SF ns\ \N52 \91C LIBRARY NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE ITHACA, N.Y. Cornell University Library SF 751.W32 1920 The practical stock doctor; the farmers' 3 1924 000 013 619 L DATE DUE ! I. GAYLOHD i' PRINTED IN U 5 A m Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 92400001 361 9 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR The Fanners' Short Courses in live Stock COMPRISING THREE COURSES OF EIGHTY-FOUR LESSONS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AND STOCK BREEDING FOR FARMERS and STOCK OWNERS COURSE I HORSES Management and Diseases COURSE II CATTLE, SHEEP, HOGS and POULTRY COURSE III STOCK BREEDING Sign Language of Sick Animals EDITOR IN CHIEF DR. GEORGE A. WATERMAN For Eleven Years Instructor in the Farmers' Short Course and Head of the Veterinary Department of the Agricultural College, State of Michigan Compiled from the most Successful Veterinarians in the World and Containing Hundreds of Tried and Tested Remedies Collected from the most Practical Farmers and Stock Owners in the United States and Canada - PUBLISHED BY THE F. B. DICKERSON COMPANY LINCOLN, NEB. or IMPERIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY TdRONTO, CAN. 1921 jN^VS 96^8 t I (Tl I % -^ •h COPTEIQHTED 1901, 1908, 1912 AND 1920 4* * BY * J THE F. B. DICKERSON COMPANY J + * sr '1^ 1 W3Z. / i^ZO CONTENTS COURSE I Horse Department. History of the Horse 9 Best Methods of Training '. ' ."'..'. 14 Anatomy of the Horse 27 Anatomy of Man and Horse Compared 54 Proportions of the Horse 55 Water and Watering 56 Food and Feeding 57 Antiseptics 64 Disinfection 06 Fomentations 68 Nursing and Feeding Sick Animals 68 Forms of Medicine and Ways of Giving 69 How Often to Give Medicines 73 Some Points in Determining Nature of Disease 74 Pulse 74 Temperature 74 Diseases of the Respiratory, or Breathing Organs 75 Diseases of the Mouth, Teeth, Salivary Glands and Gullet 97 Diseases of the Stomach and Bowels 109 Diseases of the Livier and Spleen 130 Diseases of the Urinary Organs 133 Diseases of the Genital Organs of the Horse 143 Diseases of the Genital Organs of the Mare 149 Foaling (Parturition) and Attendant Diseases 153 Diseases and Care of Young Foals 169 Castration ; Diseases and Troubles Following 173 Rupture (Hernias) and Methods of Treatment 183 Diseases and Injuries of the Ear 185 Diseases and Injuries of the Eye 186 Contagious Diseases and Fevers of the Horse 193 Diseases of the Skin 203 Diseases of the Brain and Nervous System 215 Diseases of the Lymphatic System 230 Diseases of the Heart, Arteries, and Blood-Vessels 233 General Diseases of the Blood 240 Diseases of the Bones 248 Wounds and their Treatment 262 Diseases and Injuries of Head, Neck, Shoulders, Body, and Hips.. 366 Diseases of Front and Hind Legs 281 Diseases of the Feet 303 How to Break of Vices 32V Poisons and their Antidotes 33a Miscellaneous Information ^ 336 Operations . .. r 347 COURSE II Cattle Department. Anatomy of Cattle 358 Action of Remedies in Cattle 363 Pulse, Respiration and Temperature 364 Diseases of the Respiratory Organs 365 Diseases of the Digestive Organs 373 Rupture, or Hernia 399 Diseases of the Heart and Blood Vessels 403 Diseases of the Liver a»d Spleen 405 4 CONTENTS Diseases of the Urinary Organs 403 Calving (Parturition) and Diseases Attendant 414 Diseases of Young Calves 447 Diseases of the Generative Organs of the Bull 454 Diseases of the Eye 459 Diseases of the Ear 468 Fractured Bones ; Wounds ; Sprains of Joints and Tendons 471 Diseases of the Skin 47S Diseases of the Feet 490 Diseases of the Nervous System 494 Contagious Diseases of Cattle 505 General Diseases of the Blood 528 Poisons and Their Antidotes 536 Operations 530 Sheep Department. Diseases and Their Treatment 543 Diseases of Young Lambs 571 Swine Department. Ways of Giving Medicine 573 Disinfection and Disinfectants 573 Hog Cholera and Swine Plague 574 Common Diseases of Swine 578 Poultry Department. Diseases and Their Treatment 598 Poultry Houses 610 Poultry Pointers 634 A rticles of Poultry Diet 625 Dog Department. Diseases and Their Treatment 627 COURSE III Miscellaneous Department. Instruments 645 Apparatus 647 Medicines — Action and Dose 653 Prescriptions 670 Practical Remedies and Recipes From Farmers and Stock Owners. Remedies for Horses 675 Remedies for Cattle 705 Remedies for Sheep 720 Remedies for Swine 725 Remedies for Chickens 733 Profitable Breeding of Live Stock. Principles of Breeding 736 Relation of Breeder to Farmer 738 The Farm, Horse '. 740 Cattle '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 745 Sheep ; 451 ^°P, ■ 456 Chickens 461 New Diseases, Remedies and Treatments, Addenda, Etc 768 Dictionary of Medical and Veterinary Terms 798 Word Index _ 812 Symptom Index 837 Illustrated Index or The Sign Language of Sick Animals 865 PREFACE «^ ounces. Saltpeter 1^ " Alcohol 4 Water to make i pint. Dose: 2 ounces from four to six times a day (24 hours). If the fever is high and foregoing does not lower it, ^ive i drachm of Acetanilid in i^ ounces of Alcohol, twice or three times a day, if the case requires; i4 drachm doses of Quinine three times a day is also good. If it is hard for the animal to elevate the head to be drenched, throw the medicine, a small amount at a time, into the back part of the mouth with a hard rubber syringe, or give in the form of a paste as in "Sore Throat." Give the animal a good brushing each day, throwing back only one-half of the blanket at a time for the purpose. As the animal commences to improve give a tonic in the form of a teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica and 2 88 THS PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR teaspoonfuls of Fluid Extract of Gentian in a little water three times a day; after a few days substitute for this tonic the ones recommended in "Chronic Indigestion." Iai.«o........ i ounceo DISEASES OF THE HORSE 127 Commence returning the bowel at the anus, and gently re- turn it; shove the parts well back in with hand and arm, and have some one hold his tail down tight for an hour or more, or until he stops straining, after the bowel is replaced. It is well, also, to have hind parts raised by straw or boards under the hind feet. Give the following to move'bowels and relieve pain: Raw Linseed Oil i quart. Laudanum i ounce. Shake together. Feed soft food, with boiled I^inseed Meal in it to keep bowels loose. Give 3 to 5 grains of Morphine and i drachm Fluid Ex- tract Belladonna three or four times a day to stop straining. Also prepare the following: Alum yi ounce. Laudanum i " Warm water i pint. And inject into the rectum three times a day. If caused by con- stipation, treat as for that disease. PILES— HEMORRHOIDS.— Not a common condition, but sometimes occurs. Causes. — Constipation, irritation or injuries, or from severe straining in dysentery. Symptoms. — After manuring, bright red irregular tumors are seen in rectum. They may be visible at all times, or be seen when horse is down. Trbatment. — Attention should be paid to bowels; they should be soft, but purging should be avoided. If tumors protrude, wash them with warm water i pint, Alum 2 ounces, and then return them. Inject the same solution into the rectum. Give the animal the digestive tonics as recommended for "Chronic Indigestion." DROPSY OF THE BELLY — ASCITES.— This is a collection of liquid in the belly cavity. It may be clear, but gen- erally is yellowish or reddish in color. Causes. — Generally a result of other diseases, as acute or chronic peritonitis, and diseases of liver and kidneys. 128 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — Slight tenderness on pressure; awkward gait in hind legs. Horse is dull and may have slight colic pains, shown hy looking back and striking belly with hind feet. Bowels alternately constipated and loose, but diarrhea at last. By tap- ping on the belly and sides, there is a dull sound, and it extends to same height on both sides. By suddenly striking or pushing the belly, the sound of liquid can be heard. In advanced cases the horse becomes pot-bellied, and dropsical swellings are seen on belly and legs. Treatment. — Encourage appetite by giving the best of food to eat, and gentle exercise. Then give the following: Fluid Extract of Digitalis 6 drachms. Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica ij4 ounces. Iodide of Potash I ounce. Nitrate of Potash 3 ounces. Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose, i ounce three times a day. In severe cases tapping is resorted to by puncturing the floor of the abdominal wall with a small trocar and canula and allow- ing the fluid to flow off; but this calls for the services of a veter- inarian, if one can possibly be secured. LONG ROUND WORMS (LUMBRICI).— This is a worm that infests chiefly the small intestines, and is much like the common earth or angle worm in appearance, except it is white to reddish in color, and in length varies from four to twelve inches. Symptoms. — Colic pains are noted at times, or there may be switching of the tail, frequent manuring, slight straining, itching of the anus, and rubbing tail or rump against stall or fence; evi- dences of indigestion; is in poor condition; does not shed his coat; is hide-bound and pot-bellied; appetite is depraved and horse is licking walls, eating earth, and is particularly fond of salt. Bowels irregular; rubs nose against walls or stall as though it itched; a characteristic whitish mold-like substance below the anus. The best evidence is worms in the manure that is passed. Only part of these symptoms will be present, except in bad cases. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 129 Treatment. — Give the following: Turpentine..... i ounce. Raw Linseed Oil i pint. Shake together. Repeat Oil and Turpentine every second day for a week. Give, in addition, i teaspoonful of a mixture of equal parts of Sulphate of Iron and Sulphate of Copper in feed twice a day. After a week or two of above treatment withhold and give the digestive tonics recommended for "Chronic Indigestion," contin- uing them as case requires, or returning to above treatment after two weeks. PIN WORMS. — These are transparent, thread-like worms, measuring about one to two inches in length, found mostly in the large intestines. Symptoms. — ^Are about the same as with long round worms, except the size of worm passed. Treatment. — The same as in the previous disorder. Also inject into the rectum the following: Copperas I ounce. Water 3 quarts. Repeat every second or third day. TAPE WORMS. — These are white, tape-like worms, six inches to a foot in length, made up of a large number of segments. They rarely infest the horse, but are occasionally present. They take up their abode in the small intestines. Symptoms — Are the same as those produced by other worms, except the small, flat segments of the worm are found in the droppings. Treatment. — In addition to the treatment given for the other worms, give the following, after fasting the horse for from twelve to eighteen hours: Areca Nut (powdered) }i ounce. OilMaleFem 2 drachms. Raw Linseed Oil M pint. Follow this in two or three hours with three-fourths of a pound of Epsom Salts, after which feed as usual. Repeat treat- ruttent in a week if necessary. e 130 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR LESSON XI DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN CONGESTION AND INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. — These two diseases are so nearly alike, having same causes, symptoms and treatment, that they are included under one head. Causes. — Usually from the stimulating effects of overfeeding, particularly during hot weather, with too little exercise. May also be caused by injuries over the liver; from foreign substances, or from worms in the liver; or from extension of inflammation from neighboring parts. Symptoms. — Dullness; horse suffers from internal pain, but not of severe type; constipation and clay-colored dung-balls, scanty and high-colored urine, with general fever symptoms; when lying down is usually on left side; looks occasionally at the right side; there may be slight enlargement over the liver, and pain is evinced on pressure; horse may be lame in his off front leg; lining of eyes and mouth are yellow as in "Jaundice." Treavment. — If animal is in good condition give: Aloes 8 drachms. Sweet Spirits Niter i ounce. Laudanum i " Mix and give in i pint of water as a drench. Apply a Mustard plaster well rubbed in on the under part of the belly, and clothe body well according to the season of the year. Follow drench with the following: Fluid Extract of Belladonna I ounce. Iodide of Potash i ounce. Saltpeter. 2 ounces. Water to make i pint. Dose: 2 ounces in % pint of water three or four times a day. After using for two days withhold for two days and then give again if necessary. Give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times each day the prescription is wi^- held. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 131 Feed very sparingly on light feed, and keep bowels active by use of oil. Exercise as soon as acute symptoms are over. YELLOWS— JAUNDICE— ICTERUS.— This is caused by the absorption of the bile into the blood. It is one of the most common diseases of the liver. Catises. — From inflammation of the liver; from gall stones stopping passage leading from liver to the bowels. Symptoms. — I^ining membrane of mouth, nose and eyes are yellowish instead of pale pink; urine is saffron-colored; dung is a dirty gray color, and constipation generally present. In white or light-colored horses the yellow color shows in the skin; also symptoms of indigestion. Treatment. — In springtime turn out to grass, and that will usually effect a cure. If this is not feasible, or not in season, give Calomel 2 drachms, and Aloes 7 drachms, as a drench, or in the form of a ball. Then follow this treatment with the mixture as recom- mended for "Inflammation of the Liver;" also give a teaspoon- ful of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica three times a day. Glauber Salts, in handful doses, once or twice a day for a week is said to be an effective remedy for jaundice. Keep the bowels open with soft foods and pint doses of raw Linseed Oil. OTHER LIVER DISORDERS.— While there are other than these three disorders afEecting the liver, the symptoms are so similar that diagnosis is more or less tmcertain, and the treat- ment for all is practically the same as for the three already given. All Uver disorders need to be followed for some time with the digestive tonics. DISEASE OF THE SPLEEN.— While the spleen is sometimes diseased, the symptoms are so obscure and so like those of other disorders that it is impossible to diagnose the -troubles with any cfegree of certainty. Occasionally, upon postmortem, we find the organ greatly enlarged and otherwise affected; but aside from this, scientific knowledge is too meager to attempt any popular discussion. 132 THE FR7XTICAL STOCK DOCTOR LESSON XII DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS The urinary organs of the horse are not nearly s^s often affected with disease as most people think. The remark, "The water- works are wrong," is nearly always wrong; and yet the organs are sometimes diseased, the following disorders being the most common: ACUTE INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS- NEPHRITIS.— Causes. — Exposure to cold, or cold rain storms; lying on the ground when cold and damp; giving large quantities of medicines that act on the kidneys; from carrying too great weight on the back; from violent efforts in racing; or very severe strains of the back. Not a common disorder. Symptoms. — More or less fever, pulse accelerated, temperature elevated; manifest stiffness of the back; straddling gait with the hind legs; difficulty in lying down and rising, or walking in a iircle, the animal sometimes groans in the effort; arching of ioins and tucking up of flanks; looking back at the abdomen, as in "CoHc;" tenderness of loin when pinched, especially just beneath the bony processes six inches to one side the median line. Urin- ates frequently, but small quantity and of a high color, some- times mixed with blood or even pus. I ..,...,.., 2 teaspoonfuls. Water..... i quart. Pick up the in^er lining or the scrotum and sew up the cut in it, or plug up the scrotum with cotton saturated in the Carbolic Acid solution. If the cotton is used, one stitch best be taken in the cut in the scrotum, to keep it in; remove a part only of the cotton the following day, the remainder of it the second and third days, by which time the opening through which the bowel came will be closed. Feed a laxative diet and give J^ teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a day. FATTY CURTAIN COVERING THE BOWELS COMING DOWN AFTER CASTRATION.— Sometimes where there is a slight rupture, and after animal has been about for a few hours, the fatty curtain covering the bowels comes out. It may be but a few inches, but may be a couple of feet. It is generally red in color and has a fatty appearance. It may cause the animal no inconvenience, as he seems to feel well and has a good appetite. Treatment. — The same as for "Hernia;" or, remove the lining that hangs out with a pair of scissors or a knife, and see that no more comes down. There is but little danger from bleeding. ABSCESSES IN SCROTUM AFTER CASTRA- "(.