on Mt. Ithome, but kept in the Priest's house in the lower city. After circ. b. c: 330. The Messenians about the time of Alexander adopted the Attic standard in place of the Aeginetic previously in use. Tetradrachms were now issued with the old types modified : — Fig. 239. 362 MESSENIA. Head i of Demeter of poor style (Fig. 239). MEZZANinN Zeus Ithomatas as before, but of more slim proportions ; behind, sometimes I O H M . In front, tripod and magistrate's name . . . M. Attic Tetradr. After circ. B.C. 280. The next series of Messenian silver money resembles in style the contemporary coinage of the Achaean League. Head of Zeus. MEZ Tripod, sometimes with magis- trate's name. All in wreath . . . M Attic Tetrobol= Aeginetic Triobol, There are bronze coins of all the above periods, of which the types for the most part resemble the silver. For Federal coins of the Achaean League, see p. ^^a,. Imperial Times. Severus to Garacalla. Asklepios standing ^•75 MeCCHNllUUN Female bust veiled and turreted. The obverse of this coin represents Messene, the daughter of Triopas, of whom there was a temple at Messene and a statue of gold and Parian marble (Pans., iv. 31). Asine. A town of Messenia built by the Dryopes when they were expelled from Asine in Argolis, at a very earlj' date. For Federal bronze coins, see Achaean League, p. '3,^%. Imperial — Severus to Geta. Inscr., AClNAIHN. Ti/pes — Apollo Pythaeus leaning on pillar (Paus., ii. 36, 5), Asklepios, Hermes. Colone. Imperial of Severus, Domna, and Geta. Inscr., KOAONICflNl and KOAouNeiTUJN. Types — Asklepios, Poseidon, Aphrodite facing, resting on sceptre and holding apple. The autonomous coins formerly attributed to this city belong to Colone in the Troad. Coroue derived its name from Coroneia in Boeotia, whence it was founded. In the Acropolis was a bronze statue of Athena holding a crow in her hand. It is the head of this goddess which appears on the coins. Before circ. B.C. 184. Head of Athena. I K P Grapes in ivy-wreath jH Tetrobol. Id. I KOPnNAinN Grapes ..^-8 For Federal coins after B.C. 184, see Achaean League, p. 352. Cyparissia, the port of Messene. Imperial — Severus to Geta. KYTTAPlCCieriN. Types — Asklepios, Dionysos, Pallas, etc. Inscr., LACONIA. 363 Uothoue : Autonomous Biouze. Circ. B.C. 146-27. Hephaestos running with torch. I MO in ))lain field I (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. E. 2) M -7 This coin type would lead us to suppose that Lampadephoria were celebrated at Mothone in honour of Hephaestos. Imhoof {oj). cit.), p. 171. See also Rev. Num. 1864, p. 187. Imperial — Severus to Geta. /««(?r., MOOnNAIflN. Tt/jocs — Asklepios, Poseidon, Pallas, Isis, etc., and the Port of Mothone in the form of an amphitheatre with a galley about to enter it. Pylus. Bronze of late autonomous times. /«*«•., FIYAinN. Head of Hera (?). | Trident, in field, grapes . . M ■•] Imjjeiial — Severus to Geta. T^2'>^s — Asklepios, Dionysos, Pallas, and Earn on a basis. Thtiria. Bi'onze of late autonomous times. Head of Denieter Head of Zeus. Head of Pallas. QOY Zeus Ithomatas M -9 00 Y Pallas standing . . . tE -85 OOY In wreath ^ .5 Imperial — Severus to Geta. /K«cr. , GOYPIATHN. Tyj^es — Zeus, Pallas, Asklepios, etc., all with letters A A in the field, indicating that Thuria, although geographically situated in Messenia, belonged at this time politically to Laconia (cf. Paus., iv. 31, 1). IiACOirZA. Asopus. Bronze of late autonomous times. Head of Dionysos. | ASnninN Poseidon . . . ^-85 7»2jt?ma^— Severus to Geta. 7m«ca, ACUJTieiTUJN. %;««— Artemis, Poseidon, Dionysos, Nemesis, etc. Boeae. Imperial — DomnatoGeta. /«««•., BO I ATilM. Types — Poseidon, Asklepios, Artemis, Isis, Eros, etc. Gythium, the port of Sparta. Imperial~'^&\ev\xs to Geta. Inser., rYGEATflN. Types — A-^oWo, Herakles, Dionysos, Zeus, Asklepios, Hermes, the -Dioskuri, etc. Lacedaemon. Of the traditional iron money of Sparta no specimens have come down to us, nor indeed is there any money of any metal known to have been struck at Sparta until the third century B.C., the earliest coin being a tetradrachm copied from those of Alexander the 364 LACONIA. Great, but reading BAZI AEOZ APEOS {Zeit.f. Num., ii. PI. IX. i). Areus, king of Sparta, who struck this coin, reigned B.C. 310-266. The next silver coins are usually thought to have been struck after the battle of Sellasia, B.C. 221. They bear the diademed portrait of a king, believed by M. Bompois to be Antigonus Doson, but it may be questioned whether the style and fabric of the coin are not too early for Antigonus Doson. Professor Gardner suggests that it may be a coin of Areus. Fig. 240. Hecad of king diademed (Fig. 240). A A Archaic agalma of the Apollo of Amyclae helmeted, holding spear and bow, and adorned on the side with a cock standing on an aplustre. Beside the statue a goat. In field wreath . M Tetradrachm. The reverse type corresponds with the description given by Pausanias (iii. 19) of the Apollo of Amyclae, but he makes no mention of the goat, exf t 6€ €171 TT) Ke(pa\fj k/dwos, koyxrjv be ev Tois X^P'^^'' '^"■'- '''o^ov. The following coin was formerly attributed to Lacedaemon, but it is now usually, and doubtless correctly, attributed to AUaria in Crete. Head of Athena I A-A Herakles seated on rocks, resting (Fig. 244, p. 386 infra.). | on his club . JR Tetradr. 235 grs. To the latter part of the third century also belongs a series of Tetrobols. Bearded head of Herakles diademate, laureate, or crowned with ivy. A A Amphora between the pilei of the Dioskuri. Serpent sometimes twisted round amphora . . . JR Tetrob. When, in B.C. 192, Sparta joined the Achaean League after the defeat of the tyrant Nabis, these types were exchanged for those of the League (see p. 352). The autonomous bronze money of Lacedaemon is plentiful. The series commences in the third century b. c, and extends into Roman times. The principal obverse types are Heads of Apollo, of the Dioskuri, of Pallas, of Herakles, of Lykurgos, etc., while those of the reverse are Club, Owl, Eagle, Two amphorae, Head of Artemis, the Dioskuri, Pan seated on rock, Artemis huntress, Artemis with torch, Club and caduceus united, etc. The following coin must also be ascribed to Lacedaemon : — PjQM A Head of Roma bare. KOI M AAKe [SatMowW] Tl KYHA- P I C C I A Artemis Kyparissia standing M -8 LACEBAEMON—C rTHERA. 365 (See Zeit. f. Num., vii. p. 17.) The magistrate Tl may be Timaristus the Ephor whose name occurs in full on other coins. Among other magistrates' names is also that of EYPYKAHZ, who wa,g governor of Laconia under Augustus (Strab., p. ^66) and of Atratinus (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 172). The following may be also mentioned : — CTTAPTH Diademed bust of Sparta, daughter of Eurotas and wife of Laeedaemon, fourth king of Laconia, Head of Zeus (3). AA eni CYPYKAeOC The Dioskuri galloping iE i-o AA eni AAKuuNOC Dioskuri Heads of the . JE -8 C. Julius Lacon succeeded his father Eurycles in the government of Laeedaemon. His name also occurs on a coin of Claudius. AYKOYPrO'C Head of Lyourgus. I AA €*OPUUN TIMAPICTOC Club I and caduceus combined M g This coin is remarkable for the mention of the Ephors, which does not occur, so far as I am aware, on any other numismatic monument. For the history of the family of C. Julius Eurycles, see K. Weil {Mittkeilun^en des Archaologischen IndituU in Athen, Band vi.). Dr. Imhoof {Mon. Gr., p. 171) also cites Lacedaemonian bronze coins, with the following remarkable inscriptions : — FEPONinN Head of Apollo. A-A Artemis huntress . . . tE -8 NOMOYAAKeC Bust of Pallas. A-A The Dioskuri, Mag. APICTAM- APOC ^.8 Imperial — Augustus to Salonina. Inscr.,Kk, AAKeAAIMONinM. Prin- cipal Types— T\\B Dioskuri, Apollo Amyklaeos, Apollo in the attitude of Apollo Lykios with his hand upon his head, Aphrodite Morpho veiled, seated on square cippus, and apparently with bonds about her feet as described by Pausanias (iii. 15), Asklepios, Hygieia, Hermes Agoraios carrying infant Dionysos (Paus., iii. 11, 14), etc., sometimes with marks of value AC [o-apia] A, T, H (=4, 6, 8) in field (Imhoof, op. cit., p. 173). Las. This ancient Homeric city was situated a few miles south of Gythium, near the western coast of the Laconic Gulf. ImperialSeverus to Geta. Jnscr., AAillsl. Types — Falla,s, Artemis, Herakles, Asklepios, Hygieia, etc. ISLANDS OFF LACONIA. Crauae. The small island near Gythium to which Paris carried off Helen from Sparta. Imperial— Max^immns, Philip I, and Otacilia. Liscr., KPANAIHN Type — Head of Athena with AOH. Csrthera. This island had in early times received from the Phoe- nicians the worship of Aphrodite, and throughout historical times it 366 ARG0LI8. continued to be a special seat of that cultus. Its coins are all of bronze, and for the most part belong apparently to the second century B.C. Inscr., KY, KYO, KYOHPljQN, etc. Head of Aphrodite^ sometimes crowned by flying Eros i^Zeit. f. Num., xiii. PI. IV. 6). Dove standing or flying . M -6 A R G O L I S. Argos. In the earliest historical times Argos was the centre of an amphictyony comprising the towns of Cleonae, Phlius, Sicyon, Epidaurus, Troezen, Hermione, and Aegina, and it was in Aegina that Pheidon, king of Argos, set up the first Peloponnesian mint (see p. 331). Whether Argos herself issued coin in these early days is doubtful, but it is by no means improbable that the following coins were struck there in the course of the sixth century B. c, unless indeed we prefer to assign them to Delos. Two dolphins in opposite directions. {Nvm. Chron., 1884, PI. XII. 12.) Incuse square divided as on the earliest coins of Aegina IR Aeginetic Stater and Drachm. A few years before the Persian wars Argos met with a crushing defeat at the hands of the Spartans, which crippled her power and put an end to her prosperity for the space of an entire generation. It was not until about B.C. 468 that, by the destruction of several neighbouring cities, including Mycenae, and the removal of their population to Argos, that she regained her ancient importance. Circ. B.C. 468-400. The coins which I would attribute to this period are the following : — Wolf. Large A , above which, two deep square indentations : all in incuse square . M Dr. Half- Wolf. Id iR ^ Dr. Wolf's head. Id M Obol. B. Id M \ Obol. The wolf is the well known symbol of Apollo Lykios, whose worship at Argos dates from very remote times. The idea embodied in the wolf is that of Winter slain by the God of Light and Warmth. Hence Sophocles [Eledr. 6} calls the agora of Argos roC Kvkoktovov ©eoS hyopa AvKetos, for here stood the temple of the god (Pans., ii. 19). The object 3 on the Hemiobol can hardly in this instance stand for the letter H, as a mark of value for r^fxuti^okiov, for it frequently recurs on bronze coins ARGOS. 367 of Argos, where such an interpretation is highly improbable (see Imhoof- Blumer, Num. Zeif., 1877). It is perhaps a Temple-key. Circ. B.C. 400-322. The coins of Argos in this period are among the most beautiful in Greece, as might be expected from the high standing of Argos as a school of art. Fig. 241. Head of Hera wearing steplianos on which floral ornament (Fig. 241). Id. (Gardner, Types, PI. VIII., 35, 40). Id. Id. ARAEION.ARTEIflN andAPTEiriN Two dolphins in opposite directions ; between them wolf, helmet, grapes, ivy-brar.ch, crab, quiver, tripod, bu- cranium, swan, human head, lyre, or pomegranate, etc. . . . M Stater. APrEinN Diomedes, naked but for chlamyp, grasping sword, stepping stealthily along and carrying the palladium on his extended hand, be- low sometimes a swan . M Drachm. A P Archaic Athena wielding spear and armed with shield M Trihemiobol. TTT Sacred key of the temple of Hera .51 Tritetartemorion. Concerning the beautiful head of Hera on these coins, see the remarks of Professor Gardner {Types of Greek Coins, p. 138). The statue of the Argive Hera by Polycleitus wore a Stephanos adorned with figures of the Horae and Charites (Paus., ii. 1 7, 4). As such complicated ornaments could not well be reproduced on a small scale, a coin engraver mio>ht naturally substitute a more simple form of decoration. As the Arcdve hero Diomedes was believed to have brought to Argos the Palladmm which he carried off from Troy, the exploit is appropriately represented on Argive coins. The swan seems to indicate that the hero was assisted by Apollo, whose symbol it is. The dolphins are also Apolline symbols With regard to the Temple-key, see Zeitschrift fur Numismatik (iii noL 122). ^ •' Circ. B.C. 322-229. During the century which followed the Lamian war it is probable that if large coins were struck at Argos they were tetradi-achms of the Alexandrine types, resembling those of Sicyon of the same time The 368 ARGOLIS. smaller coins consisted of Attic tetrobols (or Aeginetic- triobols) as follows : — Fore-part of wolf. Wolfs head. Large A in incuse square with adjunct symbol and letters or magistrates' names at full length M Attic Tetrob. Id M Aeginetic | Ob, It is to this period tliat the autonomous bronze money of Argos for the most part belongs, though some of it may be earlier. Head of Apollo. Head of Hera Argeia. Head of wolf. Id., or head of Hera. Head of Apollo. Fore-part of wolf. Wolf ^-65 Athena in fighting attitude . .iE -65 A (various symbols) . . . . M .45 Quiver, (symbols) B> wolfs head, hel- met, trident, prow, etc. . . M -65 Tripod {symbol) B . • ■ - iE .65 HPAKAEITOY Fore-part of bull . . ^•65 This last type refers to the battle of the wolf and the bull, which took place while Danaos and Gelanor were contending for the sovereignty of Argolis. The omen was interpreted as deciding the contest in favour of Danaos, who, in consequence, erected a temple in honour of Apollo Lykios. Circ. B.C. 229-146. For coins of this period, see Achaean League, p. 352, Inijyerial Times. Trajan to Salonina. Inscr., APreinN or NeMeiA, NCMCIA HPAIA, or HPAIA, without the ethnic, in allusion to the Nemean and Heraean games. The types are numerous and of considerable interest. The following are some of the more important : — Herakles strangling the Nemean lion. Opheltes, Hypsipyle, and the serpent. Herakles resting at the foot of Mount Apesas. The three Charites. Hera seated with Hebe before her and a peacock between them. Perseus with Gorgon's head, sometimes resting his shield upon a cippus. Apollo variously represented. Zeus seated or standing. Tyche standing. Hermes standing. Kleobis and Biton drawing their mother in a chariot (Pans., ii. 20, 3). Asklepios. Leto with small figure, Chloris, beside her (Paus., ii. 21, 9). Demeter standing. Eileithuia holding in each hand a torch, one raised and one lowered. Hekate triformis. Palladium, sometimes in temple on Acropolis. Diomedes carrying off the Palladium. Dionysos. Danae receiving the golden shower. Ares. Aphrodite (■?) standing. Poseidon pursuing Amymone. Leto (?) carr3dng the infant Meliboea(?). Nemesis. Isis, etc. Nearly all these types are figured in Imhoof and Gardner's Numismatic Commentary on Pausanias, from which the above list is taken. Cleouae, a small town on the road from Corinth to Argos, about twenty miles north of the latter. The Nemean games were celebrated in its territory. At Cleonae was a temple of Herakles on the spot where he slew Eurytos (Diod., iv. ■^'^). ChEOnAE—iSPIBA Uk US. 369 Fifth Gentulr^ B.C. Head of bearded Herakles in lion's skin. Large K behind which two square in- dentations, all in incuse squd,re . M Obol. The coins reading KAH, formerly attributed to Cleohae, have beeh restored by Prokesch-Osten [Arch. Zeit., 1849, and Ined., 1854) to Cleitor in Arcadia (p. 374). For Federal money of the Achaean LieagUe, see p. 353. Imperial — Commodus to Geta. Liscr., KAEHNAIilN. A c&ih of Severus has for type Asklepios seated, as on silver coins of Epidaurus of the fourth century B. c. Among other Imperial types may be mentioned an archaic statue of Athena, perhaps copied from the one mentioned by Pausanias (ii. 15, 1), by Dipoenus and Scyllis; Isis Pharia, Tyche, etc. Epidaurus. This city was in historical titties chiefly celebratied for its great sanctuary of Asklepios, to whose cultus its coins bear ample testimony. Circ. B.C. 350-330. Head of Asklepios laureate. Head of Apollo. E. EP in wreath E in wreath P . . . . M. Aeginetic \ Dr. M Obol. M 1 Obol. €irc. B.C. 330-280 or late'r. Head of Apollo. (Gardnet, %;es, PI. XII. 21). EP Asklepios seatted on throne holding sceptre, his other hand extended over the head of a serpent. Beside him a dog lying . . . JR Attic Drachm. _ This remarkable coin, which probably belongs to the age of Alexander, since it follows the Attic standard 1, is of considetable archaeological interest, corresponding as it does most minutely with the description given by Pausanias (ii. %>]) of the chryselephantine statue of Asklepios at Epidaurus; the work of Thrasyinedes of Paros, a pupil of Pheidias. The dog beside the god is the animal which watched over him when as an infant he was exposed on Mount Tittheion and suckled by a goat. Sronze after B.C. 350; Head of Asklepios laureate; Head of Asklepios; Id. Id. Id. E P Epione wife of Asklepios patera, symbol sometimes vessel aiKva (cf: Paus., ii. 2 __29, i) EP She-goat recumbent EP Coiled serpent . ; . . EP Thymiaterion between tivo vessels ... E in wreath carrying cupping 7> 5 ; ii- M.65 M.6S cupping M.45 • The specimen at Munich weighs as much as 71 grs. It is therefbre possible that these coins are Aegmetic drachms of light weight. Bb 370 ARGOLIS. In B. c. 243 Epidaurus became a member of the Achaean League (see Imperial— kai. Pius to Sev. Alexander. Inscr., lePAC CniAAYPOY, ACKAHTTieiA, etc., in reference to the Asklepian games celebrated at Epidaurus every five years. Tyj^es — Shepherd finding Asklepios suckled by goat. Asklepios seated with dog and serpent. Asklepios standing. Hygieia standing in round temple. Poseidon standing, etc. Henuione. An ancient Dryopian city on the south coast of Argolia, distinguished for its sanctuary of Demeter Chthonia, in whose honour an annual festival called X^dz^to was celebrated. Girc. B.C. 350-322. Head of Demeter crowned with corn. Id. EP in corn-wreath . . . E — P Torch in corn-wreath M Triot. M Obol. The bronze coins for the most part resemble the silver, but the following variety may be noted : — Head of Demeter facing. EP in wreath M ■(>(, For Federal money of the Achaean League, see p. 35a. Imperial — Severus to Geta. Inscr., ePMIUJN€UJN. Types — Hermes, Poseidon (Paus., ii. 35, i), Zeus, Kybele, a victimarius leading a cow to the sacrifice (Paus., ii. o,^, 6), Tyche standing (Paus., ii. '3,% 3), Aphrodite with Eros (Paus., ii. 34, 1 1), Dionysos, etc. Sletliaua. An obscure town a few miles north of Troezen. Pausanias (ii. 34) mentions hot springs which burst forth near this city in the time of Antigonus Gonatas. The whole region still bears evidences of violent volcanic action. Hence the worship of Hephaestos and his head on the coins. Circ. B.C. 350-322. Head of Hephaestos in conical pilos. | MEO in corn- wreath MM Imperial — Severus to Geta. Inscr., M€9ANAIUjN. Types — Zeus, Poseidon, Pallas, Artemis huntress, Aphrodite standing facing, naked to waist, and holding her hair with both hands as if after the bath. Mideia, near Tiryns. Small bronze coins of the end of the fourth century {Arch. ZeiL, 1843, 150, and Rev. Arch., 1845, I. 108). Head of Hera Argeia. M I Bird on branch ^•45 Tiryns. Although this ancient city was destroyed by the Argives about the same time as Mycenae (b. c. 468), and notwithstanding the fact that it is said never to have been again inhabited, the following bronze coins clearly prove the contrary, for they belong undoubtedly to the fourth century B.C. Inscr., TIPY, TIPYN (sometimes R) and TIPYNOmN. Female head {Rev. Num., 1864, PI. VIL, and 1865, p. 153). Palm-tree M-A HERMIONE—TROEZEN. 371 Troezen occupied a fertile maritime plain in the south-east corner of Argolis. Poseidon and Athena are said to have contended for the land of the Troezenians, and these two divinities jointly received worship in the city. Hence, as Pausanias remarks (ii. 30), the Trident and the head of Athena were placed upon the coinage /cat 87) kol v6\xi(Tfxa avroLs rd apx^cuov iirCa-riiJia e\ei rpiaivav kol 'Adrjvas lipoa-Mirov. Troezen was from of old intimately connected with Athens, which accounts for the fact that it is the only Peloponnesian city which made use of the Attic standard of weight. Cii-c. B. c. 430-400, or earlier. Head of Artemis facing. Id. Id. Head of Apollo (Thearios 1). Id. Id. TRO Trident in incuse square . . . .51 61 gra. •„ Id M 10 grs. „ Id .51 46 grs. Circ. B.C. 400-322. TPO Trident . . M Attic Drachm. „ Id. M Attic Triobol and Obol. „ Double Trident . M Attic Diob. Head of Athena. Head of Poseidon. Head of Apollo (Thearios 1). TPO Trident ^ -65 „ Id . JE-65 „ Id M-55 For other varieties, see Imhoof, 3Ion. Gr., p. 181. The oracular temple of Apollo Thearios stood in the agora of Troezen (Paus., ii. 31, 5). Ifnperial—CommoivLS to Philip Jun. Inscr., TPOIZHNIUJN. Types— Temple of Athena Sthenias on the acropolis (Paus., ii. 3a, 5). Archaic statue of Athena Sthenias. Artemis with dog hunting stag, probably Artemis Lykia, whose temple stood near the theatre and was said to have been founded by Hippoyltos (Paus., ii. 31, 4). Artemis Lykia (?) holding the head of a wolf (?). Apollo with arrow, leaning on tripod. The Dioskuri_ standing (Paus., ii. 31, 6). Zeus standing. Hippolytos as hunter with dog beside him and leaning on trunk of tree (Paus., ii. 32, i). Hippolytos with horse and dog. Hippolytos armed before Phaedra. Aphrodite_ Nymphia (?) standing (Paus., ii. 32, 7). Asklepios standing. Fountain in the form of a pillar with a lion seated on it and a basin in front into which water flows (cf. Paus., ii. 32, 4). Theseus lifting the rock or slaying the Minotaur (Paus., ii. 32, 7). Tyche standing before altar, etc. Nearly all these Imperial types are fully discussed and figured in Imhoof and Gardner's Numismatic Commentary on Pausanias, p. 47. The coin with the type of Artemis Lykia holding a wolf's head is given on the authority of Sestini {Num. Vet., p. 215), but it is highly probable that he was mistaken with regard to the object held by Artemis B b 2 372 ARCADIA. AUCASIA. [A. V. Sallet, ZeUschrift fur Numismatic, ii. 139. J. Friedlaender, Ibid., ii. 246. Imhoot- Blumer, Ibid., iii. 289. K. Weil, Ibid., ix. 18.] Concerning the political condition of Arcadia, from the time of the dissolution of the ancient monarchy in the early part of the seventh century b. c. down to the age of Epaminondas, our historical data would lead us to infer that the country was split up into a number of inde- pendent cantons without any political bond of union. Such an assumption is not, however, borne out by the evidence of the early Arcadian coinage. The extensive series of the archaic federal money of Arcadia, Inscr., AR, ARKA, ARKAAI90N, ARKAAIKON, etc., ranging from about the middle of the sixth to the latter part of the fifth century b. c, proves most satisfactorily that the Arcadians, in spite of their continual dis- sensions, maintained from first to last something more than a mere tradition of politi'caL unity, for a federal coinage implies other federal institutions of which history has left us no records. Circ. B.C. 550-420. Zeus (Lykaeos f) enthvoned (or rarely,' standing) resting on sceptre. Above liis out-stretched r. hand his eagle takes flight. (Gardner, Types, PI. III. 15, 16, 43, 50.) Head of Artemis or Despoina (?), var- iously represented, in profile or three- quarter-face. Style archaic to trans- itional. All in incuse square . ■ M Triobols and Obols. The place of. mintage of this series of coins is generally thought to have been the ancient sanctuary of Zeus Lykaeos on Mount Lycaeum in the teriitory of Lycosura. Here at' stated intervals festivals called Lykaea were solemnized, and the money struck on such occasions would bear the name of the whole body of the assembled Arcadians. Cf the analogous early federal coinage of the Phocians (p. 287). The goddess called Despoina was a daughter of Poseidon and Demeter. Pausanias, in his description of her sanctuary near Lycosura (viii. 37), refrains from disclosing her true name to the uninitiated. The above attribution of the Arcadian' federal money to the common sanctuary of the Arcadians is, however, not accepted by Dr. Imhoof- Blumer, who has advanced some weighty arguments in favour of his opinion that the whole class of coins vnth the legend 'ApKahiKov was issued in the fifth century at the town oi Heraea [Mon. Gr., p. 196). Concurrently with this federal money many of the Arcadian towns issued coins with their own local types for circulation within their respective territories. From about B. c. 420-370 no coins were struck in the name of the Arcadians as. a community, but after the victory of Epaminondas at Leuctra B.C. 371, the party in Arcadia opposed to Sparta re-established the Pan- Arcadian Confederation. The new centre and capital of the revived League was Megalopolis, which was founded, under the immediate auspices of Epaminondas, on the river Helisson, near the frontiers of Laconia. FEDERAL COINAGE. 373 The money of the Arcadian koiv6v derived its types from the cultus of Zeus Lykaeos, and of Pan, whose sanctuary was also situated on Mount Lycaeum. €irc. ». c. 370-300. Fig. 242. Head of Zeus Lykaeos (Fig. 242). Head of young Pan with short horns (^./.i\^.,ix.Pl.II. 5). Id. {Ibid., PI. II. 6). Head of Zeus Lykaeos {Ibid., PL II. 13). Pan seated on rock, his pedum in his r. hand which rests on the rock, at his feet the syrinx, and in the field APK (in mon.). On the rock the artist's name OAYM or XAPI . M Stater. Arcadian mon. APK, beneath, syrinx . M Obol. Id. with magistrate's PO and OE . . ^•65 Id. SjTinx and fulmen . . . M ■>] The two names on these bronze coins are perhaps Possikrates and Theoxenus, two of the ten Oekists of Megalopolis (Paus., viii. 27, 2). Head of Zeus Lykaeos. (^./. iV., ix. PI. IL II, 12). Pan seated on rock, in field Arcadian mon. APK M Triob. The later specimens have an eagle in the field as well as the monogram. Although Megalopolis claimed the right of coining money for the whole of Arcadia, it was only for a very short time that this claim was generally admitted by the other Arcadian towns, as is abundantly proved by the local staters of Pheneus, Stymphalus, etc., which began to be issued after the fatal battle of Mantineia (b. c. 362). The series of the federal triobols continued, however, to be issued at Megalopolis down to about B.C. 300, when the Arcadian monogram disappears and is replaced by the letters MET (see Megalopolis). ImjKrial Coinage. In the reign of Hadrian the cultus of Antinoiis was established on a gi-and scale at Mantineia, which was the mother city of Bithynium, the birth-place of Antinoiis. It was probably at one of the great festivals in honour of this new god that a certain Veturius dedicated the fol- lowing medal ' to the Arcadians.' BerOYPIOC Bust of Antinous. (Mion. II. 245.) TOICAPKACI Horse stepping to right ^ 1-35 374 ARCADIA. Alea, a small place between Orchomenus and Stymphalus, where was a temple of Artemis Ephesia (Paus., viii. 33, i). Circ. B.C. 430-370 Head of Artemis. Head of Pallas. See also under Achaean League (p. 352). Alipheira. See Achaean League (p. 352). Autigoneia. See Mantineia (p. 376). Asea. See Achaean League (p. '3,^2). Callista. See Achaean League (p. 353). Caphya. Autonomous bronze coins of late times. A A Bow. (Inihoof, Choix, PI. III. 82.) M Obol. AAEA in wreath . . . . M -6 Young male head. KAY Artemis with two torches . . ^■65 Artemis KvaKaXrja-ia (Paus., viii. 23, 3). See also Achaean League (P- 352)- Imperial — Severus to Geta. Inscr., KA<|)YIATnN. Types — Poseidon (Paus., I. c), Tyche, Artemis, etc. Cleitor, between Pheneus and Psophis {Zeit.f. Num., ii. 168, iii. a8o, ix. 19). Circ. B.C. 450, and later. KAETO Naked horseman. Incuse square of mill-sail pattern . . M Triohol. Fore-part of bridled horse. Horse's head. Free horse. Id M Triohol. fe in incuse square . . JB, Hemiobol. E in incuse square . . M, Hemiobol. Circ. B. c. 400-322, and earlier. Head of Pallas. Id. Head of Helios facing. Id. Id. in profile. KAH Horse M Obol. KAH Id M.6 KAH Butting bull ; above, sometimes a small centaur . . . . M. Triob. KAH (in mon.) , . . . .^E -5 KAH in laurel- wreath . . M •!{ These coins were formerly attributed, but wrongly, to Cleonae. Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 189. See also Achaean League (p. 353). Imperial, Bomna.. Imsc;-., KAEITOPinN. 2^;?e, Asklepios. Bipaea. See Achaean League (p. 353). Elisphasii. See Achaean League (p. 352). Gortys. See Achaean League (p. 352). ALEA—HERAEA. 375 Heraea, on the lower Alpheius, was the most important town in western Arcadia. Down to the fourth century B. c. the Heraeans appear to have dwelt in villages, Kara kmiiAs (Hicks, Manual of Gk. Inscr., p. 7), but the early Heraean coins prove that these villages formed a single community. Cf. also the Treaty between the Heraeans and Eleians (fficks, I. c). Circ. B.C. 550-500. Head of Hera, veiled, of rude archaic style. ^RA, ^1^, ^, etc. (often retrogr.) some- times between two zigzag lines in incuse square JR Triobols and Obols. Between the beginning and the latter part of the fifth century no coins appear to have been struck in the name of the Heraeans, but, as Imhoof- Blumer has shown, it is by no means improbable that the rich series of triobols reading 'ApKabiKov was issued at Heraea throughout this period, so that in point of fact the Heraean mint may have continued active from the earliest times down to the age of Epaminondas. Circ. B.C. 420-370. Eagle with serpent in his claws, type borrowed from coins of Elis, Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. Head of Artemis (?) in front, bow. Male figure apparently homed stand- ing at rest on spear with foot on rock. Head of Artemis, or of Pallas. Head of Pallas. EPA I Young hunter (Heraeos the oekist) seated, resting on spear and holding bow .... .51 Obol. EPA (retrogr.) Three large E s in incuse square . . . . £i Trihemiobol. HP A (retrogr.) Large E in incuse square M Obol. H — P Female head, hair rolled . . . JR Obol. H Across the bar of which, a bow . M Obol. H In plain field, symbol sometimes, bow M -7-6 Circ. B.C. 322-280, and later. Head of Pallas as on staters of Alexander (Zeit. f. Num., vii. PI. VIII. 7). Head of Artemis. Head of Pallas. H Across the bar of which a bow, inscr. HPAEnN and OE or GEO . . . M Triob. Id. HPA and OE . . . M Obol. H Artemis on one knee holding bow . M -7 For many other varieties, see Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 189 sqq. See also Achaean League (p. 353). Imperial— Severus and Caracalla. Inscr., HPAienN. Types— Archa,ic upright statue of Helios naked, facing. River-god Alpheius with an ox in front and fishes beneath, etc. Lnsi. See Achaean League (p. 352). 376 ARCADIA. Mautineia. The silver coinage of Mantineia, the most ancient and powerful town in eastern Arc&dig,, begins shortly after B. c. 500, and falls into two classes. Circ. B.C. 500-400, Bear. (Fox, Qr. C, I fl. IX. 102.) Id. Id. M A In incuse square . . JR Triob. „ Dolphin in incuse square M Triob. „ Three acorns in incuse triangle . ^ Triob. ,, Trident in incuse square M Triob. Acorn M Obol. ^\AN Large M . . . TR Obol. Three Ts . . M Tritetartemorion. (A AN L^rge E . . . iR Heraiobol. The bear refers to the myth of Kallisto, the mother of Arkas, who was transformed into a bear by Hera,. The acorns remind ns of the oak forest, Pelagog, which encompassed the temple of Poseidon Hippios, near Mantineia (Paus., viii. 9, i). The Arcadians are called by Herodotus (i. 66) l3aKavr](pdyoi avbpes, because they lived \ipon the edible acorn of the beech oak (Zeit.f. Nnvi., 1873, p. 1:25)'. Girc. B.C. 400^385. Id. Ilead of bear, Acorn. MAM Three acprns. Acorn. /AAKTI; Bearded figure wearing con- ical pileus and tunic ga,thered up at ■\yaist, standing with bant knees holding fish spear, point (Jown- wards, in his hand, and another over his shoulder. Bearded helmeted head of Ares (V). MANTI Head of Athena. Id. (Fox, Gr. C:, i. 104.) Altar sijirmounted by two busts of the Pioskuri wearing conical hats and holding spears over their shoulders . JR Drachm. MAMTI Head of Apollo (?) M Dr. Female head with flowing hair M Triob. AA. ^Obol. The first of these types refers to the worship of Poseidon and to that of the Dioskuri, whose sanctuary at Mantineia is mentioned by Pausanias (viii. 9, a). In B. c. 385 Mantineia was razed to the ground by the Spartans and its inhabitants dispersed among the surrounding villages. After the city was rebuilt B. c. 370, it does not appear to haye struck any silver coins, but bronze pieces are known which are certainly subsequent to B. c. 370. After B. c. 370. Head of Pallas. (See also Imhoof, I MAN Fish,erman as above, or Trident Mon. Gr., p. 198 sqq.) | M -65 In B.C. 222 Mantineia was captui-ed by Antigonus Doson, and its name changed to Antigoneia, under which designation it struck federal coins as a member of the Achaean League (see p. 352). Im.perial — Severus to Caracalla. Inscr., MANTlNEnN. _ Pausanias informs us that in the reign of Hadrian the old name of the city was restored to it. Megalopolis, founded in e.g. 370, under the auspices of Epaminondas, struck federal money in the name of the entire body of the Arcadians down to about b. c. 300 (see p. 373). The subsequent issues are as follows. MANTINMIA—OBCHOMENUS. 377 Circ.-B.c. 3.00-251, and 244-234, He&d, of Zeus Lykaeog. Id. Id. MET Pan seated on rocks. Beside bim eagle. Magistrates' monograms 41 Triob. MET Id. in oak-wreath . .^ -8 „ Eagle or fulmen in oak -wreath . The above coins belong apparently to the age of the tyranny of Aristodemns at Megalopolis. After his assassination B.C. 251, by De- mophanes and Ecdemns, the disciples of the philosopher Arcesilaus, the federal. constitution was for a time restored, and bronze coins issued at Megalopolis with the Arcadian monogram. Head of Z.eus Lykaeos. Head of Athena. APK Syrinx in oak -wreath .. . ^ -8 „ in ohve- wreath . , JE ■^ But in B. c. 244 Megalopolis again fell into the hands of a tyrant by name Lydiadas, and the issue of coins reading MET as above was resumed. For coins of Megalopolis as a member of the Achaean League, b. c. 234-146, see p. 352. Imperial — Severus to Elagabalus. Imcr., /VVCrAAOnOA,€ITflN. Ueth^driniUj a town in central Arcadia founded from Orchomenus. Its inhabitants were transplanted to Megalopolis in B.C. 370, but sub- sequently the place became once more independent, when it struck bronze coins, Inscr., /AEOYAPIEHN. Tj/pe — Kallisto pierced by the arrow of Artemis, her child Arkas on the ground beside her (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 200). See also Achaean League (p. 352), Orchomenus. The ancient capital of a royal dynasty which in early times ruled over the greater part of Arcadia. The town stood aloof from the confederacy of the Arcadians on the foundation of Megalopolis B.C. 370. Xen., Hell., vi. 5, 11. Its coins belong to the period imme- diately following that event. EPXOMEMinN Kallisto falling back pierced in the breast by arrow of Artemis. On the ground beside her the infant Arkas stretching out his arms towards his mother . .^ -75 E P Artemis standing shooting with bow M .65 E P Armed figure standing at rest with spear held obliquely . . . JE ."j The story of the. death of Kallisto as represented on these coins differs from the common version of the tale, according to which Kallisto was first transformed by Hera into a she-bear and then slain by Artemis (Dion. Halic, Ant. Rom., i. 49). Artemis clad in short chiton with petasos slung behind her back, shooting arrow from bow. Behind her a dog seated. [Cf. Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. E. 10.] Head of bearded or beardless hero helmeted. Female head, hair in sphendone. 378 ARCADIA. Imperial — Severus to Caracalla.. Inscr., OPXOM€NinN. Types — As- klepios, Apollo, Herakles, etc. Fallantium. An ancient town in the district of Maenalia founded by Pallas, son of Lykaon. Circ. B.C. 450-400. Young male head {Z.f. N. ii., 169). | PAA (retrogr.) Large E M Hemiohol. See also Achaean League (p. 352). Faroreia (?). A small place in the district of Eutresia. Circ. B. c. 450-400. Bearded male head. Male figure standing at rest with one foot, on rock. PAP (retrogr.) Large P . M Obol. „ Id M Obol. These coins may belong to the Parrhasians rather than to Paroreia (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 205). Fheueus, in the north-east of Arcadia, would appear, from the number of its coins still extant, to have been a place of considerable importance in the fourth century B.C. Pausanias (viii. 14, 10) tells us that Hermes was the god especially worshipped there. At Pheneus there was also a temple of Demeter Eleusinia (Pans., viii. 15, i). The heads of both these divinities and the ram, the emblem of Hermes, occur on the coins. Circ. B.C. 400-362. Head of Demeter crowned with corn- leaves and wearing earring with five pendants. Id. Head of Hermes with petasos slung at back of neck. Id. E N E fl N Hermes with chlamys round his shoulders and petasos hanging behind neck, seated on rocks JSi Drachm. *ENIK0N Bull . . . ^Triob. „ Bull feeding M Triob. <1>E Ram, beneath A P After circ. B. c. 362. M Obol. Head of Demeter crowned with corn- leaves and wearing earring with five pendants {Z.f. N., ix. PI. II. 8). ENEfiN Hermes naked, running to left, and carrying on his arm the infant Arkas, in his r. caduceus. Behind the child, sometimes, APKAS M Stater. E Caduceus M ■'j „ Bam ^ -5 ENEnN Horse feeding . . ^-65 (^./i\^., ix. PL XL lo). <1> E Caduceus in wreath . . jE -5 * E Id iE -5 For other varieties, see Imhoof, Moti. Gr., p. 205. The reverse-type of the stater refers to the myth of the rescue of Head of Demeter as above. Head of Hermes as above. Head of Artemis Eurippe (of. Paus., viii. 14, 4). Id. Half ram. PALLANTIUM—STYMFHALUS. 379 the child of Kallisto by Hermes, who took him to the nymph Maia on Mount Cyllene to be brought up (Apollod., iii. 8, 2). The style of this coin shows that the artist was strongly influenced by the school of Praxiteles. The feeding horse on the bronze coins may be an emblem of Poseidon Hippios, whose statue at Pheneus was said to have been dedicated by Odysseus, a-noXicrOai yap 'initovs tQ 'Ohvaffd, koX avrov yfjv rrjv 'EAAaSa Kara (■qTTjcTLv einovTa t&v Xttttoov, Ibpyaaadai jiev Upov kvravOa 'Aprefxibos, koI HivpiTTTTav ovoixdcrai ttjv 6e6v, evda Trjs ^eveaTLKrji x^P"-^ f^P* TaJ 'ittttovs' avaddvat bi kol tov Yloa-eLhcavos to SyaAfia rod 'IwTTtou. Pausanias (viii. 14, 6) further relates that when Odysseus had found his mares he allowed them to pasture in the land of the Pheneatae. For federal money, see Achaean League (p. 352). Imperial — Domna to Geta. Inscr., OeNCATHN. Phigaleia or Fhialia. See Achaean League (p. 352). /OTjoerm^— Severus to Geta. Inscr., (t>IAA€nisl. Ti/pe — Severus and Plautilla. River Neda, naked figure, sometimes seated on rock holding sceptre (reed?) and emptying vase. PsopMs, on the right bank of the river Erymanthus, a tributary of the Alpheius, was the scene of the contest of Herakles with the Ery- manthian boar. Of this city there are archaic silver coins of the fifth century. Stag, fore-part of stag or stag's head. Head of Pallas. X, XO, )t:0,orXO®l (archaic forms of H'n, H'nl, tHOIA. Stag jE .65 Young male head. tH*! Fish ^ -55 Bust of Herakles. ,^ Boar running . . . ^ .65 Imperial — Severus to Geta. /«*cr., H'nl AinN or tneiAinN. On a coin of Geta (Mion., Suppl., 107) the reverse-type is Aegipan (?) holding a human head. ^ Stymphalus. _ The ancient city of Stymphalus was situated in the immediate vicinity of a lake, a river, and a mountain all bearing the same name, and a few miles south-east of Pheneus. It derived its name from Stymphalos, a grandson of Arkas. It is chiefly celebrated as the scene of the destruction by Herakles of the Stymphalian birds, which are described by Pausanias (viii. 22) as being as large as cranes' and in 380 ARCADIA. form resembling the ibis, but with stronger beaks and not crooked like those of the ibis. They were said to have fed upon human flesh. In Stymphalus there was an ancient temple of Artemis Stymphalia, under the roof of which the Stymphalian birds were represented. At the back of this temple stood stone statues of virgins with the legs of birds (Paus., viii. %Qi, 7). Giro. B.C. 400-362. Head of young Herakles io lion's skin. Id. Id. CTYMAAIOMi Head and neck of Stymphalian bird springing from the calyx of a flower . . . M, Triob. STYM*AAION Id. no flower T—Y . M Obol. ST Id iE-ss Circ. B. c. 362. Fig. Head of Artemis Stymphalia laureate and wearing earring with five pen- dants (Fig. 243). Similar head. See also. Achaean League (p. ^^li). Tegea occupied the large valley The local mythology of the town is 243- STYMOAAinM Herakles with lion's skin wrapped round left arm, strid- ing to left and striking with uplifted club. Beneath, ZO . . M, Stater. £TYMtl>A Bow and quiver . M -1 in the south-east corner of Arcadia, abundantly illustrated on its coins. Circ. B.C. 400-370 T Gorgon-head with snake on either Laureate female head 1., hair clubbed. Helmet. Owl. Three large E s back to back .... M Trihemiobol. T T E M Obol. M Obol. M Hemiobol. After circ. B.C. 370. Head of Athena Alea. Head of Athena Alea. Id. Id. {Zeit. f. Num., ix. PI. II. 9.) TEFEATAN "Warrior, Kepheus, charg- ing, armed with helmet, shield, and sword, on the ground between his legs, a spear and letter K M Triobol, TE — FE Owl on olive-branch . . . M Triobol. Id . ^ -65 TETEA Kepheus charging as above, between legs APK . . . . M -1 TEGEA—THELP USA. 381 Same head facing. Id. to r. i* Corinthian helmet. AQANA^ AAEAS Head of Athena. Head of Demeter with toixh at her shoulder. Head of Athena. See also Achaean League (p. 353). TEfEATAN Infant Telephos swckled by hind . ■,- . . . . M ■^ TEfEA Similar . . . M ■^ Owl iE -8 TErEA Athena presenting the hair of Medusa to her young priestess Bter- ope, who receives it in an amphora. MM TErE Cock M.6 After cil-c. B.C. 146. Head of Demeter shoulder. with torch at AAEOS Head diademed. of Aleos bearded and TETEATAN Athena presenting hair of Medusa to Sterope as above, but the coin is of later fabric. In field magistrates' monograms . . ^-75 TEFEATAN Athena and Kepheus both armed, between them Sterope receiving the hair of Medusa in an amjjhora . . . . . M •() Imperial — Severus, Domna, Caracalla, and Geta. liiscr.-, TCfeATAN. The myths referred to on the above interesting coins are the following. Aleos, one of the grandsons of Arkas, was the founder of the city of Tegea, and of the famous temple of Athena Alea, a full description of which is given by Pausanias (viii. 45). His daughter Auge became the mother by Herakles of Telephos, who by command of Aleos was exposed on Mount Parthenium. Here he was suckled by a hind. The re'/xei'os of Telephos was still shown on the mountain in the time of Pausanias. The son of Aleos was Kepheus, who on the silver coins is represented precisely as is Ajax, the son of Oileus, on the coins of Opus (p. 285). The incident recorded on the bronze coins is related by Pausanias (viii. 47), Teyearats 8e' fort Kal aXKo Upbv ^ABrjvas YIoKiaTibos' (Kdarov be aira^ erovs Upivs is avTo ea-eiai. to tov 'Epi;juaros iepiiv 6voixA(ov<7l, \iyovTes &)s K7j<|)ei tu) AXeou yeVoLTO bcopea irapa A6r]vas aVakcoTov es tov navTa yjpovov itvai Teyiav' KoX avTia (paalv is (pvXaKrjv Trjs wo'Xecos a-uoTepiOva-av Tr]V 6iov hovvai TpiyGiv tS)v Mihova-ris. Apollodorus (ii. 7) teUs the story in greater detail, and says that Sterope, the daughter of Kepheus, received the hair in a brazen hydria. Tenthis. See Achaean League (p. ^$2). Theisoa. See Achaean League (p. 35a). _ Thelpnsa took its name from the nymph Thelpusa, daughter of the river Ladon, an affluent of the Alpheius in western Arcadia. Demeter was worshipped at Thelpusa under the name of Erinys (Pans viii oi:) and on the banks of the Ladon arose the myth of the pursuit of Demeter by Poseidon, when, to escape him, she assumed the form of a mare. But the god was not to be so deceived, and transformed himself into a horse. 383 CRETE. The offspring of this union was the ■wondrous horse Arion, in the Arcadian dialect 'Ept'ojy. (See Zeit.f. Num., i. p. 125.) Cire. B.C. 400-370, and later Head of Demeter Erinys. OEA Id. Prancing horse (Arion) above EPIfiN M Obol. EPIflN Prancing horse (Arion) . . See also Achaean League (p. 352). After circ. B.C. 146. Head of Helios radiate, right. | OEA in laurel- wreath . . . JE ■'j Imperial— Severas io GeisL. Jw^cr., OGAnOYCinN. Tt/jje — Young Pan resting on pedum and placing his hand on the top of a reed. This type has been explained by Imhoof-Blumer {Zeit.f. Num., i. 134). It represents Pan in the act of seizing the nymph Syrinx, who in the same instant was transformed into a reed, 'O Wav ovv ibicoKtv avrriv bpofjLov epmriKov, rrjv b' vXr] TLS hi\fTai Sacreta (j)fvyovcrav. O be Ilav Kara -nobas elcrdopdv, bipeye Trjv X^^P^ ^^ ^'^' avTTfV. Kal 6 jxiv uero TedrjpaKfvai koi exfadat t&v Tpix&v, KciXdixoiv be Koixrjv etxev rj xeip. (Achilles Tatius, viii. 6.) CRETE. [Hoeck, Kreta, Gbttingen, 1828. R. Pashley, Travels in Crete, London, 1837. Wroth, W., Cretan Coins. Num. Chron. 1884, i. Wroth, W., British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins, Crete, 1886.] Mythology. The island of Crete was one of the chief seats of "the worship of Zeus, who was believed to have been bom of Rhea, the daughter of Mother Earth, on Mount Ida or Mount Dicte. He is hence called KpriTayevr]9 'ISaios or AlktoIos on coins and inscriptions; Hesiod (484) says that the infant god was concealed Aiyaiw ev 6pei, in the mountain that took its name from the Cretan wild goat, which appears so frequently on the coins of the island as a religious emblem. There the babe was nourished on the milk of the divine goat Amaltheia, and on the honey of the bees of the Idaean caves. The bee as well as the goat is therefore symbolical in Crete of Zeus-worship. The Cretan Zeus took various forms. First he appears at Phaestus as a youth under the name of Velchanos, with a cock, the bird of dawn, upon his knees, clearly indicating him as the god of day. Elsewhere he is seen in the ordinary Hellenic form with eagle and sceptre or fulmen. Hera, as the consort of Zeus, was worshipped chiefly at Cnossus, where a festival called the lepbs ydp.os was celebrated. The worship of Europa iu Crete was of Phoenician origin, for in Phoenicia Astarte was also conceived of as riding on a bull. Europa, like the other Cretan goddess Diktynna, was originally a Moon-goddess, cf. her epithet 'EA\corts. At Gortyna she takes the place of Hera as the wife of Zeus, who is there the god of the starry sky, 'Aa-repios. He it was CRETE. 383 who carried off Europa from the shores of Phoenicia, and swam with her across the sea in the form of a splendid white bull, and finally, again changing his shape, obtained her love beneath the shade of the ancient Gortynian Plane-tree which never shed its leaves. From the union of Zeus with Europa sprang Minos, the mighty monarch and lawgiver of Crete. Minos and his queen Pasiphae (shining on all) are again solar and lunar in their natures, and mere variations of the same old myth. The fearful Minotaur too, offspring of Pasiphae and the_ Cretan Bull (i.e. of the Moon by the Sun), must also be explained in a similar manner. His home is the labyrinth of the starry night-sky, in the midst of which, on Cnossian coins, a star or the crescent moon are explicatory symbols. In either hand he holds a globe, which some- times also on vase representations is adorned with a star. Yet another aspect of the cultus of Minos is that of a hunter in the guise of Apollo, the noon-day sun, shooting his swift arrows of light or chasing the nymph Diktynna along the mountains; cf. the coin of Eleutherna with a hunter on one side and a huntress on the other in eager chase amid the pine-clad summits of Ida {Nzim. Ckron., 1884, p. 38). Here Minos, as on many other Cretan coins, sKdes off into the Dorian Apollo, as elsewhere he becomes indistinguishable from Zeus. Little by little the Greek conceptions of the gods tend to supersede the native Cretan forms, and Apollo is seen no longer holding the characteristic globe of the sun, but seated with his lyre in pure Hellenic guise. Diktynna, the Moon-goddess, the protectress of hunters and fishers (Uktvov, a fishing or hunting net), was also assimilated to the Hellenic Artemis, although her Cretan names Diktynna and Britomartis (sweet maid) continued to be applied to her down to the latest times. Coinage. No region of the Greek world affords a more suggestive series of silver coins than this rich and beautiful island of Crete. ' Creta Jovis magni medio jacet insula ponto ; Mons Idaeus ubi, et gentis cunabula nostrae. Centum urbes habitant magnas, uberrima regna.' (ViEG., Aen., iii. 104.) Although there are no Cretan coins which can be safely ascribed to an earlier date than the first half of the fifth century, yet the number of mints and the magnitude of the issues during the entire course of the fourth century is astonishing and unexampled in any other region of Greece. Unfortunately we know so little of the internal history of the island that we are at a loss to assign the coins to precise chronological periods. Except in a few cases style is our only guide. But it seems .tolerably certain that about the end of the fourth or the beginning of the third century the plentiful silver coinage above alluded to comes very generally to an end, and there are comparatively few Cretan coins which can be positively assigned to the third century. • I'^Tv j°T.*^'^ i*^"^® *^^ weight-standard employed throughout the island had been the Aeginetic, or more properly a debased form of the Aeginetic approaching in weight to the Persic standard which prevailed along the south coasts of Asia Minor and in Cyprus. After the ase of Alexander, whose coinage has left but slight traces in Crete (although the absence of Cretan coins in the third century suggests the inference 384 mET:E. that the currency of the island was at this time Alexandrine), the Attic standard creeps in and replaces the older Aeginetic In the second, century a general revival of the coinage takes place ^, at first on the pattern of the new Athenian tetradrachms, which afterwards give place to local Cretan types. This coinage continues sporadically until the Con- quest of Crete by Q. Caecilius Metellus in b. c. 67, when autonomous issues for the most part appear to have been put an end to, until, in the time of the Empire (Augustus to Trajan), a new Romano-Cretan silver coinage makes its appearance. The inscriptions on these late coins are sometimes in Greek and some- times in Latin. The name of the Roman governor and that of the J)lace of mintage are often added ; see under Cydonia, lileutherna, Gortyna, Hierapytna, ttanus, and Polyrhenium. Among these latest Coin-types the following may be mentioned. A cistophorus probably struck at Gortyna between B.C. 66 and the battle of Actium b.c. 31. Rev. type — Zeus Kretagenes hurling fulmen, between the usual serpents. Imcr., KYAAZ KPHTAPXA2 KPHTAIEnN. See Imhoof (JfoM. Gr., p. 210). AlKTYNNA KPHTIlN. Diktynna seated on rock holding javelin and infant Zeus on her arm and guarded on either side by the Curetes. The bronze coins usually bear the inscr., KOINON KPHTflN, or simply K. K. Selected types— Titus. ZEYC KPHTArENHC. Zeus standing naked hurling fulmen and surrounded by seven stars Mi- 2. Trajan. Europa on bull ; Goddess Rhea (?) holding infant Zeus between cornucopiae and eagle ; infant Zeus seated on globe, seven stars above his head ; Zeus enthroned ; recumbent River-god ; Dionysos standing holding kantharos and thyrsos, at his feet panther ; Asklepios and Hygieia ; Artemis Diktynna as huntress, inscr. sometimes AlKTYNNA ZEBAZTH. Hadrian. Gortys, the eponym of Gortyna, inscr. TOPTYC. Smaller M, K. K. Altar; Tripod; Stag, inscr. AlKTYNNA. Some of the silver coins of the Emperor Claudius, attributed conjecturally to Crete from their resemblance in style to others on which the name occurs, have a mark of value on the obverse, the drachm (circ. 84 grs.) reads AC. IT. KA (Assaria Italica 24?), and the ^-drachm AG. IT. IB (AssarialtaHca 12?). If this explanation is correct, these coins must have been tariffed above their value, for had they been intrinsically worth 24 and 12 asses they should have weighed at least 90 and 45 gi-s. They are interesting as showing how persistent was the custom in the island of making use of the old Aeginetic weights. There are also silver pieces of Caius and Claudius reading TAIOZ or KAAYAIOZ KAlZAP ZEBfAZTOZ] rEPM[ANIKOZ] APX[IEPEYZ] METflZTOZ] AHM[APXIKHZ] EZOY- [ZIAZ] YnA[TOZ] (i.e. PONT. MAX. TR. POT. COS.), with, on the reverse, a seated figure of the Emperor in a curule chair, perhaps in the character of Zeus Kretagenes, surrounded by seven stars, or enthroned on a triumphal car drawn by four elephants with seven stars around. The weights are 42 grs. (I Dr.), 120 grs. {i.\ Dr.), and 160 grs. (Didr.). The interesting series of decrees relating to the rights of asylum of the temple of Dionysos at Teos in Ionia on the one part, and twenty Cretan cities on the other, drawn up in the first half of the second century B. c, will be found collected in Le Bas-Waddington, Inscr. Gr., iii. 1'. 28 sq. Taken in conjunction with the coins they afford conclusive proof of the autonomy of the towns of Crete during this period. CRETE. 385 Chronological Table of the Coinage of Crete. 480-100 400-300 300-200 200-67 Imperial. Alassa ? Al Alliiria Ai" Aptera m"m A. JE Arcadia M Arsinoe M Axua m" Ml. M M Biauus M Ceraea m" M Chersonesus M JB Cnossus ^51 M JK M A. A. colon. A, Cydonia M J& A. A M M Eleutherna M JR JSt '" M M Elyrua Jl\i Aj Ai" Gortyna jk JR JK aS' J&1. N't A^ M -5t JEi Hierapytna M M A M A Hyrtacina M Itanus M M M M A. Lappa M -^ JEl M M Latus A Lissus A Lyttus M Al" M Al" M Matalia ? JH Naxus M Olus Ai M Phaestus M Ai M M Phalasarna ■/Til Jhj Poly rhenium M ^ A. M A Praesus M ./til JTj Priansus ja jxi Ai A, Pyranthus '" M Rhaucus M Ai" M Ehitliymna .oRi JSi Sybrita M A. TanuB M Tylissus A. Art. The art of the coins of Crete, as Mr. Poole has already pointed out, IS essentially realistic. ' Its want of force is relieved by its love of nature. It excels in the portrayal of animal and vegetable subjects and delights in perspective and foreshortening,' Num. Chron., 1864, p. 340 Professor Gardner, Types of Greek Corns, p. 161, also remarks, with 0. Jahnj that the Cretan coins are affected by a somewhat crude local nature worship, and that there is always present a substratum of barbarism. It would almost appear as if it were usual in Crete to employ a well- known and skilful engraver, such as NlEYANTOS or PYOOAnPOS to engrave the dies in the first instance, and as if these dies were sub- sequently copied and recopied by unskiUed hands. How else are we to account for the occurrence of the most beautiful and the most barbarous coins of the same types at the same towns and within the same half century ? c c 386 CRETE. CITIES OF C RETE. Alassa, Thalassa, or Lasaea, a town near the southernmost promontory of Crete, mentioned in Acts xxvii. 8. The Vulgate reads Thalassa. It is perhaps identical with the Lasus of PHny (iv. 1 2). Imperial bronze coins ; /«*cr., BAAACHujN (?). Magistrates, ^T\\ ATAOUJNOC, Gni NCOKYAOY OA P(?). iTj/^f 5, Hexastyle temple, and Zeus enthroned, holding sceptre and ears of corn. This attribution is not quite satisfactory. {Num. Chron., 1884, p. 56.) Allaria. Site uncertain, known only from coins and inscriptions. This coin was formerly attributed to Lacedaemon, q. v. Circ. B.C. 200. ir 5f' J':^\ ''^i^^pr 'f-r^erial. Tiberius. M Drachm struck under the Proconsul Cornelius Lupus Inscr., Tl. KAIZ. ZEBAZTOZ E(7rOKOP. A. Rev., QEOZ ZEBAZTOZ EAEYO. Elsrrus. The most important town of south-western Crete. Circ. B.C. 400-300. EAYPION Head of Cretan wild goat ; beneath, spear-head. Bee. See iR Drachm. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PL VIII. 15.) EAYPION Goat standing before tree, and raising his fore-foot against it ! M Drachm. 394 CRETE. Head of Poseidon. Circ. B.C. 200-67. I EAYPinN Trident . ^ Attic Tetradr. Gortyua or Gortys occupied a central position near the river Lethaeus. It rivalled Cnossus in wealth and importance. Circ. B.C. 480-400. Europa, riding on bull. (Fox, PL X. 109.) H VT S A Bull recumbent. Id. A-^^AD OT MOUVTSOA {Toprvvos TO Traijid) on the four sides of a square, within which, lion's head facing, all in incuse square . . JR Stater. Id. {N. C, 1884, PI. n. 7) M Drachm. Lion's head, facing, incuse square ^iDr. Others of similar types without inscription. The inscription on the remarkable stater above described is of the highest epigraphic and numismatic interest. Lenormant supposes Trat/na to be derived from ■KaUiv, to strike, as Komxa from Konreiv. Cf. SEYOA KOMMA on a coin of Seuthes, king of the Thracian Odrysae (p. 240). The signification of both these words appears to be ' somet/dng struck,' and so ' a coin.' The reading a-alixa for (rriij.a is inadmissible, as the sigma is nowhere rounded in archaic times. Circ. B.C. 400-300. Fig. 250. rOPTYN I ON (retrogr.) Bull in various attitudes, often skilfully foreshort- ened . . . M, Stater and Drachm. (Fig. 250, and Gardner, Types,^^\. IX. 18-20, 24). Europa, in sorrowful attitude, seated amid the branches of an ancient tree on the trunk of which on one specimen 80SVM3T {='iiavpoi'\). On one of the branches sometimes an eagle, on other coins a large eagle's head, in front of the trunk. Europa sometimes holds a sceptre surmounted by a bird and wears upon her head a polos, showing that she was regarded at Gortyna in the light of a powerful goddess and as the consort of Zeus. Europa seated in tree, in commercio cum aquila expansis alis. On some specimens, bull's head beneath. Female head, crowned with corn leaves. Bull M Stater. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. X. 8.) rOPTYNIflN Bull's head and neck, or bull irritated by fly . . . M Dr. GOBTYNA. 395 The above types are illustrated by a passage in Pliny (xii. 1.5): ' Est Gortynae in insula Greta juxta fontem platanus una insignis utriusque linguae monimentis, numquam folia dimittens, statimque ei Graeciae fabu- lositas superfuit Jovem sub ea cum Europa concubuisse.' Von Sallet [Z. f. N., vi. 264) has suggested that the inscription on the tree may refer to Mount Tityrus in the north of Crete, but such an explanation seems improbable. Poole prefers to regard it as one of the names carved on the bark of the old tree apparently alluded to by Pliny {I. c). It would seem, according to the Gortynian version of the myth, that Zeus, after carrying off Europa, in the form of a Bull, approached her again in the shape of an Eagle. In honour of Europa a festival called Hellotia was celebrated at Gortyna, in which the lunar origin of her woi'ship is conspicuous. As works of art some of the above described staters, with the goddess seated in the tree, deserve the highest praise, the majority of the extant specimens are however extraordinarily careless in design and execution. To this period may be also ascribed the following stater, usually attributed to Euboea (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 323). Bull lying I., with head turned hack. EVR(?) Head of Europa, hair rolled, the whole in incuse square iR 184 grs. The inscription on this coin has hithei-to been read EVB, and the coin consequently assigned to Euboea. The emendation here suggested is due to Prof. Gardner ; but as I have not had an opportunity of examining the legend on the original, I cannot unhesitatingly accept the new reading. Bbonze. b. c. 400-300. Europa seated on trunk of tree, eagle beside her. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XI. 5.) rOPTY Europa, with inflated veil, riding on bull, the whole in wreath . ^.65 Silver. C'irc. b. c. 300-200 (?). Head of Zeus r., laureate. rOPTYNiriN Europa on bull, as above JR Drachm. Girc. B. c. 200. Tetradrachms of Athenian types. Itiscr., TOPTYNinN Butting bull (B. M. Guide, PI. LVI. 3a). Circ. B.C. 200-67. Symbol, Fig. 251. 396 CRETE. rOPTYNiriN Bull standing . . . 5? Stater (?) 133 grs. „ Pallas standing hold- ing Nike, resting on shield, beside her, serpent. Mag. OIBOS, all in olive-wreath . . . . M Tetradr. rOPTYNinN Naked hunter with bow and arrows in hand, seated on rocks, quiver at his shoulder; in field, B. Magistrate's name 01 BO Z . . ■& Attic Drachm. rOPTYMinN Naked male figure (Gortys T) striding r. holding spear, shield before him . M Attic Drachm. r — Eagle with spread wings de- vouring serpent; all in border of rays . . . . M Attic \ Drachm. The gold stater described above may be only a cast in gold from a silver coin. It is catalogued by Mionnet (II. 278), and there is a sulphur cast of it in the British Museum. Bronze. Heads of Zeus, Artemis Britomartis, and Hermes, called Hedas at Gortyna {Etym. Mag., 315, a8}. Rev., Pallas standing holding serpent ; Naked warrior with shield before him ; Bull ; Europa on buU ; Bull and caduceus, etc. Circ. B. 0. 66. Head of Zeus, laureate. (Mionnet, II. 278.) Id,, diademed. (Fig. 251.) Id. (Cf. i\^. C, i884,PLII. 9) Id. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XI. 9.) Head of Medusa facing. {lb., PL XL 10.) PflMAS Head of Eoma wearing winged helmet, adorned on side with elephant's head ; in front mon. K A (^./.iy^.,x. 119.) rOPTYN Ephesian Artemis, as on gold staters of Ephesus ; in field. Bee and elephant's head, all in wreath . . M Attic Tetradr. The Elephant's head is the family emblem of the CaeciUi Metelli. There can be no doubt therefore that these tetradrachms were struck at Gortyna after the conquest of Crete by Q. Caecilius Metellus, b. c, 67, and while he was organizing the government of the island, which was constituted a Roman Province in B.C. 66. Livy [Epit., 100): 'Q. Me- tellus perdomitis Cretensibus liberae in id tempus insulae leges dedit.' It is not clear why the Ephesian Artemis appears on the reverse. (Friedlaender, Zeit.f. Nurn,., x. 119.) Between b. c. 66 and 3 1 Cistophori appear to have been struck at Gortyna by KYAAZ (Cicero, P/^?7., v. 5, and viii. 9) who was KPHTAPXAS or President of the kolvov tS>v Kpi^raiioiv (see Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 210). Imperial. Tiberius. M struck under the Proconsul Cornelius Lupus. TIBEPin KAIZAPI ZEBAZTH rOPTYNiri[N;>r2;.,KAISAPI ZEBAZin KPHTEZ. E(m)KOP. AY. Caligula and Germanicus, under Augurinus ETTI AYfOYPElNri TOPT. Here again we have ImL with a dative ; see p. 393. The name Augurinus occurs also on coins of Hierapytna and Polyrhenium. Claudius M.. Rev., Augustus seated, or in quadriga of elephants surrounded by seven stars (Mion., vi. 676, 433 and 434), and & with Augustus seated holding aplustre and sceptre iZeit. f. Num., xiii. PI. IV. 7)- Trajan^. 7?«.., TOPTYC, naked warrior. HIERAPYTNA—HYRTACINA. 397 Hierapytna, about five miles west of Cape Erythraeum, was, after its annexation of Praesus (Strab., x. p. 479), in the second century B. c. one of the largest cities of Crete. Girc. B.C. 400-350. IP — AP — V between the limbs of a triskelis, the whole in wreath. Fore-part of a boar r. in wreath {Zeit f. Num., xiii. PI. IV. 8.) M Stater 174-5 grs. Before circ. B. c. 300. Fig. 252. I EPA Palm-tree with eagle at its foot. (Fig. 252.) M Stater. Head of Zeus laureate, closely resem- bling in style the coins of the Aenianians (b. c. 302-286), p. 248. Circ. B.C. 200. Tetradrachm of Athenian types. Inscr., lEPAIIY. Symbol, Eagle. Magistrates, IHNO0I or KYPANNIZ. Cf. remarks under Cnossus (p. 390). Gire. B.C. 200-67. Female head turreted. (B. M. Guide, PI. LVI. 33.) Id. Id. (B. M. Cat., Grete, PI. XII. 2.) lEPAOYTNinN Palm-tree and eagle. Magistrate's name, in iiora . or gen. case, and mon. JR Spread Tetradr. 232 grs. lEPAnYTNIflN Id. ^ Didr. 1 1 6 grs. „ Id. M Dr. 57 grs. Among the names on these coins are — APISTATOPAZ, AZBANT02, IMEPAIOZ, KAOYMENIAAZ, KYAANTOZ, MENEZOENHZ, ZAMA- rOPAZ, and } AISI Pilei of the Dioskuri. | AlZI Bow and quiver crossed M -6 Lyttus, one of the largest cities of Crete, stood at the foot of Mount Aegaeum, about 100 stadia south-east of Cnossus. The silver coins of Lyttus are plentiful; but, like those of most other inland towns of Crete, they are of rude fabric and style. It is therefore somewhat difficult to classify them chronologically. They probably, however, belong to the last half of the fifth and to the fourth century b. c. Eagle flying. {N.C., 1884, PI. III. 1.) Circ. B.C. 450-330, or later. y^VTTSON later AVTTION Boar's head in incuse square JR Stater, Dr., i Dr., and ^ -55 Circ. B.C. 300-250. Tetradrachms with types of Alexander (Miiller, 900). Symbol, Boar's head. From B. c. 300 to 320, when the city was destroyed by its powerful neighbour Cnossus, the coins of Lyttus are rare. 400 CRETE. Boar's head. (B. M. Cat., Crete, PI. XIV. 6.) AYTTIfiN Eagle, with spread wings. Head of Zeus. Cire. B.C. 300-220. AYTTIflN Eagle standing, wings open . . . . M Attic Drachm. Boar's head Jg, .>, AYTTIilN Eagle, with open wings; in field, boar's head . . . M -i The Eagle refers to the culfcus of Zeus Atxratos, the Boar's head may- symbolize the worship of Artemis, Ttp-noy-h-q Kairpoicrt (II., vi. 204). Matalia (?) (Ptol., iii. 17, § 4), a Cretan town a few miles south of Phaestus. Von Sallet (Zeit. f. Num., 1885, p. 359) suggests that certain silver staters reading MHAAiriN or MjQAAAnN, apparently of Cretan style, may belong to this town. Circ. B.C. 400-300. Rude head of Zeus. I MOAAinN Bucramum . ^Stater Naxus. This town is mentioned by Suidas and by the scholiast of Pindar (Ist/im., vi. 108) ; its coins are of rude work, and seem to belong to the early part of the fourth century B. c. Head of Apollo, r., laur. (Zeit.f. Num., 1885, p. 125.) NAKM^ON, NAKSION (sometimes retrogr.) or no inscription. Tripod of rude work JB, Stater, Drachm., and -J Drachm. Olus, on the north-east coast between Chersonesus and Minoa. It was celebrated for a temple of Britomartis, which contained a wooden statue of the goddess by Daedalos (Paus., ix. 40. 3). Circ. B. c. Head of Britomartis, bound with fillet and wreath of bay, at her shoulder quiver. {N. C, 1884, PI. III. 2.) 330-300. OAONTinN Zeus aetophoros, en- throned as on coins of Alexander, in field monogram . . . M, Stater. Id, OA (in mon.) in wreath . iR 34 grs. Id. Star ^Obol. Id. OAONTI Similar .ffi .5 Id. OAOS Dolphin in incuse square M-\ Phaestus, one of the most ancient and illustrious of the Cretan towns, stood on the river Lethaeus, west of Gortyna. The coinage begins in the fifth century, and during the whole of the fourth it is plentiful ; but it ceases suddenly early in the third, about which time apparently the town was destroyed by the Gortynians. The Eponym of Phaestus was a son of Herakles, and the exploits of that divinity form the usual subjects of its coin-types. Circ. B. c. Europa riding on bull. {Num. Ghron., 1884, PI. III. 460-400.' A^M30TIAO^TMM[3] {^ai(TTi|ITMIAD Bull feeding, his fore- legs tied with a rope or chain, the whole sometimes in wreath . M Stater. Bull's head, filleted . . . ^Stater. Bull tethered, all in wreath .51 Stater. Bull . M Stater. Fm. 254. Herakles, contending with Hydra ; the latter is assisted by a crab. •DAISTION or(nN) Bull (Fig. 254). M Stater. When Herakles with the help of lolaos destroyed the Lernaean hydra, a gigantic crab came to the assistance of the hydra and wounded Herakles. in the foot. (ApoUod., ii. 5, a.) The tethered bull on the above coins is the famous Cretan bull, bound by Herakles. 20MAXA33 Youthful god naked, seated on stump of ancient tree, and holding a cock on his 1. knee. Herakles, naked, seated at rest on the ground, his bow and quiver hanging on a column, or sometimes on a tree beside him. Behind him, on some specimens, a large amphora. AI£ Similar . . . (Gardner, Types, PI. . M Stater. IX. 8.) D d 402 CRETE. TAAflN Naked winged male figure, Talos, striding along, and about to hurl a stone. Young male head, Phaestos or Hera- kles. (N. C, 1884, PI. III. 7, 8.) Fio. 256. AISTinN Eushingbull. (Kg- 256.) M Stater. AICTIilN Dog on the scent . M -7 Zeus was worshipped at Phaestus in youthful form and under the Semitic name of Velchanos, Yikx&vo^ 6 Zevs vapa Kprja-Cv (Hesych. s. v.). The coins show that the correct form of the name is not FfXx'^^o^ but FeXxdvo?. The cock, the bird of dawn, indicates that the worship of Velchanos par- took of a solar character. Another Cretan conception originally solar was Talos (cf. Hesych. TdAco? 6 rjXios), the wondi-ous man of brass, the work of Hephaestos, who guarded the island of Crete, running swiftly round it thrice every day and hurling stones at all strange vessels which ap- proached its shores (cf. ApoUonius, iv. 1638 ; ApoUod., i. 9, a6). The Cretan form of the name (if in the nominative) would appear from the coins to have been Talon and not Talos. The dog, which is the reverse type of the bronze coins, was, like Talos, the work of Hephaestos and the guardian of the Cretan Zeus (De Witte, Bev. Num., 1840, p. 188). On a silver stater in the Greau Collection (No. 1567) the dog appears between the legs of Talos. Fhalasama, at the north-west extremity of the island, possessed a temple of Diktynna and a strong port (Bursian, Geoff., ii. 55^). Its coin- types refer to the worship of Diktynna and Poseidon. Circ. B.C. 400-300. Head of Diktynna, her hair bound with cord passing twice round it. Id. hair rolled. Id. Krater; above, bee . JE .6 Andros, the largest and most northerly of the Cyclades. The chief god of the island was Dionysos, within whose sanctuary was a fountain, which ran wine every year during the feast of the QeobaCina (Plin., ii. 103; xxxi. 2, 16; Paus., Vi. 26: Aeyovcn be Kal 'Avbpioi Trapa eroy (res, hKeLTTovTOiv wore rail' hriaCoDV aviiiu>v 'Aptoraioy iv Keo) Owai 'iKjxa'm Att. The head on the coins may, however, be taken for that of Zeus 'Ix/^aios, the sender of cool breezes and refreshing dew and rain, whose worship was combined with that of Aristaeos. The bearded head may therefore be called either Zeus or Aristaeos, but when, as on coins of Carthaea, a youthful beardless head is represented, it is also probably intended for Aristaeos, who, according to Pindar {Pi/tk., ix. 64), was regarded by some as Zeus, by others as ApoUo : — NeKTop hv xdkecrai. koX a.y.^po1 or 01A>I in the spaces . . .51 Stater and divisions. Incuse square quadripartite or of ' mill- sail' pattern M Dr., ^ Dr., Obol. etc. After circ. B.C. 300. Attic Standard reduced^, Bearded Head of Aristaeos or Zeus 'iK/iaiof, r. (Leake, Num. Hell., Ins. Gr. p. 6.) Beardless head of Apollo or Aristaeos, laureate. (B.M. Cat., PI. XXI. 22.) Head of young Dionysos, r. (Ibid., PI. XXI. 23.) Bearded head r. laureate. {Ibid., PL XXI. 25.) KAP0AI Dog (star Sirios), encircled by rays; in field I., AN ... M 117-8 grs. KAPGA Dog (star Sirios), encircled by rays. Beneath, bee, symbol of Aristaeos JE -S KAPOA Grapes and star . . .^-75 K A P O A I between rays of a star ^•55 ■ If the following remftrkable coins, which are said to have been lately found in the island of CeoB, are genuine, they would prove that the Attic standard of full weight was in use in Ceos in the third century B.C. I confess, however, that I have very grave suspicions that all these coins Are very clever modem forgeries. The style of the work is far from satisfactory. Carthaea : Bearded head- r., with long hair concealing KAPOA Aristaeos bearded, wearing short chiton, kneeling with one knee on back of Bull, holding up its head with his left hand, and raising his r. arm as if about to slaughter it: in field n . ... ^130.2 grs. 412 THE CYCLABES. Coresia, an independent city of Ceos, once of great commercial im- portance, but in Strabo's time only the harbour of lulis. Circ. B.C. 600-480. Aeginetic Standard. Fig. 257. 9 — (often obliterated), Sepia, beside wbich, dolphin. 9— Dolphin. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXn. 6.) Inouse square, usually of 'mill-sail' pattern. (Fig. 257.) M Stater, Dr., \ Dr., and Ohol. Incuse square, in which sometimes K . M 5-4 and 43 grs. Before circ. b. c. 300. Sepia. {Ibid., Tl XXU, 10.) ) K— Bunch of grapes Circ. B.C. 300-200. Youthful or bearded head (see Car- I KOPH Grapes and bee . thaea). {Ibid., PI. XXII. 11.) Id. I „ Star .... ■ ^-45 • ^-75 . M -6 lulis stood on a height in the interior of the island of Geos. In early times it must have been less important than its neighbours on the coast, for it does not appear to have struck silver in any quantities. At a later period it rose to be the chief city of the island. Before circ. b. c. 480. Aeginetic Standard. IOV(?)AI (retrogr.) one-handled vase. I Incuse square, diagonally divided into I four parts M Stater Before circ. B.C. 300. lOYAI Bee or dog-star . M -65- -4 „ Grapes . . . M -65- -4 Poeeessa, on the south-west side of Ceos. Before circ. B.C. 300. Head of Aristaeos (?). | PO, POE£, etc. Star or grapes . M -6 Youthful or bearded head (see Car- thaea). (B. M. Cat., PI. XXII. 18.) Head of Dionysos. {Ibid., PI. XXII. 16.) Female head r., her hair bound with cord twisted twice round it. lulis: Bearded head r., laureate. K A P O A Male figure, naked to waist, seated 1. on chair without back and holding sceptre before him : in field £ . . .51 64-7 grs. lOY Bee; in field 1., head of dog (star Sirios) j beneath, K I '• border of dots. JB, I3T-3 grs. CIMOLOS, CYTHNOS, BELOS. 413 Cimolos, a small island contiguous to Melos, also called Echinusa from the number of fossil specimens of the Echinus or sea-urchin found on its shores. Before circ. B.C. 300. Bee or star. Head of Hermes. Head of Pallas. K I Echinus (sea-urchin), or no type . ■^ -45 KIMn Dolphin M-'j KIMflAI Trident . . . yE -7 Cythnos, between Ceos and Seriphos. Before circ. b. c. 300. Head of Apollo or of Pallas. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXII. 20-24.) Dog. {Ihid., PI. XXII. 25.) KY, KYON, KYONinN Lyre, grapes, rose, bee, or dog-star, etc. . ^ -65 KY Kose -^ -45 Imperial, Augustus. Inscr., KYONlUUN. Delos. During the early period of Delian independence, before the Persian wars, if coins were struck at Delos none have been identified as Delian. It may be questioned, however, whether the series of archaic silver staters having for type two dolphins described above under Argos (p. ^66) should not rather be attributed to the island of Delos. From B.C. 478 down to the close of the fourth century no Delian money is to be looked for, as, throughout that time, it was almost always subject to Athens. Shortly before B.C. 300 the island became independent and remained autonomous until it was handed over to the Athenians by the Romans in B.C. 166. Circ. B. c. 300 or rather earlier — b. c. 166. Ehodian or Ptokmaic Standard. Lyre. (Borrell, If. C, v. 175.) Head of Apollo, of good style. Id. Head of Apollo. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIII. I.) Id. {Ibid., PI. XXIII. 3.) Head of Artemis. AHAI Between the bars of a wheel .51 Drachm A — H Lyre .oivi^, athlvos ayaXixa bCas (Eur., Rec. 458 sq.), beneath which Leto gave birth to Apollo and Artemis. The swan in the tree marks it out as especially sacred to Apollo. After circ. b. c. 166. Headof Apollo, beneath TPI A. | AOE Owl on amphora . . . M- _ Respecting this attribution see the Mittheilungen d. deutsch. arch. Inst. vi. 238. It appears that these coins are found in Delos. It is therefore supposed that they were struck there under Athenian rule. 414 THE CrCLADUS. Gyaros, a mere barren rock, and poorly inhabited even in ancient times. Circ. B.C. 300-200. Turreted female head. Head of Artemis. (B. M. Cat., PI XXIII. 7.) Id. Stag. rYAPIflN Perseuswith patera (?) and harpa ... ^ .65 „ Quiver with strap M -5 Hai-pa of Perseus M -5 „ Ear of corn . . ^E .5 los, south of the Cyclades and north of Thera, derived its chief fame from its ancient traditions respecting the birth of Homer of an letan mother and of his burial in the island. Hence the poet's head upon its coins. Circ. B.C. 300-200. Ptolemaic or Median Standard. IHTjQN In laurel-wreath iR 104 grs. OMHPOY Head of Homer, diad. (^./.iVr.,v.Pl.I. 3.) Id. Id. Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIII. II.) ,! Id ^54 grs. „ Athena Polias, in front, palm- tree ^ .85 (Eoss, Inscr. Gr. ined., Fasc. 11. n. 93.) IHTUN Palm-tree . . . iE 65- .4 The Palm-tree alludes to the more ancient name of the island, Phoenice (Steph. Byz., s.v.). Imperial — Trajan to Faustina Jun. and Lucilla. Inscr., I HTilN . Similar types. UCelos. This important island, first colonized from Phoenicia, and at a later period Hellenized by Dorians, is one of the seven or eight Aegaean islands of which silver coins of the archaic period are still extant. Two such are preserved in the Hunter Collection (T. 36, Nos. 26 and 27), and a third is at Berlin. The weight-standard in this island is the Phoe- nician, which must have survived in Melos from remote times. Circ. B. c. 500. Phoenician Standard. Fruit, itrjKov (pomegranate f) (Berlin, Milnz-Kab., PL I. 3.) No inscr. Id. MA Id. Incuse square, halved and adorned with three rings . . M, Stater 213 grs. M Incuse circle, quartered by broad bands . . . . M. Stater 221 grs. No letter. Id. M Stater 222 grs. The type of these early Melian coins, /xtjAoi' Dorice fxoKov, may possibly have a religious meaning, but it must be confessed that it seems to be a good example of what the French call a ' ti/pe parlant,' or of what is known in heraldry as a ' canting device.' In B. c. 416 the city of Melos was taken by the Athenians and its male inhabitants put to the sword. A remnant of the unfortunate population GYAEOS, lOS, MELOS, MTCONOS. 415 was restored by Lysander after the fall of Athens, and in the following century silver money was again struck in the island in small quantities. The weight-standard in this period is the Rhodian in its earlier form. Circ. B.C. 400-300. Rhodian Standard {full weight). MAAI Kantharos . . M 123 grs. Fruit, iirjKov. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXm. 16.) Id. (ifcid., PI. XXIII. 17. Id. Id. Naked archer . . . ^ 32 grs. Id M-6 Helmet M -^ Circ. B. c. 300-200. Khodian Standard {reduced weight). Head of Athena in crested Corinthian helmet. Id. Fruit, uriKov. MAAIfiN Apollo in long chiton, en- throned, playing lyre. Magistrates, NEANOHZ, ZnSAPXO(S) . . . .51 227-220 grs. MAAI ON Fruit, ii^Xov. Magistrate, AYZANIAS . . . . M 57 grs. MHAinisI Pallas hurling fulraen. Mag. OAYMHIXOS . M loi grs. The bronze coins of this period are of no great interest, the usual types being the Melian fruit, Head of Pallas, Pallas fighting, Kantharos, Cor- nucopiae, etc After circ. B. c. 200 and Imperial Times. Among the later autonomous bronze coins the following only need be noted : — MHAinN Owl in wreath M -9 ,, Similar . . . .^ -9 „ in wreath . . . ^ i-o em APXO. 4)A. GnA4>P0AIT0Y in wreath .33 i-o MHAinN Archaic agalma of Pallas, armed with helmet, spear (?) and shield ; in field, mark of value 1 1 1 1 . .^ -95 MHAinN In wreath . . . ^ i.o BOYAH Youthful head of the local Senate. AHMOC Head of the Demos. APAXMH Bust of Pallas. MHAinN Id. Eni.Tl.nANKAEOC TO T. Melian fruit. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIV. 13.) TYXH Tyche standing resting r. arm on column, and holding a child in 1. The name Epaphroditus occurs in a Melian inscription (Boeckh, C. I. G., 2427), and on coins of Commodus, to whose time the above described coin therefore belongs. The marks of value bpaxtJ-v and 1 1 1 1 (obols ?) refer not to silver but to bronze (cf. the Ptolemaic bronze drachm). Myconos, a bare and rocky little island adjacent on the east to Delos. It was not altogether unfruitful, and its wine is praised by Pliny, xiv. 7, 75. Its coinage is chiefly of bronze. 416 TEE CYCLASES. Circ. B.C. 350-150. Rhodian or Ptolemaic Standard. Head of Zeus (?). Head of bearded Dionysos, ivy-bound. (B. M. Cat., PL XXV. I.) Head of young Dionysos, facing. {Ihid., PI. XXV. 2-4.) Id. {lUd., PI. XXV. 5.) MYKO Grapes .... ^ Size -3 „ Grapes, and grain of corn . . M .65-4 „ Grapes, corn-grain, and thyrsos ^•65 MYKONIUJN stalk of barley, with two ears M -d^ Imperial, Augustus. Inscr., MYKONlUUNl. Dionysos standing. Ifaxos. One of the largest, richest, and most fertile of all the Cyclades The god chiefly worshipped in this island was Dionysos. From the middle of the sixth century, especially under the tyrant Lygdamis, a contemporary of Pisistratus, down to the devastation of the island by the Persians in B.C. 490, Naxos was in the enjoyment of its greatest prosperity, and most of the neighbouring islands were dependent upon it. It is to this period that its massive archaic silver money belongs. Naoaos (?) he/ore b. c. 600. Phoenician Standard. Head of Satyr, with pointed horse's ear, of extremely archaic style. Rough incuse square .51 211 grs. (corroded.) Found at Thera {N. C, 1 884,P1. XH. 17.) Circ. B. c. 600-490, Aeginetic Standard. Fio. 258. Kan tharos, bound with ivy- wreath, and with a bunch of grapes hanging from each handle; above an ivv leaf . Id. Eough incuse square, quartered . . . (Fig. 258.) M Stater. Id .^Diobol.(?) From B. c. 490, at first under the Persians and then under the Athenians, who settled five hundred Kleruchs in the island, Naxos struck no coins. The second series of Naxian coins begins after the fall of Athens b. c. 404. Circ. B. c. 400-350. Rhodian Standard {full weight). Head of bearded Dionysos, of fine style, crowned with ivy. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXV. 10.) Id. {Ibid., YIXKY. II.) NAZinM Kantharos, above, ivy-leaf . M Dr. 67 grs. N A Kantharos M -45 NAXOS—PAIWS. 417 Circ. B. c. 350 — Roman times, Rhodian standard, reduced. Head of bearded Dionysos, crowned with ivy. {Zeit.f. Num., I. 135, 136.) Id. Head of youDg Dionysos. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXV. 12, 13.) Id. NAjiI Tall Kantharos and thyrsos. Magistrates, AEHKP, M i03gi-s. ; KPHGE,^ ii2grs.; KAAAIN (Mus. Nap.) ZKH0H2(?) . . ^ 43 grs. NAZI Kantharos ; above, grapes vE -65 ,, Tall kantharos and thyrsos . ,, Grapes . jE "65 At Naxos the Priest of Dionysos was the eponymous magistrate, and it is probably his name which appears on the coinage. Imperial— ^e^i. Severus, Domna, and Geta. NAZinN. The Three Charites, etc. Paros, a large and important island west of Naxos, famous for its fine marble quarries, which were the chief source of its wealth, offers a long series of silver and bronze coins of various periods. Circ. B. c. 600-480. Aeginetic standard. Fig. 259. Goat kneeling on one knee, with head reverted ; beneath, dolphin. Incuse square, divided into six triangular parts, some deeply indented. (Fig. 259.) M Stater. Paros was subject to Athens down to the end of the fifth century, and in B.C. 378 she joined the second Athenian alliance ; but, apparently in B.C. 357, again separated herself from the Confederation in conjunction with the Chians, with whom then and afterwards the Parians were in close relations (Bursian, Geoff., II. 486). Circ. B. 0. 357-300. Rhodian standard {fidl weight). Goat. PAP Goat. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVI. 3.) PA Ear of Corn. P A Ear of corn . . . M 29 grs. Corn-wreath iH 29 grs. Rudder between dolphin and spear-head '. .51 40 grs. P A Ear of corn M -45 Goat. {Ihid., PI. XXVI. 4.) Circ. B. c. 200. Attic standard, reduced. The next series of Parian coins belongs, to all appearance, to quite the end of the third century b. c. {Zeit.f. Num., vii. ] 8). This coin should be transferred to Pale in Cephallenia (p. 358). E e 418 THE CTCLADES. Head of young Dionysos, ivy-crowned. (B. M, Guide, PI. LVI. 35.) PAPinN Demeter seated on corn- measure, holding corn and sceptre. Magistrates, AP1ST0AHM[0S], SIAHNOS . ^Tetradr.24QgrB. Fio. 260. Head of Artemis (?), her hair bound thrice round with a ribbon. (Fig. 260.) Veiled head of Demeter, crowned with corn. (B. M. Guide, PL LVI. 36.) Same head, without veil, Id. (B, M, Cat., PI. XXVI. 8,) PAP I Goat. Magistrates, AMAZIK . . ., AKOY, APISTH, KTHSI, HEISHN, nPAZOZ, <|)IAAN M Didr. 118 grs. and M -75 PAPI In ivy-wreath . . . M Didr. „ Id JlDidr. „ Id. Magistrates, EY — KTH, E — AKOY, ANTIA, ©OYPI, XAIPI . M Dr. 58 grs. The temple of Demeter at Faros is mentioned in a Treaty of Isopoliteia between Paros and Allaria in Crete (Boeckh, C. I. G., No. 2557). Imperial.— M-. Aurelius and Faustina. Bust of Pallas ; Three Charites. Fholegandros, between Melos and Sicinos, said to have been founded by Pholegandros, a son of Minos. Circ. B.C. 300-200. Young male head (Pholegandros?) (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVII. I.) Seriphos, between Cythnos and Siphnos, the home of Perseus and his mother Danae. Its coin-types all refer to the legend of that hero (cf. Paus., ii. 18). Circ. B.C. 300-200. (t)OAE, OAir, OAirA Eushing bull iE.7 Head of Perseus in winged helmet. (B.M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 2.) SEP, SEP I Gorgon-head; Harpa; or Perseus holding harpa . iE -65- -5 Head of Perseus. Gorgon head ; beneath, harpa. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 7.) After circ. B.C. 200. CeP€lJUJM Harpa . . M -55 „ Perseus naked, holding harpa -^ '^ Sicinos between Pholegandros and los. Bronze coins of the thud century or later. Inscr., Zl or SIKI. %je*— Bee; rev. Grapes M. -65. PHOLEGANDR OS—SYROS. 419 Head of Apollo, rev. Bee, Earn, or Grapes, M -6^. Head of Hermes, rev. Lyre M •6, Head of Dionysos, rev. Grapes M -6. Siphuos, south-east of Seriphos, famous in ancient times for its gold and silver mines, a tenth of the produce of which the Siphnians dedicated in their own treasury at Delphi. (Paus., x. ii, 2.) The following are archaic coins of the period during which the mines continued to be a source of immense wealth to the island. Circ. B.C. 600-500. Aeginetic standard. FiQ. 261. Eagle flying. (Fig. 261.) Incuse square, divided into eight trian- gular compartments, of which some are deeply indented Ai Stater and J Drachm, Circ. B.C. 500-400. Aeginetic and Attic standards. Head of Apollo of archaic style, hair rolled, and bound with plain cord. (B.M. Cat., PI. XXVII. II.) Id. (76t(Z.,Pl.XXVII. 12.) Id. (/6id, PI. XXVII. 13.) Id M-4^ Imperial— ^e-^i. Severus and Gordian. Inscr., CI ONluaN. Pallas standing. Syros. This island was situate nearly in the centre of the circle formed by the Cyclades. Of its history we know very little Its coinage begins about B.C. 300. (See Num. Chron., v. 179 ) Head of Hermes in petasos. {Num. Zeit., 1876, PI. I. 3.) Head of Pan, bearded with goat's horns. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 17.) Circ. B. c. 300-200. SYP Goat standing, r. M 12-9 grs. E e 2 2YPI, SYPinisI Goat and ear of corn 420 Tim CYCLABES. Circ. B.C. 200. Attic standard, reduced weight. Head of Demeter, of late style, crowned with com. (Mien., Suppl, IV. PI. XII, 2.) Similar he»4, rude style. Hats of the Kaheiri (or Dioscuri), each surmounted by star. Head of Hermes. Bee. Head of Apollo. GEriM KABEIPnN ZYPinN The two Kabeiri, standing, naked, facing, each resting on spear, and surmounted by star ; all in olive-wreath . . , M, Tetradr. 246 grs. ^YP Two Kabeiri naked, facing jE -7 , ZYPI Panther running M -45 SYPI Caduceus ..... ^ -55 ^Y Hat of ope of the Kabeiri, sur- mounted by star .^E -45 gYPI Goat lying, r. . . . M ■\ Imperial, T>om\i\&n toy QWiS. Inscr., CYpi KABIPflN, CICIC CYPIflN, ePMHC CYPI ON. Tj/pes — Heads of the Kabeiri with an ear of corn between them, and a Bee and a Star beneath. Bust or full-length figure of Isis. Hermes holding caduceus and purse. The above coins furnish us with the only evidence we possess con- cerning the worship of the Kabeiri at Syros. [Nmn. Chron., v. 180 sq.) Tenos, separated from the southern point of Andres by a channel one mile in breadth, was famous chiefly for its magnificent temple of Poseidon, much frequented by the people of the surrounding islands (Strab., x. 747)- Girc. B.C. 300-200. Attic standard. Fig. 262. Head of Zeus Ammon, bearded and laureate. (Fig. 262.) Same head, beardless. T H Poseidon enthroned, holding dol- phin and sceptre M Tetradr. 254 grs. THSinN Id. ... iE Tetradr. Id. Ehodian standard. (B. M. Guide, PI. XXXII. 28.) THNIilN Poseidon standing, holding dolphin and sceptre, grapes in field . M 109 grs. T— H Grapes .... ^ 53 g^- Palm-tree • ^ Z9 g^s- THNI Grapes . . • • ^ 35 g"^- Same head, bearded. Id. Same head, beardless. (B.M. Cat, PI. XXVIII. 16.) On the bronze coins, which range in date from about B. C. 300 to the middle of the second century, the following are the most frequent types : SYEOS, TENOS, THERA. 421 Head of Zeus Amman, learded or young. Head of Poseidon, laureate. Bionysos, standing with tliyrsos before altar. Rev,, TH . THMlIlN. Grapes. Poseidon standing with trident, around which a dolphin twines, or holding dolphin and trident. Rose in the field. Trident and dolphins. Rose in the field. (See B. M. Cat., Pis. XXVIII., XXIX.) The Rose, as an accessory symbol, may indicate an alliance with Rhodes, which at this time exercised a predominant influence in the Aegean Sea. From Boeckh, C I. G., 2334, it appears that the Tenian silver money did not usually exchange at par with the Rhodian, although it was struck on the same standard, the ordinary rate of exchange being 105 Tenian drachms against 100 Rhodian. This agio was due, it can hardly be doubted, to the prestige which attached to Rhodes as a great commercial state. In actual weight the Tenian drachms are fully equivalent, if not superior, to the contemporary Rhodian issues. See Mommsen, Mon. Rom., i. p. 51. Imperial, Tiberius to Maximus. Inscr., THNllfiN. Types: Poseidon and Dionysos in Temple, etc. Thera, the modern Santorin, west of Anaphe and south of los, is an island formed by a submarine volcano, the edge of the crater of which rises above the sea-level. It is said to have been first inhabited by Phoenicians, and to have been afterwards colonized from Sparta. It was the metropolis of Gyrene in Africa. Circ. B.C. 350-200. Head of Apollo facing, or in profile, (B. M. Cat., PI. XXIX, 13-16.) Id. Head of Apollo. Head of Zeus. Head of Hermes. Veiled female head. Female head. OH Rushing bull, or fore-part of bull " 65 M Three dolphins . . M Lyre M Fulmen . . M Caduceus . M In wreath . JE, ©HP Rushing bull . . . M 6 55 •6 5 5 5 Imperial, M. Aurelius to Cotomodus. Inscr., OHPAinN or GHPCnM Types: Apollo seated on Swan; Apollo Kitharoedos; Naked archaic statue of Apollo radiate facing ; Simulacrum or Term facing (B. M. Cat., Pi. XXIX. 17, io)i ASIA. BOSPORUS. The autonomous coinage of Gorgippia and Phanagoria, the chief cities (on the Asiatic side) of the district known as the Cimmerian Bosporus, bear a cloue resemblance, both in style and fabric, to the more recent issues of Panticapaeum on the European side of the Straits. The geographical arrangement adopted in the present work, and by all numismatists, unfortunately necessitates the separation of the coins of the Asiatic from those of the Euroi)ean portion of the Bosporus. (See Tawric Chersonesus, p. 237.) Agrippia Caesareia. Known only from inscriptions and coins (Ste- phani, Ant. du Bosp. Cimm., Inscr., 28, and Compte rendu de la Commission, Imp. Arch., i860, pp. 104-106.) Friedlander (iVw»?. Zeit., ii. 380) thinks that Agrippias and Caesareia were names temporarily borne by Phanagoria. Tiiiie of Augustus. Veiled head of Livia (?). Id. ArpinriEnN KAISAPEnN Prow . . Sceptre . . ^-85 . iE.85 Gorgippia. Probably situate near the entrance of the Cimmerian Bosporus, in the district called Sindica (Strab., p. 495). Head of Apollo. Id. {Num. Zeit., ii. PI. XI. i.) Id. Head of Apollo, Id. After B.C. 63. rOPrinnEflN Galloping stag and thyrsos ^62 grs. rOPn Bow in case and club M%^ grs. „ Fore-part of rushing bull .(58, Dr.C!) roprinriEnN- Prow . . . m-9. „ Tripod and thyrsos . Phanagoria. The chief city of Asiatic Bosporus, situate nearly opposite Panticapaeum, the European capital. See above, under Agnppia Caesareia. First century, B.C. Head of one of the Dioskuri. ANA, (DAHArOPIinN, etc. Bull. M 69 grs. „ Thyrsos . . . M Size -65 ', Rose .... iR24grs. Head of Apollo. Head of Artemis (?). Also bronze ; ohv. Head of Apollo, Head of Artemis, Head of Pan, etc.; rev. Thyrsos, Tripod and Thyrsos, Prow, Bow and Arrow, etc. BOSPORUS, COLCHIS, PONTUS. 423 Siude. The Sindi were a Scythian people who dwelt to the east of the Palus Maeotis. The town of Sinde was situate about fifty miles south of the Cimmerian Bosporus. [Berl. Bldtt., i. i, and ii. 360, Rev. Num., i860, 373.) Fourth century, B.C. Griffin, and corn grains Head of Herakles. TTucertain. Head of young DionysoSi crowned with ivy. SlNlAflN Horse's head, in incuse square ^R 27 grs. Similar ....... .^ 19 grs. Bow-case and quiver . . • .zE i-o OOLGHIS. The earliest coins of this region are small pieces of base silver weighing about 36 grs. Their attribution to Colchis rests upon the fact that they are frequently found in the modern province of Mingrelia on the eastern coast of the Black Sea. Circ. B. c. 400, or later. Head of archaistic (^3'3/;>yiiast of Colchis, Aristarchus. Circ. B. C. 63-47 (?). Jwscr., APISTAPXO(Y) TOY Eni KOAXIAO(S), obv. Head of Helios (I); rev. Female figute seated facing, M 70 grs. (Appian, MUhrid., 114, and Num. Chron., 1877, i.) PONlrug. Amasia, thfe birth-place of the great Mithradates and of Strabo, was a strongly fortified town on the river Iris. It struck autonomous bronze money between b. c. 6'^, the date of the dismemberment of the kingdom of Mithradates, and the time of Domitian, when the Imperial coinage begins. The inser. on the autonomous money is AMASEIAS. T^/pes: Head of Zeus, rev. Eagle ; Head of Ares, rev. Sword ; Young male head wino'ed, rev. Cornucopiae between the pilei of the Dioskuri ; Eadiate hQ&d^rev. Lion. /wi^mai^Domitian to Severus Alexander, tnscr., AM AC I AC, A MA- CeriN, etc., usually with addition of various surnames, honorific titles 424 PONTUS. dates, etc., e.g. AAP (Hadriana), CeV (Severiana), ANT (Antoniniana), AAeZ (Alexandriana), MHTPOnOA€nC nONTOY, nPflTHC TOY nOM, TOY, NenKOPilN, mostly abbreviated. On a coin of Sept. Severus occurs the legend ePMHC KTICAC THM TFOAIN, showing that Hermes was revered as oekist. The Imperial coins are dated according to the Amasian era (b. C. 7), when Augustus united into a single province Bithynia, Paphlagonia, and part of Pontus. This era was used also at Germanicopolis and Neo- claudiopoUs in Paphlagonia. Among the more noteworthy Imperial types are the following : — (i) A large altar, often burning, with a tree beside it, and surmounted by an eagle, a temple, or the quadriga of Helios. This has been ex- plained by Cavedoni [Bull. Corr.Arch., 1840, p. 70) as the great sacrificial altar which it was customary in Pontus to erect to Zeus Strati os (cf. Appian, Mithrid., p. 215, ed. Steph.) (2) One or two river gods, the Iria and the Scylax. (3) Serapis enthroned with Kerberos at his feet. (4) A fortified city on a rocky height enclosing two temples, one at the foot, the other on the summit of the rock. Alhance coins. — Amasia and Nicomedia. Amisns or Sauistis [Zeit. f Num., ii. 30), next after Sinope the most flourishing Greek port on the south coast of the Euxine, a few miles west of the mouth of the river Lycastus, was recolonized from Athens, probably early in -the fourth century, and its name changed to Peiraeeus. Its earliest coins date from this time, and follow the Persic standard. Stater 164 grs.. Drachm 88 grs., Tetrobol 59 grs., Triobol 44 grs., Diobol 29 grs. Girc. B. c. 400-300. Owl, with spread wings, in incuse square jR 164 grs. ms or mx (in Aramaic characters), Ibex to 1. {Taylor Combe, PI. XITI. 14.) The Aramaic legend probably contains the initial letters of the name of some satrap or dynast (Num. Chron., 1885, p. 31). Female head, wearing Stephanos, orna- mented with turrets. Female head, in turreted crown. PEIPA, PEIPAE.or PEIPAinN Owl, with spread wings, standing on a shield. Across field, magistrate's name . . . ^ Dr. and Tetrobol. Owl on shield, magistrate's name M Diobol. Circ. B.C. 300 to Roman times. Under the kings of Pontus the old name of the city was restored, but it ceased to strike silver money. The bronze coins of this time refer for the most part to the worship of Perseus, which was introduced- by the kings of Pontus. The greater part of this money belongs to the age ot Mithradates VI., B.C. 121-63, who frequently made Amisus his place ol residence. AMASIA—CHABACTA. 425 Cire. B.C. 300-200. Head of Perseus, wearing Persian head- dress. AMIZOY Sword ill case M I- Citx. B.C. 200-63, or later. Head of Perseus, wearing helmet, end- ing above in bird's head. Aegis, with Medusa head in centre. Head of Amazon (Lykasto V), in wolf's skin. Helmeted head (Ares J). Head of young Dionysos. Head of Athena, as on late tetra- drachms of Athens. Young winged head. Head of Zeus. AM I SOY Pegasos drinking M g (or ZAMIZOHS) Nike carrying palm -^ -85 Id M .85 ,, Sword in case ; in field, sometimes sun and moon . ^ '85 AMI20Y Id. or thyrsos ; or thyrsos and cista . . ^ -8 „ Perseus standing, holding harpa and head of Medusa, whose naked body lies at his feet . M 1-2 AMIZOY Cornucopiae between pilei of the Dioskuri J& -7 „ Eagle on fulmen M -8 Afler B. c. 63. • Under the Romans the Proquaestors C. Papirius Carbo and C. Caeci- liua Cornutus, B. C. 56, place their names upon the coins, which bear in addition the word PHMH, with the type of Roma seated on shields. After the defeat of Pharnaces, the son of Mithradates, at the battle of Zela, B.C. 47, Caesar gave Amisus its freedom. The word €AeYe€PAC is now frequently added to the name of the city. Imperial — Tiberius to Saloninus. Iiiscr., AMICOY or AMICOY £A€Y9ePAC, with or without date, reckoning from the era of Amisus, B. c. 33, when the city was liberated from a tyrant by Augustus. Silver coins were struck at Amisus between the reigns of Hadrian and Antoninus. Wt. 144, 96, and 48 grs. (cf. Imperial M of Crete.) Types : various and ordinary. Alliance Coins.r— Amisus and Amastris ; Amisus and Miletus. Cabeira. In the valley of the Lycus was the chief seat of the worship of the god Men Pharnakes. Autonomous bronze coins of the Mithradatic period. Inscr., KABHPflN. Types: Head of Athena, rev. Perseus stand- ing over dead body of Medusa ; Aegis, rev. Nike ; Head of Ares, rev. Eagle ; Id., rev. Sword. CerasTts, on the coast west of Trapezus, Imperial coins only. Hadrian to Severus Alexander. Jnser., K€PACOYNTinN, usually with date reckoning from A. d. 63, when Pontus Polemoniacus was constituted a Roman Province. Types: Herakles standing; Paniskos standing with torch and pedum. Chabacta. A maritime town situate between the mouths of the Halys and the Iris. Autonomous bronze of the Mithradatic period. 426 PONTUS. Inscr., X ABAKTHN. Types : Aegis, rev. Nike ; Head of Ares, rev. Sword ; Head of Perseus, rev. Pegasos. Comaua, on the Iria, called Pontica to distinguish it hoxa. the Cappa- docian Comana, was famed for its cultus of the goddess Enyo (Millingen, Atic. Gr. C, 6y), the high priest of whose temple ranked next in dignity to the king of Pontus. Under the Romans the place bore the name of Hierocaesareia. Autonomous bronze of the regal period. 7««cr., KOMANHN. Types: Head of Perseus, rev. Star ; Head of Athena, rev. Perseus standing over body of Medusa ; Aegis, rev. Nike ; Bust of Enyo radiate, rev. Club ; Imperial — Nerva, Severus, Gallienus. Inscr., lePOKAICAP. KOMANGIiM. Types : Nike in temple ; Goddess Enyo, etc. The era of Comana dates from A. D. 40. Gazinra, on the Iris, between Comana and Amasia, one of the resi- dences of the kings of Pontus, but deserted in the time of Strabo (xii. 13.) For the silver coins of the dynast Ariarathes, with the Aramaic inscr., ">n:^y3 and nitai'va {Num. Chron., 1884, PI. V. la), struck between about B. 0. 350 and 3aa, see Kings of Cappadocia. Autonomous bronze of the Mithi-adatic period. Inscr., PAZIOYPHN. Types : Head of Zeus, rev. Eagle on f ulmen ; Head of Ares, rev. Sword. ^aodiceia. (Waddington, Mel. de Num., ii 131), probably the modern Ladik, about twenty miles north of Amasia, known only from its coins. Autonomous bronze of the Mithradatic period. Inscr., AAOAIKEilN. Types .-.Aegis, rev. Nike ; Head of Ares, rev. Sword, etc. ITeocaesareia, on the Ly cus, sixty-three miles east of Amasia, is identified by some authorities with Cabeira. Imperial — Tiberius to Gallienus. Inscr., HeoKAiCAPiAC, NeoKAiCAPenrJ, or AAPiANnN seoKecAPenN. The town also bore the title of MHTPOHOAIC nONTOY, and Games were held there called KOINA HO N TOY, variously abbreviated on the coins as K. HO., KOlN. HO., KOIN. eN RO., AKTIA, etc. Other legends, AlC Nen[KOPnN], etc. The era of Neocaesareia dates from A. D. 63. Types: Personifications of five cities standing with Neocaesareia in their midst, the river-god Lycus swimming at her feet: Tetrastyle temple ; Agonistic Table and Urn, etc. Feiraeens. See Amisiis. Fhamacia, some 300 stadia west of Cerasus, with which place it has been often confounded, and of which it now bears the name. Autonomous bronze of the Mithradatic period. Inscr., cDAPNAKEflM or,i) Taulara. {Zeit.f. Num., ii. 115.) Autonomous bronze of the Mithra- datic age. 7««cr., TAYAAPHN. 5^^es : Head of Ares, rei;. Sword. Trapezns (Trebizond), on the south coast of the Euxine, near the frontier of Colchis. Silver. Persic standard, Circ. B.C. 350(?). Male head, with close beard. I TPA Table, on which bunch of grapes {Nvm. Chron., 1871, PI. VI. 3, 4.) | ^R Dr. 88 grs., Diob. 22 grs. Imperial — Trajan to Philippus Jun. /wscr., TPAPieZOYNTinN. Era dates from A. D. 6^. Types relating to the worship of Men, Serapis, and Tyche. Zela, some forty miles south of Amasia ; one of the chief seats of the cultus of the goddess Anai'tis, the high priest of whose temple was the ruler of Zela and its territory. Imperial o{ Severus and his family. Inscr., ZHAITflM TOY PIONTOY. Era commencing A. D. 63. T^/pes : Temple of Anai'tis ; male figure seated, holding ears of corn and hasta {JVtm. Chron., v. 184). KINGS OF PONTUS, AND OF PONTUS WITH BOSPORUS. [Koehne, Mus. Kotsckouhey, II. St. Petersburg, 1857. Von Sallet, 'Num. der Kdnige des Bosporus und Pontus. Berlin, 1866. Oreschnikow, Zur MUnzkunde des cimmerischen Bosporus. Moscow, 1883.] Mithradates IV., B. c. circ. 350-190, king of Pontus. Fig. 263. 438 KINGS OF PONTUS AND BOSPORUS. Head of King. (Fig. 263.) BASIAEfiS MIQPAAATOY Zeus aetophoros enthroned. In field, sun and crescent moon. M, Attic tetradr. Fharuaces I., B.C. circ. 190-157, king of Pontus, grandfather of Mithradates the Great. Fig. 264. Head of king. (Fig. 264.) BASIAEnS (UAPNAKOY Male pan- theistic divinity, holding cornucopiae, caduceus, and vine-branch, from which a doe feeds. In field, sun and moon. M Attic tetradr. and Drachm, mithradates V., B. c. 157-121 (Philopator, Euergetes), king of Pontus. Head of king. {Z. f. N., IV. p. 232.) BASIAEnS MiePAAATOY (t>IAO- nATOPOS KAI OY Perseus, the ancestor of the Persian kings, holding Medusa - head and harpa ; above, the Achaemenidan symbol, the crescent and sun . . . & Attic tetradr. Although this king is called only Euergetes by the writers, it seems nevertheless certain that the above-described coin belongs to him. Mithradates VI., the Great (Eupator, Dionysos), B. 0. 121-63, king of Pontus and Bosponis. Fig. 265. KINGS OF PONTUS AND BOSPORUS. 429 Headofking, BAZIAEHS MiepAAATOY EYHA- TOPOZ Stag drinking; in front, sun and crescent moon. The whole in ivy-wreath . . S Stater. (Fig. 265.) . . . . M Tetradr. The gold staters of Mithradates bear the mint-mark of the city of Pergamum, which, with all Asia Minor as far as the Maeander, fell into the hands of the king of Pontus in B. 0. 88. The ivy-wreath, adopted from the cistophori, may also allude to the title of the ' new Dionysos,' by which the cities of Asia hailed Mithradates as their deliverer from the tyranny of Roman rule. Head of king, I Same inscr. Pegasos drinking ; all in I ivy-wreath . . . M Tetradr. Some of the coins of this king are without his name, and read BAZIAEAZ EYnATOPOZ. Phamaces II., king of Bosporus, and later of Pontus and Colchis, B. c. 63-47, was a son of Mithradates. He was killed at the battle of Zela. Head of king. (Munich Cabinet). BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEON MEPAAQY OAPNAKOY Apollo, seated before tripod, holding branch and resting arm on lyre . . . .. N Stater, Asander, brother-in-law and s.uecessor of Pharnaces II., circ. B. o. 47-16. S, M, and M. APXONTOZ AZANAPOY BOZnOPOY struck during his regency, and BAZIAEflZ AZANAPOY after his accession. T^pes : Head of Asander ; rev. Nike on Prow. Hygiaenon. First century B.C. This ruler is only known from a single ^ coin, reading APXONTOZ YriAlNONTOZ. (Muret, ^?<^/. Corr. Hell., vi. an.) Dynamis. Wife (i.) of Asander and (ii.) of Polemon I. K BAZI- AIZZHZ AYNAMEnZ. {Annali di Corr., 1841, p. 320.) Polemon I., B.C. 39-8, ruler of Cilicia, Pontus, Bosporus, and Armenia Minor {Berl. Bldtt., ii. 265). M and M. BAZIAEnZ nOAE- MnNOZ EYZEBOYZ. With M. Antonius and Augustus. Pyttodoris, B. c. 8— A. D. 21, widow of Polemon I. and queen of Pontus S.. /m«-., BAZIAIZZA nYOOAilPIZ. With Augustus and Tiberius. " Tryphaena, A.D. 21-27, daughter of Polemon I. and Pythodoris, and mother of Polemon II. ^, with her son. BAZIAIZiZA TPY<|)AINA or BAZIAIZZHZ TPY0AINHZ, BAZIAEHZ nOAEMnNOZ. 430 KINGS OF THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS. Polemou II., king of Pontus, A. D. 37-63. M and M, with Caligula, Claudius, Agrippina, and Nero. BACIACUJC TTOAeMUJNOC. In the year A. D. 6^ Pontus was constituted a Roman province. KINGS OF THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS. Aces. Second century B. c. Gold stater resembling those of the Lysimachus type struck at Byzantium with the trident in the exergue. Inscr., BAZIAE^Z AKOY. Chabouillet {Statere d'or du roi Aces, Paris, 1866) attributes the coin to a Thracian or Scythian dynast, but Imhoof has assigned it to the Bosporus. Paerisades. Time of Mithradates. Gold staters resembling that of Aces, but generally of ruder work. Inscr., BAZIAEnS TTAIPISAAOY. Imhoof [PortmtMpfe, PI. IV. 22). leucon. Second century B.C. (?). Bronze BASIAEHS AEYKflNOZ {Z.f. N., iv. 329, 230). Spartocus. Second ^eentury B. C (?). Silver BAZIAEHZ ZTTAPTOKOY {Z.f. N, iv. 231). The remaining coins of the Kings of Bosporus, with the head of the Mng on one side and that of the Roman Emperor on the other, with dates according to the Pontic era, B. c. 297, ranging from the time of Augustus to that of Constantino, will be found fuUy described by De Koehne in the Mus. Kotschouley, vol. ii. It will be sufficient to append a list of the names and dates of the kings, which I take from Imhoof {Portrdtkopfe, p. 36). ■Uncertain. A. D. 8-1 1. S and M, with monograms. Ehescuporis I (?). A. d. 11-39. ^, ^^ Mithradates III. A. d. 42-49. M. Gepaepyris, alone or with Mithradates III. M. Cotys I. A. D. 49-69, 80. K, M. Khescuporis II. a. n. 69, 80-87, 92. S, M. Sauromates II. A. d. 92, 93-124. K, M. Cotys II. A. D. 124-132. K, M. Ehoemetalces. a.b. 132-154, 5. K, M. Eupator. a.d. 154, 5-171, 74- ^, ■^• Sauromates III. A. D. 172, 74-211. El., ^. Ehescuporis III. a.d. 211-229. E., ^. Cotys III. A. D. 229-235. El. ^, M. Sauromates IV. A. D. 229-233. M, M. Rhescuporis rV. A. n. 234, 235. M, M. Ininthemeus. A.D. 235-239. M, M. Khescuporis V. A.D. 239-268(?). El., Pot, ^. Sauromates V. A. D. circ.276. Pot. Ehescuporis VII. a.d. 304-342 M. PAPHLAGONIA. 431 FoEEiGN Dynasty. Pharsanzes. A. d. 254 and 255. M. Synges. A.D. 258-276. M. Teiranes. A.D. 276-279. M. Thothorses. a. d. 279-308. M. E,hadamsades. a. d. 309-323. M,, J&. All the above coins bear Greek inscriptions, usually in the genitive, aa BACIACUUC PHCKOYnOPIAOC, but occasionally in the nominative, as BACIAeYC CAYPOMATHC. Chronological Table of the Coinage op Bosporus, Colchis, and Pontus. Bosporus. 400-250 250-63 After B.C. 63 Imperial Times Agrippia Caesareia iE Gorgippia .^i ^J Phanagoria M jE Sinde Colchis. M Colchis m. Dioscurias Pontus, JE Amasia M M Amisus 'jk '" M M J&^ ^^ Cabeira M Cerasus M Chabacta '" M Comana M M Gaziura M Laodiceia ^ M Neocaeeareia M Pharnacia '" M Pimolisa M Sarbanissa M Sebastopolis m Taulara '" M Trapezus M M Zela M Kings of Pontus s m' M Kings of the Cimmerian Bosporus S, EL M, ^ PAPHLAGONIA. Paphlagonia, between the Halys on the east and the Parthenius on the west, and bounded by Galatia on the south, formed, from the time of Cyrus, part of the third Satrapy of the Persian Empire. Silver money was struck in the name of the Persian Satraps Datames (ob. B. c. 36a) at Sinope, Abdemon at Sinope, and Ariarathes at Sinope and at Gaziura in Pontus (Wadd., Mel., p. 83 sqq.). With the exception of the coins of Datames, which are Greek, all these coins bear Aramaic inscrip- 432 PAPHLAGONIA. tions, and belong to the age of Alexander the Great, before -whose time, except at Sinope, no coins were struck in Paphlagonia. The towns of Paphlagonia of which coins are known are the following : — Aboniteichos, later lonopolis, on the Euxine, about midway between the Halys and the Parthenius. The coins of this city illustrate the story of the false prophet Alexander the Paphlagonian, related by Lucian {Alex., 6). This impostor exercised for many' years an extraordinary influence on the people, and the new god Glykon, an oracular serpent with a human head, introduced by him, is the usual reverse type of the coins. Autonomous M ABnNOY TEIXOY. Imperial ~ Antomnus, Aurelius, and Faustina Junior, ABaNOTEIXEITHN, usually with the addition of TAYKnisl. At the request of the Prophet the name of the town appears to have been changed to lonopolis. Imperial— M of Verus, Lucilla, and Geta. Inscr., inNOnOAeiTilN. Aegialus (?), between Amastris and Aboniteichos. Imperial ^—M Domna and Caracalla. Inscr., EV\KMO.H. Magistrate Archon, Prytanis. em APX. npYTAMei. eniKPATOY. B. {Z.f. N.,-iY. ^69). Types— R^m Parthenia, Apollo Didymeus. Amastris, twelve miles east of the mouth of the Parthenius, founded by Amastris, niece of Darius Codomannus, wife, first of Dionysius, ijr&rxi of Heracleia in Bithynia, second, of Lysimachus. After circ. B.C. 302. Fig. 266. Headof Mithras in Persian headdress, AAAAZTPIEnN or AMASTPIOS laureate. BAZIAIZZHZ Seated female figure (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 2 27, and B. M. (Ana'itis ?), wearing modius, and hold- Guide, PI XXIX. 23.) ing Nike, or Eros and sceptre. /S^/mio?.- Eose. (Fig. 266.) JR Persic Stater 145 grs. The head on the obverse of these coins is thought by M. Six to represent the Amazon Amastris, or the queen herself in the character of the Amazon. The seated figure on the reverse of the coins, which read AMAZTPIOZ BASIAIZZHS, he describes as Amastris, and that on the specimens reading AMAZTPIEHN as a personification of the city (see Num. Chron., 1885, p. 64). ' According to M. Wadilington's canon, that all Impeii;il coins bearing the names of local magistrates belong to the Roman Province of Asia, within which he would consequently include the islands of Cos, Naxos, Ainorgos, and Lesbos (Fasfes des Provinces Asiatiques, pp. 24, 28), this coin should be attributed to Aegigje in Amorgos. Friedlaender s attribution to Aegialus in. Paphlagonia rests chiefly on grounds of style, and I am inclined to think it must be abandoned. AB0NITFACH08—P0MPEI0P0LIS. 433 Time of Mithradates. Bronze with Pontic types : — Head of Athena, rev. Perseus ; Head of Zeus, rev. Eagle ; Aegis, rev. Nike. Roman i>eriod. Imperial — Domitian to Maximinus. Inscr., AMASTPEHS or AIA\- CTPIANnN. Types:— ZVA. The coins of the Cilician town of the same name read TTOMnHIOnOAeiTnN. F f 434 PAPELAOONIA. Sebaste. Site unknown, but possibly identical with the modem Siwas on the Halys. Imperial of Trajan, M. Aurelius, and CaracaUa. Inscr., CeBACTH MHTPO. nAAAOYIOnOAITnN or KPHT€IA ANOYZ NIKOMHAOY. The head on these coins is probably that of Nicomedes II. Chkonologioal Table of the Coikage op Bithynia. Before B.C. 400 B.C. 400-278 B.C. 278-74 After B.C. 74 KoivSv of Bithynia and Imperial M A pameia-Mirrleia "■ ^ M Astacus M Bithynium = Claudiopolis M Caesareia-Germanica M Calchedon 'm j5i JSi JE CiuB = Pru8ias ad mare R M M '" M M Creteia = Flaviopolis M Dia '" M M Gordium = luliopolis M{n JE Hadriauopolis (?) JE Heracleia EL(?)L3l JR .^ '" M M Nicaea ^ Nicomedia ^ Pruea ad Olympum JE Prusias ad Hypium JE Timaea (?) JE Tium ^ Kings of Bithynia JT\. JE MYSIA. Abliaeti. This people occupied the parts about Ancyra and Synaua (Waddington, Bev. Num., 1851, p. 330, also Boeckh C. I. G., 3849). Auto- nomous bronze only. Head of Zeus. Head of Herakles. Female head. Second century, b. c. (?). MYZnN ABBAITHN Fulmen in wreath M -75 „ „ Club and lion's skin, in wreath . . . J& -6^ MYSfiN ABBAITnN Bipennis, in wreath M -5^ Adramyteuiu. A flourishing seaport at the head of the bay of Adra- myteum, said to have been founded by Adramys, brother of Croesus. Cistophori with AAPA in monogram and autonomous drachms (45 grs.) of the cistophoric standard. 'I^'~'' ABBAETI—APOLLONIA AD RHYNBACUM. 447 Bronze. Fourth century, b. c. HeadofZeus.{Imlioof,il!f(»i.i/] Similar. Gorgoneion, in concave field . . . . ■^ 58-50 grs. Id. (Imhoof., Mon. Gr., p. 234.). . . M no grs. ("!). Fig. 270. Head of Apollo, hair rolled. (Fig. 270.) Gorgoneion. Head of Apollo, facing. Head of Apollo, r., laureate. Head of Apollo, r., laureate. (Imhoof, Mon. Or., p. 236,) A Anchor and lobster. Various magis- trates' names . . M 260-225 grs. A Anchor and lobster. Magistrates' names .^44 grs. A Id M20 grs. A Id .51 19 grs. A Anchor and lobster, and legend XAAK I II =:;(aX(coC d^oXoi rpfir yE Size, -5 "Wt. 30 grs. Cire. B.C. 330-283, or later. A Anchor and lobster. Magistrates' names M Size -65 A Anchor M Size .55 . Apollo, seated on omphalos. Apollo, standing facing, holding long branch. Imperial, with or without names of Emperors — Domitian to GaUienus. J««c?-., AnOAAnNlATnN nPOC PYNAAKn, often abbreviated. Magis- trate,' Strategos. Principal types — Apollo standing before tree round which the dying Python is coiled; Kiver-god Rhyndacus, with inscr., PYMAAKOC ; Statue of Apollo with arm extended over column. Assus. On the north coast of the Adramytian gulf. Autonomous silver and bronze. Circ. B. c. 400-300, and later. Head of Pallas, helmet adorned with flying griffin. (Formerly in the Whittall collection, cast in B. M.) Female head. Head of Pallas, in laureate helmet. Head of Pallas. AS£IO[N Incuse square. Archaic simulacrum of standing divinity to r., with fore-arms extended and fillets hanging from her hands .RTetradr. Wt.(1) Bull's head, facing . . . M ^9, grs. ASSIGN Bull's head, facing ^45 g^s- ASSI Griffin . . M Size -85-45 ASSUS—CYZICUS. 449 Also tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Miiller, Nos. 938-31. Symhol, Griffin). Imperial — Augustus to Severus Alexander. Imcr., AZZiriN. Sometimes with names of Strategi. Types — Zeus, Asklepios, Altar of Asklepios, etc. Alliance coin with Pionia. Atarneus, on the Mysian coast, nearly opposite Mytilene. Autonomous bronze coins of the second century B. c. and latet. A TAP Forepart of horse ; above, coiled serpent .... J3 -65 Head of Apollo. {Num. Chron., iii. 97.) Also tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Miiller, No. 932) Roman times — Proconsul Cn. Asinius, B. C. 79-76. (Waddihgton, Pastes, P- 45-) Forepart of horse; above, coiled serpent. 1 ASINI0Y ANlOVriATOY PriMAinN I Caduceus M -6 Attaea placed by Strabo (607) between Heracleia and Atarneus. Autonomous of Imperial times and Imperial — Augustus to Geta. luscr., ATTAITnN or ATTA€ITriN. Types— \i.?QC AHMOG; ICPA CYNKAH- TOC; TYXH TTOAenC ; Kiver-god; Eagle holding wreath; Asklepios; Aphrodite. Magistrates, Anthypatos, P. Metilius Secundus and C.Antius Quadratus, temp. Trajan. Local Magistrates, Archon, Strategos. Alli- ance coins with Ephesus, temp. Caracalla. Cisthene. North of Atarneus. Autonomous bronze, second century B.C. Inscr., KI2, KISOH or KIZ0A. Veiled head of Demeter, rev. Horseman. [Num. Chron., vi. 149.) Cyzicus. The coinage of this city, which occupied a peniiisula on the southern shore of the Propontis, begins early in the fifth century, if not before, and consists principally of staters and hectae composed of electrum or pale gold. These coins of Cyzicus, together with the Persian darics, constituted the staple of the gold currency of the whole ancient world until such time as they were both superseded by the gold staters of Philip and Alexander the Great. The Cyzicene mint appears to have possessed Something like a mono- poly of coining these staters, which were doubtless a source of no small profit to the city. They are frequently mentioned in Attic inscriptions between b. c. 445 and 404, as well as by Writers, as orarTjpey Kt){iKTji;oi, Xpv(Tov (TTarrjpfs KvCmrjvoi, xpuciov Kvfixrjvoi; a-TaTjjpes, etc. (Head, Num, Chron., 1876, pp. 277 sqq.). From Xehophon, Anab., v. 6. 33 ; vii. 3. 10, we learn that a Cyzicene a month was promised to the soldiers as an advance upon their ordinary pay, which seems to have been a daric a month (cf. Anab., i. 3. ai). 450 MTSIA. The value of the Cyzicene electrum stater in silver money cannot be exactly determined ; the probability is that it varied from time to time; and that it was differently estimated in different localities. All that we can be sure of is that it was of greater value than the gold daric of 130 grs. The weight of the Cyzicene stater is 253-247 grs., and that of the corresponding hecte 41 grs., but it was largely alloyed with sUver, while the daric, on the other hand, was of pure gold. As Kirchhoff (Cor^. Inscr. Attic.,^. 160) has pointed out, a didrachm of pure gold weighing T30 grs. was valued at Athens in b. c. 434, at 28 silver drachms. Now this happens to be the exact value which Demos- thenes just a century later {c. Pkorm., 34, 23) assigns to the Cyzicene staters, which continued to circulate for some long time after the Cyzicene mint had ceased to issue them. It may be assumed therefore that so long as Cyzicus retained her quasi-monopoly of coining xp^o'ovs the value of the Cyzicene was considerably higher, and that it afterwards fell, in the age of Philip of Macedon, to the level of the gold stater of Philip. The eiricrrjixov, or badge, of the city of Cyzicus was the tunny-fish, Trr^Xauvs, shoals of which were continually passing through the Propontis on their way from the Euxine to the Aegean sea (see Marquardt, Cyzicus, p. ^^). This fish appears invariably on the electrum coinage of the town as an adjunct or lesser type in addition to the principal device, which latter, contrary to the usual practice, is at Cyzicus merely an exaggerated magisterial symbol, usurping the place of the main type, while the tunny, the real ^■aia-qjxov, is relegated to a subordinate position. M. J. P. Six {Num. Chron., i8yy, p. 171) has advanced the theory that the type of the Cyzicene stater was changed annually on the accession to office of each new annual eponymous magistrate. But of the 150 or more known varieties of these staters by far the larger number belong to a very limited space of time, viz. to the latter part of the fifth century, the specimens of archaic style being extremely scarce. It is hardly likely therefore that the changing type can be the signet of the epony- mous magistrate of the city as such, and it is more than probable that of the council or board of magistrates (Prytaneis ?) several, or perhaps all, were authorized to place their signets on the coinage, or to make choice of a monetary type, either in rotation or simultaneously, at different officinae of the mint. In this case the number of types would furnish no exact indication of the space of time during which the Cyzicenes con- tinued to be issueii. We are therefore driven to fall back upon style (which is, after all, the safest of guides), and basing our judgment upon it, we may confidently afiirm that the Cyzicene staters fall into the period between B. c. 500 and the age of Philip of Macedon. Further, we may accept the statement of Demosthenes above referred to as good authority for the opinion that they continued to circulate on the markets for many years after their regular issue had ceased at Cyzicus. Among the types of these staters and hectae the following may be mentioned. The pelamys occurs on all of them, sometimes in combina- tion with the type, but more often as a sort of basis on which the head or figure rests. The reverse is uniformly an incuse square divided into four quarters. CTZICUS. 451 Electrum Coinage. Early style. Circ. B.C. 500-480. Heads. Fig. 271. Archaic heads of Pallas facing or in profile (Fig. 371). Archaic head of Perseus in winged helmet. Young male head on a circular disk. Bearded head of Silenos facing. Bearded head in profile, etc. Animal Forms. Chimaera. Sphinx or Forepart of Sphinx. Forepart of Lion. Fore- part of Griffin. Forepart of winged Boar. Harpy. Asa, etc. Human Figures. Winged Gorgon. Herakles kneeling, etc. Transitional and Fine Style. Circ. b. c. 4^0-350. Bearded Heads. Zeus laureate. Zeus Ammon. Dionysos. Herakles. Poseidon or Kabeiros in conical laureate pilos. Uncertain head, bald and laureate, (Silenos?), Pan. Young Male Heads. Apollo. Dionysos. Hermes. Atys(1) in Phrygian cap. AktaeonC?) with stag's horn. Uncertain. Female Heads, Fro. 272. Pallas in profile or facing. Demeter in profile or facing (Fig. i'ji). Uncertain, wearing stephane (Hera?). Uncertain, with hair in saccosj copied from coin of Syracuse (Fig. 96, p. 152). Gg3 452 MYSIA. Animal Forms. Fig. 273. Sphinx. Skylla. Chimaera. Griffin. Pegasos. Centaur. Flying Eagle on circular disk. Kerberos or Orthros. Lion (Fig. 373). Bull. Horse. Ram. Boar. Wolf. And Foreparts of Winged lion; of Lion devouring prey ; of Cock ; of Bull, as on coins of Gela (cf Fig. 75, p. lai), etc. Also Lion's scalp, as on coins of Samos. Bull's head.' Goat's head, etc. Male Figtires. Fig. 274. Fig. 275. Fig. 276. Male naked figures in various attitudes, holding the pelamys by the tail. Zeus kneeling, holding eagle. Apollo kneehng, or seated on om- phalos and holding lyre. Perseus kneeling. Silenos pouring wine into kantharos (Fig. 374). Silenos kneeling, holding pelamys (Fig. 375). Poseidon kneeling, holding dolphin. Poseidon riding on hippocamp. Herakles kneeling. Dionysos seated. Dionysos riding on panther. Satyr seated. Kekrops holding tree. Triton. Dolphin-rider, as on coins of Tarentum, but holding pelamys. Youth on horseback. Triptolemos riding on winged serpents. Naked figures, armed with helmet, shield, sword, or bow and arrow, in various attitudes. Harmodios and Aristo- geiton charging. Orestes naked kneeling, clasping omphalos and holding sword. Phobos, a winged human figure with the head of a lion, kneeling, and holding pelamys (Fig. 376). Infants Herakles and Iphikles strangling serpents. Herakles and lion. Helios holding two horses. Female Figures. I^'IG. 277. Liberty seated on cippus, inscribed EAEYOEPIA. Demeter kneehng, holding two torches. Aphrodite standing beside Eros. Thetis (?) riding on dolphin and carrying shield and wreath. Kybele seated on lion. CYZICVS. 453 Nike kneeling, holding aplustre. Aphrodite riding on a swan, rising from the soil and holding infant Erichthonios (Fig. 377). Gaia Various. Prow of galley, ending in the forepart of a winged wolf. Lyre. Delphian omphalos, on which two eagles rest. Helmet. Head of large fish. Crab holding head of fish, etc.^ Silver Coinage. The silver money of Cyzieus, which is contemporary with the electrum, consists for the most part of small denominations. Circ. B.C. 430-412. Head of Atys in Phrygian cap ; be- neath, tunny. Forepart of boar ; behind, tunny. K Lion's head, in incuse square M 32 grs. Lion's head, in incuse square ; sometimes with K yR 1 8 grs. Circ. B.C. 412-330. The larger silver coins are chiefly later in date than the electrum staters, which they appear to have gradually superseded. * A P[M ] A B A Bearded head of Phama- bazus in Persian tiara. (De Luynes, Satr., PI. X, 5.) The following gold daric was probably also struck at Cyzieus in the time of Pharnabazus, who succeeded to the Satrapy of the Hellespont about B.C. 4 1 3. Prow between dolphins ; beneath,pelamys. All in incuse circle M, Stater 212 grs. King of Persia kneeling, holding bow and spear. Prow of galley . . . . iF 1 3 2 grs. (B. V. IL&a.A,Lydia andFersia,F\. III. 28.) Silver of the Rhodian Standard. Circ. B. c. 400-330. SnTElPA Head of Persephone, veiled and crowned with corn. (B. M. Guide, PI. XVIII. 8.) Giro. B. c. ZriTElPA Similar head of later style ; beneath, sometimes, pelamys. (B. M. Guide, PI. XXIX. 27.) Attic Standard. Female head, bound with oak-wreath, and wearing earring and royal diadem. Id. or head of Apollo (?). KYII or KYIIKHNnN Lion's head; beneath, pelamys and varying symbol. JR Ehodian stater, 235 grs. & ^ Stater, wt. 73 grs. iR \ Stater, wt. 47 grs. 330-280. KYII or K Apollo, seated on netted omphalos, and resting on lyre. Symbols or monograms in field . & Stater, 227 grs. M 86 grs. After B.C. 280. KYIIKHNjQN Long torch, in oak- wreath . . . . M Attic tetradr. (B. M. Guide, PI. XL VIII. 6.) KYII Fulmen in oak- wreath . . . M Attic didr. ' For illustrations of most of the above described coins, see iVaOT.C^OB , 1876 PI VIII. 187? PI. VI. B. M. 6mde, PI. I. 12; X. 6-15; XVIII. 4-8. Sestini, Stateri AnticU. ' Eeme 454 MYSIA. The head on the tetradrachm is perhaps a portrait of Apollonis, a Cyzicene lady married to Attains I. king of Pergamum. After her death her sons, Eumenes II. and Attains II., erected a splendid temple at Cyzicus in her honour. The tetradrachms of Lysimachus (Miiller, 381-386) and of Alexander the Great (Miiller, 910, 911), symbol, long torch, belong to this period if they are rightly attributed to Cyzicus (B. M. Guide, PI. XXXVI. i). Bronze Coinage. As the silver money of Cyzicus is, as a rule, later than the electrum, so the bronze coinage is for the most part later than the silver. Among the types which, are certainly previous to the Imperial period are the following : — Head of Persephone. Id. (later style). Bull's head. Head of Apollo. KYII Tripod on pelamys M -75- .45 KYII In oak-wreath . M -75 Id ^-5 KYIIKHNnN Tripod on torch Mi-i Of Imperial times, Augustus to Claudius Gothicus, a large number of types have been handed down to us, both with and without the Emperors' heads. Inscr., KYIIKHNnN NEnKOPnM (B. AlZ or V), also KOPH, KOPH SnieiPA (Fig. 378), KIYIKOC, AMTHNeiNlA, and OAYMHIA (games), AMTINOOC HPHC, Z€YC CUTHP, AlCHnOC (River Aesepus), TON KTICTHN (Herakles as Founder), etc., etc. Frequent types — Two long torches, with serpents coiled round them ; Galley ; Recumbent youthful figure, in star-spangled garment, near a tree, in front is an armed man, and behind a man playing the lyre ; Demeter, in serpent-car or in biga of galloping horses, carrying two long torches ; City of Cyzicus, seated on a rock, with swimming figure at her feet ; Group of men, apparently erecting two baskets mounted on poles and containing palms ; Woman milking goat ; Asklepioa ; Aphrodite dpcio naked, with shield and sword of Ares beside her ; etc. Magistrates, Anthypatos (Fuscus, A.D. 98-ioa). Local Magistrates, Strategos, Archon, Asiarch. Fio. 278. Nttmismatique, 1856 and 1864, etc., and for references to the various cabinets in which they are preserved, see Brandis, pp. 403 sqq. My list of types vrould have been far less complete than it IS, had it not been for the privilege I have had of frequently discussing the subject with Canon Ureenwell, who is preparing an exhaustive treatise on the electrum of Cyzicus. GARGARA—IOLLJ. 455 Alliance coins with Ephesus (figures of COCCOC and KYZIKOC or Ephesian Artemis and Deraeter of Cyzicus), Nicaea, Smyrna (Fig. 278) (Demeter in car drawn by two Centaurs), etc. Gargara, on the northern shore of the gulf of Adramyteum- Circ. B.C. 400-360. Young male head, laureate, or bare. Similar head. Head of Apollo, laureate. PAPr Bull grazing, in incuse square . (Gen. Fox, Gr. G., II. 5, 29.) M 47 grs. TAP Free horse, in incuse square . .51 22 grs. rAP Free horse . . . ^ -7- .3 Imperial times, with or without Emperors' heads — Augustus to Sept. Severus. Inscr., rAPTAPeflN. Magistrate, Strategos. Types — Bull butting ; Asklepios ; Telesphoros ; Kybele ; Demeter and Tyche standing. (Mion., Sup., V. 358. Fox, II. 31.) Germe. There were two cities called Germe in Mysia, one on the Rhyndacus, the other on the Caicus. It is to the former, called by Ptolemy Hiera Germe, that the following coins are attributed. Imperial times, with or without names of Emperors — Trajan to Gallienus. Inscr., rePMHNnN, ICPA r€PMHNnM, etc. Principal types— A-^oWo playing lyre,_and Marsyas bound to a tree or standing before Apollo with a flute in each hand, while the river Marsyas recluies at his feet. Herakles and Lion, Asklepios, PaUas, Telesphoros, etc. {Num. Chron., vi. 1 54-) Magistrates, Archon and Strategos. Sadriani, on the left bank of the Rhyndacus (Waddington, Eev. Num., 185 a, p. 90), on a spur of Mount Olympus. Autonomous of Imperial times and Imperial — Hadrian to Gallienus. /M«cr., AAPIANEnN or AAPIANnN nPOC OAYM. Magistrates, without or with titles, APX[nN], or ZTP[ATHrOZ]. Types various— RiwQx Rhyn- dacus recumbent, Hermes standing before him, etc. Hadriauotliera ("Waddington, Rev. Num., 185a, p. 90), founded by Hadrian in commemoration of a successful hunting excursion. Imperial —Hadrian to PhiHp. /wser., AAPIANOGHPUnN. Magistrates (titled) CTP[ATHrOC] or APX[nN]. MedaUion of Antinoiis, with legend AfAeOC HPnC ANTINOOC. Types various. {Num. Gkron.,\i. u^.) loUa, a town probably in the immediate vicinity of Adramyteum (Imhoof, Man. Gr., p. 245). Bronze coins of the fourth century b c Inscr., lOAAA or lOAAEHN. %f«— Head of Pallas or of Zeus, rev. Forepart of Hippocamp or winged horse. The silver and bronze coins of the Satrap Orontas {Rev. Num., 1863, PL XI. 4), identical with the above except in their legend OPONTA, are by some numismatists thought to have been struck at loUa, and by others at Lampsacus. For the silver coins of Orontas, with a kneeling hoplite on the obv. and the forepart of a winged boar on the rev., see under Tarsus and Clazomenae. 456 MTSIA. Iiampsacns. The coinage of this celebrated city on the Hellespont consists of the following classes :— Eleetrum and Silver. Sixth century, B. c. Forepart of winged horse ; abpve, floral ornament. Incuse square quartered El. Stater, 216 grs. {Num. Chron., 1875, PI. ^'11. 8.) ( M, Didr. 105 grs. la |d. I M Tetrob. 36 grs. ( M Triob. 2 1 grs. About the close of the sixth century the Phoenician standard is aban- doned for the Persic, and silver coins of the weight of the Persian siglos and its divisions are met with. The weight of the electrum stater appears about' the sapie time to have been raised. Electrum. Circ. B.C. 500. Forepart of winged horse ; above, amphora. Quadripartite incuse square . . . . El. Stater, 232 grs. Silver of Persic weight. Circ. B. C. 500^480. Head of Pallas, of archaic style, in in- cuse square M 80 grs. and subdivisions. Janiform female head of archaic style. (B. M. Quide, PI. II. 18.) Circ. B.C. 450-412. About the middle of the fifth century there appears to have been another issue of electrum staters. Forepart of winged horse, in vine- wreath ; beneath, Z Quadripartite incuse square .... El. 237 grs. {B. M. 6mde,F\. X. 23.) These appear to be the coins ^lentioned in Attic inscriptions (circ.B.c. 434), as xP'^o"o»5 trrar^pes Aan^aKrjvoi {Num. Chron., 1876, p. 290). The types of the silver coins remain unchanged, but their style indicates a later date. Circ. B.C. 412-350. Fig. 279. Fig. 280. Fig. 281. Fig. 282. In this period the use of an electrum currency seems to have been finally abandoned at Lampsacus, and its place supplied by staters of pure gold struck on the standard of the gold darics. Among them are some of the most beautiful examples of Greek art on coins. The reverse LAMPSACUS. 457 type is uniformly the forepart of a winged horse in an incuse square (Fig. 385 a). The following types of the obverse are known : — Head of Poseidon, with flowing ha,iy, in conical laureate piloa. (Fig. 280.) Fig. 283. Fig. 284. Fig. 285. Fig. 285 a. Bearded head of Persian Satrap, Pharnahazus (?), wearing Persian tiara. (Hunter, PL XXXI. 22.) Nike, sacrificing ram, as on gold stater of Abydus. (Dr. Weber.) (Fig. 284.) Nike kneeling, a hammer in one hand and a nail in the other, with which she is attaching a helmet to a trophy. (Brit. Mus.) (Fig. 285.) Helle, riding through the air on the ram with the golden fleece. (Prokesch., Tned., 1854, 282.) Infant Herakles strangling serpents. (Sestini, Siat. Ant, VI. 10.) Demeter, rising from the ground, holding ears of com. (Kg. 283.) Head of Ariadne or Maenad. (B. M. Guide, PI. XVIII. 15.) Head of Hera. (De Luynes Collection.) Head of Zeus. (Fig. 279.) Head of youthful Dionysos, or of Bacchante, with goait's ear, ivy-crowned. (Fig. 282.) Young heroic head. (Mion., PI. LXXV. 3.) Female figure on dolpbin, with shield on 1. arm, and holding shell. (Mion., II. 559.) Head of Demeter, veiled. (Sestini, Stat. Airnt., PI. VI. 7.) Head of Zeus Ammon, facing. (Millingen, Ano. Gh. Coins, PI. V. 8.) Head of Nike. (De Luynes Collection.) Head of Helios to left, on circular disk, surrounded by rays. (Waddington Coll.) (Fig. 281.) The silver money contemporary with the above consists chiefly of pieces of Persic weight (76, 59, 38, and 19 grs.). Janiform female head. Heads of Pallas, Zeus, or Apollo. Winged horse. AA, AAM or AAMY Head of Pallas. ,, Forepart of winged horse. „ Infant Herakles strangling ser- pents. Of the bronze coins there are many varieties, but, with few exceptions, they all bear the forepart of the winged horse either on the reverse or obverse. Circ. B.C. 330-190. Tetradrachms and drachms of Alexander the Great's types, but of later style, have been attributed by Miiller (Nos. 912-17) to Lampsacus. The symbol is the winged horse. 458 MYSIA. After circ. b. c. 190, After the battle of Magnesia, Lampsacua was one of the towns upon which the Romans conferred autonomy. The following Attic tetra-. drachms and bronze coins are subsequent to that event : — Head of Priapos, ivy-crowned. (B. M. Guide, PL XLI5. 8.) Id. AAMtAKHNnM Apollo Kitharoedos, and magistrates' names with patro- nymic . . . . M Attic tetradr. AAMtAKHNnM Forepart of winged horse iE -85 Lampsacus was one of the chief seats of the worship of Priapos. (Virg., Qeorg., iv. iii.) Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Magistrate, Strategos. Types, as a rule referring to the cultus of Priapos, whose statue is represented leaning on a thyrsos and offering a libation before a flaming altar. Also Phrixos and Helle. {Z.f. N., vii. PI. I. 15.) On a coin of Caracalla Lampsacus has the title Metropolis. Alliance coins with Phocaea. (Fox, PI. II. 34.) MUetopolis, a town said to have been of Athenian origin, situated at the confluence of the rivers Macestus and Rhyndacus, in the northern part of Mysia. Autonomous bronze of late times, and Imperial from Vespasian to Philip Junior. Liscr., MIAHTOflOAITnN or M€IAHTO- TTOA€ITnN,sometimes with addition of eisl nO[NTn]. Types — Bust of Pallas, rev. Owl or double-bodied Owl ; Pallas seated ; Hermes seated on rocks ; Caduceus ; Artemis huntress ; etc. Magistrates' names, sometimes with title Strategos. (N'um. Chron., vi. 157.) Pariuiu, on the Propontis between Lampsacus and Priapus, may have coined uninscribed silver pieces during the Archaic period, and later. Circ. B. C. 500-400. Gorgoneion. | Incuse square, containing a cruciform ■ I pattern . . M 60, 50, and 36 grs. These early coins are attributed by M. J. Six {Be Gorgene, p. 6J to Selge in Pisidia, and it must be confessed that the attribution to Parium is not by any means certain. Circ. B.C. 350-300, or later. Gorgoneion, entwined with serpents. PA PI Balllooking back. Symbols: various .^38 grs. The next class of Parian silver money is of a late date, and probably belongs to the beginning of the second century. Two types of the tetra- drachm are known. Veiled head of Demeter. (Bompois, Sale Cat., PI. V. 1399.) AnOAAnNOZ AKTAIOY HAPI- ANnN Apollo Aktaeos standing between a flaming altar and the omphalos. In exergue, magistrate nOAYKAHZ . . iR Attic tetradr. MILETOPOLIS—PERGAMUM. 459 The Apollo of the Parians was called Aktaeos, probably because his temple stood upon a headland, aKTr), in the vicinity of the town. (Strab., 588.) Gorgoneion, entwined with serpents. (Hunter, PI. XLI. 16.) HAPIANnM Nike holding wreath and palm . . . M Tetradr. 209 grs. Still later Parium struck cistophori of the usual type, but distinguished by the letters DA in monogram. The autonomous bronze coins, reading n, riAPI, or riAPIANUN, are of various types: — Gorgoneion, rev. Owl or Eagle ; Head of Apollo, rev. Butting bull ; Young head crowned with corn, rev. large square altar mounted on steps and garlanded. This type represents the great altar of Parium, the work of Hermocreon, mentioned by Strabo (588) as very remarkable on account of its size and beauty. In the time of Augustus Parium received a Eoman colony, and colonial coins were struck there with Latin legends, C.G. P. I., C.G.I. P., COL. GEM. IVL. HAD. PA., Colonia Gemella (?), Julia Pariana. The nameHadriana was afterwards added (Imhoof, Mon. Or., p. 354). Hemarhable ti/pes — DEO CVPIDlNl, Eros standing, a copy of the famous statue of Eros at Parium by Praxiteles, which is said by PHny to have equalled his Aphrodite of Cnidus; H AM M OH, in allusion to the worship of Zeus Ammon, and DEO AESC. SVB. or SVBVEN., Deo Aes- culapio Subventori or Subvenienti. Fergamxim. According to one tradition Pergamum was colonized from Epidaurus under the leadership of the god Asklepios. In the time of Xenophon Pergamum was a mere fortress, and it was not until a hundred years later that the place rose to any importance. Nevertheless there are small coins which certainly belong to the early part of the fourth century. Head of Apollo, laureate. P E P r A Bearded head in Persian tiara, in incuse square . . . jfl 24 grs. Circ. B.C. 300-283. Lysimachus chose Pergamum, on account of its strength, as the place wherein to deposit his treasure, which amounted to 9000 talents or ^2,700,000, and he appointed Philetaerus of Tium as his treasurer. It is to this period that I would attribute the following gold coins and diobols of Attic weight, as well as certain small bronze coins. Gold. Head of young Herakles in lion's skui. {Rev. Num., 1865, 13.) Head of Pallas. (B. M. Guide, PI. XLIX. 9.) Palladium ; in field, helmet .... SL Stater, 131 grs. Palladium . . . K Tetrob. 44 grs. As the first of these coins comes from the Sid on Find, which consisted mostly of coins of the closing years of the fourth century, it is probable that they belong to about the end of the fourth or the beginning of the third century ; but see below, p. 463. 460 3IYSIA. XmOS OF PERGAMUM. Silver. Head of Herakles in lion's skin. Id. Head of Pallas. Id. Id. HEPrA or HEPrAMH Palladium iR 2 2 grs, REP Head of Pallas . . . ^ .35 riEPTA Two bulls' heads facing each other ^ .65 ,, Bull's head . . . . jE -65 ,, Two stars . . . . M -^ Tetradrachms in the name of Lysimachus appear also to have been struck at Pergamum (Miiller, Nos. 405-7), as well as tetradrachms with Alexander's types, and the inscription ZEAEYKOY BAZIAEnS AAEZANAPOY. Ixahooi {Di/nadie von Pergamon, PI. III. 19-22). or Kings of Pergamum. PhUetaerns, B. c. 284-263, Treasurer of Lysi- machus, made himself independent in b. 0. 283. His tetradrachms bear the portrait of Seleucus Nicator, who appears to have been recognised by Philetaerus as his suzerain. Head of Seleucus r., wearing plain diadem. (B. M. Guide, PL XXXVII. 8.) (tIAETAIPOY Pallas enthroned, with shield before her . M Attic tetradr. Eumenes I., B. C. 363-241, nephew of Philetaerus. Attalus I., B. c. 241-197, another nephew of Philetaerus. Eumeues II., B. c. 197-159, eldest son of Attalus I. Attains II. (Philadelphus), younger brother of Eumenes II., B. c. 159- 138. Attalus III. (Philometor), son of Eumenes II., b. c. 138-133, when he bequeathed the kingdom of Pergamum to the Eoman people. It is not probable that he struck any tetradrachms. The silver coins of the above kings can only be arranged by style, as they bear, with a single exception, only the name and portrait of Philetaerus, the founder of the dynasty. Fig. 286. Head of Philetaerus r., wearing plain diadem, laurel wreath, or wreath and diadem entwined. (Fig- 286.) 01 AETAIPOY' Pallas enthroned, on the earlier series holding a shield before her (attributed to Eumenes I.); on the later with shield behind her (Attalus I., etc.), and crowning the name of Philetaerus . M Tetradr. THE CISTOPHORI. 461 They fall into numerous classes, among which the following are those more frequently met with ^ — (°) Shield in front ; in field , 1. ivy-leaf ; r. bow, on throne A ^ Eumenes I. (P) Shield behind. .; „ and A ; r. bow f Attalus I. \y) )) » Jj „ grapes „ and A )) 1 and ] Eumenes II. (8) 5) ,, 1. bee, various monograms ; r. bow (^) J) ,, „ palm ,, )i 'J (0 >J It „ cornucopiae „ „ star „ J' JJ - Eumenes IL ifi) )' j» „ club '5 7) (') ?J !? „ owl IJ J) / («) 1J !; „ thyrsos „ „ „ ) (^) H ,, ,, trophy-stand „ „ „ ^Attains II (?). (m) 1> )} „ torch ii >? ) It was during the reign of Eumenes II. that the kingdom of Pergamum attained its highest point of power and splendour, and this king alone, of all his race, has left us tetradrachms bearing his own name and portrait. Head of Eumenes diademed. (B. M. Guide, PL XLVIII. 7.) BAZIAEnZ EYMENOY The Dios- kuri or Kabeiri standing facing, the whole in oak-wreath iR Tetradr. 235 grs. The reverse type of this coin is almost identical with that of a coin of the island of Syros, inscribed OEHN KABEIP^N SYPinN, and it is not improbable that it was struck in that island (see supra, p. 420). The bronze coins of the Pergamene kings, like the silver, bear only the inscription IAETAIPOY. On the obverses are heads of Pallas, Asklepios, Apollo, and Demeter. Among the reverse types are Asklepios seated feeding serpent ; coiled serpent ; thyrsos ; ivy-leaf ; bow ; one or two stars ; serpent and temple-key ; ti'ipod ; bee ; etc. THE CISTOPHORI. Under the kings of the Pergamene dynasty the so-called Cistophori made their first appearance as the chief medium of circulation for Western Asia Minor. The Cistophorus was so named from its type, the Sacred Bacchic Chest or Cista. According to Dr. Imhoof {Die Miinzen der Bi/nastie von Pergamon, p. '3,'^) this coinage originated in Ephesus shortly before B. c. 200, and its use rapidly extended throughout the dominions of Attalus I. of Pergamum. Henceforth the Cistophorus became a sort of Pan-Asiatic coin, its genei'al acceptance being secured by the uniformity of its types, the local mint-letters and magistrates' symbols being merely subordinate adjuncts. The institution of this ' Since the above was written Dr. Imhoof has published a monograph. Die Miinzen der Di/nastie Don Pergamon, in which he has given minute descriptions of all the known varieties. His attribu- tions, which agree in the main with those here given, will be generally accepted by numismatists. 462 MYSIA. quasi-federal coinage in Asia Minor may have been suggested by the popularity of the Federal money of the Achaean League in Peloponnesus as well as by the eager adoption by so many Asiatic cities of Alexandrine tetradrachms. The manifold advantages of a uniform currency were evidently beginning to be understood and widely appreciated in the ancient world about this time, and the cistophorus, whether intention- ally coined for the purpose or not, met the popular demand, and was issued in vast quantities from numerous Asiatic mints (of. Livy, xxxvii. 46, 58, 59, and xxxix. 7). The types of the cistophori may be thus described. Fig. 287. Cista mystica, with half-open lid, from which a serpent issues ; the whole in wreath of ivy. (Fig. 287.) Club and lion's skin of Herakles, the whole in wreath of ivy, vine, or laurel. {Num. Chron., 1880, PI. VIII. 12.) Two coiled serpents, with heads erect ; between them a bow-case • • • .■ M Tetradr. 195 grs. Bunch of grapes placed on a vine-leaf . JR Didr. 92 grs. M Drachm. 46 grs. Cistophori are known to have been issued at about eleven mints in Asia Minor, viz. Parium, Adramyteum, and Pergamum in Mysia ; Smyrna and Ephesus in Ionia ; Thyatira, Sardes, and Tralles in Lydia ; Apameia and Laodiceia in Phrygia ; Nysa in Caria ; (see Pinder, U6er die Cisto- phoren, 1856); and in Crete (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 210, i). The cistophori of Pergamum may be divided into three principal classes. With very few exceptions all the specimens bear the letters HEP in monogram. Class I. B.C. 197-133. In the field of the reverse, to the right of the serpents, a changing symbol placed sideways, torch, caducous, thyrsos, grapes, kantharos, ivy-leaf, owl, eagle, star, club, ear of corn, cornucopiae, palm, Nike, gorgoneion, fulmen, club and lion's skin, club and caduceus joined, etc. Class II. B.C. 133-67. In field, as a constant symbol the snake-entwined Asklepian stafi", often with the addition of the letters FIPY in monogram, standing forllpwaKis, together with abbreviated magistrates' names. Class III. B.C. 57-54. Series of Proconsular cistophori, bearing the names of the Proconsuls C. Fabius, B.C. 57-56, with local magistrates' names MHNOv ^efiaa-r&v. The prevailing types refer to the worship of Dionysos, Demeter, and Asklepios. On coins of Caligula and Nero the word Hr€MONlA, accompanying a laureate female head, represents the Hegemony of the Emperor (Z.f. N., vi. i5). Alliance coinage with Lebedus. Fiouia, near Mount Ida and the frontier of Troas. [Num. Chron., vi. 188.) Bronze of Imperial times, Hadrian to Severus, etc., with or without Emperor's name. Inscr., niONITHN. Magistrate, Strategos. Types chiefly referring to the worship of Herakles, Dionysos, Pallas, and Asklepios, but of no special interest. Alliance coin with Assus. Fitaue, on the Elaean gulf near the mouth of the Euenus. Autono- mous bronze of late date and Imperial — Caius and Lucius to Gordian. Magistrate, Anthypatos (viz. P. Scipio, B.C. 16). Local Magistrate, Strategos. Inscr., U, HI, OITAN, niTAMEHN, niTANHnN, and niTANAinN. [Z.f. N., i. 138 ; ix. 4.) ' Head of Zeus Ammon iii profile, or facing, rarely with the name AMMriN. Pentagon ; on others, omphalos, with serpent twined round it M various sizes. PERPERENE—PROGONNESVS. 465 The figure of the Pentagon or* Pentalpha possessed for the Pythagoreans a mystic meaning, and is said by Lucian to have been called by them Hygieia. On the coins of Pitane it is doubtless a symbol of the worship of Asklepios. The types of the Imperial coins call for no remark. Placia, on the Propontis, between Cyzicus and the mouth of the Rhyndacus. Autonomous small bronze only {N. C. vi. i88), circ. B. c. 300. Inscr., PAAKIA or PAA. Typ^s — Head of Kybele, sometimes turreted, rev. Lion r., on ear of corn ; Lion's head ; or Bull walking. Size .5 Concerning the worship of Kybele at Placia and Cyzicus, under the name of ^ MTjrrjp TLXaKiavfj, see Mittlieiluncjen d. deutsch. arch. Inst. vii. 151. Poemanintim, a dependency of Cyzicus. Autonomous of late date. Type — Head of Zeus, rev. Fulmen. Head of ROIMHC, the traditional founder; rev. Hermes {Z.f.N., iii. 123). Imperial — Trajan to PhiUp Jun, Inscr. nOIMANHNnM. %;e, Asklepios. Priapus, a colony of Cyzicus near Parium. Autonomous bronze of the second century b. C. or later. Inscr., nPIAnHNUN Head of Apollo. Head of Artemis in turreted Ste- phanos. Bearded head filleted r. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 258. Shrimp -^'TS-'SS nPIARHNnN Stag recumbent . . nPI A Amphora ^-45 Roman Times. Head of Demeter veiled. TTPIAnHNnN Stag and cista mystica ^.85 Also Imperial, of Gordian only. Type, — Priapos and Dionysos standing. FroconuesQS. An island in the Propontis, between Priapus and Cyzicus. Autonomous silver and bronze of the age of Alexander the Great and Lysimachus {Num. Chron., vi. 189 ; Rev. Num., i860, 275). Circ. B.C. 330-283. Head of Aphrodite, hair in saccos. Magistrate, [ANAJSirENHZ. Similar. Head of Aphrodite in sphendone. nPOKON Stag recumbent . iR 55 grs. (B. M. Guide, PL XXIX. 28.) „ » Forepart of stag and oeno- choe ... ^ 17 grs. „ Oenochoe . . ^ 36 grs. H h 466 MISIJ. nPOKON Oenochoe . . ^-7-35 Dove and oenochoe -^ -55 Head of Aphrodite. Magistrates' names, ANAZITENHZ and AIA- rOPAS. Head of Aphrodite. The deer, irpo^, on the reverse of the drachm is a ' type parlant ' (Eckhel, ii. p. 477)- Stratoniceia ad Caicum, a town in the Caicus valley, not far from Germe. Iinjierial Times, CTPATONeiKIA Bust of the City turreted. CTPATONIKenM. KAIKOC The River Caicus recumbent . . M !• (Brit. Mus.) The existence of a Stratoniceia in these parts is proved not only by the coin reading KAIKOC, but by an inscription in a house at Kirk-aghatch (Le Bas and Waddington, 1043), near the ancient Germe, commencing, 'H ^ov\r} Koi 6 bfjjxoi 'AbpiavoTioXeiTav ^TpaToveiKea^v. Stratoniceia ad Caicum probably received the name of Hadrianopolis when Hadrian passed through it in A. D. 123. All Imperial coins which read AAPIANO- TTOAeiTnN CTPATONeiKenN must therefore be distinguished from the coins of Stratoniceia in Caria, with which they have hitherto been con- founded, and must be attributed to the northern Stratoniceia on the river Caicus. Specimens are published in Mionnet of Caracalla, J. Mamaea, Valerian, and Gallienus, Tyjjes — Dionysos standing with Pan and Maenad ; Nike ; Tyche ; and Asklepios. Magistrates without title, or with those of Strategos and Archon (1). Tenthrania. (Imhoof, Mou. Gr., p. 258.) Autonomous bronze coins of the fourth century. Head of Apollo. Thebe, called Hypoplacia, from its situation at the foot of Mount Placius, TEY Young head in Persian tiara Autonomous bronze. After circ, b. c. 400. Head of Persephone. Female head in sphendone. GEBA Forepart of winged horse JE -4 ,, Three crescents . . . M -4 (Millingen, SylL, 68.) See also Imperial coins struck at Adramyteum with inscription OHBH AAPAMYTHNnN.p. 447- From the following table it will be seen that down to the end of the fifth century B.C. the only places of mintage in the district known as Mysia were the great seaports on the shores of the Propontis and the Hellespont ; Cyzicus, Parium, and Lampsacus. All the other silver- coining towns, except Pergamum and Apollonia ad Khyndacum, were TROAS. 467 situated on the coasts of the Adramytean gulf and the Lesbian straits. None of these struck money until the fourth century, nor even then in any great abundance. Cheonological Table of the Coinage of Mtsia. Giro. B.C. Circ. B.C. Giro. B.C. Giro. B.C. Circ. B.C. 133— Imperial Abbaeti 600-500 500-400 400-283 283-133 Imp. times times M Adramyteum M JR cist. M aut. JE JE Antandrus Jlii -iXJ JE Apollonia '" JR Jj^j /Ti JE Absus JR JEt JE Atameus JE Attaea JE Cisthene JE Cyzicus El'" ^i^s'i.M El M MMQ) M JE Gargara JR J^ JE Germe JE Hadriani JE Hadrianotbera M loUa M Lampsacus El'"^ El'"^ R M M M ^ JE Miletopolis JE JE Parium "m M M ^ cist. M JE Pergamum M M \ ^.^ (Kings) ^. cist. ^ cist. JE JE Perperene J& JE Pionia M, Pi tan e JE JE Plaoia M Poemaninum JE JE Priapus M JE Proconnesus M J& Stratoniceia JE Teuthrania M Thebe JE TROAS. Abydns, on the Hellespont, a colony of Miletus, Was in the sixth century one of the places of mintage of the early electrum staters of the Milesian standard (circ. aao grs.). This coinage, which perhaps began at Miletus, rapidly extended itself over a great part of the western coast of Asia Minor, from Lampsacus in the north to Halicarnassus in the south. The cities, judging by type alone, for we have no inscriptions to guide us, which took part in this currency were Lampsacus, Abydus, H h 2 468 TROAS. Dardanus, Cyme, Clazomenae, Chios, Samos, Miletus, Ephesus, and Halicarnassus (?) in Asia ; and Aegina on the European side of the sea. Electeum. Circ. b. c. 600-500. Eagle, with closed wings, looking back ; in field, dolphin. Similar eagle, standing on a hare. Rough incuse square . . El. 217 grs. {Num. Chron., 1875, PI. VII. 7.) Quadripartite incuse square El. 217 grs. Silver. Circ. B.C. 500-400. Persic Standard. A BY A HN ON Eagle with closed I Gorgoneion, in incuse square .... wings. I M 80 grs. and smaller divisions. Gold. After circ. B.C. 412. Euboic Standard. Xenophon {Hell., iv. 8. 37) states that Abydus possessed gold mines, and it is to about Xenophon's time that we may ascribe the following fine gold-staters, which may be compared for style with the contemporary pure gold money of Lampsacus. In both towns the gold money super- seded the more ancient electrum coins. Nike sacrificing ram. 1 Eagle, wings closed ; in field, aplustre , • (B. M. Cm'ie, PI. XVni. 14.) | all in incuse square . . ^129 grs. Silver. Circ. b. c. 400-300. Phoenician Standard. Head of Apollo, laureate. I A BY Eagle, wings closed ; magistrate's (Cf. Hunter, PI. I. 10.) | name . . M 227, 51, and 38 grs. Dr. Imhoof Blumer has noted more than twenty difierent magistrates' names on the coins of this series, which extends down to the middle of the fourth century. Bbonze. Circ. B.C. 400-200, and later. The bronze money of Abydus throughout the above period resembles, for the most part, the silver above described. Head of Apollo, laureate. | ABY Eagle . . . iE various sizes. Silver. After circ. b.c. 196, Attic Standard. On the conclusion of the war with Philip V. of Macedon, the Romans conferred freedom upon Abydus, and other Asiatic towns (Livy, xxxiii. 30). Then, or perhaps somewhat later, it began, like most of the other seaports of Western Asia Minor, to strike large spread tetradrachms of Attic weight. Bust of Artemis, with bow and quiver at her shoulder. (Leake, As. Gr., i .) ABYAHNnN Eagle, with spread wings ; beneath, magistrate's name in the genitive case ; in field, changing symbol : the whole in a wreath . . M Attic tetradrachra. ABYBUS— ALEXANDRIA TROAS. 469 Dr. Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 361, notes twenty-eight different magistrates' names on the coins of this class. Imperial Times. r 4 ^ yM / Fig. Augustus to Maximus. Magistrates — Archon and Asiarch. The most remarkable type represents Hero in a tower holding out a lamp over the sea in which Leander is seen swimming; above, flying Eros carrying a torch. (Fig. 288.) Inscr. on some specimens ABYAHNfiN HPn ACANAPOC. Alexandria Troas, built by Antigonus and named by Lysimachus in memory of _ Alexander the Great, in b. c. 300, was peopled with settlers from Scepsis and other neighbouring towns which had fallen into decay. The earliest coins are regal tetradrachms of Antiochus II., of Syria (b. c. 361-346) ; stjmbol, in exergue, a Feeding horse (B. M. Cat., Seleuc, PL V. 2). It was not until a later period that Alexandria obtained its freedom and began to strike tetradrachms, both with Alexander the Great's types {symbol, Feeding horse) and in its own name. Of these a large number have come down to us. They are of considerable interest, as they are all dated presumably from the year B. c. 300. The earliest of the series bears the date 137, and the latest 336. They therefore range from b. c. 164 to B. c. 6s. o J & Head of Apollo, laureate. (Fig. 289.) AnOAAHNOZ IMIGEnZ Apollo Smintheus, with bow and arrow, walking; beneath, AAEZANAPE- nN and a magistrate's name in the genitive case M Attic tetradr and Dr. 470 mo AS. The Sminthion, or temple of Apollo Smintheus, stood on a rocky height on the sea-shore at Chryse, south of the city. The statue of the god was the work of Scopas, and Strabo (604) states that he was repre- sented with a mouse at his feet. This symbol is omitted on the tetra- drachms, but it is present on small bronze coins which resemble the silver in their type. The larger bronze coins of prae-Koman times bear the itiscr. AAEZANAPEilN, usually abbreviated, and the head of Apollo in profile or facing, rev. Feeding horse or Lyre. The proximity of the town to the river Scamander is mentioned on certain coins reading flPOS SKAMANAPON. In the time of Augustus, Alexandria received a Eoman colony, and thenceforth the coins bear a Latin inscription COL. TROAD, COL. ALEX. TRO, COL. AVG. TRO, etc., and on coins of Caracalla the titles Aurelia Antoniniana are added. From Domitian to Saloninus the coins belong mostly to the class of Imperial Colonial. The (i/jjes are numerous, but the following may be selected as the most characteristic — Horse feeding ; Eagle flying with bull's head in his claws, in allusion to a tradition regarding the foundation of the town (Eckhel, ii. p. 482) ; Statue or temple of Apollo Smintheus ; Silenos ; Wolf and Twins ; Turreted female bust with vexillum at her shoulder ; Satyr dragging a naked nymph before Pan^ etc. Birytus or Birytis, site unknown. Of this place the only coins are electrum hectae of the Phocaean standard and bronze. Ctrc. B.C. 400-300. Head of one of the Dioskuri between two stars. Id. (Millingen, Syll., PI. II. 41.) Bearded head in conical piles. (Millingen, Syll, PI. II. 42.) Female head, r., in linear square . . (Hunter, PL LXVL 8.) . El. 39 grs. BIPY Club in wreath . M ■>] and -4 BIPY Three crescents in the form of a triskelis -^ '3 Cebreuia. Strabo (p. 596) says that the territory of Cebreniawas sepa- rated from that of Scepsis by the river Scamander. The people of both these towns were removed by Antigonus to the new city founded by him, which was afterwards called Alexandria Troas. The coinage of Cebrenia consists of electrum hectae and small silver coins of the sixth and fifth centuries B. c, and of bronze coins of the fourth. The episemon of the town is a Eam's head, but on some specimens the type is doubled, and between the two rams' heads is a branch. Inscr., usually KEBR or KEBP, etc. The reverse type of the silver coins is an incuse square, either quartered or containing a Gorgoneion, a Calf's head, or an Amphora. The bronze coins of the fourth century bear as a rule a ram's head or two rams' heads on the obverse, and a head of Apollo on the reverse. Inscr., KE, often in monogram. Third century, b. c. After the death of Lysimachus, B.C. a8i, when Antiochus ruled Asia Minor as far as the Hellespont, under his father Seleucus, Cebrenia seems to have been renamed in his honour, and to have been called Antiochia, under which name it struck bronze coins. (Zeii.f. Num., iii. 305.) Head of Apollo. I ANTIOXEnN Kam's head . ^-6 BIR YTUS—BARBANUS. 471 Coloue, on the coast of Troas, opposite Tenedos, and 140 stadia from Ilium (Strab., 589). {Num. Cfiron., vi. 193.) Giro. B.C. 400-300. Head of Pallas. KOAflNAilN Between the rays of a star ^ -7 These coins were formerly attributed erroneously to Colone in Messenia. Dardauns, on the Hellespont, about seventy stadia south of Abydus, was one of the electrum mints as early perhaps as the seventh century B. c. Julius Pollux (ix. 84) says that the type of the coins of Dardanus was a cock-fight. The usual type however is a fighting-cock, although a cock- fight both on electrum and silver coins also occurs. Asiatic or Milesian electrum. Seventh century, b. c. Two cocks fighting. Bough incuse square El. Trite. 73 grs. {Num. Chron., 1875, PI. VIII. 8.) Phocaic Standard, electrum. Sixth and fifth centuries. Two cocks fighting. | Quadripartite incuse square . . . . (iVwrn. CAj-o^i., 1875, PI. X. 14.) I El. hecte, 40-4 grs. Asiatic or Milesian electrum. Fig. 290. Cock ; above, floral ornament. Quadripartite incuse square. (Fig. 290.) El, Stater, 215 grs. Persic Standard, silver. Fifth century, b. c. A A P Cock in incuse square .51 7 2 • 7 grs. AAP Two cocks fighting . .51 16 grs. Figure on horseback. (B. M. Guide, PI. X. 25.) Horseman. (Brandis, p. 428.) The reverse of the silver drachm bears a monogram composed of the letters IH, on which account it has been attributed to Zenis, Satrap of Aeolis under Artaxerxes Mnemon. Beonze. Fou/rth century, b. c. Prancing horseman; beneath, some- times (tIAOKPA or a symbol. A A P A A N , etc. Cock ; in front, some- times, Palladium . . . M •7—5 472 TBOAS. Imperial — Augustus, and Trajan to Geta. Inscr., AAPAANIHN. Magistrate, sometimes -with title Archon. Select types — Ganymedes carried off by the Eagle of Zeus (cf. Strab., 587). River god POAIOC (Strab., 595, 603). Aeneas carrying Anchises and leading Ascanius. Geutiuns. Autonomous bronze of the fourth century B.' c. Head of ApoHo. | TENT Bee iu wreath . . . ^.65 i^Num. Chron., vi. 196.) Gergis, or Gergithus {Arch. Zei(., 1844, 337 ; 1845, 1 16), a town situate in the northern part of the Troad, in the neighbourhood of which the Gergithian Sibyl was said to have been born (Varro, iv. p. a 16). Steph. Byz. distinctly states that the types of the coins of Gergis were the Sibyl and the Sphinx, TepyiOCa fj ^rjo-joioAoyos ^i^vWa, i} rts kol t€tvttcoto h r<5 vojuioTjuart Twv TepyOicov, avTt} re kol fj a-cfxiy^. Head of the Gergithian Sibyl, laureate, facing. Id, Circ. B. c. 350-300. TEP Sphinx seated, r. . M 6-2 gra. „ Id M Size -3 After circ. B. 0. 300. Head of the Gergithian Sibyl, laureate, facing, wearing necklace and ear- rings. TEP Sphinx seated, r.; in exergue, ear of corn . JR -6 Hamaxitus, on the south coast of Troas, probably ceased to exist as an independent town after the foundation of Alexandria Troas, whither its inhabitants were removed. Beonze, Fourth century, b. c Head of Apollo. Id. AMAHI Lyre ^-6 {Num. Chron., vi. 197.) Athena Ilias . . . M'6 Iliam. The new town of Ilium was a place of no importance until the time of Alexander the Great, who, after his victory at the Granicus, declared it free and exempt from taxation (Strab., 593). Lysimachus also, after the death of Alexander, took the city under his special protection, built a temple for the goddess Athena Hias, and surrounded the town with a wall. It does not however appear that coins were struck at Ilium before B. C 189, when its freedom and autonomy were confirmed by the Romans. GENTINUS—NEANBBIA. 4,73 After circ. b. c. 189. Head of Pallas. AOHNAS lAIAAOZ Athena Ilias, (B. M. G^mWe, PI. XLIX. 12.) walking, holding spear and spindle ; various symhols, magistrates' names . M Attic tetradr. Dr. and \ Dr. The smaller silver and the contemporary bronze coins of similar types are usually inscribed lAI or lAIEHN. In Imperial times, Julius Caesar to Gallienus, the types and inscriptions are numerous and interesting, among them the following may be men- tioned : AIA lAAION IAIEnN,Zeus Idaeos enthroned, holding a statuette of Athena Ilias ; ANXeiCHC ; APYNEnN Naked boy on Horse, copied from coins of Philip of Mace- don . M 44 and 21 grs., and M -6 0<1>PY Infant Dionysos holding grapes M .7 and -g Two cocks fighting . . . . M •>] (Mion., Sup., 500.) XUioeteium (Waddington, Eev. Num., 1852, p. 96) stood at the entrance of the Hellespont, north of Ilium. Circ. B.C. 350-300. Head of Apollo. PO — IT — El in the spaces between three crescents, arranged in the form of a triquetra .... .51 48 grs. Scamandria, a small place on the Scamander (Imhoof, Zeit.f. Num., i. 141}. Circ. B.C. 350-300. Head of Apollo (?). Head of mountain nymph, ' Ida,' sometimes with I AH. £KA Palm-tree. Symbol, Boar's head ,, Bunch of grapes . . . iE -4 Scepsis, an inland city in the mountainous country to the north-eaat of Mount Ida. In the neighbourhood were silver mines. The silver coinage, commencing in the fifth century, does not extend beyond the beginning of the fourth. SKAtlON, later SKHtlON and SKHtlXlN Forepart of winged horse. Palm or fir-tree, with various symhols in field ^ 99, 59. 49 and 33 grs. and & (B.M. 6^ta!e,Pl. X. 26.) On the bronze coins the figure of the winged horse ends behind in a drinking horn or rhyton (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 364). /»i;3em^— Aurelius to Maximinus CKHtinN or CKHtlilN AAPAA- NnrJ. Select types, ZCYC CIAAIOC, Zeus Idaeos, standing; Dionysos, naked, with kantharos and thyrsos ; Bust of Dionysos, surmounted by kalathos, and holding kantharos and pomegranate ; the Judgment of Paris {Zeit.f. Num.,^. 155), with I AH CKHtinN AAPAA, Pallas, Aphro- dite, and Hera before a tree, above which, on Mount Ida, Paris is seated ; beneath the tree is Eros oflering the apple. OPHRYNIUM—ZELEIA. 475 Sigeinm, at the entrance of the Hellespont, belonged in early times to Athens. The Athenian types of its coins testify to the continuance of the cultus of Athena at Sigeinm down to the latter part of the fourth century. Circ. B. c. 350-300. Head of Pallas, facing. (Brandis, p. 411.) Head of Pallas, facing. Id. (Brandis, p. 557.) Id. Id, Id. Head of Hermes ; petasos behind neck . El. hecte. SITE Owl; behind, crescent {Num. Ckron., vi. 199.) JR Attic tetrob. „ Id -^'7 and -5 „ Double-bodied owl and crescent ^•85 „ Cock -^ -5 „ Crescent . . . . ^ -4 Tetradrachms in the name of Alexander appear to have been struck at Sigeium after his death. Symbol, Crescent, and Zl in monogram. Thebe. See Thebe Hypoplacia Mysiae. (Millingen, Syll., 68 ; Sestini, JLett. di. eont., ii. 69, ix. 114.) Thymbra, near Ilium, so called by its founder Dardanos in honour of his friend Thymbraeos, was famous for its temple of Apollo Thymbraeos. Circ. B.C. 350-300. Head of Zeus Ammon. OY between rays of a star . . jE • 7 (Num. Chron., vi. 199.) Zeleia, on the river Aesepus, about eighty stadia from its mouth. Bbonze. Circ. B.C. 350-300. Head of Artemis, wearing Stephanos. lEAE Stag ^ -5 {Zeit.f. N., vii. 223.) See also an electrum stater described under Phocaea {infra). ISLAND OFF TROAS. Teuedos. The island of Tenedos appears to have been from very early times a mint of considerable importance. The series of its silver coinage begins probably before the Persian wars, and follows, apparently at first, the ancient Babylonic standard, which tends to assimilate itself here, as in Thasos and Lycia, to the Euboic. 476 TROAS. Circ. B. c. 500. Janiform head of archaic style, male andfemale. (DionysosDimorphus(?), or perhaps rather DionysoB and Ariadne,) Id. Id. T— E — N— E (retrogr.) Double-axe, in deep incuse square . . , ■ . , M Stater, 138 grs. and M 28 grs. (B.M.Guide.'PlII.ig.) T E W E Bearded helmeted head, in incuse square . . . ^ Stater, 125 grs. Rough incuse square, quartered . , M 287 grs. Circ. B.C. 400-350. After an interval of perhaps half a century a new issue of silver money took place at Tenedos, this time on the Phoenician standard. Janiform head as above, but of fine style. "(B. M. Guide, PI. XVIII. 20, 21.) TENEAION Double-axe, in incuse square or concave field; in field, grapes and a varying symbol . . . JB, Stater, 21^-200 gra. JR Drachm, 55 grs. Of this period there are also small bronze coins with TE on the reverse ; type, Double-axe. After circ. b. c. 200. The third and last series of Tenedian money belongs to the second or the first century B.C., and follows the Attic standard. In style these late coins resemble the contemporary flat spread pieces of Maroneia and Thasos, and of many towns of Asia Minor. Specimens are known which are restruck on coins of Alexandria Troas, and of Thasos. Fig. 291. Janiform head, as above (base style.) TEMEAION Double-axe; in field, grapes and a varying symbol ; all in wreath. (Fig. 291.) M Attic tetradr. and Drachm. With regard to the types of the coins of this island, Aristotle (ap. Steph. Byz. s.v. Tenedos) refers them to a decree of a king of Tenedos which enacted that all persons convicted of adultery should be beheaded. He is, however, certainly wrong in this interpretation, for, as Leake justly TENEBOS. 4:77 remarks, ' such subjects were never presented on the money of the Greeks. Their types, like their names of men and women, were almost always euphemistic, relating generally to the local mythology and fortunes of the place, with symbols referring to the principal productions or to the protecting numina.' Cf. the myth of Tennes and the Tenedian axes dedicated at Delphi (Paus., x. 14). It may, therefore, be considered as beyond all doubt that the Tej'e'Stos ire'XeKus was a religious emblem, like the double-axe held by Zeus La- braundeus on the coins of Caria. From the following table it will be seen that the coinage of the Troad falls chiefly into the latter half of the fourth century, when many small places attained to a short-lived importance owing to the special favours conferred upon them by Alexander after his victory of the Granicus. Chbonological Table op the Coinage or Teoas. Before B.C. B.C. B.C. After Imperial Abydus B.C. 500 500-400 400-300 300-200 B.C. 200 El. M S M M M M JE JE Alexandria Troas JR M ^ Biiytus El. '" M Cebrenia ) Antioohia ) El.^ ^ JE Colone M Dardanus El. El. .51 M JE Gentinus M Gergis M M JE Hamaxitus JE Ilium Jjx jfhj JE Lamponeia M JE Larissa JE Nea (?) ^(?) Neandria JUi jO^ Ophrynium M M Khoeteium M. Scamandria m Scepsis M M(V)M JE Sigeium Jl>L. As> Jhj Thymbra JE Zeleia ^ Tenedos (insula) "m JR JE JR 478 AEOLIS. AEOLIS. Federal Coinage (?). Silver and bronze of the third century B. c. Head of Pallas. AIOAE Fulmen and grapes ^ 41 grs. Head of Hera (?). ,, Id. with grapes or caducous . Dr. Imhoof {Zeit. f. Num., iii. 312) supposes these coins to have been struck at Methymna in Lesbos. Others attribute them to Aeolium in the Thracian Chersonesus. Aegae, between Temnus and Cyme. No early coins. Circ. B.C. 300-200. AUic Standard,. Head of Pallas. | AIFAE Goat's head . . Jl 32 grs. After B.C. 190. Head of Apollo ; in field, bow and quiver. (Brandis, p. 448.) AlPAIEnM Zeus naked, standing, holding eagle, and resting on sceptre ; all in oak- wreath R, Spread tetradr. Also bronze of various types. Imperial — Augustus to Trajan Decius {Zeit. f. Num., vi. 12). Inscr., AlFAeuuM. Magistrate, Strategos. Among the ^y^e« worth mentioning are a female figure seated on a wolf (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 270), and a recumbent river-god, with the name TITNAIOC. Antocaue (see the Homeric Hymn to the Delian Apollo, v. 35), between Pitane and Atarneus (Imhoof, Mon. 6r.,Tp. 271, and Zeit.f. Num., xi. p. 50). After circ. b. c. 300 (?). AYTOKANA Female head in stephane AYTOKA Wreath M -5 Head of Apollo. (^./.i\^.,xi.Pl. I. 3.) Head of Zeus, laureate, facing. (^./. ;y^., xi.Pl. L4.) Head of Zeus. AYTOK or AYTOK A Head of Pallas . JE -6 and -4 Boeoue, probably near Larissa Phriconis (Imhoof, I.e. 272). After circ. B. C. 300. Female head, hair in sphendone. | BOIflNlTIKON Bull standing iE -45 Came, probably situated in Aeolis. (See von Sallet, Zeif. f. ^ xiii. p. 70.) Imperial times — Hadrian, Commodus, and Severus, with or AEGAE—CYME. 479 without emperor's head. Inscr., KAMHNnM. %?es— Bearded head, rev. Terminal figure of Asiatic goddess, resembling Artemis Ephesia. Head of Hadrian, rev. KAMHNuuN €TTI TPYctuJSOC, Hygieia standing [Zeit.f. Num., 1. c). Cyme, at the head of the gulf which bore its name, was founded, according to tradition, by an Amazon named Kyme. This city appears to have struck electrum on the Phoenician standard before the Persian Wars. Before circ. B.C. 600. Forepart of prancing horse ; beneath, flower (?). (I vanoff, 153.) Prancing horse ; beneath, flower (?). (B. M. Guide, PI. X. 3.) Horse's head. Eagle's head. (Brandis, p. 391.) Three deep incuse depressions, that in the centre oblong, the others square El. Stater, 220 grs. Quadripartite incuse square .... El. Stat. 215 grs. Incuse square . . EL 21 and 10 grs. KV Incuse square . . El. 9-7 grs. ^21 grs. It is probable also that the very archaic silver staters of Aeginetic weight from the Thera Find ; f^j)e, Forepart of horse, described above (p. 407), should be attributed to Cyme. Between these early coins and the large flat tetradrachms of the second century B.C., Cyme does not seem to have struck any money whatever. After circ. b. c. 190. Tetradrachms in the name of Alexander. Symhol, a one-handled vase. The magistrate's name, AIOTENHZ, on one of these coins, occurs also on the contemporary tetradrachms of Cyme struck in her own name. Head of Kyme, the traditional founder. (B.M.G^ic/e, P1.XLIX. 14.) Horse. Symbol : one- vase ; various magistrates' KYMAinM handled names in nominative case ; the whole in a wreath . . . . JR Tetradr. Eagle. KY Forepart of horse . . .51 ^ Dr. Also bronze, with similar types — Horse ; Eagle ; One-handled vase ; Head of Cyme ; Two figures in quadriga, rev. Artemis and armed figure, etc. Imperial — Tiberius to Gallienus, with or without head of Emperor. Magistrate, without title, or with those of Anthypatos, (viz. T. Clodius Epirius Marcellus, A.D. 70-73), and Prytanis, Strategos, Archon, or Gram- mateus. Remarkable types or inscriptions — OMHPOC, Homer seated, rev. KPHGHIC, the mother of Homer, holding sceptre; Kritheis was said to have been a native of Cyme; €PMOC, River Hermus ; EANOOC, River Xanthus (a local stream ?) ; Artemis Ephesia ; Athlete, with prize vase upon his head, entering the precincts of a temple ; AI0A€UJN KYMAIujN, indicating the origin of Cyme, on a coin of Hadrian, the reverse type of which shows the River Hermus recumbent; Isis Pharia, with dedicatory inscr., l€PnNYMOC ANeOHKG KYMAIOIC, on a coin of Antoninus Pius. Also lePA CYNKAHTOC or G€ON CYN- KAHTON. Honorific title KAICAPenM, on coins of Nero. 480 AHOLIS. Elaea. An ancient city founded, according to tradition, by Menes- theus the Athenian. Strabo (615) places it twelve stadia from the river Caicus, and 120 from Pergamum, of which it was the port. Its coins are all of late style : — Afler circ. B. c. 300. Head of Pallas in close helmet. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. Prow. Head of Demeter. E— A — A — I Wreath. . M 49 grB. ^20 grs. E — A Corn-grain in wreath^ .75 and -4 EAAI in wreath . . . jE'75and.4 EAAITilN Torch in wreath . M-ij Other ti/pes of later date are — Pallas holding owl and sceptre ; Poppy in wreath ; Basket containing poppy and corn; Telesphoros, etc. M€- NeCOeYC KTICTHC, head of Menestheus, rev. Asklepios. Imperial — Augustus to HostiUan, EAAITHN or eAAeiTflN. Magis- trate, Strategos, and perhaps Archon, the former with title Ne[nKOPOC]. Bemarlcahle types — Rape of Persephone; Four fishermen opening the chest in which Auge and her infant son Telephos had been shut up and thrown into the sea, and which they had caught in their net ; one of them is helping Auge out of the chest {Mittkeilungen d. deutschen arch. Inst., 1885, p. ai). Gryuium or Gryueia, forty stadia from Myrina, and seventy from Elaea, famous for its temple of Apollo of white marble (Strab., 632). See Num. Chron,, ix. 159, and 'E(f>rjiJL(ph apyaioXoyiK-q, Ser. ii. 1861, 313. Bronze of tlie Third century, B.C. Head of Apollo, facing. rVPNHnN {sic) Muscle-shell . . jE -7 and -4 Larissa Phriconis (Strab., 631 ; Rev. Num., 1844, a8; ^r^^ Arck Zeit., 1849, 28), seventy stadia from Cyme. Bronze of the Third century, B. Male head with close beard. Female head in sphendone. AAPISAI Diota and corn-grain . . ^•85 A A Diota between club and cadu- ceus ■'E '7 These coins may belong to Larissa in the Troad. Uyrina, a seaport of some strength between Grynium and Cyme. Of this town there are no early coins. Myrina was one of the cities upon which the Romans conferred freedom after the defeat of Philip V., B.C. 197 (Livy, xxxiii. 