-. -This sometimes occurs after animal is apparently well. DISEASES OF THE) HORSE 179 Causes. — A piece of the dead cord; some dried matter; from the ligature when an ordinary string is used. Symptoms. — ^There is heat, pain, and swelHngin the scrotum; soreness to the touch and stiffness of the gait in hind parts. Trbatmbn'T. — Encourage formation of matter by poultices, and when it "comes to a head," open and let the matter escape. In some cases, when poulticed, it will break of its own accord. After it is open, flush it freely with; Carbolic Acid J| Qimce. Water , l pint, And repeat daily until well. SWELLING AFTER CASTRATION.— A small amount of swelling is not a bad sign, and is to be expected, but when very bad, so that it affects the animal's appetite, and incli- nation to move about, the discharge being changed to a watery character, and red in color, the case assumes a serious stage and needs attention. Causes. — From exposure; from allowing wounds to heal too soon; or from lack of cleanliness in operation. Dirty quarters may also be a cause, as also a bad condition of the blood. Treatment. — Keep the bowels open with small doses of raw Linseed Oil; bathe cuts well with warm wat-er. After parts have been bathed, flush out freely with antiseptics: Carbolic Acid ^ ounce Water I pint After bathing and opening cuts, and washing them out, apply a poultice of warm Linseed meal and bran, and hold it to wound by means of strings over the back. Repeat bathing, flush- ing and poulticing three or four times daily. Feed soft food and give the following: Fluid Extract of Belladoima }i ounce. Fluid Extract Aconite }i drachm. Alcohol 4 ounces. Saltpeter i ounce. Waterto make i pint. Dose: l ounce for a yearling, 2 otmces for a two-year-old, three times a day. i8o THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR In bad cases, where swelling extends along under the belly also give: lincture of Iron... . - — 2 drachms. Quinme J4 drachm. Water.......... }i pint. Give as one dose; repeat three times a day. Give gentle exercise, and as soon as horse begins to eat, anc\ the discharge is a healthy, white one, the condition may be con- sidered favorable. SCHIRRUS CORD—TUMOR OF THE CORD.— This is a growth at the end of the cord. Causes. — From cord being pulled down in removing clamp; from colt biting and pulling down on account of itching. When not put back into the scrotum, after removing clamp, the cut heals around it and holds it down, and the cord being exposed to the air becomes irritated and diseased, and a growth forms at the end. Much more common when clamps were used. Treatment. — If it is noticed at the time, bathe in warm water to soften cut, and with oiled fingers, break cord loose from skin and push back into scrotum. If not noticed at the time, and it gets large, it will be necessary to operate on it. Cast animal and secure him. Break the skin from cord with the fingers, using knife only when necessary to get the cord loose. Put a clamp on or ligate the cord so the diseased part can be cut oS below the clamp, and leave the clamp on, when used, for two or three days. Then cut twine off and remove. An ecraseur best be used to crush the cord. If animal swells after operation, treat as directed in such condi- tions after castration. Feed with soft feed, adding Flaxseed to keep bowels free. Serious cases would require professional service. Profuse bleeding is apt to follow the separating of the tumor from the surrounding tissue. PERITONITIS FOLLOWING CASTRATION.— This is an inflammation of tjie lining of the scrotum and extending up and including the lining of the belly cavity. DISEASES OF THK HORSK i8i Causes. — From bungling work in operating, and from filthy instruments and hands; from too severe medicines used on clamps, when used; from exposure by lying out on damp ground, or from cold winds and rains. Inflammation begins in the scrotum and extends upward until the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is involved. It generally comes on about the third or fourth day after castration. Treatmbnt. — Treat cuts as in "Swelling after Castration," and give general treatment as in "Peritonitis," giving a yearling colt }i the dose prescribed for the adult. LOCK-JAW (TETANUS) AFTER CASTRATION. — ^This comes on from the ninth to twenty-first day after operat- ing, and may ensue in a case that is apparently doing well. Causes. — The disease is due to the germ which causes it, gaining entrance into the wound, and the wound healing over, forms an ideal condition for the development of the disease. Treatment.— See "l/ock-jaw" in Diseases of Brain and Nervous System. BLINDNESS (AMAUROSIS) FOLLOWING CAS- TRATION. — This disease is sometimes noticed to come on after castration, especially if animal bleeds freely at the time. For ftirther detail, see article on the subject in Diseases of the Eye. i82 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR LESSON XVIII RUPTURES (HERNIAS) AND METHODS OF TREATMENT SCROTAL HERNIA, OR RUPTURE INTO THE BAG. — This is a case where the bowels pass down through the abdominal rings, into the scrotum. Causes. — Some foals are ruptured at birth, and may never recover from it. Running, jumping, or other violent exercise, may result in hernia, or it may occur in castration. Symptoms. — The scrotum is larger than it should be, and on pressure the bowel will go back through the ring to the belly cavity, but descends again as soon as pressure is relaxed. It may afEect one or both sides, most often but one. Treatment. — If in a colt that has not been castrated, this may be got rid of by castration, though it will often disappear if let alone for some time. If a colt has a hernia at one year old it is often well to let him go longer and it may disappear. In case it is desired to castrate and cure rupture at same time, have animal fast a day or so before operating, then cast and secure him, as in ordinary castration. Push the bowel and fatty lining back into the belly, and taking up the testicle in the left hand, also allow the hand to rest on the opening where the bowel comes out; expose the testicle, as in ordinary castration, except that the innermost covering is not cut through, but pressed out of the scrotum along with the testicle, and when out, slip the clamp over the cord, and cover and fasten it securely, as described under Castration. Cut ofE the testicle's covering below the clamp. This will prevent the rupture from coming down. A day or so after operation the swelling will fill up the opening where the bowel came down, and the rupture will disappear. Remove the clamp after four or five days. A good ligature may be used in place of the clamp. In the case of a stallion, treat in the same manner. Por treat- ment of castrated horses see "Rupture Following Castration." It is always best to secure a veterinarian for this operation, if possible. DISEASKS OF THE HORSE 183 INGUINAL HERNIA, OR RUPTURE INTO THE ABDOMINAL RINGS.— This may be called an incomplete scrotal hernia, and like the latter, may exist and cause no sign of distress, or it may become strangulated and cause the death of the animal. This form is seen most in stallions. Symptoms. — When during the existence of symptoms as in colic, we find a stallion kicking with his hind feet, while standing or lying on his back, we should look at once to the inguinal region or to the scrotum. There is a soft, puffy swelling on the surface in the groin that ought to be smooth, and by pressure is easily pushed back, but only remains so long as pressure is main- tained. By examining through the rectum just in front of the floor of the bony arch, the bowel may be detected passing into the ring. One or both sides may be affected. Treatment.— There is probably no successful treatment that an unskilled person could give, so space will not be given to describe treat- ment, except to say that the immediate treatment is to remove the loop of the intestine by pulling it out of the ring, the hand being in the rectum. If it is relieved, it is apt to re-occur unless the animal is castrated. VENTRAL HERNIA, OR RUPTURE OF ABDOM- INAL WALLS. — In this form there is a protrusion of the bowel through a rupture in the abdominal walls, to the skin. It may occur in any part of the belly, except at the navel. Causes. — Kicks, blows, hooks, severe jumping, or pulling, etc. Symptoms. — There is a swelling, and when animal is placed in favorable position the intestines can be made to disappear, and there can be felt the opening or rent in the abdominal coats or tunics. Treatment. — In many cases there is no occasion for treatment; and again, where the rupture is too extensive, treatment does no good. If hernia is not large we may attempt a cure by the methods used i84 THB PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR in "Navel Rupture," or if fortunate enough to be present when the rupture occiurs, and particularly if not large, an application of a pad and broad bandage may effect a cure. It is possible for a surgeon to cut through the skin and sew up the ruptture in the muscular wall, then sewing up the cut in the skin. Keep the animal quiet. NAVEL, OR UMBILICAL RUPTURE.— When the navel opening does not properly close at the time of birth the bowels come down through the opening and form a pouch or sac in the skin, varying in size from that of a hen's egg to that of a man's fist. Like other forms of rupture at birth, it may disap- pear entirely by the time the animal has reached its second or third year. Age favors self cure. Causes. — One of the principal causes of this form in colts is keeping the little fellow from the dam, causing him to neigh, or cry. The contraction of the abdominal muscles and pressure on the bowels during neighing seem to open the umbilicus and induce rupture. It may be caused in adults by accidents, but is very rare. Tre;atmbnt.^ Keep the animal fasting for twenty-four hours; cast, and secure him. Return the bowel carefully into the abdomen, draw up the skin over opening and put a heavy stiff clamp on it; secure both ends of clamps with stout cord and run two skewers, or two or three darning needles, through the skin, below the damp, to prevent it slipping off. (Break off points of darning needles to prevent catching.) Let animal up and leave the clamp on until it falls off of its own accord, which is usually from twelve to fifteen days, by which time the opening will heal up and the rupture be cured. Watch raw place left by the clamp, especially in warm weather, and dress occasionally with Carbolic lotion to keep off flies. A modification of above is to use a cord in the place of the clamp. Great care must be taken not to draw skin too tight, as this would cause too speedy a slough of the skin, the opening not having time to close, the intestines would come out and death ensue. A pad with broad bandage, having DISEASES OF THE HORSE 185 rubber in it, is sometitaes used, but it is diflScult to keep in place. Blisters are often applied over swelling, and as skin hardens and contracts, by formation of scabs, an artificial bandage, or pressure, is produced, that at times is successful. Another method is to clip the hair from the skin over the swelling, and then apply Nitric Acid with a small brush, using only enough to moisten the skin. This sets up a deep-seated inflammation, that in many cases closes the opening. The surgeon can operate the same as in "Ventral Hernia." LESSON XIX DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE EAR DEAFNESS.— Causes. — By an excess of noise; or from a disease of the drum. Symptoms. — Animal seems stubborn, and cannot be taught to obey commands. Trbatment. — Little can be done. Place a twitch on the horse's nose, and pour a little Olive Oil in his ears; this sometimes benefits. INJURIES OR CUTS AROUND THE EAR.— If the skin or cartilage is torn, put a twitch on animal's nose; take a needle used for sewing cuts in skin, and draw edges together with silk. Bathe well with warm water twice daily and apply Carbolic lotion. DISEASE OF THE CARTILAGE.— Causes. — Usually an injury of some kind. Symptoms.— the cartilage will fester and break at times where affected. 1 86 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — Put a twitch on horse's nose, and with a sharp knife split skin and tissue open to the diseased part; scrape out all diseased matter, and cauterize with a stick of lyUnar Caustic. Afterwards treat as an open wound. TUMORS OF THE EAR.— Sometimes tumors of various sizes and shapes are seen in the ear of the horse. Causes. — Irritation and inflammation of the skin of the ear, producing small pimples of proud flesh. Symptoms. — Shaking of the head; will not allow familiarity; runs or starts back when collar is taken off over the head. Treatment. — Remove with the knife, scissors, or with a stick of Luuar Caustic. Then apply remedies as for a simple sore. FROST BITES OF THE EAR.— Bathe with cold water as soon as observed, and apply the White I^otion (see page 263) afterward, three or four times daily. If taken in time it will save the ear. If ear becomes dead and drops off, treat tb.e same until healed. An application of snow is good to draw out frost, if noticed while frozen. LESSON XX DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE EYE SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA— CONJUNCTIVITIS.— This is an inflammation of the outer covering of the eye and the lining of the eyelid. Causes. — The result of an injury by whips, sticks, twigs, or the presence of foreign bodies, as hayseed, chaff, lime, sand, ammonia arising from excretions, etc. It may also arise from extremes ot heat or cold, or from exposure. It may accompany other diseases. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 187 Symptoms. — The eye is kept partly 01 nearly closed, eyelid swollen, and tears flow copiously down tlie cheek; the lining is red and inflamed, with haw drawn well up in the eye. After a day or two the eye becomes clouded with a film-like substance, and if neglected, this condition becomes more pronounced, and becomes chronic, resisting treatment, and finally ends in blind- ness. Treatment. — Make a careful examination and remove offending object, if from presence of some substance in the eye. A silk handkerchief passed over the head of a pin may be used. If from other causes, remedy them. Make a thick pad of woolen cloth, wet in cold water, and bind on over the eye, applying fresh water every half hour; keep the cold pack on almost continuously during the day; drop into the eye three times a day, from a medicine dropper, 10 to 20 drops of the following: Nitrate of Silver 3 grains. Water I ounce. Keep the solution in the dark. Or, dust into the eye some of the following powder: finely pulverized Boracic Acid and Calo- mel, equal parts; blow in gently from a paper cylinder. If eye is very cloudy and the foregoing does not clear it up, use Nitrate of Silver, 5 grains, to an ounce of water, dropping 10 to 15 drops into the eye, three times a day. A few drops of the following mixture: Fluid Extract of Belladonna i teaspoonful. Water 2 ounces, Dropped into the eye will also help to relieve. In mild cases, and if the animal is to be worked, shade the eye by fastening a piece of cloth to the blinder of the bridle. If it becomes difficult to remove a foreign body, deaden the sensation of the eye by dropping into it 10 to 20 drops of a 5 per cent, solution of Cocaine; have a druggist make up the solution. Give laxative diet, and a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a day. 188 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR MOON BLINDNESS, OR PEROIDIC OPHTHAL- MIA. — This is an inflammation of the inner structures of the eye. It is said to be quite common in the West. It is hereditary, being transmitted by either of the parents. Causes. — The exact cause of the disease is not known. As stated above, it is transmissible from either of the parents. Extremes of heat and cold, dark, damp stables, and unwholesome food, are contributary causes. Symptoms. — These vary according to severity of attack, but are well marked, and with history, little trouble is had in determining case. There is swelling of the whole eye, and the eyeball becomes hard from effusion into its cavity. Eye is closed, or nearly so, from the light, tears rim down the cheeks, and membranes become very red. In first attacks. Symptoms resemble very closely those of simple ophthalmia. As a result of inflammation, pus is formed in the anterior chamber, and may be seen as a whitish substance down in the lower portion. After a few days the inflammation subsides, and leaves the eye nearly as bright as natural, but if examined closely after a few attacks, shreds of lymph will be seen hanging around in the anterior chamber, especially at the bottom, and the pupil is ragged. In from four weeks to three or four months the trouble will recur, and will be repeated again and again until blindness results. Each attack leaves the eye less bright, and pupil more ragged. May effect one or both eyes. Teejatment. — This is not satisfactory, as the cases result finally in total blindness, but the disease may be kept back by following the treatment as given in "Simple Ophthalmia." Animals thus affected should never be used for breeding. INFLAMMATION OF THE IRIS— IRITIS.