30). It was probably then that it began to strike flat Attic tetradrachms both in the name of Alexander (Miiller, 933-42) and with its own types. ELAEA—TEMNUS. 481 ^.s m^r$ Head of Apollo, laureate. Head of Pallas, r. (Z./. #., iu. PI. VIII. 17, 18.) Head of Apollo or of Pallas. r t^^ Fig. 292. After circ. B.C. 197. i MYPIMAinN Statue of Apollo Gry- ! neus, standing with lustral branch and patera ; at his feet omphalos and amphora. (Pig. 292.) M Tetradr. M — Y Head of Artemis, facing . . . JR 2g grs. MYPI Amphora . . . . JE -6^ The latest bronze coins have a lyre on the reverse. The Apolline types refer to the cultus of Apollo at the neighbouring Grynium in the territory of Myrina. l}nperial~-I)omitia.n to Gordian. MYPlNAIflM or MYPeiNAinM, Magistrate — Strategos, on a coin of Imperial times, cited by Eekhel, ii. 496. Select types — Front of temple of Apollo Gryneus (Strab., 622) showing the statue of the god as on the tetradrachms ; Helmeted horseman with inscr., AAMN€YC, probably a local hero. Neonteichos. {Num. Chron., vii. 49.) The small bronze coins described under Nea in the Troad (p. 473) may with equal probability bo assigned to this place, as may also the following coin : — Head of Pallas. After circ. b. c. 300. NE (in mon.) Owl , (Brit. Mus.) . ^.65 Temnns, on an eminence overlooking the valley of the Hermus and the territories of Cyme, Phocaea, and Smyrna (Strab., 621). Its earliest coins are tetradrachms of the second century b. c, struck in the name of Alexander, the sjonbol on which is a tall one-handled vase within a vine- wreath (Miiller, 952-66). These are accompanied by small silver and bronze with the name of the city. After circ. b. c. 200. Head of Apollo. (iV. C, vii. 50.) Head of young Dionysos. Head of bearded Dionysos ^ TA One-handled vase, iu vine-wreath . Grapes, in vine-wreath Grapes .51^ Dr. ■ -E.75 • ^-45 These smallest coins may be eailier than the period to which I have here assigned them. I i 482 AEOLIS. Later aidonomous bronze and Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Inscr. THMNEITnN, etc. Types various: ACINIOC TAAAOC ATNOC, with head probably intended for Augustus. G. Asinius Gallus was Pro- consul in Asia b. c. 6 ; the coins, however, give him no title, but merely the epithet ayvos, equivalent to the Latin integer. Another coin of Augustus struck in the same year reads KAICAP CCBACTOC TTAOYCIAC YTTATHAC =vTrareioy (see Z.f.N., xii. 360). Among the more remarkable types are €PMOC, the Eiver Hermus ; Pallas Nikephoros ; Two Nemeses facing one another, each with hand raised to her breast; THMNOC, Head of city. Tisna ("?). This place is not mentioned by any ancient writer, but the reverse type of the coins, which exactly reseinbles that of certain coins of Cyme, leaves no doubt that they were struck in the immediate neigh- bourhood of that city. Dr. Imhoof [Mon. Gr., p. 276) remarks that the inscription TISNAIOZ maybe an older form of T I TNAIOZ, which occurs as the name of a river on Imperial coins of Aegae (p. 478). Circ. B.C. 300. Head of young river-god. Id. TIZNAION One-handled vase JE -65 TIZNAIOZ Sword in scabbard ^ -45 From the following table it will be seen that, with the exception of a few early electrum coins, attributed doubtfully to Cyme (p. 479), there were no coins whatever struck in any of the cities of Aeolis before the age of Alexander the Great, and that all the large and flat Attic tetra- drachms of Aegae, Cyme, Myrina, and Temnus, belong to a stiU later period. Cheonological Table op the Coinage of Aeolis. Aegae Before 500 B.C, 500-300 B.C. 300-200 After B.C. 200 Imperial .ZxVi .aii JE JE M Autocane ^ Boeone JE Came JE Cyme el:m (?) JR JE ^ Elaea M JE JE JE Grynium ... JE Larissa JE Myrina ... JR JE Neonteichoa JE Temnus JR JE X Tisna (!) JE LESBOS. 483 LESBOS. This beautiful and fertile island, the chief seat of the Asiatic branch of the Aeolian race, contained five or six cities, each with a territory of its own. Of these, Mytilene and Methymna were far and away the most flourishing and powerful, and to one or other of these two, the less im- portant towns were usually, though not always, subject. Among the earliest Lesbian coins may perhaps be reckoned certain archaic electrum staters of a rude style of work : — Head of lion, with open jaws. (B. M. Guide,n.l. 10.) Rough incuse square . El. 248 grs. There are also smaller denominations of various types, among which the human eye may be mentioned. Later than the archaic electrum follow several series of base silver or potin coins, dating, some from the beginning, others from the latter part of the fifth century. These coins follow two distinct standards, the Phoenician (Staters, 330-218 grs.) and the Persic (Staters, 169 grs.). They are almost always anepigi-aphic, and their attribution to Lesbos rests upon the fact that they are found in the island. Although it is probable that this base-metal currency was issued at several mints, the evidence afforded by the types is hardly strong enough to warrant us in venturing upon exact attributions. The coins of these series are globular in fabric and have a small rough incuse square on the reverse. The principal obverse types are the following : — Phoenician Standard. Raised quadripartite square within a dotted circle .... Potin, 236 gra. Lion's head, with open jaws (rude work) Pot. 234 grs. Gorgon head (5et/. A'mto., 1863,328) PoT. 219 grs. Lion's head, facing .... . . Pot. 33 grs. Forepart of boar Pot. 104 grs. Two boars' heads, face to face; above, sometimes, AE€ or AN (inmon.) Pot. 18 grs. Id. sometimes with letter M or human eye above .... Pot. 10 grs. Single boar's head ; above, human eye Pot. i 3 grs. Among many other small coins presumably Lesbian the following may be mentioned :— Young male head, rev. Incuse square ; Female head, rev. Lion's head in incuse square; Negro's head, rev. Incuse square; Two human eyes one above the other, rev. Incuse square ; Single human eye, rev. Incuse square, etc. I i a 484 LESBOS. Persic Standard. Two calvea' heads, face to face, with an olive tree between them Pot. 170 grs. (B. M. Guide, PL XI. 28.) Calf s head Pot. 84 grs. Id. (Rev. Lion's head, iu incuse square) . . Pot. i i grs. LESBIAN ELECTRUM HECTAE. Fig. 393. Class I. Circ. b. c. 450-400. Contemporary with the later coins of the foregoing potin series (those, for example, with the calves' heads), which seem to belong to the latter part of the fifth century, are several series of electrum hectae with various obverse types, but all with one distinctive peculiarity, viz. that the reverse type is incuse instead of in relief. It is not unusual for specimens of these hectae to be inscribed with the letters AE or M (Lesbos or Mytilene ?), and many of the types are distinctly Lesbian. M Forepart of bull, 1. Head of ram, r. ; beneath, cock, 1. Forepart of winged boar. Gorgon-head. Forepart of bridled horse, r. Forepart of winged lion, 1. Head of lion with open jaws, star on forehead. ead of ram, r. ; beneath, cock, 1. Head of Herakles, r., in lion's skin. AE Head of lion, r., with open jaws. Head of Pallas, r., of fine style. Incuse head of lion, with open jaws El. Hecte 39 grs. Id. [Fig. 293; rev. indistinct^]. (Cf. B. M. Guide, PI. XVIII. 10) El. Hecte. Id El. Hecte. Incuse head of Herakles, in lion's skin . El. Hecte. Id El. Hecte. Incuse head of cock . . El. Hecte. Id El. Hecte. (B. M. (^MicZe, PI. XVIILii.) Incuse head of bull . . . El. Hecte. Id El. Hecte. Incuse head of calf . . . El. Hecte. Incuse scalp of lion, facing El. Hecte. It is probable that a large proportion of these remarkable little coins were struck at Mytilene, and of this it would seem that we possess direct documentary evidence in the interesting inscription discovered by Newton, and first published by him in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature (second ser. vol. viii. p. 549). Here we have a fragment of a monetary convention between the towns of Phocaea on the one part, and Mytilene on the other, for the issue of a common cui-rency of electrum hectae known among the Greeks as yjtvaiov ^(HKdiKov. This treaty is attri- buted on epigraphic grounds to about B. c. 430 ^. The rtv. of Fig. 293 is a lion's head, 1. with open jaws. For an abstract of the terms of the treaty, see Lenormant (iSeu. Num., i868, p. 241). ELECTRUM HECTAE. 485 Class II. Circ. b.c. 400-387. Fig. 294. Fig. 295. The second class of Lesbian electrum hecfcae shows the reverse type in relief enclosed either in an incuse or later in a linear square. Among the large number of types of these hectae which have come down to us, it is easy to point out many which are certainly Lesbian ; but it is probable that there are many others, less distinctive in character, which may also have been issued from the mint at Mytilene. The following are those which I have least hesitation in ascribing to Lesbos : — Head of Pallas, in close-fitting crested helmet. Head of Apollo, as on silver of Myti- lene. Female head, nearly facing, hair bound with taenia. Id. Head of bearded Dionysos. Forepart of boar. Young male head. Head of Apollo. Head of Sappho (?) in sphendone. Head of Demeter veiled. Two calves' heads, face to face ; between them sometimes AE . . El. Heote. Calf's head El. Hecte. Bull's head ; above, sometimes M. (Fig. 294.) .... El. Hecte. Two boars' heads ; between them A El. Hecte. Two calves' heads, face to face, between them a flower .... El. Hecte. Lion's head, with open jaws, in linear square El. Hecte. Calf s head, in linear square El. Hecte. Lyre, in linear square . . El. Hecte. Lyre, in linear square . . El. Hecte. Tripod, filleted, in linear square (Fig. 295.) El. Hecte. CITIES OF LESBOS. Aegims, a small place between Mytilene and Methymna (Strab., 617). Bronze, circ. B. c, 300 (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 276). Head of Pallas. | AITI Female head in sphendone J3 -4 Antissa, near the western extremity of the island, was destroyed by the Romans b. c. 168. Circ. B.c 300-168. Female head. Bull. ANTIE Grotesque head of Dionysos with tall tiara and long pointed beard (Gardner, yy^e*, PI. XV. 12) M -6^ AN Apollo Kitharoedos . . ^ .65 486 LESBOS. Cithns (?) (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 277). Archaic silver coins of the Attic standard. Circ. B.C. 500-480. Young male head. K I O I Two boars' heads, face to face Eresus, on the west coast of Lesbos. Bronze after circ. B. c. 300. K I O Human eye, in incuse square . . M 31.7 grs. Quadripartite incuse square ^26 grs. Head of Hermes. Id. {N. a, vii. 52.) EPESI Ear of corn . iE -65 and -35 „ Head of Apollo (?) . . M -53 In illustration of the first of the above types, cf. Archestratus (ap. Athen. iii. Ill), who says that the gods sent Hermes to Eresus for their corn. Imperial times — Caligula to Philip, usually with Emperors' heads. Magistrate's name with title, Strategos. Chief types: CATTOH eP€CI, Head of Sappho, also Sappho seated with lyre (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 278). miethymna, next to Mytilene the most important city in Lesbos, was situate on the northern shore of the island. Euhoic-Attic weight. Circ. b. c. 600. MA©VMMAIOS Boar. (B.M. Guide, TL XI. 2^.) MA®VMNAI0S Head of Pallas of archaic style, her helmet adorned with Pegasos ; all in incuse square M 1 24-6 grs. Phoenician weight l^). Circ. B.C. 400-387. Head of Pallas, of early fine style. (B. M. Guide, PI. XVIII. 23.) Id. MAOYMNAION Lyre on raised square, within incuse square . . . jB, 99 grs. MAO Kantharos in incuse square . . M, 49 grs. Attic Standard (V). After B.C. 300. Head of Pallas, in Corinthian helmeti Head of Herakles. Head of Pallas, in Corinthian helmet, M A OY Lyi'e in linear square ; various symbols in the field . . ^43 grs- Arion, with lyre, riding on dolphin (Strab. 618) , . . . M 21 grs. MA OY Kantharos; various symbols . ^.65 After circ. B.C. 200. Tetradrachms with name and types of Alexander. Symbol— a sra&Q. figure of Arion riding on dolphin (Miiller, 981-a). Imperial times— Augustus to Severus Alexander, Magistrate Strategos. Inscr., CITHUS{^)—MYTILENE. 487 MHOYMNAinN. Types — Arion on dolphin ; Dionysos with panther, or in biga drawn by panthers. [Num. Chron,, vii. $^.) Hytilene, the chief city of Lesbos, was, as we have seen (p. 483), in all probability the place of mintage, not only of some electrittn coins, which appear to belong to the sixth century B.C., but of one or more series of potin coins, and of a very large number of hectae of electrum, which may be attributed to the latter part of the fifth and to the earlier part of the fourth centuries. These hectae, as has been already explained (p. 484), fall into two great classes, the earlier of which bears an incuse device on the reverse, the later and more numerous class, a reverse type in relief within a linear square. The former class may well be the coinage alluded to in the monetary convention between Phocaea and Mytilene above referred to, which is supposed to date from about B.C. 430. The linear square as a mark of fabric is indicative of the Mytilenian origin of the hectae of the more recent style, as it occurs also on the inscribed silver coins of that city, and scarcely anywhere else on the coast of Asia Minor. SiLVEil. Before circ. B.C. 400. Female head facing, as on electrum hecte. (Fig. 294.) Young male head, bound with taenia. MYTI Lion's head, in iticuse squarfe . ^13 grs. ,, Calf's head, in incuse square .iR 10 grs. Fourth centilry, B. c. Persic Standard. Head of Apollo, laureate. (Mion., Supi'l., vi. PI. III. I.) Id. Id. M YT I Lyre, in linear square ; various symbols in the field J& Stater 176 grs MYTI Id. . . M Triobol.(l) 44 grs ,, Female head; hair rolled . . J& Diob. 20 grs For other varieties, see Brandis, p. 453, and Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 279. The bronze coinage of Mytilene is very plentiful, and, with the ex- ception of some very small pieces, belongs to a later period than the silver money. Circ. B. c. 300-200 (?). Head of Apollo. Female head, hair in sphendone. MYTI Lyre M -^j „ Id M^5 Regal coins, with Alexander's name and types. Symbol — a Lyre, (MUller, Nos. 967-80,) and autonomous bronze. After circ. b. c. 200. Head of Zeus Ammoii. I MYTI Bacchic term, standing on prow The remarkable cultus-image on the reverse of this and many other coins of Mytilene of Imperial times has been identified by Mr. Newton 488 LESBOS. as copied from a figure said to have been found by fishermen in the harbour of Mytilene. (Gardner, Ti/pes, p. 79.) Imperial times — Augustus to Gallienus. {Num. Cliron., vii. 53.) Inscr., MYTIAHNAinN, nPriTH AeCBOY, etc. Magistrates, with title Strategos. Jiemarkable types or inscriptions : GGOC AMMilN ; ZCYC BOYAAIOC; OCOI AKPAIOI (Zeus,Poseidon,andHades); nANKPATI AHS accompanying type of youthful Asklepios ; <])n, SA0OYS (Sestini, Mus. Hederv. ii. 51) or i'An4>fl, Head of Sappho or her figure seated with lyre (cf. Pollux, ix. 84). Concerning the above coins, Leake remarks [Num. Hell., s.v. Mytilene) that Mytilene went beyond most of the other cities of Greece in record- ing upon her coins the names of her illustrious citizens. With the exception of Pittacus, Alcaeus, Sappho, and Theophanes, the names are unknown to fame. Among the Imperial coins struck at Mytilene may also be classed the pieces of Aurelius and Commodus reading KOI. or KOIMON AeCBIIlN, on one of which is the cultus-statue of Dionysos on the Prow above referred to. Nape. Bronze coins, circ. b. c. 300. (Imhoof, Man. Gr., p. 380.) Head of Apollo. I NlAPAIflN Owl and Astragalos Psrrrta, situate on the coast of a deep bay on the west side of the island. Small bronze coins of the fourth century b. c. Female head, hair in sphendone. (Borrell in Nxvm. Ghron., vii. 61.) PYP or PYPP Goat, or goat before altar -^ -45 HECATONNESI, ISLANDS NEAR LESBOS. Ifesos, the largest of this group of islands between Lesbos and the coast of Aeolis (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. a8o and Zeit.f. Num., iii. 313 sqq.). Silver coins, wt. 42 grs., and small bronze of the fourth, and larger bronze of the third century or later. Inscr., NASI, NA, N, and NACI. Types— obv. Heads of Apollo or Artemis, rev. Panther ; Lyre and Palm ; Tripod ; Dolphin ; Horseman, etc. Fordosilene, later Poroselene, a small island between Lesbos and the mainland, the second largest of the group called the Hecatonnesi,"EKaros yap 6 'AttoWiov Ttapa -naaav yap br] ttjv iiapaKCav ravrrjv 6 'Att6XX(ov kKTiTi\i,r)Tai p.^XP'- Tere'Sou, Ifiivdevs 17 K6AAaroy KaXovufvos rj Tpwevs fi Tiva aWrjv evatw- pCav ^x.'^v. (Strab., 618.) Hence the Apollo type on the coins. IONIA. 489 Girc. B. c. 450. Head of Apollo, bound with taenia. i POPAOSIA Lyre in incuse square (B. M. Guide, PL X. 24.) 1 M Drachm 61 grs. Circ. B. c. 400, or later. Head of Silenos. | POP Dolphin ^: -3 Later, with name Poroselene, Inscr., nnPOCeAHN€ITnN. Types referring to Asklepian worship. Imperial of Severus. {Rev. Num., 185a, 93.) CHKONOLOGICAIi TaBLE OF THE COINAGE OP LeSBOS. AegiruB Before 500 500-400 400-300 300-200 After 200; Imperial M Antissa M Cithus (?) M Eresus M M Methymna EL(?) M & Pot. M S. M M Mytileue EL(1) EL,^&Pot. EL,^ M M M Nape M Pyrrlia M. Nesos, ins. JR. 2& M Pardosilene, ins. jk M M IONIA. The earliest coins of Ionian fabric and style both of electrum and silver are uninscribed. Of these some indeed may be conjecturally attributed to one or other of the Ionian maritime towns by reason of the types which they bear, while others must still remain unclassed. Among the latter are the following : — Lion's head, with open jaws. Forepart of lion. Foreparts of winged horse and of winged lion combined. Forepart of lion killing serpent. Id. Id. Forepart of prancing horse. Doe (?), suckling fawn (?). Cow, suckling calf. Id. Id. Incuse square, in which forepart of winged horse . . . ^197 grs. Rough incuse square . . jH 167 grs. Quadripartite incuse square .... ^124 grs. Id. ■ . . . M. 6i-2 grs. Id. . M. 17-2 grs. Id. . . . M 7.5 grs. Id. . . . M. 151 grs. Incuse square . . . ^ 104 grs. Incuse square, diagonally divided . n ^ • .-. • ^ 'S^ S""'- (Quadripartite incuse square . -51 125 grs. Large floral star of eighteen rays M\2() grs. 490 IONIA. It will be observed that these coins follow various standards of weight, Phoenician, Babylonic, and Euboic ; but these indications are too un- certain to be of much help to us in arriving at any definite classification. The Ionian towns, though politically independent of one another, con- stituted for religious purposes a koivov or League, the meetings of which were held in the Panionion in the neighbourhood of Priene. Under the Empire, games called Panionia Pythia were held at these meetings, and coins were struck for the occasion by one or other of the cities parti- cipating in the celebration. Among these special issues may be mentioned Imperial medallions of Antoninus and M. Aurelius, with the inscription KOINON ir nOAenN,and bearing the name of CI. Fronto,Asiarch, and Archiereus of the thirteen cities which formed the Ionian koivov. These coins are without the name of the place of mintage. The inscription inNnN is not always to be understood as referring to the locality of the city to which it is added. It indicates rather that'the people of certain towns, such as Perinthus in Thrace, Isinda in Pam- phylia, and Synnada in Phrygia, claimed an Ionian origin, hence the coin legends nePlNeinN IHNfiN, IClNACnN €inNiiN, CYNNAAenN AnpienN inNnN. Arsinoe. See Ephesus. Cadme. See Priene. Clazomeuae stood partly on the mainland and partly on a small island on the southern shore of the Gulf of Smyrna. The distinctive badge of the city appears from the later inscribed coins to have been a winged Boar ; cf. Aelian {Hist. An., xii. 38), who relates, on the authority of Artemon, that such a monster once infested the Clazomenian territory (Leake, Num. Hell., p. 43). Hence numerous coins bearing this type, though anepigraphic, are presumed to be of Clazomenian origin. Clazo- menae seems to have been one of the cities which took part in the early electrum currency of the sixth century b. c. Electeum. Before circ. b. c. 500. Phoenician Standard. Forepart of winged boar. I Incuse square . . El. Stater 2 1 7 grs. (Brandis, p. 392.) I Circ. B.C. 500-394. SiLVEE. (a) Attic Standard. Lion devouring prey. (B.M. Guide, PI. XL 21.) Forepart of winged boar. Forepart of winged boar, in incuse square M Tetradr. Gorgon-head in incuse square . . • M \ Dr. M Diob. (|3) Phoenician Standard. Forepart of winged boar. (B. M. Guide, PI. XL 29.) Incuse square, quartered. On some of the I drachms K in one quarter . . M Didr. 106 grs. .51 Dr. 53 grs. Ml Dr. CLAZOMENAE. 491 Gold. Circ. B.C. 387-300. Head of Apollo, nearly facing, of finest style. i^M. Guide, PI. XIX. 24.) KAA or KAAIO Swan, with open wings. Magistrate AEYKAI02 or AOHNArOPAS. Symbol: Winged boar . iSf 87 grs. These magnificent gold coins may have been struck between the Peace of Antalcidas B.C. 387, and the fall of the Persian Empire. The coinage of gold money prevailed at several Asiatic towns about this time, notably at Lampsacus. SiiiVEE. Attic Standard. Fig. 296. Head of Apollo, as on gold coins ; on one specimen it is accompanied by the artist's name ©EOAOTOS EPOEI. (Fig. 296, where, how- ever, the signature is illegible.) KAAIO Swan and magistrates' names MANAPnMAZ, PYGEOS, HPAK- AEIAHS, MHTPOAnPOZ . . . M Tetradr. ANTI0ANHS, APOAAAS, EYGY- AAMAS, IKESIOY, AEOKAIOS PAP MIS, PYOEOS . M Drachms. AIONYSAS, EAIKriNIOS, EOOY- AAMOS, KAEAPISTOS, MAN- APnNAZ,MHTPOAnPOS,MNH- SIOEOS, PYOEOS,<1>ANOPOAI£, XIOS . . . M^ Drachms. Engravers' names on Asiatic coins are of extremely rare occurrence ; the only other specimen on which the word EPOEI occurs is a coin of Cydonia in Crete, inscribed NEYANTO£ EPOEI (p. 391). The swan is a well-known symbol of Apollo. Wild swans are said to abound in the Delta of the Hermus, and it has been suggested that the name Clazomenae may be due to the plaintive notes of these birds. In addition to the above-described autonomous coins of Clazomenae there are silver pieces vsdth the well-known Clazomenian winged boar, which bear the name of Orontas, who was satrap of Mysia and Ionia in the earlier half of the fourth century. These coins may, however, with equal probability, be attributed to Tarsus on account of the obverse type and the letter T. Naked warrior, kneeling, defending himself with shield and short spear ; between his legs T. PONT A Forepart of winged boar. Traces of incuse square JR Tetrob. 43 gi-s. {Num. Zeit., iii. 423.) For other coins of Orontas, see under loUa Mysiae, p. 455. 492 IONIA. The silver coinage of Clazomenae does not extend beyond the close of the fourth century. There are, however, regal tetradrachms with Alexander's types (Miiller, 995-998), and gold staters with Philip's types (Miiller, 309), with the forepart of the winged boar as an adjunct symbol, which, if correctly attributed, may belong to circ. B. c. 190. The autonomous bronze coinage of Clazomenae begins about B. c. 350, and extends with intervals down to Imperial times. The coins are usually inscribed KAAIO or KAAIOMENlfiN. Among the more fre- quent types are the following : — Gire. B. c. 350-300. Head of Apollo, r. Head of Pallas in profile. Head of Pallas, usually in Corinthian helmet, as on N. of Alexander. Head of Pallas, facing. Swan . . Ram's head , Eam standing Id. . , M -7 and -45 . M -7 and -45 M •<] and -45 Forepart of winged boar. After circ. b. c. 300. KAAIOMENlfiM written across in- cuse square, quartered . . JE -6^ The incuse square is in this instance only an affectation of archaism. Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. Eam at rest ... . M "7 Head of Pallas, facing. Forepart of running ram . . MS Head of Zeus. Swan . . .... JE.8 All the above-described bronze coins bear the name of a magistrate. The following, of later style, are all without a magistrate's name :— After circ. B.C. 200. Forepart of winged boar. Head of Zeus. Gorgon-head. Various heads. Head of Zeus. Portrait head. Caduceus in wreath . .^ -8 Swan on caduceus . . . .^ -8 Swan on rudder (?) . . . . JE -"j Philosopher Anaxagoras (1), seated on a globe .... . . JEi -S Club ^-65 Ram at rest . . . JE g Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Magistrates sometimes with title Strategos. Tyj)es ordinary — Kybele standing between lions ; OEA KAAZOMENH, Turreted head of city or Amazon Klazomene; Philoso- pher Anaxagoras with globe in hand (Nmm. C/iron., vii. 6a). Alliance coins with Smyrna of the reign of Valerian. Colophon. The earliest coinage of Colophon, like that of most other Ionian cities, is uninscribed, and consists of Euboic didrachms of the sixth century B.C. CLAZOMENAE— COLOPHON. 493 Lyre of archaic style. i Incuse square . . . ^ 126 grs. (B. M. Guide, PI. II. 22.) | Fifth century, b. c. During a great part of the fifth century the silver money of Colophon follows the Persic standard, and consists of drachms of about 84 grs. Inscr., KOAOnNliiN, often retrograde, or KOAOOflMION on one or other side. Head of Apollo Klarios. (B. M. Guide, PI. XI. 30.) Lyre, in incuse square . , 41 84 grs. Fourth century, e. c. Early in the fourth century the Rhodian standard replaced the Persic. Fig. 297. Head oi Persian king or satrap. j BA2IA Lyre. (Fig. 297.) Wt. 236 grs. This coin, with its striking ideal head of a noble Persian, is given only conjecturally to Colophon, for it bears no name of a town. Cf. the tetradrachms of Pharnabazus struck at Cyzicus (p. 453). Head of Apollo Klarios. Id. Id. KOAOOn Lyre and magistrate's name & Dr. 54 grs. :, Tripod. Magistrate's name M, \ Dr. 25 grs. ,, Lyre. Magistrate's name . M Diob. 18 grs. The bronze coins which belong to the latter half of the fourth century are the following, all with magistrates' names : — Armed horseman, with spear couched . M -8 Lyre .... iE -8 and -45 Forepart of horse . . M -6^, Head of ApoUo. Id. Id. The excellence of the Colophonian cavalry is said by Strabo (643) to have been so marked that they were always victorious, hence, perhaps, the horseman as a coin-type. At Clarus, in the territory of Colophon, stood the famous temple and oracle of Apollo (Paus.^vii. 3. i), whose head is represented on the coin. The old town of Colophon was destroyed by Lysimachus B.C. 299, but the name seems to have been transferred to its port Notium, and it was upon this town that the Romans conferred freedom in B.C. 189 (Livy xxxviii. 39, ' Colophoniis qui in Notio habitant'). Shortly afterwards or perhaps on that occasion, the Colophonians struck tetradrachms w'ith Alexander's types ; Symbol, Lyre and KOAO. (Miiller, 1007-14.) 494 IONIA. The later bronze issues after circ. B. c. 300 are of ruder style than the foregoing. Horaeman as above, but dog running beneath horse. Seated figure, with chin resting on KOAOnNinN Apollo Kitharoedos, standing with lyre and patera in front of tripod. Magistrates' names M -8 KOAOnNinN Apollo Kitharoedos, hand, and holding scroll ; possibly \ as above, but no tripod . . ^ .8 Homer. Magistrate's name. j Head of Greek Artemis. [ KOAOOflNinN The pilei of the ' Dioskuri, surmounted by stars M -6 Imperial— ISiero to Gallienus. Magistrates with title Strategos. Re- markable types and inscriptiom—Y.KKV\OQ, Apollo Klarios seated; APTEMIC KAAPIA, Effigy of an Asiatic goddess resembling Artemis Ephesia; TO KOINON inNnN, The thirteen cities of the Ionian League standing in a semicircle and offering a bull as a sacrifice before the temple of Apollo Klarios. Alliance coins with Pergamum. Ephesus occupied the rich alluvial plain of the lower Cayster, but it owed its wealth and renown less to the produce of its soil than to the illustrious sanctuary of the old Asiatic nature-goddess, whom the Ionian Greeks (when under Androclus the son of Codrus they effected a settle- ment in these parts) identified with the Greek Artemis. The Ephesian goddess is represented as a female figure, the body a mere trunk, with the feet placed close together. She is many-breasted, and from each of her outstretched arms hangs a long fillet with tassels at the extremities. On either side stands a stag raising its head to the goddess for food. The usual symbols of her worship are the Bee and the Stag, and it is noteworthy that the high-priest of the temple of the goddess was called 'Ecro-i7K, ' the king Bee,' while the virgin priestesses bore the name of Melissae, or Bees. The coinage of Ephesus falls into the following periods : — Electrum. Sixth century, b. c. Bee. [B. V. Head, Ei^Tiesus, PI. I. i, 2.] Oblong incuse divided into two squares El. Trite 71 grs. Rough incuse square El. Hecte 36 grs. Id El. Hemihecton 18 grs. Forepart of stag. Id. [B.V.Head,?.c., PL 1.3,4.] The silver coinage, from the sixth century B. c down to the collapse of the Athenian supremacy B.C. 415, is not plentiful. Silver. Phoenician Standard. E0ESION or E* Bee. (B.V.Head,;. c.Pl.I. 11-14.) Incuse square, quartered M Tetradr. 205 grs. M Drachm 54 grs. , ^ I Dr. 28 grs. M Diob. 16 grs. Circ. B. c. 415-394. In this period Ephesus, which had revolted from Athens after the Sicilian disasters, and had become subject first to the Persians and then COL 0PH0N—EPHE8US. 495 to the Spartans, struck silver on a somewhat heavier standard, iden- tical with the Rhodian (Didr. 117 grs.). These coins bear a magistrate's name either on the obverse beneath the bee or on the bar which divides the incuse square (B. V. Head, Ephesus, PI. I. 15-21). Circ. B.C. 394-295. In B. c. 394 the Athenian Conon expelled the Spartan oligarchies from most of the Asiatic coast towns. Among others Ephesus and Samos are mentioned as having then shaken ofi" the Spartan yoke. We have, accordingly, no difficulty in assigning, with M. Waddington [Melanges de Num.., pt. ii. pp. 7-19), to this period the federal coinage issued by the cities of Ehodes, Cnidus, lasus, Samos, and Ephesus, each with its own distinctive type on the reverse of the coin, while on the obverse is the infant Herakles strangling two serpents, and the inscr. £YN for SYMMAXIKON. ?YN Infant Her?ikles, strangling two serpents. [B. V. Head, Ephesus, PI. II i .] E — Bee, beneath PE (magistrate's name) iH Ehodian tridrachm 177 grs. In addition to this alliance coinage, Ephesus began, about the year B. c. 394, the issue of a long series of tetradrachms of Rhodian weight (236 grs.), which lasted for no less than a century. E— <1) Bee. (Fig. 298.) Fig. 298. Forepart of stag with head turned back; behind it, a palm tree and, in front, a magistrate's name in the nominative case, of which about 128 are known JR. Tetradr. 236 grs. Smaller denominations weighing 88 grs., with similar types and pieces of 14 grs., also occur (B. V. Head, l. c, PI. II. 6-10). There are also bronze coins, ote. Bee, rev. Stag kneeHng(Head, /.c, Pl.II. 11-13; III. 12, 13), the magistrates' names on some of which prove that they are contemporary with the tetradi-achms. Circ. B.C. 295-281. In B. c. 295 Lysimachus succeeded in making himself master of Ephesus, the name of which he shortly afterwards changed to Arsinoe in honour of his wife. This period is marked by the issue of regal money at Ephesus bearing the usual types of Lysimachus — Symbol, Bee and 496 IONIA. iuscr., E or AP in monogram (Head, I. c, pp. 42 and 45). The series of autonomous tetradrachms now comes to an end, but the pieces of 88 grs. still continued to be struck, probably because they passed as thirds of the Attic tetradrachms of Lysimachus. Head of Greek Artemis. [B.V.Head, Z.c.,Pl.III. I, 2.] Head of Queen Arsinoe, veiled. Id. [B. V. Head, I. c, PI. III. ,5-9.] EE Bow and quiver. Symbol : Bee. Magistrate's name . . ^ 88 grs. APZI Id. . . M 88, 42, and 19 grs. Stag kneeling . . . . M ■<] Circ. B.C. 280-258. Ephesus during this interval was probably left by the_ Seleucidae in the enjoyment of a limited autonomy. The coinage which may with reasonable probability be assigned to this time consists of Attic octobols and bronze. Head of Greek Artemis. [B. V. Head, ?. c, PI. III. 10,11.] Female head, laur. Magistrate's name. [B. V. Head, I. c.,Pl. HI. 14, isO Female head, turreted. [B.V. Head,Z.c.,Pl.III.i6.] E — Forepart of stag and palm tree. Magistrate's name . JR 'j^gia. Bee -^ '45 E— ct) Bee ^ -45 Bust of Greek Artemis. [B. V. Head, Ephesus, PI. IV. 1-4.] Giro. B.C. 258-202. During this period Ephesus formed part of the dominions of the Ptolemies. The coinage consists, (a) of gold octadrachms of Berenice, wife of Ptolemy Euergetes (wt. 248 grs.) (B. M. Guide, PI. XL. 31) ; (^) of didrachms and drachms of the reduced Ehodian standard (102 and 50 grs.)— E — Bee, border of dots. (Head, Ephesus, PI. IV. 6-10.) Stag standiDg before a palm tree ; in front, magistrates' names of which as many as 92 are known & Attic draohmp. M -7 The Alexandrine tetradrachms of Class VI. were superseded by tetra- drachms of Eumenes II. of Pergamum, in whose dominions Ephesus was included after the Peace of B. c. 189. The specimens accredited to the Ephesian mint are distinguished by the adjunct symbol of a Bee (Head, Ephesus, p. 60). At the same time, or perhaps earlier, the series of Ephesian cistopJiori also begins. These are at fii-st undated, but from the time of the constitution of the Koman Province of Asia (24th Sept. 134) they bear dates referring to that era, and are likewise distinguished by the subordinate symbol of a long torch in the field to the right of the serpents on the reverse. These cistophori continue in an almost unbroken series down to b. c. 67, when, after a short interval, a change takes place, the name of the Roman Proconsul being added from b. c. 58-48 (viz. T. Ampius Balbus, B.C. 58-57; C. Fabius, B.C. 57-56; C. Claudius Pulcher, B. C. 55-54 (?) ; L. Antonius (Proquaestor), b. c. 50-49 ; and C. Fannius (Praetor), B. c. 48). The long series of Ephesian cistophori was hardly interrupted even during the revolt of the province of Asia from Eome, B. C. 88-84, in the time of Mithradates ; but this revolt is Undoubtedly commemorated in the numismatic history of Ephesus by the altogether exceptional phenomenon of a small series of gold staters by the emission of which Ephesus proclaimed to the world her complete independence and autonomy, the coinage of gold money being then everywhere regarded as a symbol and prerogative of supreme power. Ejphesian gold coinage, b. c. 87-84. Bust of Greek Artemis. (Head, Ephesus, PI. V. 2-6.) Id. E E 2 1 n N Cultus-image of the Ephe- sian Artemis, a fillet hanging from each hand. Stag, bee, and other symbols in field . S Stater 132 grs. Id. no inscr. . ... iE'84'3grs. Cire. B.C. 48-27. In B. c. 48 Caesar visited Ephesus and reformed the constitution of the Province of Asia. From this time onwards there is no autonomous Ephesian silver money, and such bronze coins as are known are of rude work and slight interest. (Head, Ephesus, PI. V. 10-12.) K k 498 IONIA. Imperial times — from the Triumvirate B.C. 43, to Gallienus. Inscr., eeCIA; Z€YC OAYMniOC; AOHNA APCA ; AnOAAnM eMBACIOC; ANAPOKAOC, the Founder, usually slaying a wild boar, in reference to the oracle which bade him found the city on the spot where he should meet a boar : KOPHCOC, one of the legendary founders of the temple of Artemis; HPAKAeiTOC,theEphesianPhilosopher. (7fl?«e5,etc.— OAYMFFIA OIKOYM€NlKA, KOINON eeCinN, nANlflNlON ; also l€PA AnHHH, the sacred oar used in processions. In Imperial times silver coins were struck at Ephesus, both with Greek and Latin inscriptions, viz. Imperial cistophori with DIANA EPHESIA; denarii of Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, and didrachms and drachms of Nero (ii2 and S'^ grs-)' "^'^^ inscr., AIAPAXMON and APAXMH. Alliance coins with the following cities, Adramyteum, Alexandria Aegypti, Apameia Cibotus Phrygiae, Aphrodisias Cariae, Attaea Mysiae, Cibyra Phrygiae, Cotiaeum Phrygiae, Cyzicus Mysiae,_ Hierapolis Phrygiae, Laodiceia Phrygiae, Magnesia loniae, Mesembria Thraciae, Metropolis loniae, Miletus loniae, Mytilene Lesbi and Pergamum Mysiae, Nysa Cariae, Pergamum, Pergamum and Sardes, Pergamum and Smyrna, Perinthus Thraciae, Philadelphia Lydiae, Sardes Lydiae, Smyrna loniae, Tralles Lydiae. Erythrae. This city stood on a peninsula opposite the island of Chios. It took part in the early eleotrum currency of the sixth century B.C. Floral star of eight points (full-blown rose). Id. Wheel-like pattern, or full-blown rose. Full-blown rose. Swastika, within floral pattern. Sun-flower or full-blown rose. Cruciform incuse Incuse square . . . Incuse square . . Oblong incuse, halved Incuse square . . . Incuse square . . . El. 109 grs. El. 9-3 grs. El. 40-5 grs. El. 40 grs. El. 46 grs. El. 2-7 grs. One of the above coins (wt., 40 grs.) was found on the site of the ancient Erythrae {Num. Chron., vii. 64). BRYTHRAE. 499 Silver. Phoenician Standard. Before circ. b. c. 480. Naked horseman, prancing. I Quadripartite incuse square ^ 109 grs. (Mion., SuppL, vii. PI. VI. i.) | SiLVEH. Persic Standard. Circ. b. c. 450-400. Naked man, holding a prancing horse by the rein. (B.M. Guide, PI. XI. 32.) Pegasos. Forepart of prancing horse. E-P-Y-G in the four corners of a sunk square, within which, a full-blown rose . M Drachm. 72 grs. Mi Br. Id Mi Dr. 22 grs. Flower, with eight petals M ^ Obol. Silver. Rhodian Standard. Circ. B. c. 330-300. Head of Herakles in lion's skin. (B. M. Guide, PI. XXIX. 30.) EPY Club and bow in case; in field, owl and magistrates' names M Tetradr. 231 grs. M Drachm. 56 grs. Next in order of date follow certain tetradraehms of Lysimachus (Miiller, 409-19). Symbols, Club and Bow in case. Gold and Silver. After circ. b. c. 200. Attic weight. Head of Herakles in lion's skin. i^.M..Guide,Y\.'L. 16.) Id. (Brandis, p. 459.) EPY Divinity, standing holding spear and uncertain object, clad in short chiton, and wearing modius ^ 43-5 gfs. EPY Club and bow in case, and magis- trate's name with patronymic ; all in vine-wreath . . . M Drachms. To this period may also be attributed tetradraehms of Class VI. of the Alexandrine type. Symbols, Club and Bow in case (Miiller, 999-1004). Herakles was worshipped at Erythrae under the name of Ipoktonos (Strab., 613), the slayer of the Ips, an insect elsewhere very destructive to the vine, but which did not exist in the territory of the Erythraeans. The autonomous bronze coins of Erythrae are very numerous, and yield a large number of magistrates' names. The usual types are a head of Herakles, rev. Bow-case and Club. Among the more remarkable varieties may be mentioned OCA CIBYAAA the Erythraean Sibyl Herophile (Paus., x. 13, 7) seated on a rock ; also AZOC, the river Axus, not Aleos as Pliny has it (v. 29, and xxxi. 3). Jw^maif— Augustus to Valerian. Inscr., CPYGPAinN. Magistrates' names_ without title or with that of Strategos. Among the interesting types is the Temple of Herakles, showing the ancient cultus-image of the god, -of Phoenician origin, holding club and lance, described by Pausanias (vii. 5. 5). Alliance coins with Chios consisting of so-called autonomous bronze coins of Imperial times and Imperial of Philip Senior. K k 2 500 IONIA. Gambrium, in the lower valley of the Caicus, not far from Myrina. Autonomous silver and bronze coins of the fourth and third centuries B.C. Head of Apollo. F A M Forepart of butting bull . . . & Phoenician \ Dr. 26 grs. Id. FAM Gibbous bull butting; above, star M •'J Id. ,, Star or tripod . M -6 and -4 Heracleia ad Latmnm, at the foot of Mount Latmus, the scene of the myth of Endymion. This city, although a place of no great standing, was yet of sufficient importance to strike its own tetradrachms imme- diately after the defeat of Antiochus by the Romans at the battle of Magnesia, B.C. 190. Head of Pallas, helmet adorned with the foreparts of horses. (B.M.(?wicZe,Pl.L. 17.) Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. HPAKAEnTnN Club, in oak-wreath : Symbol, Nike . . . M 250 grs. HPAKAEnrnN Club in laurel-wreath M 38 grs. To the same period belongs a series of Alexandrine tetradrachms (Miiller, CI. VI., 1058-1067), with the club as an adjunct symbol. There are also autonomous bronze coins of the second century b.c. and later. The Imperial coins range from Augustus to Geta. The predominant type is a standing figure of Herakles. On certain coins of Antoninus Pius and M. Aurelius a Strategos of the name of Attalus bears the title APXIATPOC. Iiarissa. B.C. Autonomous bronze coins of the third or second centuries A A Armed horseman M-1 Head of Apollo. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 289.) Lebedns. Of this town there do not seem to be any coins of an earlier date than the defeat of Antiochus by the Romans at the battle of Magnesia, B.C. 190, after which it took part in the issue of the flat tetradrachms of Attic weight which then came into use in so many Asiatic cities. AEBEAinN Owl on club between two cornuacopiae ; all in laurel wreath. Head of Pallas in close helmet. (B. M.ffmWe.Pl. L. 18.) Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. Magistrate's name M Attic tetradr. Owl. Symbol: Prow . . M^'Dr. Also bronze ; types— FaMas head, Dionysos standing, Prow, Owl, Cista Mystica, etc. . . Imperial— YeB^&Binn to Geta. Alliance coins with Perperene in Mysia. Leuce or Lencae, on the Gulf of Smyrna, opposite Clazomenae, vias founded B.C. 353 by the Persian admiral Tachus (Diod., xv. 18 ; Imhoof, Mon. Gr., 289), and it fell soon afterwards into the power of the Clazo- GAMBRIUM—MA GNE8IA. 501 menians. There are small silver and bronze coins, circ. B.C. '3,y:>, reading A or AEY. Types — Head of Apollo or Artemis, rev. Swan. (Imhoof, I. c.) See also Num. Chron., vii. 66. Magnesia ad Ulaeaudrum, founded originally by Magnetes from Thessaly, was from early times a city of considerable importance. When Themistocles was exiled from Athens he retired to Magnesia, which was then assigned to him by the King of Persia. To the period of his rule the following highly interesting numismatic monument undoubtedly belongs. Circ. B.C. 464-449. OEMISTOKAEOS Apollo, naked, standing leaning on long staflf, from which a branch of laurel springs. MA Bird with extended wings . . M, Attic didr. 132 grs. (Waddington, Melanges, PI. I. 2.) Two specimens only of this piece are known, of which one (that in the British Museum) is plated ; a suggestive fact, and one which has been cited as confirming the reputation for trickery with which the name of Themistocles is associated. For the space of about a century after this no coins of Magnesia are known, but about the middle of the fourth century the silver coinage becomes plentiful. Circ. B.C. 350-300. MAT, MArN, or MArNHTriN Gibbous bull butting ; around, a zig- zag Maeander pattern. Magistrate's name. M, Phoenician tetradr. 226 grs., didr. iiogrs.,dr. 55 grs., ^ dr. 26 grs., also Persic dr. 87 grs. MArN Forepart of rushing bull . . M 15 grs. M A Trident in Maeander pattern . M12 grs. After circ. B.C. 300. Regal tetradrachms of Lysimachus. Symbol — Maeander pattern (Miiller, Nos. 438, 439). After circ. B.C. 190. Tetradrachms of the Alexandrine type. Symbols — M.a.eeinder pattern and MA, Butting Bull, or Springing Horse (MuUer, 1068-79). Also flat tetradrachms of Attic weight with autonomous types. Thessalian (?) horseman. (Brandis, p. 460.) Head of Apollo. Head of Pallas. {N. C, vii. 67.) Fig. 299. 502 IONIA. Head of Artemis, with bow and quiver MAFNHTnN Apollo, leaning on at shoulder. (Fig. 299.) tripod, Btanding on Maeander pattern; all in laurel wreath. Magistrate's name with patronymic M Attic tetradr. The autonomous bronze coinage extending from the middle of the fourth century to Roman times shows the heads of Pallas or Apollo, and on the reverse, the prancing Thessalian horseman, or the horseman, and on the reverse the rushing bull in combination with the usual Maeander pattern and magistrates' names. Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Magistrates without titles or with those of Strategos or Grammateus. Among many remarkable types or inscriptions are the following: NCnKOPflN THC APTeMITOC, warden of the temple of Artemis Leukophryne; eBAOMH THC ACI AC, seventh city of Asia; AYAAITHC written round a figure of Apollo Batharoedos (Kenner, Stift St. Floriau, p. 122), rev. AEYKO^PYC or AEYKOOPYNH, cultus-statue of Artemis Leukophryne, resembling the Artemis of Ephesus, but sometimes with two flying Victories placing a modius upon her head ; Leto carrying her two children, copied from statue by Euphranor (Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 3rd ed., vol. ii. p. 87); Hephaestos forging a helmet, or statue of Hephaestos seated and borne on the shoulders of four men ; Two Korybantes dancing before infant Zeus seated on cippus ; Athena standing with Titan Atlas at her feet sup- porting sphere (polus) on his head, (Panofka, Dissert. Num., 1832, PL XLIX. A. I) ; Man carrying an uprooted tree ; Man driving a buU into a cavern ; The three Charites ; Demeter in car drawn by serpents ; APO MHAeiA, Aphrodite Meleia holding sceptre and pomegranate, behind her, Eros (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 392) ; Dionysos resting on thyrsos, a Maenad beating cymbals before him; APfn, the Ship Argo; Three nymphs, one standing and two recumbent, with water-ums. Inscr., KOAnOI (valleys). metropolis, between Ephesus and Smyrna. Bronze of Imperial times, without or with heads of Emperors — Nero to Gallienus (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., 392). Imcr., MHTPOnOAeiTUJN, MHTPOnOACUnN TflN €N inNiA, or MHTPOnOAenC. Types — River-god ACTPAIOC ; Agonistic urn referring to Games called C€BACTA KAICAPHA ; Ares standing ; Tyche holding statue of Ai-es ; Zeus seated ; Kybele enthroned ; Artemis Ephesia with inscr., APTCMIC ; Magistrate, Strategos. It is often diffi- cult to distinguish the coins of this city from those of Metropolis ia Phrygia. Miletus. This once great and flourishing commercial city was, there can be little doubt, one of the earliest places of mintage of the ancient world. We have the authority of Herodotus (i. 94) for attributing to the Lydians the invention of the art of coining money, but the priority which the Lydian capital enjoyed in the issue of stamped ingots can have been but of short duration, for we have no hesitation in assigning to the rich coast town of Miletus a whole series of primitive electrum coins, bearing the characteristic Milesian type of a lion with his head turned back, or of a lion's head with a star (the sun 'I) above his forehead. The normal weight of the Milesian electrum staters appears to have been about 220 grs. METROPOLIS— MILETUS. 503 Electeum Coinage. €irc. B. 0. 700-494. Fig. 500. Two lions' heads to the front, in oppo- site directions. Forepart of lion, with star over fore- head. (Fig. 300.) Lion recumbent to r., his head re- verted. Similar, within oblong frame. (Mion., Supj)l., ix. PI. X. i.) Id. {Num.Chron., 1875, PL VIII. 4.) Lion, lying 1., looking r. (Brandis, p. 394.) Lion's head, with open jaws ; above, star. {Num. Chron., 1875, PI. VIIL 9.) Lion's head, with open jaws ; above, star. Three rough incuse depressions, that in the centre oblong, the others square . El. Stater 219-5 grs, Similar . . . El. Stater 215-3 S^^- Similar, but the sinkings containing ornaments . El. Stater 217-8 grs. Three incuse depressions, as on coin iirst described . El. Stater 218 grs. Similar, but each sinking containing a type ; the upper square a stag's head ; the central oblong a fox; the lower square a device ^ El. Stater 214-8 grs. El. ^ Stater 107 grs. Two incuse squares, each containing a star (both ornamented) El. Trite 71 grs. Oblong incuse, divided into two parts . El. Trite 73 grs. El. Tetarte 49 grs. El. Hecte 37 grs. Incuse square El. Hemihecton i8-i grs. Of this time there are no silver coins which can be assigned to Miletus with certainty. The earliest silver money belongs to the period which followed the revolt of Miletus from the Athenians towards the close of the Peloponnesian war. Silver Coinage. Circ. B.C. 478-390. Lion. Forepart of lion looking back. Floral star, in incuse square M 33 grs. Id ^19 grs. Under the Carian dynasts Hecatomnus and Mausolus. B.C. 385-350. EKA Forepart of lion, looking back. (Waddington, Melanges, PI. I. 6.) MA Id. (Wadd., ?. c, PL L 5.) Lion looking back. Star in incuse circle. (Attic drachih.) iR 66 grs. Id. (Samian Standard) . M 201 grs. Star and magistrate's name M -55 504- lONIA. In the Milesian territory, at a place called Didyma or Didymi, was tbe world-renowned oracle of Apollo ^ihvjxivs or AtSv^aToy. The symbols of this god were the Lion and the Sun, and it is reasonable to suppose that the earliest coins of Miletus which bore these sacred symbols may have been issued under the auspices of the Branchidae, as the Priests of the Didymean Apollo were called. Vestiges of this prerogative of coining money would even seem to have been retained by the Temple authorities at Didyma down to a late time, for the following Temple-coins belong to the second half of the fourth century b. c. Head of Apollo Didymeus. (Mion., Sii/ppl., vi. PI. V. I.) Er AlAYMnN lEPH Lion, standing looking back at star . . .51 2 7 grs. From the very remarkable inscription on these coins which are of the weight of the ordinary Phoenician half -drachm, it may be inferred that the sacred standard in use at Didyma was haK the weight of the ordinary Milesian standard, for with the adjective lEPH we can hardly supply any other word than hpayji-q. Circ. B. c. 350-190, and later. The remaining silver coins of Miletus are somewhat difficult to classify owing to their uniformity in type and style. Guided mainly by their weights we may arrange them in four chronological periods as follows : — Head of Apollo, 1., laur. (Brandis, p. 461.) Ml (in mon.) Lion standing, looking back at star or sun ; beneath, magis- trate's name. (i) B. c. 350-334. Phoenician Drachms, 55 grs., and \ Dr. 27 grs. B. C. 334-300. Probable interval in the coinage after Alexander's conquest, (ii) Circ. B.C. 300-250. Persic Staters 160 grs., Drachms, 80 grs., and |- Drachms, 39 grs. (iii) Circ. B.C. 250-190. Ehodian Drachms, 100 grs. (iv) After circ. e.g. -190. Attic Spread Tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Muller, Nos. io33'-io57). Also of the Milesian type (see below). Gold and Silvee Coinage. After circ. b. c. 190. The rare gold staters of Miletus, now in the British Museum, fall apparently into the period of renewed freedom which followed the defeat of Antiochus at Magnesia. Head of Apollo, facing. . Head of Apollo, r. ; bow and quiver at shoulder. Head of Apollo, hair in formal curls. Ml (in mon.) Lion standing, looking back at star. Magistrate BlilN ; in field, various monograms. 5Z^ 1 29-8 grs. M'I Id S 130-3 grs. „ Id. Magistrate, EYMHXANOZ. i5 130 grs. 3IILETUS—NAUL0CHUS. 505 It is to this period also that I would attribute a tetradrachm of reduced Attic weight at present in the possession of M. Lambros, of Athens. Head of Apollo, r., laureate. MIAHSinisI Lion standing, looking back. In exergue, magistrate's name, M0A0ZZ02 ; in field, monogram . M Spread tetradr. wt. 247 grs. ' The latest Milesian silver coins of the Khodian weight reduced to seventy-five grs. belong also to this time. Beonzb Coinage. The autonomous bronze money of Miletus, which ranges over the whole period from about B. c. 350 to Roman times, resembles for the most part the silver. Period of Roman dominion. The autonomous bronze of the Roman period is as follows : — Naked statue of Apollo, holding in his | Recumbent lion, looking back, at star, hands stag and bow. | Magistrate's name .... .^ -8 The obverse type of this coin is a copy of the famous bronze cultus- statue of the Didymean Apollo by Canachus (Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, third edition, vol. i. p. 109). Imperial — Augustus to Salonina. Magistrate's name sometimes with title Archon, rarely with that of Strategos. Hetnarkable types or inscriptions — AIAYM£Y2, Statue of Apollo by Canachus; M€IAHTOZ, armed figure of Miletos the Oekist; Statue of Leto, by Euphranor, carrying her two children, as on coins of Magnesia, etc.; Cultus-statue of Artemis in long chiton, veiled and holding bow and patera, beside her,a stag. (?ame«— AlAYMeiA and HANinNlA HYOIA. Alliance coins with Amisus Ponti, Ephesus, Smyrna, and Cos. XCyns, the smallest town of the Ionic League, stood on the left bank of the Maeander, near the northern shore of the Latmian Gulf, opposite Miletus (-Bei>. Num., 1858, 166). Autonomous bronze. Circ. b. c. 350. Head of Apollo. MYH Bird in circle formed by Mae- ander pattern JE ="] ZTanlochns, between Myus and Friene. Autonomous bronze. Circ. b. c. 350. Helmeted head. {Num. Chron..,'Kl.: e^%:) NAY ..Dolphin in circle, formed by ■ Maeander pattern , • , , ' .- J£^ .a 506 IONIA. ITeapolis, on the coast midway between Ephesus and Panionium. Autonomous bronze of Imperial times and Imperial of Severus Alexander, Maximinus, Gordian, and Treb. Gallus. Inscr., NeATTOAITnN with addition sometimes of surname AYP (Aurelia). Types — Head of Hera, rev. Eagle ; Poseidon seated {Num. Chron.., vii. 68) ; Dionysos standing, etc. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 294). Fliocaea. This ancient city was in early times one of the chief centres of maritime enterprise in the Mediterranean sea (Herod, i. 163). As such it was also one of the first to adopt the new invention of coining money. The standard of the early Phocaean electrum coinage appears to have been based upon the sixtieth part of the heavy Assyrian mina in gold (15,600-4-60 = 260 grs.). The issue of the Phocaic early electrum staters and smaller divisions seems to coincide with the period during which the Phocaeans are said to have been supreme upon the sea [OakaTTOKpaTfiv), B. C. 602-560 [Num. Chron., 1875, p. 282). Electbum. Circ. b. c. 600 or earlier -560. Seal (2)hoca) ; beneath, © (=). {Num. Chron., 1875, PI. X. 6.) Head of seal, 1. (A^.C, i875,Pl.X.i6.) Id. Griffin's head ; above, uncertain, in- scriptionC!) apparently I ^ G M . Head of griflBn, r. Two shallow incuse squares of different sizes . . . El. Stater, 254 grs. Incuse square . El. Twelfth, 20-3 grs. Id. . . . El. Forty-eighth, 4-7 grs. Small incuse square. El. Stater, 256 grs. (Sestini, Stat. Ant.,ix. Fig. 5.) Incuse square, quartered El. Twenty-fourth, 10-2 grs. There are other archaic staters of the Phocaic standard struck at other mints, e.g. Mi/tilene{V), Head of Lion, 248 grs. (B.M. Guide,7\. 1. 10). Cyzicut, Tunny-fish between two fillets, 252gr8.(iVw»^. C/5ro».,i875,Pl.X. 7). ZekiaCi), Chimaera, 2527 grs. {Num. Chron., I.e., PI. X. 9), and Thrace or Thasos\i), Centaur carrying off a woman {Num. Chron., 1. c, PI. X. Ii), 252 grs. The silver money of Phocaea, which belongs to the age of its prosperity, before the Persian Conquest, B. c. 545, resembles the electrum. Silver, b. 0. 545. Seal. (B. M. Guide, PI. II. 23.) Head of griffin. Id. Id. Incuse square . M Drachm. 58-5 grs. Id M Diobol. 21-4 grs. Id. . . . M Obol. 10-3 grs. Id. . . M\ Obol. 5 g«- After circ. B.C. 544. For some time after the Persian conquest and the emigration of the greater part of the population to the West (Velia, MassiUa, etc.) the coinage of Phocaea seems to have ceased altogether. NEAPOLIS—PHOCAEA. 507 Electrum Hectae of Phocaea of the fifth and fourth centuries, b. c. Fig. 301. Fig. 302. Fig. 303. The abundant series of electrum or pale gold hectae of various types (B. M. Guide, PI. X. 16-19), ^^^ ^^^ distinguished by a small seal as an adjunct symbol, range from the archaic to the finest style of art. The earlier types are for the most part heads of animals or animal forms (Figs. 301-303), the later, heads of divinities or heroes. It is remarkable that not a single specimen of the Phocaic stater of this age has yet been discovered, although we know from Thucydides (iv. 5a, burxikCovs (TTarrjpas 4>a)Katras), writing of the events of B. c. 425, and from Demosthenes (xl. 36, rpioxo- (Tiovs (TTaTTJpas ^coxaeis) that large numbers of Phocaean staters must have circulated side by side with the hectae. Staters and hectae of Phocaea are also mentioned in Attic inscriptions dating from b. c. 429 (C. I. Att., ed. Kirchhoff,i. 199 and 2o7)a)Kai8€s exrai ^pvaCov and from b. C. 397 (C.I. G., 150, § 19) a)Kats, etc. It was moreover precisely in the latter part of the fifth century, that the towns Phocaea and Mytilene concluded a monetary convention, according to the stipulations of which it was decreed that the two cities should strike coins of identical weight and fineness, each minting in turn for the space of one year, it being decided by lot that Mytilene should begin ^. There can be no doubt whatever that the gold coins, \pva-iov, mentioned on the stone are the hectae of which such large quantities have come down to us, and that both staters and hectae of Phocaea, and hectae of Mytilene and other towns formed, with the Cyzicenes, the staple of the gold or electrum currency of the Ionian coast-towns between b. c. 480 and 350. I am not aware that there are any silver coins which can be satisfactorily attributed to Phocaea during the above period. Bronze. Circ. b. c. 350 — Roman Times. The bronze coins from B. c. 350 down to Roman times are not un- common ; the following are the usual types : — Head of nymph or goddess. Grriffin's head . . ^.5 Head of Hermes. Forepart of griffin . M -7 Head of Pallas. Griffin . . M.-j In the early part of the second century Alexandrine tetradrachms and drachms bearing the badges of Phocaea, the seal or the griffin, or the letters OH, were issued from the Phocaean mint (Muller, Nos. 983-990). Imperial — Augustus to Philip, without or with Emperor's head. Inscr. n, (|>nKA€ilN or nKAieilN, with addition of magistrates' names, ' The text of this treaty is given in facsimile by Conze {Lesbos, Taf. vi. i.) See also Mev. Num., 1868, 343. The inscription was discovered and first published by Newton {Trs. R. Soc Lit, viii. 549). 508 IONIA. without title or with that of Strategos. Among the types the more remarkable are a dog attacking a dolphin ; the Dioskuri or their pilei above a prow ; Isis Pharia, etc. River-god sometimes with names CM AP A or TERM. (Kenner, Stift St. Florian, p. 128). Alliance coins with Lampsacus. Phygela or Pygela (Strab., 639), a small seaport between Ephesus and Miletus, where was a^ temple of Artemis Munychia. Circ. B.C. 350-300 (?). Head of Artemis Munyctia, facing, wearing Stephanos. {Rev. Num., 1853, 246.) (DYrEAEHNl Rushing bull; behind, palm-tree. In exergue, OlNOPIAHZ Phoenician tetradr. 217 grs. Also contemporary small bronze coins with analogous types (Num.. Chron., vii. 69). Priene, on the southern declivity of Mount Mycale. Its coinage begins shortly after the time of Alexander the Great. The temple of Athena Polias at Priene was dedicated by Alexander himself, B. c. 334, and bore the inscription, (now preserved in the British Museum,) Baa-iKvjs AXi^avbpos avidrjKe rbv vabv 'AO-qvaCrj YloXidbi. Head of Athena Polias, 1., in round crested helmet. Id. Id., in profile, or facing. Head of Athena, 1. Third century, b. c. nPIH Trident and magistrate's name ; all within a circle of Maeander pattern . M Persic drachm 76 grs. JR ., tetrobol 56 grs. M „ triobol 36 grs. Si „ diohol 2 7 grs. riPIH Hippocampi ^tetrobol 58 grs. riPIH no type. Magistrate's name in Maeander circle . . . M -65- -4 nPIHNEIiN Tripod . . M-6i Second century, B. C, and later. Tetradrachms of the Alexandrine type (Miiller, CI. VI. 1036-32). Symbol — Trident and FFPI or TTPIH. Also bronze. Head of Athena. 1 TTPIH or on some specimens K A AMH ; I Magistrate's name and various sym- I bols ^-85 The name Cadme was sometimes applied to Priene in memory of a Boeotian colony which once settled there (Strab., 636). Imperial — Tiberius to Valerian, with or without Emperor's head. Magistrate sometimes with title Archon. Select types— B\AZ, Bust of Bias the sage, a native of Priene (Fox, PI. IV. 81) ; Figure of Athena standing with coiled serpent before her ; probably a copy of the statue in the temple of Athena PoUas. ' Eratosthenes, cited by Strabo (384), says that the statue of Poseidon Helikonios, who was especially revered by the Prienians, held in his hand a hippocamp (2fum. Chron., vii,- 69). FHYGELA— SMYRNA. 509 Smyrna. From the time of the destruction of Smyrna by the Lydian king Alyattes (circ. B.C. 637), down to that of its restoration by Anti- gonus and Lysimachus, there was no mint at Smyrna. The earliest Smyrnaean coins are tetradrachms of Lysimachus (Miiller, 408). Symbol — Head of Kybele turreted. The remaining silver coins all belong to the second century B. c, and consist (i) of Alexandrine tetradrachms (Miiller, CI. VI. 991-994) ; (ii) of Cistophori reading IMYP. Symbol, Head of Kybele ; and (iii) of autonomous tetradrachms and drachms of the flat spread fabric. Attic Standard. Circ. b. c. 190-133. Fig. 304. Head of Kybele, wearing turreted crown, (Fig. 304.) Id. Head of Apollo, laureate. IMYPNAinN and large magistrate's monogram in a wreath. & tetradr. iMYPNAIflN Lion and magistrate's name ; all in a wreath . & tetradr. iMYPNAinN Homer seated, holding scroll. Magistrate's monogram . & Dr. and M The bronze coins of the second and first centuries B.C. are numerous. Among them may be mentioned the following : — Circ. B.C. 88-84. Head of Mithradates the Great, dia- I iMYPNAIilN Nike, with wreath and demed. I palm . . . . . . M -95 It may be either to this period or the previous one that the unique gold stater in the Bibliotheque at Paris should be attributed. Head of Kybele. (Mion., iii. 190.) IMYPNAinM nPYTANElZ Female figure, veiled, and wearing polos, leaning on column, and holding Nike I i? 130 grs. This stater, as the inscription testifies, must have been issued under the authority of the whole body of the Prytaneis. Cf the gold staters of Miletus and Ephesus. 510 IONIA. Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus, with or without Emperor's head. Inscr., IMYP, iMYPNAinN, etc., often with honorary titles, NeriKOPHN" npninN ACiAC, npninN aciac r NenKOpnM TnM cesAcrnN KAAAei KAI M€re©€l, and in one instance AAPIANH. The third Neocorate begins towards the end of the reign of Sept. Severus. Magis- trates — Proconsul ANOYTTATOC (viz. P. Petronius, a.d. 39-35; C. Cal- purnius Aviola, 38-39 ; M. Suillius Nerullinus, 69-70 ; Vettius Bolanus, 79 (?) ; Ti. Catius C. Silius Italicus after A. D. 77 ; L. Mestrius Florusi 83-84; Sex. Julius Frontiuus, after A.D. 83; Fuscus, between 98 and 102; L. Venuleius Apronianus, 138-139). Eques inTTIKOC, Quaestor TAMIAC, Praetor CTPATHrOC, sometimes with addition of MA BlOY; also Asiarch, Stephanephoros, Sophistes, Archiereus, and Hiereia, a Priestess, by name Myrtos, who was in office in the time of the Pro- consul Frontinus, and who bore the title of ©vyar^jp tov hrniov (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., ^. igy). Divinities -^ The Nemeses; Z€YC AKPAIOC ; OeA PriMH ; C AAYPN A, a turreted bust with the Amazonian bipennis ; TYXH ; Herakles OnAOYAAE, Eckhel, ii. 543 ; Demeter Horia,with dedicatory inscr., IMYPNAIOI THN npiAN (Zeit. f. Num., iv. 315); CinYAHNH, epithet of Kybele ; OMHPOC, Homer seated, a copy perhaps of some statue in the 'OiJ.ripeiov at Smyrna ■'^. Down to the end of the reign of Trajan, Smyrna is spelt with a I or Z, afterwards with a C. Sivers—^P fAOC and MGAHC, and Fountain KAAenN. Games— UPm\ KOINA THC ACIAC €N CMYPNH, and HANliiNlA. Other remarlcahle inscriptions or types — nOA€MnM (or lePHNYMOC) ANeOHKE IMYPNAIOIC, on medallions of Antinoiis ; Tyche holding patera and comucopiae and crowned with polos ; cf. the description of the statue by Bupalus in Paus., iv. 30. 4 ; The two Nemeses, each with right hand raised to her breast, the one holding in her left a bridle, the other a sceptre, and with a wheel at her feet ; A single winged Nemesis (cf. Paus., i. 33. 6) with her right hand raised to her breast and with bridle in her left ; The two Nemeses appearing in a vision to Alexander asleep under a plane-tree, and exhorting him to found the city of Smyrna ; (cf. Paus., vii. 5. a, 3) ; The Nemeses in a chariot drawn by GrifiSns ; Smyrna was the chief seat of the worship of the Nemeses. The Griffin as a frequent Smymaean type symbolises the cultus of those Goddesses (Eckhel, ii. 553), and is often represented placing his paw upon a wheel. The Lion, on the other hand, refers to the worship of Kybele, and places his paw upon the tympanum, the wheel and the tympanum being equally emblematical of these two cults. Alliance coins with Athens, Caesareia Cappadociae, Chios, Clazomenae, Cyzicus, Ephesus, Ephesus and Pergamum,Hierapolis Phryg.,Lacedaemon, Laodiceia Phryg., Magnesia ad Sipylum, Miletus, Mytilene, Nicomedia, Pergamum and TraUes, Perinthus, Philadelphia, Sardes, Thyatira, Tralles. Teos, a flourishing seaport some fifteen miles west of Lebedus. The majority of the citizens left their homes in B.C. 544, unable to submit to the Persian satraps, and migrated to Abdera in Thrace. The town was not, however, entirely abandoned, as the continuance of its sUver coinage amply testifies. ' These coins were called 'Ofi^pfia ^Strab., 646). SMYRNA— TEOIS. 511 It is usual to attribute to this city a very early Phocaio gold stater, bearing for type a Griffin's head, and the curious inscr., I^OM, described under Phocaea ; but this attribution is far from being satisfactory. There are also small archaic electrum coins weighing about 9 grs., with a griffin or a griffin's head upon them which may belong to Teos. The silver coins are as follows :— Aeginetic Standardly). Before circ. b. c. 544. GrifSn, seated. (B. M. Guide, PL II. 24.) Id., with foreleg raised ; in field, symbol. Id. Quadripartite incus© square . . . . JR Aeginetic stater 184 grs. Id. . . .51 „ „ „ ,, Id. M drachm. 90 grs. The Griffin on the money of Teos appears to be symbolical of the worship of Dionysos, whose temple in that city was one of the finest specimens of the Ionic style of architecture in Greece. The earliest coins of Abdera bear a very close resemblance to those of Teos, its mother city, and the adoption by the former of the Griffin as a coin-type is a strong point in favour of the early date of the Teian silver coinage. Circ. B. C. 544-400. IHT, TH, THI, THION or no inscr. Griffin, seated, with fore-paw raised. Symbols, various. (B. M. Guide, PI. XI. 33.) Id. Id. Quadripartite incuse square ; surface often granulated. jR Aeginetic stater. Id. . . .51 Aeginetic ^ Ar. 42 grs. Id. . M „ ijob. 2 2grs. It wiU be observed that all the early coins of Teos are apparently adjusted to the Aeginetic standard. It was probably not until the close of the fifth century that Teos brought her coinage into harmony with those of Ephesus, Samos, Chios, and the rest of the Ionian states by the adoption of the Phoenician weight. Phoenician Standard. Circ. B.C. 400-300. Griffin, seated, with fore-paw raised. (Mion., Suppl, vi. PI. VI, 2.) Id. (Hunter, PI. LVII. 20.) Head of Maenad, thyrsos at her shoulder. (Fox, II. 83.) THIfiNi and magistrate's name on the broad bands dividing the incuse square . M Phoenician dr. 55 grs. THI Kantharos, and magistrate's name M ^ dr. 2'j grs. THiriN Lyre . . iR | dr. 25 grs. After circ. b. c. 200. From the end of the fourth century until the beginning of the second Teos appears to have struck no money in silver. It is to about B.C. 190 that the Alexandrine tetradrachms (Miiller, 1005-6) with THI and a Griffin, a Kantharos, or a draped statue of Dionysos, belong. 512 IONIA. SATRAPAL COINS. To this age I would also ascribe the latest autonomous silver coins of the town : — Griffin seated. THI Kantharos and magistrate's name APIZTilNAE . . ^47gr8. Flying griffin. „ Id. various magistrates .... ■^ 23-5 grs. Bronze money of Teas. The bronze coins of Teos, from circ. b. c. 350 to Roman times, are of no special interest. The predominant types are : — Seated griffin. Flying griffiji. THinM Kantharos or ivy- wreath . Lyre . . . . M -^ Imperial times, bronze without or with Emperor's head — Augustus to Salonina. Magistrate, Strategos. Inscr., TH I illsl, sometimes with titles NenKOPnN, THinN einNriM or einNXlN only. The types refer to the worship of Dionysos. The figure of Anacreon also occurs seated or standing playing the lyre. Inscr., ANAKPCnN. Alliance coins with Clazomenae and Colophon. SATRAPAL COINAGE IN IONIA. The Persian types of the following staters, etc., taken in connection with the name PYOArOPHS in the Ionic dialect, indicate that they were minted in some Greek city of the Ionic satrapy subject to Persia, but under the immediate rule of a Greek tyrant or dynast. The date of their issue would seem to have been shortly after the Peace of Antalcidas B.C. 387, when the king of Persia regained most of his long-lost influence over the western coast of Asia Minor. Rhodian Standard. Circ. b. c. 387. PYOArOPHC King of Persia, kneel- ing, with bow and spear. No inscr. Similar. Id. Granulated incuse square, with curious irregular surface JR, Tetradr. 229 grs. Similar . . .51 Tetradr. 238 grs. M ^-S-'SS (B. V. Head, Lydia and Persia, PI. III. 18-22.) There are also a few other satrapal coins which should be mentioned in this place, although it cannot be proved that they were all struck in Ionia. Rhodian Standard. Fourth century, b. C. Head of satrap in Persian tiara. Similar head. SPIOP Forepart of winged horse . ■ {Num. Zdt., iii. p. 424.) M. 39 grs. £Pi Forepart of horse . . . -^ "3 These coins were undoubtedly struck by one or other of the Persian commanders named Spithridates. The first of these revolted from Phamabazus in B. c. 396 (Xen., Anal., vi. 3. 7, and Eell., iii. 4. 10) ; and the ISLANDS OF IONIA. 513 second was Satrap of Ionia and Lydia under Darius Codomannus (Arrian, Anab., i. i3. 8). See also the coins of Orontas mentioned under lolla, Mysiae (p. 455)- ISLANDS OF IONIA. Chios. This important island is separated from the mainland by a strait about five miles in width at its narrowest part. The chief town which gave its name to the whole island stood on the eastern coast opposite Erythrae. The early coinage of Chios, which may be safely attributed to the sixth century B.C., consists of electrum staters of the Milesian standard (217 grs.), and of silver didrachms of a weight peculiar to Chios, which is probably the Phoenician somewhat raised, the didrachm weighing at Chios from 123-120 grs., while elsewhere on the Ionian coast it rarely exceeds 107 grs. Circ. B. c. 600-490. Eleoteum. Miksian Standard. ' Sphinx seated. I Quadripartite incuse square .... (B. M. Guide, PI. I. 8.) | El Stater 217 grs. Silver. Chian Standard. Sphinx seated, in front, an amphora ; above which, sometimes, a bunch of grapes. Quadripartite incuse square .... JR Didr. 122 grs. M Tetrob.40 grs. (Mien., PI. XLIV. I. 2.) It is evident that the Sphinx at Chios, like the Griffin at Teos, is symbolical of the cultus of Dionysos. Circ. B.C. 478-412. The coinage of Chios while the island was a subject ally of Athens is less abundant than before. The types remained unchanged, but the weight of the electrum stater was assimilated to that of the more widely current Cyzicene stater (Rev. Num., 1864, PI. I. 4). In silver, the tetra- drachm (236 grs.) and drachm (^6 grs.) now make their first appearance (B. M. Guide, PI. XI. 34). In the time of the Peloponnesian war there was a coin of Chios called a ' Fortieth ' KajSovres Trapa tS>v XCwv rpets Tea-cra- paKoa-Tas eKaoros Xtos(Thuc., viii. loi). It is probable that the coins here mentioned are the tetradrachms of 240 grs. max., forty of which would be equivalent to an Aeginetic silver mina of 9600 grs. max., at that time by far the most widely used standard among the Aegean islands (Brandis, p. 122). The expression TrevrabpaxiJ-ia as applied by Xenophon (Bell., 1. 6. 12) to Chian money does not appear to refer to coins, but is the equivalent sum in Chian money to five Aeginetic drachms, 96x5=480 grs. or two Chian tetradrachms of 240 grs. max. L 1 514 ISLANDS OF IONIA. Circ. B.C. 412-350. During the fourth century the money of Chios consists of tetradrachms and drachms. Sphinx, amphora, and grapes. (B. M. Guide, PL XIX. 31.) incuse square, divided by two broad bands, on one of which is a magistrate's name . . . M Tetradr. 236 grs. M Drachm. 58 grs. Circ. B.C. 190-84. From the middle of the fourth century down to the beginning of the second there is a break in the series of the money of Chios. It recom- mences apparently about the year B.C. 190, when the Romans rewarded the Chians by a grant of land for their fidelity to them during the war with Antiochus. Following the fashion of the age, the Chians now began to strike in large quantities tetradrachms of the Alexandrine type (Miiller, Classes V-VI. Nos. 1080-1 125). These coins all bear the Sphinx of Chios as an adjunct symbol, and those of Class VI. a magistrate's name in addition. How long this coinage may have continued it is hard to say, but a comparison of the names of the magistrates on the Alexan- drine tetradrachms with those of the still later series of Chian drachms, which I would assign to the time of Sulla, leads me to infer that the former had ceased before the latter began. Circ. B. c. S^Imperial Times. In B. c. 84 Chios was declared by Sulla a free ally of Rome, and as such it seems to have retained its right of coinage down to the latest times, for there are no Chian coins of the Imperial class. Sphinx and grapes ; on the latest issues the name of Augustus occurs. (Hunter, PL XVII. n, 12.) Id. In front, grapes, ear of com, club, star, or other symbol. XIOZ Amphora, in ivy- wreath, or circle of dots; in field, various symbols and a magistrate's name M Attic drachms 60 grs. X 1 Z Amphora ; various symbols and magistrates' names . . . .^-7- -4 On the latest specimens which come down to Imperial times the magistrate's name is accompanied by a patronymic, e.g. M. KAAY. rOPriAZ AnPOOEOY. Imperial times — Bronze coins without the head of the Emperor, and usually bearing designations of values in full, asTPIA AGCAPIA, AYfl ACCAPIA, ACCAPION, HMYCY ACCAPION, OBOAOC, T€TPAXAAKON, TPIXAAKON, AIXAAKON, etc. The obverse type is a Sphinx with fore- foot raised above a prow or a bunch of grapes. Among the reverse types are two standing figures (Apollo and Dionysos) ; Amphora ; Kantharos ; Naked male figure standing; Two thyrsi crossed. A magistrate's name is frequently added, either without title or with that of Archon. The CHIOS, ICARIA, SAMOS. 515 legend OMHPOG, combined with the type of Homer seated, may also be noted. Alliance coins with Erythrae and Sihyrna struck at those cities. Zcaria. A small island west of Samos. Bronze coins subsequent to B. c. 300. Head of Zeus-. I EK K APEflN Female figure, leaning on I sceptre .... . . M -45 kho Imperial oi CoturaodxiB. /?2*cr., IKAPI€nN. (See Mionnet.) Oenoe Icariae. Silver and bronze tire. B. c. 300. (See ProkescJh, Ined., 1854, 287, and PI. IV. 18, 19.) Head of Artemis, facing. Id. in profile. Kushing bull. Head of young Dionysos. OINAI Eushing bull . . tR 50 grs. OINAinN Id.. , ^-65 ,, Ram . . . M -^ „ Bunch of grapes JE .7 Samos. The numismatic history of this island has been discussed in detail by Professor Gardner, Samos and Samian Coins, Num. Chro?i., i88a. The distinctive Samian coin-types, the skin or scalp of a Lion's face, and the forepart of a bull, are of doubtful meaning. Before the Persian Conquest, B. c. 494, the Samian coins which have come down to us are chiefly of electrum adjusted to the Milesian standard. The reign of the celebrated tyrant Polycrates, during which Samos was the first maritime power in the Aegean sea (b.c. 532-522), is the period to which most of these electrum coins undoubtedly belong, although, as I have elsewhere shown (iVwra. Chron., 1875), it is quite possible that some specimens may be assigned to a still earlier date. Electeum. Circ. Bi c. 7G0-494i Forepart of bull, with head reverted. (Gardner, PI. 1. 1.) Lion's scalp facing. Id. (Gardner, PI. I. 2.) Id. {Num. Chron., 1875, PL VlII. 15.) Bull's head. Quadripartite incuse square i . . El Stater 217 grs. Incuse square . El Trite 72 grs. Id. .... El Hecte 35-9 grs. Id EL^Hectei7-7grs. Id. . . . El Jj Hecte 3 grs. There are also small silver archaic coins with a Lion's scalp br a Bull's head, which may also be attributed to Sambs. Samos, a member of the Athenian Confederacy. SiLVEE. B.C. 494-439. Lion's scalp facing; (Gardner, PI. L 13-16.) L 1 a SAorSAMlON Forepart of bull and changing symbol JR Tetradr. 202 grs. 516 ISLANDS OF IONIA. As in the case of the contemporary Athenian coins, the reverse type is frequently not placed in an incuse square. The tetradrachms of this period are globular and roughly executed. Circ. B.C. 439-394. In B.C. 439 Samos, hitherto an independent ally of Athens, was brought by Pericles into complete subjection. The tetradrachms of this period are occasionally of the Attic standard, but more frequently of Samian weight (203 grs.). They all bear the Olive-branch, the emblem of Athena, behind the Bull on the reverse (Gardner, PI. II. 1-6). They are of finer execution than the more ancient specimens, and the reverse type is enclosed in an incuse square. The latest specimens bear in the field the consecutive letters B — Z, possibly dates ranging from B. c. 407- 394. Among the smaller coins the following may be noted : — Forepart of winged boar. Forepart of bull. Forepart of winged boar. Lion's head. Prow of Samian galley. The above are figured in Gardner's Samos, PI. II. 9-21. Lion's Bcalp, in incuse square . . . ^ Dr. 55 grs, Forepart of bull, in incuse square . M Tetrob. 32 grs Lion's head, in incuse square or circle, often with inscr. S A M Triobols, etc Ram's head, in incuse square ... M Diobols, etc, Amphora, in incuse square M Obols. Girc. B. c. 394-365. Soon after the victory of Conon at Cnidus, Samos joined the anti- Lacordan alliance, of which Rhodes, Cnidus, Ephesus, and lasus were also members. The sole record of this symmachy is the federal coinage issued on that occasion (Waddington, Rev. Num., 1863, p. 223) by the members of the League. Fig. 305. SYN Infant Herakles strangling two I SA Lion's scalp. (Fig. 305.) . • ■ serpents. I M Ehodian tridrachm. 178 grs. The word £YN[fxaxtKo'z;] indicates the federal character of the cur- rency. . . 8AM0S. 517 From this time forward the ancient Samian standard (tetradr. 202 grs.) is replaced by the heavier Rhodian standard (tetradr. 240 grs.), a change of weight which took place about the same time at Ephesus. A magis- trate's name in the nominative case is also added on the revei'se, some- times together with the patronymic, as EPIKPATHS AXEAniO. (Gardner, PL III. 3.) In this period also the bronze coinage begins : — Head of Hera, wearing stephane and necklace with pendants. Lion's scalp 2Ei -55 (Gardner, PI. III. 8-10.) Circ. B.C. 365-322. In B. c. 365 the greater part of the population of Samos was expelled by the Athenians, and the island occupied by Athenian Kleruchi. From this time until B.C. 322, when the Samians were reinstated byPerdiccas, it is hardly probable that coins were struck in the island. Circ. B.C. 322-205. This was for the Samians a period of autonomy with occasional intervals of dependence upon one or other of the Diadochi. The silver coins of Samos now consist of reduced Rhodian didrachms, weighing about 100 grs. The old types are retained, but a very considerable falling oflF is noticeable in style, execution, and epigraphy (Gardner, PI. III. 11). The series of magistrates' names is by no means so extensive as on the contemporary didrachms of Ephesus. Circ. B.C. 205-129. In B.C. 305 Samos was captured by Philip V., but after the victory of Flamininus over the Macedonian king it regained its liberty. It was probably, however, not until after the battle of Magnesia, B. c. 190, that Samos, like most of the other Ionian towns, began to issue tetradrachma bearing the name and types of Alexander with the mint-mark of Samosj the Prow of a Samian galley, in the field (Miiller, 1 1 26-7). The smaller coinage consists of pieces of 70 and 46 grs. of the ordinary Samian type, and of the following smaller coins : — Head of Hera, wearing stephane. (Gardner, PL IV. 5.) ZAM IflN Prow of Samian galley, on which is a peacock, the symbol of Hera -^23 grs. After B.C. 129. From B. c. 129 down to Imperial times, Samos formed part of the Roman Province of Asia, and does not appear to have coined money. Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus, without or with bead of Emperor Inscr., CAMIfiN. Predominant types — Hera Samia whose cultus-statue by Smilis (Paus., vii. 4. 5) resembles that of the Ephesian Artemis. HPHC, 518 ISLANDS OF IONIA. the Peacock of Hera. Hera and Nemesis or Nemesis alone, veiled, with her wheel beside her. Tyche of Samos. nYGATOPHC, the Samian Sage Pythagoras, seated or standing, touching with his wand a globe placed on a column (cf. also coins of Nicaea). Androklos the colonizer of Ephesus and Samos, spearing the wild boar. Ar4KAI0C,the Samian hero Ankaeos. I MBPACOC, the Kiver Imbrasus, on the banks of which Hera was fabled to have been born. Prow of galley, Samaena. CAMIiiN TTPflinN inNIAC, Serapis standing before Emperor on horseback. For other types, see Gardner, op. cit., p. 86. Alliance coins with Alexandria Aegypti and Halicarnassus. CHEONOLOaiCAL TaBLE OP THE COINAGE OF loNIA. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. Imp. Koiv6v 700-494 494-394 394-300 300-190 190-133 133-Imp. Times. JE Clazomenae el" jr" s/mm. .^ n Reg.'JR Beg.JE iE M Colophon M M JiX Jjh JE ... ..• JE Ephesua EL Ji^ Jih JR JE \ M Beg. iJR I M Cist. ^ I M Beg. \ JR Cist. JE Erythrae EL M JR JRBeg. S: fi JR JE \ JR Beg. M M Gambrium JR J^ JE Heracleia JR JE JE ad Latmum MBeg. Larissa JE JE Lebedug M JE M M Leuce JRM Magnesia M Jix £Tj M Reg. IE \ iR Beg. M JE M Metropolis ^ \ M Beg. M M Miletus EL M JR jEi j^lC .^Xj JR J^ JE Myus JE. Nauloclius M Neapolis ..* , JE Phocaea EL '.51 el" '"je m .otv Reg. .^ JE M Phygela JR JE Priene m. m. JR Reg. JE JE M Smyrna ■ ... S \ JR, Cist. JE i JR Reg. M Beg. ^ JE M Teos EL M JR .^v ^ m. JE JE Islands. Chios EL M el^ M ... JR Beg. JR JE JE Icaria JE ... M Oenoe ... •• ^ Samp? EL M M JE JR \JR \ M Beg. JE CARIA. 519 CARIA. Aba(?). The Imperial coins of AureKus and Sev. Alexander, said to read ABCflN. T^pes — Hermes and M6n, see Eckhel, ii. 571 and Pellerin (Suppl. iii. PL VI. 8, 9) are probably misread. It is doubtful to -what city they should be attributed. Alabauda, called also for a time Autiochia, in honour of Antiochus, son of Seleucus, was an inland town of Caria, situate on the river Marsyas. Circ. B.C. 280-260. Silver tetradrachms and drachms of reduced Attic weight, and bronze. hmr., AAABANAEilN, Head of Apollo, rev. Tripod, or ANTIOXEilN, Head of Apollo, rev. Pegasos, with magistrates' names in the nominative case, identical on both classes of coins. Second century, e. c. Tetradrachms of the Alexandrine type (Muller, Class VI. Nos. 1144- 48). Symbol, Pegasos. Imperial— AvigaBtviB to Otacilia, usually with portrait. Inscr., AAAB- ANAenN, Title, on one coin, AAKEAAIMOMinN, also AT€AeiOC or AT£A£IAC, immunitas a trihutis. Olive-branch and other ordinary types, e.g. lePA CYNKAHTOC,etc. Hqvo A\.aha,ia.d\xsho\A\ng\hQ lapis Alabandiciis (Plin., xxxvi. 8) ; beside him, horse. (Cf. Steph. Byz. s. v.). Apollo K I CCI OC holding raven and bow, and with a ram at his feet {Z.f. N., viii. PI. II. 5). ZeYC eniKOYPOC {sic), Bust of Zeus Epikurios. APTEMIC, Bust of Artemis. {N^^m. Zeit., 1884, p. 267.) Magistrates' names sometimes with title Strategos. Alinda, a strong inland town about six miles south-west of Alabanda. Autonomous silver and bron^ie of the Third century, b. c. Head of Bacchante crowned with ivy. | AAINAEHN Pegasos. . . iR Dr. The types of the bronze coins refer for the most part to the worship of Herakles. Imperial — Augustus to Elagabalus. Magistrate sometimes with title APXnN. Types referring to Herakles, Apollo Kitharoedos, Serapis, and Isis. Amyzon, a small place on a height a few miles north-west of Alinda (Strab., 658). Autonomous bronze of Eoman times. /w««-., AMYIONenN (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 304, and Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 268.) 520 CARTA. Antiochia ad Uaeaudrum, founded by Antiochus I., and named after him. Circ. B.C. 280-200, or later. Head of Apollo. Head of Men, in Phrygian cap, with crescent behind shoulders. ANTIOXEnN Gibbous bull, recum- bent on Maeander pattern ; all in wreath. Magistrate's name JR Dr. ANTIOXEnN Gibbous bull, r. Magis- trate's name . . . . . M •"] Pig. 306. Ttuperial, without or with portrait — Augustus to Salonina, ANTIOX- enN TnN nPOC Tni MAIANAPHI, MAIANAPOC, Eiver Maeander, MOPCYNOC, River Morsynus. Personifications of AHMOC^ BOYAH, ICPA BOYAH, IEPA CYNKAHTOC, lePA rePOYCIA, CYNAPXIA, etc. Beiiies, Z€YC KAn€TnAI[OC]; Z€YC OAYMniOC ; CnZHN, male figure holding branch ; Hephaestos forging a helmet ; Atys standing ; Dionysos stand- ing; Bridge over Maeander (Fig. 306). Magistrates sometimes with titles APX[nN], rP[AMMATeYC], eniMeAH[THC]. Alliance com with Lao- diceia ad Lycum. Aphrodisias, about twenty miles south-east of Antiochia ad Maeand- rum, famous in Imperial times for its school of Philosophy and temple of Aphrodite. (Waddington, As. Min,, 43.) Third or Second century, B.C. Silver drachms and bronze struck in the joint names of Aphrodisias and Plarasa (see Plarasa, p. 530). Imperial, without or with portrait — Augustus to Salonina. Inser., AOPOAeiCiefiN. Magistrates, Archon, Hiereus, Archiereus, sometimes with dedicatory formula AN€9HKeN; also untitled Magistrates, one of whom, ApoUonius, calls himself YIOC A(t)POAICienN ; another coin bears the remarkable inscription em AP[XONTnN] TnN TTEPI MENE- COEA ICOBOYNON ; see Waddington {As. Min., p. 44), from which we may gather that it was struck in the name of the Synarchy of which Menestheus Isobunus was the Trptoro'Aoyos apxmv. Puhlic games, ATTAAHA, rOPAIANHA OYAAePIANA OIKOYMeNlKA, KAHETnAIA, HYOIA, etc. Personifications of the People and Senate, ICPOC AHMOC, lePA BOYAH, IEPA CYNKAHTOC, etc. River gods MOPCYNOC and TIMCAHC. The types as a rule refer to the presiding goddess of the city. Aphrodite, who is variously represented either in the form of a colossal archaic cultus- ANTIOCHIA—BARGASA. 531 image, with a small seated priestess behind it, and an altar in front, or in Hellenic form often attended by Eros, and sometimes beside Ares. The most interesting type on the coins of this city is the Tree into which Myrrha was transformed, on either side of which are two men, one of whom strikes at it with an axe. (Cf. the myth of the birth of Adonis, Apollod., iii. 14. 3 ; Hyginus, Fab. 58 and 161 ; and the coins of Myra Lyciae.) Alliance coins with Ephesus and Hierapolis Phrygiae. Apollonia Salbace. (Waddington, As. Min., p. 132.) ImperJal,wiihoxii or with portraits — Augustus to Salonina. Biscr., kWO KKCiHW CAABAKH, or AnOAAflNIATnN. Magistrate, CTPATHrOC. Ti/pes, CAABAKOC, Bearded head of Mount Salbacus, Asklepios and Hygieia, Apollo Kitharoe- dos. Daphne kneeling, clasping laurel tree and looking back at Apollo who follows her {Z.f.N., vii. 318). Emperor on horseback hunting. Isis standing, etc. As there are several other cities in Asia Minor called Apollonia, it may be useful in this place to recapitulate M. Waddington's remarks as to the mode of distinguishing their coins. (1) All coins which bear magis- trates' names, and all coins reading simply ATTOAAnMlATHM belong to Apollonia Salbace in Caria. (2) All coins with the legend ATTOAAnNI A- THN AYKinN ©PAKflN KOAriNnN more or less abbreviated, and all coins bearing the symbol of the windings of Maeander belong to Apol- lonia Mordiaeum in Pisidia. (3) The coins of ApoUonia ad Rhyndacum in Mysia are distinguished by the mention of the site FTPOC PYNAAKil, etc., and are without magistrates' names '. (4) No Imperial coins of Apollonia in Lycia are at present known, but should any such be found they would be easily recognised by their Lycian fabric, and would probably be of the Emperor Gordian only (Waddington, As. Min., p. 145). Astyra, a town on the peninsula of Mount Phoenix opposite Rhodes, described by Steph. Byz. as ttoAis $oti^tKrjs Kara '?6hov. (Leake, Num. Hell., Asia, p. 26.) Silver of the Babylonic Standard. Giro. B. c. 500-408. Amphora. {Num. Chron., ix. 166.) One-handled vase, irpoxovt. ASTY One-handled vase and lyre of archaic form. Incuse square. M Stater 149-5 Si's- A One-handled vase . . M, i^ grs. Other varieties are described by Borrell. Num. Chron., ix. 166, and by Imhoof, Man. Gr., p. 320. Fourth century, b. c. A£TY Amphora with small monota beside it . . . ^ -8- -5 „ Id. . . . M .45 Head of Apollo, facing. Female head. Attuda. See Phrygia. Bargasa, at the head of the Ceramic Gulf, between Cnidus and Hali- carnassus. Imperial, with or without Emperor's head — Commodus and Salonina. I«*«-., BAPfACHNnN orBAPTACCHNilN. Magistrates with- out title. Types ordinary, such as I EPA BOYAH, etc., others chiefly refer- ring to Asklepian worship. ' The mention cf a Strategos under Apollonia ad Ehyndacum, p. 448, is an erratum. 522 CABIA. Bargylia, on the southern shore of the gulf of lasus. Autonomous silver and bronze coins of the second century b. c. or later. After circ. B.C. 200. Attic Standard. Veiled female head. Diademed female head within laurel- wreath. Female head. Id. Veiled bust, facing. Stag. BAP Pegasos; heneath, prow; all in wreath M, 42-5 grs. BAPrYMHTnN Pegasos and star . .51 33 grs. „ Stag and star . . JR 33 grs. „ Pegasos . JE .75 „ Bellerophon on Pe- gasos . M -75 „ Veiled female statue standing facing, with arms crossed on breast ^ ■>] The types of the Bargylian coins refer to the cultus of Ai-temis Kindyas and Bellerophon. The statue of the Goddess stood in a temple open to the sky-, and it was said that neither rain nor snow ever fell upon it (Polyb., xvi. 12, Strab., 658). Imperial — Titus to Geta. Magistrate, Strategos. Callipolis. (Imhoof, Won. Gr., p. 307 ; Steph. Byz. and Arrian, Anai., ii. 5. 7.) Autonomous bronze of the second and first centuries B. c. Head of Apollo. KAAAinOAITHN Quiver in shallow incuse square ... . JEi -65 Caryanda, between lasus and Halicarnassus. Small bronze coins, circ. B.C. 300 or earlier (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 307). Female head wearing stephane. KAPY Forepart of bull M. Caunus, a town of Lycian origin on the coast of Caria, opposite Rhodes. Small autonomous silver of Attic weight and bronze of the second or first century B.C. (Waddington, Melanges, i. p. 17.) Head of Pallas. Head of Apollo (?). Butting bull, or forepart of bull. K — AY Sword in sheath. Magistrate's name . . . ^17-4 grs. Id ^ -4 K — A Sphinx seated . . . . JE -4 Dr. Imhoof-Blumer thinks that the last-mentioned coin may perhaps belong to Caryanda {Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 370). Ceramus, on the north coast of the Ceramic Gulf. Autonomous silver and bronze, probably of the second or first century b. c. Head of Zeus. KEPAMIMHOAITHC Eagle, with head turned back, in shallow incuse square ^ JDr.(?) The bronze coins read KEP or KEPAMIEflN, KEPAMIHTfiN, etc. T^pes — Eagle, Caducous in wreath. Torch, etc. BARGYLIA—CNIBDS. 523 Imperial — Ant. Pius and Commodus, KePAMIHTnN. Zeus Chrysaoreus holding sceptre and patera ; at his feet, Eagle. The temple of this god was the national sanctuary of the Carians (of. Strab., 650). For other coins of the town with a figure of a Carian god (Zeus Osogos ?) holding a double axe, see Zeit.f. Num., ii. 109 sq., and vii. 26. Chersonesus was built on a small island adjoining Cnidus, and united to the mainland by a mole (Pans., v. 24.. 7 ; Strab., xiv. 2. 15). The two cities appear to have been in early times independent of one another, and to have been separately assessed in the Athenian Tribute -Lists (Kohler, Bel. Alt. Bund., p. IQ5; Six, Z.f. N., iii. 375). Oirc. B.C. 500-450. Forepart of lion. (B.M. Guide,Y\.ll. 26.) XEP (retrogr.) Forepart of bull, in incuse square M, Aeginetio stater 183 .4 gi-s. XEP Id. ^ „ obol. 14 grs. Id. The Lion and Bull are symbols of the Cnidian Aphrodite. Cidramns. This town is classed by numismatic writers under Phrygia, but it should properly be included in Caria. There are autonomous coins oi Imperial times and Imperial — Nero to Julia Maesa. Inscr., K I AP A M- HMnN. Types— ZV(C AYA IOC, Bust of Zeus Lydios. Aphrodite facing with both arms extended ; around her are three Erotes. Veiled goddess standing, supporting a basket on her head. Zeus seated. Simulacrum of Artemis (?). (See Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 398.) Cnidus, doubtless originally a Phoenician settlement, was afterwards coloruzed by Dorians, and was a member of the Dorian HexapoHs (later Pentapolis). The common sanctuary of this confederation was the temple of the Triopian Apollo, a sun-god, whose symbol on the coins is the Lion 1. From the Phoenicians the Cnidians had inherited the cultus of Aphrodite, who was worshipped at Cnidus under the names Awptrts, 'AKpala, and EvrAoia (Pans., i. 1. 3). The head of this goddess or her symbols, the Bull or the Prow of a galley, are constantly met with on the coins of Cnidus. {Zeit.f, Num., i. 142.) Silver. Aeginetia Standard. Circ. B.C. 600-480. Forepart of lion. (B.M. Guide, 'Pill. 27.) No inscr. or K N I A I OM variously abbre- viated. Head of Aphrodite of archaic style, in incuse square JB, Dr. 95 grs. Circ. B.C. 480-412. Under the Athenian dominion the coinage of Cnidus appears to have been far less plentiful than during the sixth century. The tj^es and weight remain unchanged, but the style betrays a later date. ' There^ are certain archaic staters of the Babylonic standard, which may possibly be the earliest coins of Cnidus, but I do not insist upon the attribution. Lion's head and fore-paw, 1. I Large incuse square, divided diagonally by a I broad band into two parts , . iR 165 grs. 524 CARTA. Circ. B.C. 412-330. After the disastrous Sicilian expedition Cnidus revolted from Athens, and about the same time adopted the Phoenician standard in place of the Aeginetic. The tetradrachm, soon after its first issue, was raised under the influence of the new Rhodian coinage from 230 to 336 grs. Fig. 307. Head of Aphrodite Euploia ; behind, prow. (Fig. 307.) Head of Aphrodite. Forepart of lion ; beneath, magistrate's name . . . Jtl Tetradr. 234 grs. iR Didr. 1 10 grs. M Dr. 55 gra. KNiAiriN Prow; beneath, club. ^ .55 In B.C. 394 Conon gained his great victory over the Spartans off Cnidus, and it was about this time that an anti-Spartan alliance was entered into by Cnidus, lasus, Rhodes, Samos, and Ephesus, of which the Federal coinage is the sole record. (See supra, p. 495.) £YN Infant Herakles strangling ser- pents. {Bev. Num., i863,Pl. X. 4.) K N I A I fl N Head of Aphrodite Euploia. Symbol, Prow ; all in shallow incuse square . . . JR Rhodian Tridr. Circ. B.C. 330-190. In this period, if any silver coins were struck at Cnidus, they probably bore the name of Alexander the Great. The following bronze coins may, however, be attributed to about B. c. 300 : — Head of Apollo, laureate. K N I Prow and magistrate's name M -^ Circ. B. c. 190-133. Tetradrachms of the Alexandrine type and weight (Midler, Nos. 1151-a), and half-drachms of reduced Rhodian weight. Head of Aphrodite, resembling in style the head of the Greek Artemis, on contemporary coins of Ephesus. Head of Artemis, quiver at her shoulder. Similar. Head of Helios facing, as on coins of Ehodes. K N I Forepart of Hon, and magistrate's name MBr. 49 grs. KNIAinN Tripod and magistrate's name -5J 38 grs. KNI Bull's head and neck. Magis- trate's name . . . M 16-7 grs. KNI Forepart of lion; behind, rose (Rhodian symbol). Magistrate's name M 'jB grs. CNID US—E UR OMUS. 525 This last variety probably belongs to the period between b. c. 190 and 168, during which the Khodians possessed the parts of Caria nearest to Rhodes. This part of the mainland had been assigned them by the Romans after the defeat of Antiochus. The more usual bronze coins of the second century b. c. are of the following types : — Turreted female head. Head of Apollo, hair in formal ringlets. Head of Artemis. KNlAinN Forepart of lion . tE -7 ,, Forepart of ox . ^ -75 Tripod . . • ^ -75 In B.C. 133 Cnidus was included in the newly-organised Roman province of Asia, and the coinage ceases until the time of Nero, when the Imperial series begins. Imperial — Nero to Plautilla. Ti/pes usually referring to the worship of Dionysos or Aphrodite. Among the latter is a copy of the famous statue of the Cnidian goddess by Praxiteles. She is represented as if about to enter the bath, naked and seen in front, but with her head in profile, and she holds in her extended left hand a garment over an urn. (Gardner, Ti/pes, Or. C, PL XV. 21 ; Overbeck, Pladih, 3rd ed. ii. 30.) Cytmi. Small autonomous bronze coins of Roman times. Liser., KY. KYI. KYIinN and KJYEITHN. %?««— Head of Artemis, rev. Quiver and Hunting spear, or possibly Pedum, the whole in wreath ; Quiver between vine-branches, rev. Cornucopiae ; Thyrsos in ivy-wreath. Imperial — Domna. Inscr., KYITHN, Female figure seated facing. Eriza, on the borders of Caria and Phrygia. Imperial times, with or without heads of Emperors — Caracalla and Geta. Inscr., CP. ePIZHMON. Types — Head of Poseidon ; Eagle ; Bipennis ; Cultus-image of Asiatic goddess resembling Artemis Ephesia ; Helios on horseback ; etc. {Num. Chron., ix. 150 ; Z.f. Num., x. 56.) Euippe, called by Steph. Byz. S^f^os KapLas. Small autonomous bronze of the first century B.C. Inscr., EYinflEilN. Types — Head of Artemis ; Turreted head ; rev. Pegasos ; Bow-case : Corn-sheaf. Imjierial — Hadrian, Commodus, Lucilla, €YITTn€nM, Hygieia standing [Num. Chron., ix. 151 ; Fox, Gr. C, PI. V. 100 ; Berl. Blatt., I. 363). Enralium, the Euranium of Pliny. (Num. Chron., ix. 151.) Imjoerial — • Caracalla, GYPAAenN, Dionysos standing. Enromns, near Mylasa. Autonomous bronze of the first century b. c. and Imperial — Tiberius, Severus, and Caracalla. Inscr., EYPnM enN. Types referring to the worship of the Carian Zeus Labrandeus or Labraundeus, who is called on a coin of Caracalla ZeYC eYPHMCYC. His cultus-statue is a terminal figure wielding the bipennis and resting on sceptre usually placed between the pilei of the Dioskiiri. Other types — Bipennis, Eagle, Stag. [Num. Chron., ix. 151.) 526 CARIA. Fig. 3d8. Halicaruassus. To this city Professor Gardner proposes to attribute the unique electrum stater with the inscr., ANO^ EMI ^SMA retrograde above the back of a drinking Stag, rev. oblong incuse between two incuse squares ; weight, 216-3 grs. (Fig. 308). The inscr. is read by him, ' I am the sign of Phanes.' Phanes was a Halicarnassian of no small account at the court 'of Amasis, whose service he deserted for that of Cambyses, whom he assisted in his invasion of Egypt b. c. 525. Prof. Newton, on the other hand, attributed the coin to Ephesus, and would explain the legend as ' I am the sign of the Bright one/ i. e. Artemis, whose well known emblem is the Stag. Cf. the epithet avaLos as applied t() Apollo at Phanae in Chios. Were it not for the fact that the coin was found at Halicarnassus, I should have no hesitation in adopting Mr. Newton's attribution and in assigning it to the Ionian coast. It appears to me to be distinctly earlier than the time of Phanes, but it may have been struck by an ancestor of Phalies at Halicarnassus. The silver coinage of Halicarnassus begins about B. C. 400, and consists of drachms and obols of the Phoenician Standard. Circ. B.C. 400^377. Head of Apollo, facing. [Num. Chron., ix. 152.) Forepart of winged horse. AAI Eagle with open wings, iu incuse square . . . M Dr. 50 grs. „ Forepart of goat, or goat's head, in incuse square or circle .51 Obol. From the time of Mausolus Halicarnassus was the residence of the dynasts of Caria and their place of mintage. The city was destroyed by Alexander the Great, and, though it was afterwards rebuilt, it never again became a placfe of importance. Its latest silver coins date from the period of the Rhodian dominion in Caria. Attic Standard. B.C. 190-168. Head of Helios, facing. Head of Apollo. Bust of Pallas. AAlKAPNAZZEnN Magistrate's name AAlKAPNAZZEiiN AAIK Owl . Bust of Pallas. . . . ^Dr. Lyre JljDr. '. . M Obol. The bronze coinage belongs entirely to the post- Alexandrine age, and is of no great interest. C/iief types — Heads of Zeus, Poseidon, Helios, Pallas, Herakles, rev. Eagle, Trident, Tripod, Lyre, Club or Bow-case ; also Bearded head. AAIKAP Veiled goddbss standing M -7 IIALICABNASSUS—I-IYLLA'EIMA. 537 Imperial — Augustus to Gordian. Inscr., AAlKAPNACCeflN. Magis- trates, Archon and Strategos (■?). Types — HPOAOTOC, Bald and bearded head of Herodotus. Draped male divinity bearded and radiate facing between two trees, in the branches of each of which is a bird. Fig. 309. This interesting type is supposed to represent Zevs 'ka-Kpaios or Zeus of the oak trees, who was worshipped at Halicarnassus (cf. Apollon. 'Dyscol., Hist. Mirab., ed. Ideler, § 13; Overbeck, Kuntsmytli, II. 310). The two birds are clearly oracular. T£AMICeYC, a draped male figure holding a branch (Leake, Num. Hell. As. Gr., p. 64). Terminal armed goddess with spear and shield in .temple, etc. Alliance coins with Cos and Samos. Harpasa, on the Harpasus, a tributary of the Maeander. Imperial times, without or with heads of Emperors — Trajan to Gordianus. Inscr., APnACHNnN. Types— \ePA CYNKAHTOC, Bust of the Senate; Eiver-god Harpasus [Num. C/iron., ix. 154) ; Goddess resembling the Ar- temis of Ephesus ; Zeus ; PaUas fighting ; Apollo Kitharoedos ; Artemis huntress; AHMOC APnACHNnN, Head of Demos, etc. Coins of M. Aurelius Caesar, reading eni KANAI AOY KCACOY, were probably struck by Ti. Julius Candidus Celsus, supposed by M. Waddington to have been Proconsul of Asia. Alliance coi?is with Neapolis of Caria(?), reading APnACHNnN KAI NeAnOAITnN OMONOIA. Heracleia Salbace. (Le Bas- Waddington, Inscr. d'As. Min., tom. iii. pt. I. p. 402), on the river Timeles. Imperial times, without or with Emperor's head — Augustus, Nero, Macrinus. Inscr., HPAKAenTnN. Types — Amazon, with bipennis ; Isis ; Serapis ; Nymph playing ball ; TIMCAHC, Kiver Timeles. Magistrates, Strategos, Hiereus, Archiatros.' The Hiereus who signs coins, by name Glykon, is a priest of Heraklesj and is also mentioned in an inscription [C. I. G., 3953. c). Hydrela. Site unknown. /»i/3ma^, without or with names of Emperors Hadrian to Geta. Inscr., YAPHAeiTilN. %?es— Apollo Kitharoedos, Hermes, Dionysos. Magistrate without title, sometimes with dedicatory formula ANCGHKE. (Eckhel, ii. 583 ; Millingen, Syll. 73.) Hyllarima. Site unknown. (Millingen, Syll. 73.) Imperial time. em TIMOOeOY APXONTOC Fe- male head. YAAAPIMCnN Pallas standing J& -7. {Num Chron., ix. 154.) 528 CARIA. lasTis (originally an Argive settlement) stood on a small island in the Bargylian or lasian gulf. The silver coinage begins in 394 with alliance money similar to that of Cnidus, Samos, Ephesus, and Rhodes. (Wad- dington, Rev. Num., 1863, PI. X. 1-4; Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. F. 6.) Circ. B. c. 394. Persic Standard (?), I — A Head of Apollo, Same head. (Imhoof, PL F. 7.) Circ. B. c. 300, or earlier. SY[N] Infant Herakles, strangling serpents M 166 grs. I ASE Lyre in incuse square JR2'] grs. Head of Apollo, i^Num. Ghron., ix. 156.) Id. Lyre, Head of Apollo, I A or I ASEflN Youth swimming beside dolphin, which he clasps with one arm. Magistrates' names .... M, 82 and 41 grs. lA Id iE.75 >, W ^.55 I AS EUN in ivy-wreath . . JE .45 Imperial — Augustus to Gordian, without or with Emperor's name. Imcr., lACenN or lACCenN. %>e*— ZEYC APCIOC, Zeus armed with helmet, shield, and spear (?) (Overbeck, Kuntsmytli, PI. III. 11, and p. 209). lACOC KTICTHC, Bearded head of the Oekist. Artemis Ephesia. Youth swimming beside dolphin. This coin-type is noticed by Pollux (ix. 84), and the story of the love of a dolphin for a youth of lasus, which gave rise to the type, is told at length by Aelian (De Nat. A?t., vi. 15 ; cf. also Plin., ff. JV., ix. 8, 8). Idyma. Site unknown. Autonomous silver drachms of the Rhodian standard. Circ. b. c. 400 or earlier. Head of the Rhodian Apollo, facing. (Num. Ghron., ix. 157.) I AYM I ON Fig-leaf in incuse square . M 58 grs. Lepsimaudus. {Num. Zeit., iii. 410.) Small silver coins similar to those of Rhodes of the second century b. c. Head of Helios, facing. | A — B Rose. Magi8trate'sname.^38grs, I {Num. Zeit., iii. PL X. 27.) The form of the H ( H ) on this coin must be regarded as an affectation of archaism. Mylasa was originally the residence of the dynasts of Caria until they obtained possession of the Greek town of Halicarnassus. The beautiful white marble of the neighbouring mountains furnished the material for its temples of Zeus, who was here worshipped in a threefold form, as Zeus Karios or Stratios, as 'Ocroyws or ZTji^oTrocretScSi;, and as Aafipavvlih, corresponding to some extent with the Greek Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades. (Overbeck, Kuntsmytli, II. p. 268, and Zeit.f. Num., ii. 112.) On the coins the double-axe, \afipvs, and spear, the horse, trident, or crab and the modius, are the emblems of this triple Zeus-cultus. lASUS—NEAPOLTS. 529 The money of Mylasa begins in the third century B. c. and consists of autonomous bronze. Horse, MYAASEilN Trident, or trident and labrys combined, or labrys alone . -^•7- -35 There are also tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Miiller, 1141-3). Symbol — Labrys and Trident combined. Imperial — Augustus to Valerian. MYAACCnM, Terminal cultus-image of Zeus Labraundeus, wearing modius, and holding labrys and spear, standing in his temple. Zeus standing facing, radiate, holding eagle and trident, which rests on a crab. Trident, labrys, and crab united. Recumbent Eiver-god. Magistrate, Grammateus, Epimeletes, or without title; sometimes with dedicatory formula ANeSHKGN. Among the titled magistrates of Mylasa, whose names occur on coins, we must not omit to mention Hybreas the orator, concerning whom Strabo (659, 660) gives some interesting details. Certain silver medallions of Hadrian, struck in Asia, bear on the reverse a figure of the Carian Zeus, and have on this account been attributed to Mylasa (Finder, PI. VII. 2, 3, 7, 8). IVEyndiis, a Dorian city about ten miles north-west of Halicarnassus. Autonomous silver money of the second century B.C. {Z.f. N., iii. 336.) Head of Apollo, laureate. {Zeit.f. Num., iii. PL IX. i.) Head of Zeus, laureate. (Leake, As. Gr., 85.) Head of young Dionysos. {Num. Ghron., ix. 158.) Id. MYMAinM Winged fulmen and magistrates' monograms, all in olive- wreath . M Spread Attic tetradrachm, MYMAinN Head-dress of Isis and magistrate's name . . JR, Drachm MYNAinM Winged fulmen . . M, ^ Drachm 29 grs, „ Bunch of grapes . . M, Trihemiobol 15-7 grs There are also bronze coins. Ti/pes — Head of Zeus or Apollo, Rev Eagle on fulmen ; fulmen ; owl on olive-branch ; altar ; tripod, etc Imperial — Titus to Domna. Magistrates, Strategos or Archon. Types— Apollo Kitharoedos and Artemis Myndia, with altar between them, round which a serpent is coiled. ITeapolis ad Cadmum, at the foot of Mount Cadmus, near Harpasa. Probably some of the coins which are usually ascribed to Neapolis in Ionia belong to this city, such as the Imperial of Gordian and Treb GaUus. Inscr., NeAnOAeiTHN. %>ICA/V\eNOY tt)AAYBIOY AIOMHAOYC, signifying that the coin was issued in pursuance of a decree proposed by one Flavins Diomedes. The magistrates' titles on the coins of Stratoniceia are Archon, Strategos, Prytanis, and Epimeletes. For the coins reading AAPIANOnOA€ITnN CTPATONeiKenN, see under Stratoniceia ad Caicum, in Mysia (p. 466). Syangela (?), near Halicarnassus. See p. 542. Taba or TaTjae, the modern Lavas, on the western side of Mount Salbacus, and south of Aphrodisias, was inhabited by a mixed popula- tion of Phrygians and Pisidians (Strabo, 629). It was probably not thoroughly Hellenized until a comparatively late date, for its earliest coins are of very late fabric, and cannot be assigned to an earlier period than the latter part of the second century b. c. They consist of drachms and hemidrachms of debased Rhodian or Attic weight, and of bronze coins of Roman times. Silver. Second and first centuries b. c. Head of bearded H^rakles, bare. Id., or Head of Zeus (1). {Zeit.f. N., i. 148.) Id. Id. (Z.f. N., i. 148.) Head of young Dionysos ivy-crowned, r. Id. Bust of Pallas, r. I^Num. Chron., ix. 10.) Id. {Ibid., p. 161.) Veiled female head, r. (^./.#.,i. 147.) TABHMnN and magistrate's name with patronymic, Tyche standing, holding patera and cornucopiae M Dr. APTEMnM riAniOY AP. TABH- NflN Artemis standing, r., wearing short chiton iK Dr. ,, Artemis Ephesia facing, between crescent and star . M Dr. „ Zeus holding eagle, and hurling fulmeii . M Dr. and J Dr. TABHN^N Poseidon standing r., rest- ing on trident, with one foot on rook ; behind him, dolpliin. Magistrate's name with patronymic . . M, Dr. TABHNnisI Tyche standing as above . M Dr. ,, and magistrate's name with patronymic ; Nike advancing 1. iR^Dr. TABHMnN Dionysos standing hold- ing kantharos and thyrsos M ^ Dr. TA Forepart of gibbous bull ^R Obol. M m a 533 CARTA. The bronze coins of the autonomous class, before and during Imperial times, bear the inscriptions TABHNnN, AHMOC TABHNnN, lEPOC AHMOC, BO YAH, etc. Obverse types — Heads of Zeus, Pallas, Dionysos, Herakles, Veiled female head. Demos, Boule, etc. B.everse types — Poseidon ; Two thyrsi crossed ; Gibbous bull ; Capricorn ; Pilei of the Dioskuri ; Nemesis ; Tyche ; Aegipan ; Naked Pantheistic divinity holding torch, sceptre, and caduceus ; Altar of the Dioskuri, surmounted by their pilei ; Bow and quiver ; Panther, etc. Imperial — Augustus to Salonina. Inscr., TABHNnN. Magistrate's name, without title, or with that of Archon, sometimes preceded by AIA, instead of ETTI, and occasionally with patronymic. Types — Zeus Nike- phoros ; Artemis huntress ; Nike ; Goddess facing, holding grapes and ears of corn, and resting on sceptre ; Two identical figures of Artemis facing, side by side ; Dionysos standing, with panther ; Artemis and Men, face to face ; Temple of Artemis ; Pantheistic divinity radiate, holding torch, sceptre, caduceus, and bow ; Tyche ; Aegipan ; Altar of the Dioskuri. (?a?«e*— OAYMniA nVOiA. Telmessus (?). There are said to have been two towns of this name, one in Caria, and another, a more important city, in Lycia. The Carian town, about sixty stadia from Halicarnassus, may have been the seat of a famous oracle of Apollo (cf. Herod., i. 78 ; Cic. Be cUvin., i. 41 ; Leake, Num. Hell. As., p. 100), and to it Sestini {Lett, di Cont., iii. 81, and ix. PI. IV. 5) has attributed the following coin. It is, however, extremely doubtful, as Borrell has pointed out {Ntan. Chron., x. 87), whether this piece ought not to be assigned to Telmessus in Lycia. It belongs to the third century B. c. Head of Helios, radiate, facing, as on j TEAMHZ[ZEnNJ Apollo seated on coins of Ehodes. (Brit. Mus.) I omphalos, holding arrow . . M -6 Termera, a small place on the promontory between Halicarnassus and Myndus. Herodotus (v. 37) informs us that Termera was governed in the reign of Darius Hystaspis, B.C. 521-485, by a tyrant named Tymnes. It is not improbable that the following coin may have been struck by a grandson of this Tymnes, who may have been ruling in Termera early in the fifth century B.C. Persic Standard. Cire. b. c. 480-450. TYMNO Herakles kneeling, wielding I TERMERIKON Lion's head, in incuse club and holding bow. | square . . M Drachm. 72-4 grs. Under Mausolus Termera was destroyed, and its population removed to Halicarnassus, the citadel alone being maintained as a prison. Trapezopolis, between the Carian Antioch and Laodiceia ad Lycum. Autonomous bronze coins of Imperial times and Imperial — Augustus to Domna. Inscr., TPAn€ZOnOAeiTnN or TPAneZOnOAeXlC. Magis- DYNASTS OF CARIA. 533 trates' names, sometimes with title Archon, preceded by €171, or without title preceded by A I A. Types— Rea.Aa of lePA CYNKAHTOC, KPA BOYAH, AHMOC, Demeter, M^n, or Emperor. Reverses chiefly Men and Kybele, but also Apollo, Artemis, Dionysos, Tyche, etc. Tripolis. See Phrygia. DYNASTS OF CARIA. Hecatomnus, B.C. 391 (?)-377 (in Mylasa). Tetradrachm of Rhodian weight. Zeus Stratios, or Labrauncleus, armed with spear and bipennis (XajSpur), walking to the right. EKATOM Lion . . . M Tetradr. {Rev. Num., 1856, PL III. 3.) Blausolus, B. 0. SJJSS^ (in Halicarnassus). Tetradrachms and drachms of Rhodian weight. Fig. 310. Head of Apollo, laureate, facing. MAYSSriAAO Zeus Stratios, as above. (Fig. 310.) .. . . . JR Tetradr. 234 grs. ^ Dr. 57 grs. Hidrieus B. c. 351-344. Tetradrachms, didrachms, and drachms similar to those of Mausolus, but with inscr., lAPIEHS (cf. Mion., Suml., yi. PI. VII. 3), and Obols. ' ^^ ' Head of Apollo. 1 I API between the rays of a star . I JR Obol 11-7 grs. Pixodanis, E. c. 341-335- Gold drachms, diobols, obols, and hemiobols. Head of Apollo, laureate, in profile. (B. M. Guide, PI. XIX. 34.) Id. (Brandis, p. 476.) mZnAAPOorPIZnA Zeus Stratios, as above N 64, 21.4 and io-8 grs. ni Labrys s 5.4 grs. 534 ISLANDS OFF CARIA. Othoutopates, B. c. ^^^-^^li- 0^ ^^^^ Dynast a tetradrachm of the usual type is published by Mionnet ISuj)., vi. PI. VII. 5). Imcr., OOON- TOPATO. ISLANDS OFF CARIA. Astypalaea. Gold staters and tetradrachms of Alexander the Great's types (Miiller, CI. VI., Nos. 1170—72, *yraio/, harpa), of the second century B. c. Autonomous bronze from the end of the fourth century downwards. Inscr., A, AS, ASTY, ASTYflAAAIEnN, etc. Ti/pes — usually referring to the worship of Perseus, e.g. Head of Perseus, Harpa, Gorgon's head [Num. C/iron., ix. 163). Imperial, with portraits, but without name, of Li via and Tiberius. Types—'K&a.A of Dionysos, or Nike. Calymna. The coinage of this island consists of two distinct classes. Before b. c. 500. Rude archaic head of bearded warrior, wearing crested helmet. (B. M. Guide, PI. III. 29.) Archaic lyre, the bowl of which is a tortoise-shell, all in incuse, adapted to the form of the lyre M, Persic stater 160 grs. Circ. B.C. 350-335. Young head in crested helmet, with cheek pieces. (Mion., Suppl., vi. PI. VIII. I.) K A A Y M N 1 N Lyre in dotted square M, Rhodian didr. 100 grs. & „ dr. 50 grs. M „ i dr. 23 grs Also small bronze coins of similar types. The head on the obverses, if not that of Ares, is probably intended for one of the Argive heroes, who were shipwrecked on this island after the Trojan war. _ In 1823 an immense hoard of Calymnian didrachms was discovered in the island mixed with coins of Rhodes, Cos, and the Carian dynasts, Mausolus, Hidrieus, and Pixodarus. As the hoard contained no coins of Alexander the Great, it is almost certain that it was deposited not later than B. c. 335 [Nmii. Chron., ix. 166). Foseidiou CarpatM. Carpathos appears to have been an island of some importance in early times. Its chief town, Poseidion, struck auto- nomous silver staters on the Phoenician standard, resembling in fabric those of the ancient Rhodian cities, Lindus, lalysus, and Camii-us. All these places lost their autonomy when Rhodes was founded, circ. B.C. 408. The money of Poseidion does not extend beyond the earlier part of the fifth century. ASTYPALAEA—COS. 535 Circ. B. c. 550-450. POS Two dolphins in opposite direc- tions, and a third small fish beneath them ; all in incuse square. Incuse square, divided by a broad band into two oblong parts JR Stater 215 grs. M, Third 70 grs. (B. M. Gmde,m. III. 32.) The legend POt is sometimes wanting, as is also the small fish beneath the dolphins. (Imhoof, Zeit.f. ISImn., i. 153.) Cos. According to tradition the earliest Greek inhabitants of Cos came from Epidaurus, bringing with them the worship of A.sklepios, for which the island was afterwards celebrated. Apollo and Herakles are also appropriate types on the coins of Cos, which was a member of the Dorian Pentapolis. The coinage of Cos falls into the following periods : — Crab. Before circ. B. c. 480. I Rough incuse square iR 25 grs. Circ. B.C. 480-400. fiM^^ Fig. 311. KOS, KriS, Km ON Naked athlete, preparing to hurl the discus ; behind him the prize tripod. Incuse square, sometimes divided dia- gonally; in centre, crab. (Fig. 311.) J& Attic tetradrachm. "^he obverse type of these coins appears to be agonistic, although it is thought by some to represent Apollo beating a tympanum, and dancing before his tripod. ^ Circ. B. c. 400-300. Head of bearded Herakles, in lion's skin. Id. (Brandis, p. 478.) Id. Km ON Crab, club, and magistrate's name in dotted square .... M Rhodian tetradr. {^.TA. Guide, PI. XX. 36.) Veiled female head; magis- trate's name M Rhodian didr. and small M Crab, club, and magistrate's name . . . ^ Rhodian drachm. KniON 536 ISLANDS OFF CARTA. Circ. B.C. 300-200. During the third century Cos, under the mild rule of the Ptolemies, retained, like Ephesus, its right of coinage. Head of young Herakles, in lion's skin. (B.M. Guide, PI. XXIX. 32.) Id. (Hunter, 5, 6.) Id., facing. Id., facing. With several other varieties. KniON Crab and bow in case; magis- trate's name .51 Rbodian tetradr. 230 grs. „ Crab and club : magistrate's name JR Ehodian didrachm 102 grs. KniON Id. . ^ Rhodian didrachm. „ Club and bow in case JE ■'j. Circ. B. c. 200-88. In this period, as at Ephesus, etc., the Attic standard takes the place of the Rhodian. Tetradrachms of Alexander's types occur with the Crab as a symbol in the field. Also the following remarkable tetradrachm now in the Hunter Museum at Glasgow : — Head of Aphrodite, in myrtle-wreath. (Hunter, 112, i.) KniON Asklepios standing, resting on his staff. Magistrate, NIK02TPA- TOZ iR 256 grs. The head on this coin is perhaps that of the famous statue of Aphrodite which Praxiteles made for the Coans, a work which was ranked by the artist on an equality with the Aphrodite of Cnidus (Pliny, B. N., xxxvi. 5. 4). The smaller coinage of the second century resembles in fabric the contemporary Rhodian money, the reverse type being enclosed in a shallow incuse square, which must not be mistaken for an indication of antiquity. Head of young Herakles. Head of Asklepios, bearded and lau- reate. Id. KjQION Crab and club in shallow incuse square. Magistrate's name . M, Tetrobol. Kn or KniON Coiled serpent and magistrate's name in shallow incuse square . . . . .^R ^ Dr. 32 grs. Kn Serpent-staff or coiled serpent. Magistrate's name . . . . -^ '9 Circ. B. 0. 88-50. From the time of the Mithradatic war to the middle of the first century the coinage of Cos resembles the contemporary Federal money of Lycia, having on the obverse the Head of Apollo, and on the reverse a Lyre. Only small divisions are known in silver, the mass of the currency having been of bronze. COS—NISTROS. 537 Eomcm times. Autonomous and Imperial bronze. Nicias, Tyrant of Cos. Time of Augustus (Strab., 658). NIKIAZ Portrait of Nicias. i KfilflN Head of Asklepios and magis- 1 trate's name M 1-2 Among the other Coan bronze coins of Imperial times — Augustus to Philip Jun., are some which bear the names of divinities, e. g. AZKAHniOY ZHTHPOZ, ACKAHni[OC], Ynei A, ZeYC, etc., or portraits of distinguished citizens, such as ITTnOKPATHC, the Physician, Z£MOnN, another Coan physician, who practised at Eome in the reign of Claudius. Among other Imperial types worth noting is that of a veiled figure resting on a sceptre, and sacrificing before an altar. The figure is apparently female, and Eckhel supposes it to represent the Priest of Herakles, who, according to Plutarch [Quaest. Graec.^ 5°4)> wore at Cos the dress of a woman. Magistrates' names without title, usually in nominative case. Alliance coins with Halicarnassus and Miletus. Megiste, an island subject to Ehodes, struck silver drachms on the Rhodian standard, dating from about the middle of the fourth century b. c. (MiUingen, SylL, p. 75, Pi. II. 51). Giro. B. c. 350. Head of Helios in profile, on a radiate [ M — E Rose with buds M Dr. 46 grs. solar disk. | With the obverse of this coin, cf. a gold stater of Lampsacus, see supra, p. 456, fig. a8i. ITisyros. Of this island there are also silver coins of the fourth century, the types of which betoken Rhodian influence. Giro. B. c. 350. Young male head within wreath. N — I Rose with buds M Dr. 47 grs. (Millingen, 0. c, PI. II. 50.) Third century b. c. Pemale head, wearing stephane and earring. (Imhoof, Zeit.f. Num., i. 150.) Id., or head of Poseidon. NIZYPION Poseidon, with trident, seated on rock. Magistrate, IME- PAIOZ iRsSgrs. N I ZY Dolphin and trident . M -^ The island of Nisyros was said to have been torn off" from Cos by Poseidon, who hurled it with his trident upon the giant Polybotes (Apollod., i. 6. 2). There was a temple of Poseidon in the town of Nisyros (Strab., X. 489). MuUer attributes to Nisyros some Alexandrine tetradrachms of Class VI. (Nos. 1168, 9). Symbol — Bucranium. 538 ISLANDS OFF CARIA. Khodes. The coinage of this wealthy island falls into two main divisions: (i) that of the three ancient towns Camirus, lalysus, and Lindus, down to B.C. 408, when they all three combined to found the new capital Rhodus ; (ii) the long series of the currency of Rhodus from B.C. 408 downwards. Camirus Bliodi, on the western coast of the island, was the most important of the three independent towns. The fact that its coins follow the Aeginetic standard indicates that it traded chiefly with the West. Circ. B. 0. 500, or earlier — 480. Fig-leaf. (B. M. Guide, PI. III. 30.) Id. Id. Two oblong incuse depressions, separated by a broad band M, Stater 186 grs. Incuse square . . JR Drachm 92 grs. Id ^Obol 9 grs. Circ. B.C. 480-408. Fig-leaf. (Leake, Ins., 5.) Id. (Num. Chron., ix. 169.) Rose. (Num. Chron., 1. c.) Horse's head. Fig-leaf. KAMI — PEflNl in incuse square, divided into two parts JR Stater 175 grs. K — A in incuse square, divided into two parts . . . . .51 18-3 grs. K A Griffin's head, in incuse square .iR 14 grs. KA — Ml Fig-leaf, in incuse square . .51 12 grs. K A in two quarters of a wheel . ./E -4 lalysns Rhodi, about ten miles west of the later city of Rhodus, struck silver money on the Phoenician standard, indicating that the commercial relations of this town were rather with the mainland of Asia Minor than with the islands of the Aegean. Circ. B.C. 500-408. Forepart of winged boar. {B.M. Guide, VI III. 31.) I A A Yli N Id. ; beneath, helmet. Forepart of winged boar. Id. Id. Forepart of winged horse. lAAYSION or lEAYSION Eagle's head in incuse square, in one corner of which a floral ornament .... .51 Tetradr. 230 grs. Id M Tetradr. 223-4 grs. {Num. Chron., 1873, PI. XI. 6.) Id Mi Dr. 31 grs. Id M Obol 16 grs. Id ^i Obol 7-8 grs. A — I Rose in inc. sq. M -J- Obol 6-5 grs. Lindus Rhodi, on the east coast of the island, like lalysus on the north, struck silver coin on the Phoenician standard. EHOBES. 539 Circ. B.C. 500-408. Lion's head, with open jaws. (Mion., PL XXXVI. 5.) Twooblongincuse depressions, separated by a broad band, on which sometimes AINAI . . M Tetradr. 213 grs. M, Obol 16 grs. Rhodus. In or about the year b. c. 408 the three indepeDdent Ehodian towns Camirus, lalysus, and Lindus, combined to found the new city of Ehodus near the extreme northern point of the island. As the in- habitants of all three towns traced their descent from Helios, to whom, indeed, the whole island was sacred (Pindar, 01., vii. 54), the head of the Sun-god and his emblem, the Rose, were naturally selected as the coin- types of the new capital. The standard adopted for the new currency appears to have been at first the Attic, of which we have rare tetra- diachms weighing about 260 grs. This standard, however, very soon gives place to the so-called Rhodian standard, the tetradrachms of which range from 340-230 grs. Attic weight. Circ. B. C. 408-400. Head of Helios, facing. Id. Id, Id. POAION Eose, on either side bunch of grapes; all in incuse square M, Tetradr. 259 grs. Id M\T)r. P — Eose in incuse square ./R ^ Dr. ,, Head of nymph, Rhodes, in in- cuse square ... . M ^ Dr. Gold of Euboic and Silver of Rhodian weight. Circ. B.C. 400-304. Fm. 312. Head of Helios, facing, of fine strong style. (Fig. 312.) Similar, of bold style, but of inferior work to the N stater. (B.M. Guide, PL XX. 38.) Id. (Hunter, PL XLV. 3.) Id. Id. Head of Helios, facing. Head of nymph Ehodos. POAION Eose with bud to r. and grapes to 1. ; in field E. All in in- cuse square M Stater „ Eose and bud ; in field, changing symbol. All in incuse square . . . jR Tetradr. Id M Didr. >, Id .iE Drachm. PO Id M^ Dr. P — Rose, above magistrate's name. In field, changing symbol .... M Didr. Dr. and i Dr! P— Eose ^ •45 540 ISLANDS OFF CARIA. About B.C. 394, after Conon's great victory at Cnidus, Rhodes took part in the Federal coinage of the Anti-Spartan alliance. Cf. the similar coins of Ephesus, Samos, Cnidus, and lasus. £YN Infant Herakles strangling ser- pents {Rev. Num., 1863, PI. X. 3.) PO Rose. Traces of incuse square. iR 175 grs. Tridrachm. Circ. B.C. 304-168. The coinage of Rhodes seems to have been unaffected by the campaign of Alexander the Great, and it was not until after the famous siege of Rhodus by Demetrius Poliorcetes that any modification was introduced in the types. It can, however, hardly be questioned that the next series of Rhodian money whch exhibits the head of Helios radiate on the obverse, falls into the period of the greatest prosperity of Rhodes, B. c. 304-168. The radiate head on the tetradrachms of this period may serve to give us some idea of the style and general aspect of the features of the colossal statue of Helios by Chares of Lindus, commonly called the Colossus of Rhodes. This figure was set up in B.C. 283, beside the harbour of Rhodus, and not, according to a fanciful modern notion, astride across its entrance. (Overbeck, Plastik, 3rd ed., ii. 137 sq.) Fig. 313. Head of Helios, facing, of softer style than on the coins of the fifth cen- tury, and surrounded by rays. Id. Head of Helios, radiate in profile. Id. Head of Helios, radiate, facing. Id. in profile. Head of Helios, facing, but without rays. Id. POAIjON or P — Rose with bud; magistrate's name and changing sym- bol in field (Fig. 313) . M Tetradr. Id iEDidr. POAION Id ^Didr. P — Id. Magistrates' names and changing sjonbols, as on the dia- drachms, but all in shallow incuse square M Dr. P— Id iR ^ Dr. P — Two rose buds, between them changing symbol M Trihemiob. 15 grs. P — Id. but not in incuse square . . ^Dr. P— Id ^iDr. Of this last type there is a curious variety showing an Eagle in front of the right cheek of the Sun-god. On the reverses of coins of this class RHODES. 541 are the abbreviated names, perhaps of Lycian towns, such as P— A, and 3 — A for Patara and Xanthus. If so, these little coins were struck on the mainland while Lycia was subject to Rhodes. See, however, Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 314. Bronze. Head of Helios, radiate, in profile i (style of Lyslppus). Head of Zeus. Id. Veiled female head, in stephane. Id. Head of Helios, radiate, in profile. P — Eose, between two changing symbols M t-r P — Eose and bud, in field, magis- trate's letters M -8 P — Eose, behind which, radiate disk of rising sun . . . iE '65 P— Eose M '65 PO Prow JE-65 P — Eose. Magistrate's name and changing symbols. All in flat incuse square . .... ^ '5 At the conclusion of the peace B.C. 189, after the battle of Magnesia, Rhodes obtained a large accession of territory on the mainland, including Lycia, exclusive of Telmessus, and the greater part of Caria, south of the Maeander. From this time the coinage is abundant, even in gold, until B.C. 168, when the Romans put an end to the Rhodian power on the mainland. To the tetradrachms and smaller silver coins of this period above described may be added the following : — (a) Gold. Head of Helios, radiate, facing. {B.M. Guide, n.L. 21.) Head of Helios, radiate, in profile. P — Rose, in shallow incuse square. Magistrates' names ANTAIOZ or TIM0KPATH2 . . . AT Stater. P — Id. in circle of dots. Magis- trates' names ANTAIOZ, AIOFEN, MEAAIT, TIMOKPA,etc. it § Dr. (/3) Gold a^td Silveb of Regal Types. Gold staters of the types of Philip and Lysimachus. Symbol — Rose. (Miiller, Alex., PI. XXXVI. 208 ; Lysim., PI. VIII. 450, 451) with magis- trate's name APIZTOBOYAOZ, a name which occurs also on Rhodian tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Miiller, Alex., Class VI., PI. XVI. Nos. 1154-1167); Symbol — Rose. The magistrates' names on these coins are often identical with those on the tetradrachms of the usual Rhodian type described above. Cire. B.C. 168-88. In B.C. 168 the Lycian League was reconstituted under Roman auspices, and the Rhodian commerce irretrievably ruined. The coinage of Rhodes from this time down to that of the Mithradatic wars consisted in all probability of the later and more carelessly executed drachms of the classes above described. 542 ISLANDS OFF CARIA. Circ. B.C. 88-43. It is to the period of the revolt of Asia from Roman oppression during the Mithradatic war that I would ascribe the following late Rhodian issues. The Attic standard had now become all but universal in Asia Minor, and the Rhodian money forms no exception to the rule. Head of Helios, facing, of late style. (Of. Hunter, PI. XLV. 6.) Id. Id. P — Rose seen in front, magistrate's name written around JR Attic Dr. PO Rose seen in front, beneath, magis- trate's name, the whole in wreath of ivy(?). . ._ ^1-4 „ Rose seen in front, around, magis- trate's name -^ '75 Imperial Times. Although doubtless the Rhodian silver coin continued current long after it had ceased to be issued, there is every reason to suppose that bronze gradually took its place as the chief medium of circulation, and that from being mere token money bronze became real money possessed of a certain intrinsic value. That some such alteration in the legal standard occurred under the Roman rule is to be infei-red not only from the large size and heavy weight of the late Rhodian bronze coins, but from the fact that they usually bear the indication of value Al APAXMON. Head of Helios, r., radiate, and often POAIflN or Al APAXMON, or magis- bound with ivy, or head of young strate's name, often with title TA- Diony SOS in ivy- wreath ; around on Ml AS. Tyiyes: Rose; Nike crown- some specimens the legend ing trophy ; or Nike on a prow or POAIOI YTTCP TflN CeBACTIiN. globe, carrying aplustre, or wreath and palm -^ i'5 There are also coins with the Head of Helios and POAinN EAEYO. on the reverse, type Nike. Imperial — Nero to Oommodus. Types — Helios and female deity joining hands. TTOC€IAnN AC A AC IOC, Poseidon standing before altar holding dolphin and trident, etc. Poseidon Asphaleios was the god who presided over the safety of ships and ports. (Cf. Strab., 59.) Syme (?), an island between Rhodes and Cnidus. Waddington {Rev. Num., 1853, p. 249) has attributed to this island an Attic drachm dating apparently from about B.C. 400-350. Head of bearded Dionysos. Head of Pallas. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. F. 13.) £Y Kantharos .... ^ 63 grs. Y5 Kantharos wreathed with ivy . • M-1 Imhoof {Mon. Gr., p. 323) suggests Syaugela near Halicarnassus as an equally probable place of mintage. RHODES, SYME{?), TELOS. 543 Telos, a small island between Ehodes and Nisyros. Circ. B.C. 400-300. Head of Zeus. Head of Pallas. (Imhoof, Zeit.f. Num., i. p. 151.) THAI Crab ^ -5 „ Id ^-4 From the following table it will be seen that before the age of Alexander the only places of mintage on the mainland of Caria were Astyra, Cher- sonesus and Cnidus, Halicarnassus, lasus, Idyma, and Termera : — Chronological Table of the Coinage of Caria. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. Roman Imperial 600-480 480-400 400-330 330-190 190-133 Times Aba(?) M Alabanda m"m MBeg. ^ Alinda M JE JE Amyzon M Antiochia J^ JEt JE Aphrodisias .i5v JEt JE ApoUonia M Astyra M '"m Bargasa M Bargylia M '" M M ^ Callipolis M Caryanda "m Caunus M JE Ceramus M M JE Chersoneaus M Cidramus . t. JE Cnidus M M M M ( M keg. JE Cyon JE JE Eriza M Euippe M M Euralium M Euromus JE M Halicarnassus Et"(?) m" '"m M " JE M Harpasa M Heraoleia M Hydrela M Hyllarima M lasua Jjx Jtj M Idyma M Lepsimandus(?) M Mylasa '"m M Reg. JE Myndus M M JE Neapolis (?) JE JE Orthosia '"m '" JE JE IE Plarasa JR. JE Sebastopolis 2E M Stratoniceia JR'" JE Taba Telmessus (?) "jE JP^ JE 'JE IE Termera M Trapezopolis M Btnasts S M 544 LYBIA. Islands off Caria. Before B.C. 480 B.C. 480-400 B C 400-300 B.C. 300-190 B.C. 190- Roman Times Imperial Astypalaea M ^\jteg.M M Calymna Poaeidiou Carpathi JR M Jju> -CCj Cos M M m m, M \^^Re,.M M Megiste Nisyros Cainirus Rhodi lalysus Lindus Rhodus JR M M M M M M JR JEi K 2R (^ M Syme (?) Telos M LYDIA. ' The Lydians,' says Herodotus, ' were the first of all nations we know of who struck gold and silver coin ; ' irp&Toi 6e avOpanroov t5>v r}\i.m Xh^iiv v6ixi(Tp,a xpvcrov koI apyvpov M'^d.p.evoL exfirjcravTo (i. 94), and Xenophanss of Colophon (ap. Jul. Poll., ix. 83) bears witness to the same tradition. Passing from these statements of ancient writers to an examination of the earliest Asiatic attempts in the art of coining, we are led to ascribe to the seventh century b. c, and probably to the reign of Gyges, the founder of the dynasty of the Mermnadae, and of the new Lydian empire, as distin- guished from the Lydia of more remote antiquity, the first issues of the Lydian mint. These rudely executed coins consist of electrum staters and smaller coins of the standards usually known as the Babylonic and the Phoenician, of which the earliest staters weigh about 167 and 220 grs. respectively. The Babylonic standard appears to have been intended for commerce with the interior of Asia Minor, and the Phoenician standard for transactions with the cities of the western sea-board. Time 0/ Gyges and Ardys. CiVc. B.C. 700-637. Fig. 314. EABLY ELECTRUM, 545 Plain {Ti/2>us.fasciatus). (Fig. 314.) Id. (Lenormant, Mon. royales de la Lydie, p. i.) Id. (B. V. Head, Coinage of Lydia and Persia, PL I. 2.) Id. {Ibid., PL I. 3.) Id. Id. {Ihid., PL I. 4.) \lbid., PL I. 5.) Three incuse depressions, that in the centre oblong, the others square . . El. Babylonic stater 1668 grs. Id. but in central incuse a running fox, in the upper square a stag's head, and in the lower an ornament ^ . • Et. Phoenician stater 219 grs. Id. Oblong between two square depres- sions . . El. i Stater 105-8 grs. Two incuse squares of different sizes . El. Sixth 37 grs. Incuse square . El. Twelfth 18 grs. Incuse square . El. ^^ 9 grs. In the fox, on the reverse of the stater of 319 grs., Lenormant recog- nises a symbol of the Lydian Dionysos, whose name, Bassareus, he connects with the word Bassara, a fox (Steph., Thesaur., s. v.). Time of Sadyattes and Alyattes. B.C. 637-568. During this period it may be reasonably supposed that the influence of the arts of Ionia began to be felt in the Lydian capital. Miletus and other important Greek cities on the coast had not been long in adopting and improving upon the Lydian invention of coining the precious metals, by adorning the face of the ingot with a sacred emblem. It is impossible to distinguish with absolute certainty the Lydian issues from those of the Greek towns, but there is one type which seems to be especially charac- teristic of Lydia, as it occurs in a modified form on the coinage attributed to the Sardian mint, and to the reign of Croesus ; this is the Lion and the Bull, symbolical, perhaps, of the worship of the Sun and Moon. Foreparts of lion and bull, turned away from one another, and joined by their necks. (B. V. Head, Z. c, PL I. 6.) Three incuse depressions, that in the centre oblong, the others square . El. Phoenician stater 2i5'4 grs. The two following coins, already ■ described under Miletus (p. 503), might with equal probability, on account of the fox on the reverse, be assigned to Sardes : — Lion, recumbent, with head turned back and open jaws, the whole in oblong frame. (Brit. Mus.) Id. Oblong incuse between two square ones. In the central oblong, a running fox, in one square a stag's head, and in the other an ornament V .... El. Stater 214-8 grs. Id El. \ Stater 107 grs. There are also electrum coins of Euboic weight (269 and 133 grs.) attributed by Miiller to Cyrene {q. v.), which may however be of Ionian or Lydian origin. Time of Croesus {1). B.C. 568-554. When Croesus ascended the throne -of Lydia, one of his fii-st objects seems to have been to propitiate the Hellenes, both in Europe and Asia, by magnificent ofierings of equal value to the great sanctuaries of Apollo N n 546 LYDIA. at Delphi and Branchidae (Herod, i. 46, 50, 9a). Foi- the space of about fourteen years Lydia, under his rule, occupied the position of' a great power in Asia, extending from the Halys to the shores of the Aegean. It seems probable that the introduction of a double currency of pure gold and silver money, in the place of the primitive electrum, may have been due to the commercial genius of Croesus, as I have elsewhere endeavoured to point out {Coinage of Lydia and Persia, p. 19). In this monetary reform regard seems to have been had to the weights of the two old electrum staters, each of which was now represented^ by an equal value, though, of course, not by an equal weight, of pure gold. Thus the old- Phoenician electrum stater of 320 grs. was replaced by a pure gold coin of 168 grs., equivalent, like its predecessor in electrum, to 10 silver staters of 330 grs. (one-fifth of the Phoenician silver mma), and the old Babylonic electrum stater of 168 grs. was replaced by a new' pure gold stater of 136 grs., equal in value, like it, to one-fifth of the Babylonic silver mina or 10 silver staters of 168 grs., as now for the first time coined. The attribution of the coins of this series to Croesus originated with Cousinery, whose opinion was shared by Borrell, Leake, Lenormant, Waddington (As. Min., p. 59), and Brandis. M. Six, however, would assign them to the time of Cyrus and Cambyses. Fig. 315. Foreparts of a lion and bull, facing one another. Oblong incuse, divided into two parts. Babylonic Standard, Gold .... (Sestini, Stat. Ant., Tab. IX. 14, 16) Euboic Standard, Gold S Stater 168 grs. K Trite . . 56 grs. SL Hecte . . 28 grs. K Hemihecton 14 grs. K Stater S Trite . . S Hecte . . K Hemihecton i^E Stater . M. \ Stater M. \M-^ Stater 126 grs. (Fig. 315). 42 grs. 21 grs. II grs. ; 168 grs. 84 grs. 56 grs. 14 grs. With the Persian Conquest, or rather on the reorganisation of the Empire and its division into satrapies by Darius, the son of Hystaspes, the Lydian coinage was abolished and superseded by the Royal Persian darics and sigli. (See below under Persia.) Under the rule of the Persians and the Seleucidae it does not appear' that any coins were struck in Lydia. After the defeat of Antiochus by the Romans, in B. c. 1 90, at the battle of Magnesia, Lydia was annexed to the kingdom of the Philetaeri, by the last of whom it was bequeathed to the Roman people, and was included in the Roman province of Asia. Several Lydian cities under Pergamene and Roman rule issued cistO' ACHAltACA {!')—ACRASUS. _ 547 phori, but, as we shall presently see, the coinage of Lydia consists in the main of bronze of the Imperial period. This vast preponderance of the Imperial coinage over the autonomous, both in Lydia and Phrygia, has induced me to depart from the somewhat antiquated geographical order hitherto universally adhered to by numis- matists. Lydia and Phrygia seem to follow naturally next after Ionia and Caria. To interpolate Lycia, Pamphylia, Pisidia, Cilicia, and Cyprus, between Caria and Lydia, appears to me to be introducing, quite unne- cessarily, an element of confusion into the homogeneous coinage of the Roman Province of Asia, which should certainly be as far as possible kept together. As M. Waddington justly remarks [Fastes cles Provinces cmatiqiies, p. 24), it is by means of its coinage that we are enabled to identify the exact boundaries of the province of Asia, for the Imperial coins struck in that province are distinguished from those of all the other provinces of Asia Minor by two well-marked peculiarities: (1) by the frequent occurrence on .them of local magistrates' names usually accompanied by their titles, such as Strategos, Archon, Archiereus, etc. ; and (3) by the common substitution for the Emperor's head of a symbolic bust accompanied by the legend l€PA CYNKAHTOC ^, by which is meant the Roman Senate, whereby the cities of the Province of Asia indicated their dependence xipon the Senate, Asia having been always a Senatorial Province. M. Waddington was, I believe, the first to draw attention to the fact that this custom was peculiar to the Province of Asia, for in the neighbouring Bithynia, which was for a time also Senatorial, no trace of it exists. This peculiarity also applies to the names of local titled magistrates, for, although in Bithynia, Galatia, and Cappadocia we often meet with the names of Proconsuls or of Imperial Legati, yet we never find those of local municipal dignitaries, while in Lycia, Pamphylia, Pisidia, and Cilicia not even these occur, for the Imperial coins of those districts never bear magistrates' names. These considerations; added to a weU-marked similarity of fabric, form in my judgment a good and sufficient reason for the modification of the commonly-accepted order of arrangement which I have thought fit to adopt in the present work. Acharaca (?) (Strab., 579, 649, and 650), between Tralles and Nysa. To this place Millingen (who calls it Characa, Syll., p. 79) would attribute a coin of Drusus reading KAPAKI .... %je— Caduceus. But the attribution is by no means satisfactory, for Acharaca was not a distinct TToAiy, but merely a village in the territory of Nysa. Acrasus (Waddington, As. Min., 60), on the upper course of the Caicus. Imperial, with or without heads of Emperors— Trajan to Gordian Inscr., AKPACininN. Magistrates' names with title Strategos. Types— KAIKOC, River Caicus recumbent; The death of Dirke ; Apollo and Marsyas, the former resting on column, the latter as a satyr standino- ' The legends ICPA CYNKAHTOC, OeOM CYNKAHTON, and the like are .o trequent on the coins of the towns of the Roman Province of Asia, especiallv in Lvdia and t^nrygia, that I have not always been careful to chronic] e their occurrence. ' N n 2 548 LYIJIA. before him ; Artemis Ephesia in biga of stags ; Kybele in biga drawn by lions ; Dionysos ; Asklepios, Hygieia, and Telesphoros ; Herakles and Athena sacrificing ; Hermes; l€PA CYNKAHTOC; etc. Auinetus. Site uncertain. Autonomous of Imperial times. Inscr., ANINHCIOIC, ANiNHCinN AHMOC, Head of Demos, rev. AMOCCTIOC AfJeOHK€, Free Horse ; Artemis Ephesia; Eape of Persephone (Imhoof, Moti. Gr., p. 470). ApoUonis (Waddington, As. Min., 60), on the frontiers of Mysia, half way between Pergamum and Sardes. Imperial times, with or without Em- peror's head — Aurelius to Severus Alexander. Inscr., ATTOAAnNlAenN. Magistrates — Archon, Strategos. Ordinary types — AHMOC, lePA CYN- KAHTOC, OeON CYNKAHTON, etc.; Kybele seated; Dionysos; Kiver- god without name ; Bust of Artemis ; Stag ; Demeter in serpent-car, etc. ApoUouos Hieron (Pliny, v. 29). Autonomous and Imperial bronze, with or without Emperor's name — Tiberius, Nero, Caracalla, and Hostilian. Inscr., AnOAAnNl€P€ITnN, Bust of Pallas ; Zeus standing ; etc. Apollo in temple; lePA CYNKAHTOC, etc. Attalia. Imperial— TTa,ja,n to Julia Mamaea, with or without por- traits. Inscr., ATTAA€ATnN. Magistrate, Strategos. Types — Bust of Artemis with surname BOP€ITHNH, or simply KOPH ; Artemis running with two torches; Herakles and Lion; l€PA CYNKAHTOC; etc. The coins of the other Attalia in Pamphylia read ATTAACflN. Aureliopolis, between Tralles and Attalia. Imperial of Commodus (dedicated by the Strategos ApoUonides), Caracalla, and Gordian. Inscr., A YPHAI OTTOA€ I TnN . Magistrate— Strategos. Types— A-pollo naked with bow and arrow, in biga drawn by griflSns. Artemis in biga of serpents or stags. Dionysos in biga of Centaurs. AYPHAIO. TMfl., seated female figure turreted, holding cista mystica on her knee, and crowned by Dionysos wearing the nebris. ICPA CYNKAHTOC, etc. Bagis (Waddington, Js. Min., 61), on the right bank of the Hermus. Imperial times — Nero to Saloninus. Inscr., BAFHNnN or KAICAPenM BATHNnN. Magistrates with titles, Archon or Stephanephoros. Prin- cipal types— ^VIAOC, River-god Hermus; Dionysos standing; Emperor on horseback, riding over prostrate foes, and assisted by Ares and Pallas ; Zeus standing, holding eagle and sceptre ; Aphrodite naked standing, holding apple and mirror, at her feet three winged Erotes. Also AHMOC ; lePOC AHMOC; ICPA BOYAH; CYNKAHTOC; etc. Alliance coins with Temenothyrae. Blanndns. See Phrygia (p. 559). Boeouus. See Boeone Aeolidis (p. 478). Briula, in the neighbourhood of Nysa. Imperial, bronze with or with- out head of Emperor — Trajan to Aurelius. /M*cr., BPIOYACITilN. Chief types— ZV^WK\£l 0ePOKI, Ti. Julius Ferox, Proconsul of Asia, A.D. 1 16-1 17, and local magistrates Ai'chon, Strategos, and Stephanephoros. Tyi^es chiefly referring to the worship of Artemis Ilepo-ia or riepo-i/cTj (Tac, An., iii. 62 ; Paus., iii. 16. 6; V. 27. 3 ; vii. 6. 4), whose native name was Anaitis. TTePCIKH, Artemis standing ; Artemis slaying stag ; standing beside stag ; or in biga of stags; FAAYKOC, River-god Glaiicus ; Perseus standing; Lighted altar (Paus., v. 27. 5), AHMOC, lePH CYNKAHTOC, etc. Hypaepa, on the southern slope of Mount Tmolus (Strab., 627), near the river Cayster. Imperial times — Augustus to Gallienus, usually with Emperor's name. Inscr., YTTAITTHMnN. Magistrates — Strategos, Gram- mateus, Archon, Asiarch, or Stephanephoros. Types — KAYCTPOC, River Cayster ; Cultus-image of Artemis Persica, or Hera, standing facing, in the attitude of the Ephesian goddess, but wearing a long cloak or veil ; Apollo seated holding image of Hera ; Head of Herakles ; Asklepios ; Dionysos; lEPA CYNKAHTOC, etc. Alliance coins with Sardes. Hyrcauis, in the Hyrcanian plain through which the river Hyllus flows into the Hermus. The place took its name from a colony of Hyr- canians from the Caspian Sea, who were afterwards mingled with some Macedonians. Imperial coins, with or without name of Emperor- — Trajan to Philip Jun. Ltscr., YPKANIC, YPKANflN, or YPKANnN MAKE- AONflN. Magistrates— MQ\yT[ MSI] BET[Tin] nPOK[AnJ and ANOY- [TTATH] KYIHTn, the Proconsuls Vettius, Proculus, circ. A. d. 112, and, Avidius Quietus in Hadrian's time ; also local magistrates, Strategos and Stephanephoros. %je«— Rape of Persephone ; Demeter in serpent-car ; River-god TTIAACOC recumbent beneath a tree, and resting on shield. Others refer to the cultus of Dionysos; Artemis; Asklepios; I EPA CYNKAHTOC, etc. Maeonia (Waddington, As. Min., 65), midway between Philadelphia and the Hermus, in the volcanic district called KaraKiKavixevn. Imperial limes— 'Nero to Etruscilla. Heads of Emperor, the Senate, ICPA CYN- KAHTOC, AHMOC, Zeus Olympics, and bearded Herakles. Inscr., MAIONnN, MAIXlNnN, MAIONIA, etc. ; ZCYC OAYMHIOC. Magis- trates — Strategos, Archon, Stephanephoros. %je«— Pallas ; Aphrodite standing ; Omphale standing, clad in lion's skin, and holding club of Herakles; Dionysos in biga of Centaurs; Dionysos and Ariadne in biga of panthers ; Infant Zeys seated on throne, 'attended by three; Corybantes. . ...'... ■ HERMOCAPELIA—NYSA. 551 Magnesia ad Sipylum. Autonomous bronze coins of the second and first centuries b. c. Head of city, turreted. MArNHTHM ZiriYAOY Zeus stand- ing, holding eagle and sceptre M -8 Head of bearded Herakles. | „ ., Pallas stand- ing, holding Nike .... ^ -85 Head of Zeus. ,, „ Omphalos with serpent twined round it . JE. -55 Imperial — Augustus to Salonina. Inscr., MAfNHCIA, MArMHTHN CinVAOY, MArNHTnN THN AOO CinVAOY, MArNHT€C AOO C, etc. Magistrates — Asiarch, Hiereus, Strategos, Hippikos. Ty^^es — MAPKOZ TYAAIOZ KiKEPnN, Bare head of the younger Cicero, Proconsul of Asia shortly after his Consulship, B. c. 30. 6PM0C, Kiyer Hermus. CinYAOC, Bust of Mount Sipylus. HPAC. Z€YC eAeYOCPIOC. Kybele enthroned or in biga of lions. €IPHNH CeBACTH (Pax Augusta), oeAM PUMHN, l€PA CYNKAHTOC, GGON CYNKAHTON, ICPOC AHMOC, with many others of no special interest. Games — OAYMFTIA, AAPIANA, AAe[ZAN- APeiA], ANTnN[lNlANA ?] and eNMONlAeiA, the last peculiar to this city. It is possible, however, that the word does not refer to games so called, but to the place of their celebration, kv MovLhuq. Cf kv Kohpiyals on coins of Tarsus. Alliatice coins with Smyrna. Mastaura, situate on a small tributary of the Maeander called the Chrysorrhoas in a valley of Mount Messogis. Imperial times — Tiberius to Valerian, with or without Emperors' heads. Inscr., MACTAYPA or MACTAYPeiinN. Magistrates, sometimes with title CniMeAHTHC TTANlAGHNAinN. Types — Amazon on horseback, with Carian double axe over her shoulder ; Leto carrying her two children ; Artemis with two torches in biga drawn by humped bulls ; l€PA CYNKAHTOC, etc. Mosteni, in the Hyrcanian Plain. Imperial, with heads of Zeus, Demeter, or Emperor — Claudius to Salonina. Inscr., AAOCTHNflN, MOCTHNnN AYAHN, or KAICAPenN MOCTHNnN and MOCCHNHN, Magistrates — Archon and Strategos. The most remarkable type is an Amazon on horseback, with a bipennis on her shoulder, and an altar and a cypress tree in front. On a coin in the. Munich Cabinet Hermes seizes the horse by the bridle (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 387). Other ti/pes are Bipennis, Head of Demeter, Ear of corn, AHMOC, OeA PHMH, oeON CYNKAHTON, etc. Nacrasa, in the north of Lydia, on the road from Thyatira to Per- gamum. Imperial times — Heads of Senate, ICPA CYNKAHTOC and OeON CYNKAHTON; Bearded • Herakles ; or Emperors Domitian to Geta. Inscr., NAKPACeiTnN or NAKPACCnN. Magistrates sometimes with title Strategos. Predominant types — Artemis Ephesia ; Kybele enthroned ; Serpent rising from altar, etc. Nysa, on the southern slope of Mount Messogis, north of the Maeander, was originally founded by a Spartan named Athymbros. The name of the town was changed from Athymbra to Nysa in the reign of Antiochus T. after Nysa, one of his wives. The only silver coins of Nysa are 552 LYBIA. cistophori (tetradrachms and drachms) of the usual types, with the letters NY or NYZA in the field, and bearing the dates IE and KT (15 and 23) of the era of the Province of Asia reckoned from B. c. 133. The autonomous bronze coins range from circ. B.C. 380 to Roman times. Inscr., NYZAEflN. Ti/j)es — Heads of young Dionysos ; Hades and Kore jugate; and of Eirene, with legend EIPHNH, rev. Dionysos standing ; Rape of Persephone ; Apollo standing, etc. Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. hiscr., NYCACflN. Magistrates without titles or with those of rPA[MMAT€YC] or l€PeYC. Divinities-- Zeus nAOYTOAOrHC (Eckhel, ii. 587), Apollo nATPnOC, KOPH, AIONYCOC, KAMAPeiTHC, an epithet of the god M-qv, clearly connected with the Phoenician Qamar (Arabic j^), the Moon, who is represented either standing holding patera and sceptre, or seated sideways on a horse. AOYMBPOC, the Oekist, €IPHNH, CYNKAHTOC, l€PA CYNKAH- TOC, etc. A bull borne to the sacrifice on the shoulders of six naked ephebi, an interesting type which is explained by a passage of Strabo (xiv. I. 44), as a sacrifice celebrated annually in honour of Pluto at the • village of Acharaca near Nysa, where stood the Plutonium. Dionysos as an infant seated in a cornucopiae. This god is said by ApoUodorus (iii. 4. 3) to have been brought to Nysa by Hermes soon after his birth. G'awes-OeorAMIA OIKOYMeNl.KA, or the Epithalamia of Hades and Persephone. Alliance coins with Ancyra and Ephesus. Philadelphia, one of the most important cities of Lydia, was founded by Attains Philadelphos. It stood on the north-west side of Mount Tmolus, near the river Cogamua. Autonomous bronze of the second and first centuries B.C. Inscr., EnN, Bust of Artemis; rev. Apollo seated or standing with lyre. Magistrate — APXIEPEYZ. Imperial, with head of AHMOC, ICPA CYNKAHTOC, or the Emperor— Augustus to Valerian. Liscr., (MAAACAOenN or is with Ephesus, Smyrna, and Oresteium, the last town not otherwise known. 7»*cn, OPeCTClNnN IAAAeA€IA, CeBHPeiA, XPYCANOeiNA, probably so called after the colour of the flowers of which the Victor's wreath was com- posed. CJiief types— Q^h priMH, Roma seated. CAPAIC, Bust of City. TMHAOC, Head of Mount Tmolus. ZCYC AYAIOC, Bust of Lydian Zeus. ePMOC, River Hermus. MHN ACKHNOC, Bust of Men (cf. Joum. Hell. Stud., IV. 417, and concerning the various epithets of the god Men, Le Bas-Waddington, hiscr. d'As. 3Iin., No. 668). CAPAIC ACIAC AYAIAC eAAAAOC MHTPOnOAIC, Veiled head of city turreted, rev. Rape of Perse- phone. nAcDIHCAPAIANnN, Temple of the Paphian Aphrodite ; Agonistic table ; Triptolemos in serpent-car ; Demeter with ears of corn standing opposite Asiatic effigy of Persephone ; Men standing ; Silenos standing with infant Dionysos on his arm in the attitude of the Hermes of Praxiteles; Omphale. Alliance coins with Ephesus, Pergamum, Hierapolis Phrygiae, Hypaepa Side, and Smyrna. SUandus. Imperial times — Domitian to Caracalla, with or without Emperor's head. /«*cr., ClAANACnN. Magistrates— Archon, Strategos Archiereus. Chief types— \^?K CYNKAHTOC ; M^n standing ; Effigy of Demeter or Persephone; Dionysos riding on panther; Hephaestos lorging helmet attended by Pallas. CPMOC, River Hermus recumbent before him, on a coin of Commodus, is a mountain-nymph seen behind a rock, she grasps the trunk of a tree and holds a pedum; Silenos stand- 554 LYBIA. ing beside ass. The worship of Silenos at this city points, perhaps, to the derivation of the name Silandus. . Tabala. Imperial times — Trajan to Gordian, usually with Emperors' heads. Iiiscr., TABAA€ilN. Magistrates — Strategos, Archon. Chief types — CYMKAHTOC; €PMOC, River Hermus; Artemis Ephesia ; Kybele seated ; Amazon on horseback. Thyateira, on the river Lycus. The earliest coins of this city appear to be cistophori of the usual types, but bearing in the field of the reverse the letters OYA and BA EY, standing for BAZIAEHZ EYMENOYS (Imhoof, Die Aliinzen der Bynastie von Fergamon, PL IV. 1-4). There are also bronze coins of the second century B.C. Head of Apollo. QYATEIPHNnN Tripod in wreath . Imperial, with or without Emperors' names — Augustus to Valerian Jun. Inscr., OYAieiPHNriN or OYAieiPA. Magistrates— Anthypatos, AN 0Y. ^KT^\?K; lePA CYNKAHTOC ; River Lycus recumbent;' Selene holding two torches ; Amazon ; Bipennis ; Apollo ; Bust of Serapis, .rev. Serpent Agathodaemon ; Young male divinity naked, holding bipennis and branch ; Hephaestos forging helmet, Pallas stand- ing before him ; Demeter standing, holding long torch, poppy, and corn ; BOPeiTHNH Head of Artemis (see Eckhel, iii. 121); Amphion and Zethos binding Dirke to bull (the famous Farnese gi'oup), etc. Alliance coins with Smyrna. Thyessus. Imperial time (1), without Emperor's head. Inscr., OYES- ZEfiN. Type — Spear-head (Eckhel, iii. 123). Tmolus. This town stood on the mountain of the same name. Imperial — M. AureUus Caesar, Sabina and Faustina, also without name of Emperor. Inscr., ltAO.Kt\lCL\^. %>d'«—TMnAOC, Bearded bust of Mount Tmolus ; Omphale with Club of Herakles ; Apollo ; Eros ; Ar- temis, huntress; Female simulacrum facing, wearing modius. Magistrate, Strategos. Cf. Aureliopolis. Tomara, Imperial times — Commodus, with or without head of Emperor. /m*«-., TOMAPHNnN. ?>;»(?«— I€PA CYNKAHTOC; Rape of Persephone. Head of Herakles, rev. Lion; River-god KICCOC. Tralles, a flourishing city on the southern slope of Mount Messogis. It was one of the chief mints of the cistophori in western Asia Minor. The cistophori of Tralles, with their halves and quarters, range in date from the earlier part of the second century down to B.C. 48. They are dis- tinguished by the letters TPAAin the field of the reverse to the left of TABALA—TRALLES. 555 the serpents, and by a changing symbol on the right. Above the bow- case are magistrates' names or monograms, and on the later series the names of the Roman Proconsuls of Asia in Latin characters, T. A M P I . T. F.PROCOS-.T.AmpiusBalbus (B.C. 58-57); C.FABI. M.F.PROCOS., C. Fabius [Hadrianus] (b.c. 57-56) ; PVLCHER PROCOS., C. Claudius Pulcher (b.c. 55-54); and C. FAN. PONT. PR[aetor], C Fannius (b.c. 49-48). The bronze coins of Tralles before Roman times are sometimes inscribed ZEAEYKEnN or ANT in place of TPAAAIANUN, proving that the city bore for a time the names of Seleucia and Antiochia (Sestini, Class, gen., T^. 114). Imperial times — Augustus to Domitian, with inscr., KAICAPenN or TPAAAIANnN KAICAP€nN (see Le Bas-Waddington, Inscr. d' As. llin., 600 a), and from Nero to Saloninus, with TPAAAIANnN, usually with addition of NenKOPHN or NenKOPHN TUN CeBACTHN, sometimes without Emperor's head, and mscr., TPAAAIANnN TIPHT^N EAAAAOC. Magistrates — Grammateus,. Strategos. C/i?ef types — I EPOC AHMOC and lePA CYNKAHTOC ; ZeVC AAPACIOC or AlOC AAPACIOY, referring to the cultus of Zeus Larasios, the principal divinity of Tralles, probably named after a neighbouring village called Larasa (Le Bas-Wad- dington, o;j.«V., No. 604). AnOAAnN HAIOC orHAIOC CeBACTOC,Bust of Hehos. TTYOIOC or AYAIOC, figures ofthePythian or of the Lydian Apollo ; Dionysos and Ariadne, or Dionysos and Apollo playing lyre, seated side by side in car drawn by a panther and a goat, on the goat's back a small Eros is playing the double flute ; Helios in quadriga ; Rape of Perse- phone ; Hekate triformis. AJOC rONAI[OY], Infant Zeus sleeping on Mount Ida, above, an eagle with wings outspread; Amaltheia seated, suckling the infant Zeus, around three Corybantes dancing and beating their shields. For numerous other types of less interest, e.g. TYXH, etc., see Mionnet. (?a?K«.s— OYOIA, OAYMOI A,nYOI A OAYMOIA, OAYMOIA AYrOYCTeiA riYOIA, usually with agonistic table for type. Alliance coins with Pergamum, Ephesus, Laodiceia ad Lycum Phrygiae, Smyrna, Side, and Synnada. Cheonology of the Coinage of Ltdia. As the coinage of Lydia belongs almost wholly to Imperial times, it will be sufficient to recapitulate the few cities which have left us numis- matic monuments of an earlier date. These are the following : — Before Darius 2nd and ist cent. B.C. Imperial Caystriani M M Clannuda M Magnesia M M Nysa M cist. M M Philadelphia M M Sai-des El. n. M M ^. cist. M M Thyatei ra JP. cist. M M Tralles S- cist. IS, M 556 PHRYGflA. PHRYGIA. The coins of this province deserve a more careful investigation than they have hitherto received, for, although almost entirely of Imperial times, they are more than usually interesting, both from the mythological and the geographical standpoints. There are numerous names and epithets of divinities which are met with only on the coins of Phrygia ; others illustrate Greek myths of Phrygian origin. The frequent occur- rence of the names of rivers is also of the highest importance for the determination of the sites of towns. Accilae-um. Imperial oi Goidian. /?«cr., AKKIAA€nN- T^pes—M.en; Tyche ; Nike stephanephoros {Ntim. Chron., viii. 14). Acmonia (Waddington, As. Mi?i., p. 5). Autonomous bronze of the first century B. C. Head of Pallas. AKMONEflN Eagle on f ulmen, wings spread, between two stars. Magis- strate's name M -g Head of Zeus. „ Asklepios standing. Magistrate's name . . . . JE.-'J^ Imperial — Tiberius to Salonina, with the head of the Emperor; GGA PriMH, lePOC AHMOC, lePA BOYAH, etc. Inscr., AKMOrJeoN, some- times with NenKOPnN, rarely AKMONHN, or AKMONeiC. Magis- trates — Archon, Neokoros, Grammateus, and Hiereia. The prevailing types refer to the cultus of Hermes, who is represented standing, holding purse and caduceus, with ram beside him ; of Artemis as huntress, with stag, and sometimes small figure of Nike, beside her ; of Zeus seated, with owl beside him. There is also a River-god, probably the Maeander; Kybele seated ; Asklepios and Hygieia ; Zeus seated, facing, with two giants before him {Z. f. K, xiii. PI. IV. 13); Dionysos in biga of panthers, or riding on panther, or standing naked holding kantharos ; Amaltheia suckling infant Zeus, around three Curetes ; Artemis Ephesia ; Emperor on horseback, galloping towards mountain Dindymus(?), on which stand two figures (Nemeses 1), while at its foot is a recumbent River-god, the Maeander (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., 392). Aezani (Waddington, As. Min., 8), near the sources of the Rhyndacus, on the borders of Bithynia. Imperial— KugusixiB to Gallienus. Inscr., AIZA- NeirriN. Magistrates, sometimes Strategos, Ai-chon, Neokoros, and Stephanephoros. Chief types— Z&M& aetophoros ; Kybele; Hekate; Ar- temis Ephesia ; the Dioskuri ; and, under Hadrian, a River-god, probably the Rhyndacus, holding an infant in his arms: Also OCA PHMH OGOC or lePA CYNKAHTOC, lePOC AHMOC, l€PA BOYAH, and the local Senate AIZAN rePOYCIA {Z.f. N., xii. 340). ,^,x^ki Alliance coins with Cadi under Domitian, mscr., AHMOC AlZANtlTIiN, AHMOC KAAOHNnrJ. Alia. Imperial— Treijan to Gordian. Heads of Emperors or of AHJVVOC, BOYAH, or CYNKAHTOC. iwse/-., AAlHNnN. Magistrates, Asiarch and Aitesamenos (AITHCAMGNOY POYri, Hermes, ix. 493), sometimes with dedicatory inscr., AN€OHK€N. Types— Men (Askaenos) standing or on ACCILAEVM—APAMEIA. 557 horseback ; Artemis, huntress ; Dionysos standing ; Apollo standing ; Tetrastyle temple, etc. {Num. Chron., iii. 98, viii. 15). Amorinm. Autonomous bronze of the first century E. 0., and Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. /««cr., AMOPI ANnrJ. Magistrate without title or with that of Archon. Types referring to the cultus of Zeus, Apollo, and of an Asiatic mother-goddess resembling Artemis Ephesia ; Demeter in biga drawn by serpents ; the Nemeses ; Herakles and the Keryneian stag. Also OEA PHMH, lePA BOYAH, and l€PA CYNKAHTOC. For a short time in the reign of Augustus (ciro. B.C. 14) Amorium appears to have borne the name Vipsania, in honour of M. Vipsanius Agrippa. Inscr., OYeiVANIUUN or OYItANluuM. Head of Caius Caesar, rev. Eagle (Leake, Num. Hell. Suppl. Asia, p. 108). Ancyra, probably situate close to the source of the river Macestus. /w;jma^— Nero to Gallienus. /»*cr., ANKYPAlsInN, lOYAienM ANKY- PANnN, or ATKYPANnM. Magistrates, Anthypatos, OYOAAZENNA ANOYTTATn, Volasenna Proconsul of Asia a.d. 62-63 (Waddington, Pastes, p. 135). Local Magistrates, Ai-chon, Aitesamenos, Ephoros, Hiereus, Archiereus, Stephanephoros, Neokoros. Chief types — OEA PflMH, lePA CYNKAHTOC, oeON CYNKAHTON. Zeus standing, hold- ing anchor and spear. The anchor (ayxvpa) on coins of this city is that which King Midas found, and which in the time of Pausanias (i. 4) was stiU to be seen in the temple of Zeus (Waddington, As. Min., p. 10). Kybele seated ; Asiatic Artemis ; Amazon on horseback ; Hekate tri- formis, etc. Alliance coins with Nysa in Lydia. Liscr., ANKYPANnN MYCACHM. Apaiueia, surnamed r} KlISohtos, or 'the Ark,' founded by Antiochus and named after his mother Apameia, was situate in the vicinity of Celaenae, on the torrent Marsyas, just below its source (Wad- dington, As. Min., p. 11). The town rapidly rose to great commercial importance, and became in the second century B.C. one of the prin- cipal cistophoric mints. In Strabo's time it had become the second great emporium of the Roman province of Asia, Ephesus being the first. The cistophori of Apameia are of the usual types, but distinguished by the letters AFT A, a magistrate's name, and the double flute of Marsyas as a symbol. The following names of Eoman Proconsuls of Asia and of Cilicia, when Phrygia happened to be attached to that Province, also occur. C. Fabius (b. c. 57-56), P. Lentulus, Proconsul of Cilicia (b. c. 56-53), Ap. Claud. Puleher (b. c. 55-54), M. TuUius Cicero, Proconsul of Cilicia (b. 0. 51-50), and C. Fannius (B.C. 49-48). There are also auto- nomous bronze coins from the second century e.g. Head of Pallas. AH AM EH N Eagle flying between the pilei of the Dioskuri, surmounted by stars ; beneath, Maeander pattern and magistrate's name in genitive case, with patronymic . JR 1-2 and -95 Head of Zeus. AflAMEflN Asiatic goddess (Hera ?), veiled ; magistrate's name, with pa- tronymic ^ -75 Imperial — Augustus to Saloninus. Inscr., ArTAMC/lN, ATTAMeiC KOIMON 0PYriAC, or AHAMeiAC, sometimes with addition of TTPOC MAIANAPON. Magistrates, Anthypatos. ETTI MAPIOY KOPAOY 558 PIIRYGIA. Marius Cordus, Proconsul of Asia A.D. 51 or 52; EFTI M. OYETTIOY NirPOY, M. Vettius Niger, under Nero; EHI HAANKIOY OYAPOY, M. Plancius Varus, a.d. 79 (Waddington, Fastes, pp. 133, 151). Local Magis- trates, Agonothetes, Panegyriarch, Archiereus, Grammateus. Remarkable inscriptions or ti/pes^\£PA BOYAH ; MAPCYAC, Satyr Marsyas playing double flute; KIBHTriN (or KIBTHTOI C?), AHAMEHN MAPCYAC, River Marsyas recupabent in cavern beneath rocks and towers, he holds double flute and cornucopiae (cf. Strab.,577,andXen.,^«a5.,i.2,8) ; Pallas seated, playing the double flute, her face reflected in the water of a fountain (Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 289), at her feet, on a lofty rock, is the Satyr Marsyas with extended arms. KEAAINOC, Bust of Kelainos, probably the mythical Oekist of the city, of which the old name was Celaenae. ZeYC KeAeNeYC, Head of Zeus Kelaineus. AnAM€IA, Bust of City; w. CnieiPA, Hekatetriformis. M Al AN APOC, River Maeander, into which the Marsyas flowed, in the suburbs of the city ; Aphrodite naked facing. Fig. 316. A chest or ark {kiPcotos), inscribed Nn€, floating on water; within it are two figures, and standing beside it a male and female figure ; on the top of the chest, a raven, and above, a dove carrying an olive-branch. (Fig. 316.) This remarkable type, which occurs on coins of Severus, Maorinus, and Philip Sen., evidently embodies the legend of the Noachian deluge, which may have been grafted upon the story of the flood of DeukaHon by the Jewish or Christian element in the population of the city. (See Madden, Nutti. Chron., 1866, p. 207 sqq.) Lion walking, above, cista mystica, in front, thyrsos; Goddess, resembling Artemis Ephesia, sur- rounded by four River-gods, inscribed MAI, MAP, OP or OBP, Maeander, Marsyas, Orgas, and Obrimas. (Fig- 317.) Alliance coins with Ephesus. Fig. 317. APPIA—BLAUNLVS. 559 Appia (Waddington, As. Min., 13). Imperial — Trajan to Otacilia, with or without portraits. Inscr., Ann I A N ilN . Magistrates, Archon, Strategos, Grammateus, andJSIeokoros. Ti/jies — Cadueeus; Dionysos standing ; Zeus standing, holding eagle and sceptre ; City seated between Tyche and military figure, who crowns her ; River-god recumbent ; BOYAH, Veiled head of the Council, etc. {Num. Chron., viii. 16 ; Fox, II. 142). Attuda, at or near Ipsili Hissar, in the extreme south-west corner of Phrygia Pacatiana {Journ. Hell. Stud., iv. 404). In the territory of this town was the temple of Mijy Kdpon mentioned by Strabo (p. 579). The surname Karou is doubtless derived from the site of the temple on the frontiers of Caria (Le Bas-Waddingt'on, Inscr., vol. iii. Part i. p. a 16). Like Aphrodisias and Plarasa in Caria, Attuda issued silver di-achms in the second century B. c. Silver Drachms. Second century B.C. Head of city, turreted. 1 ATTOYAAEHN Apollo naked, lean- (iViim. C/troji., viii. 17.) | log on column . . . . .ifi 53 gra. Imperial times, with or without Emperor's head — Augustus to Salonina. Inscr., ATTOYAenN, often with magistrate's name, sometimes preceded by AIA, instead of em. Among the magistrates' titles that of ieP€IA should be mentioned. It occurs also at Acmonia, Eucarpia, and Prym- nessus in Phrygia, and at Smyrna in Ionia. Another remarkable magistrate's title is YIOC nOA£nC on coins of Trajan. Divinities, etc. MHN K APOY, the god M6n Karou, who was worshipped both in Caria and in Phrygia; Altar of the god M^n, on which are two pine-cones, etc.; Kybele standing between lions ; Asiatic Artemis (Ephesia ?) ; Altar beside a tree ; Amazon on horseback ; Leto carrying her two children ; Apollo standing; AHMOC ; BOYAH, etc. Dedicatory formula AN€OHK€N on some specimens. Alliance coins with Trapezopolis in Caria, and Eumenia in Phiygia. Beudos vetus {Num. Chron., viii. 1 8), about five miles from Synnada on the road to Galatia (Livy, xxxviii. 15). Imperial — Hadrian. B€YAHNnN nAAAinN, Apollo with lyre and branch; Men standing; Demeter standing. Blanndus (Waddington, As. Min., 62) was probably situated at the modern Suleimanli, close to the Lydian frontier, on an afiluent of the Maeander, which we learn from its .coins was called the Hippurias. Autonomous of the second and first centuries B. C. Inscr., M AAYN AEHN, Heads of Zeus, Apollo, Artemis, etc., rev. Eagle and Cadueeus ; Hermes standing ; Bow and Quiver, etc. hnjierial times, with or without Emperor's head— Nero to Valerian. /?««er., BAAYNAenN or BAAYNACnN MAKC- AONflN, indicating a claim to Macedonian origin. Magistrate, Proconsul of Asia;, Ti. Catius C. Silius Italicus, shortly after A. d. 77, without title Anthypatos, and local magistrates, without title, or with those of Archon or Strategos. Chief ti/pes—m\}Oy?\Q(:, Eiver-god ; Apollo Kitharoedos ; Herakles slaying the three-headed Geryon, who holds up a wheel in one' 560 PHRYGIA. hand, around him lie the oxen; Herakles attacking the lion; Pn/WH, the goddess Roma standing bare-headed, resting on sceptre, with one foot on rock ; Amazon on horseback, with bipennis over shoulder ; AHMOC; l€PA CYNKAHTOC; OeON CYNKAHTON; etc. {Num. Chron., vii. II ; viii. 7; Rev. Num., 1852; Imhoof, Mon. Gr., 384). Bria, an old Phrygo-Thracian word, meaning ' town ' {Journ. Hell. Stud., V. 406), was the name of a place in Phrygia Pacatiana, erroneously called Briana by Hierocles. Imperial — Severus and Domna. Inscr., BRIANON. Magistrate, Strategos. Types — Serapis ; Isis [Num. Chron., vii. 18) ; The Dioskuri beside their horses ; Tyche (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 394). Bmzus [Bull. Corr. Hell., vi. 503). Imperial — Antoninus Pius to Gordian, with or without portraits. Inscr., BROYZOC or BROYZHNON. Magistrate's name without title, rarely with dedicatory formula ANe6HK[eN]. Types — Zeus seated, at his feet, on coins of Maximinus, are two giants hurling rocks {Mion. Suppl., vii. PI. XTI. 2) ; Poseidon striking with trident ; Asklepios ; Hygieia ; Demeter in biga drawn by serpents ; Wingless Nike on globe ; Tyche ; Hermes ; Dionysos ; Eagle [Num. Chron., viii. 40 ; Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 394). Cadi [Num. Chron., viii. 19), on the Hermus, near its source, on the frontiers of Phrygia and Mysia. Imperial — Claudius to Gallienus, with or without portraits, /wcr., KAAOHNflN. Magistrates— Archon, Pane- gyristes, Strategos, Stephanephoros. Games — AYrOYCTCIA. Types — leRA CYNKAHTOC, AHMOC, lePOC AHMOC, l€PA BOYAH. Zeus leaning on sceptre, and holding a cadus or small barrel (Waddington, As. Min., 15), or else a bird; CPMOC, Hermus recumbent; BACIAGYC MIAAC, Head of King Midas ; Effigy of Asiatic goddess, with supports, etc ; Asklepios and Hygieia ; Hermes ; Dionysos ; Herakles, etc. Alliance coins with Aezani, and with Gordus Julia. Ceretepa, called also Diocaesareia, was probably situated at the place called Kayadibi, in southern Phrygia, on the banks of a small lake. Imperial — Plotina to Severus, with or without portraits. Inscr., KCPE- TAnenrJ or AlOKAICAPenN KePeTAnenN. Magistrates— Strategos and Neokoros, sometimes preceded by TTAPA, instead of €171. Types — AHMOC; Kybele ; Tyche; Head of Herakles ; Zeus standing ; Head of Serapis; Bow in case, club, and lion's skin. AYAINAHNOC, River- god or Lake (?). Alliance coins with Hierapolis. Cibyra. This city, which stood oH a branch of the river Indus, on the borders of Lycia, was the chief of a confederation of four towns governed by a tyrant. The last of these tyrants, Moagetes, was put down by Murena in b. c. 84, and Cibyra was then attached to Phrygia. The coinage of Phrygia before B. c. 84 consisted of silver tetradrachms and drachms of the cistophoric standard, and small bronze pieces. Among the names of the dynasts of Cibyra which we meet with on the coins are MOAHE . . . , lAfOAZ, OFIiAAIZ, OCIP , etc. BRIA—COTIAUUM. 561 Helmeted male head. (B. M. Guide, PI. LX. 6.) Id. Id. KIBYPATHN Gallopinghorsemanwith couched spear. Various symbols, and Magistrates' names, among whicli, on a drachm at Munich is MO ATE M Tetradr. 196 grs. M, Drachm 49 grs. ,, Gibbous bull in incuse square M -j^ K — I Eagle with wings closed . M -4 For other varieties, see Imhoof {Mon. Gr., p. ^g6), and Zeif. f. Num., i-330- Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Head of Emperor, or of l£PA CYNKAHTOC, BOYAH, AHMOC or KIBYPA. Inscr., KIBYPATHN or KAICAPenN KIBYPATnN. Magistrates — Strategos and Archiereus. Era dating from a. d. 23, when Tiberius restored the city after an earth- quake. Games — TTYOIA. Ti/jjes — A large wicker basket, the name of which may have been identical with that of the town, cf. Kijivais, Ki/I3icns, Ki^^a, etc. (Waddington, As. Min., 19.) It occurs frequently also as a symbol, in conjunction with other types, e.g. borne on the heads of various divinities. Amazon sacrificing ; River-god ; Demeter in car drawn by two Lions ; Head of Helios. Alliance coins with Ephesus and Hierapolis. Cidyessns. Imperial — Nero to Otacilia. Inscr., KIAYHCC€nN or KIAYHCC6IC. Magistrates — Archiereus, Archon, Logistes. Types — Zeus seated, holding patera and sceptre ; Kybele ; Asklepios ; Hygieia ; Telesphoros ; with others of no special interest {Num. Chron., viii. %o, 31). Colossae, on the Lycus. Imperial — Augustus to Gordian, with or without portraits. Inscr., KOAOCCHMnN, rarely KOAOCCHNOIC AN€0- HKeN. Magistrates — Archon, Grammateus. Types, referring chiefly to the worship of Helios and Artemis, who is represented as Artemis Ephesia, Artemis huntress, or in a biga of stags. Also, Zeus Laodikeus, Demeter, Serapis, Isis, Asklepios, and Hygieia, AHMOC, etc. (Num. Chron., viii. 32 ; Uev. Num., xvi. 168.) Cotiaenm, the modem Koutaya (Waddington, As. Min., 21), on the road from Dorylaeum to Philadelphia. Imperial — Tiberius to Saloninus. I;z«cr., KOTIAenN or KOTI AEIC. Magistrate, Anthypatos, ETll MAPK[OY] AETTIAOY, M. Aemilius Lepidus, Proconsul of Asia, a. D. 21-22; and [CJKATTAA ANO Scapula (1) Procos., circ. a.d. 114-116. Local magis- trates — Archon, Hippikos, Neokoros, Archiereus, YIOC TTOAenC (cf. Attuda), and AmNOOeiHC AIA BIOY. Types— olv. PHMH; AHMOC; BOYAH ; CYNKAHTOC ; or Emperor's head ; rev. Helios in quadriga ; Zeus seated ; Kybele ; Herakles carrying infant Telephos, or in the garden of the Hesperides ; Herakles and Amazon standing ; Asklepios, Hygieia, and Telesphoros ; Asiatic goddess as Artemis Ephesia, etc. [Num. Chron., viii. 23, and 2nd ser., i. 222.) Alliance coins with Ephesus. 