— This is an inflammation of that portion of the eye surrounding the pupil and giving the color to the eye. Causes. — Severe external violence; extremes of light and darkness; exposure to storms: facing the wind, and constitutional disorders. DISKA.SES OF THK HORSE 189 Symptoms. —A pink ring is seen around the white, fibrous coat forming the large posterior poi-tion of the eye — the sclerotic — where it unites with the iris. The eye is retracted and partly closed; the haw is drawn up; the conjunctiva is inflamed; the pupil is very small, and the aqueous humor becomes turbid, with white flakes floating in the anterior chamber, and usually a Uttle pus at the bottom of the latter. Trbatmbnt. — Place the horse in a dark stall, and hang a cloth over affected eye or eyes when cold pack is not used. If in good condition, give a 4-drachm dose of Barbadoes Aloes, and if there is any reason to suspect a rheumatic origin, give: Fluid Extract of Colcliicum Seed.... yi drachm, Salol I or 2 drachms, Two or three times a day. Apply to the eye the lotions recommended for ' ' Simple Ophthalmia, ' ' and also apply the cold pack. Use the Belladonna lotion. Give light laxative diet and a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a day. INFLAMMATION OF THE HAW OF THE EYE-^ This is an inflammation of the cartilage (Membrana Nicitans) in the inner comer of the eye. Causes. — From chaff or other foreign substance getting into the eye and setting up an irritation. Symptoms. — The haw, which in normal conditions is only a small part visible, becomes by inflammation enlarged and spread over a large part of the eye. Tre;atmenT. — Examine eye, and if any foreign substance is found remove it, and give treatment as for "Simple Ophthalmia." Sometimes this membrane is attacked by cancerous formations, in which case, touch the growths with a I^unar Caustic pencil, and if this does not destroy growth it will be necessary to remove the haw; but this membrane was put in the eye for the purpose of protection and should not be cut away unless absolutely necessary. When igo THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCIOR this is necessary, the Cocaine solution should be used; the horse secured, the eye held open and the haw seized by forceps, drawn out from the eye, and cut off with blunt -pointed scissors. There is but little bleeding and no pain if Cocaine is used. The operation should be performed by a veterinarian. CATARACT OF THE EYE.— This is a turning white of a structure of the eye known as the crystalline lens. Causes. — From repeated attacks of inflammation, or may be present at birth. May develop and one not be able to assign cause. Symptoms. — Usually the pupil is much dilated; back of it is seen a white body — the opaque lens. The condition comes on more or less gradual, and at first a close examination may be necessary. Examine first in strong sunlight, and note degree of contraction of pupil — should be small; then place in a dark stall and examine with a candle. The healthy eye reflects three can- dles — one from the cornea, the second from the lens, the third from back of lens. When either of last two are blurred or want- ing, no further proof is needed. Treatment. — Is unsuccessful. In early stage may be treated as for ' 'Simple Ophthalmia." STAR GAZER— GUTTA SERENA, OR GLASS EYE— AMAUROSIS.— This is paralysis of the optic nerve and retina. The latter is the expansion of the optic nerve over the back chamber of the eye. Causes. — Tumors or other diseases of the brain implicating the roots of the optic nerve; injury to the nerve between the brain and eye; inflammation of the optic nerve within the eye, or undue pres- sure on the same from dropsical or inflammatory effusion. It may also occur from an overloaded stomach, from profuse bleeding, and even from the pressure of the heavy womb in gestation. Symptoms. — There is a wide dilation of the pupil, so as to show fully the interior of the eye, the expansion remaining the same in light or darkness. In ordinary eyes, the pupils, when DISEASES OF THE HORSE 19: brought to the light, contract, and then dilate and contract alternately until adapted to the light. The horse does not dodge when a motion is made as though to strike him, unless hand causes a current of air. The ears are held erect and turn quickly toward any sound, and horse steps high to avoid stumbling over objects he cannot see. Treatment.— This is only useful when disease is a symptom of some curable cause, like congested brain, loaded stomach, or heavy womb. When recovery does not follow termination of these con- ditions, give I drachm doses of Nux Vomica daily. Probably incurable. FILARIA OCULI, OR WORM IN THE EYE.— This is a small, thread-like worm, which can be plainly seen floating about in the aqueous humor, in the anterior chamber of the eye. It is from a half to two inches in length. It is probably taken into the system in the form of egg or larva, with food or water, especially the latter, works its way into the circulation and finally settles in the eye. It causes inflammation and destruction of the eye, unless removed. A very uncommon condition. Treatment. — The only remedy is to cast the animal and secure him; Cocaine the eye and then make an incision in the upper border of the cornea, close to the sclerotic or white of the eye, the point of ■ the instrument being pointed forward slightly to avoid injury to the iris. This will evacuate the anterior of the eye, and the worm will come out with the fluid. Then apply cold water and astringent lotions as in "Simple Ophthalmia." Keep the animal quiet after the operation, and put him in a clean, dark, box stall for a few days. This operation should always be performed by a veterinarian. INVERSION OF THE EYELIDS— ENTROPIUM.— This is an inversion of the eyelids, causing the lashes to turn in upon the eyeballs, and giving rise to irritation. It is due to excessive thickness of the lid above the rim, so that the rim is made to turn in. Result of inflammation, injuries, etc. 192 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — This is relieved by cutting out an elliptical section of the skin, the long axis of the ellipse to run lengthwise with the eyelid, and sewing up the wound again to shorten the lid. Afterwards dress wound. EVERSION OF THE EYELIDS— ECTROPIUM.- This is consequent on an inflamed and thickened lining membrane, causing the lid to turn out. It is most common in the lower lid. It is cured by the removing of a horizontal elliptical section of the lining membrane, and drawing the edges of the wound together to shorten the inner side of the lid. The after treatment is as in "Simple Ophthalmia." The veterinarian should be employed for these operations. INJURIES TO THE EYELIDS.— The eyelids of horses are frequently torn and injured in various ways. When torn the edges should be brought together as promptly as possible, by sewing them with fine silk, making fine stitches, and dressing two or three times a day with Carbolic lotion. Tie the horse in the center of a wide stall, with a line from each side, so that he cannot rub his head and tear the wound, and feed him from the floor. A twitch on the nose will answer in some cases to hold the animal, but it may be necessary to throw him. The Cocaine solution, as for removing foreign bodies (see in ''Simple Oph- thalmia"), if used in the injury, will deaden pain and render animal quiet. INJURIES TO THE DUCTS OF THE EYE.— These are the ducts or tubes that carry the tears from the eyes into the nasal passages. They leave the eye from the bottom of the inner comer. ' When these become injured or obstructed the tears will flow over the cheek. Causes. — Injuries to face, growths in the duct, and inflam^ mation of duct extending from nasal cavities. Treatment. — Examine to see if there is any mechanical obstruction; if sc remove same, if possible. A nasal douche, as in "Catarrh," DISEASES OF THE HORSE 193 may benefit. Bathing the face below the eye, along line of nose, with hot -w^ter, may help. Steaming nasal cavities, as in "Catarrh," is another treatment. Rub Tincture of Iodine on the face below the eye, along the line of the nose. Still another plan is to put the point of a small syringe into the small hole found in the bottom part of the nasal passage, and force warm "water or astringent washes up through the duct until it comes out at the corner of the eye, or force solution through the duct in the same manner from the eye end of the duct. LESSON XXI CONTAGIOUS DISEASES AND FEVERS OF THE HORSE ♦HORSE POX -EQUINE VARIOLA.— All animals have a pox peculiar to their kind; the forms seem closely allied. They are all contagious from one animal to another, of the same species, and usually among the different species, to a greater or less extent. Having any of the different kinds of variola once, gives immunity from subsequent attacks of the other kinds, for a number of years, at least. The period of incubation — time after exposure before disease develops — is about ten days. Causes. — The direct cause of horse pox is infection by com- munication in some way with animals that have the disease. Colts are particularly'susceptible to contagion. It may be carried in the air; harness and blankets used by horses with the disease may also be a means of contagion. A stallion with the disease may, through mares, spread it to many farms. Attendants carry contagion on their clothes and h^nds, and may get inoculated, which answers for vaccination. This, however, is more severe than when vaccinated with cow pox, and should be avoided. Symptoms. — There is a .slight, sometimes a severe, fever, mucous membranes highly reddened, heat and swelling of affected *See Course III, Lesson XVII. 13 194 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR parts for a day or two; then hard lumps like shot form, increasing in size to one-half inch in diameter; the hair ruffles up and skin reddens around the pock; on the third to sixth day a limpid, yellowish fluid flows from the pustules, and sticks the hair up in yellowish scabs, or streaks, on the removal of which a red, raw depression is seen with the scab fixed in its center. In three to four days the secretion ceases, pustules dry up, parts heal, and the scab comes off. The eruption may be more or less general, may be confined to softer parts of the body, or about a wound. Treatment. — Place the horse on a low diet, with Uttle or no grain, give bran mashes, a moderate amount of hay, a few carrots or apples — which will act as a laxative — and sloppy feed. Give water when wanted, but do not have it cold. Give 2-drachm doses of Saltpeter, or i -ounce doses o£ Sweet Spirits of Niter, three times a day. If fever is high, give Fluid Extract of Aconite lo drops^ and I drachm of Fluid Extract of Belladonna with the Saltpeter. Sulphate of Quinine, in ;^-drachm doses, three times a day, is valuable. If trouble with air passages and lungs is threatened, apply a large Mustard plaster to the belly and sides of the chest, and treat as under "Inflammation of I^ungs." If the pustules run together — are confluent — apply to them Oxide of Zinc ointment, or White lyotion, and if ulceration is excessive it may have to be touched with I,unar Caustic. Exercise great care in keeping animal from draughts; blanket or put sheets on the body and bandage the legs. When conva- lescent, give food easy to digest, walking exercise, and keep bowels free by food or small doses of Glauber's Salts. AnimaJ must be kept from other horses, and all straw and manure burned. Stable must be scrubbed with disinfectants of the most powerful kind, then closed and fumigated by burning sulphur, (See Fumigation, under "Disinfectant.") GLANDERS AND FARCY.— These are but different names for the same disease, the first being applied to the form where the nasal passages, air tubes and lungs are affected, while farcy is applied to the form that is manifested in the lymphatic glands and other tissues of the legs and body. Glanders cover? DISEASES OF THE HORSE 195 all forms in fact, while farcy covers the one. The two forms may exist separately, or both may be found in the same case. The contagion lies in the discharges, either from the nose or from the farcy "buds;" it is contagious only by inoculation or direct con- tact — the contagion does not pass through the air. The virus of slanders may produce glanders or farcy, or both; and the virus of farcy may do the same. Causes. — The direct cause is inoc'iilation with the virus from some animal having the disease. Working in harness with a glandered horse, or standing in the stall or rubbing the nose on a hitching post, or fence, or the edge of a water trough where a glandered horse has stood. The latter are common means of infection, for when a glandered horse is driven up to a post or trough, tLe first thing he does is tO wipe off the accumulation of matter from his nose, and this wCi retain its vitality for a long time. The poison may lie dorsnant m the system for from a week to two months, and then break Oltt m acute form, causing death in from three to six weeks, or it may appear in a mild and chronic form, the horse living and sowing seeds of trouble for others for from one to four years. Unscrupulous dealers sometimes traffic in glandered animals, explaining that the rui.ming nose is ' 'only a cold," and the swollen legs "bad blood," thus aiding the spread of the disease. The disease is said to sometimes arise spontane- ously in armies, on shipboard, and in damp, badly-ventilated Stables, but it cannot develop except as the virus is introduced in some manner. Symptoms. — Acute glanders is ciiaracterized by languor; dry, staring coat; red, weeping eyes; loss of appetite; quick pulse; elevated temperature, the thermometer showing 103 to 105; accelerated breathing; gray purple color of the lining of the nose; a watery discharge which soon becomes yellowish and sticky, causing the hair on which the matter accumulates, in and around the nostrils, to stick together. Discharge looks like melted butter, and sinks when dropped into water. Glands under the jaw swell, are rough and often adhere to the bone, but not always, nasal partition becomes ulcei a^ed—small yellow points, with purple bases, will come up and burst, making dic>charge bloody tor the 196 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR time. These ulcers, with depressed centers, will spread and run together, producing a ragged sore; the discharge increases; the lungs may become affected by ulcers forming in them; breathing becomes labored, and finally death ensues. In the chronic form, the course is much longer, and toward the last all the symptoms are observed in the modified form. At first the symptoms may pass unnoticed. The appetite is less impaired until near the last; discharge less copious, and emacia- tion takes place more slowly. Should the horse be exposed at any time to hardship or storms, the chronic may run into the acute form. Cough is not always noticed, and ulcers may be so far up the nose as to be out of sight. Sometimes it is necessary to inoculate a worthless animal, or some Small, susceptible animal, in order to determine the disease, which, if glanders, will run its course in inoculated animals in from two to three weeks; or, the suspected is tested with mallein. Farcy is recognized by the swelling of the lymphatics affected; this occurring along the line of the lymphatics, on the inside of the legs, belly, or any part of the body; small, nodular pointy come up, which break and discharge a glairy, tmhealthy pus; run a few days, dry up and leave a scar or bare spot that is per- manent. Other "buds" or "buttons" follow in the same course. Swelling of limbs does not yield to treatment, and they become chronically enlarged. Discharge is contagious, the same as from nose. Farcy sooner or later runs into glanders and terminates in death. Summing up the essential symptoms of farcy, they are: the nodules, or buds or buttons, as they are called, which form under the skin, varying from the size of a bullet to that of a wal- nut, forming most often on the sides of the lips and neck, lower part of shoulders, inside of thighs, or the outside of the legs; the ulcers formed by the breaking of the buttons, heal slowly, some- times not at all; the discharge from the ulcers, and the cords formed by swelling and hardening of the lymphatic vessels. Glanders, in some respects, resembles chronic catarrh, and may be mistaken for it, and catarrh is sometimes mistaken for glanders. A discharge from the nostril, the result of diseased teeth, has also been mistaken for the discharge of glanders, and the horse killed. In all doubtful cases, the horse should be DISEASES OF THB HORSB 197 tested with mallein. This is the poison produced by the germ causing the disease, and is obtained by cultivating the germs artificially. To test the horse, the temperature is taken five or six times during the day, and at nine or ten o'clock at night a little of the mallein is injected underneath the skin in the region of the neck; about eight hours after the injection, the tempera- ture is again taken, and the taking repeated each hour through- out the day. If the temperature rises two or more degrees higher after injection than before, the disease is pronounced glanders. If the disease is not glanders, the temperature ought not to rise any higher after than before injection. If the animal is affected with glanders, there will also be a larger and sorer tumor at the point of injection than when not glandered. A veterinarian should always apply the test. Treatment. — No remedies have yet been found that are of any avail what- ever. This, added to the fact that the contagion is conveyable to man in a very fatal form, adds a still more serious aspect. The animal should be destroyed, buried deeply or burned, and the stable, harness and everything used about the horse disinfected. STRANGLES OR DISTEMPER — COLT - ILL — CATARRHAL FEVER.