562 PHBJOIA. Diocaesareia. See Ceretapa. Dioclea, the Docela of Ptolemy, now Doghla (Ramsay, Journ. Hell. Skid., iv. 42a), was the most important of a number of villages in a district in- habited by the Mozeani or Moxeani. It stood in a large and well- watered valley on the road from Acmonia to Eucarpia. Imjjerial of Elagabalus. Inscr., AlOKAeANnN MOZeANnN, Apollo standing between tripod and column, on which he places his lyre. (Cf. Hierocharax in the same district.) Dionysopolis occupied one of the richest districts on the Upper Maeander (Ramsay, Journ. Hell. Stud., iv. 379). The town, according to Steph. Byz., s.v., was founded by Attains and Eumenes on the spot' where they had found a ^oavov of Dionysos. There are autonomous bronze coins of the second or first century B. c. Head of young Dionysos. AIONYZO Dionysos standing, hold- ing grapes and thyrsos, beside him a panther iE -85 Imj^erial — Augustus to Maesa. Imcr., AIONYCOnOA€ITnN. Magn- trates—\^?V(C AlONYCOYand Strategos, often with dedicatory formula, ANeOHK€N. Types— olv. Head of Zeus, with inscr., Z€YC TTOTHOC, epithet elsewhere unknown ; of Serapis ; of Dionysos ; of Demos ; of Hiera Boule, etc.; or Emperor: rev. Dionysos enthroned or standing; Demeter(?) veiled, holding up in each hand a torch, beside her Telesphoros (Journ. Hell. Stud., iv. 161); Asklepios and Telesphoros; Kybele ; MCANAPOC, River Maeander recumbent. Inscriptions published by Ramsay {I. c.) also make mention of the god called "HAtos AfpiJi.r]v6s, AiToWoov Aapjirjvos or "HAioy 'AttoWwv AvepjjLrjvos, who is clearly the same as the AAIPBHNOC of the coins of Hierapolis, indicating a close religious connection between the two cities. Docimium, now Istcha Kara Hissar (Ramsay, Mittheil., vii. 133), situated, according to Strabo (xii. 8), sixty stadia from Synnada, was founded by a Macedonian named Docimus, probably the general who surrendered Synnada to Lysimachus, B.C. 303. Imperial — Claudius to Tranquillina. Inscr., AOKIMCnN or AOKIMCHN MAKeAONflN. Magistrate — Anthypatos, ETTI KOPBOYAHNOC ANOY., probably Cn. Domitius Corbulo, Proconsul of Asia a.d. 51 or 52, who was put to death by order of Nero at Cenchreae A. D. 67. Local magistrates, Strategos and Archon. Types — ohv. Head of AOKIMOC, the founder; also AHMOC, BOYAH, lePA CYNKAHTOC, or the Emperor: rey. Pallas; Apollo ; Dionysos ; Hades-Serapis, with Kerberos ; Asklepios ; Kybele ; Veiled Goddess facing between two bulls ; River-god ; Conical hill called nePCIC on a coin belonging to Mr. Lawson, containing perhaps an allu- sion to the famous quarries of the marble known as Docimean or Synnadian ; the goddess of the town standing beside the mountain {Z.f.N.,Vx.i?,). Dorylaeum, on the river Thymbrius, near its confluence with the San- garius. Imperial — Augustus to Philip Junior. Inscr., AOPYAAenN. DIOCLEA—EUMENTA. 563 Magistrate, Anthypatos, ITAMKn AMOYflATfi, Ti. Catius C. Siliu8 Italicus, Proconsul of Asia shortly after A. D. 77. Local Magistrate, Archon. Types — obv. Head of Serapis or of Emperor ; rev. River-god ; Kybele ; Zeus ; Dionysos ; Pallas ; Artemis ; Hades-Serapis with Ker- beros ; Thanatos holding reversed torch. Epictetns, a district of Phrygia, so called because it had been ' re- covered' from the Bithyiiians, who had seized it after the death of Alexander the Great. Autonomous bronze of the third or second century B. 0. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 398.) Helmeted bust. Helmet with cheek-pieces. Head of Zeus. EniKTHTEnM Horse walking, some- times on a caduceus ; above j)ileus, surmounted by star . . . ^ -8 „ Sword and sheath M -45 „ Eagle on fulmen M -6^ Euoarpia, probably situate near the sources of the Maeander. Imperial —Augustus to Volusian. Inscr., EYKAPnenN, GYKAPneiA, or CYKAP- TTITIKOY. Magistrates— Neokoros,Aitesamenos and \^?WK{Zeit.f.Num., vii. 338.) Cf. Acmonia, Attuda, and Prymnessus, where a Priestess also places her name upon the coins. Also the unusual inscriptions €711- MeAHOeiCHC neAIAC CeKOYNAHC (Pedia Secunda, although a woman, appears to have been the eponymous magistrate of Eucarpia) and eniMeAHOeNTOC r. KA. ^AAKKOY. Types — ohv. Heads of Demos, Boule, Eucarpia, Hermes, or Emperors : rev. Kybele with lion ; Artemis drawing an arrow from quiver, standing between stag and small veiled female figure wearing modius (the Priestess of the city ?). See Millingen, Syll., 79 ; Rev. Num., 1851, 170 ; Hermes, ix. 492. Eumeuia, now IhJieHii, was situated at the foot of a hill from which a stream called the Cludrus flowed through the city in a winding course towards the Maeander. The territory of the city was probably bounded by the Glaucus, another tributary of the Maeander (Ramsay, Joiirn. Hell. Stud., iv. 399). The town is said to have been named after Eumenes II. of Pergamum. The coins prove that its inhabitants claimed an Achaean origin. Second or First century B.C.. Head of young Dionysos. Head of Zeus. Head of Pallas. EYMENEnM Tripod and bipennis, with serpent twined round both; in field, three stars. Magistrates' names ^ -85 EYMENEnN in oak-wreath . M -6 „ Nike stephanei^horos /M^ma/— Augustus to Gallienus. Inscr., €YMeislenN or CYMCNenN AXAinN. Magistrate — Archiereua, or APXiepeYC ACIAC. Games (under Gallienus), IAriNI AOY Pallas with spear and shield JE -65 The magistrate's name, Smertorix, occurs also on contemporary coins, with the legend EYMENEHN. It is remarkable that the portrait of Fulvia on these coins bears a striking resemblance to that of Cleopatra. Grimenotliyrae, at or near the modern Ouchak. In the text of Ptolemy the name appears as Trimenothyrae. It was also called for a time Trajanopolis (Waddington, As. Miu., 77.) Concerning the true form of the name, see Num. Ghron., 1865, p. 172. Autonomous bronze oi Imperial times and Imperial — Hadrian and Sabina. Inscr., rPIM^NOOYPeflN. Principal types — The god Men standing ; Asklepios and Hygieia ; Pallas, etc. Also Trajan to Gordian, with inscr., TPAIANOnOACITnN, with or without portraits. Magistrates — Archon and Grammateus. Types — Kybele ; Zeus Laodikeus; Amazon on horseback; Asklepios; AHMOC; lePA BO YAH ; Dionysos, etc. Hadrianopolis, or Hadrianopolis Sebaste, in the extreme south-east corner of Phrygia Paroreius, south of Philomelium, near BogJian Arslan. Imperial — Ant. Pius, Severus, Maximus, Gordian, and Balbinus. Inser., AAPIA and AAPIAMOnO. Magistrate, Archon. ^'y/jes— Tyche (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p.400) ; Zeus enthroned, etc. ; River KAPMGIOC ; (W. M. Ramsay, Mittheilungen d. arch. Inst. Athen., 1883, p. 76) ; Hygieia, etc. Hierapolis, a considerable town between the Lycus and the Maeander, about five miles north of Laodiceia, famous for its warm springs and its Plutonium, a cave in the mountain side, from which a poisonous vapour was emitted. The tutelary divinity of the mountain near which the city stood was Leto, ' the Mother.' Games were celebrated at Hierapolis in her honour called AHTUJCIA, and in honour of Apollo called FFYOI A and AKTIA nYOIA. There were also others called XPYCANTlNA (of. XPYCANOeiNA, at Sardes, p. ^^■^). Helios, called Lairbenos, was also greatly revered at Hierapolis. (Cf. inscriptions of Dionysopolis, p. 562.) Autonomous Bronze of the Second or First century B.C. Head of Apollo. lEPAHOAEITXlN Figure seated on three shields ^-1 FULFIA— JULIA. 565 Imperial — Augustus to Valerian. Inscr., iePATTOA€ITriN, with or without NenKOPriN, rarely lePOTTOAeiTHM. Magistrates— the name of the Proconsul <))ABIOZ MAZIMOZ, B.C. 5, occurs without his title; also local magistrates' names, without titles, or with those of Archon and Strategos, and, on a coin of Verus, that of Asiarch, viz. en I M€AHO6NT0C KA. nnAAiriNOC ACIAPXOY. Types ~obv. Heads of rePOYCIA ; BOYAH; AHMOC; ICPA CYNKAHTOC; Helios AAIPBHNOC; Apollo APXHr€THC ; ApoUo Kitharoedos ; Dionysos ; Asklepios ; or the Emperor: rev. XPYCOPOAC, River-god; ZeYC BOZIOC and ZCYC TPniOC; MOyOC and TOPPHCOC facing one another; the former holding bow and branch, the latter (elsewhere unknown) wearing long cloak, leaning upon lyre and holding statuette of goddess in his hand; Hades- Serapis with Kerberos; Nemesis; Men standing; Selene in biga ; Rape of Persephone ; Amazon on horseback; CYnOCIA or EYBOCIA standing with rudder and cornucopiae, in which is seated the infant Plutos, symbolical of the fertility of the soil and of abundance (Imhoof, 31on. Gr., p. 403); Zeus Laodikeus, with eagle and sceptre ; Asiatic Artemis with her stags ; and many others. Alliance coins with Aphrodisias, Ceretapa, Cibyra, Ephesus, Laodiceia, Sardes, Smyrna, and Synnada. Hierocharax, in the country of the Mozeani, is placed by Professor Ramsay {Academy, 1884, p. 174) about seven miles from Dioclea. Imperial. /K.5(?r., lePOXAPAKCITnN MOZ. This unique coin is in the cabinet of M. Waddington. Hieropolis, a small town about four miles from Bruzus, must not be confounded with the more famous Hierapolis. {Bull. Corr. Hell., vi. 503). Mr. Ramsay attributes to it a small bronze coin of late Imperial times, procured by him on the site of the ancient town : obv. lePOTTOAIC, Bust of city turreted ; rev. lePOnOACITnN, Asklepios standing. Hyrgalea, the Hyrgalian plain, is the eastern part of the modern Tchal Ova {Journ. Hell. Stud., iv. 386). The villages in this plain were united in a loose association called ro kowov tov 'TpyaKeo^v thUov, but there is no evidence of the existence of a city Hyrgalea. Imperial — Domna to Severus Alexander. Inscr., YPPAAenM OMONOI A, or YPTAAeriN alone. Magistrate, Archon. Types — ohv. Heads of AHMOC ; lePA BOYAH; Serapis; Emperor: >-ew. River-god, Maeander ; Demeter • Hermes ; Kybele seated ; Apollo and Artemis, etc. Some with dates 306' 320, and 365, from an unknown era. Julia, in the Conventus of Cibyra (Pliny, v. 29 ; Hierocles, 670 ) /OT^ma^— Tiberius to Valerian. Inscr., IOYAI€fiN. Magistrate, Archon Types—Ken on horseback, or in temple ; Kybele seated, etc. {Num. Chron ' viii. 29). ■' Laodiceia ad Lycum, at the junction of the rivers Lycus and Maeander founded by Antiochus Theos, on the site of an older town called Diospolis 566 PHRYGIA. or Rhoas, and named after his wife Laodice, gradually rose to be one of the most important cities of Asia Minor. Its earliest coins are cistophori, dating from the first half of the second century B.C., down to B.C. 50. They are distinguished by the letters AAO in the field, and by a symbol, usually a winged caduceus. They bear also local magistrates' names, and in addition, after b. c. 58, those of Roman Proconsuls, both of Asia and Cilicia, in Latin characters, T. Ampius, B.C. 58-57 ; P. Lentulus (Proconsul of Cilicia), B.C. 56-53 ; C. Claudius Pulcher, B.C. 55-54 (?); and M. TuUius Cicero, B. c. 51-50 (Proconsul of Cilicia). Bronze money before and during Imperial times — Augustus to Philip Jun. Inscr., AAOAIKenM or AAOAIKCnN NenKOPnN. Magistrate, Anthypatos, eni MAPKeAAOY ANSY., T. Clodius Eprius Marcellus, Proconsul of Asia, A.D. 70-73 ; em ANeV. noni. neAfiNOC, C. Popilius Pedo, A.D. 1 60-1 61. Local Magistrates — Grammateus, Strategos, Asiarch, Hiereus, JSTomothetes, Sophistes, and Cornicularius (?) (Imhoof, lion. Gr., p. 405, 409), sometimes with dedicatory formula, ANGOHK€N. Principal legends and types — Heads of City AAOAIKCIA, of Demos, Boule, Synkletos, etc. Also of ZeVC AAOAIKeVC, and of ZCYC AC€IC, whose symbol is a goat. See Zeit. f. Num., ii. 107, and Waddington {As. Min., 37), who considers the epithet AC€IC to be of Syrian origin, and equivalent to Zeiis v\jrL(TTos. Heads of Men ; Aphrodite ; Serapis ; etc. Heverse types — Zeus Laodikeus, standing, holding eagle and resting on sceptre ; Cornucopiae, on side of which infant Dionysos or Plutos ; Rivers Caprus and Lycus represented by the boar, K ATT POC, and the wolf, AYKOC ; Kybele ; Hades- Serapis with Kerberos ; Hypnos winged, in sleeping attitude, with reversed torch; Temple inscribed GTTlNeiKIOC (Imhooi, Mon. Or., 40^) ; Aphrodite holding dove ; Aphrodite naked, lifting in either hand a long tress of her hair, standing between Eros and a Dolphin; Laodiceia standing between Wolf and Boar (rivers Lycus and Caprus), she holds statuette of Zeus ; the Seasons personified as four children, inscr., €YTYXeiC KAIPOI ; Laodiceia seated between two standing figures named respectively ttPYfl A and KAPIA ; Quadrangular temple-court filled with figures, among whom the Emperor is distributing prizes (Berlin, K. 3iionz-Kai., p. 323) ; Rhea or Amaltheia nursing infant Zeus, around are the three Curetes beating theii' shields with their swords, at her feet are four recumbent river-gods. A frequent inscription on coins of Laodiceia in later Lnperial times is AOFMATI CYMKAHTOY (Senatus consulto). Games— Y.O\Hh ACIAC; HYOIA; KOMOAeiA ; and ACKAHnieiA. Many of the coins of Laodiceia are of large size, and are commonly called medallions. The Era of Laodiceia dates apparently from B.C. 177- Alliance coins with Adramyteum, Antiochia Cariae, Ephesus, Hierapohs, Nicomedia, Pergamum, Perinthus, Smyrna, Tralles, and TripoHs. Lysias, between Synnada and Prymnessus. Imperial — Commodus and Gordian. /wca, AYCIAACilN. Heads of Boule, Demos, or Emperor; rev. Dionysos, Hekate, Kybele, etc. Metropolis. There were two cities of this name in Phrygia and one in Ionia, and it is by no means easy to distinguish between their coins. To the northern Metropolis, which is placed by Professor Ramsay about six miles north of Ajium Kara Ilissar, may belong some of the coins which LAOBICEIA—PELTAE. 567 read simply MHTPOnOAeiTHrJ, but which it is safer to class under the Ionian city, unless it can be proved that they were found in Phrygia. To the southern Metropolis, in the south-east of Phrygia, near a place now called Tatarly in the Tclial Ova, belong, in all probability, the coins reading MHTPOnOAeiTHN OPY or es — TTAPOeNlOC, a River-god, possibly an afiluent of the Tembris, not to be confounded with the river of the same name on the coins of Amastris. APTCMIAOC, Artemis, with others of no special interest (Sestini, Lett, di Cont., ix. 81-83). Ococlia, only known from its coins. Imperial of Gordian. Inscr., OKOKAieaN. Types — Zeus seated; Zeus and Demeter standing with altar between them ; Kybele ; Tyche ; etc. Otms. Imperial — DomnatoGeta. Jwcn, OTPOHMflN. Magistrates, Archon and Asiarch, with formula of dedication (ANeOHKEN). Types— Aeneas, carrying Anchises, and leading Ascanius, or stepping into galley ; Artemis huntress ; Kybele seated ; Zeus ; Asklepios ; Telesphoros, etc. Peltae, probably situated between Lunda and Eumenia (Ramsay, Journ. Rett. Stud., iv. p. 398). Autonomous, apparently of the first century b. c. The place was of Macedonian origin. Bust of Pallas. 1 flEATHNnN Lion seated . M -H Head of Zeus Peltenos. | „ Fulmen . . . ^ .65 /ra^em^— Antoninus Pius to Volusian. Inscr., neATHNHN MAKC- AONnN. Magistrates, Strategos, Grammateus. r^^oe* — Heads of Hehos and Pallas; Herakles and Lion; Artemis huntress; Nemesis; Crescent and Star ; Aphrodite naked, holding a long tress of her hair in each hand. (See also Berl. Bldtt., vi. 132.) Also Head of the Boule with legend BOYAHC or BOYAH neATHMnN. 568 PHRTGIA. Fhilomelium, so called from the abundance of nightingales in its territory, was situated in a plain not far from the borders of Lycaonia. Imperial times — Heads of Demos ; Nike ; rev. Two cornucopiae ; Divinity standing; etc. Magistrate, Strategos. Imperial — Augustus to Trajan Decius. Inser. l, KAB(?), OS, or other letters. (Fel- lows, PI. I. I. B. M. Guide, PI. III. 34.) Incuse square, irregularly divided by transverse lines. Within, sometimes, letters O — £, etc JR Stater 145-130 grs. M Tetrob.2 42 grs. M. Diob. 20 grs. As none of the letters in this series exhibit the characteristic Lycian forms it has been questioned whether this class is correctly attributed to Lycia, but as the type and the weight are both Lycian, it would seem that these pieces were struck in Lycia before the complete difierentiation of the Lycian alphabet. ' Bet saaJcaldte Ragekor^s Anvendelse og Betydning, Copenhagen, 1877. ' If the Lycian Staters were divided, like the Corinthian, into Thirds and Sixths, the designa- tions • Tetroiol ' and ' Diohol ' for the pieces weighing 48 and 24 grs. would be inadmissible. In that case we should have to call them drachms and hemidrachms. 572 LYCIA. Fig. 318. Circ. B.C. 480-450. Boar or half boar. Bull kneeling and looking back. Boar ; double boar ; or half boar. (Fig. 318.) Pegasos on circular solar disk. Human eye (the Sun ?). Cow suckling calf (of. this sulgect as a relief on the Harpy tomb, from Xanthus). Incuse square : Tortoise ; Bull's head, Acing between + — + ; Forepart of lion, etc M Staters Incuse square : Eam's head .... & Stater 141 grs. Incuse square : Triskelis, sometimes formed of three cocks' heads . . . M Staters 149 grs. M Tetrob. 46 grs. JR Diob. 20 grs. Incuse square : Triskelis JR Stater 150 grs. Incuse square : Triskelis JR Tetrob. 41 grs. Incuse square : Tetraskelis .... M Stater 129-8 grs. Give. B.C. 450 or earlier-iOO. In this period the Lycian silver coins bear almost always an inscription in the Lycian character. The true interpretation of these inscriptions is still a matter of much uncertainty. Until within the last few years numismatists have been content to follow the classification proposed by Fellows {op. cit.), who endeavours to identify them with the native names of the various Lycian communities; but it has been lately shown by M. Schmidt [Zeitsch. filr vergleich. Sprachforschung, ed. Kuhn and Schmidt, Bd. 25, p. 449), and by Savelsberg [Beitrdge znr Entzifferung der Lykischen Sprachdenhmaler, 1874-1878), that several of these legends contain the names of native or foreign dynasts. It would be premature in the present state of our knowledge to draw the inference that all the unex- plained legends are also names of princes or rulers, and indeed it is more probable that some are those of towns, while others again seem to contain both the name of the town and that of the dynast. The following are the more important varieties : Forepart of griffin; on breast, triskelis. Boar. Bull butting. (Imhoof, Choix, PI. V. 157.) Winged and horned lion. Id. Two cocks, face to face. Forepart of bull. MOTA^E [Motl6e]. WKOFW/WE [6kof6me] TWN^M^OPI^ [Tfln^chore] ^^/^PEV^ [Chareua] . . "■Vh? [Char.] 0'^A'^ \pm\ . . . Inc. sq. Triskelis. ^iio-6 gca. Id. ^ 148 grs. Id. M 47 grs. Id. M 131 grs. Id. .31148-7 grs. Eagle M 363 grs. Triskelis. jK 134 grs. EARLY FEDERAL COINAGE. 573 PPA Two dolphins. Fl^+IT'MW (retro- grade) [FahitSzd] dolphin and tunny fiab. Two dolphins. Dolphin (FeUows, PI. I. 9.) Dolphin. Winged and homed lion. Forepart of winged lion. Lion ramping. Lion's head, facing. Griffin crouching. Griffin prancing. Sphinx. Lion derouring bull. Horse scratching himself. Horse kneeling, looking back. Horse standing. Foreparts of bull and horse, back to back. Foreparts of two bulls, back to back. Foreparts of two lions, back to back. Boar. Forepart of boar. Sow. Goat. Stag. Ibex. BuU butting. Bull walking, above h Pi [Ari]. Forepart of bull. Man-headed bull, 1-. Herakles wielding club. Herakles carrying dead boar. Head of Zeus Ammon. Bearded hehneted head. GriflBn seated. Boar or forepart of boar. Winged lion on circular disk. Forepart of bull on circular disk. Female head, 1. Head of Silenos, facing. Winged boar. Head of Pallas, in Attic helmet. Id. Id. Forepart of boar. Head of Pallas, in Attic helmet. Head of Pallas, in Attic helmet. Id. Id. Id. PPA [Prl] Inc. sq. Triskelis. ^148.7 grs. Pl^X [Path] .... „ Id. ^is4grs. P f^ X [Path] . . . „ Id. ^ 100 grs. 'hM^EB [filcheb] ... „ Id. ^24.5 grs. K P Incuse square, Triskelis with one hook ending in griffin's tead M 147 grs. KOPPAAE or KOP [Koprlle] Inc. sq. TriskeUs. ^ Stater or divisions. '• 1! Id. „ Id. » ,7 Id. ,, " „ Id. „ » J) Id. „ Id. Id. " " Id. „ Id. " » Id. „ Id. „ Id. Id. " .. Id. ,. Id. Id. " Id " ). Id. „ Id. Id. Id. " „ Id. ;; ;; ^^■ TI^DCXEF^^EBE [TeSSefeebe] ',' Tetraskelis. ^Stater Id. „ OFOY [Ofou] Incuse square. Female head . . M Di^sions NPlMh [Arina] Incuse circle, Head of Apollo; symbol— diskelis a> q* * . ,. .ax otater ^•^^^."t M^'hPYE [Arina Cher6e] Pallas seated with shield before her 7P T t Ti {.piNI^ +1^ ^^"^PTE[Arinah6Ch«r;e]HeadofPer-■ sian (?) Satrap /Jl «if t PTT h [Ptta] Incuse square, Tetraskelis . . '. JR Stater PTT ^ P M ">y [Pttaraz6] Incuse square, in which Head of H firUlGS ^''f''/ Vt^tV^'^'^"'' ^''"^^^'] ^"-- »q-5 Head of Herakles, bearded . . a? oTT ^ HealffHyk,''I:^^ pi^b'toena] In^use^sq^ ^ Head of Herakles, bearded . m L ^ t PDF WTp?:'cr^ Herakles, with clubkndbow M sS^ ^POFVTEI'^?E [Arofuteigsel Lion ramping ^ Stater 574 LYCIA. n6fel6], Head of Pallas, as above. Same type. Id. Same type. Head, in conical pilos. Winged boar. Herakles wielding club. Female head, with hair turned up behind. Id. Forepart of winged stag, on circular disk. Head of Satrap JS, Stater AA'^N'^F'^A'^ [Ddgn^fgU] Head of bearded Herakles . M Stater N PTOX P ^ P t^ [Artca[m]para] Head of Satrap . M Stater p/l^s^gg/Jsp/i^ [FSchsserl] Incuse circle, Head of Hermes M, Stater „ Incuse square, Triskelis . . . JB, Stater „ „ Id. ... ^Stater „ Id. ... .31 Stater vJ^-tPEV^ F'h + IT [Chereua Fehit] Tetraskelis, with owl in the centre jH 48 grs. mi [Ppis] Tetraskelis ^ 23.5 gra. Vl' hT . . Hh 1 [Chat na] Diskelis. . M 48 grs. Circ. B.C. 400-360. The later style and fabric of the following coins induce me to class them to a more recent period than any of those which I have described above. They are characterized by their flatter and larger flans, and by the gradual disappearance of the well-marked incuse square, which is present on all the earher Lycian series. I do not think, however, that the series extends down to the age of Alexander the Great, and it is quite possible that the powerful dynasts of Halicarnassus may have succeeded in imposing the Carian money upon their Lycian neighbours : — Lion, seated with forepaw raised. Head of Pallas. Lion's scalp. Lion's scalp. IWMO + [Zomoho] Triskelis. Shell (murex or buccinum). Lion's scalp. Id. Head of Pan. Forepart of Pegasos . . . M Stater Two lions seated, face to face. .^19 grs. TA h FE [Tlafe] Female head, facing . iR 1 7 grs. Triskelis, accompanied by various in- scriptions : — MEXPI^PM^ [Methrapatal^Stater TPBBSf/NEME [Trbboneme] /R Stater F-I^A [FM] ^Stater f>-PIIort^POI [Ariz or Aroz] & Stater INjCM [Zom] ^9 grs. TPBBSjp'NEME [Trbbfineme] Triskelis ^2 3.5 grs. MEX [Meth] Young male bust, facing. J& 8 grs. P'^PEKA'^ [Pgrekle] Triskelis with dove seated on one of its limbs . . M. Stater „ Similar. In field, head of Hermes . . ^ 63 and 42 grs. P'^PEKA'h [Perekle] Triskelis. Jl -55 Of the numerous inscriptions on the Lycian coins, the following perhaps stand for towns : — Arina for "Apva, according to Steph. Byz., an old name of Xanthus ; Ckareua for Karya or Krya (Steph. Byz. ; Phny, v. a8 ; and Ptol., V. 3. 2 ; Pttarazo, for Patara ; Ppis, for Pisilis ; and Tlafe for Tlos. The following, on the other hand, appear to be names of dynasts : —Cheroe, dynast of Arina (?) (M. Schmidt, op. cit., 1881, p. 451) ; TrhUnem, LATER FEDERAL COINAGE. 575 a name which occurs in inscriptions from Limyra ; 3Iethrapata (= Mithra- pates?) ; Arofuteiese (ef.'ApD(<)rrjs= Orontes?) ; Ar(oa(m)para=' ApTeix^aprjsC^) (cf. Aesch., Pers., 29 ; Herod., i. 114-116, ix. 112), and P«re/tfe=Perikles, who, according to Theopompos (ap. Phot., Ribl., 130, b. 13. Bergk), was a king of Lycia. Circ. B.C. 330-190. On his march from Caria into Pisidia Alexander reduced Lycia under his sway, and from this time down to the date of the defeat of Antiochus by the Romans B. c. 190 the country was subject successively to the Ptolemies and the Seleucidae. The only coins current in Lycia during this period of nearly a century and a half were the regal tetra- drachms of Alexander's types. (Miiller, 1 270-1 279.) Circ. B.C. 188-168. In B.C. 190 the Romans, having conquered Antiochus, presented Lycia to the Rhodians, under whose dominion it remained for about twenty years. The Rhodians appear to have allowed some of the more important Lycian towns to strike small silver coins with modified Rhodian types :— Head of Helios, facing, with eagle in front of his right cheek. See above, p. 541. Rose, with abbreviated names of Lycian towns (?) in the field, e. g. P — A and Z — A, possibly Patara and Xanthus M 39 grs. Circ. B.C. 167-A. D. 43. In B.C. 168 the Romans restored to the Lycians their full freedom, and the Lycian towns now formed themselves into an independent League under Roman auspices (Livy, xliv. 15 ; Polyb., xxx. 5), which lasted until the reign of Claudius, A. D. 43, who annexed the country to the adjoining Praefecture of Pamphylia. The coinage of this new Lycian League has much in common with the contemporary coinage of the Achaean League in Peloponnesus. It consists of silver hemidrachms of Rhodian weight, characterized by the reappearance of a sharply defined incuse square on the reverse. See Waddington, Rev. JVtm., 1853, p. 86, and Warren, Greek Federal Coitiage, P-35- Flat, sharply defined, incuse square, within which a lyre and the initials of the place of mintage, accompanied soni etimes by the ethnic of the League, A YK I n N . M Hemidrachm 2 8 grs. Similar, but quiver instead of lyre Head of Apollo Avkios, laureate, with bow and quiver at his shoulder, his hair arranged in formal curls : on either side usually A — Y. Head of Artemis, with bow and quiver at her shoulder. JR J Drachm 13 grs. The Federal bronze money is more varied than the silver, the prevalent it/pes being on the oiverse—Resids of Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, etc., and on the reverse, Lyre, Stag, Quiver, Caduceus, etc. On some of these coins the letters A— Y or AYKIHN are wanting; but the types, common to many towns, sufficiently indicate a Federal currency. The cities which took part in the currency of the later League, either in silver or bronze are the following: Antiphellus, Aperlae, Apollonia. Araxa(?), Arycanda' 576 LYCIA. Bubon, Cragus, Cyane, C3'^dna, Gagae, Limyra, Masicytus, Myra, Olympus, Patara, Phellus, Pinara, Podalia, Ehodiapolis, Tlos, Trebenna {V), Tymena, and Xanthus. Strabo (xiv. p. 664) says that there were twenty-three towns in the confederacy. It will be seen that we possess Federal coins of exactly twenty -three towns, exclusive of Telmessus and Trabala, which only struck Federal coins in alliance with Cragus. On these coins M. Waddington remarks {Rev. Num., 1853) that ' unpre- tending little monuments as they are, differing only in the initials proper to each town, yet they are in most instances the only evidence of the par- ticipation of the various towns in the Lycian League, and place us in the gratifying position to reconstruct almost entirely the far-famed confederacy.' It was probably about the time of Augustus that smaller alliances of separate pairs of towns within the larger league were brought about. Of such alliances Cragus is usually one member. It is these unions that are supposed to be alluded to in Lycian inscriptions by the expression AS Stern of galley. ^ Stater 17 igra. Prow of gaUey in incuse square, beneath, dolphin . . ^Stater 171-8 grs. Id. M Stater 173-2 grs. ' This coin was attributed by De Witte (i?e». Num. 1858, p. 28) to Hamaxitns in the Tread, in my opinion on insufficient grounds. The mouse, Hke the locust and the lizard, is a symbol of Apollo as the averter of plagues of these creatures, 'AirdAAarj' 2iuv6ivs, napmirios, and SavpoKTSvos (Paus., i. 24. 8). OL YMF US—PHASELIS. 579 As the weight of the following coin is unusual in Lycia, it may be doubted whether the attribution here suggested is the true one. (D Triskelis. (Cabinet of Dr. Weber.) Incuse square divided by broad bands into seven triangular compartments. JR Phoenician stater iio'6 grs. Girc. B.C. 400-330. Prow of galley. Prow of galley. (Hunter,Pl.XLIII.ii.) 0ASH Stern of galley and magistrate's name. M. Stater I53'7 grs. „ Stern of galley . . . M -6^ Girc. B.C. 330-250. Regal tetradrachms of Alexander's types, with letters in field *— A, each surmounted by a star. (Mliller, No. 1276.) Girc. B.C. 250-190. After Alexander's time Phaselis, with the rest of Lycia and Pamphylia, became dependent upon Egypt, and it is to the reign of Ptolemy III. or IV. that the following later Phaselian issues must be attributed. Prow, surmounted by head of Helios, or by jugate busts of Ptolemy IV. and Arsinoe(?). (Imhoof, Choix, PI, IV. 153.) 0AZH Stern of galley and magistrate's name, AAMAPATOZ, EYIOZ, Nl- KANnP, TIMHN JR Stater 152 grs. After circ. B.C. 190. Phaselis, hke most other Asiatic towns, appears, after the defeat of Antiochus by the Romans, to have begun a new coinage of silver staters and drachms, retaining, however, the old standard of weight. Head of Apollo, r., laureate. Id. Owl, or sometimes eagle on prow. (Hunter, PI. XLIII. 12.) Prow, crowned by Nike. Pallas wielding fulmen and aegis, standing on prow. Magistrate, TPEBHMIZ . ^ Stater 156 grs. Stern of galley. Magistrate, M NAZI M. Stater 167 grs. Pallas, as on Stater. Magistrate, OEOXPHZTOZ, APXinnOZ, or KAeuuNYMOC. M Dr. 87-83 grs. <1> Pallas, as above, with letters A, B, 6, etc. in field JE, .75 After B.C. 168. Whether Pha,selis was ever a member of the second Lycian League, or whether it retained its ancient independence, can hardly be determined from the coins, which, to all appearance, are autonomous ; for although the smaller denominations in silver bear federal types, the legend AY or AYKiriM does not occur upon them. Thus the statement of Strabo (657) that Phaselis took no part in the League is not contradicted by numis- matic evidence. P p 2 580 LYCIA. Head of Apollo, 1., laureate. (Waddington, Bev. Nvm., 1853.) «1>A Pallas standing, holding Nike, and resting on spear, magistrate, AP- KEZIAAOZ M Attic tetradr. 252 grs. Id. ' A2HAI Lyre,in shallow incuse square M 39-6 grs. Imperial — Gordian, ACHA€ITuj|nI, Tyche, Pallas, Galley, Archaic simulacrum of veiled goddess, Aphrodite (?), with two winged Erotes flying in the air, and at her feet a small figure beside an altar. Phellus. Federal M, KyY.\n.ti—'i>£, &ndi Imperial oi GovAi&n. Iruscr., A eAAeiTUJN, Female figure holding flower. Waddington {Ajs.Min., p. laa). Pinara. Autonomous M of Federal types, Inscr., TTI ; and small M, olv. Head of ApoUo, rev. HI N APEflN, Bucranium. This town is expressly mentioned by Strabo (665) as one of the members of the League. Fodalia. Federal ^, AY — flOA and Imperial of Gordian and Tranquil- lina, no A AAIujTujN, Apollo standing with his lyre resting on a column; Warrior standing. Bhodiapolis. Federal M. and M and Imperial of TranquiUina, POAIA- nOAeiTUJN, Nemesis with gr iffin and wheel. Telmessns. Of the following coins the first was attributed by Sestini to Telmessus in Caria (see above, p. SZ"^)- The second seems to be undoubtedly Lycian in fabric. Circ. B.C. 190-168 Head of Helios, radiate, facing. Head of Hermes. TEAMH[SZEnN] ApoUo, seated on omphalos, holding arrow and bow Si ■(> TEA Fly iE -4 Afler B.C. 167. Federal & and M in alliance with Cragus. Inscr., AY— TEA— KP, AYKinN— KP— TEA, and TEA— KP. Tlos. Federal & of the earlier and & and M of the later League. Inscr., AYKIfiN— TA, AY— TA, or TA only, also in alliance with Cragus, TA— KP, AY— TAUJ— KP, etc., and Imperial of Gordian, TAUJeujN, Horseman, Warrior, Nike, Tyche. Trabala. Federal M, but only in alHance with Cragus, TPA— KP. Trebenna, Federal M, AYKinisI— TP, and Imperial of Gordian and TranquiUina, TPCBeNNATUJN, Zeus seated, Dionysos standing, Pallas. PAMPHFLIA. 581 Tymena. Federal M, AY — TY (Imlioof, Mon. Gr., p. 339). Xanthus. Federal M of the earlier League under its old name Arina (see above, p. 573), and M and M of the later League, AY — ZA, AYKIHN — ZA and ZANOIflN. Also in alliance with Cragus, AY — KP — ZAN. It is remarkable that so few numismatic monuments should have been handed down to us of such an important Lycian city as Xanthus. As the coinage of Lycia is almost entirely either Federal or Lnperial, it is unnecessary to append a chronological table of the issues of the several cities. The money of Phaselis alone stands apart, and offers a series almost uninterrupted from the sixth century B. c. down to Roman times. PAMPHYLIA. In the following pages I include in the province of Pamphylia only the strip of low-lying coast-land, some twenty to thirty miles in breadth, between Mount Solyma, the Lycian boundary, on the west, and Cora- cesium on the east. The mountainous country to the north of Mount Taurus, much of which was included in Byzantine Pamphylia, I have preferred to caU Pisidia. Aspendns, on the river Eurymedon, about eight miles from the sea, was a populous and wealthy city. It began to coin silver on the Persic standard early in the fifth century B. c. Ore. B. c. 500-400; Fig. 320. Naked warrior, armed with round sHeld and sword. (Hunter, PI. VIL 15. 16. 18.) Warrior, with shield and spear. (Fig. 320.) Horseman armed with spear. E, E£, EST, or ESTFB Incuse square, Triskelis of three human legs, in field, usually a symbol ..... & Staters 170 grg. ESP Incuse square, Triskelis, with lion running beside it .... . jK Staters 170 grs. EST, etc. Running boar. MDr. 84 grs. 582 PAMPEYLIA. Cire. B.C. 400-300, mid later. Two wrestlers engaged ; on the later specimens, magistrates' letters be- tween them. (Brandis, p. 494.) ESTFEAIIVS Incuse square, Slinger; in field, Triskelis, also, rarely, letters M, Staters 1^0 grs. Aspendus was originally an Argive colony, and Brandis has hazarded the conjecture that its coin-type, the Slinger, was chosen from the resemblance of the word crcpevbovriTrjs to the name of the town. The other type, the two Wrestlers, refers^ perhaps, to some ancient local myth, and a curious variety of the stater with the words BAYS' A M EN ETVS (Mion., PL XXXV. 169) beneath the type, gives us, perhaps, the traditional names of the two wrestlers, Meveros (=the Steady) and 'EXvx/ras ( = the Wriggler) (Bergk, Zeit. f. Num., xi. 337). Kirchhoff's suggestion that the inscription is equivalent to MeVeroy e(y)\inl/a, an engraver's signature, is contested by Bergk (L c). Concerning the Pamphylian legends on these and similar coins, see Friedlander (Z. f. K, iv. 297), Imhoof (Z. f. iV., v. 133), and Bergk (I. c). The form ESTFEAIIVS corresponds with the Greek ASHEN AI02. It would appear that the Greek element in the population of the town gradually decreased down to the time of the Macedonian conquest. The astonishing abundance of the silver money of Aspendus is a proof of the commercial importance of the town. The bronze coins of Aspendus appear to be as a rule later in date than the silver. The predominant types are — After circ. B.C. 300. Head of PaUas. Forepart of horse. Id. Slinger ; in field, two letters . M -65 Sling, between two letters . .31 ■'j AcneNAinN. id. . . . iE-es It is not improbable that the silver coins of the above series continued to be struck down to the defeat of Antiochus in B.C. 190, although the mass of the specimens which have reached us belong to the fourth century. After B.C. 190. After the battle of Magnesia, Pamphylia was added to the dominions of the kings of Pergamum, under whose mild rule Aspendus appears to have been practically autonomous, for it was probably about the year B. c. 1 89 that it began to issue a series of dated Alexandrine tetradrachms, ranging from year A to KO ( i to 29) and with the letters AZ before the ASPENLUS—ETENNA. 583 seated Zeus on the reverse (Muller, Nos. 1196-1231). Symbol, on some specimens, a sling. These are the last silver coins known to have been struck at Aspendus. Many of them bear countermarks of which the Seleucid (?) anchor and the tripod are the most frequent. On the death of Attalus IIL, B.C. 133, Pamphylia devolved, according to his bequest, with the rest of his kingdom, upon the Roman people. The Imperial coinage of Aspendus ranges from Augustus to Saloninus. Inscr., ACneMAinN. Types — River Eurymedon ; Herakles standing before a figure (Eurystheus ?) seated on a rock, at the foot of which is the dead body of a bull, behind the seated figure stands a naked man armed with a spear, and in the background is a lion on rocks ; Wreath, to which eight portrait-heads are attached, OGMIAOC TO. B or TO. E. Concerning the games called ©e'/xiSes-, celebrated in various Pamphylian and Cilician cities, see H. de Longp6rier {Bev. Nmn., 1869, p. 31). The word 0e'/iij here signifies a contest in which the prize consisted of a sum of money, difxa, and has nothing to do with Themis, the goddess of Law and Order. Other remarkable types are Isis Pharia ; Hekate ; Nemesis ; Two simulacra of a goddess resembling the Pergaean Artemis standing side by side in a temple ; a female figure apparently crowning a trophy. Attalia, founded and named after himself by Attalus II., king of Pergamum. Autonomous bronze from the second century to Imperial times, and Imperial — Augustus to Salonina. Inscr. and Types — ATTAA€flN, also sometimes OIKOYMGNIKOC or l€POC OAYMOIOC OIKOYMCNIKOC, Agonistic table and urn, in allusion to the Oecumenical and Olympian festivals ; Head of Pallas ; Winged Nemesis holding wheel, with grifiin beside her ; Poseidon ; Artemis ; Nike, etc. Alliance coins with Side. (See also Attalia in Lydia, p. 548.) Cretopolis (■?). The autonomous coins attributed to this town by Borrell are given by Waddington and Imhoof to Cremna Pisidiae (p. 590). See also Creteia-Flaviopolis Bithyniae (p. 440). Etenna. This town appears to have struck drachms of Attic weight in the second half of the fifth century B.C. Two athletes contendiDg. | Sepia, in incuse square. M Dr. 62 grs. {Zeit.f. Num., vi. 76.) | Bahylonie or Persic Standard. Circ. B.C. 300, or later. Two wrestlers. {Z.f. N., vi. PI. III.) Beardless head, facing. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. F. 18.) ETENNEnN Man wearing short chiton, armed with harpa. Symbol — Triskelis. . . Jl Stater 156 grs. Harpa, or crooked knife . M 11 gi-s. 584 PAMPHYLIA. Irrvperial Times. Autonomous Ironze and Imperial — Faustina the Younger to Salonina. Inser., €TeNN6ilN. Prevailing types — A female figure carrying a ser- pent ; a harpa, or crooked knife ; two combatants, each armed with a harpa (Six, Zeit.f. Num., vi. p. 79 sq.). Uagydns, a coast town a few miles east of Attalia. Autonomous bronze of Roman times and Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Types — Pallas standing, Tyche, River-god Catarrhactes, etc. In field sometimes numerals ranging from l£ {i^) under Trajan to MA (41) under Gallienus, referring, perhaps, to celebrations of festivals at various periods. Olbia (?). To this town, on the borders of Lycia and Pamphylia, M. Six {Zeit.f. Num., vi. 82) would attribute the following archaic silver staters, dating from quite the early part of the fifth century B. c. Winged Hermes on one knee, holding caduceus. Id. IMil — AM C Incuse square, lion standing with head reverted ; above, caduceus ^180 grs. la— A [0]? Similar . . ^ 178 grs. As the first of the above inscriptions is unexplained, and the second is doubtful, the attribution can only be provisionally accepted. Perga, on the right bank of the river Oestrus, about eight miles from the coast, was in late times the chief city of Pamphylia. It was the seat of the worship of Artemis Pergaea, an Asiatic goddess, bearing a close resemblance to the Artemis of Ephesus. Babylonia or Persic Standard. Circ. B.C. 500-400. Sphinx seated, with forepaw raised. Crab, in dotted square, all in incuse square M 143 grs. If the above described coin be correctly attributed, it is by far the earliest coin of Perga. There are, in fact, no other coins of this city until after B.C. 190, when, under the kings of Pergamum, it was allowed, like most other towns, to issue tetradrachms and drachms in its own name. Attic Standard. After circ. B.C. 190. Fig. 321. MAGYBUS—SIBE. 585 Head of the Greek Artemis, laureate, with quiver at her shoulder. (Fig. 32I-) Id. Id. Id. Id. Asiatic effigy of Artemis, in temple. Sphinx, seated. APTEMIAOZ PEPrAIAS Artemis Pergaea standing, clad in short chiton, holding wreath, and resting on sceptre ; at her feet, a doe, looking up to her : in field symbols, sphinx, stag, etc. ^ Attic tetradr. 264-250 grs. APTEMIAOZ HEPrAIAZ Id. . . M Dr. 60 grs. „ M\ Dr. 30 grs. „ „ Artemis standing ^ -7 nEPTAiriN Sphinx seated. . M -6 APTEMIAOZ HEPrAIAZ Quiver . \AAN A f AZ nPEI I AZ Artemis stand- ing . M •>; The Pamphylian inscription on the last described coin is by some thought to stand for the local name of the goddess ^ava.\l/as TlpiUas (= "ApTejjLis IlepaCa) (Bergk., Zeit. f. Num., xi. 334). Others with Prof. W. M. Kamsay {Journ. Hell. Stud., i. 246) consider the initial \A in Pamphylian as akin to the digamma, and look upon the word V\AN A 4J A as equivalent to the Greek Favaaaa, and as an epithet rather than a name of Aj'temis ; nPEIIAZ being the Pamphylian form of flEPrAIAZ. The inscription would then be rendered ' Reginae Pergensis.' Imperial silver medallions of Nerva of the cistophoric class, with Latin inscr. DIANA PERGENSIS, and of Trajan, with the figure of the Pergaean Artemis. Imperial, bronze — Augustus to Tacitus. Inscr., APT€MIAOC nePrAIAC, nePr, nePrAinN, etc., sometimes with addition of ACYAOC, ACYAOY, or ACYAIA; NeilKOPHN; MHTPOOOAenC THC nAMY- AIAC; also lePOC; HYGIA; AYrOYCT€IA; in reference to Games. Predominant types — Cultus-idol in the form of a richly adorned conical stone in a temple ; Greek Artemis hunting or holding torches ; Hephaestos forging shield of Achilles ; River-god (Cestrus), and many others. Alliance coins with Apollonia Mordiaeum (p. 589), with Side, and with Delphi, nePrAlflN A€ASiv ovirco vpoa-dev ovtrai' Tr)V (pcovriv. Persic Standard. Circ. B. c. 400-300. Pallas standing, resting on shield, and holding Nike; «2/m&oi, pomegranate. (Imhoof. Mon. Gr., PI. F. 17.) Id. Pallas standing, as above, but holding owl. In field, sometimes Aramaic (?) letters. Herakles standing, holding club and bow, before him, crux ansata. SIAJHTIKON Apollo standing, rest- ing on long branch of laurel, and sacrificing at altar. M, Stater 149 grs. Aramaic (?) inscr. Apollo, as above, but raven at his feet. M Stater 167 grs. Incuse square, Aramaic (?) inscr. Apollo standing before altar, holding branch and bow ; at his feet, raven. ^31 Stater. Uncert. inscr. Apollo sacrificing (De Luynes, Satrap., PI. I. 10). jR Stater The coins of this series are frequently countermarked with an Ox. To about the time of Alexander the Great may be attributed the Alexandrine gold stater described by Miiller, No. 1248, with the pome- granate as an adjunct symbol. Attic Standard. Circ. B.C. 190-36. After the defeat of Antiochus, Side, like Aspendus, retained practical autonomy, and became one of the chief places of mintage on the south coast of Asia Minor ; but, while Aspendus reverted to the types of the Alexandrine tetradrachm, Side seems to have taken the Alexandrine gold stater as the model of her new silver coins. The types of the tetradrachmfi of Side are, however, rather suggested by than copied from the Alexan- drine gold coin. SIBE—SILLYUM. 587 Head of Pallas, in crested Corinthian Nike holding wreath ; symbol — pome- helmet. {Pellerin, PI. LXXI. 20.) granate. Infield, Magistrates' names, AO, AP, A*, AE, AEI, Al, AIOA, T\, CT, KAEYX, XPY, etc. . . . M, Attic tetradr. 264-240 grs. M, „ dr. 60 grs. Many of these tetradrachms are countermarked with a bow and bow- case crossed, accompanied by the names, for the most part, of cistgphoric mints, AAPA, AHA, DA, HEPr, ZAP, ZTPA, TPA (Adramyteum, Apameia, Parium (?), Pergamum, Sardes, Stratoniceia (? ), and Tralles), etc., showing that under the Roman rule they were tariffed as equivalent to the cis- tophorus (Mommsen, Hist. Hon. Bom., i. 99). Other countermarks are also found, among which the Anchor (perhaps a Seleucid symbol) is the most frequent. This coinage probably lasted down to the middle of the first century B. C, and its astonishing abundance is perhaps due to the fact that Side was the great mart in which the Cilician pirates were in the habit of disposing of their booty. Head of Pallas. Id. Zl AHTflN Nike carrying wreath and palm; symbol — Pomegranate. M ■"} ZIAHTHN Pomegranate . . ^ -5 Circ. B. c. 36-25. In B. c. 36 Pamphylia, with Qalatia and some of the neighbouring regions, was formed into a separate state under king Amyntas, who continued the coinage of Attic tetradrachms at Side, adding the mscr. on the reverse, BAZIAEHZ AMYNTOY. (See below under Galatia; Num. CJiron., viii. 69-96 ; and B. M. Guide, PI. LX. 7.) Imperial— K-agnhin?, to Aurelian. Inscr., CIAHTHN or CIAHC NCHKO- POY, occasionally with epithets AAMnPOTATHC,€NAOZOY,AnPeA (see p. 598); also NiAYAPXIC, combined with the type of a galley in a port ; nPnTAnAM(t)YAnN; niCTHCeria, in northern Pisidia, south-east of Antioch and west of the Sultan Dagh. Imperial of Ant. Pius. Inscr., TIBCPICUN TTAFF- TTHNuuN, Men holding sceptre and pine-cone with right foot resting on the head of a bull. PednelissTis, on or near the river Eurymedon, north of Aspendus and Selge. Imperial — Trajan to Maximus. Inscr., neANHAICCCnN or TTCT- NHAICCenN. TyiKs — Zeus seated; Conical stone in temple (Artemis Pergaea); the Dioskuri; Nemesis (Num. Chron., x. 95). Fogla, a few miles north-west of Panemoteichos and north-east of Isinda. Imperial — Hadrian to Trajan Decius. Inscr. , TlClV K^Cl^. Types — Conical stone in temple, probably the most ancient effigy of the Artemis of Perga ; Dionysos ; Goat, etc. Frostauna {Num. Cliron., x. 96), between Aspendus and Selge. Auto- nomous of Imperialihm&'S,. Inscr., TTOAIC, Bust of city; rev. TTPOCTAN- NCnN Goddess holding globe (?) and sceptre, hnperial — Severus and Claudius Gothicus, TTPOCTANNenN, Men in temple accompanied by two lions, in field sphinx and cock ; Ares (?) helmeted, with spear, shield, and club; River-god TIOYAOCC?); Mountain with name OYIAPOC, on which grow three trees ; Dioskuri standing with crescent between them. Sagalassus {Num. Chron., x. 97), a strong fortress and town in northern Pisidia, on the upper course of the river Cestrus. Autonomous 592 PISIBIA. silver of the time of Amyntas of Galatia (second half of the first cent. B. c.) of Attic weight. SATAAAZZEnN Nike. iRi23grs. „ Cornucopiae. M 6i grs. Head of Zeus. Id. Ti/pes — Nike ; two Groats on their and bronze reading ZAP, CAfA, etc. hind legs ; Bird, etc. Imperial — Augustus to Claudius Gothicus. Inscr., CAPAAACCGflM, AHMOC or BOYAH CArAAACCenN, also K€CTPOC, River Cestrus, or Man seizing a bull by the horns ; AAeZAhJAPOC, Emperor on horse- back before statue of Alexander; the pine-cone of the god Men sur- mounted by star and crescent ; Hermes seated on rock holding caduceus and infant Dionysos. nPflTHC niCIAHN KAI 0IAHC CYNMAXOY, denoting friendship and alliance with Home, Tyi^e — ^joined hands ; CAFA- AACCOC AAKCAAIMnN, Warrior crowned by Tyche of Sagalassus, or Dioskuri standing beside their horses. This inscription leads us to infer that Sagalassus, like Selge, claimed a Spartan origin. Other ti/pes — Two altars surmounted by stars with a column between them ; Herakles slaying the Hydra, etc. Selencia ad Tannuu, sumamed ^ 2t8r;pa, and called on its coins Claudio- seleucia, probably because it had received some privileges from the Emperor Claudius, was situated quite in the north of Pisidia. Auto- nomous bronze of Roman times and Imperial — Hadrian to Claudius Go- thicus. Inscr., KAAYAIOC€AeYK€ilN. Types — relating to the worship of Men, Zeus, Dionysos, Demeter, and Herakles (Num. Chron., x. 99). Selge, according to Strabo (p. 570), was a colony of Laeedaemon situate on the southern slope of Mount Taurus. It was the largest and richest city in all Pisidia, Its earliest silver coins date from the 4th century B.C., and in type they resemble those of Aspendus with in- scriptions in the Pamphylian dialect. It is probable that there was a monetary convention between the two towns, which lay about thirty miles apart, on the same river Eurymedon ; and the conjecture has been hazarded that the types of the two Athletes and the Slinger may be connected with the names of the two cities Selge and Aspendus, that of Selge with orAeyyis or a-Tkeyytov, a strigil, symbolical of athletic exercises, and actually represented as an adjunct symbol on a Selgian stater {Zeit. f. Num., vi. PL HI. a), that of Aspendus with (re«— Zeus and PaUas. Laodiceia, a few miles north-west of Iconium, named after Laodice, mother of Seleucus I. and surnamed KaraKeKavnivr] or Combusta, probably because it had once been destroyed by fire. Imperial of Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. Inscr., KAAYAIOAAOAI- KeujNl. T^pes — Nike, Kybele, etc. In the time of Maximinus, Laodiceia received the title and rights of a Roman colony, and struck coins with the legend COL. IVL. AVS[picata] CL[audio] LA[odicea]. Type—Tyche. Xaranda (Waddington, Mel., i. ^^). Imperial — M. Aurelius and Philip Senior. Inscr., AAPANA. MHT. KOIN. AYKAONlAC, and later, CeB. AAPANAenN MHTPOTTO. KOINON, proving that the town enjoyed the title of Metropolis from the time of AureHus, and that that of Sebaste was added at a later date. Lystra. Co^owia^ of Augustus. Inscr.,QOL. IVL. FEL. GEM. LYSTRA, Priest conducting two oxen. This town is mentioned, for the first time, in the Acts of the Apostles xiv, where it is said that the people hailed Barnabas and Paul as the gods Zeus and Hermes in the Lycaonian language (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 347). Parlais, like Lystra, is only known to have been a Roman colony from its coins. Imperial — M. Aurelius to Domna. Inscr., IVL. AVG. COL. PARLAIS. Types — the god Men holding pine-cone and with a cock at his feet ; Asklepios and Hygieia ; Tyche, etc. Savatra. Imperial — Trajan to Philip Sen. Inscr., CAOYATPCHN, and later, CAYAT[penNi, with addition from the time of Ant. Pius of KOI. AYKAONlAC. Types — Zeus, Pallas, Herakles and a local divinity, or the genius of one of the Lycaonian lakes standing at rest on a long reed holding two ears of corn, and with a fish resembUng a seal at his feet. CITACIA. 597 CILICIA. "With CiLiciA TracheiA or IsaukiA. The province of Cilicia is divided by nature into two parts, which differ essentially from each other. Eastern Cilicia is a low lying fertile plain through which the rivers Pyramus and Sarus make their way to the sea. The western half of the country, on the other hand, is a rugged, moun- tainous land, whence it was called Tracheia, or the rough.' This part of the province cannot well be separated from Isauria, though numis- matists usually speak of the latter as an inland region, for Isauria certainly extended as far as the sea. I have thought it advisable, in the present work, to include in a single alphabetical list aU. the cities of Cilicia Campestris and Cilicia Tracheia or Isauria, in which district I haVe also included six townB, which might, perhaps, with equal right have been assigned to Pamphylia and Pisidia, for the exact line of demarcation between Isauria and those provinces can hardly be determined. These towns are Coracesium, Syedra, Colybrassus, Casa, Lyrbe, and Carallia. With the exception of the last, they are all included by Ptolemy in the Koman province of Pamphylia, though under the heading Cilicia Tracheia. Strabo (667), however, makes Coracesium the boundary, between the two provinces (cf. Waddington, Rev. Num., 1883, p. 34 sqq.). The coinage of Cilicia, down to about the middle of the fifth century, consisted of archaic silver staters of Aeginetic weight (circ. 180 grs.), struck at two cities only — Mallus in the eastern, and Celenderis in the western portion of Cilicia. It was not until somewhat later that Tarsus, Soh, and Nagidus also began to strike silver money on the Persic standard (circ. 170-160 grs.^, and, later still, Issus. These six towns were the only important Cilician mints before the age of Alexander. Their money is partly municipal and partly satrapal, i. e. struck in the names or with the types of the Persian satraps, who made the Cilician ports the base of then- operations against Cyprus and Egypt in the earlier part of the fourth century B. c. The coin-legends, as might be expected in a country with a mixed population like Cilicia, are frequently bilingual, the Greek language prevailing in the western, and the Aramaic in the eastern half of the country. It is worthy of remark that a large number of the extant silver staters are countermarked with the figure of a bull standing, with the two Aramaic letters I rtv (f) above its back. The occasion of this countermarking is not known. With the expedition of Alexander, the satrapal coinage comes to an end, and is superseded by the new royal coinage of Alexander. This, followed by the money of the Seleucid kings, formed the chief currency of Cilicia down to the time when 598 CILICIA. Pompey reorganized the country as a Roman province B.C. 67. About this time begins a plentiful issue of autonomous bronze coins at all the principal towns, under Roman protection, many of which are dated according to various local eras. Still, more numerous are the Imperial coins, for the most part of bronze, although silver occurs exceptionally at certain towns, viz. Aegae, Mopsus, Seleucia, and Tarsus, concerning the weights of which see Hultsch (Metrologie, p. 583). Adana, on the river Sarus, about midway between Tarsus on the east and Mopsuestia on the west. Autonomous bronze of Imperial times and Imperial — Commodus to Gallienus. Inscr., AAAMei^hJ, with the addition sometimes of AAPI- AlslriN, MAKPeiNlANnN, AAP. C€Y. ANTnNeiNOYnO.— AACZAN. APOYn. MAEIM€INIANnN or MAZIMeiANnN,in honour of the Em- perors Hadrian, Macrinus, Elagabalus, Sev. Alexander, Maximinus, and Maximus. Era commences B.C. 19. Types — Tyche, with river Sarus at her feet; Zeus; Hermes, etc. Games— \^?k OIKOYM€NIKA and AIO- ViyQW [Berl. Bldtt.,^. ii). See also Antiochia ad Saruni. [Kev. Num., 1854, II, 1%, 138, 139.) Aegae, on the western coast of the Gulf of Issus. Autonomous bronze of the first century B.C. Inscr., AITEAinN, often with addition of THS lEPAZ KAI AYTONOMOY KAI ASYAOY, Head of Tyche turreted; rev. Bust of horse, etc. Imperial — Augustus to Gallienus. Inscr., AireAinN, AirenN,AirAinN, etc., with frequent addition of surnames in honour of the Emperors (see Adana). Silver of Hadrian only. Era commences B.C.47. Principal inscriptions or types— Q^£i CflTHPI K. 0€n T6AeC '") ^^- °" ^^^ silver staters of Mallus in connection with the pyramidal stone are supposed to represent the iepd, aTOix^M, sometimes inscribed on the sacred stones called gaiTii\m. (Imhoof, Mallos, Megarsos, etc., p. 35.) 606 CILICIA. Persic Standard, B. c. 425-385. Bearded or young male figure with four wings, sometimes with Jani- form head, kneeling on one knee, and holding with his two hands a disk, " heneath, on one variety, the forepart of a bull with human head. MAP, MAPA, or MAPAO, Swan, above, sometimes small bird or bee . .51 Stater 174 grs. Fig. 323. Youthful male figure winged, kneeling on one knee, and holding disk with both hands. Inscr., sometimes IP'ID in Aramaic letters. Head of bearded Herakles, in lion's skin. Youtliful Dionysos seated left, in a vine with grapes ; he seems to hold ears of corn. MAAP, MAP, or MAPAOTAN Swan, in field crux ansata, bird, fly, grass- hopper, altar, ear of corn, dolphin, and other symbols. (Fig. 323.) .51 Stater 163-154 grs. MA Swan .51 14 grs. MAP Male figure driving yoke of humped oxen, left; above winged symbol, in front, grain of corn. M Stater 156.5 grs. For varieties of all the above coins see Imhoof, (I. c), wlio remarks, concerning the types, that the conical stone and the Swan are both symbolical of the worship of Astarte. The strange winged figures repre- sent various Phoenician divinities, male and female, but the only one capable of identification is that of the god El or Kronos, with two faces and four wings. The disks which they hold perhaps represent the several planets over which the divinities presided (Movers, Phoenizier, i., p. 161 sqq.). The transition from MAPAO and MAAPO to the softer form MAAAn exemplifies the frequent interchange of the liquids A and P. Giro. B.C. 385-333. The types on the coins of this period indicate closer relations between Mallus and Persia, and at the same time the increasing influence of Greek religious ideas. The king of Persia in running or half-kneeling posture, as on the royal daric coinage, with bow and spear. Id. Id. Head of Herakles, bearded, lion's skin round neck. Head of Aphrodite, in sphendone. King kneeling, with bow and quiver . M Stater 163 grs. MAA Herakles strangling lion . . .51 Stater 161 grs, Head of bearded satrap in Persian tiara .51 9 grs, MAA Satrap's head,. as above . . .51 Stater MAA or MAAAilT Satrap's head .51 Stater 154 grs. M ALIUS. 607 Pallas seated, 1., resting on spear, her Bhield beside her. MA Head of bearded Herakles, lau- reate. Bearded head of Herakles or Dionysos, bound with broad taenia. Head of Pallas, helmeted, facing, in field, grapes and M. M AA Aphrodite beside column, placing her hand on the shoulder of Hermes M Stater 164 grs. Herakles strangling lion M Stater 158 grs. M AA Demeter holding long torch and ears of com, clad in long chiton and peplos, and advancing, r. Symbol — . corn -grain JR Stater Zeus enthroned, 1., with sceptre, in field grapes, ear of corn, and letter B : under throne M M Stater 168-164 grs. Varieties, with letters , T, and I were probably struck at Soli, Tarsus, and Issus. Specimens are also known with I — S on the obverse (see Issus). B.C. 332-306. Coins of Alexander (MuUer, Nos. 1308-1318). B.C. 306-146. In this period it is possible that regal coins of the Seleucidae may have been struck at Mallus, but they cannot be identified. B.C. 146-125. Autonomous bronze, obv. Head of Tyche, rev. MAAAHTriN, Athena Megarsis standing facing; also tetradrachms and drachms of Deme- trius II., with his portrait, and M or MAA., rev. BAZIAEHZ AHMHTPIOY *IAAAEAenN KHTI AOZ. Ti/pes — Zeus or Tyche (Waddington, Hev. iSfum., 1883, p. 35). Pompeiopolis. See Soli. Sebaste, founded by Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, to whom the Romans had given Cilicia Tracheia. It stood on the mainland separated by a narrow channel from the small island of Elaeusa (Leake, Num. Hell., As. Gr., p. 109). Bronze, with portraits of Antiochus IV of Commagene and his wife lotape, and autonomous with inscr., ZEBAZTHNilNl. Imperial — Augustus to Valerian, inscribed CeBACTHC. Titles — MHTPOn[OAeriC], eACYOePAC, AYTONOMOY, ACYAOY, ICPAC, or NAYAPXIAOC. No remarkable types. Seleucia ad Calycadnnm, founded by Seleucus I. Autonomous bronze from the first century B.C. Inscr., ZEAEYKEHN THN FFPOZ Tiil KAAYKAANni, Head of Pallas, rev. Nike, etc.; Head of Apollo, with hair in formal curls as on the coins of Lycia, rev. Half horse. Imperial — Tiberius to Gallienus. Similar inscr., often with additional titles AC- [YAOY] AYT[ONOMOY] or eA€YOePAC. Among the names of magis- trates occurs that of Xenarchus (ZEN APXOY), the peripatetic philosopher of the age of Augustus. Chief types — Pallas either on foot or in quadriga subduing giants {Zeit.f. Num., xiii. PI. IV. 10, 11); Nike; Busts face to face, of Tyche and Apollo (?) ; etc. Seleucia ad Pyramum, a name borne for a short time by Mopsuestia (p. 608). Selinus, a coast-town of Cilicia Tracheia, a few miles south of lotape. Imperial — Lucilla, Sept. Severus, Sev. Alex., and Philip I. Inscr., CeAlNOYCiriN and TPAIANO. C€AIN0. THC KPAC. %?e«— Artemis huntress and Temple, on pediment of which O€0Y TPA. in memory of Trajan, who died at Selinus. Soli, a Greek coast-town some twenty-five miles south-west of Tarsus. Its silver money is frequently met with, and ranges in date from about the fifth century B. c. down to the age of Alexander. PHILADELPHIA- SOLI 611 Persic Standard. Circ. B. C. 450-385. Kneeling archer in usual archer's costume, holding out a bow in both hands. Head of Pallas ; Griffin on helmet. (Hunter, PI. LI. 27, 29.) £0, SOAEON, SOAEnM Bunch of grapes, in incuse square . . . • M Stater 169 grs. £OAI, tOWO, SOAION, SOAIKON, or f SOAEnN Grapes, in incuse square . . . M Stater 163 grs.^ M Obol. 10 grs. For silver staters struck at Soli by the satrap Tiribazus (b.c. 386-380), with his name in Aramaic letters on the reverse and SO on the obverse, see p. 604. Circ. B.C. 385-333. Head of bearded Herakles, laureate, with lion's skin tied round neck. Head of Pallas helmeted, facing. SOAE . ..,SOAIKON Head of bearded Satrap, in Persian tiara M Stater 1 56 grs. Zeus enthroned 1., with sceptre ; in field, grapes, ear of corn and letter o B. Under throne £ or £ . . . . M Stater 168-164 grs. The coins of the last mentioned class are attributed, on account of the letters under the throne M, T, I, and Z, to Mallus, Tarsus, Issus, and Soli. They seem to fall into the period between B. c. 370 and 350. Head of Pallas in crested Corinthian COAEnisI Bunch of grapes ; in field, helmet. magistrate's name abbreviated and symbols — Rose, owl, etc M Stater 164 grs. Circ. B.C. 300-71. Under the Seleucidae the coinage of Soli was continued in bronze down to the date of the destruction of the city by Tigranes of Armenia in the third Mithradatic war. The following are the principal varieties : — - Aegis, with Medusa head. Head of Artemis. Head of Pallas. Head of Pallas. Head of Tyche. ZOAEilN Turreted female figure on horseback . . ^ i-o „ Pallas wielding fulmen. .^E -9 „ Standing figure, holding sceptre .... /E -8 Owl ^.8 „ Pilei of the Dioskuri M -8 Not long after its destruction Soli was restored by Pompey under the name of Solopolis. There are bronze coins, with the head of Pompey, ^ If the Catalogue of the Behr collection is to be trusted there is also a double stater oi 316 grs. R r 3 612 CILICIA. Inscr., COAOnOA€IT.fiNl. Soon afterwards the name was again changed to Pompeiopolis. The era commences B. c. 67. 7««er.,n0MTTHI0n0AeiTnN, Head of Pompey, rev. Pallas or Nike. Imperial — Domitian to Treb. Gallus, with or without Emperor's head. Inscr., nOMTTHIOnOAeiTIiN, also in addition CeBACTnisI OMONOIA (Concordia Augg. Aurelius and Verus). nHTH COYNl AC, Fountain Sunias recumbent, holding cornu- copiae. Bust of the philosopher Chrysippus, with hand stroking his beard, rev. Bust of the poet Aratus (?), both natives of Soli. Other types of no special interest. Syedra, on the coast of Cilicia Tracheia, near the Pamphylian boundary. Imperial — Nero to Salonina. Inscr., CYCAPenN, sometimes with addition of CCMNHC eNAOZOT€PAC. (rawei— OCMIAeC (H. de ■Longperier, Rev. Num., N. S., xiv. 61), and rVMNACIAPXIA. Types, various. Tarsus, on the river Cydnus, is first mentioned by Xenophon as a great and wealthy city. It then contained the palace of Syennesis, king of Cilicia. There can be no doubt that coins were struck at Tarsus by the kings or satraps of Cilicia from the beginning of the fifth cen- tury onwards, and M. Six {Num. Chron., 1884, p. 15a) is probably right in attributing to the Tarsian mint a series of coins which numismatists have hitherto been content to leave unclassified. The principal varieties are as follows :— Electeum. Sixth cent. b. c. Phoenician Standard. Cow kneeling r., and looking back at Oblong incuse . . El. or 5? 2 i 5 grs. calf which she suckles. If this stater, which is now in the Munich cabinet, is correctly attri- buted by M. Six to Tarsus {Num. Chron., 1884, p. 152), we must infer commercial relations between Tarsus and Lydia or the Ionian coast- towns. SiLTEE. Circ. B. 0. 500-450. Persic Standard. Cow standing, looking back at calf which she suckles. {Num. Chron., 1884, PI. V. i.) Herakles wielding club, and carrying lion by the hind leg M Stater 164 grs. Baana or Banaias (?), Mint, Tarsus (?). Circ. B. c. 450-400. Herakles with bow and quiver, carry- ing lion by the tail. (De Luynes, Satrap., PI. V. i.) King of Persia contending with Hon. (B. V. Head, Lydia and Persia, PI. III. 12.) NiJ?3 (in monogram of Aramaic letters) Cow suckHng calf. JSi Stater 170 grs. WV3 Cow suckling calf ..... M Stater 166 grs. SYELRA— TARSUS. 613 Anonymous. Mint, Tarsus. CjVc.b. c. 450-400. King of Persia stabbing lion. (B. V. Head, op. cit., PI. III. ii.) King on horseback, beneath, crux an- sata.{Rev.Num.,i^6o,'P\.XYni.^.) King on horseback, holding flower ; in front Tin or ^^^. (B.V. Head, o;>. cit., PI. III. 13.) Id. (Symbol, Eagle's head.) (De Luynes, Satr., PI. XII.) Forepart of Pegasos, sometimes with symbol, Eagle's head. King on horseback prancing r., in front, crux ansata. (De Luynes, Satr., PI. VIII. i.) Id. Naked rider on prancing horse. Greek hoplite kneeling with shield and spear. (Num. Chron., 1884, PL V. 2.) Lion devouring bull. {Num. Chron., 1884, PI. V. 3.) TEPSI and pn King walking, holds sceptre and crux ansata ... M Stater 168 grs, pn Two soldiers, standing face to face M Stater 164 grs Incuse square. Kneeling archer draw- ing bow ; behind, crux ansata M Stater 168 grs Id. {Symbol, Eagle's head.) M Stater Id. With or without Eagle's head (Imhoof,il!fo«.G'r.,Pl.G.6.) M SSgrs 1'\r, Greek hoplite kneeling, defending himself with shield and spear . . JR Stater 163 grs Id. pn Similar Incuse square, part of liorse M Trite 50 grs. . JR Stater 162 grs Naked rider on fore- . JR 42 grs pn Ear of corn, in linear square ./R Stater 163 grs Fourth century B.C. During the greater part of the fourth century the coins struck at Tarsus bear the names of the satraps who from time to time ruled Cilicia or organised from its ports the various naval expeditions against the revolted provinces of the Persian Empire. Tiribazus. Circ. B.C. 386. Silver staters as described under Issus (p. 604), but distinguished by the letter T, the initial of the mint of Tarsus. Ltscr., 1D"'")/1 in Aramaic letters. The following coin of Tiribazus, with a Greek inscription, may also have been struck at Tarsus, though its rude style of art seems to point to some less important Cilician mint. Head of bearded Herakles, with lion's skin round neck. Orontas. Circ. B. C. 386. Greek hoplite kneeling, defending himself with shield and spear. Mint- mark T. TEIPIBAIOY Head of Satrap, as on coins of Soli . M Stater 152 grs. OPONTA Forepart of winged boar (Brit. Mus.) .... ^ 43 grs. These coins may, however, be also attributed to Clazomenae in Ionia on account of the reverse type. (See p. 491.) 614 CILICIA. Pharuabazns. Circ. B. c. 378-372. The coins struck in Cilicia in the nanie of this satrap are attributed by M. Waddington {Mel., p. 6^) to the time when he was preparing his expedition against Egypt. Head of Arethusa with loose hair, facing, copied from coins of Syra- cuse. Id. (Waddington, Mel, PI. V. 4.) l^n mnss Head of Ares (?) helmeted. {Num. Chron., 1884, PI. V. 7.) l^n irn^lS Head of Ares (?) bearded, in crested helmet. {Num. Chron., 1884, PI. V. 6.) M Stater KIAIKIOlsl n^Jn Headof Ares(]) . . JR Stater 163 grs. nn?V3 Baaltars, or Zeus of Tarsus, enthroned . . ^ Stater 161 grs. Tarcamus (?). Circ. B.C. 380-360. The reading here given is that of M. Six {JVum. Chron., 1884, p. 125). M. Waddington reads the name Datames. Head of Arethusa, as above. {Num. Chron., 1884, PI. V. 8.) PnpyD Baal enthroned within circle of turrets, he holds sceptre, grapes, and corn : beside him, thymiaterion. 1D3nn Head of Ares, as above . . . JR Stater 168 grs. ,, Satrap seated, holding arrow, in field, bow, above, Ormuzd. {Nwm. Chron., 1884, PL V. 9.) M Stater 163 grs. Fig. 325. nn^5?3 Similar. (Fig. 325.) llDDin Two male figures, one naked and one draped, standing face to face, with thymiaterion between them . . M Stater 169 grs. Anonymous. Mint, Tarsus. Circ. B. c. 370-350. Bust of Pallas, facing, in triple-crested helmet. {Num. Chron., 1884, PI. VI. 4.) Baaltars enthroned, in field, ear of corn, grapes, ivy-leaf, etc. ; beneath throne T. (Mint-mark of Tarsus.) . . . .51 Stater 168 grs. Compare other coins of this type struck at Issus, Mallus, and Soli. Pallas seated, with spear and shield ; behind her, a tree. {Zeit.f. Num., vii. p. 13.) Herakles kneeling on his club, strang- ling lion, (De Luynes, Satr., PI. XI.) T E P £ I K N Nymph kneeling, playing with astragali . M Stater 156 grs. TEPSI KOM Head of Aphrodite, wear- ing Stephanos . M, Stater 163 grs. TARSUS. 615 Mazaeus, Circ. B.C. 363-338. For the history of this satrap see M. Six's article already referred to. He ruled Cilicia for more than thirty years, and was also satrap, for about ten. years, of northern Syria, west of the Euphrates, the region called Eber-nahar (= Transpotamia), in contradistinction to Mesopotamia. When Alexander advanced against Babylon, Mazaeus opened the gates of the city to him, and he retained the government of Babylon under Alexander until his death in B.C. 338. The coinage of Mazaeus may, for convenience sake, be aU described under Tarsus, where, or at any rate in Cilicia, it would appear that the greater part of it was issued. The coins fall into the following classes : — Cilician mintage. Fig. 326. nripvn Baaltars enthroned. Similar. {iVMTO.CAroM., 1884, PI. V. 13,14.) Similar. {Ibid., PI. VI. 2.) "iltD Lion devouring stag. (Fig. 326.) M, Stater 169 grs. „ Lion devouring bull M Stater 167 grs. No inscr. Lion devouring bull ; beneath which are the turreted walls of a city ; in field, club. .51 Stater 172 grs. The last mentioned coins bear the mint letters I, M, S, or T, under the throne, standing for Issus, Mallus, Soli, and Tarsus. Fig. 327- T"in?y3 Baaltars enthroned. (Fig. 327.) •\bn 1 Ninrav bv n ntD=' Mazaeus, who is over Eber-nahara and Cilicia.' Lion devouring bull over city walls . .51 Stater 171 grs. The legend on these remarkable coins was first correctly interpreted by M. Halevy {Melanges d'E^igr. Se'mitique, 1874, pp. 64-71). 616 CILICIA. nni'V3 Baaltars enthroned. I ''"itO Lion walking, symbols sometimes {Num. Ghron., 1884, PI. VI. 5.) | crescent and star . . M 165 grs. The coins of Mazaeus, struck at Tarsus, are followed by staters bearing the name of Alexander in Aramaic letters. Baaltars enthroned, behind, "niD3?X. {Cat. Behr.,Y\. II. i.) Head of goddess, behind DHDy. (De Luynes, Satr., PI. XVI. i.) The goddess Ateh, veiled, seated on lion ; behind, nnj?, above, D. ^K 1 2 3 grs. Lion devouring bull, above Ti3D3i>N J&, 12'] grs. These, after a very short time, give place to the ordinary coinage of Alexander (Miiller, No. 1279 ^q-)- Their attribution to Tarsus is, how- ever, far from certain. Syrian mintage. Phoenician Standard. Galley with rowers on waves, with dates above, equivalent to years 19, 20, and 21 of Ochus (b. c. 341- 339), and years i and 2 of Arses (B.C. 338-337). {Num. Chron.,1884, Pl.VI. 1 1,12.) n?0 King in chariot, driven by charioteer, behind, an attendant in Asiatic dress JR Phoenician octadr. 400 grs. The types of these coins are those of the well-known large Phoenician coins current in the maritime cities of the Phoenician coast, from the beginning of the reign of Darius II., b. c. 434. Imitations of Athenian tetradrachms, circ. B.C. 332-331. Head of Pallas, of careless style. 1 ilTD Athenian owl {Num. Chron., 1884, PI. VI. 10.) | . JR Attic tetradr. These copies of Attic teti-adrachms were probably issued for the pay- ment of the Greek and other mercenary troops raised by Mazaeus during the final efforts of the Persians to resist the advance of Alexander. Tetradrachms of Attic weight, but icith Tarsian types, probably struck at Babylon between B.C. 331 and 328, while Mazaexis remained in power. Fig. 33S. TARSUS. 617 riri/V^ Baaltars enthroned. No inscr. Id. {Num. Chron., PL VI. 8.) *irD Lion walking. (Fig. 328.). . M Attic tetradr. No inscr. Id JR Attic tetradr. and divisions. On the anonymous coins of this series the Ai-amaic inscriptions give place to Greek letters, monograms, and symbols, and finally the anchor, the well-known symbol of Seleucus, makes its appearance above the lion on the reverse (Num. Chron., 1884,^ PL VI. 7). This is a most valuable indication of date, and proves, if further proof were needed, that these lion tetradrachms continued to be issued simultaneously with the tetra- drachms of Alexander's types. For a list of all the known varieties see Imhoof {31on. Gr., p. 377). It is noticeable that in fabric the Lion tetra- drachms resemble the gold double darics (both being extremely thick with hammered edges). The majority of the extant specimens of both these classes of coins have come from India, a provenance which fully bears out the theory of their Babylonian mintage. We must now return to Tarsus, and briefly examine the numismatic history of the town from the time of Alexander onwards. Under the Seleucid Kings Antiochus VII to Antiochus IX, Tarsus was one of the royal mints, and issued tetradrachms (B. M. Cat., Seleuc, passim.) There are also autonomous bronze coins, which extend down to Roman and Imperial times. The itiscriptions are TAPZEflN, TAPZEflN MHTPOnOAEnZ.TAPZEriNTnNnPOZTni KYANniandAMTIOXEriN TnN nPOZ Tril KYANni, Tarsus having borne the name of Antiochia ad Cydnum for a short time under Antiochus IV of Syria. The later issues read TAPCOY MHTPOnOAenC, mi. KOI NON KIAIKIAC; AAPIAM- fiN TAPCefiN, AAPIANHC TAPCOY, AAPIAhJH KOMOAIANH TAPCOC MHTPOnOAIC, etc. Magistrates' names, without title, often preceded by €ni. The chief types are the Tyche of Tarsus seated, with the river Cydnus swimming at her feet ; Zeus Tarsios, the Greek rendering of the ancient Baaltars, enthroned ; Head of Tyche turreted, and the figure of a divinity supposed to represent Sandan or the Asiatic Herakles, standing on the back of a horned lion, the whole sometimes within a monument of pyramidal form. Among the Imperial coins — Augustus to Salonina the following types and inscriptions may be selected : — ffflwi— KOMOA€IOC 0IK0YM6NIK0C, O€0rAMIA — OAYMTTIA— AHMHTPIA; alsoeNKOAPirAICOPOICKIAIKnN,CGYHPeiA OAYMntA €niNeiKl A. Concerning the village of Cotrigae, where these games were held, see Eckhel,iii.79. KOPAIA, KOINOI KIAIKIAC, TAPCOY MHTPO- noAenc, KoifJON inN kiaikhn, icaypia kapia aykaonia, koi- NOC TujisI r enAPXeiUJN {Atm. de Num., vii. 21), or TuuN TPIujN eTTAPXiuuN. Honorary titles— tAWlVOUOhK TIlN KIAIKHN; NcnKOPOC; GAeY- OGPA; A. M. K. T. B. {^-np^ri] ixeyta-rr] Ka\\la■T^^ ypap-iiaTi '^ovKv's.) Surnames in honour of Emperors, KOMOAIANH, CeYHPIANH ANTH- NeiNlANH, MAKP^INIANH AAeZANAPIH, etc. 618 CILICIA. Z»a^/e*— AIOCTAPCenN,TYXH TAPCOY, HAAAAC AOHNH, KYANOC, the River Cydnus. rar?o? JE ... ,Al Jta mum ) Nagidus iR .^ ^j Olba '" M M, Philadelphia M Sebaste M Seleucia ad Caly- JE Si M cadnum Selinus M Soli (& Satr.) ) Pompeiopolia ( JR M JE JE M ... Syedra ... M Tarsus (& Satr.) E,L.Q)JB M m'" m" JE '" ^ M IE Titiopolis .. . M Zephyrium & Elaeusa Insula ... ... M Kings , f. ... JE 620 CYPRUS. CYPRUS. In the time of the Assyrian kings there were in the island of Cyprus ten small states, whose rulers are mentioned in several inscriptions. Three centuries later Diodorus (xvi. 43) enumerates nine kingdoflis in: the island, 'Et^ yap rjj vr^a-ba Tavrr) wo'Aets ^(rav a^iokoyoi fjifv evvea, vtto bi\ TOUTas VTirjp^ei Terayixeva jxiKpa TioKicrixara, to. irpoaKvpovvTa raiy ivvea ■ffoA.ecrir. (KacrTT] be tovtcov etx^ /SacrtXe'a, ri^s (j,€V iro'Aews ap^ovTa, tm hk ^aa-iXei mv YlfpaZv v-noTiToyfxivov. These nine cities were — (i) Salamis, {2) Citium, with Idalium and Tamasus, (3) Marium, (4) Amathus, (5) Curium, (6) Paphus, (7) Soli, (8) Lapethus, and (9) Ceryneia. (See J. P. Six, Bev. Num., 1883, p. 354.) . . Notwithstanding the valuable researches of Mr. R. H. Lang {Num. Chron., 187 1 ), M. Six(oj5. ci^.)and Dr.W.Deecke(H. Gollitz, Sammlunt; dergr.Bialekt-\ Inschr. I. Die griechischhyprisclien Inschriften in epichoriscJier Schrift, 1883) the' attribution of a large number of Cyprian coins still remains a matter of con- siderable uncertainty. This is in great part owing to the extreme difficulty of distinguishing one from another many of the characters of the Cypriote syllabary on coins often ill preserved or carelessly struck, and in part also to the fragmentary state of our knowledge of the historj' of the island during the fifth and fourth centuries, the period to which the coins belong. And yet when we remember how few years have passed sincei the late Mr. George Smith, of the British Museum, discovered the key to: the interpretation of the mysterious Cypriote writing which had baffled the ingenuity of students for more than twenty years, there is good reason to congratulate ourselves on the advance which has been already made. For a complete table of the Cypriote characters and then- values see Deecke {op. cit.). The autonomous coinage of Cyprus begins in the latter part of the sixth century, and lasts till the subjection of the island by Ptolemy Soter, B. c. 31 2. It may be divided into the following principal classes : ■ — (a) the money of the kings of Salamis, Idalium, Curium, Paphus, Marium, Soli, and perhaps of other towns bearing inscriptions in the C/jpriote and later in the Greeh character ; (/3) the money of the Phoenician kings of Citium and perhaps of Lapethus, bearing Pkoenician inscriptions. The weight-standard of all the silver money is at first the Aeginetic somewhat reduced. The stater, weighing about 1 80 grs. maximum, is not^ however, divided into halves and quarters as in European Greece, but into thirds, sixths, twelfths, twenty-fourths, and forty-eighths, the denomina- tions weighing 60, 30, 15, 7-5, and 37 grs. respectively. In the first half of the fourth century this system was modified (except at Paphus, where it was maintained to the last) and brought into harmony with the Rhodian standard, which began to prevail in south-westernAsiaMinor,afterB.c.400. The later Cyprian coins consist of pieces of 114 grs., with their thirds CITIUM. 621 fourths, sixths, and twelfths, weighing 38, a8, 19, and 9-5 grs. respectively. In this period also gold staters and their divisions are of frequent occur- rence in the island. In fabric the earliest coins (those attributed to Euelthon of Salamis) have a plain smooth reverse, which, about the time of the Persian wars, gives place to a well marked incuse square containing a type. After about b. 0. 400 the incuse square gradually disappears, except on the Phoenician coins of Citium, where it lingers on down to the age of Alexander. The following are the principal varieties of Cyprian money; for descriptions of the smaller divisions, the reader is referred to the article by M. Six already cited. Citium. BaalmeleJc, circ. b. c. 450-420. Herakles advancing, wielding club and holding bow. Id., or Head of Herakles on the smaller divisions. PD 7'iy? Lion seated, in incuse square. (B. M. Guide, Fl XL 42.) ^ Stater and divisions. ,, Lion seizing stag, in incuse square . . M Stater and divisions. Azbaal, circ. b. C. 420-400. Id. (B. M. Guide, PI. XL 43.) | ijv^fv!' Id. M Stater and divisions. Baalram, circ. B.C. 380. Id. {Bev. Num., 1884, T^.zgo.) \ Dl^wij Id ^Stater Demonicus (?), between b. c. 400 and 368. Pallas standing, facing. (De Luynes, Satr., PI. XPV. 21.) BA--AH Id. {Rev. Num., 1883, p. 332.) Herakles strangling lion ; Ta . mo . ni (?) in Cypriote letters. {Rev. Num., 1883, p. 334.) I H m qS L, 41 (perhaps ^n2[l3J]DTl^D[!j :=Bn(TtX«a)i Ar]fioviKOv Kin.) Herakles advancing with club and bow, in in- cuse square . . . . M. Stater No inscr. Similar type . .51 108 grs. Pa . si in Cypriote letters. Pallas seated on prow, holding aplustre. . M 98 grs. 3felekiathon, circ. b. c. 368-362. Horseman riding sideways, beneath, 'W(D). Herakles advancing. (De Luynes, Satr., PL XIII. 8 Us) Id. {Ibid., PI. XIII. 8.) Id. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., PI. G. 2 o.) Herakles advancing . . . jJl Stater {Rev. Num., 1883, P- 335-) in*37D "pu? Lion devouring stag S 64 grs. and smaller divisions. W ^53 grs. Head of Aphrodite, wearing lofty ste- Plianos M Size -5 622 CYPRUS. Pumiathon, circ. B.C. 361-312. Herakles advancing. in''DS J7a? Lion devouring stag . . ,- [Eev. Num., 1883, p. 338.) S 64 grs. and smaller divisions. Dated with regnal years of king, rang- ing from I to 50. Curium, with name of king Stasioecus, circ. B. C. 420, father of OnasioecuS, and son of Timocharis (Deecke, p. 66). Stasioecus, circ. b. c. 420. Head of Apollo, around in Cypriote letters vo . [i .] ko . se Ku . ri . e . U . Se = [Bao-iXeuj Sraen'] f oifcoj Mvpuvs. {Rev. Num., 1883, p. 348.) Incuse square. Goddess riding on run- ning bull, above and below Pa . si .- le . o. se Ti . mo .ka.ri.vo.se ^Ba(T(X(a>£ TifiO)(dpifos . JR Stater Onasioecus {?), circ. B. c. 400. ,-Head of Apollo, around, Pa . si . le . u . [se] [O.na.] si.vo.i.ko.se=Ba(ri- \€v[s 'Ova\a-ifotKos. (Eev. Num., 1883, p. 349.) Incuse square. Goddess riding on run- ning bull, above and below Pa . si . le . [vo.se.]Sa.ta.si.vo.i=BaaiX«'[fos] STa(rifol[Ka\ .... .51 52-2 grs. Idalium (?). To this town M. Six (Bev. Num., 1883, p. 315) has con- jecturally attributed the series of the following type : — Circ. B.C. 500-400, or later. Sphinx seated ; various fragmentary Cypriote inscr. in the field. Id. E . ta . li1='HSa\i[cfav} Id. Incuse square, without type, or incuse containing lotus flower . M Stater Id. . . .51 54 grs. Id ^33 grs. Lapethus. To this town, under the rule of a certain SidqimeleJc, cire. B. c. 440-420, M. Si!x would attribute the following archaic silver staters:-^ SidqimeleJc, King of Lapethus. Head of Pallas, of archaic style, in crested Corinthian helmet, around uncertain inscr. read by M. Six (De Luynes, Satr., PI. XVI. 49.) Incuse square, within which head of Pallas, facing, wearing helmet adorned with the ears and horns of a bull, to which latter, crests are attached (of. Herod., vii. 76), on either side liiD— pnsi' . . -51 Stater 171 grs. Praxipims, King of Lapethus. Diodorus (xix. 79) says that Praxippus, the last king of Lapethus, was dethroned by Ptolemy Soter B.C. 31a. PP Head of Aphrodite, crowned with myrtle. (Six, 0;;. dt., p. 370.) BA Large krater M Size -S C URIVM-FAPHUS. 623 Uarium. Wolf biting his foreleg, above, bipennis. {Rev. Num., 1883, p. 342.) Id. Before circ. b. c. 400. 7» (?) Incuse square. Aphrodite (?) naked, clinging to a running ram M Stater 151 grs. Id M 57-2 grs. This is a very doubtful attribution, and M. Six has himself since sug- gested Amathus as more probable. Circ. B.C. 330-312. Diodorus (xix. 62. 79) mentions a king of Marium, named Stasioecus, who was dethroned by Ptolemy in B. c. 312. It is to his reign that the following coins undoubtedly belong : — Stasioecus, King 0/ Marium. Pa in Cypriote character (=0a) Head of Zeus, laureate. Pa.Sa( = 0a 2n) Id. Head of Zeus, laureate. (Six, op. cit., p. 344.) Sa . ta . si . o(i)i . ko ( = SracrioiKos) Head of Zeus, laureate. Head of Aphrodite. MA Head of Aphrodite, wearing Ste- phana j^ 30 grs. (Six, op. cit., Pl.VII. II.) MA Id ^11 gi-s. (De Luynes, PI. V. 9.) Pa . si . [le] . u . [se] = BamXevs. Head of Aphrodite . . tR 94 grs. worn. M AP I EYS Head of Aphrodite . . . (Six, op. cit., Fl.YIl. 12.) JR 44 grs. and smaller divisions. BA Pa.— MAPI E Fulmen JR 38 grs. (Six, Pl.VII. 13.) PapLms. To this city the following coins have been ascribed with Some show of reason by M. Six (op. cit.) : — Circ. B.C. 480-400, and later. Man-headed bull (River Bocarus ?), with head turned back, above and below inscr. read by M. Six, Po . ka.ro. se. Bull standing ; above, sometimes Pu . or Pu.nu. {=npv). Pa . si (=na(n) Astragalos, in incuse circle. ... .51 Stater 172 grs. JR 53 grs. (Rev. Num., 1883, p. 352.) Incuse square, in which Eagle's head . JR Stater (Rev. Num., 1883, p. 354.) Incuse square, in one corner olive spray.. Dove(?) or Eagle standing. Inscr. some- times Pa — Pu( = Ba — Uvv ?) ^ 2 7 grs. JR 12-5 grs. JR 6 grs. Pasi and Punu may stand for Pasippus and Pnytus. Id. Above bull, winged solar disk (Rev. Num., 1883, p. 355.) Bull standing, above, solar disk, in front, crux ansata. (Rev. Num., 1883, p. 356.) Bull standing, above, solar disk, around Mo . a . ge . ta. Incuse squai-e, in one corner often an ivy- leaf, Dove (?) or Eagle standing, in front one-handled vase, around Pa. si Sa . ta.sa.tO.ro ( = Bacrt. 2rao-d(i/)8pa)) . JR Staters and smaller divisions. Incuse square, in which flying eagle JR Stater (Rev.Num.,iiS^,Tp. 357.) 624 CYFRUS. Fig. 329. Bull standing, above, solar disk, be- neath, A . ri. Id. Inscr. Pa . si . po . se . Pa . si. Incuse square, in which flying eagle. (Fig. 329.) M Stater Id M Stater {Rev. Num., 1883, p. 360.) The above coins, distinguished by the flying eagle on the reverse, are attributed by M. Six to kings named Stasandrus, Moagetas, Aristophantus, and Pasippus. Circ. B.C. 400-320. Head of Aphrodite, wearing Stephanos. nA0l Dove r., above, astragalos . . M Stater and divisions and M -8 {Rev. Num., 1883, p. 364.) Nicocles, B.C. 320-310. Head of Aphrodite facing wearing Stephanos. n — BA (Haldol) Bao-tXfo)?) Head of Aphrodite, 1. wearing Stephanos. (Mion., Sup., p. 310.) Eagle standing left ; in front grapes A 22 grs. {Rev. Num., 1883, PI. VII. 16.) NIKOKAEOYS rAION Apollo seated on omphalos, holding arrow and bow. JB. Double Stater 326 grs. Ptolemy Soter, B.C. 310-305. Head of Aphrodite, wearing Stephanos. | PTOAEMAIOY Eagleonfulmen. iE-8 I {Rev. Num., 1883, p. 365.) Salamis. The series of the coins of the Kings of Sal amis is more complete than that of any other Cyprian state. It falls into three principal classes :— (a) Circ. B.C. 500-410. Fig. 330. Ram recumbent, or ram's head, (Fig. 330.) Plain, or incuse square, containing crux ansata, or ram's head. M Stater, etc. PAPHUS—SALAMIS. 625 On specimens of this class the names, E . u . ve . le . to . ne (= Evfekdcov), Pa . si E . u . ve . le . to . to . se (= Ba(n EvFi\do[v]Tos), Pa . si . le . vo . se Ni . ko . ta . mo ( = BacrtAefoy NiKoSa^oj), Pa . si . le . u . se La . ka . ri . ta ( = Ba(nXeiis Aaxapi6a[s]), E . u . va . te . o . se (= F.vF(i[v]deos), and others of doubtful import, have been read by Deecke and Six (Rev. Num., 1883, 366). (/3) Circ. B.C. 410-368. Euagoras I., B.C. 410-374. Head of young Herakles, facing, wear- ing lion's skin. Inscr. B . U . va . ko . ro.( = Evfayopo)). Head of Herakles, in profile. Id. E.u. va.ko.ro. Id. {Rev. Num., 1883, p. 281.) E . u . va . Herakles seated on rock, holds rhyton and club. {Eev. Num., 1883, p. 282.) Goat recumbent. Inscr. Pa . si . le . VO.se ( = Bao-iXf for) . 5? 31-5 grs. (B.M. Guide, PI. XX. 41.) Forepart of goat, beneatb, club . . . M 9-5 grs. Head of goat .... SI 6-4 grs. EY Pa . si . le . vo . se Goat recumbent. M Stater Pa . si . le . vo . se Goat recumbent, (rarely in incuse square) . ^51 grs. Nicodes, circ. b. c. 374-368. Head of Aphrodite, with flowing hair and richly adorned Stephanos. (Gardner, Types Gr. C, PI. X. 48.) Head of Aphrodite, hair in saccos. [Rev. Num., 1883, PI. VI. 12.) Pa. Ni . (=Ba Ni) Head of Pallas, in Corinthian helmet . . A? 43 grs. K 10.5 grs. Pa . Ni . in Cypriote and B — N in Greek letters. Dolphin . . J& -6 To this king, reigning jointly with his brother (?) named Damonicus, M. Six {op. cit., p. 287) assigned, conjecturally, on the evidence of a very iadistinct inscription, the following stater, now in the British Museum. Zeus seated, facing ; around. Pa . si . le . vo . se Ni . ko . ke . le . vo . se (?) ( = BacriXef OS NiKoxXef os). {Rev. Num., 1883, PI. VI. 13.) Aphrodite standing, facing, holding branch, and sacrificing at thymia- terion, around. Pa . si . le . vo . se Ta . mo . ni . Ka . si . ke (?) (=Ba- aCKifos Aa/xoi/i[Kiu] Ka(7(y[i'ijT(af] (?) . M Stater It should be remarked, however, that M. Six has since suggested Timocharis as a preferable reading for the reverse, viz. Pa. si .le.vo.se. Ti . mo .ka.ri.vo.se ( = Bacn\4Fos Tijuoxaptf os), and, after a careful examination of the inscription, I am convinced that this is correct. (y) Coins of Scdam,is uiith Greek legends. Euagoras II., B.C. 368-351. EYA Head of Aphrodite, turreted . . S Stater (De Luynes, PL XII. 6.) BA Id ^114 grs. (Cf. Hunter, PL XXIIL 18.) EYA Lion walking; above, star. M -6 BA Lion with eagle on his back ; above, star. EYA Head of Pallas in Corinthian helmet. Same type. {Rev. Num., 1883, PL VII. 5.) s s 626 CYPRUS. Pnytagoras, circ. B.C. 351—332. ^iG. 331- PM Head of Aphrodite, turreted. (Fig. 33 1-) Vti Head of Aphrodite, in myrtle wreath. BA Head of Aphrodite, in crenelated diadem S Stater BA Head of Artemis . . ^loggrs. (Hunter, PI. XXXH. 20.) There are also smaller silver coins weighing about 3a grs. with a female head on both sides. {Bev. Num., 1883, p. 296.) Nicocreon, circ. B.C. 331-312. N I or NIK (in monogram). Head of _Aphrodite, turreted. (Six, PI. VI. 18.) NIK (in monogram). Head of Aphro- dite, turreted. BA Head of Aphrodite, turreted. BA Head of Aphrodite, in crenelated diadem E Stater B A Head of Apollo, laureate. .51 98 grs. (Of. Hunter, PI. XXIH. 19.) N I K Head of Apollo, laur. M \ Drachm Menelaus, B.C. 310^307. Strategos under Ptolemy. MEN Head of Aphrodite, turreted. (DeLuynes, Pl.V. 7.) Pa (=Ba) Head of Aphrodite, in crene- lated diadem . . . . iff 42 grs. Soli (?). Circ. B.C. 480-400. Lion recumbent, head turned back. Head of Aphrodite, of archaic style, with large round earring. Lion's head, with open jaws. (DeLuynes, Pl.VLi.) Id. {Num. Chron.,i8'ji,-p.i2, No. 10.) Id. Id. {Num. Chron., I. c, No. 9.) {Num. Chron., I. c, No. 8.) Plain {Brit. Mus.) Incuse square, within Pallas {Num. Chron., 1871 Pa.A (=Ba 'a) Incuse which Gorgon head . Pa . E (=Ba "E) Incuse which crux ansata Pa.E (=Ba'E) Incuse which bull's head . . Pa. Pi (=Ba *i) Id. . , . M Stater which head of . M Stater , p. 15, No. 33.) square, within . M Stater square, within . M Stater square, within . M Stater . M Stater The above (inscribed) coins M. Six (p. 368) proposes to attribute to the kings of Soli, Aristocyprus, Eunostus,- and Philocyprus. SALA3nS—S0LI {?). 