— This is an infectious disease of horse, mule or ass. It is most frequently seen in young animals, and usually leaves an animal who has had an attack free from future trouble of the kind; generally more severe with older animals. It appears as a fever, which lasts for a few days, with frequently the formation of abscesses on any part of the body, but particularly around the throat. Sometimes there are no abscesses, and the fever remains diffused through the system. In case ' abscesses form elsewhere than around the thsioat, or where there are no abscesses, it is called "Bastard Strangles." Period of incubation, five to eight days. Course of disease about nine to twelve days. Causes.— It is thought sometimes that it arises spontaneously from the existence in the system of some morbid matter developed while growing, for this kind is only found among young horses; 198 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR but the principal source of contagion is by infection. It is prob- ably a germ disease, although no specific germ has ever been isolated. Symptoms. — Horse at first is sluggish if used, or when placed in stable, and pays little attention to surroundings; appetite is variable; thirst is increased, but drinks oftener rather than more at a time, and when drinking water comes back through nose ■ coat becomes dry and staring. At times there are chills in one or more members, or in severe cases all over the body, with trem- bling of muscles, dryness of skin, and hairs on end. Membranes of mouth are of a bright rosy color; pulse quickened, temperature rises, and breathing may be slightly accelerated. At the end of a couple of days there is a cough and nasal discharge, whidi at first is watery, but later thicker, bluish in tinge, and finally yellowish, like matter, and increases in quantity. The cough, which at first is repeated and harsh, becomes softer as discharge increases, but varies according to source of discharge. Shortly after discharge, a swelling takes place under the jaw or about the throat. Sometimes this is very large, and if about the throat, head is carried out. Swelling at first is puffy, somewhat hot and tender, and finally becomes distinctly so, and an abscess is felt, or having broken, discharge is seen dripping from small opening. When swellings come in the lungs, the breathing is affected, with symptoms of pneumonia. If in the abdomen, there will be colic pains, and he will lie down more or less of the time. Sometimes it comes around the heart. Any of the unusual forms are likely to be fatal. Treatment. — Ordinarily, mild cases require little treatment beyond a tea- spoonful of Saltpeter and a teaspoonful of Fluid Kxtract of Belladonna, three times a day, along with diet, warm mashes, moistened hay, warm coverings, and protection from exposure to cold. The latter must be rigidly observed, as lung troubles, bronchitis, and laryngitis are often the result of neglect. If the case is more severe, give the treatment as for "Lar3Tigitis." Steam the head. Give the medicines in form of a paste if the throat is sore, as it generally is. Poultice the swellings with DISEASES OF THE HORSE 199 Flaxseed poultices, and when they point, open, or let them break, and then flush out with Carbolic Acid solution. Prompt action may save serious consequences. When lung complica- tions show themselves, apply Mustard plaster to belly and sides of the chest, and treat as for "Inflammation of the Lungs." When convalescence begins, be careful about ex- piosure to cold, and go slow about putting animal to anything like hard work. The disease is sometimes followed by an unthrifty con- dition, swelling of sheath, legs and underside of belly. In such cases, give : Tincture of Iron ^ ounce. Quinine Y-z drachm. Water J4 pint. Three times a day, in addition to the other treatment. Ounce doses of Hyposulphite of Soda are also good in these cases. INFLUENZA^— PINK-EYE— EPIZOOTIC— This is a specific, contagious, and infectious fever of the horse, ass, and mule. It is attended with changes in the blood, stupe- faction of the brain and nervous system, depression of the vital forces, and frequently inflammatory complications of the lungs, intestines, or other parts of the body. Young horses are more subject to the disease than older ones, and one attack usually makes the animal immune. Causes. — Infection is the direct cause of the disease. The germs may be carried through the air to a considerable dis- tance, but the bedding, and droppings of sick animals, may convey the disease to others, if exposed to them. Drinking troughs, and even running water may be a means of spread- ing disease, while attendants of sick animals carry the infection in their clothing. From unknown causes the disease may assume an epizootic form, affecting a very large number of animals, as in 1872 and 1878. Symptoms. — The time of incubation is from five to seven days, during which time the horse seems in good health. The first symptoms are those of rapidly developing fever, which quickly becomes intense ; animal is dull and inatten- tive; stands with head down and back on halter, as in serious lung troubles ; has chills, and frequently grinding of the teeth, which undoubtedly indicates 200 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR a severe attack. The hair becomes dry and staring, and fever ranges high. Horse becomes stupid and immobile; hangs his head; ears drooping, and not easy to arouse. Eyes are swollen, sometimes entirely dosed, and tears run down the cheeks, in some cases bUstering them. Breathing is quickened to 25 or 30, and pulse to 70, 80 and even 100 a minute. Great depression of muscular force ensues, and horse stands limp, as if used up. If moved seems weak, sometimes almost staggering. The visible membranes, as of the eye, from which it took the name "Pink- eye," and the mouth and natural openings, become of a deep saffron, ochre, or violet red color. There is a great diminution of appetite, or total loss, with an excessive thirst. Following fever there is apt to be swelling of the sub-cutaneous tissues at the fetlocks, of belly, of the sheath of the penis, which may be tremendous. In ordinary cases the fever has reached its heighth, 105 to 107, in twenty-four to forty-eight hours, and so continues for from three to four days. At the termination of the course of the disease — about three days — the fever diminishes almost as rapidly as it began, attended by a diminution of all the unfavor- able symptoms, with rapid gain in weight and strength. Foi the first three days of high temperature there is a great tendency to constipation, which should be avoided, if possible, for if marked, may be followed by a troublesome diarrhea. The termination of influenza may be death, due to extreme fever, with failure of heart's action; from coma, due to congestion of the brain; from blood poison; from suffocation, following con- gestion of the Itmgs; or disease terminates in rapid recovery to health; or, in too large a percentage of cases, the course of the disease is complicated with local inflammatory troubles, as the lung disorders, whose gravity is greater in influenza than when occurring separately. Treatment. — "When symptoms are first noticed, lay the horse up at once. See that the stable is clean, dry and well aired, but free from drafts; blanket body and bandage the legs; give soft food to eat, if horse desires food, and if appetite Is poor, try a little oats, car- rots, apples and the like, grass if in season. Give animal to drink DISEASES OF TpHE HORSE 201 of cold water in small quantities, but often. If seen during chill, give I ounce of Alcohol in a little water and repeat every hour until chiU is off. After the chill is over, give the following: Fluid Extract of Aconite i drachm. Fluid Extract of Belladonna 1 ounce. Alcohol 8 ounces. Saltpeter 2 " Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose, 2 ounces, four times a day. Also give J^ -drachm doses of Quinine three or four times a day. If the fever runs high give: Acetanilid i drachm, Alcohol I ounce. Water ^ pint. Two or three times, as indicated by temperature. After two days, use the following in place of the first mix- ture: Fltdd Extract of Digitalis ^ ounce. Fluid Extract of Belladonna ^ " Alcohol 6 ounces. Saltpeter T}i " Water to make i pint. Dose: 2 ounces, four times a day. If heart shows weakness, give i or 2 grains of Strychnine three or four times a day in addition to the above. If complica- tions ensue, treat as for that disease. After animal commences to recover, give tonics as for "Chronic Indigestion," and put to work gradually after thoroughly recovered. If eyes are badly inflamed, treat as for "Ophthalmia." If there is constipation, give one pint doses of raw lyinseed Oil daily, and injections per rectum. Three or 4-ounce doses of Epsom Salts may be used in place of the oil. SCALMA. — This is an infectious disease of the horse, attended with fever and complications of the bronchial tubes the windpipe, and the larynx, which are shown by the cough 202 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR attending. It is similar to "Whooping Cough" in man. It occurs often as a stable plague. It is rarely fatal, except from complication of pleurisy or excessive spasms of coughing. The ' period of incubation is six to seven days, but may develop in two or run on to ten days. Contagion may spread by actual contact, as standing in stall where a horse with disease has stood, or it may be taken in the air, several stalls distant. One attack is usually protective. Symptoms. — The disease is ushered in by fever, which reaches a high temperature, but not corresponding acceleration of breathing and pulse. With fever there is developed a diffuse bronchitis, which is sub-acute in character and course. The windpipe, larnyx, pharynx and even nasal passages may be involved. In two or three days, a grayish discharge occuis from the nostrils, which, in variable quantity, may last for from eight to fourteen days, or even twenty-one days. The cough is short, rough and painful, spasmodic in its occurrence and in character. The slight watery or slimy nasal discharge may become more profuse, purulent, or even "rusty," if the bronchitis has extended to the neighboring structure. Pulse and breathing, usually but little quickened, unless from complication or coughing. Tem- perature rises rapidly and attains sometimes 107^, but not often. In two or three days after cough Sets in, temperature usually drops. The hide is dry and rough, but horse looks "out of con- dition ' ' rather than sick; emaciation is rapid; mucous membranes are reddened; appetite diminishes, but animal chews constantly; eating or drinking cause frequent fits of coughing. Percussion on chest shows no changes, but mucus rales are heard, and at times tubular breathing. Throughout the course of the disease we have one constant symptom — neivous irritability. Horse flinches when touched on the loins, even at high fever tempera- tures, stands with head up from entrance of anyone in the stall; will bite and strike at first touch, rear, back, and sometimes break his halter. Course of disease is five to eight days, but cough may continue two or three weeks with variable temperature. In recovery the temperature drops, cough becomes less frequent, less spasmodic, and appetite returns. DISBASES OF THE HORSE 203 Treatment. — The treatment where there are a number of horses should be first, preventive. Infected animal should be removed and com- plete disinfection follow. The individual treatment should be simple. Put horse in large, clean stall, with fresh air without drafts, give frequent rubbings and blanket warmly, and tempting food to keep up appetite. Regulate the digestive tract with small doses of raw I^inseed Oil — a pint once a day — and give the same prescription as in the previous disorder. When cough is excessive, give Camphor, 2 drachms, and Chloride of Ammonia, 2 drachms, three times a day. Steaming the head is good for the cough. One-half drachm doses of Quinine, three times a day, is valuable. If any of the lung disorders develop, treat accordingly. LESSON XXII DISEASES OF THE SKIN CRACKED HEELS OR SCRATCHES.— These are simply chaps and cracks around the heels and at the back of the pastern; corresponding to chapped hands in man. Usually they are simple, but sometimes stubborn, requiring time and persever- ance for their cure. Causes. — Exposure to cold, mud, snow, slush and ice-water, without proper care in Fall, Winter, and Spring; washing and not properly drying the skin; standing in dirty stables in contact with dung and urine; or anything that will tend to irritate the skin. Hairy, round-legged horses are more subject to the disease than light ones. Symptoms. — The skin is swollen in the hollow of the pastern, accompanied with transverse cracks; sometimes there are numerous small ones, again fewer large ones. When dry, they will be hot, sore to touch, and painful. When the rear limbs are affected, sometimes the bending will cause the horse to raise the feet a couple of feet high at first, but with exercise, the soreness partially disappears. 204 THE PRACTlCAIy STOCK DOCTOR Treatment.— Remove the cause if possible. If there is much heat and inflammation, give a laxative of 5 drachms of Aloes, or J^ pound of Glauber Salts, and follow with a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a day. If horse has been overfed with grain, reduce same, or replace with bran mashes, Flaxseed and other laxative food. If debilitated, give nutritious food and a good tonic. When horse comes in, wipe off parts as clean as possible and apply White IvOtion: — Acetate of Lead 2 ounces. Sulphate of Zinc i>^ " Carbolic Acid i ounce. Water I quart. Shake. One-half the water in the lotion can be replaced with Witch Hazel to good advantage. If the part is highly inflamed, foment and poultice a portion of the time. If cracks get dry, apply a little melted lard. The front of the hocks and the back of the knees are some- times affected with a condition similar to "Scratches." and while these conditions receive different names, the treatment is exactly as for "Scratches." GREASE HEEL. — This is a name given to a disease which affects the back of the fetlock and the part immediately above. It is inflammation of the skin involving the oil glands; generally confined to the long hair known as the "Feather." The name is given on account of the discharge, which is profuse and greasy in appearance, and has a very offensive smell. Causes. — Scratches when neglected may run into grease heel; filth is also an exciting cause; high feeding with light exercise is a predisposing cause. Generally confined to the draft horse, and to those having a tendency to the thick, round legs. Symptoms. — The affected leg is swollen at the fetlock; if the part is handled it is found to be hot and sore, the animal picking the limb up very high. In severe cases there will be elevation of the temperature and accelerated pulse. After a day or two DISEASES OF THE HORSE 205 there is an offensive, oily discharge from the part. In the more severe cases the animal is lame. If the horse is moved much there will form large transverse cracks above the fetlock, in which "proud flesh" is apt to develop, called "grapes." The part itches more or less. Sometimes in mild cases there is little more than a scurfy condition of the skin, with the dropping of some of the long hair. The disease is apt to leave scars and an enlarged leg unless properly treated. Treatment. — Give a dose of Aloes — 8 drachms — and feed on soft feed for a few days. Also give i teaspoonful of Saltpeter and ^ tea- spoonful of Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed three times a day. IvOcaUy apply hot fomentations to the leg during the day, and poultice at night. Use Carbolic Acid water for making the poultice, and put some charcoal in it. Bathe the part well two or three times a day with the following: Acetate of I^ead 2 ounces. Sulphate of Zinc 13.