627 Hermes walking, holding caduceus, in front, Pa . Sa . la . ( = Ba[o-iX€i>f] 2a- Aa[r] •?). (Six, p. 303.) Lion to right. {Ihid., p. 305.) Id., in ex. A ( = Ko or To). (De Luynes, PI. VI. 20.) Lion recumbent, beneath . . . .LaC?) to. (De Luynes, PI. II. 2 ; PI. XII. 2.) Id. above, eagle flying. Incuse square, within which head of Ammon .51 Stater Incuse square, within which crux ansata M Stater Incuse square, within which butting bull, beneath A (= Ko or To) M Stater Incuse square, within which forepart of lion M Stater Id M Stater (7iei>. i\^M»i., 1883, Pl.VL 21.) B.C. 400-312. B— Z Head of Pallas, 1. (Of. De Luynes, PI. V. 8, and Rev. Num., 1883, pp. 361 and 369.) No inscr. Similar. A P Bull walking, r., above, in Cy- priote letters Pa . Sa . K 63-4 grs. Pa . Sa . Bull walking, r. K ^ grs. (De Luynes, Mon. Cyjrr., PI. V. 8.) Of these gold coins the first may perhaps be attributed to Stasicrafces, a king of Soli circ. b. c. 350 (?). M. Six is, however, inclined to assign it to Stasioecus, king of Marium, and he would read M]AP on the reverse; but although there is ample space in the field of the coin, there is not the slightest trace of any letter before AP. To the fourth century also belongs a series of coins weighing 104 grs. and ^6 grs., with Lion types similar to those described above, but of later style, and bearing various inscriptions (Six, p. 309). The latest coins of Soli belong apparently to King Eunostus II (ob. B. C. 310), who married Eirene, daughter of Ptolemy Soter (Athenaeus, xiii. p. 576). EY Head of Apollo. (Mion., Rois grecs, PI. XXXII. 2.) BA Head of Aphrodite . . i? 41 grs. Cyjn-us under the Ptolemies. For the coins struck by Ptolemy Soter and his successors in the island of Cyprus see R. S. Poole's Catalogue of the Coins of the Ptolemies Kings of ^gypt. There is also in the British Museum a tetradrachm with Alexander the Great's types with a flying dove as a symbol in the field and the Cypriote letter E under the throne, which may be attributed to Paphus. Imperial Times. Augustus to Macrinus. The coinage of Cyprus, as a Roman province after B. c. 31, consists of bronze coins, without the name of the island, of Augustus and Drusus Junior, the former inscribed A PLAVTIVS PROCOS. The coins of Claudius have a Latin inscr. on the obverse and KOI NO N KYFTPHjuN on the reverse. During the three last years of Vespasian's reign, while Titus and Domitian were Caesars, silver tetradrachms and didrachms of 196 and 98 grs. were issued in the island, with the reverse inscription GTOYC N€OY lePOY, and the regnal year of Vespasian. Under Trajan the inscription is usually AHMAPX EZ YnATO.ror Z(=TR. POT. COS. VI or VII) KOINON KYHPinM. Types— Zeus Salaminios standing holding patera and sceptre, an eagle stands s s 3 628 GALATIA. upon his wrist. Temple of Aphrodite at Paphus, in the midst of which is a conical stone, the symbol of the goddess (cf. Max. Tyr. 8, 8) and in front a semicircular paved enclosure or basin, sometimes con- taining a fish (Fig. 333). On either side of the temple is a portico containing a thymiaterion, and with a dove on the roof. The central portion of the building, pierced by three openings, is surmounted by a star within a crescent. 'oy ;)^ Fig. 332. GALATIA. [Birch, Numismatic Chronicle, ii. 169 and 223.] The province of Galatia, south of Bithynia and Paphlagonia, west of Pontus and north-east of Phrygia, was peopled by Gaulish tribes who had passed into Asia about b. c. 278. It was not, however, until more than a century after their migration into Asia that they settled quietly down in the district which was named after them. Of these Gauls there were three principal tribes (Strab. 1 87), the Tolistoljogii, who occupied the western portion of Galatia (chief town Pessinus), the Tectosages, who were settled in the centre (chief town Ancyra), and the Trocmi, who dwelt in the east, their capital being Tavium. The earliest Galatian coins are those of the following kings :— KINGS OF GALATIA. Brogitarus acquired the title of king in B.C. 58, as well as that of High Priest of Pessinus, by purchase from P. Clodius, Plebeian Tribune (Mommsen, Hist. Mo7i. Rom., iii. 313). BAZIAEnZ BPOriTAPOY cDIAO- PnMAlOY with date ? (= year 6 of his reign, B. c. 53) Eagle on fulmen M Tetradr. of cistophoric weight. 1 86-8 grs. Head of Zeus, r. in oak- wreath. (Mion., Suppl, vii. PI. XIII. 3-) Deiotarus 1. A Tetrarch of Galatia, who, for his services to the Romans, was rewarded with the title of king B. c. 74. GALATIA. 629 Beiotarns II, the son of the above, reigned jointly with his father for some years before the death of the latter in B.C. 40 (Clinton, Fast. Hell., iii. 207). He was succeeded by Amyntas b. c. "ifi. The following coin may belong either to the father or the son: — Bust of Nike, to right. (Zeit.f. Num., 1885, p. 371.) BAZIAEfiZ AHIOTAPOY Eagle with spread wings, standing on sword in sheath, between pilei of the Dioskuri. M -9 Amyntas, B. c. 36-25, was made king of Galatia by M. Antony, Pisidia and part of Pamphylia being at the same time incorporated with Galatia (Dion. Cass., xlix. c. 32). The silver coins of this king were struck at Side in Pamphylia. The small gold coins of Amyntas are modem forgeries [Num. Zeit., iii. 435). Head of Pallas. (B.M. Guide, PI. LX. 7.) Head of bearded Herakles, with club at shoulder. Head of Artemis. Bust of Hermes, with caduceus. BAZIAEnZ AMYMTOY Nike ad- vancing r., carrying sceptre, bound with diadem M Attic tetradr. 247 grs. BAZIAEnZ AMYNTOY Lion walk- ing ^ i-o Stag M -65 „ ,, Winged ca- duceus .... . . M -6 Galatia a Roman Province^ After the death of Amyntas, Galatia, together with Lycaonia, part of Isauria, Pamphylia, and part of Phrygia, was constituted a Koman province and placed under a Legatus with the title of Propraetor. The Im-perial coinage was issued from the following mints : — Ancyra, also called Sebaste Tectosagum, stood on a smaU tributary of the Sangarius, near the fi-ontiers of Paphlagonia. Its coinage falls into the following classes. Imperial times — Tiberius to Salonina. (a) /««•., KOINON rAAATflN or TAAATIAZ, with or without names of Legati, M. Neratius Pansa and T. Pomponius Bassus. (/3) Inscr., ANKYPA, ANKYPAC or AN K YP A Ni^N, also with honorary titles ANinNClMlANHC ANKYPAC, MHTPOnOAIC THC TAAATIAC, NenKOPOC, etc. Magis- trates, npedjiiVT-qi, YIpecr^fVTris avTOKpdropos, or TIpecrjSevTris avri(TTpdTr}yo9. Games— Arn[f^eC] ICOnYOIA, AKTIA HYOIA, ACKAHHEIA CliTHPeiA, etc. (y) with ifiscr., CeBACTHNXlM or KOINOM TAAATriN, rev. C€BAC' THNnN or C€BACTHNnN TAAA. (3) with inscr., CeBACTHNriN TCK- TOCArnN. Fio- 333. V 630 GALATIA. Types — Temple of Augustus ; City seated holding anchor and sceptre ; Zeus seated ; Asklepios standing ; Men standing ; Three athletes standing around a vase (Fig. 333) ; Three agonistic urns; Dionysos in biga drawn by elephants ; Aphrodite naked swimming, preceded by Eros {Zeit. f. Num., viii. PI. I. 9) ; Aphrodite naked, arranging her hair (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., 415); with numerous others of no special interest. Eubrogis (?). (Longperier, Rev. Num., 1843, p. 253 ; Berl. Bldtt., iv. 25.) Turreted female head. | EYBP Two-handled vase . . iE -65 As Imhoof has pointed out [Mon. Gr., p. 461) it is far more probable that these coins belong to some Thracian dynast of the fourth century B. c, or to some city on the southern coast of the Euxine, than to Galatia. See above, p. 241. Genua, near Pessinus, a Koman colony. Imperial — Domitian to Etrus- cilla. Full inscription, COLONIA AVGVSTA FELIX GERMENORVM, variously abbreviated. Gam.es — ACTIA DVSARIA, in honour of the Actian Apollo and the Arabian Dusares or Bacchus (cf coins of Bostra Arabiae). Fessinns, on the Sangarius, at the foot of Mount Dindymus, was the chief town of the Tohstobogii, and was famed for its temple of Kybele, containing the sacred stone (Livy, xxix. 10, 11) or wooden image of the goddess, which was removed to Rome during the second Punic war. Autonomous, first century b. c. Head of Kybele Dindymene, turreted, Head of Atys (?). MHTPOZ OEnN HEZSINEAS Lion seated -^ -95 Same inscr. Bull butting . . M ■<) Imperial Times. Head of Kybele, with legend, OCA neCClNOY[»riW] Head of Atys M -^ IA€A. (i\^Mm. CArow., 1876, p. 79.) Imperial— Axiga&ixxs to Geta. Inscr., nCCClNOYNTinN or neCCINOYN- Tirilsl Vhk{6.Tu,v) 10\\Q10{fiiayL(iiv), etc., Num. Chron., ii. 230). Types— Kybele seated ; Hades with Kerberos ; Pallas ; Artemis ; Herakles (Num.Chron.,\\. %%<))•, Dionysos; Nemesis; Apollo; River-god Sangarius, etc. Tavinm, near the Halys in eastern Galatia, the chief town of the Trocmi and also called Sebaste Trocmorum. It was famous for its temple containing a colossal bronze statue of Zeus. Autonomous, first century B.C. Lion attacking bull. TAYIHN Kantharos between pilei of the Dioskuri iE '8 CJPPADOCIA. 631 Imperial— Tiher'ma to Elagabalus. Inscr., TAOYIANinN, TAOYIANnN C€[BACTHl>«JnN] TPO[KMnNJ, or CCBACTHNnN TPOKMnN, without name of Tavium. Era begins B. c. 25. Ti/jjes — AAYC, River-god Halys ; Apollo standing beside column with his lyre ; Zeus enthroned, perhaps the colossal statue above referred to ; Pallas standing, etc. CAPPADOCIA. In early times it is probable that the Persian darics and sigli were the only coins, if there were any, which circulated in the region called Cappa- docia. But from about B. c. 380, when Datames made himself independent of the Great King, and founded a dynasty in Cappadocia which ruled the country down to B. c. 93, and again subsequently down to A. d. 17, we possess a long series of numismatic monuments. The classification of the regal series of Cappadocia is, however, involved in much obscurity. See Borrell (Num. Chron., 1863, i) and Friedlander [Zeit.f.Num., iv. loand 269). The order here adopted is that of Imhoof [Portratlcopfe, p. 38), but it is probable that M. Th. Reinach's forthcoming paper on this subject, in the Revue Nuviismatique, 1886, may involve some modifications in the arrangement. KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA. First Dynasty. Batames, circ. B. c. 380-362. Silver coins, with types of Sinope, some with his name in Greek, others with his name in Aramaic characters. (See above, p. 434.) Ariaramues or Ariamues I, circ. B. c. 363-350. Son of Datames. Bronze, conjecturally attributed to this king by Friedlander (^eziy. Num., iv. a68). In M. Six's opinion, however, this coin belongs to the reign of Ariamnes II, circ. B. c. 250. Head of Satrap. I APIAPAMNOY Galloping horseman I ^^ -75 Ariarathes I, circ. B. c. 350-333. Coins of three classes: — (i) J& Similar to those of Datames with Sinopean types. (ii) JR obv. Baal enthroned. Aramaic inscr. TiT37y3, rev. Griffin seizing Stag, inscr. mVIX, wt. 82 grs., imitated from coins of Tarsus (see Six, Num. Chron., 1884, PI. V. 12), and attributed by Waddington {Melanges, p. 86) to Gaziura, the residence of the kings of Cappadocia. (iii) M obv. Persian archer ; rev. Goat, and name of Ariarathes in Aramaic letters. Size -6. 633 CAPFABOCIA. Ariarattes III, died circ. B. c. 220. Attic tetradraehms (wt. 253 grs.) of Syrian style; rev. BAZIAEHZ APIAPAOOY, Pallas Nikephoros seated. (Mion., PL LXXVII. 5 ; Imhoof, Portrdtkojjfe, PI. V. 18.) Nysa, widow of Ariarathes II, with her son, Ariarathes IV. M Drachm — BAZIAIZZHZ NYZHZ KAI BAZIAEHZ APIAPAOOY Eniet). Nike. M-^S (Langlois, PI. I. 6, 7). Abdissares, circ. B.C. T-So(t). BAZIAEHZ ABAIZZAPOY; rev. Eagle or Horse's head. M -55 (Langlois, PI. I. 8-10). Tigranes I, B.C. 89-36. BAZIAEilZ TITPANOY or BAZIAEIIZ BAZIAEflN TirPANOY (Langlois, PL IL) See Kings of Syria, p. 649. 636 ARMENIA. Artavazdes I, son of Tigranes, B. c. 36-34. Head of king, in Armenian tiara. (Langlois, PI. III. i.) Id. (Langlois, PI. III. 2.) BASIAEnZ BAZIAEnN APTAY- AZAOY King in quadriga . . . M 56 gi-s. Nike M-7 Tigranes II, son of Artavazdes, circ. B. c. 20. Head of king, in Armenian tiara. (Langlois, PI. III. 4.) BAZIAEnZ MErAAOYTirPAlslOY 4>IAEAAH|sl02 Armenian, standing, with spear and bow . . . M ••j Tigranes III, with his sister Erato, B. c. 12-6 and 3-1. BACIA€YC BACIAEujN TITPA- NHC Head of Tigranes. (Langlois, PL III. 5.) baciacyc MerAc Neoc titpa- NHC Head of Tigranes. ePATUJ baciaeujc titpanoy AAeA•«». Pallas in car di-awn by elephants, /wscr., BAZIAEflZ ZEAEYKOY ANTIOXOY {Num. Chron., 1879, PL I. 4). (/3) Alone, B.C. 281-261. /»«cr., BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY .51 with types of Alexander, and iff, M, and M of various types. Tie. 337. Head of Antiochus. (iVwrn. Chron., 1880, PL X. 4.) Id. (Fig. 337.) Head of Seleucus I. horned. BAZIAEnZ AMTIOXOY Head of horned horse . S and M Tetradr. BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY Apollo naked, seated on omphalos . . . • SL and M Tetradr. Id. {Num. Chron., 1883, PL IV. i.) • M Tetradr, THE SELEUCIB KINGS. 639 Towards the end of his reign Antiochus assumed the title Soter in consequence of a victory over the Gauls (Appian, 8i/r., 6^). After this he struck coins with his portrait as an old man with sharply defined features and deep-set eyes. Inscr., ZilTHPOZ ANTIOXOY, Apollo on omphalos. M Tetradr. (B. M. Cat., PI. III. 7). Antiochus II (Theos), B. C. 261-346. Imcr., BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY. Head of king, sometimes as Hermes, with winged diadem. Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. V. 5, 6.) Apollo naked, seated on omphalos. (B. M. Cat., PI. V. 2.) S,M Tetradr. Herakles seated on rock . M, Tetradr. All the tetradrachms bearing the type of Herakles seated are believed by Dr. Imhoof (Mo9i. Gr., p. 426) to have been struck in Ionia and Aeolis. It was in this king's reign that Parthia under Arsaces, and Bactria under Diodotus, revolted against the Seleucid rule. This Dio- dotus, before his revolt, appears to have substituted his own portrait for that of Antiochus on certain gold and silver coins which bear the usual inscription BASIAEnZ ANTIOXOY, rev. Zeus hurling fulmen ; a type which he afterwards adopted for his independent Bactrian money (B. M. Cat. PI. V. 7). SeleTtcns II (Kallinikos, Pogon), B. c. 246-226. SEAEYKOY. (a) Before his captivity in Parthia. Inscr., BAZIAEnZ Fig. 338. Apollo naked, standing beside tripod. (Fig. 338.) M ^ Id. (B. M. Cat., PI. VI. 6.) . . M JE Youthful head of king. Head of Pallas, in close helmet. (/3) After his captivity. Head of king, bearded. (B.M.Cat., Pl.VI. 14.) Id. {Ibid., Fig. 15.) For other varieties see B. M. Cat., Sele-ucidae. Polybius (ii. 71) says that this Seleucus was surnamed Pogon from his custom of wearing a beard, which, like Demetrius, the only other bearded king of Syria, he probably adopted during his sojourn in Parthia. Autioclius (Hierax), b. c. 246-227, revolted from his brother Seleucus II and declared himself king of the province of Asia Minor. It is possible Apollo naked, standing beside tripod M, Bow in case M 640 SYRIA. that some of the tetradrachms reading BASIAEHZ ANTIOXOY, usually ascribed to Antiochus III, may have been struck by him. (Bunbury, Num. Chron., 1883, p. 83.) Seleucus III (Soter,Keraunos), B.C. 426-223/ BAZIAEnZ ZEAEYKOY. Youthful head, with slight whisker. Apollo seated oa omphalos. (B. M. Cat., Sel., PI. VII. 6.) M, Tetradr. and Drachm. Bronze of various types (B. M. Cat. ; cf. Num. Chron., 1883, p. 85). Antioclins, son of Seleucus III, b. c. 223. BAEIAEnZ ANTIOXOY. Head of child Antiochus. (B.M. Cat., Pl.VIII. I, 2.) Apollo seated on omphalos .... M, Tetradr. and Drachm. Antioclins III (the Great), B.C. 222-187. BAZIAEHS ANTFOXOY. Gold, octadrachms (Fig. 339) wt. 523 grs. and staters. Silver, tetra- drachms and drachms. Fig. 339- Head of king, diademed. Apollo seated on omphalos. (B. M. Cat., PI. VIII. 7.) A rare variety has an elephant on the reverse instead of Apollo (B. M. Cat., PI. IX. 1). The standard portrait of Antiochus III is furnished by the dated bronze coins struck in Phoenicia. There is, however, great variety in the portraits on the coins assigned to this king, and conse- quently much uncertainty as to their correct attribution ; but, con- sidering the wide extent of his dominions, and the length of his reign, this is not to be wondered at. The bronze coins are numerous and varied in type (B. M. Cat., PI. IX). There are also certain coins which appear to have been struck in honour of Antiochus III at Carystus ia Euboea and in Aetolia (B.M. Cat., PI. XXVIII. 2-4). molon, B. c. 222-220, was a governor or satrap of Media, who revolted from Antiochus and struck bronze coins ^ in his own name with the in- scription BAZIAEXIZ MOAHNOZ. Head of Zeus. (B. M. Cat., PI. X. i.) Head of Apollo. {Ibid., Fig. 2.) Apollo Musegetes ^.•85 Nike, crowning name of Melon iE -75 ' For a coin attributed by De Sauloy to Alexander, the brother of Molon and govemof of Persia B.C. 221, see Milanges de Num., ii. 342. THE SELEUCIB KINGS. 641 Achaeus, B.C. 222-215, ruler of a great part of Asia Minor on this side of Mount Taurus. He was driven to revolt from Antiochus by false accusations brought against him by Hermeias the king's minister. He then struck bronze coins in his own name, but was captured by Anti- ochus, who laid siege to him in the citadel of Sardes. Head of Achaeus, r., diademed. (Mu- nich Cabinet.) (Imhoof, PortrdtMpfa, PI. III. 1 9.) Head of Apollo. (B. M. Cat., PL X. 3.) Id. {Ibid., Fig. 4.) Head of Achaeus. BASIAEXIE AXAIOY Pallas Proma- chos ; symb-l in field, horse's head SL Stater. BAZIAEHE AXAIOY Eagle . M -75 Tripod iE.45 ,, „ Apollo stand- ing, holding arrow . . . . JEt '6^ Seleucus IV (Philopator), B.C. 187-175. BAZIAEHS SEAEYKOY. The portrait of this king, like that of his father, can be identified with certainty by means of certain bronze coins struck in Phoenicia bearing the dates 135 and 136 of the Seleucid era [hhm. Chron., 1883, PI. VI. 2). His silver coins are of the usual type, Apollo seated on the omphalos. Among his bronze coins the following are the most important : — Head of Seleucus IV, diademed. (Leake, Num. Hdl., p. 76.) BAZIAEHZ ZEAEYKOY OIAOHA- TOPOZ Lyre. Date 5"AP (136) = B.C. 177 M-^ There is also a series of bronze coins with serrated edges. Head of Apollo of archaistic style. (B. M. Cat., PI. X. 9.) BAZIAEnZ ZEAEYKOY Apollo standing beside tripod, holding arrow & a Antiochus IV (Epiphanes), B.C. 175-164. BAZIAEHZ ANTIOXOY, BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY EHIOAMOYZ, BAZIAEHZ ANTIOXOY 0EOY Eni0ANOYZ, BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY OEOY EniIAAAEAOY. Bronze coins only; rev. Two cornuacopiae; Tripod; Pallas Nikephoros. (B. M. Cat., PI. XXVI. 8.) The silver coins attributed by Prof. Gardner to this king (B. M. Cat., PL XXVI. 2rS) belong, in my opinion, to his father, Antiochus VIII (Grypus) ; see above under (y) of that king's money. Antiochus XI, with his brother Fliilippus. Heads jugate of the two brothers. {Zeit.f. Num., vii. PL IV. 2.) BAZIAEnZ ANTIOXOY KAI BAZI- AEnZ IAinnOY Zeus Nikephoros enthroned . . . . M Tetradr. THE 8ELEUC1B KINGS. 649 Philippus (Philadelphos), B. C. 92-83, second son of Grypus, and brother of Antiochus XL Inscr., BAZIAEHZ OlAinnOY EOIOANOYZ B.C. 32 „ B.C. 18 Laodiceia .... b.c. 48 Paltus ... . B.C. 239 ,5 B.C. 97-81 (?) EhoSUS B.C. 48 >. B.C. 31 Seleucia .... b.c. 312 „ .... B.C. 64 .... B.C. 31 „ .... B.C. 108 Coele-Steia. Capitolias .... a.d. 97 Damascus .... b.c. 312 Laodiceia ad Libanum b.c. 312 Leucas b.c. 37 „ A.D. 48 Trachonitis. Caesareia Paneas . .b.c. 3 Gaba . . ... b.c. 61 Decapolis. Abila . . . . B.C. 64 Antiochia ad Hippum. B.C. 64 Canata .... b.c. 312 „ .... B.C. 64 Dium B.C. 64 Gadara . . . . B.C. 64 Pella ... . . B.C. 64 Philadelphia .... B.C. 64 Phoenicia. Aradus . . . . b.c. 259 Berytus b.c. 197 Botrys B.C. 50 Byblus . . B.C. 20 or B.C. 6 Caesareia ad Libanum . B.C. 312 Came b.c. 259 Dora . . ... B.C. 64 Marathus b.c. 259 Orthosia B.C. 312 Sidon B.C. 312 „ B.C. Ill Tripolis B.C. 312 „ B.C. 64 Tyre . .... b.c 312 >. B.C. 275-4 ,, B.C. 126 Galilaea. Ace-Ptolema'is . . . b.c. 312 „ ... B.C. 47 Tiberias a.d. 20 Samaeia. Neapolis a.d. 72 Nysa-Scythopolis . . B.C. 48 (?) Sebaste b.c. 2 5(?) Judaea. Anthedon-Agrippias . a.d. 71 Ascalon b,c. 312 652 COMMAGENE. Judaea (continued) Ascalon B.C. 104 ..... B.C. 58(?) Eleiitheropolis . . . a.d. 202—208 Gaza B.C. 61 , . A.D. 129 Jerusalem . . . . b.c. 142 Nicopolis . ... A.D. 71 Eaplua B.C. 58 Aeabia. Adraa B.C. 83{?) Bostra A.D. 105-4 Petra A.D. 105-4 Rabbath Moba . . . a.d. 90 or 9i(?), Mesopotamia. Seleucia ad Tigrim . B.C. 312 1. COMMAGENE. (a) Kings. Commagene, the most northerly district of Syria, bordering upon Cilicia, became a separate kingdom about the time of the break up of the Empire of the Seleucidae. KmGS OF Commagene. Mitliradates I, before circ. B.C. 96. Bronze BAZIAEnZ MIOPAAATOY KAAAINIKOY; rev. Pallas standing [Zeit.f. Num., iv. 271, and vii. 36). Autioclins I, B. C. 69-34. In B. c. 64, King Antiochus I of Commagene, grandson of Antioehus VIII of Syria, made peace with Pompey, and reigned till B. c. 34. He struck bronze coins of the following types : — Head of king, wearing tiara resem- bling that of Tigranes. (Imhoof, Portrdtkiipfe, PI. VI. 11.) Of his successors, Mithradates II, B.C. 34-31, Antiochus II, B.C. 31-29, Mithradates III, circ. B.C. 20, and Antiochus III, we have no coins. Upon the death of the last, a.d. 17, Commagene became a Eoman province, and remained so until A.D. 38, when Antiochus IV was restored to his kingdom by Caligula. BASIAEnZ ANTIOXOY Lion walk- ing . ... ^-85 Antioclms IV (Megas, Epiphanes), a.d. 38-72. Ingcr., BAZIAEYZ MEr[AZ] ANTIOXOZ Eni[ANHS]; BAZIAEfiZ MEfAAOY AMTI- OXOY; BAZIAEnS ANTIOXOY; or BAZIAEYZ ANTIOXOZ. Head of king, diademed. Id. (Imhoof, Ibid., PI. VI. 12.) Id. KOMMATHNnM Scorpion M i-i „ Capricorn M -85 „ Double cornucopiae M -65 This king also struck money in Cilicia at Anemurium, Lacanatis, and Sebaste. COMMAGENE. 653 Zotape, wife of Antiochus IV, also struck money in her own name. BAZIAIZSA IHTAnH 0IAAAEA- OS Head of Queen lotape. (Imhoof, Portratkoj>fe, PI. VI. 13.) KOMMArHNnN Scorpion M i-i Epiphanes and Calliuicus, sons of Antiochus IV and lotape, also struck bronze coins both in Lacanatis and Commagene. Type — Two horsemen riding side by side. Imcr., BAZIAEHZ YIOI, BACIA€YC MerAC eniOANHC, and BACIAeYC MCrAC KAAAINIKOC; rev. KM.k- NATjQN or KOMMArHNjQN, Capricorn, or on one variety an Armenian tiara. For a stemma of the kings of Commagene see Mommsen {Mittli. d. Deutschen Arch. Inst., i. 39). (p) Towns. Commagene, in genere. Imperial times. Bronze, without inscription. %)e«— Capricorn, rev. Scorpion; Armenian Tiara, rev. Capricorn; also the following : — mZTIS Two hands clasijed with 1 KOMMArHNflN Anchor . M ■(, caduceus. | Autiocliia ad Euphratem (Pliny, v. 24). Imperial of Verus. Rev. ANTIOXEHN nPOC EYAA' CAMOCATenM MHTP. KOMM A. (Flavia Samosata Metropolis Comma- genes), 0. CAM. I€P. ACYA. AYTONO. MHTPO. KOM. etc. The era 654 CYRRHESTICA. begins A.D. 71, when the city received the title Flavia, in honour of Vespasian. Umal type — City seated on rock, with river Euphrates or a Pegasos at her feet ; Head of City turreted. Zeugma, on the Euphrates, at a point where there was a bridge of boats constructed by Seleucus I. Imperial — Antoninus Pius to Philip Junior. Inser., ZeYFM AT€flN. Type — A temple on the top of a hill or mountain [Num. Chron., xiv. 121). II. CYRRHESTICA. This district extended from the Euphrates near Mount Amanus, and was bordered on the north by Commagene. It contained the following towns : — Beroea [Aleppo). Imperial, with or without heads of Emperors — Trajan to Antoninus Pius. Inscr., BePOIAIUoN, in wreath. Csrrrlins, the capital of the district. Regal bronze of Demetrius I and Alexander I. of Syria. Inscr., KYPPHZTilN, Zeus standing. Dates according to the Seleucid era. Imperial — Trajan to Philip Junior. Inscr., KYPPHCTUUN. Type—^\Q\. XAAKIAenN, in wreath. Eemarkahle ("y^es— HAIOC€IPOC, Helios standing. Dates according to an era commencing A. D. 92, when the surname Flavia was conferred upon the town in honour of Domitian. IV. CHALCIDENE. Chalcis sub Libano. This city, together with the neighbouring Heli- opolis {Baalbec), the plain of Marsyas, and the mountain region of Ituraea, constituted a Tetrarchy, the whole or portions of which were governed from the time of Pompey down to the reign of Claudius by Tetrarchs descended from a certain Mennaeus, who is mentioned both by Strabo (753) ^^^ by Josephus [Bell. Jiid., i. 13. i ; Atit., xiv. 7. 4). Ptolemy, son of Mennaeus, circ. B. C. 85-40. Head of Zeus, laureate. Id. nTOAEMAlOY TETPAPXOY Eagle flying ^ -8 niOAEM. TETPAPXHCrANTOCl TOY KAI A[PXIEPEni:] TheDio- skuri, standing side by side ^ -75 Arclielaus (?), known only from the following coin: — Head of Zeus, r. laureate. I TETPAPX APXE The Dioskuri, as I above . ... . . ^ -75 Lysanias I. There appear to Have been two tetrarchs of this name, Lysanias I, the son of Ptolemy Mennaei, mentioned above, who is said to have succeeded his father, and who was put to death by Cleopatra, B.C. '^6 (Joseph., B.J., i. 13, t ; Ant., xv. 41), and Lysanias II, mentioned by St. Luke (iii. i) as tetrarch of Abilene (see Leucas or Abila in Coele- Syria, p. 663). Head of Lysanias I, diademed. AYZANIOY TETPAPXOY KAI AP- XIEPEnZ Pallas Nikephoros stand- ing ^ -75 Chalcis sub Libano (?). First century B. c. Head of Zeus, laureate. I XAAKIAEiiN Conical stone in temple I M -7 656 PALMTBENE—SELEUCIS ANB PIERIA. V. PALMYRENE. Palmyra was a place of small importance until after the Koman conquest of Syria, when it attained to considerable wealth. Its coins are aU of bronze, mostly small, and of various types, among which the Lion and the Palm-tree and the City turreted are conspicuous. The inscription, when legible, is TTAAMYPA. For detailed descriptions see De Saulcy [Numismatique palmyrenienne in Hev. Arch., N. S., xxii. p. 391, and Terre Sainte, PI. XXIV. Nos. 5-10). For the coinage of the Palmyrene dynasty of Odenathus, Zenobia, and their family, see Von Sallet, Die Fiirsten von Palmyra, Berlin, 1866. VI. SELEUCIS AND PIERIA. The four sister cities of Antioch, Seleucia, Apameia, and Laodiceia, all founded by Seleucus I, constituted at a later period a semi-autonomous tetrapolis, which, for the space of about twenty years, from the reign of Alexander Bala to that of Antiochus VII, struck Federal bronze coins under the name of the Adelphi Demi. Head of Zeus. Head of Artemis. Two Zeus-like heads jugate, r. (the Demi of Antioch and Seleucia ?). AAEAnN AHMnN Fulmen. Dates, according to the Seleucid era, 164, 165, 167, 184, and i85=B.c. 149, 148, 146, 129, and 128. M-i AAEAfUnN AHMnN Tripod M -6 ,, ,, Tyche standing, crowning name of the Demi M -i The several towns of the district called Seleucis and Pieria also issued autonomous bronze coins from the same period (b. c. 149) down to Imperial times, and Imperial money down to a late age. Autiochia ad Orontem, on the right bank of the Orontes, about twenty miles from its mouth, was the capital of the Seleucid Empire, and one of the most splendid cities of the ancient world. In addition to the purely regal coinage of the kings of Syria, coins of the following classes were struck at Antioch : — (i) Bronze. Inscr., ANTIOXEHN, Head of Alexander Bala; rev. Zeus or Tripod. Date 164 of the Seleucid era = B.C. 149. (ii) Autonomous bronze, both with and without dates according to the Seleucid era, ranging from B.C. 92-40. Inscr., ANTIOXEflN, or ANTIOXEHN THE MHTPOnOAEnZ, or THZ MHTPOnOAEnZ THS lEPAE KAI ASYAOY, or MHTPOnOAEnZ AYTONOMOY. Head of Zeus. Head of City, turreted. Head of Artemis. Zeus Nikephoros seated . .Mi — 8 Tripod M-65 Apollo . . ^ -55 ANTIOCIilA AD ORONTEM. 657 (iii) Autonomous bronze, with dates according to an Uncertain era, perhaps the Pom2)eian, B.C. 64, ranging from 2-89 (=b.c. 63-A.D. 25?). Jnscr., ANTIOXEHN AYTONOMOY, or MHTPOnOAEHZ KAl AYTO- NOMOY, or MHTPOnOAEnS THE lEPAZ KAl AZYAOY, etc. . Types — Head of Artemis, rev. Apollo ; Head of City, rev. Tripod ; Head of Zeus, rev. Tripod ; Head of City, rev. Zeus Nikephoros, seated, etc. (iv) Autonomous and Imperial of Augustus, M tetradrachms and ./E with dates according to the Actian era (B.C. 31), ranging from B.C. 4 to A.D. 16. /wscr., ANTIOXEnN, ANTIOXEHN MHTPOnOAEnZ, etc., often with the names of Koman governors of Syria, preceded by ETTI. Chief types — The Tyche of Antiocli, seated on rook, with river-god Orontes swimming at her feet, copied from the famous statue by Eutycliides of Sicyon, a pupil of Lysippus (Fig. 347) ; Earn and star in crescent (Constellation Aries); Wreath, containing inscr., APXICPATIKOhJ ANTIOXeiC. Fig. 347. (v) Autonomous and Imperial — Tiberius to Otho, M tetradrachnis and M with dates according to the Caesarian era (b.c. 49), ranging from a. D. 33- 177, usually preceded by €TOYC or €T. Inscr., ANTIOXEHN or ANTIOXEnN MHTPOnOAEnZ,sometime| with names of the Koman governors of Syria, preceded by £711. Chief ty2>es — Head of Zeus, rev. Altar; Head of City, rev. Earn, and 'Star in crescent; Female head (or Apollo ?), rev. Olive-branch ; Female head, rev. Lyre ; Head of Zeus, rev. Female figure (Boule ?) dropping a pebble into an urn ; Head of emperor, reii. Eagle on fulmen ; Head of emperor, rev. "Wreath. (vi) The largest class of the coins of Antioch are not, however, dated according to any era, but consist of M tetradrachms, bearing frequently the in- scription eiOYC NeOYieP0Y,etc.,orAHMAPX.eZ.YnAT0C TO B, r. A, etc. ( = Trib. pot. cos. II, III, IV, etc.), and of bronze reading S. C. (Senatus Consulto). Ustial tyjKs oi M — Eagle, with spread wings ; Tyche of Antioch ; etc. ; and of the bronze, merely an olive- wreath. Among the tetradrachms, those with the portraits of Antony and Cleopatra are among the most intere.sting. (B M Guide PI. LXI. 14.) ' (vii) Imjjerial colonial. — Elagabalus to Valerian. Inscr., ANTIOXEHN MHTPO KOAnNlA. Types of no special interest. The fact that from the reign of Augustus onwards both silver and bronze money was issued from the mint of Antioch in greater abundance u u 658 SELEUCIS AND PIEBIA. than at any other town of the Empire except Rome, proves that the monetary importance of the Syrian metropolis Increased under the Roman rule. The Antiochian tetradrachms of Imperial times weighed from 236 to 320 grs., and the drachm, which is very rare, about 59 grs. max., or about the same as the Roman denarius of Republican times. ' The tetradrachm was nevertheless tariffed as only equivalent to 3 Roman denarii (Mommsen, Hist. Mon. Rom., i. 49). Autiocheui ad Saphueu. Antiocheni ad CaUirrhoen. See p. 689. Autiocheui Kygdouiae. See p. 689. Antiocheni Ftolemaidis. See p. 677. Concerning the three classes of bronze coins inscribed ANTIOXEflN THN nPOS AANHI, TnN EHI KAAAIPOHI, and TXlN EN HTOAE- MAIAI, see De Saulcy, Num. Chron., 1871, p. 69 ; Eckhel, Be nummis AntiocJienontm extra Antiochiam signatis {Boot. Num. Yet., iii. 305), and Lenormant, Mon. datis U Ant., iii. 34. These coins bear for the most part a head of AntiochusIV on the obverse, and Zeus standing on the reverse. Those with the legend TTPOZ AA0NHI belong assuredly to Antioch on the Orontes, here distinguished from other places of the same name by the mention of its vicinity to the famous sanctuary of Apollo at Daphne, about five miles distant from the city. Antiochia ad Callirrhoen is Edessa in Mesopotamia. Antiochia in Ptolemais seems to be Ace, but why the preposition Iv is used is not clear. Apameia was originally founded by Antigonus, under the name of Pella, on the river Orontes, which he called the Axius, after the river of that name in Ifacedon. The town was renamed by Seleucus after his -wife Apame. It struck (i) bronze coins as a member of the tetrapolis of the Adelphi Demi (see under Antioch, p. 6^6), commencing B. c. 149. (ii) Regal M with the head of Antiochus IV, Inscr., ATTAMEnN THN TTPOS Tnl AZini, Zeus Nikephoros standing ; or Head of Alexander Bala. In»m-., ATTAMEnN TZP (=B. c. 150), rev. Zeus standing holding helmet, (iii) Autonomus M with dates according to the Seleucid era {B.C. 312) and Actian era (B.C. 31), ranging from B.C. 153 to A.D. 14. hiscr., ATT- AMEnN, usually with addition of THZ lEPAZ KAI ASYAOY, or AY- TONOMOY. Ti/pes—RQ&dL of Zeus, rev. Elephant ; Head of Pallas, rev. Nike ; Head of young Dionysos, rev. Thyrsos filleted, (iv) Imperial of Augustus. Head of City, rev. Nike. Arethusa, on the Orontes, between Emisa and Epiphaneia. Autono- mous, and /»?;3ma/ of Severus. Inscr., APeOOYCATnN THC lePAC KAI AYTONOMOY, or APeOOYCAinN" £1 fZC, or EHC (Eckhel, iii. 310). Era commences b. c. 68. APAMEIA—GABALA. 659 Balanea, on the coast between Paltus and Marathus. Local era com- mences B.C. 124. Seleucid era also in use. Female head. Veiled head of City. Head of M. Antony. Head of Antoninus Pias. BAAANEflM Zeus, seated. Date I04 = B.C. 209. BAAANEDTHM CY^wr] Nike. Date I04=;B.C. 2og , . _ . M BAAANEnN L\[pias] Dionysos in quadriga. Date 91 = 3.0. 34 .■ JR BAAANEHN CY[pmf] War-god, bran- dishing sword, and holding shield and branch, as on coins of Ascalon M -6 Emisa, on the Orontes, celebrated for its magnificent temple of the Syro-Phoenician Sun-god, Elagabalus. To this town Lenormant {AlpJiabet pMnlcien, ii. 4) has attributed a coin copied' from the Imperial of Antioch, rev. S. C. and Eagle. On the obverse is a head of the Sun radiate, and a legend in the Estranghelo character read- ing Babel Malka, showing that the Priest-kings of Emisa possessed in the first and second centuries a. x>. the right of coining money in their own names. There are also Imperial — Domitian to Sulpicius Antoninus. Inscr., €MICHNlnN, and from Caracalla's time €MICnN KOAfiNIAC, or MHTPO KOA eMICriN, and under Sulpicius Anto- ninus coins reading AHMAPX. €ZOYCIAC EMICA. S. C. Dates accord- ing to the Seleucid era. Types — Eagle on sacred conical stone, some- times within a temple; Head of the Sun-god or lofty lighted altar of the Sun, richly adorned with arches, containing statues. Ganiea — HAIA nYOIA. Epiphaneia, on the Orontes, the Hamath of the Old Testament, was renamed by Antiochus Epiphanesv - Autonomous bronze with Seleucid dates corresponding to e.g. 161-134. /M*cr., EniANEnM,or Eni(t>ANEnN THZ lEPAZ KAI AZYAOY. Types— Head of City, rev. Zeus Nikephoros seated ; Head of PaUas, rev. Apollo standing. Imperial — Tiberius to Gallienus. /««cr., enittANenisl. Dates according to the Pompeian era (b. c. 64). Types — Dionysos and panther ; PaUas standing ; Demeter standing, etc. Galjala, a coast-town south of Laodiceia. Autonomous bronze. Inscr., TABAAenN, sometimes with name of the Eoman governor of Syriaj em CIAANOY. 7»z;)ma/— Augustus to Julia Soaemias. Dates accordinc^ to a local era commencing b. g. 47, with addition sometimes of another date, reckoned either from B.C. 33 or e.g. 18. %3e*— Female figure seated holding poppy and corn, at her feet, Sphinx ; Bust of Pallas before a fephinx-hke simulacrum of some Phoenician divinity ; Seated male figure wielding bipennis and holding shield. Inscr. on some specimens ANNA or TYXH, the former of uncertain signification; Sphinx and Owl race to face, etc. u u 2 660 SELEUCI8 AND PIERIA. Laodiceia ad Slare, so called by Seleucus I in honour of his mother Laodice. Regal bronze with heads of Antiochus IV, Alexander Bala, and Antioehus VIII. Inscr., AAOAIKEnN THN HPOZ OAAAZSHI, or AAOAIKEHN THZ lEPAZ KAI AYTONOMOY. 2>7?e*— Poseidon or Ar- temis. See also the coias reading AAEAOHN AHMfiN, described under Antioch, p. 656. At. a later period Laodiceia struck autonomous silver tetradrachms bearing dates reckoned from the Pharsalian era (b. c. 48), ranging from B.C. 39 to 17. Head of City, veiled and turreted. AAOAIKEnN, AAOAIKEriM THZ lEPAZ KAI AYTONOMOY, or lOYAIEnN TfiN KAI AAOAI- ■ KEriN Zeus Nikephoros, enthroned. All in wreath . JR 230-220 grs. There are also bronze coins dated according to the same era, ranging from B.C. 47 to A.D. 83, sometimes with Inscr., lOYAIEHN THN KAI AAOAIKEHN. Imperial & Tetradrachms — Augustus to Hadrian, and M Augustus to CaracaUa, dated from B.C. 48. Honorific titles — MHTPOnOACnC, NEH- Koi-nN np[nTnN']CYPiAC, ioya. aaoai. ceoYH. MHTPonoAenc, etc. Types — Bust of City turreted ; Temple, etc. Imperial colonial — Severus to Valerian, with Latin inscription. COL. LAOD. METROPOLEOS, C. M. L., SEPT. COL. LAOD. METRO., COL. LAO. P. S. METROPOLEOS ( = Colonia Laodiceia Prima Syriae, etc.), or blundered legends, LAODICEON, LADICEON, LAV- DICEON, etc. Typjes — various. Among the more remarkable is that of an armed goddess (Artemis Brauronia, cf. Paus., iii. 16, 8) standing between two stags ; also Laodiceia seated with River-god at her feet and attended by four female figures, dependent cities (?). Alliance coins with Aradus. / Larissa, on the Orontes. Autonomous bronze "Colqs only. Inscr., \k- PIZAinM THZ lEPAZ. %jf5^Head of Zeus, ret;. Throne ; Head of City, rev. Horse walking ; Head of Apollo, rev. Artemis huntress. Myriandms, on the gulf of Issus. Iraperial bronze of Ant. Pius and M. Aurelius. Inscr., MYPI AN APiTHN. %5f— Tyche, etc. (Mion., V. 265). Nicopolis, perhaps also on the gulf of Issus. Imperial bronze — Corn- modus to Philip Jun. Inscr., NeiKOnOAeiTHN CGAEYKI AOC, or THC CeA€YKIAOC THC l€PAC. Types— NeAtd. goddess in distyle temple; Two figures advancing with Eros flying above, about to crown a River- god who swims in front. LAODICEIA AD MARE—SELEUCIA. 661 Paltus, a coast-town between Gabala and Balanea. Im^^erial bronze — Commodus to Elagabalus. /m«cr., OAATHNnN. Dates according to two eras, one calculated from B. c. 239, the other, according to Pellerin [Mel., ii, 335), from some time between B. C. 97 and 81. Ti/pes — The Dioskuri ; Bust of goddess wearing modius, etc. Raphanaea, some five and twenty miles south-west of Epiphaneia and west of Arethusa. Imperial — ElagalDalus and Severus Alexander. Inscr., PAOANenjnN, peoANeninN, peojANeAinN or peoANenM, Tyche of City standing or seated crowning a bull ; in field, right and left, an eagle. Eihosus, on the gulf of Issus. Autonomous bronze. Inscr., PHCenN orPncenN THC lePAC KAI a CYAOY, with addition sometimes of KAI AYTONOMOY. Imperial — Claudius to Severus Alexander. Dates ac- cording to the Caesarian era, B.C. 48, and the Actian era (B.C. 31). Ti/jies — Head of Zeus ; Head of Tyche ; Oriental divinity facing standing on base placed between two bulls : his head is horned and he holds a fulmen and an ear of Corn (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 440). Seleucia, the port of Antioch situate at the foot of Mount Pieria. Eegal bronze, with heads of Antiochus IV, Alexander Bala, or Anti- ochus VII and VIIL Inscr., ZEAEYKEHN THN EM niEPIAI. See also coins inscribed AAEAOIiM AHMHN (p. 656), some dated according to the Seleucid era. Autonomous bronze, mostly of the first century B.C. Inscr., ZEAEYKEnM, ZEAEYKEHN TfiN EM niEPIAI, ZEAEY- KEHN -niEPIAZ, or THZ lEPAZ KAI AYTONOMOY, or AZYAOY. T^pe — Head of Zeus, rev. Fulmen, sometimes lying on throne of Zeus. Some of the later specimens are dated according to the Pompeian era (b. c. 64) and the Actian era (b. c. 31). There are also autonomous silver tetradrachms and drachms of the following types, bearing dates ranging from 4 to 26, computed pro- bably from the era of the autonomy of the town, b. c. 108 ( = b. c. 104-82) : — Head of Tyche, turreted. Id. Head of Zeus. (^./.i\^.,iii. 350.) ZEAEYKEHN THZ lEPAZ KAI AYTONOMOY Fulmen on throne JR Tetradr. 230-215 grs. ZEAEYKEHN THZ AYTONOMOY Nike, or Fulmen ADrachm.and|Dr. ZEAEYKEHN THZ Fulmen AYTONOMOY . M Diobol. Impenal—M Tetradrachms of Augustus and Tiberius only, and M to Severus Alexander. Usual types -Fulmen on throne ; Conical stone in temple, usually inscribed ZeYC KACIOC or ZeYC KCPAYNlOC. The thunderbolt was worshipped at Seleucia as the emblem of Zeus who guided Seleucus in his choice of a site for the city. ' 662 COBLE-SYRIA. VII. COELE-SYRIA. Coele-Syria, in its more restricted sense, comprised the small tract of country between Mounts Lebanon and Antilibanus ; but in a more general way the name was applied to all the country east and south-east of the latter range of mountains. Capitolias, about sixteen miles east of Gadara. Imperial bronze — M. Aurelius to Macrinus. Inscr., KAniTUJAieujN, often with abbrevi- ated titles J€P. ACY. AY, etc. Local era reckoned from A. d. 97. Preva- lent type — Astarte in temple. Damascus, the capital of Coele-Syria, not far from the base of the Antilibanus, and copiously" supplied with water from the streams which took their rise in the mountain, had been from remote times a populous and wealthy city. Under the Seleucid and Roman rule it was, however, eclipsed by Antioch. Its earliest coins^ if we except certain tetradrachms of Alexander, probably struck there (Miillerj Nos. 1338-46), are autono- mous bronze with Seleucid dates ranging from b. c. 138 to 135 and from B. c. 69 to A. D. 65. /w^CT'., AAMACKHMnN. There are also some bronze coins of Aretas III reading BAEIAEnZ APETOY 0IAEAAHNOZ. Type— Nike, circ. B. c. 85-62, struck at Damascus, (see Arabia, p. 686). Im- , penal — Augustus to Severus Alexander, dated. Inscr., AAMACKHNHN, AAMACKOY MHTPOnOAenC, AAMACKOY MHTPOR KOAnNJI, or AAMACKOY lEPAC KAI eNAOZOY. Games~QE^^<:^A\^ OAYM- niA, or An A l€PA CeBACMIA. River-gods— X?y CO? Ok, probably the Adana and the Pharpar of Scripture, and TTHrAI, their sources (Fig. 348). Fig. 34S. Also bronze with Latin or mixed Greek and Latin inscr., Elaga- balus to Gallienus. The most frequent types are a bust of Tyche within a temple ; Tyche seated on rock with River-god at her feet ; Ram, etc. Demetrias, site unknown, but «onjecturally attributed to Coele- Syria. A.utonomous bronze and Imperial — Augustus. Inscr., AHMH- TPienN THC lePAC. Ty2i€s — Tyche seated with River-god swimming TRACEONITIS. 663 at her feet ; naked male figure holding spear ; others of no special interest. Era probably dates from B.C. 312. See also Demetrias in Phoenicia. Heliopolis {Baalbek). Imperial colonial — Augustus, and Nerva to Galli- enus, COL. HEL.; COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. HEL.; also in addition I. O. M. H. (lovi Optimo Maximo Heliopolitano). Type — Temple. Games — CERT. SACR. CAP. OECV. ISELASTI HEL.=:Certamina Sacra Capitolina Oecumenica Iselastica Heliopolitana, concermng which see Eckhel, iv. 443. Prevailing types — Tyche standing; Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. Laodiceia ad Libauum, on the Orontes. Imperial — Antoninus to Ca- racalla. Insor., AAOAIKenN nPOC AlBANfl, etc. Prevailing type— MHN, the God Men holding a horse by the bridle ; also TYXH, Tyche of the city seated between two. river-gods. Era dates from B. c. 312, that of the Seleucidae. Leucas or Abila, was the chief town of the tetrarchy of Abilene, under the government of Lysanias II (Luke, iii. i). It stood on the banks of the Chrysoroas, above Damascus. Autonomous bronze and Imperial — Claudius to Gordian. Inscr., AEYKAAinN, ACYKAAinN TliN KAI KAAYAIAinN, or KAAYAienS TflN KAI A€YKAAinN, etc. Dates according to two eras, the first reckoned from B. c. 37, the second from A.D. 48. Types — XPYCOPOAC, Eiver-god swimming (De Saulcy, iV«m. de la Terre Sainte, p. 30). VIM. TRACHONITIS. In B.C. 3,6 Auranitis, Trachonitis, Batanea, and Paneas were in the possession of Cleopatra, but after her death, B. C. 30, they were farmed out to Zenodorus, possibly a son of the Tetrarch Lysanias I of Chalcis, and half brother of Lysanias II of Abilene. In B. c. 24 all these districts were taken away from Zenodorus except Paneas. Zenodorus died in B.C. 20 or 19. Zenodorus. Bronze probably struck between b. c. 30 and 27. Dated, year 87 of an era commencing between b. c. 118 and no. Head of Octavian. (Madden, Coins of the Jews, p. 124.) ZHNOAnPOY TETPAPXOY KAI APXIEPEnZ Portrait of Zenodorus. Caesareia Faueas, founded by Philip the Tetrarch, stood on the Upper Jordan, near the frontiers of Galilee. Its name Paneas, Pa- neias, or Panias, was derived from a grotto of Pan at. the foot of Mount Paneium (Steph. Byz., s. v. Uavia). After a.d. 55 the town was called Neronias, in honour of Nero. The coins consist of Regal bronze of Agrippa I, Inscr., KAISAPEIAS AZYAOY ArpinTTA 664 DECAPOLIS. BAZIAEYZ. Autonomous and Imperial bronze — Aurelius to AquiUia Severa. Imcr., KAIC. C€B. I€P KM ACY. YHO HANeHjU, KAICAPeiA TTANIAC or nANlAAOC, etc. The era dates from B.C. 3. Types— Zeus ; Pan ; and, on coin of Diadumenian, the famous grotto of Pan surrounded by a balustrade with the statue of the god in the centre. A regal coin of Agrippa II has the inscr., €01 B A CI AC. ArPITTn. NePnNie. For other varieties, see De Saulcy [Terre Sainte, p. 313). Gaba, site uncertain, but probably in Trachonitis or Ituraea (De Saulcy, Terre Sainte, p. 339)- Autonomous and Imperial — Titus to Cara- calla. Inscr.y TABHNnN or KAAYAI 0IAin rABHMnN. Era dates from B. c. 61. The only noteworthy type is the god Men. IX. DECAPOLIS. Abila, about twelve miles east of Gadara, is to be distinguished from the Abila Leucas of Lysanias on the Chrysoroas, about seventy miles farther north. The inhabitants called themselves Seleucians (De Saulcy, Terre Sainte, p. 308). ImjMrial — Aurelius to Elagabalus. Inscr. CC. AB- lAHNnM I. A. A. r. KOI.CY.(=:CeA€YKenN ABIAHNnN ICPAC ACYAOY AYTONOMOY TNaPIMOY (?) KOI AHC CYPI AC),also C6A€Y. ABIAAC, etc. Era commences B.C. 64 (Pompeian). The types relate chiefly to the cultus of Herakles. Antiochia ad Hippum, opposite Tiberias, on the sea of Galilee, so called from its proximity to Mount Hippus. Imperial— 'Sero to Corn- modus. Liscr., rsxely, IfinHMnN ; tyjie, Horse {Nzim. Zeit., 1884, p. 293); but more frequently, ANTIOXEHN TflN TTPOC inTTuu, with addition sometimes of THC l€P. K. ACYAOY. Dates according to the Pompeian era, B. c. 64. Tt/pes — Tyche of the City holding a horse in allusion to Mount Hippus, or Tyche seated on mountain. Canata {El-Kerak), about twenty miles north-west of Bostra. Im- 2ierial — -Claudius, Domitian, Elagabalus (?). Inscr., KANATHNHN or KAN ATA. Era, Pompeian B.C. 64, (De Saulcy, T. S., p. 400). The Seleucid era, B.C. 313, appears to have been also used (Eckhel, iii- 347)- Canatka [Kunaivdt), about twenty miles north-east of Bostra. Impe- rial — Antoninus and Commodus. Inscr., KANAOHNnN. Type — Bust of Pallas. Era uncertain (De Saulcy, T. S., p. 400). Dium, near Gadara, named after Dium in Macedonia. Imperial — CaiacaUa and Geta. Inscr., AEIHNflN. Era, Pompeian (b. C 64). F HO Emm A. 665 Types — Naked female figure witli a Kiver-god at her feet ; Divinity wearing modius standing between two recumbent bulls, holding Nike and Sceptre surmounted by Eagle. Gadara, the capital of Peraea, on the Hieromax, near the southern end of the sea of Tiberias. Autonomous and Imperial — Augustus to Gordian. Jmsct-., TAAAPA, TAAAPeiC, TAAAPenN, with addition some- times of I. A. A. r. K. CY., as on coins of Abila, also TTOMnHITeflN rAAAP€nM, in honour of Pompey who restored it (Josephus, xiv. 8). Dates according to the Pompeian era (b. c. 64). T)/2')es — Head of Herakles ; Divinity standing between two lions or hurling a spear (?) ; Zeus in temple, etc. Cfifraes— NAYMA[XIA]. Gerasa, about thirty-two miles south-east of Gadara. Imperial — Ha- drian to Sev. Alexander. Inscr., APTEMIC TYXH rCPACuuN or AP- Te/V\IC FGPACujN. Types relating to the cultus of Artemis. Hippus. See Antiochia ad Hippum. Pella, about twenty miles south of the sea of Tiberias, like the neighbouring Dium, was a Macedonian foundation. Imperial — Com- modus and Elagabalus. Inscr., TTGAAAIUUN. Dates according to the Pompeian era (b.c. 64). r^/;es — Pallas ; Divinity with patera and sceptre ; Statue of temple. • Philadelphia (Rabhatli-Ammon), so called in honour of Ptolemy Phila- delphus, was situate near the source of the Jabbok, a tributary of the Jordan. Autonomous and Imperial — Claudius to Sev. Alexander. Inscr., IA. KOI. CYP., etc. Era, Pompeian (b.c. 64). %;«*— Tyche of city, TYXH ; others relating to the cultus of Herakles, with legend HPAKAEION, and with addition of letters of doubtful mean- ing, P. M. A. or ATT AAA ; also a small shrine on a .car drawn by four horses. X. PHOENICIA. For some general introductory remarks on the coinage of Phoenicia, see above, p. 650. Aradus was built on an island about twenty stadia from the mainland off the northern coast of Phoenicia. Its coinage begins about the same time as that of Tyre and Sidon in the latter half of the fifth century B. c, but unlike those cities Aradus made use of the Persic standard for its silver staters, probably on account of its proximity to and' commerce with the island of Cyprus, where that standard was then alone in use. 666 PHOENICIA. The early coinage of Aradus has been arranged by M. Six {Nu Chron., iSyj) in the following classes : — Before B.C. 400 to 370. Head of Melkarth, laureate,, of archaic style. {Bev. Num., 1855, K- HI. 4.) No inscr. or XD, standing for Meiek Arad, Galley on waves M Stater 165 grs., M, Divisions, 53, II, and I grs. Id. (Fig. 349.) Circ. B.C. 370-350. Fig. 349. XO and Phoenician numerals 10-17 (regnal years), or letters. Galley on waves M Stater Cire. B. c. 350-330. NO Phoenician fish-god, Dagon holding dolphin in each hand. ND Upper half of Dagon. Dagon. Galley with seahorse beneath JB, 53 grs. .51 27 grs. Prow with dolphin beneath .^11 grs. NO Galley on waves . . . .^E -55 Circ. B.C. 330-260. On the Macedonian conquest Aradus abandoned its ancient standard of vreight for the Attic, and struck gold staters, silver tetradrachms, and bronze of the Alexandrine types (Miiller, CL, ii.,"iii. and iv., Nos. 1360- 79) distinguished by the monogram AP (B. M. Guide, PI. XXVII. 3, 4). In this period the monogram of Aradus is also met with on some of the tetradrachms of Antiochus I. Circ. B.C. 259-183. The era of Aradus commences in B. c. 259, according to which all the subsequent coins of the city are dated. These fall into the following classes ; — (i) Tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Miiller, CI. V.), distinguished by the emblem of a Palm-tree and the monogram A P. (a) With Phoenician dates corresponding to B.C. 244-214 and (/3) with Greek dates, B.C. 202- 183. ARADUS. 667 The contemporary smaller coinage consists of half drachms and bronze with Phoenician dates. Head of Tyche. Head of Melkartli or Zeus. Head of Tyche. Id. Prow ^ ^ Dr. Pallas in attitude of combat on prow of galley M\'Dr. Id. or Prow without Pallas . ^E -65 Melkarth {f) seated on prow, crowning figure of fighting Pallas . M -8 Circ. B.C. 170-147. (ii) Attic drachms with Ephesian types, adopted, there can be little doubt, in consequence of a monetary alliance contracted about this time between these two flourishing seaports. Bee and Greek dates (=B.c. 170-147). Head of Zeus. AP A AlflN Stag and palm-tree . . . M Attic dr. Prow of war-galley and Phoenician dates M -6 Circ. B.C. 136-46. Some time in the reign of Alexander Bala (b. c. 152-144) Aradus, which had been long at feud with its neighbour Marathus, succeeded in destroying that town, and probably obtained thenceforth a consider- able accession of wealth and power, for we find it, shortly after that event, in a position to send into the market vast quantities of dated tetradrachms, the series of which extends from B.C. 136 down to B.C. 46. The weight of these tetradrachms is peculiar, being intermediate between the Attic and Tyrian standards. Fig. 350. Veiled and turreted head of the Tyche of Aradus. (Fig. 350.) Head of Zeus. Head of Tycbe. Head of Medusa, facing. Head of Tyche. Jugate male and female heads. Veiled head of Astarte, wearing stephane. APAAinN Nike standing, holding aplustre and palm. In field, Greek date, and Phoenician, and Greek letters . . . M Tetradr. 230 grs. Prow with Pallas as figure-head, Phoe- nician date . . M Tetrob. 36 grs. Prow ^ i Dr. 27 grs. Aplustre. . . . ^Diob. i8grs. Poseidon (?) seated on prow . . Jj] .85 Prow . ^.6g Running bull iE .Be 668 PHOENICIA. Imperial — Tiberius to Gordian. /«««•., AP A AinN. Usual types — Head of Astarte wearing stephane and veil, before which is the head of the Emperor smaller in size than that of the goddess, rev. Running bull ; Tyehe seated on rudder ; Vase between two sphinxes ; Cypress-tree between lion and bull, each accompanied by legionary standard. Bery-bus (Beyrout), a coast-town between Byblus and Sidon. Auto- nomous bronze of Imperial times with Greek inscription, BHRYTIHInI, BHPY, etc.; Heads of Poseidon or of City turreted, rev. Poseidon drawn by sea-horses, etc. Colonial — Augustus to Salonina, COL. BER., COL. IVL. BER., COL. IVL. AVG. PEL. BER., COL. IVL. ANT. AVG. PEL BER.', etc. Types — Ordinary colonial, or relating to the cultus of Poseidon, Astarte, and Dionysos, whose statues are represented in their respective temples*; Poseidon dragging to himself the un- willing nymph Beroe (Eckhel, ii. 358). The era of Berytus dates from B.C. 197. Botrys, between Byblus and Tripolis. Imperial — Aurelius to Julia Soaemias. Inscr., BOTPYHNnN. Era begins B.C. 50.* Type — Astarte in temple. ByMus, a coast-town at the foot of Mount Lebanon, between Botrys and Berytus, famous as the scene of the myth of Adonis, who was here worshipped under the name of Thammuz. Isis also was fabled to have come to Byblus, where she sought and found the chest containing the corpse of Osiris slain by Typhon. The earliest coins of Byblus are autonomous silver pieces of the kings of Byblus, Elpaal, Ainel or Enylus, the contemporary of Alexander the Great, B. c. 333 (Arrian, ii. 20. i); Azbaal, and Adramelek, B.C. 315(1) (Six, Num. C/iron., 1877, p. 182). There are two other kings, Adommelek, (circ. b. c. 300?) and Jehawnlelek (circ. b. c. 280 ?}, but if they struck coins none have yet been identified. Plwenician Standard, circ. B.C. 400-315(1). Galley manned by three armed men, with horse's head as figure-head : beneath, hippocamp. Id., but galley with lion's head (?). Id. (De Luynes, Satr., PI. XV. 45.) Vulture standing on an incuse ram ■M Tetradr. 218 grs., Dr. 54 grs. (De Luynes, Satrap., PI. XVI. 46, 47.) Lion devouring a bull, of which the head is in relief and the body incuse. Inscr. in Phoenician letters .PVSPN i?3J -]% ( = Elpaal Melek Gebal) . . M 223, 56, 13 and 6 grs. Lion devouring bull. Inscr. in Phoeni- cian letters ^aj •{p'O b^^S (= Ainel Melek Gebal) ; ^3 l^'O i'V^tV (= Azbaal Melek Gebal); or n^»-nN bli ^!5J2( = Adramelek Melek Gebal) -It 213 grs. and 13 grs. BERYTUS—DORA. 669 Second and first centuries b. c. The next coins of Byblus are bronze of the time of Antiochus IV and V, rev. Phoenician god Kronos represented as a standing figure with six wings and a horned head-dress (cf. Rev. Num., 1856, p. 394, and Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 44a). There are also autonomous bronze coins, obv. Head of Tyche, rev. Kronos ; Isis Pharia ; Harpocrates; etc. (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 443). Ini- _perial hronze — Augustus to Valerian. Itiscr., BYBAinN, BYBAOY l€PAC, etc. Usual types — Temple of Astarte, in which her statue standing with one foot on Prow ; Isis Pharia, etc. Era commences either in B. c. 20 or B. c. 6 (Eckhel, iii. 360). Caesareia ad Iiibanum, at the north-west foot of Mount Lebanon. Imperial — Antoninus Pius to Aurelius. Inscr., KAICAP£IAC AIBANOY or KAICAPenN THN eN lO. AlBANli, with Seleucid dates. Colonials- Elagabalus to Severus Alexander, COL. CAESAREA LIB., etc. Type — Half-length simulacrum of Astarte in temple. Dates according to the Seleucid era. / Came or Carnos. ' To this place, the port of Aradus (Strabo, 753)> coins have been attributed with Phoenician dates reckoned from the era of Aradus, B.C. 259, ranging from B.C. 225-110. hiscr., IHp. Ty2:ies — — Head of Zeus, rev. Cornucopiae ; Head of Tyche ; Prow, etc. Imperial of Valerian. Liscr., CORNV PHENICES {Nimi. C/iron., N. S., xii. 67 and 321). Demetrias C?). Autonomous bronze, ohv. Turreted female head, rev. AH, Nike with palm. Date L B of uncertain era {Num. CJiron., 1862, p. 106). Imperial Tiberius to M. Aurelius, Inscr. AHMHTPieflN {Rev. Beige, ser. iii. vol. iv. 22.) Types — Tyche ; Figure holding ears of corn, etc. It is quite possible that these coins may belong to Demetrias in Coele-Syria. Bora, a coast-town in tfhe south of Phoenicia. .Regal bronze of Try- phon, B.C. 142-139, rev. AHP. 16. KAI A. Autonomous and Imperial — Vespasian to AquilUa Severa, with Greek dates computed from the Pompeian era, B. c. 64. Inscr., AflPITujN AuuPICUJN, AUJPHNITujN (sic), AUJP. I€P. ACYA. AYTON. N AYAPX[i8os]. %;es— Head of Zeus or Tyche, rev. Astaite standing holding vexillum. Gebal. See Byblus. Marathus. This important city was the most northern coast town of Phoenicia. It was continually at feud with its near neighbour Aradus, which appears to have succeeded in destroying it between b. c. 149 and 1 45, in the reign of Alexander Bala. 670 PHOENICIA. Its earliest coins are tetradrachms of the Alexandrine type (Miiller, 1396 ; Symbol, Palm-tree), dated in the 30th year of the era of Aradus (b. c. 259) = B. c. 239. Shortly after this the series of the Marathenian coins begins, and extends down to cite. B. c. 150. The silver coins have Greek legends and the bronze Phoenician, all being dated in the usual Phoeni- cian manner, e.g. Ill II— NNN NJlti? (=Shenath, 95). Fig. 351. Attic Standard. Head of the city, turreted. (Fig. 351.) Head of Queen Berenice II (?), veiled. Id. Id. Head of Ptolemy V, as Hermes. Head of Tyche. MAPAOHNnN Male figure, hold- ing aplustre and palm, seated on shields. In front, Phoenician date 33 (=B.c. 226) JB. Attic tetradr. 258 grs. MAPAOHNnN Malefigure standing beside column, holding aplustre. Phoenician date 34 (=:B.c. 225) . : iR 36 grs. m» Id. (B.C. 198) ... ^ -85 „ Prow (B.C. 189) . . . . ^ -55 „ Male figure standing beside column. Phoenician date (=B.c. 188) M -8 „ Id. (B.C. 156) . . . .^.6 Orthosia, between Aradus and Tripolis. Autonomous bronze. Imcr., OPOfiZIEflN, and Imperial — Tiberius to Severus Alexander, with or without dates of the Seleucid era (b. c. 312). Tt/pes — Zeus; Nike; Prow; Simulacrum drawn by two griffins, etc. Sidon. To this greafr maritime city, the ancient metropoUs of Phoe- nicia, M. Six {Num. Chron., iSyy, p. 195) attributed a whole series of large silver ootradrachms and smaller divisions of the Phoenician stan- dard. In date these coins seem to range from the latter half of the fifth century (with intervals) down to the age of Alexander the Great. The attribution to Sidon is, however, only conjectural, and M. Six (Num. Citron., 1884, p. 149) has himself suggested that the actual place of mintage may have been farther north at Tripolis (chiefly on the ground that the forms of the letters are Aramaic rather than Phoenician) though probably the money was struck in the Sidonian quarter of that city (Diod., xvi. 41). MARATHUS—SIBON. 671 The following are the classes into which the series falls : Class I. Temj). Darius II {% B.C. 424-405. Fig. 352-. Galley in full sail. (Fig. 352.) Id. (B. V. Head, Coins of Lydia and Persia, PI. IT. 2.) Id. Id. {Ibid., Fig. 3.) Incuse square. King of Persia or of Sidon in chariot, driven' by his charioteer. In field. Fore-part of goat, incuse JR 422-8 grs. King standing, drawing bow, with incuse bearded heads of goat before and behind . . . . .51 104-9 grs. Id .(E ii-o grs. King kneeling, drawing bow JR i3-o|grs. Class II. Temp. Ariawerxes II (1), b. c. 405-359. Fia- 353- Galley before the fortified wall of a city. In exergue two lions. (,Fig. 353-) Id. {Ibid., Fig. 7.) Incuse circle. King in chariot, driven at full speed by his charioteer : be- neath, a go&t, incuse . JB, 425 grs. Incuse square. King contending with lion, which he is about to slay with a short sword . . . . ^ 107 grs. Class III. Temp. Arlaxerxes II {X), B.C. 405-359. Galley with rowers, at sea: above, Phoenician letter 3. (B. V. Head, I. c, PI. II. 15.) Id. Id. {Ibid., Fig. 16.) {Ibid., Fig. 17.) King driven slowly by charioteer : be- hind him walks an attendant in Egy2)tian costume, holding a bent . sceptre ^432 grs. Similar, but no attendant .51 97.3 grs. King contending with lion .51 13 grs. 672 PHOENICIA. Class IV. With dates first to thirteenth year of Artaxerxes III {V) {Ochus)=B.c. 359-338. Fig. 354. Galley with rowers, at sea : above, Phoenician dates ranging from i to 13 (Fig. 354)- Id. (B. V. Head, Lyd. and Per PI Ill 2 ) Id. {Ibid. Fig. 3-) Id. {Ibid., Fig. 4.) Id. {Ibid. I'ig. 8.) King driven slowly by charioteer, be- hind him walks an attendant in Asiatic costume, carrying sceptre and flask. In field, letters 2]1, yn or vy „. ., , ^ 398 grs. bimilar, but no attendant .iK 94.8 grs. Id- M 4g gra. King contending with lion M 10-4 grs. King in half-kneeling posture, as on the darics ... . . M -6 Cla-ss V. With the name of the Satrap Mazaeus, b. c. 350 (?)-333. Imitations of the above-described octadrachms of Glass IV struck apparently in the district north of Phoenicia, and distinguished by the name of the Satrap Mazaeus, HtD, in the Aramaic character on the re- verse, and the dates 10 or 11 (?) of Ochus, B. c. 350 or 349 (?) ; 19, 20 and 31 of Ochus, B. c. 341-339 ; and i and 2 either of Arses, B. c. 338-7, or of Darius III, b. c. 336-335 (B. V. Head, Coins of Lydia and Persia, PI. III. 5). See also J. P. Six {Num. Chroti., 1884, p. 144 sqq.). Girc. B.C. 312-113. In this period the coins struck at Sidon are aU regal. Staters of Alexander's types. \ Tetradrachms. (MuUer, ^Zea;., Class III.) > B.C. 3 12-266 (?). Tetradrachms. (Miiller, Alex., Class IV.) ) Tetradrachms of Ptolemy II (dated), B.C. 261-247. Octadrachms of Arsinoe Philadglphi (dated), B.C. 249, 248, 243. Tetradrachms of Ptolemy III (dated), B.C. 245-242. Tetradrachms of Alexander's, types (Miiller, Class V.) circ. B.C. 242- 222(?). Tetradrachms of Ptolemy IV (undated), circ. B.C. 222-205. Antiochus IV and Demetrius I, B.C. (undated), 175-150. Tetradrachms of Seleucid kings, Alexander I to Antiochus IX, B.C. 151-113- (i) K (ii) M (iii) M (iv) M (v) SL (vi) M (vii) M (viii) M (ix) M (^) M SIBON—TRIPOLIS. 673 Giro. B.C. 111-A.D. 117. Silver. Phoenician Standard. In B. c. Ill the autonomous era of Sidon commences, and a long series of dated silver and bronze coins of which the following are the chief varieties : — Fig. 355- Head of city turreted and veiled. (%• 355-) ZlAriNinN, with addition on later specimens of THE lEPAS KAI AZYAOY Eagle on rudder . . . M, Tetradr. 220 grs. M, Didr. 100 gi-s. The bronze coins read ZlAflMinN, ZIAHNOZ ©EAZ (the goddess Sidon), ZlAflNOS OEAS lEPAZ KAI AZYAOY, etc., or else they have the name of Sidon in the Phoenician character. Types — Head of Tyche ; Heads of Zeus and Tyche jugate ; Dionysos, etc., rev. Astarte standing on prow ; Galley ; Rudder ; Aplustre ; Europa with inflated veil riding on bull (cf. Lucian, De I)ea Sj/r., 6, Kal to voixiajxa, ru 2i.h(iivL0L xP^ovraL, Tr]v EvpcoTTr)v e(pe(oii4vr]v e')(Et r(2 Tavp<^ t<2 Au); Cista mystica; Temple; Car with four small wheels containing an' imao-e of Astarte, etc. Imperial — Augustus to Hadrian. /««cr., ZlAilNOZ OEAZ ZIA^NOZ lEPAZ, ZlAnNOZ NAYAPXIAOZ, etc. %je*— Europa on' buU ; Zeus enthroned ; Sacred car of Astarte, etc. Imperial colonial — Elagabalus to Severus Alexander. Inscr., COL. AVR. PIA METROP. SIDON, etc., also in addition, AETERMVM BENEFICIVM or CERT. SAC. PER. OECVME. ISELA. ( = 'Certamina sacra periodica oecumenica Iselastica '). Types— kgo-msXic Table ; Sacred car of Astarte ; Corn measure ; Astarte in temple ; Roman legionary standards • Ship Argo with legend APTONAYT, etc. ' Tripolis, a joint settlement, whence its name, from Sidon, Tyre and Aradus, established before the time of Alexander the Great. It' was situated on the coast between Aradus and Byblus. M. Six {Num. Chron 1884) suggests that the Sidonians may have struck at Tripolis the series' of large octadrachms described under Sidon. The earliest coins which bear the name of Tripolis are autonomous bronze of the second and X X 674 PHOENICIA. first centuries B.C. Liscr., TPITTOAITIiN. Dates reckoned from the Seleucid and Pompeian eras, B.C. 312 and B.C. 64. Usual types — Heads of the Dioskuri, rev. Nike standing on Prow. Tripolis was also for a short time one of the mints of Ptolemy V (b.c. 304-198, B. M. Cat., Ftol., p. 72), and apparently of Antiochus IV of Syria, B. c. 165. Its chief coins are, however, autonomous tetradrachms of the second and first centuries b. c. SiLTDE. Phoenician Standard. Busts of the Dioskuri surmounted by stars. TPinOAITHN THE lEPAI KAI AYTONOMOY City standing rest- ing on short sceptre, and holding cornucopiae. The whole in wreath .^213 grs. Imperial — Augustus to Severus Alexander. Inscr., TPITTOAITflN ; TPI- nOAIT. NAYAP.or NAYAPX. NEHK. %>e«— Busts or figures of the Dios- kuri; Astarte standing with one foot on prow ; HAIOC CeAHNH, Sun and Moon; AIOZ AHOY, Two temples [Rev. mm., 1861, PL V. 10). The Imperial money is all dated according to the Seleucid era, and ranges from B.C. 32 to A. D. 321. Tyrus, a colony of Sidon, which rivalled the mother city in wealth and splendour. It appears to have begun to coin silver tetradrachms and small coins in the latter half of the fifth century B. c. Phoenician Standard, aire. B. c. 450-332 or later. Dolphin swimming above waves; be- neath, murex. (Brandis, p. 513.) Incuse square, within which Owl ac- companied by crook and flail, Egyp- tian symbols of royalty M Tetradr. 220 grs. Fig. 356. Melkarth holding bow and riding over the waves upon a sea-horse; be- neath waves, a dolphin. Dolphin and murex, or seahorse and dolphin. Owl with crook and flail; Phoenician letters sometimes in the field. (Fig. 356.) . . . M Tetradr. 210 grs. Owl with crook and flail . . M Obol. miPOLIS—TYRUS. 675 Attic Standard, circ. B.C. 312-275 and later. The last-mentioned series was probably continued for a time after the capture of Tyre by Alexander, the weight of these latest specimens being reduced to that of the Attic didrachm. They bear Phoenician dates reckoned from the Seleucid era, B.C. 31a, viz. years a, 3, a3, 34, 2,6, 2,8, 29. 30, 33, 33' 34, 35 and 37. In year 38 (b. c. 375-4) the era of Tyre commences, but the Attic didrachms of the Melkarth and Owl type do not immediately cease, for specimens occur with the dates a and 3 of what seems to be the Tyrian era, preceded by the initial letter of the name of Tyre (^). (See Six, Mm. Ckron., 1886.) Circ. B.C. 274-126. The first era of Tyre began in B. c. 375-4, and from this time until B. c. 1 2,6 the following regal coins were issued from the Tyrian mint : — (i) B.C. 266-247. Coins of Ptolemy II, with the years of his reign (20-39). (ii) B.C. 247-228. Coins of Ptolemy III, with years of his reign (2, 3, 4. 5, 8, 20). (iii) B.C. 228-205. Coins of Ptolemy III and IV, with dates 48, 50 and 56 of the era of Tyre, (iv) B.C. 205-159. Coins of the Ptolemaic types, without monogram of Tyre, but with dates according to the Tyrian era, ranging from 71-90, and from 100-117. (See Six, Num. Chron., 1886.) (v) B.C. 159-126. Bronze coins with Seleucid dates of Demetrius I and silver of Alexander Bala, Demetrius II, Antiochus VII, and Demetrius II restored. In addition to these consecutive series of dated coins there are also tetradrachms and bronze of Alexander's types (Miiller, CI. V. No. 1433), probably struck about B.C. 338, and here and there a coin with the Tyrian monogram under Antiochus III and IV. Phoenician Standard, circ. B.C. 126-A.D. 57. The second era of the autonomy of Tyre began b. c. i 0,6, and from this time down to the reign of Vespasian we possess a plentiful series of Tyrian tetradrachms and didrachms and a single specimen of the gold dekadrachm now in the Berlin Museum. 676 GALILAEA. Head of the city turreted and veiled. {Zeit.f.N.,v\.^.) Head of Herakles, laureate. (Fig. 357-) TYPOY lEPAZ KAI ASYAOY Double cornucopiae. Year 23 K Dekadr. TYPOY lEPAS KAI AZYAOY Eagle on rudder. In field, dates and symbolj a club . . . iR 220 grs, M 110 grs. In part contemporary with this series of silver are dated autonomous bronze coins extending down to the reign of Sept. Severus. Types — Astarte standing in galley ; Club ending in monogram composed of the letters TY ; Palm-tree, etc. Liscr., TYP in monogram, often with addi- tion of leP. ACY. MHTPOTTOAeuuC. Imperial colonial — Sept. Severus to Gallienus, with legend COL. SEP. TYRVS METROP ; SEP. TYRO. ME- TROP. COL. PEMIC {sic); COL. TYRO. METRO; or TYRIORVM, etc. Among the types are some of more than ordinary interest, such as A I ALU, figure of Dido superintending the building of Carthage; AM- BPOCie nCTPe, the Ambrosial rocks (Eckhel, iii. 389); (juKCAN.; Okea- nos recumbent with crab-shell head-dress ; eYPuufTH, Europa gathering flowers while the Bull approaches her out of the sea (Kenner, Stift. St. Florian, 175); KAA[MOC], Kadmos presenting the Greeks with the alphabet (?) ; Kadmos hurling stone at serpent ; OHBC (?), Kadmos founding Thebes ; Herakles ; Astarte ; Temple, etc. The murex shell is an almost constant symbol in the field. Games— Y.O\HOH 4)0INIKHC, AKTIA KAICAPIA, AKT[IA] KOM- [OAeiA].?, HPAKAIA OAYMOIA, ACKAHOCIA, etc. Uncektain Satraps of Syria oe Phoenicia. It is probably to some district either of Syria or northern Phoenicia that a series of uncertain Satrapal coins should be attributed which may be thus described : — Circ. B. 0. 350-330. The King of Persia as an archer, kneeling r. and drawing bow. Va- rious symbols in the field and sometimes Aramaic letters. (B. V. liea.dL,Lydia and Persia, PI. III. 14.) Similar. {Ibid., Fig. 16). Horseman wearing the low tiara of the Satraps, galloping r. armed with spear . . . . M Stater 232 grs. Simila ^•S XI. GALILAEA. Ace-Ptolemai's. Although this city is included in Galilee by Eckhel, it was strictly speaking a Phoenician port, and never belonged to the Jewish kings. It received the name of PtolemaVs from Ptolemy Phila- delphus, but down to B. c. 266 the name Ace alone occurs on the coins. ACE-PTOLEMAIS— TIBERIAS. 677 Its earliest coins are gold staters aod silver tetradrachms of Alexander's types (Miiller, Nos. 1426-63), with the name of the town li^ in Phoeni- cian characters in the field, and dates reckoned from the Seleucid era, B. C. 31a, ranging from year 5 ( = 308) to year 46 (= 267). Next follow coins of Ptolemy II, at first without dates, but with the mint-mark of Ptolemais in the field, and from E. c. 261 to 348 dated, and with the title SnTHPOS in place of BAZIAEHZ. A few coins with the mono- gram of Ptolemais also occur under Ptolemy IV. The coins of the Seleucids, struck at Ptolemais, are of Antiochus IV, i-eading ANTI- OXEHN TnN EN fTTOAEMAIAI, of Antiochus V, Demetrius I, and Alexander Bala (B.C. 175-144), and of Cleopatra and Antiochus VIII (B.C. 125-123). After an interval of somewhat less than a century the autonomous bronze coinage begins, dating from the Caesarian era, reckoned from B.C. 47. Imcr., AKH.\EP. KM AZ. %9e— Palm-tree ; or HTOAE MAI - EnN lEPAZ KAI AIYAOY, variously abbreviated. The prevailing type is o6v. Head of Zeus, rev. Tyche standing on rudder, on the tiller of which she rests her hand, in which she holds an aplustre. Imperial — Claudius to Salonina, usually Colonial with Latin inscrip- tion, COL. PTOL.; COL. CLAVD. PTOL.; COL. CLAVD. NERONIA PTOLEMAIS, etc. Types — Tyche seated on rock with river Belus at her feet ; with others of no special interest. A coin of Claudius bears the remarkable inscr., [ nTO]A€MAIA! rCPMANI {Berl. Bliitt., V. 25). Biocaesareia-Sepphoris, about five miles north of Nazareth. Imperial of Trajan, with the remarkable inscr., TPAIAMOC AYTOKPAinP EAHKEN, rev. ZETTOilPHNnN, Palm-tree; and of Antoninus Pius to Elagabalus, Inscr., AIOKAICAP€IAC. Types — Temples of Zeus ; Pallas and other divi- nities. On some specimens is the following enigmatical inscription, AIOK. leP. ACYA. AYT. H. 0. C. I€P. B. C. K. A. P., which has been con- jecturally restored by De Saulcy (^erre Sainte, p. 329), AIO[KAICAPei AC ieP[AC] ACYA[OY] AYT[ONOMOY] n[OAeflC] AA. lOnFTHC (De Saulcy, Terre Sainte, p. 177). Ifeapolis, situate nearly in the centre of Samaria between two hills, Ebal and Gerizim. Imperial — Titus to Maximinus. Inscr., OAAGYI. NEAnOA. ZAMAPE or A. NeAC nOAexlC CYPIAC nAAAICTlNHC Era dates from a.d. 7a. Imperial colonial — Philip I to Volusian. Inscr. COL. NEAPOLL; COL. IVL. NEAPOL.; or COL. SERGIA. NEAPOL.; COL NEAPOLI NEOCORO, etc., and on the late issues \. N€ACnOA€nC CmCHMOY NeujKOPOY. There are two principal types — (a) a representa- tion of Mount Gerizim with two summits, on one of which is the temple of Zeus approached by a flight of steps (cf. Damascius, ap. Phot. Bibl., 1055)! ^'Hd on the other a small edifice or altar of somewhat uncertain form ; (/3) Simulacrum of a goddess resembling the Ephesian Artemis standing between two humped bulls ; she usually holds in one hand a whip, and in the other ears of corn. Among the other types are Serapis, Asklepios, Apollo, etc. Nysa Scythopolis, on the northern frontier of Samaria, close to the Jordan. Imperial — Nero to Gordian. Inscr., NYCAieujN, NYCAieoJN TujM KAI CKYGOnOACITUJN, or MYC. CKYGOnOACITUJN ICPAC. Era uncertain (perhaps B.C. 48). Type — Nysa nursing infant Dionysos with others of less interest. Sebaste, the ancient Samaria, fortified by Herod, and renamed by him bebaste. (T^y ^afjidpeiav eirevoricrfv firiTeixiaixa, KaXe'cras ixev avrriv SeySarrrjjv, Joseph., Ant. Jucl., xv. 8, 5.) Imperial times — Nero to Severus Alexander. JUDAEA. 679 Inscr., CCBACTHNnM, CeBACTHNUJN CYPIAC, etc., and colonial after Sept. Severus. Inscr., COL. L. SEP. SEBASTE, Colonia Lucia Septimia Sebaste. Era dates probably from b. c. 25. Ti/2:)es — Kape of Persephone, etc. (De Saulcy, Terre Sainte, p. 275.) XIII. JUDAEA. Aelia Capitoliua, the ancient Jerusalem, rebuilt by Hadrian, A. d. 136, after the suppression of the second revolt of the Jews under Simon Barcochab. The new temple of Jupiter Capitolinus occupied the site of that of Jehovah. Itnperial colo7iial—E.a,Avi&n to Valerian. Inscr., COL. AEL. CAP., with addition, after the reign of Commodus, of the title CO/v\M[odiana]. The most interesting types are Astarte, or perhaps the Tyche of the city, standing in her temple, and Zeus enthroned in temple (Madden, Coins of the Jeivs, p. 247). For coins struck at Jerusalem before its destruction see p. 681. Autlxedon or Agrippias, a coast-town, the name of which was changed by Augustus to Agrippias, but the old name Anthedon was subsequently restored. The coins with the head of Livia, rev. Prow, fonnerly attributed to this place under the name of Agrippia, are now assigned to Agrippia Caesareia in Bosporus or to Phanagoria (see p. 422). Imperial — Elagabalus to Severus Alexander. Inscr., ANOHAONOC. Era begins a.d. 71. Types — Astarte in temple; Winged Genius wearing short chiton, raising one hand, and holding a wheel over an altar with the other. Ascalon. This ancient seaport would appear to have been one of the places of mintage of gold staters and tetradrachms of Alexander the Great (Miiller, 01. III. and IV., Nos. 1472-1484). Subsequently it struck Seleucid regal coins from Antiochus V to Antiochus IX, circ. B.C. 164- 104, when the era of its autonomy commences. Nest in order of date Fig. 358. follow some tetradrachms bearing the portraits of Ptolemy Auletes dated B.C. 64, Cleopatra B.C. 50 (Fig. 358), and Ptolemy Dionysos b.'c 40- ^7- ASKAAnNlTnN lEPAZ AZYAOY, Eagle on fulmen (B.M. Guide, J ' ^'^'' ^ ^"^^ autonomous silver coins with head of Astarte and on the reverse a dove, /w^erm^— Augustus to Severus Alexander with or without the head of the Emperor, consisting in the main of bronze, but silver pieces are known of Claudius and Messalina Type— 680 JUDAEA. Zeus Nikephoros enthroned. The usual types of the bronze coins are — Head of Tyche, rev. Galley ; the goddess Derceto, or perhaps the Tyche of the city, standing holding aplustre and trident, with a dove beside her; Warlike divinity standing facing, brandishing sword above his head, and holding round shield or branch in his left ; Divinity of Egyptian aspect, and with head-dress of Osiris, standing on the backs of three lions, and carrying flail [Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 293). For other types and varieties see De Saulcy, Terre Sainte, p. 178 sqq. The Im- perial coins of Ascalon are dated from the era of its autonomy, b. c. 104. A coin of Augustus has also a second date which is reckoned from B. c. 58. AzotxisC?), (Ashdod). To this city G. Hoffmann [Zeit. f. Num., ix. 96) would attribute two bronze coins, which he thinks were struck in the name of a ruler called Hirom, but see above (p. 635), where they are with greater probability assigned to Anisades of Armenia. The Imperial coins erroneously attributed to Azotus have been restored by De Saulcy [Terre Sainte, p. 283) to Laodiceia. Eleutheropolis, about twenty miles south-west of Jerusalem. Imperial — Severus to Elagabalus. Inscr., A. CETT. CCOYH. eAeYOC (Lucia Sep- timia Severiana Eleutheropohs). Era begins between A. D. 20a and 208. Type — Divinity resembling the Ephesian Artemis (cf. Coins of Neapolis. Samariae). Gaza, an ancient city about twenty miles south of Ascalon, which Herodotus (iii. 5) mentions as scarcely inferior in size to Sardes, the capital of Lydia. Its coinage in the fifth and fourth centuries B. c. has been identified by M. Six [Num. Ckron., 1877, p. 221), and consists of drachms and smaller coins of Attic weight and of various types, of which the following are the most usual : — Silver. Attic Standard. .Taniform diademed male and female heads, or head of Pallas as on coins of Athens, sometimes closely imi- tated from Athenian coins, even with letters AOE. nty in Phoenician characters. Owl in incuse square, sometimes before the fortified wall of a city . . M Dr. After its capture by Alexander regal coins were struck there with the monogram TA, both under Ptolemy II and III, and under Demetrius I of Syria. The autonomous bronze money of Gaza dates from an era commencing B.C. 61. Imcr., TA, TAZA, AHMOY TAZAinN, AHMOY TuuN €N rAZH, rAZAITHN, TAZeATflM, etc., with addition sometimes of honorific titles, 16 P. ACY. Imperial — Augustus to Gordian, dated after Hadrian's time, according to a new era commencing in a.d. 129. Inscr., FAZAinN, rAZA,etc.,usuallywith the addition of the Phoenician letter D, perhaps the initial of the divinity MAPN A, whose name, as well as those of M€lNuJ and eioj, is met with on coins of this city. The temple of Marna at Gaza called the Marneion was identified with that of the Cretan Zeus, (De Saulcy, Terre Sainfe, 210) and Meino and Eio are clearly Minos and lo. ASMONAEAN PBINCES. 681 There is reason to suppose that these divinities were originally introduced into Crete and Greece from Phoenicia. Among the types of the coins of Gaza we may mention a temple containing statues of Artemis and Apollo ; Turreted bust of Tyche, or her entire figure, standing, with a bull at her feet ; Tyche and lo joining hands, etc. (see also Num. Chron., 1863, 130). Nicopolis-ZSmmaus, at the entrance of the plain some miles north- west of Jerusalem, received the name of Nicopolis A.D. 70 or 71, from which its era dates, after the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. J»?/)enW of Elagabalus. Inscr., MCIKOTTOAIC. Baphia, on the sea-coast between Gaza and Rhinocolura, an ancient city restored by Gabinius B. c. 58, the year from which its era dates. Imperial — M. Aurelius and Commodus to Philip Junior. Inscr., PA0IA. Ti/pes — Artemis standing ; Female figure seated between two small figures, on the head of one of whom she places her hand. KINGS, PRINCES, AND ROMAN PROCURATORS OF JUDAEA. The history of the coins of the Jews has been of late years so thoroughly investigated by Madden {Coins of the Jews, 1881), and Merz- bacher {Zeit.f. Num., 1878), not to mention older works, such as those of De Saulcy and Cavedoni, that the barest outline will suffice in the present work. (a) Asmonaean Family. Simon Maccabaeus, B. c. 143-135. The earliest native Jewish money consists of the silver shekels and half shekels of Simon Maccabaeus, struck on the Phoenician standard, and weighing respectively 330 and 110 grs. ^IG- 359- i'NIti'i h\>V {Shekel Israel), a cup or chalice, above which a, 3, 3, T or n (numerals 1 to 5), referring to the official years of Simon's rule cor- responding to B.C. 141-137. On the coins of years 2-5 the numeral is preceded by B* (for Shenath, year). rs'V'iT' thm-^'< {Jerushalem Kedoshah), or nrifr[\)r\ D'i'B'n'' {Jerushalaim ha-kedo- shah), ' Jerusalem the Holy,' Branch with three buds (Aaron's rod t) (Fig- 359-) . M Shekel 220 grs. 682 JUDAEA. The half shekels are similar, but read 7ptyn "'Jjn, Chatzi ha-skekel (half shekel). The epithet ' Holy ' on these coins may be compared with the ordinary Greek coin-legend lEPAZ KAI ASYAOY on the contemporary money of many Syrian cities. There are also bronze coins of the fourth year of Simon, bearing the legends ''Din jl^aiK JlJtt' {Shenath aria Chatzi), yi'^l's ;i?2-|X nW {Skenath arba Behia), or J^niK ryyV {Shenath aria) ; rev. JV^J rhu:h {LiguUath Zion). 'In the fourth year, one half or one quarter — The Eedemption of Zion' (Madden, p. 71). John Hyrcauns I, B. c. 135-106. Small bronze coins only, usually with inscr., nmn^n "l^m 71X1 ]r]2r\ pmrr' {Jehochanan Hahkohen Haggadol Vecheher Hajehudim), Johanan the High Priest, and the Senate of the Jews, rev. Double cornucopiae and poppy-head. (For varieties see Madden, p. 76.) Judas Aristobulus, B. c. 106-105. Small bronze, with mscr., Dmn^n lim '^I'^J pD TM^TV, Jehudah Kohen Galul (for GadolX) Vecheher Hajehidim, Judas the High Priest and the Senate of the Jews, rev. Double cornucopiae and poppy (Madden, p. 82). Alexander Jannaeus, B.C. 105-78. Small bronze of three classes (a and /3) Regal, with Hebrew and Greek inscr., l'?Dn \r\T!iV [Jehona- than Hammelek), 'The King Jehonathan,' rev. BAZIAEHZ AAEZANAPOY. Types — Flower and Anchor, or Star and Anchor, (y) Pontifical coins resembling those of his predecessor, but reading "^UH IHDH IJIJIH' □nrrri 12m, Jonathan or Jehonathan HakkoUen Haggadol fecheler Haje- hudim. Alexandra, B. C. 78-69, widow of Alexander Jannaeus. Small bronze with Star and anchor. /««cn, BAZIAIS. AAEZANA. John Hyrcanus II, B. c. 69, 63-57 and 47-40. Small bronze, with Star and anchor, and bilingual inscr. (Madden, p. 93). Also bronze, olv. Flower, rev. Palm {11., p. 96). Inscr., -\r\'r\ -\'yr\r^ b^T\ tHDH pniH'' {Jehochanan Hakkohen Haggadol Hacheler Hajehud\irri?^. Alexander II (?), B. c. 65-49. To this prince M. Reichardt would attri- bute small bronze coins of the Star and anchor type, reading BAZIAEOS AAEEANAPOY and ... . (?) y V^J-vdrj {Alemdras Gadoll), (Madden, P-97-) '^^^ Antigonus (Mattathias), B. c. 40-37. Bronze ; olv. Flower, rev. Palm. Inscr., inTT "IZinn b~\T\ pDn nTiriD {MattatMah Hakkohen Haggadol Hacheler Hajehudim), and bilingual coins with BAZIAEHZ ANTITONOY, and similar Hebrew legend equivalent to ' Mattathias the High Priest IBUMAEAN PRINCES. 683 and the Senate of the Jews.' Ti/pes—^ ve&ih. and double or single cornucopiae. (/3) Idumaean Frinces. Herod the Great, B.C. 37-4. Bronze. Inscr., BAZIAEilZ HPflAOY. Types — Helmet, rev. Tripod or shield ; Caduceus, rev. Pomegranate ; Aplustre, rev. Palm ; Tripod, rev. Wreath ; Anchor, rev. Two coi'nuacopiae, etc. (Madden, p. 105 sqq.) Herod Archelaus, B.C. 4-A.D. 6. Bronze. /««6T., HPUUAOY eeNAPXOY, often abbreviated. Tyjies — Anchor, rev. Wreath ; Prow, rev. Wreath ; Double cornucopiae, rev. Galley; Grapes, rev. Helmet, etc. (Madden, p. 114 sqq.) HerodAntipas, B.C. 4-A.D. 40. Bronze. /«scr.,HPUJAOY TeTPAPXOY, Palm-branch, rev. TIBCPI AC, Wreath; or HPHAHC leiPAPXHC, Palm- branch, with name of Emperor Caius (Caligula) on reverse in a wreath. These coins were struck at the city of Tiberias, built by Antipas, and named after the Emperor Tiberius (Madden, p. 131). Herod Philip II, B.C. 4-A. D. 33. Imperial — M Augustus and Tiberius, rev. OlAinnOY TeiPAPXOY. :Z>i)e— Temple (Madden, p. 125). Herod Agrippa I, A. D. 37-44. Bronze, without or with heads of Emperors, Caius and Claudius. Inscr., BACIAeuuC AfPITTA {sic). Umbrella, re?;. Ears of corn; BACIA€YC MefAC ATPinnAC 0IAOKAICAP, Head of Agrippa, rey. KAICAPIA H HPOC [CeBACTH] AIMENI, Tyche standing, struck at Caesareia. On some specimens the alliance of Agrippa with Claudius, when all Herod's kingdom was given to him, seems to be commemorated by the following inscription, which is, however, only partly legible — AHM . PHMAinM K. CYM. XI. AY. BAC. AHPIOA . . . KAHTON— and of which no entirely satisfactory reading has been yet suggested (see Madden, p. 137). Agrippa I and II. Bronze ; ohv. Head of Agrippa I, rev. [BAZIJAEYC ATP ArPinnA YIOY BASIAEHC, Agrippa H on horseback. Herod, brother of Agrippa I, was king of Chalcis A.D. 41-48. M Inscr., BA2IA. HPfiAHC (DIAOKAAYAIOC (Imhoof, Portrdtkojjfe, PI. VI. ao), rev. Name of Claudius. Agrippa II, A. D. 48-100. Small bronze coin struck at Agrippias. Inscr., [BAZIAEnZ] AfPinHA ArPinn[EnN], Head of Agrippa II L. E (year 5), rev. fBAZ ArPiniHA 0IAOKAISA[POZ] (?), Two cornuacopiae crossed [Z. f. N., xiii. PI. IV. 17). Also bronze, without or with heads of 684 JUDAEA. Emperors, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. Inscr., BACIAeflC ArPITTTTOYj etc., and various types, among which is Tyche holding cornu- copiae and ears of corn ; Nike holding wreath and palm, or inscribing shield, etc. Aristobulus, son of Herod king of Chalcis and great-grandson of Herod the Great, was king of Chalcis and parts of Armenia, A.D. 70-92 (?). M BASIAEflS APIZTOBOYAOY, with the name of Vespasian on reverse {Rev. Num., 1883, p. 145). Aristobulus and Salome, A.D. 70-9 2 (?). iE BACIAEni: APICTOBOYAOY. rev. BACIAIIIIIHi: CAAnMHC, with portraits. l-ni\iQoi{Portmtk6pfe, PL VI. 21 and 22). (y) Roman Procurators of Judaea, a. d. 6-66. On the occasion of the banishment of Herod Archelaus, a.d. 6, Judaea was added to the province of Syria, and the government administered by a Procurator subordinate to the Praefect of Syria. Of these Procurators (a. d. 6-66) there is a numerous class of small bronze coins resembling in style and fabric the contemporary small money of the Idumaean Princes, and dated according to the regnal years of the emperors. Augustus (years 33, ^^, 36, 39, 40, 41, under the Procurators Coponius, Ambivius, and Rufus); Tiberius (i (?), 2-5, 11, 16-18, Procurators Valerius Gratus and Pontius Pilate, year 1 8 is that of the Crucifixion) ; Claudius (13, 14, Procurator Felix) ; and Nero (year 5, Procurator Felix). These coins bear, as a rule, the representation of a plant, the name of the reigning emperor, and the year of his reign in Greek characters (Madden, Coins of the Jews, pp. i "j^ sqq.). (S) Coins of the First Revolt of the Jews, A. n. 66-70. Silver and bronze bearing the names of Eleazar, Simon, and Eleazar and Simon together, viz. pIDH "It^"?}*, Eleazar Hakkohen ; tU/DK^, Simeon ; biTW VCV^ Xs^tyiU, Simeon Nasi Israel ; and pIDH ITV'^K p^TQtt?, Simeon, Eleazar, Hakkohen. Types — Vase or Palm-tree, rev. Grapes or vine- leaf; and Palm, rev. Lyre; and large silver shekels of the Phoenician standard with the name Jerusalem, rev. ' First year of the Redemption of Israel; btH-W rb'^'b T\T\A nW ; obv. Temple, rev. Ethrog and Lulab. Also large bronze of Simon Nasi, rev. Vase ; and bronze of the second and third years of the revolt. Type — Vase, rev. Vine-leaf. (c) Coins struck in Palestine commemorating the Capture of Jerusalem, A.D. 70. After the successful termination of the Jewish war Vespasian and Titus caused coins to be struck in Judaea with the legend lOYAAIAS EAAOUKYIAZ, and in Rome with the Latin legend IVDAEA CARTA, IVPAEA DEVICTA, etc. Full descriptions are given in Madden (p. 207 sqq.). ARABIA. 685 (f) Coins of the Second Revolt of the Jews under Simon Bareochab, A. d. 132-135. Fig. 360. Silver of the Phoenician standard and bronze bearing in the old Hebrew character the name of Simon on the obverse pj^DIi?, and D^Si'lT' Jllin^, Lacheruth Jencshalem (the Deliverance of Jerusalem), or, ^Nlti?'' TWiTV, Lacheruth Israel (the Deliverance of Israel) on the reverse. Types — Vase, Lyre, Grapes, Vine-leaf, Palm-tree, Palm-branch, Two Trumpets, Temple (Fig. 360), Ethrog and Lulab, etc. The series of the coins of Jerusalem closes with those of the Roman colony, Aelia Capitolina described above (p. 679). ARABIA. The coinage of Arabia begins with the issues of the Nabathaean kings. These, about the time of Hadrian, are superseded by the Imperial coins of the principal towns of Arabia Petraea. The coinage of Arabia Felix forms a separate and distinct class. I. KINGS OF NABATHAEA. Very little is known concerning the kings of this district of Arabia ; but see Eev. Num., 1858, p. 393; 1868, p. 153; Num. Zeit., iii. 445; Annuaire de Num., 1873, i ; and 1881, p. 46a. The following list of the kings of whom coins are known is from De Saulcy [Ann. de Num., 1881, p. 31 sq.), whose paper contaias a resume of the present state of our knowledge of the coinage of this region. MalcliTis 1, circ. B. c. 145. M Didr. of the Ptolemaic standard, wt. 100-5 grs. Head of King with hair in ringlets, rev. Ptolemaic Eagle and Nabathaean inscr., Malku king, Icing of Nahatu. Jotn Hyrcanus, circ. B. c. 134, Prince of the Jews, appears to have struck a few bronze coins in the cities which he had taken from the Nabathaeans [Ann. de Num., 1873, 3°)- 686 ARABIA. Obodas I, circ. B.C. 97-85. M Didr. of the Ptolemaic standard, wt. 104 grs. Head of King with hair in ringlets, rev. Ptolemaic Eagle and Nabathaean inscr., Obodatk king, king of Nabatu (Num. Zeit., 1873, i)- Aretas III {PMlhellen), circ. B. c. 85-62. M (in Damascus) with Greek inscr., BAZIAEnS APETOY <|)IAEAAHNOZ. Head of King, rev. Nike. City seated on rock with Kiver-god at her feet, etc., and M. wt. 74-63 grs., with Nabathaean inscr., Earetath melek Nabatu. Heads of King Aretas and Queen (De Saulcy, op. cit., p. 13). Obodas II, circ. B. c. 30 (?)-7. M wt. 70 grs., with Nabathaean inscr., Obodatk melek Nabatu, and busts of King and Queen, also M (De Saulcy, oj). cit., p. 19). Aretas IV (Philodemos), circ. b. c. 7-A. D. 39. M with Nabathaean inscr., and M, and M, with heads of Philodemos and Hulda, his first wife, or Seqa'ilat his second ; also M of Philodemos with his children Mai- chus III and Seqilath. IKCalclius III, circ. A. D. 67. M and M, with Nabathaean inscr., with his head on the obverse, and that of his sister Seqilath on the reverse. Zabel. Date uncertain. M and M ; Headg of Zabel and Queen Seqi- lath, rev. Double cornucopiae, and M of Zabel and Gemilath, with Naba- thaean inscriptions. II. CITIES OF ARABIA PETRAEA. Adraa, about thirty miles north-west of Bostra. Imperial — M. Aure- lius to Gallienus. /wwr., AAPAHNriH or AAPAHNfiN TYXH. Types— Astarte in temple ; Agonistic table with urn, referring to games called AOYCAPIA, in honour of Dusaris the Arabian Bacchus ; Herakles seated on rock, etc. According to De Saulcy (T. S., p. 374) the era of Adraa dated from b. c. 83. Bostra, the capital of Roman Arabia, was situate in a fertile oasis about seventy miles south of Damascus. Imperial — Hadrian to Elaga- balus. Inscr., APABIA on coin of Hadrian, and subsequently TYXH NEAC TPAIANHC BOCTPAC, or BOCTPOUN, BOCTPHNuuN, etc. Era commences A. D. 105-4 (Waddington, Melanges, 1867, p. 158, and Rev. Arch., 1865, i. 263). Colonial — Sev. Alexander to Treb. Gallus. Inscr., COLONIA BOSTRA, COL. METROPOLIS BOSTRA or BOSTRENORVM. Ti/pes — Tyche of the city; Agonistic table referring to games, AOYCAPIA, AKTIA AOYCAPIA or ACT! A DVSARIA. %jff*— Camel or Arab on Camel ; Temples of various divinities, etc. ARABIA. 687 Eboda (Ptol. v. 17, 4), south of Gaza and south-west of the Dead Sea, now called AhdeJt. Imjierial of Nero. Inscr., EBuuAHZ. Ti^pe — Nike Apteros (Imhoof, Mon. Gr., p. 450). Esbns, (Heshbon), some twenty miles north-east of the Dead Sea. /wz/jmai? of Elagabalus only. /««cr. €CBOYC or AYP. eCBOYC. Types— Astarte ; Men (De Saulcy, T. S., p. 393). Moca. The coins attributed to this city are wrongly read (Muret, Melanges de Numismatique, n. 7). Petra, the metropolis of the Nabathaeans, adopted the surname Adri- ana in consequence of favours conferred upon it by Hadrian. Imperial — Hadrian to Elagabalus. Inscr., T\^T?\ MHTPOnOAIC, AAPIANH nCTPA MHTPOnOAIC, etc. %)es— Tyche of city seated on rock ; Figure sacri- ficing, etc. Era commences A. D. 105-4. PhUippopolis, founded by the Emperor Philip, a native of Bostra, from_ which place it was distant about twelve miles. It was constituted by him a Eoman colony. Imperial colonial of Phihp, Otacilia, and Philip Jun., and posthumous coins of Marinus, Philip's father, reading oen MAPINjQ. Inscr., (tIAinnonOAITriN KOAnNIAC. S. C. Types— Roma. seated or standing, etc. Rabbath-Moba (De Saulcy, T. 8., p. 354). 7?«;;ma^— Antoninus Pius to Gordian. Inscr., PABBAOMUUBA, PABBAOMuuBHNujN, etc., usually of very barbarous work and blundered. Era dates from A. d. 90 or 91. Types— Ares, Astarte, Poseidon, etc. That of Ares confirms the state- ments of Stephanus and Eusebius that the later name of this city was Areopolis. III. ARABIA FELIX. The coins of South Arabia (Yemen) have only been identified within the last few years. See Mordtmann, Num. Zeit., xii. 28 ; B. V. Head Num. Chron., 1878, 373, and 1880, 303; Schlumberger, Tresor de San'd, 1880 ; Prideaux, lourn. As. Sac. Bengal, 1 881, p. 95 ; and Erman, Zeit. f. Num., ix. 296. The Sabaei and Homeritae (Himyarites) were from very early times down to the sixth century a.d. a powerful and prosperous people governed by their own kings, and dweUing in the most fertile district of A^^r^'r,^ ? f^^^s ^^^ I^i3e— Head of Tyche, rev. Tyche seated with River-god at her feet. Singara, on the river Mygdonius, south-east of Nisibis. Imperial — Sev. Alexander to Philip. Inscr., AYP. CeTT. KOA. ClNTAPA (Aurelia Septimia Colonia Singara) ; MHT. KO. AY. C. Ce. ClNfAPA (Metropolis Colonia Aurelia Septimia Severiana Singara) ; or under Philip, lOY. C€n. KOAilM. CiNrAPA (Julia Septimia Colonia Singara). T^pes — Head of Tyche sur- mounted by constellation Sagittarius, or Tyche seated with River-god swimming at her feet. Zautha or Zaitlia, on the Euphrates, a few miles below Carchemish, Imperial — Trajan and Severus. Inscr., KOAUJNIAC ZAYQHC or ZAY- OHATujN. Type — Dionysos seated. BABYLONIA. For the coinage of Mazaeus of Babylon under Alexander the Great see under Tarsus (p. 615), and for that of the revolting Satraps Molon, B.C. 333-330, and Timarchus, B.C. 163, see the series of the Kings of Syria, (pp. 640, 643), ASSYRIA. Atusa, on the river Caprus, an affluent of the Tigris, which it joins about 100 miles south of Niniva. Small autonomous bronze coins of the Parthian period. ATOYZIEflN T. HPOZT. KAnPOM Palm and arrow .... -SI -55 AT (in mon.) nOAIZ The city seated on a rock from which issues a swim- ming Eiver-god, the Caprus, with long goat's horns . . . . M -e, Head of Tyche. (Millingen, SyJloge, 82, PI. II. 64.) Head of Tyche. (Gardner, Parthian Coins, PI. VII. 22.) Semetrias ad Tigrim, near Arbela. Autonomous bronze. Head of Tyche. (Millingen, Sylloge, 84, PL IV. 65.) AHMHTPIEnN TUN nPOZ Tfll TirPEI Tripod M-6 Niniva Claudiopolis. The Roman colony of Niniva, on the Tigris, was situated about fifty miles east of Singara. Its coins are of the Colo- nial class, with Latin legends — Trajan to Gordian. Inscr., COLONIA IVL. AVG.FEL. NINIVA CLAVDIOPOLIS,variouslyabbreviated. Types— Divinity in Temple ; Colonist driving oxen ; Dionysos in biga drawn by panthers, etc. {Num. Chron., xix. i, and Zelt.f. 'Num., vi. 13 and xi. 52). TAETHIA. 691 PARTHIA. Between the time of Alexander the Great and the revolt of Arsaces from Antioehus II, circ. B. c. 250, Parthia, though subject to the Seleu- cidae, appears to have been governed by two different semi-independent Satraps bearing the name of Andragoras. The first was made Satrap of the country by Alexander (Justin, xii. 4), the .second was slain by Arsaces, cii'C. b. c. 250. To one or other of these rulers must be attri- buted the gold staters and the silver tetradrachms reading ANAPAFOPOY, recently published by Prof Gardner [Num. Chron., 1879, i and 1881, 8). Fig. 361. Attic Standard. Head of Zeus. (Fig. 361.) Head of City wearing turreted crown. {Num. Chron., 1881, PI. II. i.) ANAPATOPOY Satrap in quadriga accompanied by Nike, who drives the horses i^ 131-9 grs. ANAPArOPOY Pallas standing, hold- ing owl and resting 1. hand on shield adorned with Gorgon's head. Her spear leans against her left side . . M Attic tetradr. 255-8 grs. PARTHIAN KINGS. Although the coins of ^ the Arsacidae can hardly be said to belong to the Greek series, they cannot be altogether passed over in a work which professes to deal with all branches of Greek numismatics, as both in their types, their weight (Attic debased), and in their use of the Greek language they betray their Hellenic origin. The latest and most trustworthy work on the coins of the Arsacidae is Gardner's Parthian Coinage, London, 1877, from which the following system of classification is taken : — - ' All the drachms,' says Professor Gardner (p. 1 8), ' issued by the Arsacidae, from first to last, as well as the earlier tetradrachms, bear a uniform type— Arsaces the Great, founder of the empire, seated to right, holding in his hand a strung bow. After the reign of Mithradates I the object on which he is seated is a throne with a back, such as Zeus occu- pies on the coins of Alexander the Great, but on the earlier drachms it is clearly the omphalos of Apollo, that conical stone at Delphi which was supposed by the Greeks to be the centre of the world. The introduction of this stone indicates at once whence the Parthians borrowed their type. Yy 2 693 PARTHIA. It is clearly taken from the coins of the Seleucid kings of Syria, on which Apollo usually appears seated on the omphalos, and holding out a strung bow, just as Arsaces himself does. The tetradrachms show more variety, or at least begin to do so, at the beginning of the Christian era, while the copper coins present to us a multitude of types.' Among the other reverse types the following are of frequent occurrence : — Tyche standing with cornucopiae in her hand and offering a wreath to the seated monarch ; Nike stephanephoros ; A horse or horse's head, etc. The chief points of interest offered by the coins of the Arsacidae are, first, the portraits which they bear, and secondly the dates. The era used by the Parthians in dating their money is that of the Seleucidae, commencing B.C. 31 2, and many of the tetradrachms bear not only the year of their issue but the month The names of the Parthian months were as follows : — Dius (October), and the rest in the following order, Apellaeus, Audynaeus, Peritius, Dystrus, Xanthicus, Artemisius, Daesius, Panemus, Loius, Gorpiaeus, Hyperberaetaeus, together with an intercalary month inserted occa- sionally, called Embolimus. The earlier Parthian monarchs made use only of the dynastic name of Arsaces, the epithets and titles by which the later coins are distinguished are very numerous, and the royal style increases in length and grandilo- quence as time goes on. The most interesting title is that of IAAAEAANOYZ (DIAEAAHNOZ. BAZIAEnZ METAAOY APZAKOY OEORATOPOZ EYEPTETOY EOIOANOYZ 0IAEAAHNOZ. BAZIAEnZ MEfAAOY APZAKOY GEOOATOPOZ EYEPrETOY EniIAOnATOPOZ EYEPrETOY EnittANOYZ IAEAAHNOZ. BAZIAEnZ MEFAAOY APZAKOY EniANOYZ AIKAIOY OEOY EYOATOPOZ 0IAEAAHMOZ. BAZIAEnZ MEfAAOY APZAKOY EOKtANOYZ AIKAIOY OEOY EYOATOPOZ KAI IAEAAH- NOZ. BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN MEFAAOY APZAKOY AI- KAIOY Enil AOnATOPOZ AIKAIOY EniOANOYZ KAI ANOYZ (DIAEAAHNOZ. BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN APZAKOY AIKAIOY. IAEAAHNOZ. OPnAOY. Orodes I and Pacorus. Pacorus I. B.C. 51-38 (?). Phraates IV. B.C. 37-B.c. BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN APZAKOY <1>IAEAAHN0Z KAI APZAKOY OAKOPOY. BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN APZAKOY EYEPfETOY AIKAIOY EniOANOYZ IAEAAHNOZ. BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN APZAKOY EYEPHETOY AY- TOKPATn(sic) Enict>ANOYZ IAEAAHNOZ. BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN APZAKOY EYEPFETOY AI- KAIOY EHKDANOYZ ^lAEAAHNOZ. Rev. OEAZ OYPANIAZ MOYZHZ BAZIAIZZHZ. BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN APZAKOY EYEPHETOY AI- KAIOY EniOANOYZ 0IAEAAHNOZ. Obv. BAZIAEYZ BAZIAEnN ONnNHZ. Rev. BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN APZAKOY EYEPrETOY AIKAIOY EniO>ANOYZ OIAEAAHNOZ, or BA- ZIAEYZ ONnNHZ NEIKHZAZ APTABANON. BAZIAEnZ BAZIAEnN EYEPfETOY APZAKOY. AIKAIOY Eni(t>ANOYZ. APZAKOY EYEPrETOY AI- KAIOY EniANOYZ AN0YZ OIAEAAHMOZ. 50-53- Vardanes II. '\ Coins dated a.d. > Same inscription. 55-57- Vologeses II. \ Coins dated a.d. > Same inscription. 62-67. j Coins dated A.D iBAZIAEHZ BAZlAEnN APZAKOY HAKOPOY Al- j KAIOY EnicDANOYZ <1>IAEAAHM0Z. 77-83 & 92-95. '^SnaterA.D.l^A^'^E^^ BAZIAEHN APZAKOY APTABANOY 80. I AIKAIOY Eni*ANOYZ Pehlvi insc)-.= Volgasi Malka, and corrupt Greek legend. 208-227. ) Temr) C ■ all I ^^''^''^i iuscr. = ZTartofti Malka, and corrupt Greek legend. ^. "' ' !• Pehlvi inEcr. = 4 rOPOY Apollo seated on om- phalos M Tetradr. BAZIAEnZ KAMNAZKIPOY KAI BAZIAI22HZ ANZAZHS Zeus Nikephoros seated. Date — 231 = B.C. 82 . . M Tetradr. 242 grs. There are also tetradrachms of Hyspaosines, e.g. 124 {Zeit.f. K, iv 6) Apodacus, B.C. 109, and Tiraeus, B.C. 50. Inscr., BASIAEHZ TIPAIOY SnTHPOS KAI EYEPrETOY, ^y^.-Herakles seated on rock. These are followed by a plentiful series of base metal and copper coins of various kmgs named Attambelus, Abinerglus, and Theonneses, ranging in date down to about A. b. 120, or later. The types resemble those of Tiraeus described above. On the later specimens the legends are no longer Greek (Waddington, IM, ii. „, Numismatique et Chronohgie Z Whether the bronze coin reading BAZIAEnZ XAPAZHOY, o6v. Heads of the Dioskun, rev. Eagle on fulmen (Bev. Num., 1883, p. Ad) beWs to S douSr '°"' '*'' "^"'^ °° '^^ ^^'^^"^^ ""^'^^ Stliucid empire 698 PERSIA. PERSIA. It is generally supposed that the Persians, like the Medes and Baby- lonians, were unacquainted with the use of coined money, or at any rate that they possessed no coinage of their own before the age of Darius, the son of Hystaspes. M. G. Bertin, in the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology (1883-4, p. 87), has, however, read the word Dariku on a Babylonian contract tablet, dated in the twelfth year of Kabonidas, five years before the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus ; but there is no evidence that the word there signifies a piece of coined money, though it seems to stand for a measure of some sort. The existence of a measure or weight called Dariku among the ancient Babylonians tells, however, against the accepted derivation of the Greek word Aapet/co's from the name Darius, for Dariku has no etymological affinity with the old Persian form of the name Darius, Baryaviish ^. Whether the Persians coined darics before Darius must, therefore, remain for the present a disputed point, but that Darius coined gold money of the finest quality we are told by Herodotus (iv. 166), Aapilos jxev yap \pv(riov KaOapdrarov aTTe\]/r](Tas is to bwardraTov voixia-pLa fKo-faro. Vast numbers of these royal gold coins were circu- lating in the Persian dominions in Asia Minor as early as the time of the expedition of Xerxes, for Herodotus (vii. 28) asserts that the Lydian Pythius had in his own possession as many as 3,993,000 of them, a sum which Xerxes increased to 4,000,000. Darics are also mentioned by Thucydides (viii. 38); Xenophon {Anab., i. i. 9 ; i. 3. 21 ; i. 7. 18 ; v. 6. 18; vii. 6. i; Cyrop.,y. 2. 7); Demosthenes (xxiv. 129); Aristophanes (Bed., 602) ; Arrian [Anab., iv. 18. 7) ; Diodorus (xvii. 66) ; and by many others. Unfortunately the great uniformity of style and the absence of any inscription on the darics preclude the possibility of classifying them according to the reigns in which they must have been issued, viz. Cyrus (?) B.C. 558-529; Cambyses (?) B.C. 529-531; Darius I, B.C. 521 -486 ; Xerxes, b. c. 486-465 ; Artaxerxes I (LoUgimanus), B. c. 465-425 ; Darius II (Nothus), b. c. 425-405 ; Artaxerxes II (Mnemon), B. c. 405-359 ; Artaxerxes HI (Ochus), B. c. 359-338 ; Arses, B. c. 338-336 ; and Darius in (Codomannus), B. c. S3^-33^- The varieties of the gold darie may be thus described: — Fig. 365. ' M. Oppert and M. Kevillout (Ann. de Num., 1S84, 119) are also of opinion that the word Saptixoi is unconnected with Aapuos. According to these authorities it comes from the Assj'rian njo 311 {darag mana), ' degree (i. e. ^) of the mina,' an expression from which the Greek word Jpax/117 may also have been derived. But see Hultsch (Metrologie, p. 131), who inclines to the accepted derivation of Spaxiirj from Spaaaofiai (cf. Spayfia and 8pa/, a handful) assigned to it by Plutarch (Lys,, 17) and Pollux (ix. 77). ACHAEMENIBAE. 699 King of Pqrsia bearded, crowned Irregular oblong incuse. (Fig. 365.) and clad in long robe, kneeling r. it 130 grs. on one knee; at bis back, quiver; in his r, long spear, and in his out- stretched 1. a bow. Of this type there are two rare varieties. On one of them the king holds in his right hand a short arrow in place of the long spear ; and on the other, instead of the bearded king, is a youthful Persian archer kneeling, clad in a long close-fitting spotted robe, with sleeves to the elbow, and trousers to the knee, of the same flecked material. He holds a long spear and bow. In the incuse, on the reverse, is a small naked seated figure, and beside it an incuse head of Pan (?) with stag's horns (Head, Lyd. and Pers., PI. I. 17). The weight of the Persian daric is the sixtieth part of the light Babylonian or Assyrian mina of 7800 grs. The royal Persian silver coin is in every respect similar to the daric, and was even sometimes called by the same name (Plut., Cim., x. 11, cfnaXas hvo, Triv fxiv apyvpiCwv flj.T:X.riaaij.€vov Aap€iK&v, TTfv be xpva&v, but the ordinary appellation appears to have been a-iyXos MjjSt/co's, or simply aiyXos. Xenophon (Atiab., i. 5. 6) gives the current value of the siglos in Attic money at 75 obols. This gives us a weight of 84-37 English grains, which is the full average weight of the sigli that have come down to us. The normal weight may, however, be fixed at 86-45 grs., and it may be correctly designated as a drachm or half stater equivalent to the one hundreth part of the Persic silver mina of 8645 grs. With regard to the respective values of the daric and the siglos we gather from another passage of Xenophon [Anab., i. 7. 18) that 3000 gold darics were considered by Cyrus to be equivalent to 10 talents, or, in other words, to 60,000 silver sigli, hence i daric was worth 20 sigli. The relative value of gold to silver in Asia must therefore have been, as in earlier times, 13.3:1, hence 300 K Darics of 130 grs. x 13-3 = 518700 grs. M = 5 M Darics of 130 grs. x 13-3 = 8645 grs. M = f I S Daric of 130 grs. x 13-3 = 1729 grs. M= I Persic talent. I Persic mina. ioStatersofi72-9grs. 20 Sigli of 86-45 grs. 1 5 Phoenician di- drachms of 1 1 5 grs. 30 Phoenician drachms of 57 grs. There are several varieties of the siglos, on one of which the king holds a dagger instead of a spear ; on another he is drawing his bow; and on a third he is represented as a half-length figure holding a bow in one hand, and two arrows in the other (B. V. Head, Zydia and Persia, PI. I. 25-39). ' In addition to the royal coinage in gold and silver as above described, the Persian satraps and subordinate kings were allowed to issue silver money in various parts of Asia Minor, according to their several necessi- ties. These will be found duly described under the districts to which they belong, e.g. Cilicia, Phoenicia, etc. The capital punishment inflicted by Danus upon Aryandes, the Satrap of Egypt, must not be taken as evidence that the great king reserved for himself the sole prerogative of striking silver as well as gold, for Aryandes was punished with death 700 PERSIA. not for coining silver, but for coining it of finer quality than the money of the king himself, and even this offence was not considered sufficient to warrant his execution, for Darius brought another and far more serious charge against him, viz. that he was planning a rebellion (Herod., iv. 166). The silver money struck by Aryandes was still circulating in the time of Herodotus (I.e.), koI vvv (cttI apyvpiov Kadapdrarov ro ' Apvavbinov, but no specimens are now known, or, at any rate, none have been identified. After the Macedonian Conquest. Double Sarics. On the break up of the Persian empire after the battle of Arbela, B.C. 331, when Alexander found himself master of aU Asia, it is probable that he permitted for a time the circulation of the Persian gold darics before introducing his own money, and that he even went so far as to cause to be struck a new denomination, the double-daric or gold tetradrachm. Of this, until lately, rare coin numerous specimens have recently been discovered, and it is worthy of remark that nearly all the specimens in the British Museum have come to us from the Panjab. The following are the varieties with which I am acquainted : — Fig. 366. King ing I. kneeling, as on the darics, Iiold- spear and bow. Behind, club. 2. ,3 wreath. 3- ») wreath. In front, M. (Fig. 366.) 4- J, wreath. In front, X or A. 5- 6. A. AY. 7- 8. J) 01. o'b. 9- 10. II. k. „ and fulmen. 12 3, ., and wreath. 13- 14. beneath grapes. :STA beneath MNA. In front $. IS- )) 0. 16. )> w. Irregular incuse, crossed by wavy lines in relief S 260 grs. On some specimens the lines within the incuse assume the form of a cou- ventional though meaningless pattern. It is evident that the presence of Greek letters and symbols on all the double darics precludes the possibility of their having been issued before the Macedonian conquest. By far the most remarkable of the above inscription is ;€TA MNA, which it is tempting to render by 2 staters = BACTRIA ANB INBIA. 701 1 mina, a valuation which, if the double daric could be called a stater (for which, however, there is no authority), would be approximately correct, for the weight of the coin is 262-7 grs., equivalent, at the rate of 135 : 1, to 3283-75 grs. of silver, which is very nearly half an Attic mina of 6750 grs. The silver coins which seem to correspond to the double daries both in fabric and mint-letters are the Lion tetradrachms of Tarsian type and Attic weight first struck by the Satrap Mazaeus, probably while he was governor of Babylon, between B. c. 331 and 328 (p. 616), and continued anonymously with Greek letters, monograms, or symbols in the field, of which the wreath, M , A Y, y^ and W" occur also on the double daries. The Indian provenance of both these classes of coins is not inconsistent with their supposed Babylonian origin, which is rendered still more probable by the fact that Seleucus, presumably when he recovered his old satrapy of Babylon in B. c. 31 2, continued the issue of the Lion tetradrachms with the addition of his signet, the Anchor, and at the same time replaced the double daries by the following anonymous gold distaters : — Head of Alexander in elephant's skin. (Rev. Num., 1883, PI. IV. i.) Nike standing, as on Alexander's gold staters. In field a head of the hm-ned horse, and A I . . . K 256 grs. Of this type bronze coins are also known reading AAEZANAPOY which, like the rest, always come from the far East. BACTRIA AND INDIA. Among the successors of Alexander in the far East, the Graeco-Indian kings, who ruled over the countries between the Oxus and the Ganges, have left us a most remarkable and interesting series of coins, which supplies us with all that we are ever likely to know of the history of those regions, from the time when Alexander with his conquering hosts first introduced into Bactria and India the language, religion, and civili- zation of the Greeks, down to the irruption of the Scythian barbarians, and the final extinction of all traces of Greek influence in India, in the second century of our era. In the present work I shall not attempt to trace the history of the Graeco-Indian coinages beyond the reign of Hermaeus (circ. B. c. 50), the last of the long series of kings bearing pure Greek names. Of these kings, beginning with Diodotus (circ. b. c. 250) and ending with Her- maeus, there are about thirty, and it wfiuld appear that some of them were contemporary with one another, ruliag over diff"erent districts between the upper waters of the Oxus in the North, the Jumna in the East, and the mouths of the Indus in the South. For about a century (B. c 250-150) the tetradrachms follow the Attic standard, and are purely Hellenic in character, the portraits of the kings are strikingly realistic and the figures of the various Greek divinities which form the reverse types betray the skilful hand of the Greek artist, but in the reign of Heliocles, the son of Eucratides the Great, a change takes place The Attic standard gives way to a native Indian standard, which may be 703 BACTRIA AND INDIA. identical with the old Persic standard somewhat reduced. The stater from this time onwards weighs no more than about 152 grs., and the quarter-stater (or drachm C?)) about 38 grs. At the same time a Prakrit translation of the Greek inscription on the obverse is placed upon the reverse, and new and strange divinities begin to make their appearance from time to time as reverse types. From this time, too, we lose touch of the slender thread of historical data, which down to this point helps us to fix the order of the succession of the kings with approximate cer- tainty. From Heliocles to Hermaeus the order is altogether hypothet- ical. The classification which I have adopted in the following pages is that in which from analogy of types, style, and epigraphy, the coins have been arranged in the British Museum Cabinets by Professor Gardner. The student who would pursue the subject farther may be referred to Gen. Cunningham's articles in the Numismatic Chronicle on the Coins of Alexander's successors in the East, to von Sallet's Nachfolger Alexan- ders d. Gr. in Bactrien und Indien in the Zeit.f.Num., and especially to the Catalogue of the Coins of the Greek and Scythic kings of Bactria and India, in the British Museum, by Prof. P. Gardner, 1886. Alexander the Great, B. c i%J-'^%^. Square bronze coins (Zeit.f. Num., vi. PI. IV. i), obv., Head of Herakles, rev.. Club and Bow. Sophytes, after B. c. 306, vassal under Alexander and Seleucus in the Indus region. M Attic drachms. Inscr., SnYTOY, rev. Cock(B.M. Guide, PI. XXVIII. 17). Antioclius II, of Syria, before B. c. 250. M Tetradr. and drachm, BAZIAEnS ANTIOXOY. Zeus hurling fulmen, at his feet Eagle. Diodotus appears to have revolted from Antiochus, or to have been acknowledged as king by him about B. c. 250. Fia. 367. Inscr., BAZIAEnZ AIOAOTOY. K and M Zeus hurling fulmen, at his feet Eagle (Fig. 367) ; M Artemis running with torch, dog beside her (B. M. Cat., PI. I. 9). Euthydemus I, contemporary with Antiochus III of Syria (b. C. 222- 187). K and M BASIAEIIZ EYOYAHMOY, Herakles naked seated on rocks ; Heads of bearded Herakles and of Zeus, rev. Prancing horse (B. M. Cat., PI. II. 7). Demetrius, son of Euthydemus I, extended his dominions into India. M Tetradr., dr., and obol , BAZI AEIiZ AHMHTPIOY, Head of King dia- demed, rev. Pallas standing, and more frequently King's head in Ele- phant's skin, rev. Herakles standing crowning himself (Fig. 368). BACTRIA AND INDIA. 703 Fig. 368. M Head of Herakles, rev. Eadiate Artemis standing ; Shield, rev. Tri- dent; Elephant's head, rev. Caduceus ; also square M BAZIAEHZ AMl- KHTOY AHMHTPIOY, rev. Fulmen, and Indo-Bactrian inscr. (B. M. Cat., PI. II. 9-12; III. 1,3; XXX. 1,3). Enthydemus II, son of Demetrius. M Tetradr. and dr., BAZIAEfiS EYOYAHMOY, Boyish head of King, rev. Herakles facing (Fig. 369); Fig. 369. bronze and nickel, Head of Apollo, rev. Tripod ; Bearded head of Hera- kles, rev. Horse (B. M. Cat., PI. III. 3-7). Fantaleou, contemporary with or successor of Euthydemus II. M Tetradr., BAZIAEHZ HANTAAEONTOZ, Zeus enthroned holding statu- ette of Hekate (B. M. Cat., PI. XXX. 4) ; M square, Greek and Indian Pali inscr., Dancing figure, rev. Lion {op. ciL, PI. III. 9) ; Nickel and M round, Head of Dionysos, rev. Panther. Agathocles, contemporary with or successor of Pantaleon. M Tetradr. in commemoration of his predecessors, (i) of Alexander the Great, AAEZ- FlG. 370. Z04 BACTRIA AND INDIA. AN APOY TOY z z 2 708 BACTRIA AND INDIA. Zoilus. Bilingual ia i staters of Indian weight, BAZ I AEflZ AIKAIOY (or ZnTHPOZ) ZniAOY, Bust of king diademed, rev. Herakles standing or Pallas fighting. Round and square M, oiv. Apollo standing, rev. Tripod ; olv. Head of Herakles, rev. Bow and bow-case within ivy-wreath (B. M. Cat., PI. XH. 10-13; XXXn. 1,2). Apollophanes. Bilingual M \ staters of Indian weight, BAZIAEHS ZHTHPOZ AnOAAOANOY (sic), Bust helmeted (?), rev. Pallas fighting (B. M. Cat., PI. XIII. i). Artemidorus. Bilingual M staters and \ staters of Indian weight, BAZIAEnZ ANIKHTOY APTEMI Ar^POY, Bust diademed or helmeted, rev. Artemis shooting with bow (type parlant) ; Nike stephanephoros (B. M. Cat., PL XXXII. 2,-5)- Square M, Artemis standing facing drawing arrow from quiver, rev. Humped bull (B. M. Cat., PI. XIII. 2). Antiiuachus II (Nikephoros). Bilingual M \ staters of Indian weight, BAZIAEnZ NIKH0OPOY ANTIMAXOY, Nike stephanephoros, rev. King on horseback. Square M, olv. Aegis, rev. Wreath and Palm (B. M. Cat., PI. xm. 3, 4). Fhiloxeuus. Bilingual M staters and square \ staters of Indian weight, BAZIAEnZ ANIKHTOY cDiAOZEMOY, Bust diademed or hel- meted, rev. King on horseback. Square M, obv. Tyche or City, standing with cornucopiae, rev. Humped bull ; obv. Helios standing, rev, Nike stephanephoros (B. M. Cat., PI. XIII. 5-10). Nicias. Bilingual M \ staters of Indian weight, BAZIAEflZ ZflTH- POZ NIKIOY, Bust diademed, rez;. Figure standing holding palm (B. M. Cat., PL XXXII. 6). Square M, olv. Bust diademed, rev. King on horseback or Anchor with dolphin twined round it (B. M. Cat., PL XIII. 11, 12). Hippostratus. Bilingual M staters and \ staters of Indan weight, BAZIAEnz ZnTHPDZ innoZTPATDY, Bust diademed, rev. Tyche or City standing. Others often with additional title, METAADY, rev. King on horseback (B. M. Cat., PL XIV, 1-5). Square M, obv. Triton holding dolphin and rudder, rev. Turreted female figure holding palm ; obv. Apollo standing, rev. Tripod ; obv. Figure en- throned facing, rev. Horse (B. M. Cat. PL XIV. 6-8). Amyntas. Bilingual M staters and i staters of Indian weight, BAZI- AEnZ NIKATOPOZ AMYNTOY, Bust helmeted, diademed, wearing kausia, or bare, rev. Pallas fighting or Zeus Nikephoros enthroned facing (B. M. Cat., PL XIV. 9, 10). ^ ^ ^ Square M Bust of bearded deity radiate, wearing Phrygian cap or tiara, rev. Pallas standing (B. M. Cat. PL XIV. 11). BACTRIA AND INDIA. 709 Telephus. Bilingual M \ staters of Indian weight, BAZIAEHZ EYEP- TETOY THAEctOY, Giant Skythes(?) serpent-footed, holding hammer in each hand, rev. Helios radiate and male figure wearing wreath or horned, standing facing (B. M. Cat., PI. XXXII. 7). Hermaeus. Bilingual M staters and i staters of Indian weight, BAZ- lAEnZ ZaTHPOZ EPMAIOY, Bust diademed or helmeted, or King on horseback, rev. Zeus enthroned facing (Fig. 375). Square and round Fig- 37.5- M resembling M, or obv. Head of bearded deity radiate or wearing Phrygian cap or tiara, rev. Horse or Zeus enthroned (B. M. Cat., PL XV. 1-7). The coins of this king are imitated by the non-Greek king Kadphises, with the blundered legend ZTHPDZ ZY EPMAIDY for ZHTHPOZ EP- MAIOY. Some of these imitations have Nike on the reverse (B. M. Cat., PL XV. 8 ; XXXII. 8). Hermaeus and Calliope. Bilingual M \ staters of Indian weight, BAZIAEHZ ZHTHPOZ EPMAIOY KAI KAAAIOHHZ, Busts of King and Queen diademed, rev. King on horseback (B. M. Cat, PI XV 9, 10). Epigraphy. The Indian inscriptions on the reverses of the above-de- scribed coins are of two kinds, (a) Indian Pali, which occurs only on the coins of Pantaleon and Agathocles, and (/3) Arian Pali on those of all the other monarchs. The legend almost always begins with the word Ti^^'^t-', Maharajasa = ^kT\\EQ.1. This is followed by one or more high-sounding epithets, such as T 'H'IX, tradatasa = ZHTHPOZ ; TT'M'J. d/iratniiasa = AIKAIOY; T'l^AlJ, jayadharam - NIKH0OPOY- T*T^^'+lA7, «i"^f/itofl*a = ANIKHTOY; y^*^^ , makataBa ^ fA^T \- AOY; y^'^h^ praticliliam ^Em<^kHQ'^T; y^t^i.f^h, palanakra- OT«a=EYEPrETOY; T^'^^Illl'n, ;-«y«^/ra>«fl = BAZIAEIiZ BAZIAEHN. Other words are also occasionally met with which cannot be rendered by Greek equivalents. Last of all follows the king's name, transliterated as nearly as possible from the Greek, though sometimes hardly recoo-- nisable in its Indian form, e.g. T '1*^2' ,7/. Evukratidasa=:zE\K?\l\. AOY; y^i,Strafasa=-Z.J?MQ.H01.; y S,^"^, Menadrasa = N\Ei'ikU- APOY ; TA<-''n-0, Hera7nayasa = E[>t^\\oy, etc. For a complete list of these Prakrit legends, with their Greek and English renderings, the student is referred to Prof. Gardner's Catalogue, already so frequently Clti6Cl. 710 BACTRIA AND INDIA. The series of kings bearing Greek names comes to an end with Her- maeus, who probably reigned in the course of the last half century before the Christian era. The Greek character continued, however, to be used on the coins of the conquering Scythian kings, Kadphises I (with types of Hermaeus), Kadaphes, Kadphises II, Kanerkes (a. d. 87-106 '), Hooerkes (circ. A. D. 111-129), and Bazodeo, or Vasu Deva (a.d. 123- 176), for more than a century after the Christian era. Among these the series with the names (in Greek letters) and the figures of a large number of divinities borrowed from various mythologies are of considerable interest. Among these the following may be here mentioned: — HAIOC, CAA- HNH, NANAIA, NANA and NANIA PAO, HPAKIAO, PAO PHOPO, PIOM, CAPATTO, UUPON, which may be perhaps identified with Helios, Selene, Artemis (?), Herakles, Ares (?), Roma (?), Serapis, and Uranos (?). Many other names of divinities occur which appear to be of Persian and Indian origin. Of these the following may be noted, AOPO, APAEI- XPO, APOOACnO, MAMAOBArO, MAO, MEIPO, OAMlNAA, OAAO, OPAArNO,OPOZ; Temples; Altars; Buildings, one inscribed BAAINHOY; and other sacred objects ; e. g. Modius in car drawn by serpents, or on pillar guarded by winged dragon. (y) Astronomical Types. Phoenix, with Inscr. AlUJN, referring to the commencement of the Sothiac cycle, A.D. 139. Year 2 of Antoninus Pius. Zodiac, the twelve signs of the, — in circle. Jupiter in Aries. Head of Zeus over a Earn. Venus in Taurus. Head of Aphrodite over a Bull. (?) in Gemini {1). Turreted head over Apollo and Herakles. Moon in Cancer. Head of Selene over a Crab. Sol in Leo. Head of Helios over a Lion. Mercury in Virgo. Head of Mercury over goddess holding torch and ears of corn. Venus in Libra. Head of Aphrodite over Scales. Mars in Scorpio. Head of Ares over Scorpion. Jupiter in Sagittarius. Head of Zeus over Centaur with bow and arrow. Saturn in Capricorn. Head of Kronos over a Goat. Saturn in Aquarius. Head of Kronos over flying figure holding a vase reversed. Jupiter in Pisces. Head of Zeus over two Fishes. The Zodiacal types were all struck in the eighth year of Antoninus Pius. (8) Graeco-Eoman Types, AYTOKPAT[nP]. Various types. PHMH. Variously represented. Egypt or Africa recumbent, holding ears of corn and resting on sphinx. AHMOZ PilMAinN. Populus Eomanus. A P M E N I A . Trophy between captives. "Wolf and twins. TTATHP nATPIAOZ. Two hands joined. ANTINOOY HPnOZ. Bust of Antinous with Egyptian head-dress. TIBEPIZ— OMONOIA. Elvers Tiber and Nile with hands joined. (e) Personifications of abstract conceptions. APOAI[TOnOAITHC]. Temple of Hathor (1). Hathor holding flower and figure of Elpis {!,). Elpis (?) by herself. KYNOn[OAITHC]. Anubis half-draped holding jackal. Jackal seated. €PMOnOAITH[C]. Hermes (Thoth) in temple holding caduceus and purse or caduceus and cynocephalic ape. Bearded head and ibis. Cynocephalus seated. OZYPYNXGITHC NOMOC. Goddess Tefnet as Pallas holding Nike and bipennis. Nike. Bipennis. HPAKA€OnOAITHC. Herakles in temple ; Harpokrates-Herakles holding club surmounted by hawk; Herakles holding club and griffin. Griffin alone. APCINOITHC. God Sebek-ra holding bust of Arsinoe. Bust of Ai-sinoe. Crocodile. Lovxr Egypt. /V\eMOEM0OEY NOMOZ. Hathor holding lotus-flower, from which iseues infant Harpokrates. Harpokrates-Herakles on lotus-flower. ZOIT[HC]. Divinity holding quadruped ; at his feet Cynocephalus. Divinity holding staff and uncertain object, between two rams (?) onjjases. Female figure holding ram and club. Eam by itself BOYCI[PITHC]. Osiris holding goat and serpent. Goat by itself. CeBe[NNYTHC] or MOMOC CeBENNYTHC (Superior). Horus holding sword and spear. Goat. C€Be[NNYTHC] K[ATUJ TOnuuN] (Inferior). Divinity holding grapes and spear. Bunch of grapes. AIOn[OAITHC] K[ATUJ TOTTUUM]. Amen-ra holding spear and ram. Eam by itself. 0M0Y4>I[THC]. Isis (?) holding crocodile. Crocodile, symbol of Sebek-ra. 0O€NeOY[THC]. Horus naked holding hawk and ram. Two hawks face to face. Harpokrates (infant Horus) issuing from lotus-flower. CA6ITHC. Athena holding owl and shield. Cow, symbol of goddess Neith. NAYKPAT[ITHC]. Serpent-headed divinity holding hawk and sceptre. Female figure holding serpent. Serpent coiled and crowned with the Pskhent. K ABACI [THC]. Horus half-draped holding spear and hawk. Hawk of Horus. METH[AITHC]. Isis holding sistrum and hawk. Hawk by itself. AHTOn[OAITHC]. Horus standing holding ichneumon, the symbol of the goddess Beset (Leto). Ichneumon by itself rYNAIK[OnOAITHC]. Isis holding ram, symbol of Amen. Eam by itself. MeNCAAeiTHC. Nilus standing holding reed and infant Horus-Har- pokrates, the lower part of whose body ends in a crocodile's tail. Infant Horus-Harpokrates with crocodile's tail before an altar. AAeZ[ANAP€UJN] X[UJPAC NOMOC]. Military figure, Horus (?), hold- ing hippopotamus. Hippopotamus by itself. /V\AP€[UJTOY NOMOC] or MAPe[UJTHC]. Chnuphis (?) holding ram and fish (?) or ram and sceptre. Eam by itself AIBYH[C NOMOC]. ChnuphiB(?) with ram's head(?) holding uncertain object and ram. Ram by itself. ETHIOPIA. AzTim. On the coinage of the Axumite dynasty see Prideaux {Num. Chron., 1884, p. 205), and E. Drouin {Rev. Arch., 1882, p. 206). The scanty numismatic relics of eastern Ethiopia (the modem Abyssi- nia) consist of small gold pieces weighing about 24 grs. and small bronze coins. They bear inscriptions at first in Greek, or rather Graeco-Coptic, and later in the Ethiopia character. The Greek inscriptions were exe- CYRENAICA. 725 cuted by engravers more or less ignorant of the Greek language, and are frequently misspelt and blundered. The gold coins exhibit on the obverse the bust of a king crowned and encircled by two ears of barley, and on the reverse another bust, diademed, also encircled by two ears of barley. Types, style, fabric, and the presence of the cross at the com- mencement of the inscription, show that the coins of Axum are subse- quent to the Christian era, but so little is known of the history of the country that it is impossible to arrange the coins in strict chronological order. We do know, however, that in A. d. 356 the Emperor Constan- tius II addressed a letter, which is still extant, to a king named Aizana or Ezana, whose coins we also possess, and this gives us approximately the epoch to which the whole series seems to belong. The use of the Greek language in Ethiopia is doubtless due to commercial relations be- tween Ethiopia and Egypt. Among the more legible coins bearing Greek inscriptions the fol- lowing may be mentioned : — Apliilas. Ochsas. Bachasa. Aizana or Ezana. Aieb. Ulzebas. K. A*IAAC BACIA€YC, rev. AZUJMITUUN BICIAIMHAH, a word of unknown signification. S. ^OXCAC BACIA€YC, rev. OeOY CYXAPICTIA. {Num. Chron., 1884, PL X. i.) S. >I«B/\C ►J«CIH ►J.BAX hi* ACA, rev. ^ IAN .J. AA* ►$« euuN ^ BIC. {Num Chron., 1884, PI. X. 3.) S. ^ CNl ^ BAX ►!. ACA >J. BAC, rev. .J* HEZANA BACI- A€YC. {Num. Chron., 1884, PI. X. 10.) S. ^ >I« >J< AIHB BACIA€Y, rev. Blundered legend. {Num. Chron., 1884, PI. X. 12.) M >!. OVAZHBAC BACIAEYC, rev. TOYTO APeCH TH XUUPA. {Num. Chron., 1884, PL X. 18.) CYRENAICA. [See Miiller, Monnaies de Vancienne Afrique, R. S. Poole, Cat. of the Coins of the Ptolemies, pasBim, and Bompois, Midailles grecqiies autonomes frappies dans la Cyrinaique.'] Cyrene was founded by Dorians from the island of Thera, under the leadership of one Battus, the ancestor of the dynasty called after him the Battiadae, who ruled the country of the Cyrenaica from B. c. 63 1 to about B.C. 450. Situate in a land of unexampled fertility, on the northern slope of the high table-land of Libya, where it breaks into spacious terraces descending step by step to the sea, and sheltered by the high land in the rear from the parching winds of the desert, Cyrene rapidly rose to wealth and splendour, the enterprising Hellenes becoming the intermediaries between the native Libyan population of the interior and the outer world. 726 CYRENAiCA. Of all the varied products of this beautiful country the far-famed Sil- phium plant (now extinct) was the most important, and was highly prized throughout the whole ancient world, both for its medicinal virtues and for the perfumes extracted from its flowers. The Silphium as a Cyrenean coin-type, like the Bee on the coins of Ceos, was symbolical of the worship of Aristaeos, the protector of the corn-field and the vine and of all growing crops and bees and flocks and shepherds, and the averter of the scorching blasts of the Sahara. This beneficent god was the son of Apollo and of the nymph Kyrene, and his cultus in the Cyrenaica appears to have been closely allied to that of the Libyan Ammon, who was also a pastoral god. The bearded head with the ram's horn on the coins of Gyrene is that of Zeus Ammon, while the youthful head, also with the ram's horn, is probably intended for Aristaeos. The female head, of rarer occurrence, is the nymph Kyrene. Circ. B.C. 631-530. The earliest money of Cyi-ene consists of extremely archaic electrum and silver coins of the Euboic standard. This seems to point to com- mercial relations between Euboea and the Libyan coast at a time when the Euboean cities, Chalcis and Eretria, exercised a predominant influ- ence in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean Sea. The very rare electrum coins which Miiller (op. cit.) has attributed to Gyrene may be thus described : — Double floral pattern. Two oblong incuse depressions . . El. 269 ^ Id. (iliiller, Siqjpl., PL I. I.) One square and one oblong incuse . El. 133-1 grs. Triple flower. (Whittall, 1575.) Incuse square . . . . El. 27-5 grs, M. Babelon {Rev. Num., 1885, p. 390 sq.) disputes the attribution of these electrum coins to Gyrene, and would assign them to Asia Minor. He also publishes a coin of pure gold, which seems to be undoubtedly of Gyrenean origin. It is of the Phoenician standard. Four silpliium flowers in the angles of a cruciform pattern. Hough incuse square . . -¥iiogrs. {Rev. Num., 1885, PI. XV. i.) The prevailing types of the earliest silver coins are — (i) The fruit or seed-vessel of the silphium, resembling a heart in shape, repeated on the larger denominations twice or four times. (ii) The sprouting bud or shoot of the silphium often repeated, and arranged in a conventional floral pattern. (Bompois, op. cit., PI. I. i.) (iii) The leaf of the silphium. (iv) The entire plant of the silphium, represented with a thick tall stem, having at the top a round clustered head or blossom. To these types are sometimes added accessories in the field, such as a lion, a lion's head, or a boar {Rev. Num., 1885, PL XV. 2), etc. The re- CYRBNE. 7%7 verses are in this period always incuse without any ornament. The square is sometimes divided diagonally, as on the primitive coins of Euboea, sometimes it is quartered and sometimes divided by 'a broad band into two oblong parts. Circ.-B.c. 530-480. Soon after his accession in B. c. 530, Arcesilaus III, having been ex- pelled from his kingdom, took refuge in Samos, then ruled by Polycrates, whence he shortly afterwards returned to Cyrene with a contingent of Samian and Ionian auxiliaries, and by their aid regained possession of his ancestral throne. The types of the following coin, indicating an alhanee about this time between Cyrene, Samos, and lalysus in Rhodes, designate it as having been struck by Arcesilaus III for the payment of his Samian and Rhodian allies. Euhoie Standard. Fig. 387. SilpUum plant ; in field, fruit of the silphium and lion's head. {Tyfe of Samos or Lindus.) Incuse square, within which eagle's head with serpent in his beak. {Type of lalysus.) (Fig. 387.) . M Tetradr. The other coins which may be assigned to this period are — Silphium plant. Id. Id. (Mttller, No. 23.) Nymph Kyrene seated 1. with silphium plant before her and silphium seed behind her. {Num. Chron., 1886, PL I. 6.) Same type, r. {Rev. Num., 1885, PI. XV. 5.) Four silphium sprouts in floral pattern, with bearded head above. (Bompois, Gyr., i. 6.) K Gazelle, silphium plant, and fruit, all in incuse square M. Tetradrachm. Silphium fruit between two dolphins, all in incuse square JH Tetradrachm (Miiller, i. p. 11, No. 23.) Incuse square. Herakles and nymph standing on either side of the tree of the garden of the Hesperides . . . M Tetradrachm. Forepart of Pegasos 1. in dotted square. M Tetradr. Head of Zeus Ammon r. in incuse. square M Tetradr. Incuse square, containing floral star J& Didrachm. 728 CYEENAICA. Similar, but with horse's head in place of bearded head. Archaic bearded head with four or two fruits of the silphium in the field. Silphium plant. (Baron de Hirsch.) Lion's head facing and silphium fruit. Fruit of silphium. Id, Three sprouts of silphium and forepart of horse arranged in circle. (Miiller, Fig. 19.) Silphium plant. Incuse square, containing floral star. (Bompois, Cyr., PI. 1. 7 .) JB. Didrachm. Incuse square, containing floral star in incuse circle or square M Didr. and dr. Incuse square, containing dolphin and hoof of fawn . . . . M Drachm. Incuse square, containing griffin's head r M Drachm. Incuse square, containing archaic bearded head or female head . . . JB, \ Drachm. Incuse square, containing winged female figure -^ \ Drachm. Incuse square, containing floral star. M Diobol. Incuse square, containing dolphin (?) or star of four rays . . . M Obol. In this period coins of Phoenician weight (drachms of 53 and half drachms of 26 grs.) were introduced at Cyrene, and issued side by side with the coins of the Euboic standard. Phoenician Standard. Two silphium fruits placed in oppo- site directions. Id. Silphium plant. Bee (symbol of Aristaeos). Silphium plant. Incuse square, containing silphium fruit M Dr. 52 grs. Incuse square, containing lion's head, facing M Dr. 49 grs. Incuse square, containing floral star. M Dr. 52 grs. Id M^'Dr. 26-3 grs. Incuse square, containing silphium fruit . . . . .^ I Dr. 25-4 grs. Circ. B. c. 480-431. Euboic and Phoenician Standards. Fig. 388. CIRENE. 729 Silphium. Id. Id. Id. Head of nymph Kyrene, three-quarter face. Incuse circle. KYPA Head of Zeus Ammon of early transitional style, in dotted circle. (Fig. 388.) . . . M. Euboic tetradr. 265 grs, Incuse square. K — Y — P — A, Id. . M Phoenician dr. 52 grs, Id. ... ^ „ \ dr. 25 grs Incuse square. K — Y — P — A, Archaic head of nymph Kyrene with hair turned up under her diadem . _ M 52 grs. Three silphium plants radiating from one centre M, Euboic trihemiobol 14-5 grs. Circ. B.C. 431-321. In B.C. 431 the rule of the Battiadae was replaced by a republican form of government, under which Gyrene attained the highest point of her prosperity, as is sufficiently evident from the plentiful issue of fine gold pieces, as well as of silver tetradrachms in large numbers. The Euboic standard was now almost entirely abandoned in the case of the silver money for coins of the Phoenician weight of the Samian variety. Tetradr. 310-200 grs. The gold coins, from the stater down to the half drachm, follow the Euboic or Attic weight, but the smallest denomination is a piece of 13-5 grs., equivalent to one-tenth of the stater, a fraction which is foreign to the Attic system. Fig. 389. KYPANAION Victorious quadriga driven by Nike, Kyrene, or male , charioteer, surmounted sometimes by star. K — Y — P — A — N Horseman. Head of Athena. Beardless male head with ram's horn, Aristaeos (?) or bearded head of Zeus Ammon. Zeus Ammon standing or enthroned, variously represented holding Nike and sceptre, sacrificing before thymia- terion (Fig. 389) or with ram, eagle, owl, or silphium beside him ; magistrate's name . K Staters. Silphium KDr. Three silphium plants radiating from one centre K ^ Dr. Female head (Kyrene) ; Head of Libya with formal curls ; or Eam's head . S ^ stater 13.5 grs. The magistrates' names, which occur either in full or in abbreviated form in the nominative or genitive case, are APISTIOS, APiSTAfOPA, 730 CYBENAICA. AAMnNAKTOS, OEYnM., XAIPIOS. The silver coinage of Cyrene in this period consists in the main of tetradrachms of a 10-300 grs. Head of Zeus Ammon, 1, or r., and magistrate's name. K — Y — P — A, etc., or no inscr. Sil- pbium. (Miiller, i. p. 45, No. 140.) M. Tetradr. Fig. 390. Head of Zeus Ammon facing, all in laurel wreath. KYPANA Head of Zeus Ammon facing. {Z.f. A^wm., vii. PI. I. 17.) K— Y— P— A— M— A Silphium (Fig. 390.) M Tetradr. Silphium, beside which, a gazelle on its hind legs, nibbling the topmost leaf. APISTOMHAEOS . . M Tetradr. Magistrate, The smaller denominations are drachms, \ drachms, trihemiobols, and obols of the same standard. Types — Head of Zeus Ammon, or youthful head with Eam's horn, rev. Silphium, or, on the trihemiobol, a triple silphium. The magistrates' names on the silver coins are APISTIOS, API£TO- MHAE02, OEY(DI[AEYS], KYAIOS, AIBYSTPATO[S], and tsllKIOS, variously abbreviated. The following didrachms of Attic weight must also be classed to the latter part of this period. OEY Silphium ■'E "75 Gazelle M -55-35 Head of Zeus Ammon. Horseman or free horse. Wheel ^.9-8 Wheel ^.8-5 CYB.ENE. 731 Circ. B.C. 321-308. In this period, while the Cyrenaica was subject to Ptolemy Soter, autonomous gold, silver, and bronze money was issued at Gyrene. The gold coins are of the Attic weight, but the silver, like the money of Ptolemy before he assumed the royal title (b. c. 305), follows the Rhodian standard (Didr. 1 20 grs.) Gold. Head of Pallas, as on staters of Alexander. (B. M. Cat., Ptol, PI. XXXII. I.) Head of Pallas. Id. Horseman ; behind, star. (B.M. Guide, PI. XXXV. 39.) Head of Zeus Ammou. Id., KYPANAIOI PTOAEMAin. Nike standing, as on staters of Alexander. K 133 grs. [PTO]AEMAIOY Nike. Magistrate, EY2. or typ3, rev. \y!TV ( = Sigan), indicating that they were struck at the town of Siga. Also no'^Dan t^pn and K/OKr' = ' Kingdom of Bocchus' or ' Bocchus the king,' struck at Semes. Tyjaes—Msle head with pointed beard, rev. Bacchus holding a small buU by one horn ; Star and grapes (Miiller, iii. 98). Interregnum, B.C. 33-25. Bronze. Bust of Africa in Elephant's skin, rev. Head of Janus or of Augustus. See MiiUer's remarks (iv. p. 73) on the Punic legend, which appears to contain the name of Bocchus. MAUBWfANIA. 747 Juba II, B. c. !25-A.D. 33. This king was the son of Juba I, who lost his kingdom at the battle of Thapsus. He was made king of Mauretania by Augustus, and married Cleopatra Selene, daughter of M. Antonius and the famous Cleopatra. The silver coins of this king, denarii of hght weight, are very plentiful. They read REX IVBA or REX IVBA REGIS IVBAI F, and in the latter part of his reign the regnal year is added on the reverse (e.g. R. XXXI, etc). They bear as a rule the head of Juba on the obverse and various types on the reverse : Head of Africa ; Ele- phant ; Lion ; Club, and other symbols of Herakles ; Cornucopiae ; Star and Crescent ; Altar, on which Uraeus ; Capricorn ; Temple of Augustus ; Nike, etc. ; and sometimes a wreath, within which is the name of the capital of Mauretania, Caesarea, the ancient lol. The bronze coins are less numerous. On some of these the inscription is in Greek BACIA€UJ I OB A (Miiller, p. 107). The city of Carthago Nova conferred upon Juba the honorary title of Duumvir quinquennalis. Cf. Miiller, iii. iii. Juba II and Cleopatra, or Cleopatra alone. Denarii and bronze with portraits of Juba and of Cleopatra. Inscr., REX IVBA on the obverse, and BACIAICCA KAeOTTATPA on the ^^^.^^^^(Fig. 40o),orwith REX IVBA, Fig. 400. rev. BACIAICCA KACOTTATPA, and types referring to the worship of Isis and other Egyptian divinities. Others bear the head and name, always in Greek, of Cleopatra alone. Ptolemy, A. D. 23-40, the son of Juba and Cleopatra, was co-regent with his father before the death of the latter, as is evident from denarii bearing thejoint names and portraits REX IVBA, rev. REX PTOAEMAEVS The denarii of this king are all of very light weight and inferior in execution to those of his father. Inscr., REX PTOLEMAEVS, and date R(egis) A(nno) I, 11, etc. Ti/pes mostly conventional and of no special The iaronze coins read REX PTOLEMAEVS REGIS IVBAE F or REG. REGE PTOLEMAEO. The iwcr. REX PTOL in the centre of certain bronze coins of Car- thago Nova proves that that city paid the king of Mauretania the com- pliment of electing him as one of the municipal Duumviri quiuquennales. Ptolemaeus was invited to Rome by Caligula A. D. 40, and there assassi- nated, after which Mauretania was constituted a Eoman province. TOWNS. Babba, a Roman colony founded by Augustus, under the title Colonia Campestris Julia Babba, abbreviated on coins C. C. I. B. Other inscrip- tions are D. D. PVBL. (Decreto Decurionum publico), and EX CONSENSV D(ecurionum). Bronze of Claudius, Nero, and Galba. 748 MAURETANIA. Camarata, a maritime town not far from Siga. Bronze of barbarous work. Inscr., XDD, ohv. Rude head, rev. Grapes and ear of com (Miiller, iii. 143). lol, a town of Phoenician origin, was the residence of Juba II, by whom its name was changed to Caesarea. The inscr. CAESAREA occurs on de- narii and bronze of Juba II, and on autonomous bronze of about the same time (Miiller, iii. p. 138). Lix, the most important town on the western or Atlantic coast of Mau- retania. The coins are of the late autonomous period, with the Neo-Punic inscr. VZh and W2b b^lD (=Lks and Mbal Lks, the people of Lix), also LIXS and LIX. T^pes — Head of divinity, Kabiros (?) in conical hat with cord hanging from the top, rev. Two bunches of grapes ; Two fishes ; Altar, etc. (Miiller, iii. 155). Rusadir (Miiller, iv. 78). Late autonomous bronze. Inscr., "nstiD, Eearded head, rev. Bee. Sala, on the Atlantic coast, bordering upon the desert. Late autono- mous bronze coins with Neo-Punic inscr. royv (Sal(S,)t, Bearded head, rev. Grapes ; Ear of corn, and disk within crescent (Miiller, iii. 163). Semes. Site unknown. Bronze with name of Bocchus III and autono- mous, probably of the time of Juba 11. Inscr., W12V OpJ2 (Makom Sms, City of the Sun), usually with bearded head of the Sun-god facing, rev. Star ; Grapes and corn. Siga, on the Mediterranean coast, near the mouth of a little river of the same name, between Caesarea and Tingis. Regal bronze of Boc- chus III. Inscr., lVp2 and ]yT\D (Bocchus and Sigan), (Miiller, iii. 97). Tamnsida or Tamnsia, on the Atlantic coast, about thirty miles north of Sala, probably identical with the Thymiateria of Scylax. Late auto- nomous bronze with Neo-Punic inscr. nj;iQ/1 (Tmdat ?), Head of bearded divinity, rev. Two ears of com (Miiller, iii. 162). Timici, an inland town in the western part of Mauretania Caesari- ensis. Late autonomous bronze. Inscr. OD/1 (Tmci), Bearded head, rev. Grapes between two laurel branches (Miiller, iii. 143). Tingis, now Tangiers, on the straits of Gibraltar, the chief town of Mauretania Tingitana. Late autonomous bronze with Neo-Punic legends, NJJ^n rh);2 or KJ^^n byin, etc. (city or citizens of Tmgis), (Muller, iii. 144), Bearded head of Baal without neck, or of Demeter, etc., rev. Upright ears or ear of com. Also Imperial — Augustus and Agrippa, with Neo- Punic and Latin legend, IVL TIN, rev. Bearded head of Baal facing. Zilis, about twenty miles south of Tingis. Late autonomous bronze, with Neo-Punic iiiscr., rsh^Vi, Head of Hermes with caduceus, rev. Two upright ears of com (MiiUer, iii. p. 153). INDEXES. I, GEOGRAPHICAL. II. KINGS AND DYNASTS. III. EEMARKABLE INSCRIPTIONS : (a) GeBEK. (0) Latin, Eteuscan, etc. (y) Phoenician, Aeamaic, Punic, and Hebeew. IV. TITLES AND EPITHETS OF CITIES, MENTIONS OF SITES, etc. (a) GeEEK. (0) Latin. V. MAGISTERIAL TITLES: (a) GeEEK. (/3) Latin. VI. ENGRAVERS' NAMES. VII. INDEX RERUM. INDEX I. GEOGEAPHICAL. A. Aba(?) Cariae, 519. Abacaenum Siciliae, 103. Abbaeti Mysiae, 440! Abdera Thraciae, 218. Abila Coelesyriae, 663. Abila Decapoleos, 664. Aboniteichos Papblagoniae, 432. Abydus Troadis, 467. AoalisBUB Lyciae, 576. Acanthus Macedoniae, 182. ACAENANIA, 278, 282, 341. Accilaeum Phrygiae, 556. Ace Galilaeae, 676. AoHAEA Peloponnesi, 347, 350, 352- Achaei Phthiotidis Thes., 248. Acharaca(?) Lydiae, 547. Achulla Byzacenes, 736. Acrae SioUiae, 103. Acraephium Boeotiae, 292. Acrasus Lydiae, 547. Adada Pisidiae, 588. Adana Ciliciae, 598. Adraa Arabiae, 686. Adramyteum Mysiae, 446. Adranum Siciliae, 103. Adriana Ciliciae v. Zepbyrium, 6i8. Aegae Macedoniae, T77. Aegae Achaeae, 347. Aegae Aeolidie, 478. Aegae Ciliciae, 598. Aegiale Amorgi, 409. Aegialus(?) Paphlagoniae, 432. Aegina, 331. Aegira Achaeae, 347, 351. Aegirus Lesbi, 485. Aegium Achaeae, 348, 351. Aegospotami Chersonesi Thra- ciae, 22 2. Aegosthena Megaridis, 329. Aelia Capitolina Judaeae, 679. Aeneia Macedoniae, 189. . Aenianes Thessaliae, 248. Aenus Thraciae, 212. Aeolis, 478. Aesemia Samnii, 24. Aetna Siciliae, 103. Aetna (Catana) Siciliae, 114. Aetoha, 283. Aezani Phrygiae, 556. Agathopolis Chersonesi Thra- cia,e, 223. Agrigentum Siciliae, 104, Agrippia Caesareia Bospori, 422. Agrippias Judaeae v. Anthedon, Agynujn Siciliae, 109. Alabanda Cariae, 519. Alaesa Siciliae, no. Alassa Cretae, 386. Alba Fucentis Latii, 22, 23. Alea Arcadiae, 352, 374. Alexandria Troas, 469. Alexandria ad Issum Ciliciae, 598- Alexandria Aegypti, 718. AlexandriaNomusAegypti, 724. Alia Phrygiae, 556. Alinda Cariae, 519. Alipheira Arcadiae, 352. Alipota Byzacenes, 736. Allaria Cretae, 386. AUiba Campaniae, 26. Alopeconnesus Chersonesi Thra^ ciae, 223. Aluntium Siciliae, 1 10. Alyzia Acarnaniae, 279, 341. Amantia Illyriae, 265. Amasia Ponti, 423. Amastris Paphlagoniae, 432. AniathuB(?) Cypri, 623. Amblada Pisidiae, 589. Ambracia Epiri, 270, 341. Amestratus Siciliae, in. Amisus Ponti, 424. Amorgos, 409. Amorium Phrygiae, 557. Amphaxitis Macedoniae, 211. Amphictyonic Coancil, 289. Amphipolis Macedoniae, 190. Amphissa Locridis, 2S6. Amyzon Cariae, 519. Anactorium Acarnaniae, 2 79, 341- Anaphe, 410. Anazarbus Ciliciae, 598. Anchiale (?) Ciliciae, 599. Anchialus Thraciae, 236. Ancona Piceni, 19. Ancyra Galatiae, 629. Ancyra Phrygiae, 557. Andeda Pisidiae, 589. Andros, 410. Anemurium Ciliciae, 599. Aninetus Lydiae, 548. Antaeopolites Nomus Aegypti, 723- Antandrus Mysiae, 447. Anthedon Judaeae, 679. Anthemusia Mesopotamiae, 688. Anticyra Phocidis, 288. Antigoneia Arcadiae, 352. Antiochia Cariae v. Alabanda, 519- Antiochia adMaeandrum Cariae, 520. Antiochia Pisidiae, 589. Antiochia ad Cydnum Ciliciae, .699- Antiochia ad Pyramum Ciliciae, 599- Antiochia ad Sarum Ciliciae, 599. Antiochia ad Taurum Comma- genes, 653. Antiochia ad Euphratem Com- magenes, 653. Antiochia ad Orontem Syriae, 656. Antiochia ad Callirrhoen, 658. Antiochia ad Daphnen, 658. Antiochia Ptolemaidis, 658. Antiochia ad Hippum Decapo- leos, 664. Antiphellus Lyciae, 576. Antissa Lesbi, 485. Apameia Bithyniae, 437. Apameia Phrygiae, 557. Apameia Syriae, 658. Aperlae Lyciae, 576. Aphrodisias Cariae, 520. AphroditopolitesNomusAegypti, 723- Aphytis Macedoniae, 186. Apollonia Macedoniae, 181. Apollonia Thraciae, 236. Apollonia Blyriae, 265, 341. Apollonia ad Rhyndacum My- siae, 447. Apollonia Salbace Cariae, 521. Apollonia Lyciae, 576. Apollonia Mordiaeum Pisidiae, 589- ApoUonis Lydiae, 548. ApoUonopolites Nomus Aegypti, 722. Apollonos Hieron Lydiae, 548. Appia Phrygiae, 559. Aptera Cretae, 386. 752 INDEX I. Apulia, 36. Aquilonia Samnii, 24. ' Aquinutn Latii, 33. Akabia, 685. Arabia Nomus Aegypti, 723. Aradus Phoenices, 665. Araxa(?) Lyciae, 576. Akcadia, 372. Arcadia Cretae, 387. Aicesine Amorgi, 410. Ardea(?) Latii, 21. Arethusa Syriae, 658. Aegolis, 366. Argos Ajmphilochioum Acama- niae, 279, 341. Argos Argolidis, 352, 366. ArgoB Oiliciae, 599. AriassuB Pisidiae, 589. Ariminum XJmbriae, I'J. Akmenia, 635. Ama (?) Lyciae, 574. Amae Macedoniae, 182. Arpi Apuliae, 37. Axsinoe v. Ephesus. Ar3inoe(?) Cretae, 387. Arsinoites NomuB Aegypti, 723- . _ Arycanda Lyciae, 570. Ascalon Judaeae, 679. Asculuin Apnliae, 38. Asculum (?) Piceni, 19. Asea Arcadiae, 352. Asia(?) Lueaniae, 75. Asine Messeniae, 352, 362. Asopua Laconiae, 363. Aspendus Pamphyliae, 581. Aesorus Siciliae, iii. AssuB Mysiae, 448. Assyria, 690. AstacuB Acamaniae, 279, 341. Astacus BithyDiae, 437. ABtypalaea, 534. Astyra Cariae, 521. AtameuB Mysiae, 449. Atella Campaniae, 26. Athamanes Epiri, 271. Athenae Diades (?) Euboeae, 302. Athens, 309. Athribites Nomus Aegypti, Atrax Thessaliae, 248. Attaea Mysiae, 449. Attalia Lydiae, 548. Attalia Pamphyliae, 583. Attica, 309. Attuda Phrygiae, 559. Atusa Assyriae, 690. Augusta Ciliciae, 599. Aureliopolis Lydiae, 548. Aurunca Campaniae, 26. Autocane Aeolidis, 47 S. Axum Ethiopiae, 724. AxuB Cretae, 387 : v. also Naxus Cretae in the Corri- genda. Azetium Apuliae, 38. Azotus (?) Judaeae, 680. B. Babba Maiiretaniae, 747. Babylonia, 690. Bactbia, 701. Bagis Lydiae, 548. Balanea Syriae, 659. Balbura Lyciae, 577. Baletium Calabriae, 42. Bambyce v. Hierapolia Cyrrhes- ticae, 654. Barata Lycaoniae, 595. Barce Cyrenaicae, 733- Bargasa Cariae, 521. Bargylia Cariae, 521. Baris Pisidiae, 590. Barium Apuliae, 38. Beneventum Samnii, 24. Beroea Macedoniae, 211. Beroea Cyrrhesticae, 654. BerytuB Phoenices, 668. BeudoB vetus Phrygiae, 559. Bianus or Biennus Cretae, 388. Bilan (?) Syrticae, 735. Birytus Troadis, 470. Bisaltae Macedoniae, 178. Bisanthe Thraciae, 229. Bithynia, 436. Bithynium Bithyniae, 437. Bizya Thraciae, 244. Blaundua Phrygiae, 559. Boeae Laconiae, 363. Boeone Aeolidis, 478. BoEOTiA, 291. Bosporus, 422. Bostra Arabiae, 686. Botrys Phoenices, 668. Bottiaei Macedoniae, 209 sqq. Bottice Macedoniae, 188. Bria Phrygiae, 560. Britannia, 9. Briula Lydiae, 548. BrunduBum Calabriae, 43. Bbuttium, 75. Bruzus Phrygiae, 560. Bubastites Nomus Aegypti, 723. Bubon Lyciae, 577. Bulla Kegia Numidiae, 745. Bura Achaeae, 348. Busirites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Buthrotum Epiri, 271. Butuntum Apuliae, 38. Byblus Phoenices, 668. ByUia Illyriae, 266. Byzacene, 736. Byzantium Thraciae, 229. C. Cabasites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Cabeira Ponti, 425. CabeUio Galliae, 9. Cadi Phrygiae, 560. Cadme v. Priene. Cadyanda Lyciae, 577. CaeUa Apuliae, 38. Caesareia-Germanica Bithyniae, 438. . Caesareia Cappadociae, 633. Caesareia Paneas Trachonitidi 663. Caesareia ad Libanum Pho nices, 669. Caesareia Samariae, 678. Caesareia Mauretaniae,"~v. Ic 748. Caiatia Campaniae, 27. Calabria, 42. Calacte Siciliae, 11 r. Calatia Campaniae, 27. Calchedon Bithyniae, 438. Cales Campaniae, 27. Callatia Moesiae Inferioris, 23 Callipolis Cariae, 522. Callista Arcadiae, 352. Calymna, 534. Calynda Lyciae, 577. Camarata Mauretaniae, 748. Camarina ^icUiae, 112. Camars Etruriae, 13 eq. Came Aeolidis, 478. Camirua Khodi, 538. Campania, 25. Camulodunum Britanniae, 10. Canata Decapoleos, 664. Canatba Decapoleos, 664. Candyba Lyciae, 577. Canusium Apuliae, 39. Caphya Arcadiae, 352, 374. Capitoliaa Coelesyriae, 662. Cappadocia, 631. Capaa Macedoniae, 187. Capua Campaniae, 27. Carallia Ciliciae, 600. Cardia Cljersonesi Thraciae, 22 Caeia, 519 sqq. Came or Camos Phoenices, 66 Carpathus insula, 534. Carrhae Mesopotamiae, 688. Carthaea Cei, 411. Carthago Zeugitaniae, 737- Carthago Nova Hiapaniae, 741- Carya (?) Lyciae, 574, Caryanda Cariae, 522. Carystus Euboeae, 302. Casa Ciliciae, 600. Cassandrea Macedoniae, 188. Cassope Epiri, 271. Castabala Ciliciae t. Hieropoli 603. Catana Siciliae, 113. Caulonia Bruttii, 78. Caunus Cariae, 522. Cayatriani Lydiae, 548. Cebrenia Troadis, 470. Celenderia Ciliciae, 600. Cennatia v. Lalassis and Oil 604, 609. Centuripae Siciliae, 118. CeoB, 410. Cephallenia, 358. Cephaloedium Siciliae, 118. Ceraetae Cretae, 388. Cei-amuB Cariae, 522. Cerasus Fonti, 425. Cercine Cheraonesi Tauricae,3; GEOGRAPHICAL. 753 Ceretapa Phrygiae, 560. Ceryneia Aohaeae, 351. Cetis V. Coropissus, Olba, and Philadelphia, 601, 610. Chabacta Ponti, 435. Chaeroneia Boeotiae, 293. Chaloidene, 655. Chalcidioe Macedoniae, 181,185. CHALcroiOB, 655. Chalcis Euboeae, 303. Chalcis ad Belum, 655. Chalcis sub Libano, 655. Chabaoene, 697. Cherronesus Chers. Taur., 237. ChEBSONESUS THBAOIA, 232. Chersokesus Taubica, 337. Chersonesus Cretae, 388. Chersonesus Cariae, 533. Chios, 513. Choma Lyciae, 577. Cibyra Phrygiae, 560. Cidramus Cariae, 533. Cidyessus Phrygiae, ,561. Cierium Thessaliae, 249. Cilbiani Lydiae, 549. CiLioiA, 597. Cimolus, 413. Cirta Numidiae, 745- Cisthene Mysiae, 449. Cithus (?) Lesbi, 486. Citium Cypri, 621. Ciu8 Bithyniae, 439. Clannuda Lydiae, 549. Claudiopolis v. Bithynium, 437. Clazomenae loniae, 490. Cleitor Arcadiae, 352, 374. Cleonae Argolidis, 352, 368. Clypea Zeugitaniae, 743. Cnidus Cariae, 523. Cnossus Cretae, 388. Codrigae v. Tarsus. Codrula Pisidiae, 590. Coela Chers. Thrao., 223. COELESYEIA, 662. Colbasa Pisidiae, 590. Colchis, 433. Colone Messeniae, 362. Colone Troadis, 471. Colophon loniae, 492. Colossae Phrygiae, 561. Colybrassus Cilioiae, 601. Comama Pisidiae, 590. Comana Ponti, 436. Commagene, 653 sq. Compulteria Campaniae, 30. Conane Pisidiae, 590. Consentia Bruttii, 79. Oopae Boeotiae, 292. Copia Lucaniae, 73. Coptites Nomus Aegypti, 723. Cora (?) Latii, 23. Coracesium Cilioiae, 60 1. Corcyra, 275, 341. Corcyra Nigra, 268. Coresia Cei, 412. COEINTHIA, 334. Corinthus, 334, 351. Corinthi Coloniae, 340. Corone Messeniae, 352, 362. Coroneia Boeotiae, 292. Coronta Acarnaniae, 279, 341. Coropissus Cilioiae, 6oi. Corycus Cilioiae, 602. Corydalla Lyciae, 577. Cos, 535. Cosa (Campsa?) Samuii, 25. Cossura, 743. Cotiaeum Phrygiae, 561. Cotusa V. Scotussa Macedoniae. Cragus Lyciae, 577. Cranae insula Laconiae, 365. Cranii Cephalleniae, 358. Crannon Thessaliae, 249. Cremna Pisidiae, 590. Cketa, 382. Creteia Bithyniae, 440. Cretopolis (?) Pamphyliae, 583. Crithote Chers. Thrao., 334. Cromna Paphlagoniae, 433. Croton Bruttii, 79. Cubulteria v. Compulteria, Cumae Campaniae, 30. Curium Cypri, 623. Cyane Lyciae, 577. Cybistra Cappadociae, 634. Cydua(?) Lyciae, 577. Cydonia Cretae, 391. Cyme Euboeae, 305. Cyme Aeolidis, 479. Cynopolites Nomus Aegypti, 723- Cyparissia Messeniae, 363. Ctpbus, 620. Cypsela Thraciae, 2 32. Cteenaioa, 725. Cyrene Cyrenaicae, 725. Cybrhestica, 654. Cyrrhus Cyrrhesticae, 654. Cythera Insula Laconiae, 365. Cythnos, 413. Cyum Cariae, 525. Cyzicus Mysiae, 449. D. Daoia, 234. Daldis Lydiae, 549. Dalisandus Lyoaoniae, 595. Damascus Coelesyriae, 662. Damastium lUyriae, 269. Daorsi lUyriae, 266. Dardanus Troadis, 471. Dboapolis, 664. Delos, 413. Delphi Phocidis, 388. Demetrias Thessaliae, 350. Demetrias Coelesyriae, 662. Demetrias (?) Phoenioes, 669. Demetrias ad Tigrim Assyriae; 690. Derbe Lyoaoniae, 595. Deultum Thraciae, 244. Dia Bithyniae, 440. Dioaea Macedoniae, 189. Dioaea Thraciae, 218. Diocaesareia Phrygiae v. Cere- tapa, 560. Diocaesareia Cilioiae, 602. Diocaesareia - Sepphoris Gali- laeae, 677. Dioclea Phrygiae, 562, Dionysopolis Moesiae Inferioris, 234- Dionysopolis Phrygiae, 562. Diopolites Magnus, Nomua Aegypti, 722. Diopolites Parvus, Nomua Aegypti, 722. Diopolites Inferior, Nomus Aegypti, 724- . Dioscurias Colchidis, 433. Dioshieron Lydiae, 549. Diospolis-Lydda Samariae, 678. Dipaea Arcadiae, 352. Dium Macedoniae, 311. Dium Deoapoleos, 664. Docimium Phrygiae, 562. Doliche Commagenes, 653. Dora Phoenioes, 669. Doron Cilioiae, 602 note. Dorylaeum Phrygiae, 562. Dyme Achaeae, 348, 351. Dyrrhachii lUyriae, 266. Eboda Arabiae, 687. Ebusus Insula Higpaniae, 3. Edessa Macedoniae, 212. Edessa Mesopotamiae, 688. Edoni Macedoniae, 1 79. Egypt, 711. Eion Macedoniae, 176. Elaea Aeolidis, 480. Elaeus Chersonesi Thraciae, 234. Elaeusa Insula Ciliciae, 618. Elateia Thessaliae, 250. Elateia Phocidis, 290. Elea Epiri, 271. Eleusis Atticae, 328. Eleutherna Cretae, 393. Eleutheropolis Judaeae, 680. Elis, 352, 353. Elisphasii Arcadiae, 352. Elyrus Cretae, 393. Emisa Syriae, 659. Emmaus Judaeae v. Nicopolis, 681. Emporiae Hispaniae, i. Enna Siciliae, 119. Entella Siciliae, 119. Epictetus Phrygiae, 563. Epidamnus lUyriae, 266, 341. Epidaurus Argolidis, 352, 369. Epiphaneia Cilioiae, 602. Epiphaneia Syriae, 659. Epibus, 269, 274, 341. Ephesus loniae, 494. Eresus Lesbi, 486. Eretria Euboeae, 305. Eriza Cariae, 525. 3C 754 INDEX I. Erythrae loniae, 498. Eryx Siciliae, 120, 341. Esbus Arabiae, 687. Etenna Pamphyliae, 583. Ethiopia, 724. Eteuria, 10. EuBOEA, 301. Eucarpia Plirygiae, 563. Euesperides Cyrenaicae, 734. Euippe Cariae, 525. Eumenia Phrygiae, 563. Euralium Cariae, 525. Eurea Thessaliae, 250. Euromus Cariae, 525. Eurydicea Macedoniae, J88. Eurymenae Thessaliae, 250. EuBebeia Cappadociae v. Cae- sareia, 633. P. Firmum Piceni, 20. Flaviopolis v. Creteia Bithyniae, 440. Flaviopolis Phrygiae v. Teme- nothyrae, 569. Flaviopolis Ciliciae, 602. Formiae Latii, 21. Fregellae Latii, 21. Fkentani, 25. Fulvia Phrygiae, 564. Fundi Latii, 21. G. Gaba Trachonitidos, 664. Gabala Syriae, 659. Gadara Decapoleos, 665. Gades Hispaniae, 2. Gagae Lyciae, 577. Galaria Siciliae, 12 1. Galatia, 628. Galilaea, 576. Gallia, 7. Gambrium loniae, 500. Gangra Paphlagoniae, 433. Gargara Mysiae, 455. GauloB, 743. Gaza Judaeae, 6S0. Gazauphala Numidiae, 745- Gaziura Ponti, 426. Gebal v. Byblus Phoenices, 668. Gela Siciliae, 121. GentinuB Troadis, 472. Gerasa Decapoleos, 665. Gergis Troadis, 472. Gergis Syrticae, 735. Germanicia Caesareia Comma- genes, 653. Germanicopolis Paphlagoniae, 433- Germanicopolis Ciliciae, 602. Germe Mysiae, 455. Germe Galatiae, 630. Gomphi Thessaliae, 250. Gonnus Thessaliae, 251. Gordium Bithyniae v. Juliopolis, 441. GorduB Julia Lydiae, 549. Gorgippia Bospori, 422. Gortyna Cretae, 394. Gortys Arcadiae, 352. Graxa Calabriae, 43. Grimenothyrae Phrygiae, 564. Grumum Apuliae, 39. Grynium Aeolidis, 480. Gyaros, 414. Gynaecopolites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Gyrton Thessaliae, 251. Gythium Laconiae, 363. Hadriani Mysiae, 455. Hadrianopolis Thraciae, 244. Hadrianopolis (?) Bithyniae, 440. Hadrianopolis Phrygiae, 564. Hadrianothera Mysiae, 455. Hadrumetum Byzacenes, 736. Haliartus Boeotiae, 293. Halicamassus Cariae, 526. Halonesus Insula Thessaliae, 264. Halus Thessaliae, 251. Hamaxitus Troadis, 472. Harpasa Cariae, 527- Hatria Piceni, 20. Helice Achaeae, 349. Heliopolis Coelesyriae, 663. Heliopolites Nomus Aegypti, 723- Hephaestia Lemni, 226. Heptacom Nomus Aegypti, 723. Heraea Arcadiae, 352, 375. Heracleia Lucaniae, 57. Heracleia Minoa Siciliae, 124. Heracleia Sintica Macedoniae, 212. Heracleia Trachinia Thessaliae, 251- Heracleia Insula Hlyriae, 268. Heracleia Bithyniae, 441. Heracleia loniae, 500. Heracleia Salbaoe Cariae, 527. Heracleia ad Sipylum Lydiae, 549- Heracleopolites Nomus Aegypti, 723- Herbessus Siciliae, 125. Herdonia (?) Apuliae, 39. Hermione Argolidis, 352, 370. Hermocapelia Lydiae, 550. Hermonthites Nomus Aegypti, 722. Hermopolites Nomus Aegypti, 723- Hierapolis Phrygiae, 564. Hierapytna Cretae, 396. Hierocaesareia Lydiae, 550. Hieroeharax Phrygiae, 565. Hieropolis Phrygiae, 565. Hieropolis Castabala Ciliciae, 603. Hieropolis Cyrrhesticae, 654. Himera Siciliae, I2^. Hipana Siciliae, 129. Hippo Diarrhytus Zeugitaniai 742. Hippo Eegius Numidiae, 745. Hipponium Bruttii, 85. Hippus V. Antiochia ad Hippui 664. HisPANiA, 5 sqq. Histiaea Euboeae, 308. Holmi Ciliciae, 603. HOMERITAB, 687. Homolium Thessaliae, 353. Hybla Magna Siciliae, 129. Hyde Lycaoniae, 595. Hydrela Cariae, 527. Hyllarima Cariae, 527. Hypaepa Lydiae, 550. Hypana Elidis, 352. Hypata Thessaliae, 253. Hyporon Bruttii, 89. Hypselites Nomus Aegypti, 72; Hyreanis Lydiae, 550. Hyrgalea Phrygiae, 565. Hyria Calabriae, 43. Hyria Campaniae, 32. Hyrium Apuliae, 39. Hyrtacina Cretae, 397. laeta Siciliae, 1 29. lalysus Ehodi, 538. laaus Cariae, 538. Icaria, 515. Ichnae Macedoniae, 177. Iconium Lycaoniae, 595. Icus Insula Thessaliae, 364. Idalium Cypri, 622. Idyma Cariae, 528. Iguvium Umbriae, 18. Ilistra Lycaoniae, 596. Ilium Troadis, 472. Illtbia, 265. Imbros, 225. India, 701. lol Mauretaniae, 748- lolla Mysiae, 455. lOBlA, 489, 512. Ionia, Islands of, 513. lonopolis V. Aboniteichos, 432 Joppa Samariae, 678. los, 414. lotape Ciliciae, 603. Ipsus Phrygiae, 565. Irenopolis Ciliciae, 603. Isaura Ciliciae, 603. ISAUBIA, 597. Isinda Pisidiae, 590. Issa Insula lUyriae, 268. Issus Ciliciae, 604. Istrus Moesiae Inferioris, 234 Italia, 10 sqq. Itanus Cretae, 397. Ithaca, 359. Judaea, 679. Julia Phrygiae, 565. Juliopolis Bithyniae, 443. lulis Cei, 412. GEOGBAFHICAL. r55 Lacanati9 Cilioiae, 604. Laoedaemon Laconiae, 352, 363. Laconia, 363. Laerte Ciliciae, 604. Lalassis Ciliciae, 604, 6o(). Lamia Thessaliae, 253. Lamponeia Troadis, 473. Lampsaous Mysiae, 456. Lanius Ciliciae, 605. Laodiceia Ponti, 426. Laodiceia ad Lycum Phrygiae, 566. Laodiceia Lycaoniae, 596. Laodiceia ad Mare Syriae, 660. Laodiceia ad Libanum Coele- syriae, 663. Lapethus Cypri, 622. Lappa Cretae, 399. Laranda Lycaoniae, 596. Larinuin Frentanorum, 25. Larissa Thessaliae, 253. Larisga Cremaste Thessaliae, 255- Larissa Troadis, 473. Larissa Phriconis Aeolidis, 480. Larissa loniae, 500. Larissa Syriae, 660. Las Laconiae, 365. Lasaea v. Alassa Cretae, 386. Latium, 20. Latopolitea Nomua Aegypti, 722. Latus Cretae, 399. Lafls Lucaniae, 60. Lebadeia Boeotiae, 293. Lebedus loniae, 500. Lemnos, 226. Leontini Siciliae, 129, 341. Leontopolites Nomus Aegypti, Lepsimandus Oariae, 528. Leptis Magna Syrticae, 735. Leptis Minor Eyzaceues, 736. Lesbos, 483. Lete Macedoniae, 176. Letopolites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Leucas Acarnaniae, 279, 382 sq., ^ 341- Leucas Coelesyi'iae, 663. Leuce loniae, 500. Libya Nomus Aegypti, 724. Libya, 735. Lilaea Phocidis, 290. Lilybaeum Siciliae, 131. Limyra Lyciae, 577. Lipara, 167. LisBus Cretae, 399. Liz Mauretaniae, 748. Locri Epizephyrii Brutt., 86, ^ 341- Locri Epicnemidii, 285. Locri Opuutii, 285. Locri Ozolae, 286. LooBis, 385. Longane Siciliae, 133. LnoANiA, 57. Liiceria Apuliae, 39. Lugdunum Galliae, 9. Lusi Arcadiae, 352. Ltcaonia, 695. Lycia, 571. Lycopolites Nomus Aegypti, 723- Lydda v. Diospolia Samariae, 678. Lydia, 544. Lyndus Khodi, 538. Lyrbe Ciliciae, 605. Lysias Phrygiae, 566. Lysimachia Chersouesi Thra- ciae, 224. Lysinia Pisidiae, 591. Lystra Lycaoniae, 596. Lyttus Cretae, 399. M. Macae (?) Libyae, 735. Macaraea (?) Syrticae, 735- Macedonia, i6gsqq., 208 sqq. Macomada Numidiae, 745. Madytus Chersonesi Thraciae, 224. Maeonia Lydiae, 550. Maguetes Thessaliae, 255. Magnesia loniae, 501. Magnesia ad Sipylum Lydiae, 651- Magydus Pamphyliae, 584. Mallus Ciliciae, 605. Mamertini Siciliae, 136. Mantineia Arcadiae, 353, 376. Marathus Phoenices, 669. Marcianopolis Moesiae Infe- rioris, 235. Mareotes Nomus Aegypti, 724. Marium Cypri, 623. Maroneia Thraciae, 215. Masicytus Lyciae, 577. Massilia Galliae, 7. Mastaura Lydiae, 551. Matalia (?) Cretae, 400. Mateola Apuliae, 40. Maubetania, 746. Medeon Acarnaniae, 280. Megalopolis Arcadiae, 352, 372, 376- Megara Siciliae, 132. Megara Megaridis, 329, 351. Megaris, 329. Megarsus Ciliciae, 608. Megiste, 537. Meliboea Thessaliae, 356. Melita, 743. Melitaea Thessaliae, 256. Melos, 414. Memphites Nomus Aegypti,723. Menaenum or Menae Siciliae, 133. Mende Macedoniae, 186. Mendesius Nomus Aegypti, 723. Menelaites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Mesembria Thraciae, 237. ^ C 3 Mesnia or Medma Eruttii, 89, 341- MepSopotamia, 688. Messana Siciliae, 133. Messene Messeniae, 352, 361. Messenia, 361. Metapontum Lucaniae, 63. Metelites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Methana Argolidis, 370. Methone Macedoniae, 192. Methydrium Arcadiae, 352, 377. Methydrium Thessaliae, 256. Methymna Lesbi, 486. Metropolis Acarnaniae, 280, 341. Metropolis Thessaliae, 256. Metropolis loniae, 502. Metropolis Phrygiae, 566. Midaeum Phrygiae, 567. Mideia Argolidis, 370. Miletopolis Mysiae, 458. Miletus loniae, 502. Minasa Pisidiae, 590. Minoa Amorgi, 410. Mol .... Lucaniae (?), 69. Molossi Epiri, 271. Mopsium Thessaliae, 257. Mopsus Cilioiae, 608. Morgantina Siciliae, 137. Mosteni Lydiae, 551. Mothone Messeniae, 363. Motya Siciliae, 138. Mycalessus Boeotiae, 293. Myconos, 415. Mylasa Cariae, 528. Myndus Cariae, 529. Myra Lyciae, 577. Myriandrus Syriae, 660. Myrina Lemni, 226. Myrina Aeolidis, 4S0. Myrleia v. Apameia Bithyniae, 437- Mysia, 446. Mystia Bruttii, 89. Mytilene Lesbi, 4S7. Mytistratus Siciliae, 138. My us loniae, 505. Nacolea Phrygiae, 567. Nacona Siciliae, 139. Nacrasa Lydiae, 551. Nagidus Ciliciae, 608. Nape Lesbi, 488. Naucratis Aegypti, 718. Naucratites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Naulochus loniae, 505. Naxos insula, 416. Naxus Siciliae, 139. Naxus Cretae, 400, v. Corri- genda. Nea Troadis, 473. Neandria Troadis, 473. Neapolis Campaniae, 32. Neapolia Apuliae, 40. Neapolis Siciliae, 140. Neapolis Macedoniae, 175. 756 INDEX 1. Neapolis louiae, 506. Neapolis ad Cadmum Cariae, 629- Neapolis Samariae, 678. NemauBus Galliae, 9. Neocaesareia Ponti, 426. Neoclaudiopolis Paphlagoniaej 433- Neon Phocidis, 290. Neonteichos Aeolidis, 481. Nesos Insula Lesbi, 488. Nesytes Nomus Aegypti, 723. Nicaea Bithyniae, 443. Nicephorium Me8opotamiae,689, Nicomedia Bithyniae, 443. Nieopolis ad Istrum Moesiae Inferioris, 235. Nieopolis ad Nestmn Thraciae, 244. Nieopolis Epiri, 272. Nieopolis Syriae, 660. Nieopolis-Emmails Judaeae,68 1 . Niniva - Claudiopolis Assyriae, 690. Nisibis Mesopotamiae, 689. Nisyros, 537. _ Nola Campaniae, 34. Nomes of Egypt, 722. Nuoeria Alfaterna Campaniae, 34- Nuceria Bruttii, 89. NUMIDIA, 744. Nymphaeum Chersonesi Thrac., 238. Nysa Lydiae, 551. Nysa-Scythopolis Samariae, 678. Ococlea Phrygiae, 567. Odessus Thraeiae, 235.' Odomanti (?) Macedoniae, 180. Odrysua Thraciae, 233. Oea Syrtieae, 735. Oeantheia Locridis, 286. Oeniadae Acamaniae, 280. Oenoe Icariae, 515. Oetaei Thessaliae, 257. Olba Ciliciae, 609. Olbasa Pisidiae, 591. Olbia Sarmatiae, 233. Olbia Bithyniae, 444. Olbia (?) Pamphyliae, 584. Olus Cretae, 400. Olympus Lyciae, 578. Olynthus Macedoniae, 184. Ombites Nomus Aegypti, 722. Onuphites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Ophrynium Troadis, 474. Opus Locridis, 285. Orchomenus Boeotiae, 293. Orchomenus Arcadiae, 377. Oresteium (?) Lydiae, 552. Orious Illyriae, 266. Oropus Attieae, 328. Orra v. Hyria Calabriae. Orrescii Macedoniae, 174. Orthagoreia Macedoniae, 181. Orthe Thessaliae, 257. Orthosia Cariae, 530. Orthosia Phoenices, 6 70. Otrus Phrygiae, 567. Oxyrynchites Nomus Aegypti, 723. Paeonia, 207. Paestum Lucaniae, 68. Pagae Megaridis, 330, 351. Pal .... Lucaniae (?), 69. Palaeopolis Pisidiae, 591. PalaeruB Acamaniae, 281, 341. Pale Cephalleniae, 358. Pallantium Arcadiae, 352, 378. Palmyra Palmyrenes, 656. Paimyrene, 656. Paltus Syriae, 661. Pamphtlia, 581. Pandosia Bruttii, 89. Pandosia Epiri, 272. Panemoteichos Pisidiae, 591. Panopolites Nomus Aegypti, 723. Panormus Siciliae, 141. Panticapaeum Chersonesi Tauri- cae, 238. Paphlagonia, 431. Paphus Cypri, 623. Pappa-Tiberia Pisidiae, 591. Parium Mysiae, 458. Parlais Lycaoniae, 596. Paropus Siciliae, 143. Paroreia (?) Arcadiae, 378. Pares, 417. PAETfflA, 691. Patara Lyciae, 574, 578. Patrae Achaeae, 349, 351. Pautalia Thraciae, 244. Pednelissus Pisidiae, 591. Peiraeeus Ponti v. Amisus, 424. Peirasia Thessaliae, 258. Pelagia Illyriae, 269. Pelinna Thessaliae, 258. Pella Macedoniae, 212. Pella DecapoleoB, 665. PeUene Achaeae, 350, 351. Peloponnesus, 342. Peltae Phrygiae, 567. Pelusium Nomus Aegypti, 723. Pemptites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Peparethus Insula Thessaliae, 265. Perga Pamphyliae, 584. Pergamum Mysiae, 459. PerinthuB Thi-aciae, 232. Peripolium Bruttii, 91. Perperene Mysiae, 464. Perrhaebi Thessaliae, 258. Pebsia, 698. Peksis, 696. PessinuB Galatiae, 630. Petelia Bruttii, 91. Petra Siciliae, 143. Petra Arabiae, 687. Pemnata Thessaliae, 258. Phacium Thessaliae, 259. Phaestus Cretae, 400. Phalanna Thessaliae, 259. Phalasama Cretae, 402. Phaloria Thessaliae, 259, Phanagoria Bospori, 422. Pharae Boeotiae, 294. Pharbaetites Nomus Aegypti, 723- Pharcadon Thessaliae, 259. Phamacia Ponti, 426. Pharos Insula Illyriae, 268. Pharsalus Thessaliae, 259. Phaselis Lyciae, 578. PhelluB Lyciae, 580. Pheneus Arcadiae, 352, 378. Pherae Thessaliae, 260. Phigaleia Arcadiae, 352, 379. Phila Macedoniae, 212. Philadelphia Lydiae, 552. Philadelphia Ciliciae, 610. Philadelphia Decapoleos, 665. Philippi Macedoniae, 192. Philippopolis Thraciae, 245. Philippopolis Thessaliae, 250. Philippopolis Arabiae, 687. Philomelium Phrygiae, 568. Phistelia Campaniae, 35. Phliasia, 344. PhliuB Phliasiae, 344, 351. Phocaea loniae, 506. Phocis, 287. Phoenice Epiri, 272. Phoenicia, 665. Pholegandros, 418. Phktgia, 556. Phtheneutes Nomus Aegypti, 724. Phthiotis t. Achaei Phthioti- dis, 248. Phygela loniae, 508. Phytaeum (?) Thraciae, 217. Phytia Acamaniae, 281, 341. Piacus Siciliae, 143. PlCENUM, 19. Pimolisa Ponti, 426. Pinara Lyciae, 580. Pionia Mysiae, 464. Pisa Elidis, 357. PiSIDIA, 588. Pisilis (?) Lyciae, 574. Pitanatae t. Peripolium Bruttii 91- Pitane Mysiae, 464. Placia Mysiae, 465. Plarasa Cariae, 530. Plataea Boeotiae, 294. Plotinopolis Thraciae, 245. Podalia Lyciae, 580. Poeessa Cei, 412. Poemaninum Mysiae, 465. Pogla Pisidiae, 591. Polyrhenium Cretae, 402. Pompeiopolis Paphl^oniae, 433 Pompeiopolis T. Soli Ciliciae 6X2. PONTDS, 423. Populonia Etruriae, 11-14. Pordosilene Insula Lesbi, 488. GEOGRAPHICAL. 7?>7 Poseidion Carpathi, 534. Poseidonia Lucaniae, 67. Potidaea Macedoniae, 1S8. Praeneste Latii, 2r. Praesus Cretae, 403. Priansus Cretae, 404. Priapus Mysiae, 465. Priene loniae, 508. Proconnesus Mysiae, 465. Proerna Thessaliae, 262. Proni Cephalleniae, 358. Prosopites Nomus Aegypti, 723. Prostanna Pisidiae, 591. Prusa ad Olympum Bithyniae, 444. Prusias ad Mare v. Cius Bithy- niae, 439. Prusias ad Hypium Bithyniae, 444. Prymnessus Phrygiae, 568. Psophis Arcadiae, 379. Ptolemais (?) Pamphyliae, 585. Ptolemais V. Ace Galilaeae, 676. Pydna Macedoniae, 192. Pylus Messeniae, 363. Pyranthus Cretae, 405. Pyrrha Lesbi, 488. Pyxus Lucaniae, 69. E. Eabbath-Moba Arabiae, 687. Eaphanaea Syriae, 661. Eaphia Judaeae, 681. Ehaucus Cretae, 405. Ehegium Bruttii, 91, 341. Ehesaena Mesopotamiae, 689. Ehithymna Cretae, 405. Ehizon Illyriae, 267. Ehoda Hispaniae, 2. Ehodiapolis Lyciae, 580. Ehodug, 538 sqq. Ehoeteium Troadis, 474. Ehosus Syriae, 661. Eoma Latii, 15. Eubi Apuliae, 40. Eusadir Mauretaniae, 748. S. Sabaei t. Homeritae, 687. Sabrata Syrticae, 736. Saettae Lydiae, 552. Sagalassus Pisidiae, 591. Saites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Sala Phrygiae, 568. Sala Mauretaniae, 748. Salamis Atticae, 328. Salamis Cypri, 624. Salapia Apuliae, 40. Salviana Numidiae, 745. Samakia, 678. Same Cephalleniae, 359. Samniom, 24. Samoa, 515. Samosata Commagenes, 653. Samothrace, 226. Sarai Numidiae, 745. Sarbanissa Ponti, 427. Sardes Lydiae, 553. Sardinia, 16S. Samoa Illyriae, 269. Savatra Lycaoniae, 596. Scamandria Troadis, 474. Scapea v. Capsa Macedoniae, 187. Scarpheia Locridis, 286. Scepsis Troadis, 474. Sciathus Insula Thessaliae, 265. Scione Macedoniae, 186. Scodra Illyriae, 267. Scotussa Macedoniae, 212. Scotussa Thessaliae, 262. Scythopolis v. Nysa Samariae, 678. Sebaste Ciliciae, 610. Sebaste Paphlagoniae, 434. Sebaste Phrygiae, 568. Sebaste Samariae, 67S. Sebastopolis Ponti, 427. Sebastopolis Cariae, 530. Sebennytes Superior Nomus Aegypti, 724. Sebennytes Inferior Nomus Segesta Siciliae, 144. Seleuoia Pisidiae, 592. Seleucia ad Pyramum Ciliciae V. Mopsus, 608. Seleucia ad Calycadnum Ciliciae, 610. Seleucia Syriae, 661. Seleucia ad Tigrim Mesopota- miae, 689. Seledcis et Piebia, 656. Selge Pisidiae, 592. Selinus Siciliae, 146. Selinus Ciliciae, 610. Selymbria Thraciae, 232. Semes Mauretaniae, 748. Sepphoris v. Diocaesareia Gali- laeae, 677. Ser . . . Bruttii, 98. Serdica Thraciae, 245. Seriphos, 418. Sermyle Macedoniae, 184. Sesamus Paphlagoniae, 434. Sestus Chersonesi Thraciae, 225. Sethroites Nomus Aegypti, 723. Sibidunda Phrygiae, 568. Siblia Phrygiae, 568. SlOILIA, 99. Sicinos, 418. Sicyon Sicyoniae, 345, 351. SlOTONIA, 345- Side Pamphyliae, 585, Sidon Phoenices, 670. Siga Mauretaniae, 748. Sigeium Troadis, 475., Signia Latii, 24. Silandus Lydiae, 553. Silarus (?) Lucaniae, 67. Silerae Siciliae, 149. Sillyum Pamphyliae, 587. Sinde Bospori, 423. Singara Mesopotamiae, 690. Sinope Paphlagoniae, 434. Siphnos, 419. Siria Lucaniae, 69. Smyrna loniae, 508. Soli Ciliciae, 610. Soli (?) Cypri, 626. Solus Siciliae, 149. Stectorium Phrygiae, 569, Stiela Siciliae, 150, Stobi Macedoniae, 212. Stratoniceia ad Gaicum Mysiae, 466. Stratoniceia Cariae, 530. Stratus Acarnaniae, 281 sq. Sturnium (?) Calabriae, 43. Stymphalus Arcadiae, 352, 379. Suessa Aurunca Campaniae, 35. Suthul Numidiae, 745. Syangela (?) Cariae, 542. Sybaris Lucaniae, 70. Sybrita Cretae, 406. Syedra Ciliciae, 612. Syme (?) Insula Cariae, 542. Synaus Phrygiae, 569. Synnada Phrygiae, 569. Syracuse Siciliae, 150, 341. Steia, 637.- Syros, 419. Syktioa, 735. T. Taba Cariae, 531. Tabala Lydiae, 554. Tabraca Numidiae, 746. Tagura Numidiae, 746. Tamusida or Tamusia Maure- taniae, 748. Tanagra Boeotiae, 295. Tanites Nomus Aegypti, 723. Tanus Cretae, 406. Tarentum Calabriae, 43. Tarsiia Ciliciae, 612. Taulara Ponti, 427. Tauromenium Siciliae, 165. Tavium Galatiae, 630. Teanum Sidicinum Campaniae, 35- Teate Apuliae, 41. Tectosages Galatiae v. Ancyra, 629. Tegea Arcadiae, 352, 380. Telamon Etruriae, 14. Telesia Samnii, 25. Telmessus (?) Cariae, 532. Telmessus Lyciae, 580. Telos Insula Cariae, 543. Temenothyrae Phrygiae, 569. Temesa Bruttii, 96. TemnuB Aeolidis, 481. Tenedos, 485. Tenestini Illyriae, 269. Tenos, 420. Tentyrites Nomus Aegypti, 722, Teos loniae, 510. Terina Bruttii, 96, 341. Termera Cariae, 532. Termessus Pisidiae, 593. Terone Macedoniae, 183. Teuchira Cyrenaicae, 735. 758 INDEX I. Teuthis Aroadiae, 352. Teuthrania Mysiae, 466. Thaena Byzaoenes, 736. Thalassa v. Alassa Cretae, 386. Thapsus Byzacenes, 736. Thaso8, 227. Thebae Phthiotidla Theasaliae, 263. Thebae Boeotiae, 295. Thebe Hypoplaoia Mysiae, 466. Theisoa Aroadiae, 352. Thelpusa Aroadiae, 352, 381. Themisonium Phrygiae, 569. Thera(l) Sioiliae, 167. Thera, 421. Tberma (?) Macedoniae, 180. Thermae Himerenses Sioiliae, 128. Thespiae Boeotiae, 299. Thessali, 263. Thessalia, 246. Thessalonjoa Macedoniae, 212. Thinites Nomus Aegypti, 722. Thbaoia, 213. Thronium Locridis, 286. Thuria Messeniae, 363. Thurium Lueaniae, 7 1 . Thyatira Lydiae, 554. Thyessus Lydiae, 554. Thymbra Ti-oadis, 475. Thjrrrheium Aoarnaniae, 282, 341- ThysdruB Byzacenes, 737. Tiberias Galilaeae, 677. Tiberiopolis Phrygiae, 570. Tibur Latii, 21. Timaea (?) Bithyniae, 444. Timbrias Pisidiae, 594. Timici Mauretaniae, 748. Timolaeum Paphlagoniae, 435. Tingis Mauretaniae, 748. Tipasa Nuniidiae, 745. Tiryna Argolidis, 370. Tisna Aeolidis, 48 2. Titiopolis Ciliciae, 618. Tityassus Pisidiae, 594. Tium Bithyniae, 444. Tics (?) Lyciae, 574. Ties Lyciae, 580. Tmolus Lydiae, 554. Tolistobogii (Pessinua) Galatiae, 630. Tomara Lydiae, 554. Tomi Moesiae Inferioria, 235. Topirus Thraciae, 245. Trabala Lyciae, 580. Teachonitis, 663. Tragilua Macedoniae, 191. Trajanopolia Thraciae, 245. Trajanopolia Plirygiae v. Gri- menothyrae, 564. Trallea Lydiae, 554. Trapezopolis Cariae, 532. Trapezua Ponti, 427. Trebenna Lyciae, 580. Tricca Thessaliae, 263. Trierua (?) Thraciae, 221. Tripolis Phrygiae, 570. Tripolis Phoenices, 673. Teoas, 467. Trocmi Galatiae (Tavium),63l. Troezen Argolidis, 371. Tucoa Numidiae, 746. Tuder Umbriae, 18. Tuniza Numidiae, 746. Tyana Cappadooiae, 634. Tylissua Cretae, 406. Tymena Lyciae, 581. Tyndaris Sioiliae, 166. Tynteni Macedoniae, 178. Tyra Sarmatiae, 234. Tyrus Phoenices, 674. V. Velia Lueaniae, 73. Venusia Apuliae, 41. Verbis Pisidiae, 594. Vestini, 20. Vetulonia Etruriae, 13 sq. Vibo Valentia Bruttii, 85. Vienna Galliae, 9. Viminaciam Moesiae Superioria, 334- . Vipaania Phrygiae v. Amorium, 657- XJmebia, 17. Volaterrae Etruriae, 1 3 sq. Volci Etruriae, 10, 14. Volsinii Etruriae, 14. TJranopolis Macedoniae, 183. Ursentum Lueaniae, 75- TJtica Zeugitaniae, 742. XJxentum Calabriae, 56. X. Xanthua Lyciae, 581. Xoites Nomus Aegypti, 724. Z. Zacynthus, 359. Zaeelii Macedoniae, 175. Zancle Sioiliae, 133. Zautha Mesopotamiae, 690. Zela Ponti, 427. Zeleia Troadis, 475. Zephyrium Ciliciae, 618. Zeugitana, 737. Zeugma Commagenes, 654. Zilis Mauretaniae, 748. INDEX II. KINGS AND DYNASTS. A. Abdagases of India, 710. Abdeinon(?JjPersiansati'apj434. Abd-Hadad, Hieropolis Cjr- rhesticae, 654. Abdissares of Armenia, 635. Abinerglus of Characene, 697* Abyatha of Arabia, 688. Aces of Bosporus, 430. Achaeus of Syria, 641. mx or mx of Amisus, 424. Adaeus of Macedon (?), 206. Adramelek of Byblus, 668. Aeropus = Archelaus II of Macedon, 194. Agathocleia of Bactria, 707. Agathocles of Bactria, 703. Agathocles of Sicily, 158. Agrippa I — (Caesareia Paneas), 663. (Tiberias Galilaeae), 677. (Caesareia Samariae), 678. Agrippa II, 683 — (Caesareia Paneas), 664. Ajax, Olba Ciliciae, 609. Aieb, Ethiopia, 725. Ainel of Byblus, 668. Aizana, Ethiopia, 725. Aleuas of Thessaly, 255. Alexander of Epirus, 272. Alexander of Pherae, 261. Alexander I of Macedon, 193. Alexander II of Macedon, 195. Alexander III (the Great), 197. (Persia), 701. (Bactria), 702. Alexander IV of Macedon, 200. Alexander V of Macedon, 201. Alexander I of Syria, 643. Alexander II of Syria, 646. Alexander Bala — (Laodioeia ad Mare), 659. (Seleucia), 661. (Sidon), 672. (Tyre), 675. (Ace-Ptoiemais), 677. Alexander II (?), of Judaea, 682. Alexander Jannaeus, 682. Alexandra, Judaea, 682. Amadocue "^ of Thrace, 240. Amastris, 432. Amyntas II (?) of Macedon, 194. AmyntasIII (?) of Maoedon,i95. Amyntas of Galatia, 629. (Side), 587. Amyntas of Bactria, 708. Andragoras of Parthia, 691. Anisades of Armenia, 635. Antialcidas of Bactria, 706. Autigonus ' King of Asia,' 201. Antigonus Gonatas of Macedon, 203. Antigonus Doson of Macedon, 203. Antigonus Doson (?), (Lacedae- mon), 364. Antigonus (Mattathias), Ju- daea, 682. Antimachus I of Bactria, 704, Antimachus II of Bactria, 708. AntiochusI of Commagene, 652. Antiochus IV of Commagene, 652. (Anemuiium), 599. (Antiochia ad Sarum), 599, (Celenderis), 601. (Lacanatis), 604. (Sebaste Cil.), 610. Antiochus I of Syria, 638. Antiochus II of Syi-ia, 639. (Bactria), 702. Antiochus Hierax, 639. Antiochus Seleuci III filius, 640. Antiochus III (the Great) of Syria, 640. (Tyrus), 675. Antiochus IV of Syria, 641. (Athens), 320. (Antiochia ad Cydnum), 599- (Mopsus), 608. (Antiochia ad Orontem), 658. (Apameia Syriae), 658. (Laodiceia ad Mare), 659. (Seleucia Syriae), 66 r. (Sidon Phoenices), 672. (Tripolis Phoenices), 674. (Tyrus Phoenices), 675. (Ace-Ptolemais Galilaeae), 677. (Edessa Mesopotamiae), 689. (Nisibis Mesopotamiae), Antiochus V of Syria, 642. (Aoe-Ptolemais Galilaeae), 677. (Ascalon Judaeae), 679. Antiochus VI of Syria, 644. Antiochus VII of Syria, 645. (Seleucia Syriae), 661. (Tyrus Phoenices), 675. Antiochus VIII of Syria, 646, 647, (Laodiceia ad Mare), 660. Antiochus IX of Syria, 647. (Sidon Phoenices), 672. (Ascalon Judaeae), 679. Antiochus X of Syria, 648. Antiochus XI of Syria, 648. Antiochus XII of Syria, 649. Aphilas, Ethiopia, 725. Apodacus, Characene, 69 7. ApoUodotus of Bactria, 706. Apollonis (?), Cyzicus, 454. ApoUophanes of Bactria, 708. Archebius of Bactria, 706. Archelaus I of Macedon, 194. Archelaus of Cappadocia, 633. Archelaus (?), Chalcidene, 655. Aretas III of Nabathaea, 685. Aretas IV of Nabathaea, 686. Areus of Lacedaemon, 364. Ariaramnes of Cappadocia, 631. Ariarathes, satrap, 434. Ariarathes I of Cappadocia, 632. Ariarathes III-VI of Cappa- docia, 632. Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia, 632. Ariarathes X of Cappadocia, 633. Ariarathes of Armenia, 636. Ariaus of Armenia, 635. Ariobarzanes I-III of Cappa- docia, 632 sq. Aristarchus of Colchis, 423. Aristobulus of Chalcis, Judaea, 684. Aristooyprus (?), Cyprus, 626. Aristophantus (?), Cyprus, 624. Arlstotimus, Elia, 356, Arofuteiese (?), Lycia, 574. Arsaces I of Parthia, 692. Arsaces of India, 710. Arses of Persia, 698. Arsinoe, wife of Lyaimaohus (Ephesus), 496. 760 INDEX II. Arsinoe, wife of Philadelplius (Sidon), 672. Arisinoe II of Egypt, 713. Arsinoe III of Egypt, 715. Arsinoe IV of Egypt, 718. Artabanua I of Parthia, 692. ArtabanuB II of Parthia, 693. Artabanus III of Parthia, 694. Artabanus IV of Parthia, 695. Artabanus V of Parthia, 696. Artavasdes of Parthia, 696. Artavazdes I and II of Armenia, 636. Artaxerxes I-III of Persia, 698. Artaxias of Armenia, 636. Artemidorus of Eactria, 708. Artoampara (?) Lyeia, 574. Asander of Bosporus, 429. Athenodorus = Vaballathus (Alexandria), 718. Attalus I-III of Pergamum, 460. Attambelus of Characene, 697. Audoleon of Paeonia, 207. Azbaal (Citium Cypri), 621. Azbaal (Byblus Phoenices), 668. Azes of India, 710. Azilisea of India, 710. B. Baalmelek (Citium Cypri), 621. Baalram (Citium Cypri), 621. Baana or Banaias ( ?) , Tarsus, 612. Baohasa, Ethiopia, 725. Ballaeus of Illyria, 267. Bastareus, Macedon (?), 179. Bazodeo, India, 710. Berenice, wife of Ptolemy Euer- getes (Ephesus), 496. Berenice I of Egypt, 712. Berenice II of Egypt, 714. (Marathus), 670. BergaeuB, Thrace, 241. Boochus III of Mauretania, 746. Bogud II of Mauretania, 746. Brogitarus of Galatia, 628. C. Callinicus of Commagene, 653. (Lacanatis), 604. Calliope, Baotria, 709. Cambyses (?) of Persia, 698. Canites, Scythia, 24 j. Cassauder of Macedon, 201. Cavarus of Thrace, 243. Cersibaulus of Thrace, 242. Cersobleptes of Thrace, 241. Cetriporis of Thrace, 241. Charaspes, Characene (?), 697. CherSe (?) Lycia, 573, 574. Chosroes of Parthia, 695. Clearchus I (?), Tyrant of Hera- cleia, 441. Clearchus II (?), Tyrant of Hera- cleia, 44^!* Cleopatra of Syria, 643, '646. with Antiochus VIII (Ace- Ptolema'is), 677. Cleopatra VII (Philopator) of Egypt, 717- (Ascalon), 679. Cleopatra (Selene) of Maureta- nia, 747. Coson, Thrace, 244. Cotys I-IV of Thrace, 241-244. Cotys I-III of the Cimmerian Bosporus, 430. Cunobelinus of Britain, 10. Cyrus (?), Persia, 698. D. Dabel (Emisa), 659. Darius I-III of Persia, 698. Datames Satrap, 434. Datames of Cappadocia, 631. Daxus, Altinius, 37, 40. Deiotarus I and III of Galatia, 629. Demetrius Poliorcetes of Mace- don, 202. Demetrius II of Macedon, 204. Demetrius, Thrace, 243 ; see Corrigenda. Demetrius I of Syria, 642. (Tyrus Phoenices), 675. (Sidon Phoenices), 672. (Ace-Ptolemais Galilaeae), 677. (Gaza Judaeae), 680. Demetrius II of Syria, 643, 645. (Mallus CiliciaeJ, 607. (Tyrus Phoenices), 675. Demetrius III of Syria, 649. Demetrius of Bactria, 702. Demonicus (?) Citium Cypri, 621. Derrouious, Macedon, 180. Diodotus of Baotria, 702. Diomedes of Bactria, 706. Dion of Syracuse (Zacynthus), 360. Dionysius Tyrant of Heraoleia, 441. Dionysius of Bactria, 707. Dixatelmeus, Thrace, 243. Docimus, Thrace, 180. Dropion, Paeonia, 208. Dynamis, Pontua and Bosporus, 429. E. Eleazar, Judaea, 684. Elpaal, Byblus Phoenices, 668. Eminacus (?) Thrace (?), 233, 240. Enylus v. Ainel, Byblus Phoe- nices, 668. Epander of Bactria, 707. Epiphanes of Commagene, 653. (Lacanatis), 604. Euagoras I, Salamia Cypri, 625. Euagoras II, Salamis Cypri, 625. Euanthes, Salamis Cypri, 625. Eubr .... Thrace ? 241 . Eucratides of Bactria, 704, Euelthon, Salamis Cypri, 625. Eumenes I and II of Pergamum 460. Eumenes II of Pergamun (Ephesus), 497. Eunostus (?), Cyprus, 626. EunostuB II, Cyprus, 627. Eupator, Cimmerian Bosporus 43°- Eupolemus, Macedon, 201. Euthydemus I of Bactria, 702. Euthydemus II of Bactria, 703. F. Flamininus T. Q. Macedon, 205 G. Gelon, Syracuse, 162. Gemilath, wife of Zabel, Naba thaea, 686. Genthius of Illyria, 267. Gepaepyris, Cimmerian Bos porus, 430. Getas, King of the Edoni, 179. Gondopharea of India, 710. Goterzes of Parthia, 695. H. Hecatomnus of Caria, 533. (Miletus), 503. Heliocles of Bactria, 705. Herod the Great, Judaea, 683. Herod Archelaus, Judaea, 683. Herod Antipas, Judaea, 683. (Tiberias Galilaeae), 677. Herod Philip II, Judaea, 683. Herod Agrippa I and II, Judaea 683. Herod, King of Chalois, Judaea 683. Hermaeus of Bactria, 709. Hicetas of Syracuse, 160. Hidrieus of Caria, 533. Hiempsal II (?) of Numidia 744- Hieron II of Syracuse, 161. Hieronymus of Syracuse, 163. Himerus of Parthia, 693. Hippostratus of Bactria, 708. Hooerkes of Bactria, 710. Hulda, wife of Aretas IV, Na bathaea, 686. Hygiaenon, Bosporus, 429. Hyspaosines, Characene, €97. I. lagoas (?) Cibyra Phrygiae, 560 Ininthemeus, Cimmerian Bos porus, 430. John Hyroanus I, Judaea, 682. (Nabathaea), 685. John Hyroanus II, Judaea, 682 lotape of Commagene, 653. KINGS AND DYNASTS. 761 (Laoanatis), 604. (Sebaste), 610. Jnba I of Numidia, 744. Juba II of Mauretania, 747. Judas Aristobulug, Judaea, 682. K. Kadaphes, Bactria, 710. Kadphises I and II, Bactria, 709, 710. Kamnaskires, Characene (?), 697. Kanei'kes, Bactria, 710. Lacharidas, Salamis Cypri, 625. Lamia (J), Thessaly, 253. Laodioe, wife of Demetrius I of Syria, 642. Laodice, wife of Heliocles of Bactria, 705. Leucon, Cimmerian Bosporus, 430- LycceiuB of Paeonia, 207. Lysanias I, Chalcidene, 655. Lysias of Bactria, 706. Lysimachus, Thrace, 242. M. Magas of Cyrene, 714, 731. Malchus I, Nabathaea, 685. Malohus III, Nabathaea, 686. Mannus VII and VIII, Edessa, 689. Maues of India, 710. Maasolus of Caria, 533. (Miletus), 503. Mazaeus Satrap (Tarsas), 615. (Sidon ?), 672. Melekiathou (Citium Cypri), 621. Menander of Bactria, 707. MenelauB, Salamis Cypri, 626. Methrapata (1), Lycia, 574. Metocus, Thrace, 240, Mithradates III, Bosporus, 430. Mithradates IV, Pontus, 427. Mithradates V, Pontus, 428. Mithradates VI, Pontus and Bosporus, 428. (Athens), 324. Mithradates of Armenia, 636. Mithradates I of Commagene, 652. Mithradates I-III of Parthia, 693. Mithradates IV, Parthia, 695. Moagetes, Cibyra Phrygiae, 560. Moagetes, Paphus Cypri, 623. Molon, Syria, 640. Monunius, lUyria, 267. Morphilig, Armenia, 635. Mosses, Macedon, 179. Mostis, Thrace, 243. Musa, Bithynia, 440. Musa, Parthia, 694. Nicarchus of Paeonia, 208. Nicias of Cos, 537. Nicias of Bactria, 708. Nicocleg, Paphus Cypri, 624. Nicooles, Salamis Cypri, 625. Nicocreon, Salamis Cypri, 626. Nicodamus, Salamis Cypri, 625. Nicomedes I-III of Bithynia, 444, 445- Nysa, Cappadocia, 632. O. Obodas I and II, Nabathaea, 6S6. Ochsas, Ethiopia, 725. Ogollis (?), Cibyra Phrygiae, 560. Oisames, Armenia, 636. Onasioecns, Cypri, 622. Oradaltis, Bithynia, 440. Orodes I and II, Parthia, 694. Orontas, Satrap, 447, 455, 491, 613. Orophernes, Cappadocia, 632. Orsoaltius, Thrace, 242. Othagnes, India, 710. Osir ....(?) Cibyra Phrygiae, 560. Othontopates of Caria, 533. Oxathres, Tyrant of Heracleia, 442. P. Pacores, India, 710. Pacorus I and II, Parthia, 694, 695- PaeriBadeB,Cimmerian Bosporus, 43°- Pantaleon of Bactria, 703. Pasippus (?) Cypri, 623. Patraus of Paeonia, 207. Pausanias of Macedon, 194. Perdiccas II of Macedon, 193. Perdiccas III of Macedon, 195. Perekle, Lycia, 574. Perseus of Macedon, 206. Phahaspes (?), Persia, 696. Phanes Halicamassus (?), 526. Pharnabazus, Satrap, Cyzicus, 453- (Lampsacus), 457. (Tarsus), 614. Pharnaces I, Pontus and Bos- porus, 428. Phamaces II, Pontus and Bos- porus, 429. Pharzanges, Cimmerian Bos- porus, 431. Pharzoius, Scythia, 245. Philetaerus of Pergamum, 460. Philip II of Macedon, 195. Philip III of Macedon, 200. Philip IV of Macedon, 201. Philip V of Macedon, 205. Philip of Syria, 649. Philistis, Syracuse, 162. Philocyprus (?), Cyprus, 626. Philopator of Cilicia, 618. Philoxenus of Bactria, 708. Phintias of Agrigentum, 108. Phraapates or Priapatius, /Par- thia, 692. Phi'aataces, Parthia, 694. Phraates I-V, Parthia, 693, 694. Pixodarus of Caria, 533. Plato of Bactria, 705. Pnytagoras, Salamis Cypri, 626. Pnytus (?) Paphus Cypri, 623. Polemo I, Pontus and Bosporus, 429. Polemo II, Pontus, 430. (Sarbanissa Ponti), 427. (Lalassis Cil.), 604. Polemo I, Olba, 609. Polemo II, Olba, 610. Praxippus, Cyprus, 622. Priapatius or Phraapates, Par- thia, 692. Prusias I, Bithynia, 445. Prusias II, Bithynia, 445, Ptolemy I, Soter, 711. (Paphus Cypri), 624. Ptolemy II, Philadelphus, 712. (Sidon), 672. (Tyrus), 675. (Ace-Ptolemais), 677. (Joppa), 678. (Gaza), 680. Ptolemy III, Euergetes, 714. (Sidon), 672. (Tyrus), 675. (Joppa), 678. (Gaza), 680. Ptolemy IV, Philopator, 711;. (Sidon), 672. (Tyrus), 675. (Ace-Ptolemais), 677. Ptolemy V, Epiphanes, 715. (Marathus), 670. (Tripolis), 674. Ptolemy VI, Philometor, 716. Ptolemy VII, Eupator, 716. Ptolemy VIII, Euergetes II, Physcon, 717. Ptolemy IX, Philopator II, Neos, 717. Ptolemy X, Soter II, Lathyrus, 717. Ptolemy Apion, 717. Ptolemy XI, Alexander I, 717. Ptolemy XII, Alexander II, 717. Ptolemy XIII, Neos Dionysos, Auletes, 717. (Ascalon), 679. Ptolemy, King of Cyprus, 717. Ptolemy XV, 718. Ptolemy XVI, Caesar, 718. Ptolemy Mennaei, f. Chalcidene, 665- Ptolemy Jubae II, f. Maure- tania, 747. Pumiathon, Citium Cypri, 622. Pylaemenes, Paphlagonia, 436. 763 INDEX II. Pyrrhus of Epirus, 273. (Macedon), 202. Pythagores, Ionia, 512. Pythodoris, Pontus, 429. B. Eanjabala, India, 710. Rhadamsadea, Cimmerian Bos- porus, 431. Ehaescuporis, Thrace, 244. Ehaescuporis I- VII, Cimmerian Bosporus, 430. Phoemetaloeg, Thrace, 244. Khoemetalces, Cimmerian Bos- porus, 430. S. Sadales, Thrace, 243. Salas (?), Cyprus, 627. Salome, Judaea, 684. Sames, Armenia, 636. Sanabares, Parthia, 695. Sanabares, India, 695, 710. Saratocus, Thrace, 241. Sarias, Scythia, 245. Sassanidae, 696. Satyrus (?), Tyrant of Heracleia, 441. Saumacus, Scythia, 245. Sauromates II- V, Cimmerian Bosporus, 430, Scilurus, Scythia, 245. Scostooes, Thrace, 241. Scostoces II, Thrace, 242. Seleucus I of Syria, 637. Seleucus II of Syria, 639. Seleucus III of Syria, 640. Seleucus IV of Syi-ia, 641. Seleucus V of Syria, 646. Seleucus VI of Syria, 648. Seqailat, wife of Aretas IV, Nabathaea, 686. Seqilath, wife of Malchus III, Nabathaea, 686. Seqilath, wife of Zabel, Na- bathaea, 686. Seuthes I, Thrace, 240. Seuthes III, Thrace, 241. Sidqimelek, Lapethus Cypri, 622. Simon Maccabaeus, 681. Simon Nasi, 684. Simon Barcochab, 685. Simus, Tetraroh of Thessaly, 263, 255- Sinatroces, Parthia, 693. Sophytes, Bactria, 702. Spalahores, India, 710. Spalirises, India, 710. Spalyris, India, 710. Sparadocus, Thrace, 239. Spartocus, Cimmerian Bosporus, 430. Spithridates, Satrap, Ionia, 512. Stasander, Paphus Cypri, 623. Stasicrates (?), Soli Cypri, 627. Stasioeous, Curium Cypri, 622. Stasioecus, Marium Cypri, 623. Strato I and II, Bactria, 707. Synges, Cimmerian Bosporus, 431- Taroamus (?), Tarsus, 614. Tarcondimotus I, Cilioia, 618. Teiranes, Cimmerian Bosporus, 431- Teisipbonus of Pherae, 261. Telephus of Bactria, 709. Teres II, Thi-ace, 240. Themistocles, JVTagnesia loniae, 501. Theonneses, Characene, 697. Theophilus of Bactria, 706. Thothorses, Cimmerian Bospo- rus, 431. Tigranes I, II, and III, Ar menia, 636. Tigranes, Syria, 639. Timarohus, Syria, 642. Timooharis, Curium Cypri, 622. Timocharis Salamis (?) Cypri 625. Timotheus, Tyrant of Heracleia 441. Tiraeus, Characene, 697. Tiribazus Satrap, Issus, 604. Tiribazus Satrap, Tarsus, 613. Tiridates I, Parthia, 692. Tiridates II, Parthia, 694. Trbboneme (?) Lyoia, 574. Tryphaena Pontus, 429. Tryphon Syria, 644. Tymnes, Termera, 532. Vaballathus, Alexandria, 718. Val, Edessa, 689. Vardanes I and II, Parthia, 695 Vasu Deva v. Bazodeo, Bactria 710. XJlzebas, Ethiopia, 725. Vologeses I-IV, Parthia, 695. Vologeses V, VI, Parthia, 696. Vonones I, Parthia, 694. Vonones, India, 710. Xerxes, Armenia, 635. Xerxes, Persia, 698. Z. Zabel, Nabathaea, 686. Zeionises, India, 710. Zenobia, Alexandria, 718. Zenodorus, Trachonitis, 663. Ziaelas, Bithynia, 445. Zoilus of Bactria, 708. INDEX III. REMAEKABLE INSCRIPTIONS. (See Introduction, § 13.) (a) Geeek. AHAGH TYXH,Nicaea, 443. ATAeOAAIMnN, Alexandria, 720. ArAGOKAEIOS, Syracuse, 159. ArAGOI HPnZ AMTINOOI, Ha- drianothera, 455. ArAGYPNOZ, Tyndaris, 166. AriA lEPA 2EBAEMIA, Damascus, 662. A r N Z, Temuus, 48 2. ATPEYZ, Coroyra, 277. ArnN ANTHNINIANOZ, Tyana, 634- ArnNEZ lEPOl, Nicaea, 443. Arn[NEZ] IZOnVeiA.Ancyra, 629. ArnNOeEZIA, Thessalomca, 213; Gor- dus-Julia, 549. AAEAOnH, Ptolemy II, 713. AAPANOY, Mamertini, 136. AAPIANA, Magnesia ad Sipylum, 551; Tiiyatira, 554. AAPIANA nANAGHNAIA, Synnada, 569- AAPIANOZ OIKOYMENIKOZ, Anazarbus, 599. AZIOTTHNOZ, Saettae, 552. AG An A, Heraoleia Lucaniae, 59. AGANAZ AAEAZ,Tegea, 381. AGE AEMOZ, Athens, 318. AGH, Cranae, 365. AGHN A, Alexandria, 719. AGHNA APEA, Ephesus, 498. AGHNA ZEBAZT[OY], Alexandria, 719. AGHNAZ APEIAZ, Pergamum, 463. AGHNAZ lAIAAOZ, Ilium, 473. AGHNAZ NlKHct)OPOY, Pergamum, 463- AGAA, Syracuse, 154. AGPO, India, 710. AGYMBPOZ, NysaLydiae, 552. AIAZ, Locri-Opuntii, 285. Al MOZ, Nicopolis ad Istrum, 235. AINEAZ, Aeneia, 189. AIZHTTOZ, Cyzicua, 454. AinN, Alexandria, 721. A K P A r A Z, Agrigentum, 107. AKTI A, Nicopolis Epiri, 272 ; Neocaesareia, 426. AKTI A AOYZAPIA, Bostra, 686. AKTIA KAIZAPIA, Tyrus, 676. AKTI A KOM[OAEIA], Tyrus, 676. AKTIA TTYGIA, Thessalonioa, 213; Per- inthus. 232; Hierapolis Plirygiae, 564; Ancyra, 629. AKTIA nYGIA ANTHNlNlANA, Nicomedia, 444. AKTI A Z, Anactorium, 279. AKTIO, AKTIOY, Anactorium, 279. AAAIZlNnN ZYMMAXIKON, Alaesa, no. AAEiAN APEI A, Byzantium, 232 ; Odes- Bus, 236 ; Pherae, 261 ; Magnesia ad Sipy- lum, 551. AAEIANAPEIA OYGIA, PhUippo- polis, 245. AAEIANAPEION HTOAEMAIOY, Ptolemy I, 712. AAEIAN APEiOZ, Pherae, 261. AAEIANAPIA EN 0IAinnonO- AEI, Philippopolis, 245. AAEIANAPON, Nicaea, 443. AAEi AN APOZ, Sagalassus, C92. AAEIA[NAPOZ] KTIZ[THZ], Apol- lonia Pisid., 5 89. AAEIANAPOY TOY (tlAinnOY. Agathocles of Bactria, 703. AAEOZ, Tegea, 381. AAEYA[Z], Larissa, 255. AAKA, Corcyra, 277. AAKAIOZ, Mytilene, 4S8. AAKOZ, Morgantia, 138. AAYZ, Tavium, 681. AMBPOZIE TTETPE, Tyrus, 676. AMENANOZ, Catana, 116. 764 INBHX III. A M M n Nl , Pitane, 464. AMcDIKTIONHN, Delphi, 289. ANAKPEnN.Teos, 512. ANAPOKAOZ, Ephesus, 498. ANE9HKE, Achaia, 353; Creteia Flavio- polis, 440 ; Cius, 440 ; Adramyteum, 447 ; Cyme, 479; Smyrna, 510; Aplirodisias, 520 ; Hydrela, 527 ; Mylasa, 529 ; Aninetus, 548 ; Alia, 556; Attuda, 559 ; Bruzus, 560 ; Colossae, 561; Dionysopolis, 562; Laodiceia Phrygiae, 566; Otrus, 567. AM KAIOZ, Samoa, 518. ANNA, Gabala, 659. AHTiNooN HPnA nponoAoi AMOPAZ, ApoUonia Pis., 589. IPYKAIIB,Eryi,i20. IZGM[IA] HYGIA plZOnYGIA], Nicaea, 443. IZOnYGIA, Ancyra, 629. IZTIAIA.Histiaea, 308. I n fsl n N , Ionia, 490. inisInN TON KTIZTHN, Perinthus, 232. KABEIPIA, TheBsalonica, 213. KABEIPIA EniNEIKIA, Thessalonica, 213- RE3IABKABZE INSCRIPTIONS. 769 KABEIPIA TTYeiA, Thessalonica, 213. K A B E I P O Z, Thessalonica, 2 1 3. KABHPnisl.Cabeira, 425. KABIPnN ZYPl.Syros, 420. KAAMH, Priene, 508. KAAMOZ, Tyrus, 676. KAZAN HZ, Themisonium, 569. KAIKOZ, Pergamum, 4C4; Stratoniceia ad Caicum, 466 ; Acrasus, 547. KAIIslON, Alaesa, no. KAIZAPI ZEBAZTn KPHTEZ,Gor- tyna, 396. KAAEiiNi, Smyrna, 510. KAAAEI KAI METEGEI, Smyrna, 510. K AAA IPO A, Stratus, 281. KAMAPEITHZ, Nysa,552. K A M A P I N A, Camarina, 113. KAMnANOM, HAMnANOM, KATTTTANOM, Capua, 27. KAMnANflN, Entella, 120; Nacona, 139- KATTETriAIA, Aphrodisias, 520. K AnPOZ, Laodiceia Phr., 566. K API A, Laodiceia Phr., 566. K A P M E I O Z, Hadrianopolis Phr., 564. KAYZTPOZ, Ephesus, 498; Diosbjeron, 549 ; Hypaepa, 550. KEAAI NOZ, Apameia Phr., 558. KElslAPEIZEIA HVeiA, Philippopolis, 245- KENAPEZIA,Nicaea, 443. KEZTPOZ, Sagalassus, 592. KEetAAOZ, Pale, 358. KHTEIOZ, Pergamum, 464. KIMAPA, Himera, 127. K I Z Z I O Z, Alabanda, 519. K I ZZOZ, Tomara, 554. K A A A E A Z, EphesuB, 498. K A A P 1 Z, Colophon, 494. KOINA AZIA, Laodiceia Phr., 566. KOINA TTONTOY, Neoeaeaareia, 426. KOI NOBOYAION.Anazarbus, 529; Tar- sus, 618. KOINOI and KOlNONi KIAIKIAZ, Tarsus, 617. K O I N N , Cyrenaica, 732. KOINON AZIAZ, Sardes,553. KOINON rAAATnrJ, Ancyra, 629. KOlNlON Ect)EZinhJ,EpheBU8, 498. KOINON GEZZAAHN, Thessaly, 264. KOINON GPAKnN, Philippopolis, 245. KOINON ir nOAEHN, Ionia, 490. KOINON KPHTHN, Crete, 384; Cy- donia, 393. KOINON KYnPinN, Cyprus, 627. 3 KOINON AAAAZinN KAI KEN- N ATnN, Lalassis, 605. KOINON AEZBinN,Mytilene, 488. KOINON AYKAONIAZ, Barata; 595; Dalisandus, 595 ; Derbe, 595 ; Hyde, 595 ; Ilistra, 596 ; Laranda, 596 ; Savatra, 596. KOINON 0OINIKHZ, Tyrus, 676. KOINON 4>PYriAZ, Apameia Phr., 557- KOINOZ ZEOYHPIOZ OIAAAEA- IOZ, Caesareia Cap., 633. KOINOZ TnN r EHAPXEinN, IZAYPIA, KAPIA, AYKAONIA, Tarsus, 617. KOAnOI, Magnesia, 502. KOMOAEIA, Nicaea, 443; Laodiceia, 566. KOMOAEIOZ, Tarsus, 617. KOMOAOY BAZIAEYONTOZ O KOZAAOZ EYTYXEI, Nicaea, 443; Caesareia Cap., 633. KOPAIA, Tarsus, 617. KOPAIA AKTIA, Sardes, 553. KOPAZ, Syracuse, 159. KOPH, Attalia, 548; Nysa, 552. KOPH ZHTEIPA, Cyzicus, 454. KOPHZOZ, Ephesus, 498. KOPKYPA,Coroyra, 277. KOPOl ZEBAZTOI, Tarsus, 618. K O P n N I Z, Pergamum, 464. KOTYOZ XAPAKTHP.Cotys, 240,243. KPAGIZ, Pandosia, 90. K PATHZ I Z, Alexandria, 722. KPHGHIZ, Cyme, 479. KPHTAPXAZ, Crete, 384. KPO NOZ, Himera, 127. KPflMNA, Cromna, 433. KTIZTHZ, Cius, 439. KYANOZ, Tarsus, 618. KYAHN, Cydonia, 391 sq. KYZIKOZ, Cyzicus, 454 sq. K YTT A P I Z Z I A, Lacedaemon, 364. KYTTPIZ, Corcyra, 277. KYPANAIOI nTOAEMAin, Cyrene, 731. KYPZA,0des8us, 235, 236. KY^EAn in OlAnN.Barce, 734. KHMOZ, Corcyra, 277. A, Himera, 125. AAIPBHNOZ, Hierapolis Phr., 565. AAONIKA, Corcyra, 277. AEANAPOZ, Abydu8,469. AEZBHNAI HPnZ NEO'Z,Mytilene, 770 INBEI III AEZBnNAI OZ, Myti- lene, 488. AEYKAZniZ, Syracuse, 154. AEYKinnOZ, Metapontum, 64. AEYKO0PYNH, Magnesia, 502. AEYKOYAAKEZ, Laeedaemon, 365. NYM[0HrETHZ](?), Hipponium, 85. NjQE, Apameia Phr., 658- iANGOZ, Germanicopolis, 433; Cyme, 479- lENAPXOY, Seleucia ad Calyoadnum, 610. iENOnN,Cos, 637. o. OAAO, India, 710. OANlNAA, India, 710. BO AOZ, Metapontum, 66 ; Chios, 514. O B[P I MAZ], Apameia Phr., 55S. OAYO BOY ZAKAMA, India, 710. OIKIZTAZ, Croton, 81,83. OIKOYMENIKOZ, Attalia, 683; Side, 587 ; Mopsus, 608 ; Tarsus, 617. OKPO, India, 710. OA, Pharzoius, 246. OABIO, Soilurus, 245. OABOZ, Diocaesareia, 602, IlEMARKABLM INSCRIPTION ti. 771 OA Y (?), (uncertain), 407. OAYAATTI A, Thessalonioa, 213; Elis, 356; Cyzious, 464; Magnesia Lyd., 551 ; Tralles, 555 ; Tarsus, 617. OAYMniA AYrOYETEIA nYGIA, Tralles, 555. OAYMniA OIKOYMENIKA, Ephe- sus, 498 ; Side, 587. AY Mm A FFYeiA, Pergamum, 464; Taba, 532. OAYMrriAAOZ, Macedon, 211. OAYMTTIKOH.Elis, 354; Caesareia Ger- manica Bith., 653. OMHPOS, Amastris, 433; Nicaea, 443; Cyme, 479 ; Smyrna, 510; Chios, 515. OMHPOY, 108,414. M N 1 A, Metapontum, 64 ; Alexandria, 722 ; also on alliance coins passim, OMONOIA ZTPATIAZ, Caesareia Cap., 633. OnAO*YAAi, Smyrna, 510. 0P[rA2], Apameia Phr.,558. OPAATMO, India, 710. OPTYrOeHPA, Tarsus, 618. OSTIAIOS MAPKEAAOZ O lE- PEYZ TOY ANTINlOOY TOIZ AXAIOE (or KOPlNeinN) ANE- GHKEN, Aehaia, 353. OYI APOZ, ProBtanna, 591. n. TTAAATKAIOZ, Agyrium, 109. TTAAAAE, Corcyra, 277. nAAAAZ AGHNH, Tarsus, 6i8. TTAN, Messana, 135. TTANAeHNAIA, Synnada, 569. n A N A I H A, Hipponium, 85 ; Terina, 98. n A H A O Z I A, Pandosia, 90. TIAN I nN I A, Smyrna, 510. nANiiriNiA nYeiA, MUetus, 505. TT A N I n N 1 N , Eptesus, 498. nANKPATI AHZ, Mytilene, 488. TTANOPMOZ, Panormus, 141. nAPeENlOZ,Ama8tris,433;Nocolea,567. TTATHP rtATPlAOZ, Alexandria, 72T. nATPOKAOZ, Ilium,473. nATPnOZ, Nysa, 552. TTAOIH, Sardes, 553. TTEinN E0EZinN,Ephesus, 498. nEA0'4',Himera, 126. riEAnPI AZ, Messana, 135. TTEN, Agrigentum, 105. nEPTAMOZ KTIZTHZ, Pergamum, 464. TTEPIOAOZ AEKATH, Alexandria, 718. TTEPZIKH, Hierocaesareia, 550. 3D TTEPZIZ, Docimium, 562. TTHrAI, Damascus, 662. TTHrH, Pliiladelphia, 552. nHTH ZOYNIAZ, Soli, 612. m AAZOZ, Hyrcanis, 550. niZTIZ, Locri Epizephyrii, 88; Comma- gene, 653. nAOYZIAZ YnATHAZ,Temuus,482. nAOYTOAOTHZ, Nysa, 552. nOI MAN APOZ, Tanagra, 295. nOI MHZ, Poemaninum, 465. nOAl Z, Prostanna, 591 ; Atusa, 690. nOAXOZ, Cnossus, 391. nOZEIAAN, Messana, 136. nOZEIAnN AZ0AAEIOZ, Bhodus, 642. nOZEIAnN IZGMIOZ, Alexandria, 719. rrpiAMoz, Ilium, 473. nPONO I A, Alexandria, 722. nPOhJ[OIA] ZTPATIAZ, Caesareia Cap., 633. TTPniA, Corcyra, 277. nPnTA KOINA THZ AZIAZ, Smyrna, 510. niOAIOIKOZ, niOAIOITOZ, Ap- tera, 386. TTYGArOPHZ, Nicaea, 443; Samos, 518. TTYGIA, Thessalonioa, 213; Delphi, 290; Aphrodisias, 520 ; Tralles, 555 ; Cibyra, 561 ; Hierapolis, 564 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Per- ga, 585. nYGIA OAYMniA, Thyateira, 554; Tralles, 555. nYGIOZ, Tralles, 555 ; Side, 587. FTYPAMOZ, Aegae, 598 ; Mopsus, 608. P. PAO PHOPO, India, 710. PEflN, Hipponium, 85. PHTMA, Limyra, 677- PinM, India, 710. P. M. A., Philadelphia Decap., 665. POAIOI YHEP jati ZEBAZTHN, EhoduB, 542. POAIOZ, Dardanus, 472. POAOnH,Philippopolis, 245. PYNAAKOZ, Apollonia ad Ehyndacum, 448. PnM A, Locri Epizephyrii, 88. PnMAiaN NIKHN, Nicaea, 443. PIIM AZ, Gortyna, 396. PnMH, Amisus, 425; Bithynium, 437; Ilium, 473 ; Cotiaeum, 561 ; Synaus, 569 ; Alexandria, 721. PHMHN MHTPOnOAlNjNicomedia, 443- a 772 INDEX III. Z A r A P I S , Nicaea, 443. SAABAKOZ, Apollonia Salbace Car., 521. ZAAHNH, India, 710. ZAMIZOHZ, Amisus, 425. ZAnoyz, or S'ATTOn, Mytilene, 488. ZAPAniZ, Alexandria, 719, 720. ZAPAFFO, India, 710. ZAPAn, Tium, 444. ZAP An I, Tauromenium (?), 165. Z E B A Z M I A , Anazarbus, 599 . ZEBAZMIA OAYMTTIA, Damascua, 662. ZEBAZTA KAIZAPHA,MetropolisIon., 502. ZEBAZTOY KTIZMA.NicopolisEpiri, 272. ZEBAZTO0OPOZ, Alexandria, 721. ZEBAZTnN OMONOIA, Soli, 612. ZEBHPEIA.Sardea, 553. ZEBHPEIA MErAAA,Nicomedia,444. ZEBHPEIA HYMcl)|A,Ancliialus, 236. ZETEZTAIIA.Segesta, 145. ZETEZTAIIB.Segesta, 144. ZErEZTAIIBEMI.Segesta, 144. ZEIAA, Poseidonia, 67. ZEITOZ, Tarsus, 618. ZEAEI NOZ, Pergamnm, 464. ZEAINOZ, Selinus, 147. ZENAPOZ, SebastePhr., 568. ZEIZTON HPnA,Mytilene, 438. ZEOYHPEIA D n"lp'?D"a, Cirta Numid., 745. n''t:i'7J^n and "lltj^ya, Oaziura, 426; Ari- arathes I. Cap., 631. t'^J^T'yl, Tarsus, 614 sqq. ^X^Ti nSyn.TingisMaur., 748. no'^nnn typa, Bocchus m, 746. BEMABKABLE INSCBTPTIONS. 11h t^'lEiQn, Motya, 138, 'ji'j. n57D?2n "T3Q"n (?), Hispano- Carthagi- nian, 746. ^'p'^T\ ""iin, Simon Maccabaeus, 68 2. n37QDn ''1'1V> Juba I. Numid., 744. t^"lD5, Solus, 149, 737. p^2J nbW7, Simon Maccabaeus, 682. DT'lI^I"!"' ni'^nb, Second Revolt of the Jews, 685. 7^41U?'' n*l"in7, Second Revolt of the Jews, 685. i^ O, AraduB, 666. 7i^aD, Gades, 3. ©3"? 7i^3Q, Lix MauT., 748. ^?33"'^ 7i>:it2, Tingis Mam-., 748. D7nO. Gades,^':: . 'i ""ITQ, Sidon(?), 672. '^'^n 1 t^-in]-Qy hii '^t ntD,.Tarsus, 615. riDnO, Carthage, 737. □I©nt2; Carthage, 737 eq. IDQIZ) DpQ, Semes Maur., 748. D57QQn pDD (?), Hispano-Carthaginian, 746. ^"Imiy, Hieropolis Cyrrhesticae, 654. DDnO n Dy, Carthage, 737 sq. njnO Dy, Carthage, 737 sq. nnj?1i^3^) Hieropolis CyiThesticae, 654. nnj^, Tarsus, 616. y^!?, Panomius, 141, 737. rUDTnfTlp, Carthage, 737 sq. nip7D mt<"l, Heracleia Minoa, 125. mp7?2 ly"^, Heracleia Minoa, 124, 737. f^'S. hvi^, Panormus, 142. V^^'iu)"' nS«A nnw nmKrstRevoit of the Jews, 684. ""I^n J?!l"1^5 n^tl?, Simon Maccabaeus, 682, yi"^ yl"lb5 r)2lD,SimonMaccabaeus,682. rslVXd 01^27, Carthage, 737 sq. 7^1tL^^ ^pty, Simon Maccabaeus, 681. INDEX lY. TITLES AND EPITHETS OF CITIES, MENTIONS OF SITES, etc. (See Introduction, § x6.) (a) Greek. AAEActnK AHMnN, Antioch, Se- leucia, Apameia, and Laodiceia, 656, 660, 661. AAPIAISIH or AAPIAlslnN, Amasia, 424 ; Neocaesareia, 426 ; Claudiopolia Bith., 437 ; Smyrna, 510 ; Adana, 598 ; Diocae- sareia Cil., 602 ; Germanicopolis, 603 ; Mopsua, 608; Olba, 610; Tarsus, 617; Petra, 687. AAPI[ANnN] lEYLHPIANnM] ANTnislElNOYnO[AEITnN], Adana, 598. AAPIANOnOAEITn|sl,Stratoniceaaad Caicum, 466 ; Zephyrium, 618. AlOAEnN, Cyme, 479. AAEIAN API ANA, Amasia, 424. AAEi A N A P I H, Tarsus, 617. AAEIANAPOYn. MAIIMEINIA- N nisi, Adana, 698. A. M. K. r. B., Anazarbus, 599; Tarsus, 617. A. M. K. r. r., Anazarbus, 599. ANTIOXEnN, Cebrenia, 470; Tralles, 555* ANTIOXEriM TnN OPOZ Till KYANni, Tarsus, 617. ANTHNEINIANH, ANTnNlNlA- NHZ, or ANTHNlNlAlsInN, Ama- sia, 424; Olba, 610; Tarsus, 617; Ancyra, 629. ANTCnNlNlANHZ] KOAnNiAZ, Tyana, 634. AnO ZITTYAOY, Magnesia Lyd., 551. APIZTOI MEnZTOI.Nicaea, 443. APX[OYZHZ] nAct)A[ArONlAZ], Gangra, 433 ; Germanicopolis, 433. AZIAZ AYAIAZ EAAAAOZ MH- TPOTTOAIZ, Sardes, 553. AZYAIA, Perga, 585. AZYAOZorAZYAOY(seealsolEPAZ KAI AZYAOY), Perga, 585; Aegae Cil., 598 ; CorycuB, 602 ; Hieropolis Cil., 603 ; Sebaste Cil., 610 ; Seleucia Cil., 610 ; Caesareia Cap., 633 ; Tyana, 634 ; Capitolias, 662 ; Caesareia Paneas, 663. AZYAOY APTEMIAOZ,Epliesu3,498. ATEAEIOZ or ATEAEIAZ, Alabanda, 519- AYrOYZTHZ TPAIANHZ, Trajano- polis, 245. AYP. AYPHA., etc., Neapolia Ion., 506; Carrhae Mesop., 688. A. O. M. (Aurelia Opelliana Macriniana), Edessa, 689. AYP. ZEfl. KOA., Singara,69o. AYTOlslOMOZ, AYTONOMOY, or AYTONOMflN, Adada, 589; Termes- sus, 593 ; Aegae Cil., 598 ; Anazarbus, 598 ; Corycus, 602 ; Mopsus, 608 ; Sebaste Cil., 610 ; Seleucia Cil., 610 ; Tyana, 634; Samo- sata, 653; Antiochia ad Orontem, 656; Apameia Syr., 658 ; Arethusa, 658 ; Laodi- ceia ad Mare, 660 ; Khosus, 66 1 ; Seleucia Syr., 661 ; Capitolias, 662 ; Abila Decap., 664 ; Gadara, 665 ; Dora, 669 ; Tripolis, 674 ; Diocaesareia, 677- A X A I n N , Eumenia Phr., 563. TEPMANIKHZ, Caesareia Bithyniae, 438 ; Ace-Ptolemais (?), 677. r[NnPIMOY (!)], Abila, 664; Gadara, 665. AlOKAIZAPEnN, Ceretapa, 560. AOMITIANflN or AOMITIANO- TTOAEITnN,Sala, 568. AnPIEflN, Synnada, 569. EBAOMH THZ AZIAZ, Magnesia Ion., 502. E I n N n |n| , Tecs, 512; Isinda, 590. TITLES AND EPITHETS OF CITIES, SITES, ETC. 777 EK KE0AAOIAIOY, Heracleia Minoa, 125. EAEYGEPA, EAEYGEPAZ.or EAEY- 6EPIIN, Cherronesus, 238 ; AmisuB, 425 ; Bhodus, 542 ; Tenne83us, 593 ; Anazarbus, 599; Sebaste Cil., 610; Seleucia Cil., 610; Tarsus, 617. ENAOIOZ or ENAOIOY, Side, 587; Anazarbus, 598 ; Damascus, 662. EN AOIOTEPAZ, SyedTa,6i2. EN I n N I A, Metropolis, 502. EN nONTH, Apollonia Thrac, 237; Heracleia Bith., 442 ; Miletopolis Mys., 458- E N T I M [O Z], Lalassis Cil., 604. EN Tn Al B ANn,CaeBareiaadLibanum, 669. ETTI ZTPYMONI, Heracleia Sintica, 212. EniKNA[MIAinN],Locri, 2S5. ETT I ZH M OY, Neapolis Samariae, 678. EZTIA GEflN, Gennanieopolis, 433. EYZEBEIZ KAI EYPENEIZ, Nicaea, 443- EYZEBflN, Zephyrium Cil., 618. z. ZEOYPIilTilN, Ii-enopolis, 603. H. H rrPOZ AKT., NicopolisEpiri, 272. H nPnTHTHZAZIAZ,Pergamum,464. HPAKAEOTTO.n (Heracleiopolis Ponti), Sebastopolis, 427. H TO[YZ] KAnOYZ EXOYZA (?), TennessuB, 594. e. GEAZ, Sidon,673. GEinN,Carrhae, 688. GPAKflN, Apollonia Pisid., 589. I. lEPA or lEPAZ, Nicopolia Epiri, 272; Epidaurus, 370 ; Germe, 455 ; Hyde, 595 ; Aegae, 598 ; Hieropolis Cil., 603 ; Mopsus, 608; Sebaste Cil., 610; Tyana, 634; Ai'e- thusa, 658 ; Laodiceia ad Mare, 660 ; La- rissa Syr., 660 ; Nicopolis Syr., 660 ; Capito- lias, 662; Damascus, 66 2 ; Demetrias, 662 ; Byblus, 669 ; Tripolis, 674 ; Nysa Soytho- polis, 678. lEPAZ AZYAOY or lEPAZ KAI AZYAOY,NicopoliBEpiri (?), 272 ; Samo- sata, 653 ; Antiochia ad Orontem, 656; Apameia, 658 ; Epiphaneia, 659 ; Rhosus, 661; Seleucia, 661; Abila Decap., 664; Caesareia Paneas, 664; Antiochia ad Hip- pum, 664 ; Gadara, 665 ; Dora, 669 ; Sidon, 673; Tyrus, 676; Diocaesareia, 677; Ace Ptolemaia, 677 ; Ascalon, 679 ; Gaza, 680. IEPOKAIZAP[EnN], Comana, 426. I N AE I, Stratoniceia Car., 530. I O YA I A, Gordus Lydiae, 549. lOYAIEnN, Ancyra, 557; Laodiceia ad Mare, 660. lOYA. ZEOYH. MHTPOnOAEnZ, Laodicieia ad Mare, 660. lOY. ZEFT. KOAnN., Ni8ibiB,689; Sin- gara, 690. IflNnN.Synnada, 569. K. KAIZAPEnN, Eagis, 548 ; Mosteni, 551; Ti-alles, 555 ; Cibyra, 561 ; Germanicia Caesareia, 653. KAIZAPEnN TnN OPOZ in AN AZ A PBfi, Anazarbus, 598. KAIZAP. YFT. ANAZAP., Anazarbus, KAZTABAAEnN, Hieropolis Cil., 603. KAT IZZON, Alexandria Cil., 598. KATn TOnnN, Sebennytes, Nomus Egypti, 724; Diopolites Inferior, Nomua Egypti, 724- K E A I Tn N , Cilbiani, 549. KENNATnN, Lalassis Cil., 604. KHTIAOZ, Olba and Philadelphia CU., 610. KHTHN MHTPOnOAEnZ, Coro- pissus, 602. K I BninN, Apameia Phr., 558. KAAYAIAinN or KAAYAIEflN, Leucas Coelesyr., 663. KAAY[AIO ....], Derbe Lycaon., 595; Iconium, 595 ; Laodiceia Lycaon., 596. KAAYAIO TIBEPIEnN, Tiberias, 677. KAAYAI. A[ArONl- AZ], Pompeiopolis, 433 ; Sebaste, 434. MHTPOnOAIZ nONTOY,Tomi,235; Neooaesareia, 426. MHTPOnOAEflZ nONTOY.Amasia, 424. MIKPOZ, DiopolisNom. Egypti, 722. MOZEANnisI, Dioclea Phr., 562. M O Z ., Hierocharax Phr., 565. MOAOZZnN, Cassope, 271. MONinN npninN aziaz, Ephe- eu3, 498. MYZTIZ or MYZTIAOZ, Side, 587. MYZnN, Abbaeti Mya., 446. N. NAYAPXIZ or NAYAPXI AOZ.Tomi, 235 ; Nicopolis Epiri, 272 ; Side, 587 ; Aegae Oil., 598 ; Corycus, 602 ; Sebaste Cil., 610; Dora, 669; Sidon, 673; Tripolis, 674. MEAZ TPAIANHZ, Bostra,686. N E I K A E n N , Cilbiani, 549. rsiEiKAEnisi Tnrsi EN kiabianh, Cilbiani, 549. NEnKOPOZ, NEnKOPOY,orNEn- KOPilN, Beroea, 211; Macedonia, 211 ; Thessalonioa, 213; Tomi, 235; Philippo- polis, 245 ; Amasia, 424 ; Neocaesareia, 426 ; Heracleia Bith., 443 ; Nicomedia, 443 ; Cyzious, 454 ; Pergamum, 464 ; Elaea, 480 ; Ephesus, 498 ; Smyrna, 510 ; Tecs, 512 ; Heracleia ad Sipylum, 549; Philadel- phia, 552 ; Sardes, 553 ; Acmonia, 556 ; Hierapolia Phr., 565 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Perga, 585 ; Side, 587; Tarsus, 617; An- cyra, 629 ; Laodiceia ad Mare, 660 ; Tiipolis, 674 ; NeapolisSam., 678. See also Index V. NEHKOPriN THZ APTEMITOZ, Magnesia Ion., 502. NEilKOPnN TnN zebazthn, Smyrna, 510; Tralles, 555. o. OABEflN, Lalassia Cil., 604. OYEltANinN, Amorium, 557. OYATTI ANnN, Anchialus, 236. OYAniAZ NiKonoAEnz npoz M E ZTil, Nicopolis Thr., 244. OYAHIAZ, Pautalia, 244; Serdica, 245; Topirus, 245. n. FTANIAZ or riANlAAOZ, Caesareia Paneas, 664. riE I nN, Ephesus, 498. TTEPrAMHNnN, Cilbiani, 549. TIIEPIAZ, Seleucia, 661. niZTHZ IAHZ ZYMMAXOY PHMAinN, Side, 587. nOMnHITEnN,Gadara, 665. nPOZ (see also THN TFPOZ, etc.) nPOZ APTAin, Caesareia Cap., 633. TFPOZ EYAA, Philadelphia, 552 ; Temenothyrae, 569 ; Samosata, 653 ; Chalcis ad Belum, 655 ; Joppa, 678 ; Neapolia Samariae, 678. 0PY, Metropolis, Phryg., 567. (/3) Latin. (See Introduction, § i8.) A. AEL. MVNICIP. COEL., Coela, 224. Al. MVM. COI LA, Coela, 224. ARC, Halaesa, 110. AVR. ANTONINIA, Alexandria Troas, 470. C. A. A. P., Patrae, 349. CAESAREA, lol. Maur., 748. CAESAREA METROPOLIS PRO- VINCIAE SYRIAE PALESTINlAE, Caesareia Sam., 678. C. C. \. B., BabbaMaur., 747. C. F. P. D., Deultum, 244. C. G. P. I. and C. G. I. P., Parium, 459. C. \. BVT. or C. A. BVT., Buthrotum, 271. C. I. C. A. D. D., Apameia Bith., 437. C. \. C. D. D. p. P., Carthage, 742. C. I. D. or C. \. A. DVM., Dyme, 349. C. I.F.S.;C. I.F.AV.S.;orC.R.I.F.S., Sinope, 435. C. I. N. C, Cnossus, 301. C. I. P., Clypea, 742. C. L. L COR., Corinth, 339. C. M. L., Laodioeia ad Mare, 660. COL. AEL. CAP., Aelia Capitolina, 679. COL. AEL. CAP. COMM., Aelia Capi- tolina, 679. COL. AEL. HAD. ICONIEMSI. S. R., Iconium, 596. COL. ALEX. TRO., or COL. AVG. TRO., Alexandria Troas, 470. COL. AVG. COMAMA, Comama Pis., 59°- COLONIA AVGVSTA FELIX CER- MENORVM.Germa, 630. COL. AVG. IVL.V.PHILIPP.,PhUippi, 192. COL. AVR. METROPOL. ANTONl- NlANA. CA., Carrhae, 688. COL. AVR. PIA. METROP., Sidon, 673- COL. BER., BerytusPhoen., 668. COL. CAES. ANTIOCH.,AntiochiaPia., 589- COL. CAESAREA LIB., Caesareia ad Libanum, 669. COL. CAR., Carrhae, 688. COL. CLAVD. NERONIA, PtolemaiB, 677. COL. CLAVD. PTOL., Ptolemai8,677. C O L . C R E ., Crenma, 590. COL. GEM. IVL. HAD. PA., Parium, 459- COL. HEL., Heliopolis Coelesyr., 663. COL. IVL. AVG. CASSANDRElsl- SI S, Cassandrea, 188. COL. IVL. AVG. DIENSIS. DD.or COL. IVL. DIEMSIS, Dium, 211. COL. IVL. AVG. PELLA,Pella,2i2. COL. IVL. AVG. OLB.,01ba9aPis.,59i. COL. IVL. Ave. FE. CPEMMA, Cremna, 590. COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. BER.; COL. IVL. BER.; or COL. IVL. ANT. AVG. FEL. BER., Berytus, 668. COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. HEL., Heliopolis Coelesyriae, 663. COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. NINIVA CLAVDIOPOLIS, Niniva Assyr., 690. COL. IVL. AVS. CL. LA., Laodiceia Lyoaon., 596. COL. IVL. FEL. GEM. LYSTRA, Lystra, 596. COL. IVL. FLAV. AVG. COR., Corinth, .^39- COL. IVL. tslEAPOL., Neapolis Sam., 678. COL. LAO. P. S. METPOPOLEOS, Laodiceia ad Mare, 660. TITLES AND EPITHETS OF CITIES, SITES, ETC. 781 COL. LAOD. METROPOAEOS, Lao- diceia ad Mare, 660. COL. L. SEP. SEBASTE, Sebaste Sam., 679. COL. METPOPOLIS BOSTRA, Bos- tra, 686. COL.NEAPOLI.MEOCORO.,Neapoli3 Sam., 678. COL. PEMIC, Tyrus, 676. COLONIA PRIMA FLAVIA AV- GVSTA FELIX CAESAREMSIS, Caesareia Sam., 678. COL. SEP. TYRVS. METROP., Tyrus, 676. COL. SERGIA NEAPOL., Neapolia Sam., 678. COL. TROAD., Alexandria Troas, 470. COM. BIT., Bithynia, 437. I. ICONllEN. COLO., Iconium, 696. IVL. AVG. COL. PARLAIS, Parlais, 696. IVL. TIN., Tingis Maur., 74S. LIBERA, Hippo, 742. M. MALLO COLONIA S. C.,MalIus, 608. METROPOLIS PROVINCIAE SY- RIAE PALAESTINAE,CaesareaSam., 678. M. MVN. IVL. VTIC. D. D. P.P. TJtica, 742. MVN. HENNAE, Enna, 119. MVNICIPIVM STOBENSIVM, Stobi, 212. P. P. M. S. COL. VIM., Viminaoium, 234. POR (Portus!), Panormus, 143. P. S. S. C, Paestum, 69. S. SEPT. COL. LAOD. METRO., Lao- diceia ad Mare, 660. INDEX y. MAGISTEEIAL TITLES. (See Introduction, § 14.) (a) Greek. A. ArnNOGETHZ, Perperene, 464; Apa- meia, 558 ; Synnada, 569. ArnNOeETHS ma BIOY.Cotiaeum, 561. AITHZAMEhIOZ, Alia, £56; Ancyra, 557 ; Eucarpia, 563. AM0IKTYOMEZ, Delphi, 289, 290. ANGYFTATOZ, Bithynia, 436 ; Caesareia Germanica, 438 ; Heracleia, 443 ; Nicaea, 443 ; Nicomedia, 443 ; Atarneus, 449 ; Attaea, 449 ; Pergamum, 464 ; Pitane, 464 ; Cyme, 479 ; Temnus, 482 ; Ephesus, 498 ; Smyrna, 510; Harpasa (?), 527; Hiero- caesareia, 550 ; Hyrcanis, 550 ; Sardes, £53; Thyatelra, 554; Ancyra, 557; Apa- meia, 657; Cotiaeum, 561 ; Docimium, 56 2 ; Dorylaeum, 562 ; Hierapolis, 565 ; Laodi- ceia, 566 ; Nacolea, 567 ; Synaus, 569. ANeVriATOZ Pn MA ION, Atarneus, 449. ANTIZTPATHrOZ, Perinthus, 232; Bizya, 244 ; Ancyra Gal., 629 ; Cyi'ena'ica, 733- APXIATPOZ, Heracleia Ion., 500 ; Hera- cleia Salbace, 527, APXIEPATEYHN.Sala, 568. APXIEPEYZ, Thebes, 299; Creteia Flavi- opolis, 440 ; Ionia, koivIv, 490 ; Ephesus, 498 ; Smyrna, 510 ; Aphrodisias, 520 ; Philadelphia, 552 ; Silandua, 553 ; Ancyra, 557 ; Apameia, 558 ; Cibyra, 561 ; Ci- dyessus, 561 ; Cotiaeum, 561 ; Eumenia, 563 ; Sala, 568 ; Synnada, 569 ; Temeno- thyrae, 569 ; Polemon, Olba Cil., 609 ; Ajax, Olba Cil., 609 ; Ptolemy Mennaei f., 655 ; Lysanias I, 655. APXIEPEYZ AZIAZ, Eumenia, 563. APXIEPEYZ METAZ, Sardes, 553. APXIEPEYZ M En ZTOZ, Crete, 384. APXilN, Byzantium, 232; Minoa, 410; Males, 415; Aeander of Bosporus, 429; Hygiaenon of Bosporus, 429 ; Attaea, 449 ; Cyzious, 454 ; Germe, 455; Hadriani, 455 ; Hadrianothera, 455 ; Stratoniceia ad Cai- cum(?), 466; Abydug, 469; Dardanus, 472; Cyme, 479 ; Elaea (?), 480 ; Miletus, 505 ; Priene, 508; Chios, 514; Alinda, 519; Aphrodisias, 520; Antiochia ad Maeandrum, 520; HalicarnasBus, 527 ; Hyllarima, 527 ; Myndus, 529 ; Stratoniceia Car., 531 ; Taba, 531 sq. ; Trapezopolis, 533; Apollo- nis, 548 ; Bagis, 548 ; Cilbiani, 549 ; Dal- dia, 549 ; Dioshieron, 549 ; Gordus Julia, 549 ; Hierocaesareia, 550 ; Hypaepa, 550 ; Maeonia, 550; Mosteni, 551; Philadelphia, 552; Saettae, 552; Sardes, 553; Silandus, 553; Tabala, 554; Acmonia, 556; Aezani, 556; Amorium, 567; Ancyra, 557; Appia, 669; Blaundus, 659; Cadi, 560; Cidyessus, 561 ; Colossae, 561 ; Cotiaeum, 561 ; Do- cimium, 562 ; Dorylaeum, 563 ; Grimeno- thyrae, 564 ; Hadi-ianopolis, 564 ; Hiera- polis, 565 ; Hyi-galea, 565 ; Julia, 565 ; Metropolis, 567 ; Midaeum, 567 ; Nacolea, 567 ; Otrus, 567 ; Prymnessus, 568 ; Sala, 568 ; Sebaste, 568 ; Synaus, 569 ; Synnada, 569; Temenothyrae, 569 ; Tiberiopolis, 570 ; Adada(?), 5S9. APXnN nPYTANiZ, Aegiale Amor- gi (?). 432- AZIAPXHZ, Cyzicus, 454; Pergamum, 464 ; Abydus, 469 ; Ionia, 490 ; Smyrna, 510 ; Hypaepa, 550 ; Magnesia, 551 ; Sardes, 553 ; Alia, 556 ; Hierapolis, 565 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Otrus, 567 ; Stectorium, 569 ; Synaus, 569 ; Temenothyrae, 569. B. BAZ[IAEYZ?], Byzantium, 232. TEPONTEZ, Lacedaemon, 365. rPAMMATEYZ, Adramyteum, 447; Pergamum, 464 ; Cyme, 479 ; Ephesus, 498 ; Magnesia, 502 ; Antiochia ad Maean- drum, 520; Mylasa, 529; Neapolis Car. (?), 529; Cilbiani, 649 ; Hypaepa, 550; Nysa, 552 ; Sardes, 553 ; Tralles, 555 ; Acmonia, 556; Apameia,558; Appia, 559; Colossae, 561 ; Grimenothyrae, 564 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Peltae, 567. TYMN AZIAPXHZ, Pergamum, 464. A. AHMAPXIKHZ EiOYZIAZ YHA- T O Z , Crete, 384 ; Cyprus, 627; Caesareia Cap., 633 ; Antiochia Syr., 657. MAGISTERIAL TITLES. 783 AYN ASTHZ, Polemon, Olba Cil., 609. AYO ANAPEZ, Lipara, 168. E. E9NAPXHZ, Herod Archelaiis, 683. EniMEAHeElZ (nom. pi.), Philadelphia, 552; (gen- sing.), Eucarpia, 563; (gen. sing.), Hierapolis Phr., 565. EniMEAHBEIZA (gen. sing.), Eucarpia, 563- EfFIMEAHTHZ, Antlochia ad Meandrum, 520; Mylasa, 529; Stratoniceia Car., 531. EniMEAHTHZ nANAGHNAinN Mastaura, 551. EnizKonoz, Ephesus, 498. EniTPOnOZ, Bithynia, 436. E , Neapolis, 32 ; Thurium, 71 ; Velia, 74 j Pandosia, 90 ; Terina, 97. *IAIZTinN, Velia, 74. <))| AlZ Terina, 97. Nysa, 662. Augusta Cil., A.D. 19 or 20, 599. Balanea, B.C. 124, 659. Berytus, B.C. 197, 668. Botrys, B.C. 50, 668. Byblua, B.C. 20 or B.C. 6, 669. Era, Caesarian, B.C. 47, Sarbanissa, 427 ; B.C. 48, Neoclaudiopolis, 433 ; B.c.47,Aegae Cil., 598 ; B.C. 49, Antioch, 657 ; B.C. 47, Gabala, 659 ; B.C. 48, Laodioeia, 660 ; B.C. 48, Rhosus, 661 ; B.C. 47, Ace, 677 ; B.C. 48, Nysa Scythopolis, 678. Era of— Caesareia Paneas, B.C. 3, 664. Capitoliaa, A.D. 97, 662. Chalcia ad Belum, A.D. 92, 655. Cibyra Phr., A.D. 23, 561. Comana Ponti, A.D. 40, 426. Eleutheropolis, A.D. 202-208, 680. Epiphaneia, A.D. 37, 602. Flaviopolis, a.d. 74, 602. Era, Q-alinian, B.C. 58, Raphia, 681. Era of— ^ Gaba, B.C. 61, 664. Gabala, (i) B.C. 47, 659 ; (ii) B.C. 33 or 18, Gaza, (i) B.C. 61, 680; (li) a.d. 129, 680. Germanioia Caeaareia, a.d. 38 (?), 653. Irenopolis, A.D. 52, 603. Laodioeia Phr., B.C. 177 (?), 566. Leucas, (i) B.C. 37, 663 ; (ii) a.d. 48, 663. Mopaus, B.C. 68, 608. Neapolia Sam., A.D. 72, 678. Neocaesareia Ponti, a.d. 63, 426. INDEX BEBUM. 793 Nioopolis (Emmaiis), a.d. 71, 681. Paltus (i) B.C. 239, 661 ; (ii) B.o. 97-81 (?), 66i. Era, Pompeian, B.o. 64, Antioch, 657 ; Epi- phaneia, 659 ; Seleucia, 661 ; Abila, 664 ; Antiochia ad Hippum, 664 ; Ca- nata, 664 ; Dium, 664 ; Gadara, 664 ; Pella, 665 ; PhOadelphia, 665 ; Dora, 669. Era of— Pontus, B.O. 297, Apameia Bith., 437 ; Bithynium, 437 ; Nicaea, 443 ; Nico- media, 443 ; PruBa, 444 ; Nicomedes II, 445- Pontus Polemoniacus (Eoman province), A.D. 63, 425. Eabbatt-Moba, a.d. 90 or gi, 687. The Saka, a.d. 78 (?), 710. Samosata, A.D. 71, 654. Sarbanissa, B.C. 47, 427. Sebaste Samariae, e.g. 25, 679. Era, Seleucid, B.o. 312, 637 ; Cyrrhug, 654 ; Hieropolis Cyrrh., 654; Antioch, 656 ; Apameia, 658 ; Balanea, 659 ; Emisa, 659 ; Epiphaneia, 659 ; Seleucia, 661 ; Damascus, 662 ; Demetriag Coelesyr., 662 ; Laodiceia ad Libanum, 663 ; Ca- nata Deoap., 664 ; Caesareia ad Liba- num, 669 ; Orthosia, 670 ; Tripolis, 674; Tyrus, 675 ; Ace, 677 ; Seleucia ad Tigrim, 690 ; Arsacidae, 692 ; Plato Eact. Eex, 705. Era of— Seleucia, B.C. 108, 661. Sidon, B.C. Ill, 673. Sinope, (i) B.C. 70, 435 ; (ii) B.C. 45, 435. Soli, B.C. 67, 612. Tavium, B.C. 25, 631. Termessus, B.o. 71, 593. Tiberias, a.d. 20, 677. Trapezus, a.d. 63, 427. Tripolis, B.o. iii, see Corrigenda. TyTus,(i) 3.0.275-4,675; (ii) B.C. 126,675. Zela, A.D. 63, 427. Era, Tyrian on Ptolemaic coins, 675, 714. Eras, various, in Syria, Phoenicia, etc., 651. Erinys, epithet of Demeter at Thelpusa, 381. Eros, Amastris, 433 ; Tmolus, 554. Eros of Praxiteles at Parium, 459. Erymanthus, river, Psophis, 379. 'Effariv, High Priest of Ephesian Artemis, 494. Estranghelo characters, Emisa, 659 ; Edessa, 689. Etruria, coinage of, Introd., § 9. Etrurian coins, weights of, 10 sqq. Etruscan religion, its influence upon the coin- age, 14. Euboea, earliest coinage of, 301 ; chronolo- gical table of the coinage of, 302. Eutoea, nymph, 307. Euboic Standard, origin of, Introd., § 8. Euboic standard identical with the Attic. See Attic standard, 310. Enbo'ic standard in Chalcidice, 181; at Aenus, 214; at Maroneia, 216 ; in the Thracian Chersonese, 222 ; in Euboea, 301 ; in Ionia, 489 ; at Colophon, 492 ; at Cyrene, 726 ; at Barce, 733. Euboic standard adopted by Solon at Athens, 310. Euboic-Attio coinage of Alexander the Great, 197. Euboic-Syracusan standard in Etruria, II. Euboic electrum, possibly Lydian, 545. Eucleides the philosopher, head of, Megara, 33°- Eunomia, epithet of Demeter, Gela, 1 24. Euphranor, statue of Leto by, Magnesia, 502 ; Miletus, 505. Euphron, tyrant of Sicyon, his name on the coins, 346. Euposia or Eubosia, Hierapolis, 565. Europa — Crete, 582. Phaestus, 401. Sidon, 673. Tyrus, 676. Europa on bull — Cnossua, 390. Gortyna, 394 sq. Phaestus, 400. Em-opa in Plane-tree, Gortyna, 394. Europa in coition with Eagle, Gortyna, 394. Eurymedusa, Fountain nymph, Selinus, 148. Eurysakes, son of Ajax, Salamis, 329. Eurystheus (?) seated before Herakles, Aspen- dus, 583. Eutychides of Sicyon, statue of Tyche by, Antioch, 657. P. favaaaa, epithet of Artemis Pergaea, 585. Federal bronze currency in Sicily, loi, no. Federal coinage, Thessaly, 247, 264 ; Acarna- nia, 278,281; Aetolia, 283 ; Phocis, 2S7; Boeotia, 291, 295, 297 sq. ; Euboea, 307 ; Achaea, 350; Arcadia, 372 ; Ephesus, Sa- mos, Cnidus, lasus, and Rhodes, 495, 516, 524. 528- 54°; Lycia, 571, 575; Seleucis and Pieria, 656 ; Cyrenaica, 732. Felicitas, Alexandria, 722. Fides, Locri Epizephyrii, 88. Fire-altar, Persis, 696. Fish, sacred to Artemis (?), Psophis, 379. Fleet (Stolos) personified, Nicomedia, 444. Fountain, Caleon, Smyrna, 510. Fountain, Em-ymedusa, Selinus, 14S. Fountains, 777770/, Damascus, 662, Fox, symbol of the Lydian Dionysos Bassa-" reus (?), 545. G. Gaia and Erichthonios, Cyzicus, 453. Galatia, a Roman province, 629. Galerus, sacrificial cap, Gaulos, 743. Galley races at Corcyra, 277. Galley, Samian, 92, 516 sqq. Galley, Sidordan, 671. Gallia, earliest coinage in, Introd , § g. Games and Festivals, Introd., § 15. Agones Hieroi, Nicaea, 443. Agonothesia, Gordus Julia, 549. 794 INDEX RERUM. Games and Festivals — Aktia, Nicopolis, 272; Neocaesareia Pouti, 426. Aktia Gaesareia, Tyrus, 676. Aktia Comodeia, Tyrus, 676. Aitia Duaaria, Germa, 630, see Corri- genda ; Eoetra, 686. Aktia Pythia, Thessalonica, 213; Perin- thus, 232; Nicomedia, 444 ; Hierapolis, 564; Ancyra, 629. Alexandreia, Byzantium, 232 ; Odessus, 236 ; Magnesia Lyd., 551. Alexandreia Pythia, PMlippopolis, 245. Antoneinia, Cyzioug, 454. Antoninia Sebasta, Byzantium, 232. Antoniniana, Nicomedia, 444 ; Magnesia Lyd., 551- , ^ AvTwviViavos 07011', Tyana, 634. Asklepeia, Tyrus, 676; — troiTijpeia, Aneyra, 629. Asklepia, Nicaea, 443. Asklepieia,Epidaurus,37o; Laodieeia,566. Attaleia, Aphrodisias, 520. Augusteia, Nicaea, 443 ; Thyateira, 554 ; Trallee, 555 ; Cadi, 560 ; Perga, 585. Cabeiria, Thessalonica, 213. Cabeiria Pythia, Thessalonica, 213. Cabeiria Epineikia, Thessalonica, 213. Capetolia, Aphrodisias, 520. Cendreseia, Nicaea, 443. Cendreiseia Pythia, Philippopolis, 245. Certamina sacra periodica oeoumenica ise- lastica, Sidon, 673. Certamina sacra Capitolina oecumenica iselastica Heliopolitana, -Heliopolis, 663. Chrysantheina, Sardes, 553. Chrysantina, Hierapolis Phr., 564. 'Koivov Qpaicajv, Philippopolis, 245. Koiviiv 'Eiperritov, Ephesus, 498. Kotvov'Acrias, Sardes, 553; Laodiceia, 566. Koivov ^pvyiasj Apameia, 557. Koivbv Toiv KiKixaiv, Tarsus, 6i7' Koii'oi KiMmas, Tarsus, 617. KoLvos TQJv rpiwv 'Eira/jxtwr, Tarsus, 617. Koivbv KvTTpiaiv, Cyprus, 627. Koivuv Ta\aTwv, Ancyra, 629. Koivus ^(ov^pios ^i\ade\({>Los, Caesareia Cap., 633. Kotvbv ^oivUtjs, Tyrus, 676. Comodeia, Laodiceia, 566. Ko/i(i5€iOS olKOVpLeviKos, Tarsus, 617. Commodiana, Nicaea, 443. Coraea, Tarsus, 617. Ooraea Aktia, Sardes, 553. Demetria, Nicomedia, 444; Tarsus, 617. Didymeia, Miletus, 505. Dionysia, Adana, 598. Dionysia Pythia, Nicaea, 443. Dusaria, Adraa, 686 ; Bostra, 686. En Monideia, Magnesia Lyd., 551. Epidemia Severeia, Perinthus, 232. Epineikia, Tarsus, 617. Gordianeia Valeriana Oecumenica, Aphi'o- disias, 520. Gyninasiarchia, Anazarbus, 599 ; Coly- brassus, 601 ; Soli, 61 2, Hadriana, Magnesia Lyd., 551 ; Thya- teira, 554. Games and Festivals — Hadriana Oecumenica, Anazarbus, 599. Hadriana Panatheuaea, Synnada, 569. Helia, Odessus, 236. Helia Pythia, Emisa, 659. Heraea, Argos, 368. Herakleia Olympia, Tyrus, 676. Herakleia Pythia, Perinthus, 232. 'lepor, Perga, 585 ; Side, 587. 'lepbs 'OKvfitriKds, Anazarbus, 599. 'lepbs 'OKv^iriKos olKovfkiviKos, Aspendus, 583- 'lepij oixov/ievuci, Adana, 598. Isopythia, Ancyra, 629. Isthmia, Corinth, 339. Isthmia Pythia (? Isopythia), Nicaea, 443. Lampadephoria, Mothone, 363. Letoeia, Hierapolis, Phr., 564. Letoeia Pythia, Tripolis Phr., 570. Lykaea, Ai'oadia, 372. Mystioa, Side, 587. Naumachia, Gadara, 665. Nemeia, Argos, 368. Nemeia Heraea, Argos, 368. Oecumenika, Aspendus, 583; Side, 5^7! Mopsus, 608 ; Tarsus, 617. Olympia, Thessalonica, 213; Cyzicus, 454; Magnesia Lyd., 551 ; Tralles, 555 ; Tarsus, 617. Olympia oecumenica, Ephesus, 498 ; Side, Olympia Pythia, Pergamum, 464 ; Taba, 532- Panatheuaea, Mastaura, 551 ; Synnada, 569. Paniouia, Ephesus, 498 ; Smyrna, 510. Panionia Pythia, Miletus, 490, 505. Panionion, Ephesus, 498. Philadelpheia, Perinthus, 232; Sardes, 553 ; Eumenia, 563. TIpaiTa Koivoi t^s 'Aai'as, Smyrna, 510. Pythia, Thessalonica, 213 ; Delphi, 290 ; Aphrodisias, 520; Tralles, 555; Cibyra, 561; Hierapolis Phr., 564 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Perga, 585 ; Side, 587. Pythia Olympia, Thyateira, 554. Sebasmia, Anazarbus, 599. Sebasmia Olympia, Damascus, 662. Sebasmia 0710 Up&, Damascus, 662. Sebasta Caesareia, Metropolis Ion., 502. Severia, Sardes, 553. Severia iif-^aKa, Nicomedia, 444. Severia Nemea, Anchialus, 236. Severia Olympia imviima, Tarsus, 617. Severia Philadelphia, Nicaea, 443. Severia Trpana, Perinthus, 232. Themides, Aspendus, 583 ; Palaeopolis, 591; Corycus, 602 ; Soli, 612. Theogamia, Corycus (?), 602. Theogamia oecumenica, Nyga, 552. Theogamia Olympia Demetria, Tarsus, 617. Ganymedes, Dardanus, 472; Sebaste . Phr., 568. Gaulish imitations of Greek coins, 9. Gaulish settlements in Galatia, 628. Gerizim, Mount, Neapolis Sam., 678. Geryon, Blaundus, 559. INDEX RERUM. 795 Glaukos (?), Heracleia, 60 ; Itanus, 398 ; Lyt- tus, 400. Glykon the serpent-god, Aboniteiclios, 432. Gold, relation of to silver in Sicily, 1 60 ; in Blacedon, 196. Gold coinage of Pantioapaeum, 239. Gold coinage of Athens probably first issued B.C. 394. 313 sq. Gold coinage of Athens 'new style,' 324. Gortynian plane-tree, Crete, 383. Gortys, warrior or hero, Gortyna, 396. Griffin, symbol of Apollo or Dionysos, Abdera, 219 ; symbol of Dionysos, Tecs, 511. Griffins, gold guarding, Panticapaeum, 239. H. Hades, ApoUonia Illyriae, 265; Heracleia Lyd., 649. Hades with Kerberos, Pessinus, 630. Hades Serapis, Alexandria, 720. Haemus, Mount, personified, Nioopolis, 235. Har-Hut, the Horus of Hut, Egypt, 722. Hare, symbol of Pan, Rhegium, 93 ; Messana, 134- Harmodius and Aristogeiton, Athens, 31S, 324; Cyzicus, 452. Harmonia (?), Thebes, 296. Haroerns or Horus the Elder, Egypt, 722. Harpokrates, Catana, 118; Bizya, 244; Byb- lus, 669 ; Alexandria, 720. Harpokrates-Herakles, Egypt, 723. Harpy, Cymcus, 451. Hathor, Egypt, 722, 723, 724. Hegemonia personified, Perperene, 464. Hekate, Pherae, 261 sq. ; Aegina, 334 ; Argos, 368; Stratoniceia Car., 530; Tralles, 555; Aezani, 556 ; Ancyra, 557 ; Apameia, 558 ; Lysias, 566 ; Aspendus, 583. Hekate, crescent symbol of, Byzantium, 232. Hektor, Ilium, 473 ; Ophryniuni, 474. Helen, cultus of, at Tyndaris, 166. Helen between the Dioskuri, Termessus, 594. Helios, statue of by Chares (Colossus of Rhodes), 540. Helios on horseback, Eriza, 525 ; Alexandria, 719. Helios Lairbenos, Hierapolis, 565. Helios Sebastos, Tralles, 555. Helios Serapis, Alexandria, 719, 720. Helioseiros, Chalcis ad Belum, 655. Hellanicus, cited by the Scholiast to Arist. Manae concerning Athenian gold coinage, 314- Hellas, head of, Pherae, 261. Helle, Lampsacus, 457. Hellotis, epithet of Europa, Crete, 382. Hephaestos, cultus of, at Methana, 370 ; statue of, Magnesia Ion., 502. Hera, statue of, by Praxiteles at Plataea, 294 ; temple of, on Mount Oche, 303 ; celestial. Mount Dirphys, 304; celestial, Chalcis Euboeae, 305. Hera — Areia, Hyria, 32 ; Neapolis, 33 ; Phis- telia, 35 ; Poseidonia, 68. Ai'eia, Argeia, or Ai-gonia, Poseidonia, 84. Hera — Argeia, Argos, 367, 368 ; Mideia, 370 ; Alexandria, 719. Hoplofimia, Croton, 84. Lakinia, Croton, 82, 84; Pandosia, 90. Parthenia, Aegiale (?), 432. Samia, Samos, 517; statue of, by Smilis, Samos, 517. Hera with Hebe and Peacock, Argos, 368. Heraeos, oekist of Heraea, 375. Herakleitos, philosopher of Ephesus, 498. Herakles, infant, strangling serpents, 82 ; Zacynthus, 360 ; coin-type of Anti-Spartan confederacy, 495. Herakles and Iphikles, Cyzicus, 452. Herakles, oekist of Perinthus, 232; of Callatia, 234; ofCius, 439; of Heracleia Bith., 442 ; of Cyzicus, 454. Herakles, priest of, in woman's dress, Cos, 537. Herakles — ' Farnese,' Mateola, 40. Hoplophylax, Smyrna, 510. Ipoktonos, Erythrae, 499. Lykon, Croton, 84. Herakles carrying off the Delphic tripod, Thebes, 296 ; labours of, Alexandi-ia, 7^9- Hermes, statue of, Tyndaris, 167; cultus statue of, at Aenus, 215; carrying infant Dionysos, Corinth, 340 ; carrying infant Arkas, Pheneus, 378 ; oekist of Amasia, 424. Hermes — Agoraios, Laoedaemon, 365. Imbramos, Imbros, 225. Kriophoros, Tanagra, 295 ; Aegina, 334. Pelasgic, cult of, 226. Promachos, Tanagi-a, 295. Hermocreon, altar of Parium by, 459. Hero and Leander, Sestus, 225 ; Abydus, 469. Herodotus of Abdera, 221. Herodotus, Halicarnassus, 527. Herophile, the Sibyl of Erythrae, 499. Hesperides, garden of, Cyrene, 727. 'Ie/)(i a-nrivr] (sacred car), Ephesus, 498. 'lepd aT0ix(ta, Mallus, 605. 'Upos yaiJ.os of Zeus and Hera, Crete, 382. Himera, nymph, 126. Himyarite characters on coins of South Ai'abia, 688. Himyarite imitations of Alexandrine and Athenian coins, 688. Hipparchos of Nioaea, 443. Hippias, new type of coins introduced by, 311. Hippocrates of Cos, 537. Hippolytos as hunter, Troezen, 371. Hippolytos and Phaedra, Troezen, 371. Hippopotamus, Egypt, 724. Hippos Brotopous, Nicaea, 443. 'IffTiai/td, dpyvpiov 'lariaiKov, Histiaea, 308. Histiaea, nymph, seated on galley, Histiaea, 308. Homer, head of, los, 414; Amastris, 433. Homer, Nicaea, 443; Cyme, 479; Colophon (?), 494; Smyrna, 509 sq. ; Chios, 515. Homereia, coins of Smyrna, 510. Homeric talent, Inirocl., § 8. Homonoia, head of, Metapontum, 64. 'OTtKoafjua, epithet of Hera, 84. Horse, with loose rein, symbol of Freedom, 104. 796 INDEX BE RUM. Horse, emblem of Apollo, Maroneia, 217; emblem of Poseidon, Thessaly, 246 ; Cyme Eub., 305 ; meaning of, on coins of Tanagra, 295- Horus, Egypt, 723 sq. ; hawk of, Alexandria, 720. Horus — Harpokrates, Egypt, 724. Khem, Egypt, 722. Hyblaea, goddess, Hybla Magna, 129. Hybreas the orator, Mylasa, 529. Hydria on chariot, itapiaTjii-ov of Crannon, 249. Hylas, Cius, 440. Hypereia (fountain), Pherae, 260, 262. Hypnos and sleeping Gorgons, Daldis, 549. Hypnos, Laodiceia, 566. I, J. Jackal of Anubis, Egypt, 723. Janus, head of, Mauretania, 746. Jason, sandal of, Larissa, 253. lasos, oekist of lasus, 528. Iberian inscriptions on coins, 5 sq. Ichneumon, Egypt, 723 sq. Ida, mountain nymph, Scamandria, 474- Ida, Mount, Scepsis, 474. Ilea, epithet of Kybele, Pessinus, 630. ■ Ilos, Ilium, 473. Imperial coin-types, chief interest of, Introd., § 10. Indian standard, stater, 152 grs., 702, 705 sqq. Indian Pali inscription, Pantaleon, 703, 709. Ino and Melikertes, Corinth, 339. Inscriptions on autonomous and regal coins, Introd., § 13. lo, myth of, Byzantium, 229. lo, Gaza, 6S0. lodama, priestess of Athena Itonia, 292. Iolaos(1;, Agyrium, 109. lolaos, worship of, at Agyrium, 109. Ionia, chronological table of coinage of, 518. Ionian League, 489. Ionic alphabet at Velia and Thurium, 71, 73. Ips, the insect, Erythrae, 499. Iron money of Byzantium, 229 ; Lacedaemon, 363. Isis, Catana, 117; Bizya, 244; Athens, 323; Pagae, 330 ; Mothone, 363 ; Boeae, 363 ; Argos, 368 ; Andres, 410 ; Syros, 420 ; Amastris, 433; Alinda, 519; ApoUonia Car., 521: Heraoleia Car., 527; Saettae, 552; Bria, 560; Colossae, 561; Flavio- polis, 602 ; Irenopolis, 603 ; Byblus, 668 ; Alexandria, 720 ; Egypt, 723 sq. ; Melita, Isis, Cleopatra I as, 710- Isis with Harpokrates, Philadelphia, 552. Isis Pharia, Anchialus, 236; Corinth, 340; Cleonae, 369 ; Cyme, 479 ; Phocaea, 508 ; Aspendus, 583 ; Byblus, 669 ; Alexandria, 720. Isis Sothia, Stratonioeia Car., 530; Alexan- dria, 720. Isis, head-dress of, Patrae, 349 ; Myndus, 529. Islands of Caria, chronological table of coinage of, 544. Ismenias, name of, on Boeotian coins, 298. Isopoliteia, treaty of, between Paros and AUaria, 41 8. Isthmos, Corinth, 339, 340. Ithomaea, festival at Messene, 361. ' Judaea capta,' coins reading, 684. Julia Gens, temple of, Corinth, 340. Julia Procula, Mytilene, 488. Jupiter Capitolinus, Heliopolis, 663. Kabeiri, mysteries of, at Samothraco, 226; Syros, 420 ; heads of, Tucca Numid, 746. Kabeiros, dancing, Ebusus, 3 ; Thessalonica, 213. Kabeiros (1), head of, Lix Maur., 748. Kadmos, Tyrus, 676. Kallirrhoe, Stratus, 281, 282. Kallisto, Mantineia, 376; Methydrium, 377; Orchomenus, 377. Kamarina, nymph, 113. Kamarites, epithet of M6n, Nyaa, 552. Karanos, founder of Aegae Mac, 177. Karou, epithet of M6n, 559. Kat, Egyptian weight, Introd., § 2. Kekrops, Cyzicus, 452. Kelainos, oekist of Apameia, 558. Kephalos, Cephallenia, 358, 359. Kepheus, Tegea, 380, 3S1. KijTos, type parlant, Cetis, 602. Kios, Cius, 440. Klazomene, Amazon, 492. Kleobis and Biton, group of, Argos, 368. Kleruchs, Athenian, in Imbros, 225. Yioiv6v. See Index III and Index VII, s.v. Games. KoUybos, value of, 328. Koresos, founder of temple of Ephesus, 498. Koronis, Pergamum, 464. Korybantes, Magnesia Ion., 502. Kritheis, mother of Homer, Cyme, 479. Kronos, worship of, at Himera, 127. Kronos, Heracleia Lyd., 549 ; Alexandria, 719. Kronos, Phoenician, Mallus, 606; Byblus, 669. Kyane, fountain nymph, Syracuse, 157. Kybele, Trajanopolis, 245; Pagae, 330; Corinth, 340; Hermione, 370; Cyzicus, 453; Placia,465; Clazomenae, 49 2 ; Metro- polis Ion., 502 ; Smyrna, 509; Trapezopolis, 533 ; Aorasus, 647 ; Apollonis, 548 ; Briula, 548; Daldis, 549; Hermocapelia, 550; Magnesia, 551 ; Nacrasa, 551; Saettae, 552; Tabala, 554; Aomonia, 556; Aezani, 556; Ancyra,557; Attuda, 559; Ceretapa, 560 ; Cidyessus, 561 ; Cotiaeum, 561 ; Dionyso- polis, 562 ; Docimium, 562 ; Dorylaeum, 562 ; Eucarpia, 563 ; Grimenothyrae, 564 ; Hyrgalea, 565 ; Julia, 565; Laodiceia, 566 ; Lysias, 566 ; Ococlia, .=.67 ; Otrus, 567 ; Sala, 568 ; Sebaste, 568 ; Synaus, 569 ; Synnada, 569; Amblada, 589; Lysinia, 591; Termessus, 594; Tityassus, 594; Laodiceia Lycaon., 596 ; Irenopolis, 603 ; Alexandria, 719. Kybele Dindymene, Pessinus, 630. Kydon, oekist of Cydonia, 391 sqq. Kyme, Amazon, founder of Cyme, 479. INDEX RERUM. 797 KynoBsema, tomb of Hecuba, symbolized by a dog, Madytus, 224. Ku^cAt/, type parlanff Cypsela, 222, 241. Kyrene, nymph, Cyrene, 726 sq. Kyzitos, oekist of Cyzicus, 454 sq. L, symbol on Egyptian coins, 716, 718. Labrya, emblem of Carian Zeus, 528. Labyrinth, Cretan, 383 ; Cnossus, 389, 390. Laconia, chronological table of coinage of, 343- Laelaps (?), the dog. Same, 359. Lairbenos, epithet of Helios, Hierapolis, 6G5, Lais, the Hetaira, Corinth, 340 ; tomb of, Corinth, 340. Lamia, the Hetaira, 253. Lampadephoria at Amphipolis, 190. Lampsacene staters, electrum and gold, 456. Larissa, fountain njrmph, 253 sq. Latin coinage of Spain, 6. Leander, Sestus, 225. Lechaeum and Cenchreae, ports of Corinth, 340. Lepton, value of, 328. Lesbonax, a philosopher of Mytilene, 488. Leto with her children, Megara, 330 ; Mag- nesia Ion., 502 ; MiletvTB, 505 , Attuda, 559; Stectorium, sGg ; Tripolis, 570. Leto carrying infant Meliboea (?), Argos, 368. Leto and Chloris, Argos, 368. Leukaspis, Sicilian hero, 154. Leukippos, oekist of Metapontum, 62, 64. Lex Papiria, 15, 17, 86. Libertas, Alexandria, 721. Libra, Roman, 5057 grs., 15 ; in Picennm, circ. 6000 grs., 17; in Etruria, circ. 3375 grs., 17; at Ariminum, circ. 6000 grs., 18 ; at Iguvium, circ. 3300 grs., l8 ; in Apulia, ciro. 5000 grs., 36. Libya, Ptolemy II and Magas, 714 ; Cyrene, 73°- Ligeia (?), the Siren, Terina, 97. Lion and Duck weights of Babylonia and Assyria, Introd., § 2. Lion, emblem of Apollo, Leontini, 131 ; Syra- cuse, 152 ; Apollonia Thrac, 236. Lion and Bull, symbolical of Sun and Moon, 545- Lions in Macedon, 182. Litra, Sicilian, I3'5 grs. of silver, 99. Litra, depreciation of, in Sicily, 164. Litra, bronze, at Himera (B.C. 472-415) = 990 and 200 grs., 128. Litra, bronze, at Agrigentum (before B.C. 415) = 75ogrs., 105; (B.C. 415-406) = 675 grs., 107; (B.C. 340-287) = 536 grs., 107. Litra, bronze, at Camarina (B.C. 415-405) = 221 grs., 113. Local Amphictyones and Koiva, Introd., § 15. Lucania, chronological table of the coinage of, 58- Lyoian coin legends, 572, 574. Lyoian League, later, 575. Lycurgus, Lacedaemon, 364 sq. Lycus(?), Eiver-god, Byzantium, 231. Lydia, chronological table of the coinage of, 655- Lydian electrum money, Introd., § 5. Lydian weight system, origin of, Introd., § 4. Lydians, the first to strike coins, 544. Lykasto (?), the Amazon, Amisus, 425. Lykon, Croton, 84. Lysimachian coinage of Ephesus, 495 ; of Erythrae, 499 ; of Magnesia Ion., 501 ; of Ehodes, 541. M. Macedon, chronological table of coinage of, l68. Machaou (?), Tricca, 263. Magistrates' signatures and monograms, Introd., §§13, 14. Magistrates' titles on Imperial coins, Introd., § 14- Magistrates' names on Imperial coins of the Province of Asia, 432. Marks of value: Etruria, 10 sqq. ; Stratus, 281 ; Corinth, 336 ; Sicyon, 345 ; Aegium, 348 ; Lacedaemon, 365 ; Crete, 384 ; Me- los, 415 ; Apollonia ad Ehyndacum, 448 ; Ephesus, 498; Chios, 514; Ehodes, 542; Antiochus IV of Syria, 641. Mama, Gaza, 680. Maron, Maroneia, 215. Marsyas, Apameia, 558. Mareyas and Apollo, Gargara, 455 ; Acrasus, 547 ; Alexandria, 719. Marsyas and Athena, Athens, 326. Megaris, chronological table of the coinage of, 343- Meino, Gaza, 680. Melampus, Aegostheua, 329. Melikertes or ]?alaemon, myth of, 339. Melissae, priestesses of Artemis Ephesia, 494. Melkarth, cultus of, at Gades, 2 ; Aradus, 666 ; Tyrus, 674 sq. ; Siculo-Punic coins, 738; Hippo Eegius Numid., 745. M^Aoj', type parlant, Melos, 414. Mfin, the Moon-god, Istrus, 235 ; Panti- capaeum, 239 ; Nicopolis Thrac, 244 ; Trapezus, 427 ; Juliopolis, 443 ; Prusa ad Olympum, 444 ; Antiochia ad Meandrum, 520; Taba, 532; Trapezopolis, 533; Gor- dus Julia, 549 ; Silaudus, 553 ; Accilaeum, 556 ; Beudos vetus, 559 ; Grimenothyrae, 564 ; Hierapolis, 565 ; Julia, 565 ; Laodi- ceia, 566 ; Metropolis, 567; Sebaste, 568 ; Sibidunda, 568 ; Siblia, 568 ; Synnada, 569 ; Temenothyrae, 569 ; Sillyum, 588 ; Olbasa, 591 ; Pappa Tiberia, 591 ; Pros- tanna, 59T ; Seleuoia, 592 ; Parlais, 596 ; Ancyra, 630 ; Laodioeia ad Libanum, 663 ; Gaba, 664. M^n Askaeuos, Sardes, 553 ; Alia, 556 ; An- tiochia Pis., 589. M^n Aziottenos, Saettae, 552. M6n Kamareites, Nysa, 552. MSn Karou, Attuda, 559. M^n Pharnakes, Cabeira, 425. Menaechmus and Soidas, statue of Artemis Laphria by, at Patrae, 349. Menas, superintendent of the Mint at Sestus, 225. Mendes, Egypt, 723. 798 INDEX RERVM. Menestheus, oekist of Elaea, 480. Menetus and Elypsas,two wrestlers, Aspendus, 582. Mentu (Miii/9), Egypt, 732. Mesma (fountain nymph), Mesma, 89. Messana (nymph), Messana, 135. Mesaene (nymph), Messene, 362. Messenia, chronological table of the coinage of> 343- Metals substituted for cattle as measures of value, Introd., § i. MijTiyp IIAaKian; = Kybele, Placia, 465. Metric systems of the ancient Egyptians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, Introd., § 2 . Micion and Eurycleides, names of, on Athenian coins, 319, 320, 321. Micythus, tyrant of Messene, 70. Midas, Cadi, 560 ; Prymnessus, 568. Midas, oekist of Midaeum, 567. Milesian standard, electrum coinage of Chios, 513 ; of Samos, 515. Miletos, brother of Kydon, 392 ; oekist of Miletus, 505. Miltiades, monument of, Athens, 327. Mina Attic, related to the Aeginetic mina as 100: 137. 309- Mina, Attic commercial, identical with the Aeginetic mina, 309. Mining industry in the Pangaean district of Thrace, 174; in Thasos, 227. Mining villages in Illyria, 269. Minos, founder of Heracleia Minoa, 1 24 ; Crete, 3S3 ; enthroned, Cnossus, 389. Minos (?) as Hunter, Eleutherna, 393 ; Rhi- thymna, 405. Minotaur, Crete, 383 ; Cnossus, 389. Mint-marks on Athenian coins, 317. Mithradates, name of, on Athenian coins, 317, 324- Mithras, Amastris, 432. Mnevis, Egypt, 723. Modius in car of serpents, Alexandria, 721. Moluris the rook, Corinth, 339. Moneta, Alexandria, 722. Monetary Convention between Phocaea and Mytilene, 507. ' Monnaies isonomes,' Egypt, 713 note. Months, Parthian, 692. Moon worship in Euboea, 306, 308 ; at Carrhae, 688, See also Men and Selene. Mopsoa, Mopsium Thes., 257 ; Hierapolis, 565- Merges, founder of Galaria, 121. Morning star, badge of the Eastern Locrians, 285. Mothone, port of, Mothone, 363. Mule-oar (diriji/i;), Khegium, 93 ; Messana, '34- Municipal magistrates' titles on Imperial coins, Introd., § 14. Mygdon (!), Stectorium, 569. Myron, statue of Apollo by, Agrigentum, 108. Myrrha, transformation of, Aphrodisias, 520; Myra, 578. Myscellus, oekist of Croton, 79. Mysia, chronological table of coinage of, 467. Nabathaean inscriptions, 685. Nana or Nanaia, 710. Nausicaa, Mytilene, 488. Neapolis, obols and litrae of, 33. Neith, Egypt, 734. Nemesis, Nicopolis Thrac, 244 ; Asopus, 363; Argos, 368 ; Amastris, 433 ; Tium, 444 ; Samos, 518; Taba, 532; Hierapolis, 565; Peltae, 567 ; Synnada, 569 ; Tripolis, 570 ; Khodiapolis, 580 ; Aspendus, 583 ; Attalia, 583 ; Amblada, 589 ; Comana Pie., 590 ; Pednelissus, 691 ; Termessua, 594 ; Pessi- nus, 630. Nemeses, Two, Tenmus, 482; Smyrna, 510; Acmonia, 556; Amorium, 557; Synaus, 569 ; Alexandria, 719. Neo-Punie inscriptions, Numidia, 744 ; Mau- retania, 748. Nicomachis, Mytilene, 488. Nike apteros, Terina, 97. ' Nike of Samothrace, 202. Nike 2c/3a(rTo5, Alexandria, 719. Nilus, Alexandi'ia, 720; Egypt, 724. Noah, ark of, Apameia, 558. Nomes of Egypt, coinage of, limited to 54 years, 722. Numerals, Roman, on Syracusan coins, 162, 164. Numerals on Thraoian coins, 235. NuTumus of Tarentum, 36, 55. Num-Ra, Egypt, 722. Nymphaeum of Apollonia Dlyriae, 365 sq. Nymphodorus of Abdera, 221. Nymph playing with astragali. Tarsus, 614. Nysa nursing infant Dionysos, Nysa Scytho- polis, 678. Obelisk of Apollo, Apollonia HI., 265 ; Ori- cus, 266. Obelisk of Apollo 'hyvnis, Ambracia, 270. Obelisk of Apollo K.api,v6^, Megara, 330. Obolos, Chios, 514. Odysseus, Ithaca, 359. Okeanos, Ephesus, 498 ; Tyrus, 676 ; Alexan- dria, 720. Olba, priestly dynasty of, 609. Olbia, fish-shaped coins of, 233. Olympia, the nymph, Elis, 356. Olympias, head of, Macedon, 211. Olympic Festival, coins struck for, Elis, 354. Olympus, Mount, Caesareia Germanica Bith., 653- Omphale, Maeonia, 550; Sardes, 553; Tmo- lus, 654. Omphalos of Delphi, 289, 290, 453 ; of Phlius, 344- Onuris, Egypt, 722. Onymarchus, strategos of the Phocians, 288. Opheltes and Hypsipyle, Argos, 368. Opous (?), Locri Opuntii, 286. Oracular Fountain, pijyiia or xpVH^^i Ijimj^*! 577- Orestes, Cyzicus, 452. Ormuzd, Issue, 604. INDEX RERUM. 799 Orpheus, Alexancli-ia, 720. Orthros (?), Cyzicus, 452. Oscan inscriptions on Oampanian coins, 26. Oscan inscriptions on Apulian coins, 38. Osiris, Egypt, 724. Osiris (?), Gaulos, 743. Owl, emblem of Athena, Syracuse, 159; Athens, 309 sqq. P. Paeonian standard in Illyria, 269. Palaemon, temple of, Corinth, 339. Palankaios (Eiver-god 1), Agyrium, 109. Palladium brought to Argos by Diomedes, Argos, 36 7 sq. Pallas Athena, worship of, by Alexander the Great, 198. Pallas subduing Giants, Seleucia, 610. Pallene (?), Potidaea, 188. Pamphylia, chronological table of coinage of, 588. Pamphylian inscriptions on coins of Aspendus, 582 ; Sillyum, 587 ; Selge, 592. Pan, worship of, at Messana, 135 ; at Panti- capaeum, 239; in Arcadia, 373; carrying infant Dionysos, Zacynthus, 360; and nymph Syrinx, Thelpusa, 382 ; grotto of, Caesareia Paneas, 664. Pandiua, Hipponium, 85 ; Terina, 98." Pandosia, nymph, Pandosia, 90. Panioniou, 490. Pankratides, epithet of Asklepioe, Mytilene, 488. Paris, judgment of, Scepsis, 474 ; Alexandria, 720, Parium, altar of, work of Hermocreon, 459. Pares, Chronicle of, 331. Parthenon, -view of, on Athenian coin, 327. Parthenope the Siren, 32. Pasiphae wife of Minos, Crete, 383. Patrae, find of Alexandrian coins near, 346 ; plan of town and harbour on coins of, 350. Patreus, oekist of Patrae, 349 ; tomb of, Patrae, 349. Patroklos, Ilium, 473. Patron, oekist of Aluntium, no. Pax, Alexandria, 721. Pegasoa-staters of Corinth, date of iirst issue of, 334- , , . Pegasos, taming of, Corinth, 335, 339 ; Achaia, 353- Pehlvi inscription, Persis, 696. Peirene, the fountain, Corinth, 334, 340. XliX(Kvs of Tenedos, 476, 477. Peloponnesian war, wholesale coinage in time of, at Athens, 314. Peloponnesus, chronological table of the coinage of, 343. Peloponnesus, early coinage of, 344. Pelops, Himera, 126. Pelorias, goddess, Messana, 135. Pentagon, called Hygieia, Pitane, 465. Pergamos, oekist of Pergamum, 464. Periods of Greek art as exemplified by coins, Introd., § 12. Persephone, temple of, at Locri, Sg. Persephone (?) with serpent, Priansus, 404. Persephone, rape of, Enna, 119; Elaea, 480; Orthosia, 530 ; Aninetus, 54S ; Gordus Ju- lia, 549 ; Hermocapelia, 550 ; Hyrcanis, 550; Ny6a,552; Sardes, 553 ; Tomara, 554; Tralles, 555 ; Hierapolis, 565 ; Tripolis, 570; Sebaste, 679; Alexandria, 719. Perseus, the hero, Macedon, 205 ; Larissa Cremaste, 255 ; Gyaros, 414 ; Seriphos, 418 ; Amisus, 424 ; Cabeira, 425 ; Chabacta, 426 ; Comana, 426; Mithradates V, Ponti, 428; Amastris, 433 ; Sinope, 435 ; Cyzicus, 451 ; Astypalaea, 534; Iconium, 595. Perseus and sleeping Gorgons, Daldis, 549. Perseus and Andromeda, Coropissus, 602 ; Alexandria, 719. Perseus, harpa of, Joppa, 678. Persic standard : — in Macedon, 194 ; at Maro- neia, 216; at Abdera, 220; at Byzantium, 230; at Selymbria, 232; at Amisus, 424; at Trapezus, 427 ; at Calchedon, 438 ; at Lampsacus, 456 sq. ; at Abydus, 468 ; at Dardanus, 471 j in Lesbos, 484; at Mjrti- lene, 487 ; at Colophon, 493 ; at Erythrae, 499 ; a.t Magnesia, 501 ; at Miletus, 504 ; at Priene, 508 ; at lasue, 528 ; at C'al3rmna, 534 ; at Phaselis, 578 ; at Aspendus, 581 ; at Etenna, 583 ; at Perga, 584 ; at Side, 586 ; at Selge, 692 ; in CUicia, 597 ; at Ce- lenderis, 600 ; at Issus, 604 ; at Nagidus, 608; at Soli, 611; at Tarsus, 612; in Cappadocia, 630 ; at Aradus, 650, 666. Persic (?) standard, Nabathaea, 686. Persic standard used by the Himyarites, 688. Persis, hill so called, Dooimium, 562. Perso-Babylonio standard, Introd., § 8. Pessinus, sacred stone of, Athens, 324; Pes- sinus, 630. Phalaecue, strategos of the Phocians, 288. Phalanthos, oekist of Tarentum, 43 . Phanes of Halicarnassus, coin attributed to, 526. PharnabazuB, head of, Cyzicus, 453. Pharnabazus (?), head of, Lampsacus, 457. Pharos, lighthouse, Alexandria, 720 sq. ^aariKoi, galleys, type ■parlant, so called from city of Phaselis, 578. Phayllus, strategos of the Phocians, 288. Pheidias, statue of Zeus Olympics by, Elis, 357. Pheidon, the first to strike coins in European Greece, Aegina, 331 ; Introd., § 8. Phemius, mythical king of the Aenianes, 248. Pheraemon, son of Aeolos, Messana, 1 35. Philaeus, grandson of Ajax, Salamis, 329. Philip of Macedon, victories of, at Olympia, 197. Philippi, gold mines of, 195. Philippine coins, of Ehodes, 541; of Clazo- menae, 492. Philochorus, statement of, as to original types of Athenian coins, 309. Philochorus, cited by the Scholiast to Aristo- phanes Ranae concerning Athenian gold money, 314. Philoktetes, Homolium, 252 ; Lamia, 252. Philomelus, strategos of the Phocians, 288. Phliasia, chronological table of the coinage of, 343- 800 INDEX RESUM. PhoboB, Cyzicus, 453. Phocaean standard, Campania, 25, 31; Pho- caea, 506. Phocaean standard, electrum, Birytus, 470. Phoenician carrying- trade, Introd., § 3. Phoenician inscriptions on coins, Gades, 3 ; Ebusus, 3 ; Hispania Ulterior, 6 ; Cyprus, 621; Seleucidae, 642 sqq. ; Byblus, 668; Carne, 669 ; Marathus, 670. Phoenician standard in Spain, 4 ; at Neapolis, Mac, 175; Bisaltae, 178; at Ichnae, 178; in Chalcidiee, 181 sqq.; in Maoedon, 193, 196; atMaroneia, 215 ; at Abdera, 218; at Dicaea, 218 ; in Thasos, 228 ; at Byzan- tium, 230 ; in the Cyclades, 414, 416 ; (re- duced) at Sinope, 434 ; at Calchedon, 438 ; at Cyzicus, 453 ; at Lampsacus, 456 ; at Abydus, 468 ; at Tenedos, 476 ; in Lesbos, 483 ; at Methymna, 486 ; in Ionia, 489; at Clazomenae, 490 ; at Ephesus, 494 ; at Erythrae, 499 ; at Gambrium, 500 ; at Mag- nesia, 501 ; at Miletus, 504: atPhygela, 508; at Teos, 511; at Halicarnassus, 526; at Poseidion, 534; at lalysus, 538 ; at Lindus, 538; in Lydia,' 544 ; at Phaselis, 578 ; at Mopsus, 608; at Tarsus (?), 612, 616; at Caesai-eia Cap., 634 ; Seleucidae, 642 sq. ; in Phoenicia, 650 ; at Byblus, 668 ; at Si- don, 670, 673 ; at Tripolis, 674; at Tyrus, 674 sq.; at Jerusalem, 681 ; first revolt of Jews, 684 ; second revolt of Jews, 685 ; Ptolemy I, 712 sqq.; at Cyrene, 726; at Barce, 733 ; at Euesperides, 734; of Siculo- Punic gold coins, 737 ; at Carthage, 739 ; of Hispano-Carthaginian coins, 746. Phoenician system of weight, a mixed one, Introd., § 3. Phoenix, Alexandria, 721. Phokos, eponymous hero of Phocis, 287. Pholegandros (?), son of Minos, 418. Phrixos and Helle, Halus, 251 ; Larbpsaous, 458- Phrygia, chronological table of coinage of, 570. Phrygia and Caria personified Laodiceia, 566. Phthia, Pyrrhus, 274. Phthia, nymph, Aegium, 348. Pietas, Alexandria, 722. Pion or Prion, Mount, Ephesus, 498. Pindar's odes, coin-types illustrating, 112,113, Pisidja, chronological table of coinage of, 594. Pistrix symbol of Poseidon, Syracuse, 152. Pittacus the philosopher, MytUene, 488. Plane-tree of Gortyna, 395. Plutarch, his relations with the Delphic oracle, 290. Plutonium of Hierapolis Phr., 564. Plutos, infant, Hierapolis Phr., 565. Podaleirios (?), Tricoa, 263. Poemes, oekist of Poemaninum, 465. Poemauder, oekist of Tanagra, 295. nSXoi, staters so called, Corinth, 335. Polycleitus, statue of Hera Argeia by, Argos, 367- Port of Caesareia Germanica Bithyniae, 438. Portraits as coin-types, introduction of, after Alexander the Great, Introd., § 10. Poseidon, worship of, at Messana, 135 ; in Thessaly, 246 ; at Corinth, 335, 340 ; at Tenos, 420. Poseidon pursuing Amymone, Argos, 36S ; dragging Beroe, Berytus, 668. Poseidon — Asphaleios, Rhodes, 542. Helikouios, Helice, 349 ; Priene, 508. Hippies, Potidaea, 188 ; Mantineia, 376 ; Pheneus, 379 ; Bhaucns, 405. Isthmios, Alaxandria, 719. Onchestios, Haliartus, 293 ; Tanagra, 295- Potestas, Alexandria, 722. 'Potin ' coins of Lesbos, 483 ; of Alexandria, 718. Praxiteles, statue of Eros at Parium by, 459 ; statue of Aphrodite of Cnidus by, 525 ; statue of Aphrodite of Cos by, 536. Priamos, Hium, 473. Priapos, Lampsacus, 458. Priestess as magistrate — Byzantium, 232 ; see also Index V, 5. v. Upua and Introd., § 14. Propitiatory coin-type, Agrigeutum, 108. Propylaea of Corinth, 340. ProtesUaos, Thebae, Thes., 263 ; temple and tomb of, Elaeus, 224. Tlp6(, type parlant Proconnesus, 466. Prytaneis of Corcyra, 277; of Leuoas, 280; of Smyrna, 509. Prytanies, Athenian, 317. Ptolemaic coinage in Phoenicia, 650. Ptolemaic coinage in Phoenicia dated according to the Tyrian era, 715. Ptolemaic coins of Sidon, 672 ; of Tyrus, 675 ; of Ace-Ptolema'is, 677 ; of Joppa, 678 ; of Ascalon, 679 ; of Gaza, 680. Ptolemaic standard in Nabathaea, 6S5. Punic inscriptions, Syrtica, Byzacene, etc., 735 sqq.; Mauretania, 746 sq. Pyrrhus, various coinages of, in Italy, Sicily, and Greece, 273. Pythagorean symbolism, 84. Pythagoras, Nieaea, 443 ; Samos, 518. Pythian festival, coins struck for, 290. Q,. Quadn'ga, frequent agonistic type in Sicily, 106. Quadrigatus, coin so called, Campania, 38. Quaestorial insignia, 210. Quail hunt. Tarsus, 618. B. Ea, Egypt, 723. Pace-torch, symbol of Artemis Tauropolos, 190. Racing galleys, names of, Corcyra, 277. Reductions of the Roman aes grave, 16. Religious character of early coin-types,7»frorf., § 10. Rhea (?), holding infant Zeus, Crete, 384. Rhea or Amaltheia nursing Zeus, Laodiceia, 566. Ehodope, Mount, Philippopolis, 245. Rhodes, a member of the Anti-Spartan al- liance, 540. Rhodes the nymph, Rhodes, 539. INDEX RER.UM. 801 Rhodian standard at Aenue, 214 ; in the Cy- clades, 408, 410, 413-417 ; at Gyzious, 453 ; at Colophon, 493 ; at Epheaus, 495 ; at Erythrae, 499 ; at Miletus, 504 sq. ; of Sa- trapal coins of Ionia, 512 ; at Samos, jiy ; at Cnidus, 524; at Idyma, 528; at Taha, 531 ; of coins of Dynasts of Caria, 533 ; at Calymna, 534 ; at Cos, 535 sq.; at Megiste, 637 ; at Nisyros, 537 ; at Ehodes, 539 sq.; in Lycia, 575; in Cyprus, 620 sqq.; Pto- lemy I, 712 ; at Cyrene, 731. Rivers — Acheloils, Metapoutum, 63 ; Ambracia, 270; Acamania, 278, 282 sq.; Leucaa, 279 ; Stratus, 281 sq. ; Oeniadae, 2S1 ; Thyrrheium, 282. Acis (?), Piaous, 144. Acragas, Agrigentum, 107 aq. Adranus, Adranum, 103. Aesarus, Croton, 83, 84. Aesepus, Cyzious, 454. Alahon, Solus, 150. Alpheiua, Elis, 357 ; Heraea, 375. Amenanus, Catana, 114 sq. Anapus, Syracuse, 154, 157. Anthios, Antioch Pis., 589. Asopus, Tanagra, 295. Asopus, Phlius, 344 ; Sieyon, 345. Assinus, Naxus, 140 sq. Astraeus Metropolis Ion., 502. Aulindenus (?), Ceretapa, 560. Axus, Erythrae, 499. Belus, Ace-Ptolemais, 677. Billaeus, Creteia, 440 ; Tium, 444. Booarus (?), Paphus, 623. Borysthenes, Olbia, 233. Caicus, Pergamum, 464 ; Stratoniceia, 466 ; Acrasus, 547. Calycadnus (?), Diocaesareia, 602 ; Ireno- polis, 603. Caprus, Laodiceia, 566. Caprus, Atusa, 690. Carcines (?), Consentia, 79. Carmeiua, Hadrianopolis, Phr., 564. Catarrhactes (?), Magydus, 584. Cayster, Ephesus, 498 ; Cilbiani, 549 ; bioahieron, 549. Cazanes, Themisonium, 569. Cestrus (?), Perga, 585 ; Sillyum, 588 ; Sagalassus, 592. Ceteius, Pergamum, 464. Chrysas, Assorus, 1 1 1 . Chrysoroas, Hieropolis, 565. Chrysoroas, Damascus, 662 ; Leucas, 663. Cissus, Tomara, 554. Cladeas, Ephesus, 498. Crathis, Thurium (?), 72 ; Consentia (?), 79; Pandosia, 90. Crimisus, Segesta, 144 sq. Cydnus, Tarsus, 617 sq. Euphrates, Samosata, 654. Eurymedon (?), Aspendus, 583. Eurymedon, Termessus, 594. Gallus (?) of Phrygia, Philomelium, 568. Gelaa, Gela, 121. G-eudua (?), Nicaea, 443. Glauous, Hierocaesareia, 550 ; Eumenia, 564. Rivers — Halys, Tavium, 631. Harpasus, Harpasa, 527. Hebrus, PhUippopolis, 245 ; Plotinopolis, 245 ; Trajanopolis, 245. Herraus, Cyme, 479 ; Temnua, 482 ; Smyrna, 510; Bagis, 548; Gordus Ju- lia (?), 649; Magnesia, Lyd., 661; Saettae, 562 ; Sardes, 563 ; Silandua, 663 ; Tabala, 554 ; Cadi, 660. Hipparis, Camarina, 112. Hippophoras, ApoUonia Pisid., ffi^. Hippurius, Blaundua, 559. Hyllus, Saettae, 552. Hypius, Prusias, 444. Hypsaa, Entella, 119 ; Selinus, 148. Imbraaus, Samos, 518. Iris, Amasia, 424. Is (?), Poseidonia, 67. Ister, Istrus, 235 ; Nicopolis, 235. Lamus, Tyana, 634. Lathon, Euesperidea, 734. Limyrus, Limyra, 677- Lissus (?), Leontini, 131. Longanus (?), Longane, 132. Lycus (?), Byzantium, 231. Lycua, Neocaesareia, 426 ; Thyateira, 654 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Sala (?), 568. Maeander, Antiochia, 520; Aomonia (?), 556 ; Apameia, 558 ; Dionysopolis, 562 ; Hyrgalea, 565 ; Tripolia, 570. Marnas, Ephesus, 498. Marsyas, Gargara, 455 ; Apameia, 558. Melas, Side, 587. Meles, Amastris, 433 ; Smyi'na, 510. Metaurus (?), Meama, 89. Morayuus, Antiochia, 520; Aphrodisias, 520, Neda, Phigaleia, 379. NUus, Alexandria, 720 sq. Obrimas, Apameia, 558. Orgaa, Apameia, 558. Orontes, Tigranes, 649 ; Antioch, 657. Palancaeus, Agyrium, 109. Partheniua, Amaatria, 433. Parthenius of Phrygia, Nacolea, 567. Pidasus, Hyrcania, 550. Pyramus, Aegae, 598 ; Hieropolis, 603 ; Mopsua, 608. Rheon, Hipponium, 85. Rhyndaous, ApoUonia, 448 ; Hadriani, 466 ; Aezani (1), 556. Sagaris, Nicaea, 443. Sagras, Caulonia, 79- Sangariua, Pessinus, 630. Sardo, Tium, 444. Sarus, Adana, 598. Scylax, Amasia, 424. Scamander, Alexandria Troas, 470 ; Ilium, 473- Selinus, Selinus, 147. Selinus, Pergamum, 464. Senarua, Sebaste Phr., 568. Silarus (?), Paestum, 68. Smard . . . (?), Phocaea, 508. Strymon, Pautalia, 244. Tembria, Midaeum, 567. Term . . . (?), Phocaea, 508, 802 INDEX RERUM. Eivers — ThymbriuB (?), Dorylaeum, 563. Tiber and Nilus, Alexandria, 731. Timelea, Aplirodiaias, 520 ; Heracleia Car., 527. Tisnaeua (?), Tisna, 482. Titnaeus, Aegae Aeol., 478. Tiulus (?), Prostanna, 591. Tonzus, Hadrianopolis, 244. Xanthus, Germanioopolis, 433; Cyme, 479. Eoma, head of, Gortyna, 396 ; Alexandria, 721. Roma crowned by Fides, Loori Epizepbyrii, 88. Eoman coinage, origin of, 15. Koman denarius standard, Bogud II, Maur., 746 ; Juba II, Maur., 747. Eoman magistrates' titles on Greek Imperial coins, Introd., § 14. Eomano-Campanian coinage, 27. Romano Iberian coinage, 5, 6. Eose, type parlant, symbol of the sun, Ehodes, 539- Eoses of Mount Pangaeum, 192. S. Sagittarius, Ebesaena, 689 ; Singara, 690. Saka era, a.d. 78 (?), 710. Salamis, head of, Salamis, 329. Salbacus, Mount, personified, ApoUonja Car., 521. Samaena, Samian galley, 51S. Samian standard, Miletus, 503; Samos, 516 ; Cyrene, 729. Samian types on coins of Ehegium and Messana, 92, 134. San, alphabetical character, Mesembria, 237. Sandan or Asiatic Herakles, Antiochia ad Cydnum, 599 ; Tarsus, 617 ; Alexander Bala, 643 ; Antiochus VII, 645 ; Deme- trius II, 645. Sandan, altar of, Antiochus VII, 645 ; Deme- trius II, 646 ; Antiochus VIII, 647 ; An- tiochus IX, 648. Sappho, Mytilene, 4S5, 488 ; Eresus, 486. Sassanian coinage, 696. Satrae of Thrace, 176. Satrap, head of, Lycia, 573; Mallus, 606; Soli, 611 ; Tarsus, 613. Satrapal coinage, Paphlagonia, 431 ; Ionia, 512; Cilicia, 697; Issus, 604 ; Tarsus, 613 sqq. ; Syria or Phoenicia, 676. Satyr, nymph, and Pan, Alexafidria Troas, 470. Scarabeus Aetnaean, 114. Scopaa, statue of Apollo Smintheus by, 470. Soripulum, Eoman, 17-56 grs., 13, 15. Seasons, the, Laodiceia, 566. Sebastophorue, Imperial galley, Alexandria, 721. Sebek-ra, Egypt, 723 sq. Segesta, nymph, Segesta, 144. Selene, Thyateira, 554 ; Hierapolis, 565. Seleucid coinage of Phoenicia with Ptolemaic types, 650. Seleucid coins of Sidon, 672 ; of Tyrua, 675; of Ace-Ptolema'is, 677; of Ascalon, 679; of Gaza, 680. Selinon leaf, emblem of River Selinus, 146. Semasia, Alexandria, 722. Sepia, badge of the Eretrians, 306. Serapis, Menaenum, 132; Anchialua, 236; Odessus, 236 ; Mesembria, 237 ; Bizya, 244; Amasia, 424; Trapezus, 42 7 ; Siuope, 435; Juliopoiis, 443 ; Samos, 518; Alinda, 519 ; Heracleia Car., 527 ; Thyateira, 554; Bria, 560; Ceretapa, 560; Colossae, 561; Dionysopolis, 562 ; Docimium, 562 ; Dory- laeum, 563 ; Hierapolis, 565 ; Hyrgalea, 565 ; Laodiceia, 566 ; Midaeum, 567 ; Tripolis, 570;, Adada, 589; Cremna, 590; Epiphaneia, 602 ; Flaviopolis, 602 ; Lyi'be, 605; Olba, 610; Caesareia Sam., 678; Diospolis-Lydda, 678 ; Neapolis Sam., 678; Alexandria, 720 ; Suthul Numid., 745. Serapis and Isis, Catana, 117. Sexagesimal system of the Babylonians, Introd., § 2. Sextus, Mytilene, 488. Shekels, Jewish, 681. Shield of Ajax, Salamis, 329. Shrine on car, Philadelphia Decap., 665. Sibyl Cumaean, tomb of, 132. Sibyl, the Gergithian, 472. Sibyl, the Erythraean, 499. Sicily, chronological table of coinage of, 102 ; weight standards of earliest coins of, Introd., §9- Sickle, topographical emblem, Zanole, 133. Sicyonia, chronological table of coinage of, 343. 2i577, type parlant, Side, 585. Sidon hoard (gold Alexanders, etc.), date of burial of, 439. Siglos, yij part, in weight, of Persic silver mina ; „\ part, in value, of the gold daric, 699. Sikel towns, coinage of, 99. Sikelia, Adranum, 103; Alaesa, no; Her- bessus, 125 ; Morgantina, 138. Silenos, Lete, 177 ; with wine skin, Eoman colonial type, Coela, 224; with nymph, Thasos, 237; Bergaeus, 241 ; with infant Dionysos, Sardes, 553 ; head of, Lycia, 573. Silphium plant, Cyrene, 726; Baroe, 733; Euesperides, 734 ; Teuohira, 735. Silvanus, Cremna, 590. Sinope, daughter of Asopos, Sinope, 434. Siphnos, gold and silver mines of, 419. Sipylene, epithet of Kybele, Smyrna, 510. Sipylus, Mount, Magnesia Lyd., 551. Siren Ligeia, Terina, 97. Skylla, Cyzicus, 452. Skythes, giant, Telephua Bact. Eex, 708. Slinger and sling, types parlants, Aspendus, 582. Slinger, Selge, 593. Smilis, statue of Hera Samia by, Samos, 517. Sminthion, temple of Apollo Smintheus, Alexandria Troas, 470. Smyrna, gold stater of, 509. Smyrna, the Amazon, 510. Solon, Athenian coins of time of, 311. Solymos, Termessus, 594. Sosipolis, Gela, 122. Soter, title adopted by Antiochus I, 039 ; worship of Ptolemy I under title of, 713. Sothiac cycle, Alexandria, 721. Sozon, divinity, Antiochia ad Maeandrum, 520. INDEX RERVM. 803 Sparta, daughter of Eurotas, Lacedaemou, 365. Spes, Alexandria, 721. 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