^ " Witch Hazel i pint. Water i " If the proud flesh starts, destroy by dusting onto it burned Alum or Sulphate of Zinc. If the part gets dry, grease well with melted lard. After the inflammation subsides, if some of the swelling still remains, exercise the horse to take it down, and then handrub and apply a thick cold bandage, applying fresh water every half hour. Exercise twice a day. Enlargements that have existed for some time cannot be removed. During the acute stage of the disease keep the horse quiet, as moving causes the part to crack more. MUD FEVER. — This is inflammation in the skin of the legs, from the feet to the knees and the hocks. The skin is covered with scabs as though blistered, and when they come off the hair usually comes off with them, leaving the legs bare. Cause. — Chilling of the skin by standing or working in cold mud and ice-water. The skin becomes thoroughly chilled, almost like frost-bitten, and when warmed the reaction is so great as to 2o6 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR produce much inflammation, which leads to the conditions spoken of above, and sometimes to boils or furuncles. It is most com- mon on limestone roads, the soil being irritating. The condition of the animal is a predisposing cause. Symptoms. — There is swelling of the legs. After exposure for, a day or more to cold, wet mud, or ice- water, they will be found very hot and sore the next morning. In a few days the hair will be filled with scabs that cling tightly to the skin, which after a few days more, will loosen and come off, bringing the haii with them, and leave the legs entirely bare in some instances. There is usually more or less general fever, with rheumatic ten- dency. There is a stiffness when the animal is moved. Treatment. — If a severe case, leave the animal in the barn for a few days. Foment the legs by putting a heavy bandage around them and keeping it wet with^hot water; re-apply water every half hour. Bathe two or three times a day with lotion as for "Grease Heel." Give the same internal treatment as for "Grease Heel." This is very important. When the inflammation subsides and the swel- ling commences to go out, keep greased well with melted lard. If animal is unthrifty, follow with tonics as for "Chronic Indi- gestion." ECZEMA. — This disease is sometimes confused with mange, but the nature is quite different, as mange is caused by a parasite working in the skin, while eczema is not, it being a congestion of the skin, with a thick crop of little blisters, formed by effusions of a straw-colored fluid between the true skin and the cuticle, or outer layer. Causes. — Indigestion, and the presence of irritant matter in the blood and sweat; high feeding with light exercise. The excitement in the skin, caused by the shedding of the coat, lack of grooming, hot weather, hot, boiled, or steamed foods, are conducive to the eruption. I^astly, any change of food may cause it. Symptoms. — First, there is a dryness of the skin on the lower part nf the limbs, around the head, neck, on the back and hips; DISEASES OF THE HOSSE 207 thsn little pimples form, varying in size from a millet seed to that of a pea, -which, break and allow tb»^ -escape of a fluid, which forms as a slightly yellowish scab or crust around the roots of the hairs. When the scabs are removed a little of the hair comes with them. It is apt to create much itching. Treatment. — This disease is so often the result of indigestion that a laxative should be given— 5^ pound of Epsom Salts in three or four quarts of water, or i quart of raw I^inseed Oil, or, if the animal is fat, give an ounce of Aloes. Feed very lightly on laxative food, bran, scalded oats, roots, and a little hay. Also give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter, and a half teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed three times a day. Keep the bowels active by repeated doses of oil, if necessary. After continuing the treatment for a week, put the animal on the tonics, as for "Chronic Indigestion." Treatment may have to be continued for some time. Drachm doses of Sulphur two or three times a day are beneficial. As a wash to stop the itching, use cooking Soda, i to 2 ounces; water, i quart; or Salt, i handful; water, i gallon; or Sulphuric Acid, i drachm; water, i pint. As scabs form, soften and remove them, and apply a little Carbolic Acid solution. NETTLE-RASH — SURFEIT— URTICARIA.- This is an eruption in the skin in the form of nodules or lumps, in size from a hazel nut to that of a hickory nut, with little disposition to the formation of either blister or pustule. It is an effort on the part of nature to throw off some impurities of the blood. The body gets fat, the blood rich, liver and kidneys become inactive, and the skin takes on too large a contract. It is most common in the spring, and among good feeders. Causes. — Are shedding of coat; changes of weather; unwhole-. someness or sudden changes in the food. Too high feeding, especially with com. Symptoms. — Generally comes on when animal is warmed up. There is swelling that embraces the entire thickness of the skin, and terminates by an abrupt margin, in place of shading off into 2o8 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR surrounding parts. When the swellings run together, they form large patches of thickened skin. These may appear on any part of the body, most common on neck, shoulders and sides; the eye- lids may be closed; lips immovable, or nostrils so thickened that breathing is difficult, and snuffling; there may be constipation, or diarrhea, or colicky pains. Eruption is sudden, the whole skin being covered in a few hours, and it may disappear as quickly, or persist for six to eight days. Treatment. — Clear the bowels by an 8-drachm dose of Barbadoes Aloes, or by i/i pound of Epsom Salts, and follow the operation with daily doses of ^2 pint of raw I^inseed Oil, and an ounce or two of Epsom Salts. Follow with the same treatment as for "Eczema." WARTS. — Warts are thickenings, or growths of the skin. They are mostly seen in young horses, about the lips, eyelids, cheeks, ears, beneath the belly, and on the sheath, but may appear anywhere. Treatment. — The smaller ones may be cut off with scissors and the raw spot cauterized with a little I,unar Caustic. The larger ones may be cut off with a sharp knife, or if with a narrow neck, they may be twisted off > and the wound cauterized. Another way is to strangle them by a cord tied around the neck, at least three turns being made around, and the ends fixed by passing thean beneath the last preceding turn of cord, so that they can be tightened daily, as they slack by shrinking of the tissues. If neck is too broad, they may be transfixed by a double-threaded needle and then tied in sections. Very broad warts that cannot be treated in this way, best be removed by applying a caustic. Strong Acetic Acid is as good as anything. Moisten the wart freely with the acid, which will kill the outer portion and after a few days the scab can be removed; apply the acid again and another layer is destroyed. In this manner the entire wart can eventually be removed. MELANOSIS — BLACK PIGMENT TUMORS. - These are common in gray or white horses, on the naturally black DISEASES OF THE HORSE 209 parts of the skin, at the roots of the tail, around the anus, vulva, udder, sheath, eyelids, and lips. They may also form in the r lungs, liver, and the muscular tissues, but these latter are not discoverable during life. They may appear as pea-like masses, or as multiple tumors, aggregating many pounds, especially around the tail. Causes . — Unknown . Symptoms. — Are the presence of black tumors that form under the skin but show through quite distinctly. Usually flat and irregularly round, varying greatly in size as above stated. Nasty^ disagreeable sores often form around them. They commence to appear as animal commences to get whiter; are made up of the coloring matter of the skin. Treatment. — ■' As long as they do not interfere with animal, the best way, perhaps, is to let them alone. Some, however, recommend to cut them out when they first make their appearance, as it can then be done with perfect safety. Monsell's Solution of Iron can be used to prevent bleeding. Sometimes they may be corded the same as directed to remove warts. If sores form, clean them out and dress with the Carbolic Acid lotion as for "Abscesses." Use Tincture of Iodine in the sores. Sometimes the tumors develop rapidly and render the animal of little value in the course of three or four years, and again they will grow very slowly, never caus- ing any serious, inconvenience. MANGE. — This is a disease that is due to a class of insects called mites, of which there are three kinds that trouble the horse. One of them burrows in the deeper layers and cracks of the skin, while the others live on the surface under the scabs, where, of course, they are more easily got at than the former, and hence less difficult to treat. Mange is contagious by actual contact. Symptoms. — ^There is incessant, intolerable, and increasing itching of some part of the skin— head, tail, back, etc.— the horse 2IO THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR inclining himself toward the hand that scratches him, and mov- ing his lips, as if himself scratching. The hairs may be broken and rubbed ofE, and some come out, but the part is never bald, as in ringworm. Scabs of any thickness may form, but the special features are the intense itching, and the discovery of the mites. In fields, posts, trees, and fences will show the industry in scratching of the horse that has the disease, and as the mites pos- sess considerable vitality, other horses, by contact, may contract the disease sometime after. To detect the mites, scrape ofE some of the scales and examine with a small magnifying glass. Trkatment. — Remove scabs with soap-suds, using a brush if necessary. Then apply thoroughly a wash, made by boiling i ounce of tobacco, and i ounce of Sulphur, in i quart of water. This may be applied more than once, and should always be repeated after ten to twelve days, to destroy new brood that may have hatched in the interval. All harness, and stable utensils should be treated the same; blankets may be boiled, and the stalls treated with a whitewash of quicklime, containing l4. pound of Chloride of lyime to the gallon. Solutions of various coal tar products on the market are good, as Zenoleum, Kreso, etc. Use i part to 30 parts of water. The same applications as are used for "Scab" in sheep will be effectual with the horse. If animal is unthrifty, follow treat- ment with the digestive tonic. See "Chronic Indigestion." RING-WORM.— This is a fungus, vegetable, parasite, being especially common in young horses coming into training and work; in low-conditioned colts in winter and spring after confinement indoors, and during the shedding of the coat. Horses of lymphatic temperament are more subject to it than nervous ones. Causes. — Contagion is the direct cause usually, but it some- times seems to arise spontaneously from horses being poorly kept, and from filth. Symptoms. — There is a formation of a circular, scurvy patch, where the fungus has established itself, the hairs of the affected DISEASKS OF THE HORS E 211 spot being erect, bristly, twisted, broken, or split up and dropping off. I^ater the spot first affected becomes entirely bald, and a circular row of hairs around this are bristly, broken, and split. These in turn are shed and a new row outside passes through the same process, so that extension is made in a more or less circular form. The central bald spot, covered with a grayish scurf and surrounded by a circle of broken and split hairs, is characteristic. There is another kind of ring- worm called "favus, or honeycomb" ring- worm. It shows the same general appearance as the other, except that a scab forms in the center after the ring has receded. Treatment is the same. Treatment. — Clip off the hair around the affected part and paint with Tincture of Iodine twice a day for two weeks, or apply crude petroleum in the same way. Or, wash with soap and water and apply: Corrosive Sublimate 20 grains. Water i pinj. Mix. Repeat once a day until cured. Clean and whitewash stalls, wash harness, and then apply a solution of Carbolic Acid. Brushes and horse clothing must also be thoroughly cleansed by Carbohc Acid solution, or by boiling. HIDE-BOUND. — This is not a disease of itself, but rather an effect of some derangement of the system that interferes with the genera] health and gives rise to a generally unthrifty condition. Causes. — Indigestion, which in turn may be caused by any of the causes which produce it. Symptoms. — The skin is as tight on the body as a glove is on the hand, and the hair all stands the wrong way — a staring coat, as it is termed. Horse is usually thin; hair is dry, and skin is harsh and dirty. Treatment. — Give the digestive tonics as for " Chronic Indigestion . ' ' Give better care and feed. If from "Worms," treat accordingly. Give a tun at grass if in season. Case may require prolonged treatment 412 THE PRACTlCAlv STOCK DOCTOR ITCHY SKIN— PRURIGO.— This is an itchy condition of the skin, all over the body or in patches, that sometimes almost makes a horse frantic. He rubs, scratches, and bites himself continually. Cat^fses.— It is one form of surfeit, and is caused Dy a sur- feited, heated condition of the body that manifests itself in that way; an extreme sensitiveness of the nerves of the skin. Treatment. — Give the same treatment as for "Kczema," including the purgative and other internal treatment, and the washes. If the other lotion fails, prepare the following: Carbonate of Potash... 2 drachms. Cyanide of Potash 2 grains. Water i quart. Mix. Apply once daily. Or, put an ounce of Fluid Extract of Belladonna or 2 ounces of Laudanum in a quart of water and wash the itchy parts. ITCHY TAIL.— This is an itchy condition of the tail at its origin or dock. Causes. — Filth, surfeit, worms in the rectum, or some other parasitic disease. Symptoms. — Horse continually rubs his tail against posts, fences, or anything that he can reach. Treatment. — Wash the tail well with soap and water once a day, and at each washing, saturate the hair with a strong solution of salt and water, or with cooking Soda and water. If that does not cure, give injections of salt and water, and apply the following lotion to the tail three times daily: Sugar of Lead l ounce Water „„.,,... i pint. Mix. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 213 If this does not cure, give a purgative of Aloes, or Salts, and apply; Tannic Acid. ^ ounce. Vinegar i ounce. Water..... i quart. Mix and apply three times daily. If worms are the cause, treat internally, as for "Worms," and also inject into the rectum; Sulphate of Iron , I ounce. Water 2 quarts. Repeat once a day for a few days, If unthrifty, give digestive tonics, as in "Chronic Indiges- tion." LICE. — ^Two kinds of lice attack the horse, the skin-perfor- ating and blood-sucking kind, and the broad-headed kind with strong mandibles, that only bites the skin. Symptoms. — Poor condition; itching; loss of hair are the principal symptoms. Examination and the finding of the lice is the positive one. Treatment. — Washing the horse with any of the Coal Tar products, as Zenoleum, Kreso, etc., using i part of the product to 50 parts of water, is effectual. Creolin Lotion, made by mixing i ounce of Creolin with i quart of water, and used as a wash, is recommended; or sponge the horse with an infusion made by steeping for two hours I pound of tobacco in 6 gallons of water. Kerosene Emul- sion is also good. This is made by taking i quart of Kerosene Oil, I quart of soft water, and i pound of soap; dissolve the soap in the water and heat to boiling, remove from the stove and add the oil; mix violently by pumping with a force pump from one pail into another. When well mixed it will form a thick, milky- colored fluid with no particles of free oil. Then add 12 quarts more water, mix a little and it is ready for use. Bathe the horse with the mixture; also go over the harness and the stall. BOILS— FURUNCLES.— These may appear on any part of the skin, but are especially common on the lower part of the 214 THS PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR limbs, and on the shoulders and back. When about the feet the latter name is applied. Causes. — May be constitutional; by irritation of the skin by parts of harness; or is attendant on xui wholesome diet and over- work, with loss of general health and condition. May follow weakening diseases, such as Strangles or distemper. When about the feet, filth acts as an exciting cause. Symptoms. — Boils differ from simple pimples, which are indi- vidual elevations on the inflamed skin, in that they affect the deepest layers of the true skin, and even layers beneath, and in the death and sloughing out of the central part of the inflamed mass. Again, the depth of the hard, indurated swelling, and the formation of the core, which is bathed in pus and slowly sepa- rated from surrounding parts, serve to distinguish the boil from the pustule or pimple, from the farcy bud, and from the super- ficial abscess. Treatmbnt. — The incision of very painfui boils by a sharp knife or lancet in two directions, followed by a dressing with Y^ ounce of Car- bolic Acid in a pint of water, bound with cotton wool or lint, may cut them short. Or, apply warm poultices of Linseed meal or wheat bran, and renew daily until the center of the boil softens, when it should be lanced and the core pressed out. Con- tinue poulticing for two or three days and dress with a Carbolic Acid solution. Remove the cause; if poor condition of the sys- tem, give tonics. If animal is in good condition, give purgative (an ounce of Aloes, or ^ pound of Epsom Salts) , and follow with smaller doses at intervals of two or three days. Also give a tea- spoonful of Saltpeter, and ^ teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed, three times a day for a week or two; withhold a week and give again, if necessary; J^-ounce doses of Fowler's solution of Arsenic twice a day is excellent. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 215 LESSON XXIII DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN— PHRENITIS —ENCEPHALITIS— MENINGITIS.— This is an inflamma- tion of the brain and its coverings. Causes. — Exposure to heat, injuries to the brain from concussion, and from fracture of the cranium, and sometimes as the sequel of other diseases. Symptoms. — These will vary at the outset, depending as to whether the brain itself or the coverings are "more affected. If in coverings, there is a quick pulse, quick breathing, ele- vated temperature; visible mucous membranes are very red; delirium, horse sometimes being perfectly frantic, dangerous to be around. After a little the symptoms change and we get stupidity ; horse places his head against the wall and pushes and braces himself against it, bruising his head more or less ; he will eat occasionally, and then doze off into a fit of stupor with his mouth full and let the food drop ; when aroused he will move around with an unsteady gait, put his head against the wall and then doze off again. The pulse is now slower than normal, and the breathing is heavy and slow. These symptoms may continue for several days and the animal gradually recovers, or he may die during the early symptoms. Animals that do recover are likely to have recurrence of attack. Young horses are more likely to have the disease than older ones. Treatment.— It is dangerous in treating an animal during the delirous stage of this disease, and one must use care in going around him. If discovered at the first stage, and it is possible to give the animal medicine, give a physic — 1 ounce of Aloes, or % of a pound of Epsom Salts. During the stage of excitement give %-ounce doses of Bromide of Potash, little water ; repeat every ai6 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR two or three hours until quieter, and stop giving when he becomes stupid. Also give the following: Fluid Extract Aconite........,.....,.....!^ diacbm. Fluid Extract BelJadonna 1 ounce. Saltpeter.......... ....................... ...... 3 ounces. Water to make. i pint. Dosi.' a ounces, given four times a day. After ths stupor commences, change to the following: Fluid Extract of ColcWcum Seed..... }i ouuce. Fluid Extract Digitalis„. ......... ....... }i ounce. Fluid Extract of Belladonna...,.., ..« ^ ounce. AlcolioL................ 8 ounces. Saltpeter...... ........................ ......... a " Water to make , I pint Dose: a ounces, four times a day. In giving, be careful not to choke the animal; if very stupid give one-half the dose twice as often. Apply an ice poultice to the top of the head during the entire course of the disease. To make the poultice, pound up some ice fine, mix with a little bran, put in a small bag and fasten on top of the head; cover with a light blanket and change as often as the ice melts. Give the horse all the water he wishes; and a light, laxative diet, if he wishes food. Keep in a roomy, cool, dark stall. If he gets down, help him up after he has been down a time. Continue treatment until thoroughly recovered. Guard against over- heating the animal after an attack of this disease. INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND THEIR COVERINGS — CEREBRO-SPINAL- MENINGITIS. — This may occur sporadically, but usually it occurs as an epidemic in a stable, city or farming district. Causes. "-the cause is not well known, but it is supposed that bad sanitary surroundings and musty feed may act as a cause, and bacteria may at times play a part in causing the disease. Svmptoms.—thsj vary according to parts most affected. There will be trembling noticed in different parts of the body; animal seems very dull and does not feed. As the disease goes on, there will be a peculiar jerking in the limbs, and then he will DISKASES OF THE HORSE 217 stagger, fall, and be unable to rise; the pulse will be quick and weak; the bowels usually costive, and the urine a dark brown color. At first he lies in a dull, stupid manner, breathing heavy, and sweats freely if it is very warm. After a time the dullness passes ofE and the horse becomes delirious. Will thrash about, keep the limbs going, especially the front ones, and pound the head in endeavoring to get up. If you ofEer him water to drink, he will try, but cannot, as there is paralysis of the gullet. These symptoms gradually grow worse until he dies. When one horse is affected with this disease, there are apt to be more, for the same cause which gave it to him will probably produce it in the others Treatment. — Give a cathartic of i ounce of Aloes; and give i to 2 drachms of Fluid Extract of Belladonna, alternated every three hours with 10 drops Fluid Extract of Aconite Root. Apply strong lini- ments or a Mustard paste to spine, neck, and throat. When the animal is unable to swallow, give one-half the dose on the tongue every hour. If animal can swallow during stage- of excitement, give yi ounce of Bromide of Potash every three or four hours. During early stage, while animal is Still able to swallow, give 2 ounces Sweet Spirits of Niter, three times a day. Apply an ice poultice to the head as in previous disorder. The disease is very apt to terminate fatally. As a preventive to the other horses, determine cause and remove it. CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN.— Causes. — This is generally caused by the animal falling over backward and striking the back of his head, or perhaps falling forward and striking on his nose; by throwing the head up and striking against a beam, or by a blow on the head In some way. Symptoms. — There is giddiness, stupor, insensibility, or loss of power succeeding a severe blow on the cranium. Animal may rally soon, or not for hours, but when slight, soon recovers. If more severe, animal may be insensible and lay as in deep sleep; the pupils insensible to light, pulse fluttering or feeble, surface of body cold, muscles relaxed, and breathing scarcely perceptible. 2i8 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR After a variable interval, recovery takes place, wWcli may be followed by paralysis of some parts of the body, often of a limb, tke lips, ear, etc. Convalescence is usually tedious, and fus- quently impairment of some part remains. Treatment. — Dasb cold water on the head and body to arouse heart action. Allow animal to inhale Ammonia vapor. Give frequent injections, by the rectum, of weak Ammonia water. Ginger tea, or Oil and Turpentine. In most cases these means will restore senses. In more severe cases apply Mustard plaster along the spine. When partly conscious give Whiskey in 3 or 4-ounce doses. Owing to severity of injury, or possible rupture of blood vessels, and effusion, inflammation of the brain may ensue, and, if so, must be treated accordingly. For this reason stimulants must not be given too freely, and must be stopped as soon as reaction is restored. As a preventive against inflammation, cold applica- tions can be made to the head for a few days; a physic in the form of ^/i pound of Epsom Salts may be given, and also a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a day. VERTIGO— CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN.— This is an accumulation of blood in the vessels of the brain. It may be either passive or active — active when there is an undue rush of blood to the head, or passive when the blood accumulates be- cause of some resistance to its return through the veins. Causes — Active congestion may be due to heart trouble, excessive exertion, influence of extreme heat, sudden and great «;xcitement, artificial stimulants,' etc. Passive may be caused by mechanical obstruction to return of blood, such as a small or ill- fitting collar, tumors or abscesses pressing on the vein, or an organic heart trouble. Extremely fat animals are most subject to this disease. Sometimes induced by digestive disorders. Symptoms. — The animal stops suddenly, throws up his head, shivers all over, staggers, and may plunge, run a ways and fall, or may fall almost immediately. The eyes are staring, breath hurried and snoring, and nostrils dilated. He may stand with legs braced and not fall, and after a few minutes, shake DISEASES OF THE HORSE 219 himself and go on as though nothing had occurred. Again he may be giddy and weak for several days. If due to organic changes in the heart, or disease of the blood vessels of the brain,^ then the symptoms may be of slow development, and show drowsiness, dim or imperfect sight, difficulty of move- ment, loss of feeling and consciousness, stupor and death. Treatment. — If animal falls, loosen the collar if it is the cause, and then dash cold water on the head. The congestion will be relieved in a short time and consciousness will return. Endeavor to deter- mine cause and remove it, to prevent a recurrence. Some animals are subject to attacks, which cannot be prevented. If the animal is violent diuring the attacks he should be destroyed, as he is dangerous. If the attacks are infrequent and animal is not violent, he may be used with safety, but should be watched care- Cully and stopped as soon as attack commences. APOPLEXY, — Apoplexy is often confounded with cerebral congestion, but true apoplexy always consists in rupture of blood vessels, with effusion and formation of blood clot. Causes. — Two kinds of causes are involved in the production of apoplexy — the predisposing, and the exciting. Predisposing causes are those that cause a degeneration, or disease that weakens the blood vessels; the exciting ones are any that tend to induce cerebral congestion. Symptoms.— T^heie is insensibility; the horse staggers and falls; he froths at the mouth; the muscles twitch; the breathing is stertorous and difficult. The heart's action is little disturbed at first, but becomes slower, then quicker and feebler, and after a little ceases. The extent of paralysis depends upon location within the brain, which is functionally deranged by the pressure of blood clot. Treatment.— Place the animal in a quiet, cool place, and avoid all stimu- lating food. Give, in his drinking water, or in the feed, i drachm of Iodide of Potash twice daily for a week. Cold 220 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR applications to the head, as in "Inflammation of the Brain," may be of value. Generally terminates fatally, or renders animal useless. PARALYSIS— PALSY.— Paralysis is a weakness or ces- sation of the power of motion and of feeling. There are two kinds — that in which both motion and feeling are affected, and the other in which only one or the other is lost or diminished. Paralysis may be general or partial. Causes. — They are varied. Acute affections of the brain and spinal cord may lead to paralysis. Injuries, tumors, and disease of the blood vessels of the brain, all have a tendency in that direction. Pressure upon, or the cutting in two of a nerve, causes a paralysis of the parts to which such a nerve is distributed. Apoplexy may be termed a general paralysis, and in non-fatal attacks is a frequent cause of the various forms of palsy. Symptoms. — If the paralysis is on one side only, the animal cannot walk straight, but goes round in a circle, and has not the proper use of that side. If in the hind quarters, the horse can raise himself forward, but is powerless in the hind parts. Prick him with a pin anywhere back of the injury and there is no sensation. If in the face and neck, the part will be twisted off toward the well side, and the diseased part will have no feel- ing. If general, and he cannot move at all, he soon dies. Treatment. — If horse can stand at all, put him in slings. Clip the hair close and apply a Spanish fly blister. See "To Blister," under "Ringbone." Apply the blister from the seat of the injury back to the croup. If it is paralysis of the face and neck, apply the bUster at the base of the brain, over the poll. The applica- tion of Mustard pastes or strong liniments to the affected parts are recommended in place of the blister. Give internally, ij^ drachms of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica, three times a day. If there is twitching of the muscles, reduce the dose. SUNSTROKE; HEAT EXHAUSTION.— This term is apph'ed to affections occasioned not exclusively by exposure to the sun's rays, as the wdrd signifies, but by the action of great DISEASES OF THB HORSE 221 heat combined generally with other causes, such as sultriness of the atmosphere and an unusual accumulation of electricity. Causes. — Exposure to direct rays of thestin; exhaustion pro- duceid by long-continued heat and over- work; lack of proper care in watering, in allowing rest in shady places, and in proper feed, also contribute to the disease. Sy7nptoms .—Svinstrdke. manifests itself suddenly. Animal stops, drops his head, begins to stagger, and soon falls uncon- scious. The breathing is stertorous or snoring, pulse slow and irregular, cold sweats break out in patches on surface of body, and horse often dies without recovering his senses again. In heat exhaustion, animal may become dull, and requires urging sometime before any marked symptoms; generally perspi- ration is checked, and then he becomes weak in gait, breath hurried or panting, eyes watery and bloodshot, nostrils dilated and highly reddened, assuming a dark purple color, pulse rapid and weak, the heart bounding, followed by unconsciousness and death. If recovery takes place, convalescence is slow. Treatmbnt.^- Shade the horse and roll him upon his chest and keep him there. Apply ice or very cold water to the head and along the spine, and give him a good stimulant — 2 ounces of Alcohol or 4 ounces of Whiskey in a i4 pint of water. Be cautious about choking; injection, by the rectum, of moderately strong Ginger tea, or weak Ammonia water, may be of benefit. Brisk friction of the limbs, and the application of Spirits of Camphor is good. Repeat the stimulants in one-half hour, and after that every hour or two, if pulse has not grown stronger and slower. Sponge the body with cold water and then give brisk rubbing. For heat exhaustion give same treatment. In either case loosen all tight straps. Convalescence will take place slowly and the animal will need to be kept where it is cool for a number of days. If fat, give a ?^-pound dose of Epsom Salts; also a tea- spoonful of Saltpetre three times a day. If run down, give tonics, as for "Chroniclndigestion." Give time for thorough recovery before putting to work again. 222 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR In hot weather, wet sponges or Ught sun-shades on the head of the horse when at work, is a preventive. An animal that has suffered an attack is more liable to subsequent ones, when ex- posed to the necessary, exciting causes. EPILEPSY— FALLING FITS.— Causes. — Seldom due to any changes in the brain, although it may come from softening of that organ; violent derangement oi the nervous system; constipation; worms; plethora; or it may arise from injuries about the head. Symptoms. — There are no premonitory symptoms. The animal suddenly staggers, the muscles become cramped, jaws spasmodically opened and closed; the tongue is lacerated by the teeth; he foams at the mouth and falls in a spasm. The urine passes away involuntarily, and breathing may be arrested. The paroxysm soon passes off, and horse gets on his feet in a few minutes after the return of consciousness. Not a common dis ease with the horse. Treatment. — Dash cold water on the head during the paroxysm. After recovery, endeavor to find the cause and remove it ; if from diges- tive disorders treat accordingly. In most cases a good purgative will not be out of place — i ounce of Aloes. If due to nervous derangement, give i drachm Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica and % ounce Fowler's Solution of Arsenic two 'or three times a day. Feed on an easily-digested, laxative diet. ELECTRIC SHOCK. — ^This may occur from a stroke of lightning, or from coming in contact with electric wires that have been broken. Electric railways and street lighting plants are now so common that it is not an uncommon occurrence for horses to be shocked. Symptoms. — In shocks which are not immediately fatal the animal is usually insensible, the respiration slow, feeble, and irregular, and pupils of the eyes dilated and not sensitive. The temperature is lowered. There may be a tendency to convulsions DISEASES OF THE HORSE 223 or spasms. The predominating symptoms are the extreme depression of the action of the heart, and of the respiratory organs. TrBatment — Sulphate of Atropia ^ grain, or Strychnine 1 grain, in a 7ery little water, should be given on the tongue, and repeated in an hour, and after that repeat once in two hours until the heart- beats are invigorated, the number and fullness of the respirations are increased, and consciousness returns. Stimulative injec- tions, by the rectum, may be useful in arousing the circulation; for this purpose Whiskey in doses of J^ pint in a pint of water, or Ammonia water in doses of 2 or 3 ounces in a pint of water, may be used. Inhalations of Ammonia fumes are also of value. Rub the legs. COMA — SLEEPY ST AGGERS— CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN.— Coma is not a disease, but merely a symptom of a variety of affections of the brain. We sometimes have a type of coma in horses that cannot be attributed to any special disease of the brain, unless it be a chronic inflam- mation of the organ. This condition is commonly called "Sleepy Staggers," or the animal is called a "dummy." Symptoms. — ' ' Sleepy Staggers ' ' is characterized by drowsi- ness, partial insensibility, sluggish and often staggering gait. Horse may drop his head in the manger and go to sleep with a clump of hay in his mouth, which is dropped when he wakens. Will stand for a long time with his legs in awkward positions. The bowels are more or less costive; the pulse is slow and soft; with no fever or pain. Animal may remain in this way for months without much change, or he may become gradually worse, until it is almost impossible to arouse ^him. Chronic cases are better in winter than in summer TREIATMEIN'r.— There is no treatment for long-standing cases. The horse may as well be killed. In more recent cases give laxative foods; 224 THE PRACTlCAlv STOCK DOCTOR also I drachm Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica, three times a day. In addition give the following: Iodide of Potash i^ ounces. Water I pint. Dose : i ovmce, morning and night. Give for a week, discontinue a week and then give again. Strong stimulating liniments may be applied to the top of the head. CHOREA. — This disease is marked by involuntary contrac- tions of the voluntary muscles, especially of the hind limbs. Nervous horses are more subject to the trouble than sluggish ones. Causes. — Are not well known, but may be due to pressure upon a nerve; to some injury of the spinal cord, or to some change in the brain, or spinal cord. Symptoms. — The animal will seem to be all right after once started, but when first spoken to, the muscles of the hind limbs will tremble, there will be a jerking up of the limb, and then the animal will start and go off all right. Shows more in backing than in going ahead, also shows in stepping over in the stall, or in making a sudden turn when in motion. Resembles "String- -Halt," except that the jerky action is not continuous. Treatment. — Treatment is not satisfactory. One drachm of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica and Yt. ounce, of Fowler's Solution of Arsenic two or three times a day may be tried for a time. Iodide of Potash, as in the previous disease, may also be tried. Table- spoonful doses, twice a day, of a mixture of equal parts of Saltpeter and Sulphate of Iron may help. Unless the treatment benefits, the animal is apt to grow slowly worse. STRING-HALT.— This is an affection of the hind leg, and it is known from the peculiar way in which the hind leg or legs are raised from the ground — a quick, spasmodic jerk DISEASKS OF THE HORSE 225 Causes. — There is not an entire agreement among veterinar- ians as to the nature of this affection, but it is quite generally believed to be a purely nervous one. It is more often seen in highly nervous animals, and may be brought on by the applica- tion of severe blisters to the legs; or by clipping them and leav- ing the horse out in the cold. Castration has been noted as a cause, either from the irritation of the rope on the fetlock, or from the operation. May develop without assignable cause. Symptoms. — The leg is jerked toward the body at every step, sometimes so strongly as to strike the belly with the fetlock. It may be in one or in both legs. Sometimes it is so bad that the horse will stand and jerk up one foot and then the other, with no forward motion; but once started he will go along without hesi- tation. It is fatiguing and wearing, and horse seldom accumu- lates much flesh. Some horses show the trouble only in cold weather, and then only for a time after first starting. Trb;atmb;nt. — If taken at the very outset, treatment may be of benefit, but when well seated, no medicinal treatment has been found that affects a cure. Give the same treatment asis given in "Chorea." An extended run in the pasture is recommended for this affec- tion, Sometimes the cutting of a tendon just below the hock will overcome the trouble; in other cases it will fail to have any benefit, or it may partially relieve. A veterinarian would be required for the operation LOCO DISEASE. — I^ ounces. Water i quart. Inasmuch as punctured wounds, such as nail pricks, are fre- . quently followed by this disease, they should always be kept well opened to the air while healing. If taken at the very start of the disease, large hypodermic injections of Antitoxic Serum may be of value. This is the serum, or watery portion of the blood, of an animal that has been rendered immune to the disease. This treatment would require a veterinarian. Sometimes the animal can be put in a sling to advantage; at other times it excites and makes them worse. 230 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR LESSON XXIV DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM WEED IN THE LEG— LYMPHANGITIS— WATER FARCY. — This is an inflammation of the lymphatic structures, usually afEecting the hind legs, very seldom the fore legs. It is sometimes called "Monday morning sickness." Causes. — Horses of sluggish nature are predisposed to this affection. It usually attacks well-fed, lightly-exercised animals, and in such cases is due to the excess of nutritive elements in the blood. Sudden changes in the work or in the habits of the animal may bring it on. Horses that are well fed and worked hard, have it from standing in the barn over Sunday. Draft horses are more subject to it than road horses, and those with round, thick legs are predisposed to it. Symptoms. — It is usually ushered in by a chill, rise in tem- perature, and some uneasiness. In a short time this is followed by lameness in one leg and swelling on the inside of the thigh. Gradually this surrounds the limb and goes down to the feet. The leg is very tender to touch, especially on the inside, the horse throwing it away from the body. The horse sweats; breathing is quickened ; pulse hard, and quick, and temperature goes up to 104° to 106° F. Bowels become costive, urine scanty; symptoms usually increase for two days, then remain stationary for some time, then fever abates, the swelling recedes and becomes less painful. When once attacked with this disease, the animal is more apt to have it again, and the result of successive attacks is "Big Leg" or Elephantiasis. Quite often some of the lymphatic glands will suppurate and an abscess will form; this may take place anywhere from the body to the foot. Treatment. — Both local and internal. Locally, apply hot fomentations; wrap the leg from the foot to the body in a large woolen blanket, put a back-band and crupper on the horse and fasten blanket up to this. Keep the blanket as hot as the animal will stand, by pour- ing onto it, every fifteen to thirty minutes, hot water. Apply the DISEASES OF THE HOR SH 231 fomentations for two or three hours at least twice a day; in bad cases, keep it up continuously during the day. Each time when the fomenting is discontinued, rub dry and apply the following liaiment: Witch Hazel 2 ovmces. Soap Liniment 3 " Laudanum 2 " Turpentine 1 ounce. Shake. Apply with liberal friction at least twice a day. If abscesses form, and not near a joint, open when they point and treat as "Abscesses;" if near a joint, poultice and let them break. Internally, give a purgative — i ounce of Aloes or i/i pound of Epsom Salts — feeding sparingly on laxative food, bran mash, handful of I^inseed meal, little hay. Also give the following; Fluid Extract of Aconite 2% drachms. Fluid Extract of Belladonna 2 ounces. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... i ounce. Saltpeter 4 ounces. Water to make i quart. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, foUr times a day. If temperatture runs high and stays there, give: Acetanilid i drachm, Alcohol I ounce, Water >^ pint, Once or twice a day, as occasion requires. As the disease has a great tendency to leave the leg enlarged, treatment should be begun early and continued vigorously. After having had one attack, the animal should receive special care to prevent a return. Feed rather light of a grain ration of bran, oats, and I/inseed meal, (no com), a few roots or potatoes; run .it grass when in season. About every third or fourth week give a teaspoonf ul of Saltpeter two or three times a day for a week. One-half pound doses of Epsom Salts once in two or three weeiis are also good. vBIG LEG — ELEPHANTIASIS.— This is a thickened condition of the leg from repeated attacks of lymphangitis, or weed in the leg. When the disease becomes seated, a complete cure is not possible. 232 THK PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms.— ^\i& leg is enlarged, sometimes all the way to the body, again only as far as the hock; the enlargement is some- times slight, then again, the leg will be two or three times its normal size. There is no lameness, but horse may carry leg a little stiff. Treatment. — If the condition has existed for any great length of time, treatment wiU do no good; if recent, feed on laxative diet, grass, if in season, if not, clover hay, bran, oats, Linseed meal. Give about 4 drachms of Aloes or ^ pound of Kpsom Salts every third day, unless bowels become too loose; if so, not as often. Also give a teaspoonf ul of Saltpeter two or three times a day, skipping every other week. Exercise twice daily to remove all the swelling pos- sible, and when he comes in give liberal hand-rubbing, apply lini- ment as in "Lymphangitis," and then apply cold fomentations; wrap the leg with a blanket and keep it wet with cold water. SWELLING OF THE LIMBS— STOCKING.— The above are titles applied to a swelling of the leg, usually confined to the parts below the knees and hocks, although in bad cases it extends above these joints. Causes. — It is caused by sluggishness of the lymphatic glands and kidneys in performing their offices. Standing still is a com- mon cause; so much so that there is a great deal of it just from standing from night until morning. It is most common in badly drained and illy- ventilated stables: ahd in young horses more than in old ones. A horse which has stood in the stables during the winter months, and then is put to hard work at once, is apt to show it. After resting at night, his legs will be swollen the next morning. It is also often a symptom of some disease. Symptoms. — Swelling of the legs without any other sign of disease; the swelUng disappearing with exercise, but returning when standing any length of time. Treatment. — The same as for "Elephantiasis." n" o^" <^- ^- ^ ^- ^- DISEASES OF THE HORSE 233 LESSON XXV DISEASES OF THE HEART, ARTERIES AND BLOOD-VESSELS INFLAMMATION OF THE ENDOCARDIUM- ENDOCARDITIS. — This is an inflammation of the serous membrane, lining the heart. It is not a common disease, and is one that is hard for the inexperienced to recognize. The disease may not be fatal in its early stages, but from incomplete recovery there is a permanent thickening of the valves, which is the begin- ning of valvular disease. Causes. — It is met with in general rheumatism, involving the serous membrane, in some of the specific fevers, in septic poison- ing and in influenza. Symptoms.— M-Siy be ushered in by a chill, with marked rise of temperature; pulse decreases in strength or becomes irregular, while heart beats more or less tumultuously. In early stages, soft, blowing sounds may be heard by placing ear over heart on left side, which correspond in number and rythm to heart's action. Excessive pain is manifested when animal is compelled to trot; often difficulty in breathing is developed early in attack. When valves are involved, visible mucous membranes become either pale or very dark colored, and horse may faint if head is suddenly elevated. There may be marked lameness of the left shoulder, and if horse is turned to the left, he may groan with pain and the heart become violently excited, though pressure will not produce pain, unless roughly applied. There is no appe- tite, and animal does not drink much. Surface of body and extremities are cold, and frequently body is in a subdued tremor. There is usually suppression of urine. Symptoms may continue for from three to seven days without marked changes. If he shows signs of improvement, they will be slow and steady until tie seems all right, but when taken out and urged, the breathing may become like that in heaves, and all symptoms return in a modified form. 234 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — In some respects disease of the heart is the most difficult of all conditions to treat. When any organ is inflamed, the treat- ment generally is to let that organ rest and stimulate others to do its work as far as possible; this cannot be done with the heart, and so perfect quiet is necessary, that in this way the heart may be relieved. Give clean, well ventilated stable and clothe warmly. If the animal shows any desire to eat, give grass, if in season, or bran, scalded oats, I^inseed meal, and a little hay. Internally, give the following: Fluid Extract of Belladonna. i ounce. Fluid Extract Digitalis yi " Fluid Extract of Colcliicum Seed )4 " Saltpeter 2 ounces. Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose: Two ounces, three or four dmes a day. In early stages, if heart beats rapidly and irregularly, give 10 to 15 drops Fluid Extract of Aconite, four or five times a day. Later, if heart gets weak, give i grain of Strychnine, in a little water, three or four times a day. If animal improves, give one ouLce of the following, three times a day: Iodide of Potash i ounce. Water i pint. Also give the Gentian and Nux Vomica mixture as for "Chronic Indigestion." If there is any reason to believe that rheumatism is the cause, give 2-drachm doses of Salol, three times a day. INFLAMMATION OF THE SAC SURROUNDING THE HEART— PERICARDITIS.— The sac surrounding the heart is called the pericardium. Causes. — May be caused by cold or damp stabling, exposure and fatigue, from wounds caused by broken ribs, etc. Generally it is associated with an attack of influenza, rheumatism, pleuritis, etc. DISEASES OF THE HORSB 235 Symptoms. — Usually there are chills, with pain in moving; a short, painful cough; rapid, short breathing; high temperature, and a rapid, hard pulse. The fever and pulse are highest in the evening and lowest in the morning. In early stages the pulse-beat is regular; later, when there is much effusion in the sac, the heart-beat becomes muffled, and may be of a redoubled, or rebounding, character. In the early stage, when the ear is placed at left side of chest, behind the elbow, a rasping sound is heard, corresponding to frequency of heart-beat. This is called "to and fro friction sound." Between the second and fourth days this sound may disappear on account of distension of the sac, by liquid exuded. When effusion partly fills the pericardium, percussion will show an increased dullness over heart region, and the heart-beats become less marked than in health, and sometimes a splashing, or flapping, sound is heard. If effusion becomes absorbed, the "to and fro" sound usually recurs for a short time; this friction may often be felt with the hand on the side of chest. When the disease is associated with rheumatism, or influenza, some symptoms may be obscure, but careful examina- tion will reveal enough to diagnose the disease. Disease is usually fatal, especially when compUcated with other disorders. Treatment. — The treatment for this disease is quite like that for "Pleu- risy" — the arresting of the inflammation and the absorbing of the serous effusion. Give well-ventilated stall, clothe warmly, and feed laxative diet. Internally give the following: Fluid Extract of Aconite iK drackms. Fluid Extract of Digitalis Yz ounce. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... ^ " Fluid Extract of Belladonna i ounce. Saltpeter 2 ounces. Water to make i pint. Siiake. Dose: Two ounces, four times a day. After three or four days, drop out the Aconite. Give 2 or 3 ounces of I,iquor Ammonia Acetatis three times a day. If heart 236 THK PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR gets weak, give i grain Strychnine four times a day. If animal improves, give i-ounce doses three times a day of: Iodide of Potash i ounce. Water...... i pint. Apply a strong' Mustard paste to the left side of the chest. During convalescence, give the tonics, as for "Chronic Indiges- tion." ENLARGEMENT OF THE HEART. — HyPER= TROPHY. — This disease is an enlargement of the substance of the heart, with or without cavity changes. It may occtur in various forms. Causes. — Diseased valves of the heart; determination of blood to that organ; from a latent form of inflammation of muscular structure; or from long-continued increase of action de- pendent upon nervous disease. It may occur in connection with other chronic disorders. Symptoms. — In addition to the usual symptoms manifested in organic diseases of the heart, there is a powerful and heaving pulse at each beat, which is apparent on left side, and even on the right sometimes. These beats are regular, and when strong and full at the jaw, there is a tendency to active congestion of the capillary vessels, which frequently gives rise to local inflam- mation, active hemorrhage, and the like. In case of enlargement with dilatation, the impulse is not only powerful and heaving, but it is diffused over the whole heart surface, and the normal sounds are increased in intensity. Percussion reveals an enlarged area of dullness, while the impulse is usually much stronger than normal. Dropsy of the pericardium will give same wide space of dullness, but the impulse and sound are lessened. An animal with moderate degree of enlargement may live a number of years, and be capable of ordinary work; it depends on accompanying disease. As a rule the disease is incurable. Treatment. — If the cause can be discovered and be removed, it should be done. Iodide of Potash may be of use if continued for a sufi&- cient length of time. Give it in i -drachm doses once daily for DISEASES OF THE ) HORSE z^j a month or more. General tonics, freedom from excitement, avoidance of bulky food, and good ventilation are indicated. ATROPHY OF THE HEART— WASTING OR SHRINKING. — ^This is a shrinking away of the heart sub- stance. The walls become soft and flabby, and fail to perform the work in a healthy manner. Symptoms. — Pulse is weak and irregular, often missing two or three beats at a time. There is emaciation, languor, and pallor of visible mucous membranes. Death is likely to occur at any time from formation of blood clot. Treatment. — Give good food and i drachm Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica three or four times a day. After two weeks, give the tonics as for "Chronic Indigestion." FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE HEART.— This may involve the whole organ, or be circumscribed to patches. When general, the substance is flabby or flaccid, and in extreme cases, collapses when emptied or cut. Causes. — It is associated with other morbid conditions of the heart, as obesity, dilatation, rupture, aneurism, etc. It may be £:onnected with fatty diseases of other organs, as the liver, kid- neys, etc. It may be due to condition of blood in wasting dis- eases, or to poisoning with arsenic and phosphorus. Symptoms. — The most prominent symptoms are feeble action of the heart, a remarkably slow pulse, general debility, and attacks of vertigo. It may exist for a long time, but is apt to terminate in death on the occurrence of other diseases, surgical operations, etc. It may involve a liability to sudden death from rupture of the ventricular walls. Trbatmsnt. — Is of little use; counteract weakness, as in previews disord^; give regular exercise. 238 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR PALPITATION OF THE HEART.— This is an excited spasmodic beating of the heart, and by some is termed "thumps," which term, in this book, is apphed to a spasmodic action of the diaphragm. Causes.— It may be due to indigestion, to fright, increased nervousness, sudden excitement, over-exertion in speeding, or pulUng, or may follow weakening diseases. It is more likely to occur in hot weather. Most common cause is hard work when not accustomed to it. Symptoms.— l^he heart may act with such violence that each ieat may jar the whole body of the horse; very frequently it may be heard at a short distance away. The pulse will be rapid and tumultuous. The countenance has an anxious look, and usually the horse is bathed in perspiration. The nostrils are dilated, and breathing rapid. Treatment. — Stop and give the animal rest, blanket warmly and give stimulants: Two ounces of Alcohol, or 4 ounces of Whiskey, in a little water; repeat in half an hour, and again in one and one-half hours. Also give 12 drops of Fluid Extract of Aconite, and I drachm of Fluid Extract of Belladonna; repeat in an hour. After the acute symptoms have passed, give Fluid Extract of Digitalis, % drachm, three times a day for a few days, and the tonics as for "Chronic Indigestion." Condition for work care- fully. TUMOR (ANEURISM) OF AN ARTERY.— This is a diseased condition of the walls of an artery, in which the walls become enlarged, forming a tumor. Symptoms. — If the aneurism is in a superficial artery, it appears as a tumor in the course of the artery, and pulsating with it. It is round, soft, and compressible, yielding to pressure. The beating in unison with the heart is the characteristic symptom. Aneurism occurs in the abdominal and chest cavities, and creates obstruction and disturbance, but no characteristics can be given that would be of any use. They may rupture, causing sudden death. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 239 Treatment.— Nothing can be done by way of treatment, except if super- ficial, and located where it is possible, a gentle compress can be applied. RUPTURE OF AN ARTERY.— The inflammation of the wall is the primary cause of rupture in most cases. It will cause death when it involves a large vessel, especially if it is situated in one of the large cavities, permitting an excessive escape of blood. It may arise from mechanical violence, or as a result of accident. Symptoms. — In fatal rupture with profuse bleeding, animal becomes weak, the visible membranes become blanched, breathing hurried or gasping, pupils dilated, staggering in gait, swooning, and death. When limited, the symptoms may not be noticeable. When near the surface of the body a tumor or swelling will form. As a secondary result of rupture of this kind, there may be formation of an abscess. Treatment. — When the rupture of a deep-seated artery is suspected, give Fluid Extract of Ergot in i -ounce doses to produce contraction of the blood vessels. Tannin in 2-drachm doses, or Tincture of Iron in i -ounce doses are also useful. The animal should be allowed to have as much water as he desires. Afterward give stimulants and nourishing food. INFLAMMATION OF A VEIN— PHLEBITIS.- Inflammation may be simple, or diffuse. If the first, it is confined to a limited portion; if diffuse, it involves the vein for a long distance. Causes. — Contusions, or direct injuries; an extension of inflam- mation from the surrounding tissue, as in abscess, tumor, or malignant growth. It may be due to the presence of infective material, gangrenous matter, etc. When blood-letting from the jugular vein was practiced, a case of dangerous phlebitis was not unusual, being brought about by using rusty, or dirty instruments, or from improper care afterward. Not so common since bleeding has become a thing of the past. 240 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — The vein swells, gets hot, sore, red,^nd painful; the inflammation spreads to surrounding parts, and much swelling is a result. A diffused swelling, with great tenderness, may extend along the vein, and the animal will manifest all the symptoms a:s in an acute fever. The effect of this is quite often the obliteration of the vein, which becomes hard, filled, and ceases its function. In the case of the jugular vein this condition is serious, since the horse cannot graze, owing to the blood that is forced to remain in the vessels of the head and neck, causing congestion of those parts, they being in a pendant position Treatment. — Foment the part affected with cloths and hot water three times daily, and manipulate the vein to get obstruction to move on, if it will. If nothing results, apply a smart blister along the course of the inflamed vessel, early opening any abscesses that may form. Give the horse complete rest, and feed bran mashes to keep the bowels free. If fever runs high, give ^ -ounce doses of Nitrate of Potash in drinking water three times daily, which may be changed in two or three days for i -drachm doses of Iodide of Potash twice daily. LESSON XXVI GENERAL DISEASES OF THE BLOOD BAD BLOOD.— This is an impure condition of the blood. Causes. — From heavy work and feeding highly nutritious food; or from exposure with very poor food — as for example, the nm of the straw-stack. Symptcnns. — In the latter case, the animal is weak and does not thrive, becoming hide-bound. The coat is rough, dry, and scurfy. If the animal is warmed up, pimples are apt to form over the body; when horse stands in the stable over night, his legs swell; and if exposed to the weather, scratches ensue; ani- mal is dull and unfit for work. Feeding does not bring him up. _ DISEASES OF THE HORSE 241 If from high feeding, animal may be in good condition, but the eruption of the skin and the swelling of the limbs indicate the disease. Treatment. — If in good condition give a purgative — an ounce of Aloes, or Yi, pound of Epsom Salts; if in poor condition, give raw I^ ounce. Fluid Extract Digitalis % " Alcohol 5 ounces. Saltpeter 2 ounces. Water to make i pint. Dose: Two ounces, three or four times a day. Also give, as one dose, three or four times a day : Tincture of Iron Vz ounce. Quinine Yi. drachm. Water Yz pint- Alternate these doses with the doses of the foregoing mixture. Ounce doses of Hyposulphite of Soda in % pint of water, three times a daj , are also of value. If abscesses form in other parts of the body, open and treat accordingly. 266 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR LESSON XXIX DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE HEilD NECK, SHOULDERS, BODY AND HIPS FRACTURE OF THE SKULL.— Causes. — The skull is sometimes fractured by blows, bruises, kicks, collisions in runaways, etc. Symptoms. — Beside the external marks of injury, there will be either stupor or delirium from the pressure on the brain, and more or less fever may follow. I^ater, accumulation of serum in the brain cavities, with delirium, convulsions and death. Treatment. — Get a veterinarian if possible, to raise, or trephine, and remove the portion of bone that is broken, and likely to cause pressure on the brain. Keep wound clean and treat as a simple wound. As a preventive against inflammation of the brain, give the follow- ing: Fluid Extract Aconite Root i drachm. Fluid Extract Belladonna i ounce. Saltpeter 2 ounces. Water I pint. Mix, and give 2 ovinces, three times a day. Apply chopped ice and bran poultices to the head continu- ously for several days and nights. If he gets better, it will be in three or four days, but if fever rises and delirium increases, it will probably terminate fatally in from three to six days. (See "Inflammation of Brain.") POLL-EVIL. — Poll-evil is a fistulous sore, affecting the bones of the neck near the top of the head or poll. Not so com- mon as formerly, when stable ceilings were lower. Causes. — Chafing by a heavy halter or bridle; blows on the head from the butt of a whip; from horse striking his head against a low ceiling, a low doorway, or on the roof of a car while in transit. Rearing and falling backward may cause it. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 267 Symptoms. — There is first swelling and soreness, and the horse carries his head stiffly, for it hurts him to move that part of the neck. Suppuration sets in; the pus breaks out on the top like any abscess, but burrows down toward the bones at the same time, which, when the disease is long-standing, become diseased. There is a flow of pus,which runs down the sides of the neck; if from the muscle, it has a strong, disagreeable odor, but when bones are involved, the odor is still more offensive, as in "Caries." The pus burrows, forming channels, sometimes in a number of directions. Treatment. — If taken at the outset, the treatment is comparatively simple. Remove the cause, and bathe the parts well with hot water twice a day, and after each bathing apply the "White lyotion," and keep the horse quiet, feeding him out of a high manger, to keep parts as quiet as possible. In case there is an abscess, but no channels yet formed, open it at lowest point, so as to let all matter escape, using treatment as for "Abscesses." "When channels or sinuses are formed, they must be opened up, and a free dependent opening made for the pus. It is more difficult to do this in poll-evil, than in other cases; but the sinuses usually run down into the muscles of the neck more or less. Follow and open them up freely; then, there being free connection be- tween the top and bottom of the sinuses, wash out thoroughly, and inject with Carbolic lotion, repeating twice a day. Inject a little Tincture of Iodine into the channels once in two or three days. If the bone's are affected, treat as for " Caries." In addition to local treatment, the horse should have a physk given at the first, and be given i teaspoonful powdered Saltpeter three times a day in his feed. INJURIES TO THE MUSCLES OF THE NECK.— Causes. — From pulling back on the halter, from getting cast in the stall, or in some cases from having been bitten by another Uorse. Symptoms. — There is stiffness of the neck, and swelling and soreness of parts. In some cases the neck is carried to one side. 268 THK PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — Bathe the parts with hot water three times a day, and after wiping dry apply White lotion, continuing treatment until all soreness and swelling is gone. In case an abscess forms, treat as for "Abscesses." FRACTURES OF THE BONES OF THE NECK,— Causes. — From falling on the head in a runaway, or from' stumbling; jumping a high fence and striking on the head might cause it, or it might happen in throwing an animal. Symptoms. — If fracture causes the bones to press on spinal •;ord, death may occur at once by the stopping of the action of the heart. If there is only a piece from one of the bones, there will be soreness in the part and the horse will carry his head to the side the fracture is on. Any attempt to straighten the neck gives a spasm of pain. Treatment. — Keep the horse as quiet as possible, and feed him out of a high manger. Bathe the part well with hot water three times a day, wipe dry and apply a strong liniment each time after bathing, and the bones after a time will unite. If it does not heal, an abscess will form; then open, remove the broken bone and treat as an abscess. FISTULOUS WITHERS.— This disease resembles poll- evil and takes its name from the location on the withers. Causes. — Are often caused by bad fitting collars and saddles; by direct injuries from blows; from the horse rolling upon rough or sharp stones, or a bite from another horse. Fistulous withers are mostly seen in horses that have- thick necks, and those that are very high in the withers; or, among saddle horses, those that are very low on the withers, the saddle riding forward and bruis- ing the parts. Under these conditions, simple abscesses, if not treated in time, may become fistulae. The pus burrows and finds lodgment deep down between the muscles, and only escapes when sinus becomes surcharged, or during motion of parts, when mat- ter is squeezed out. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 269 Symptoms. — At first we may notice soreness or stiffness of the front legs, and upon examination of the withers, we find small, crooked lines — superficial lymphatics — running from the point of irritation downward and backward over the shoulder region. In a day or so there is swelling on one or both sides of the dorsal vertebrae; hot, painful and rapidly growing. Pain may now grow less, stiffness disappear, but swelling increases. It fluctu- ates on pressure, and either opens up, or its contents thickens, dries up, leaving a tumor that gradually develops the characteris- tics of a fibroid tumor. When enlargement is open, the cavity should be examined, as on its condition depends the treatment. 1!?REATMBNT. — In earliest stages, when sore, but with no marked swelling, the trouble may be frequently cut short. Give both general and local treatment. Give a physic of i ounce of Aloes or yi pound of Epsom Salts; also give i teaspoonful of powdered Saltpeter three times daily in the feed. lyOcally foment the parts with hot or cold water for an hour at a time, three times daily, and apply "White I^otion," or liniment as for "I^ymphangitis." When formation of pus is evident, hasten it by the use of poul- tices, and as soon as fluctuation can be plainly felt, open the abscess wall at its lowest point, so that the pus will escape as fast as formed. Probe, to be sure that there are no pockets or sinuses to hold pus, or the work will not be well done. Then keep orifice open and treat as for " Poll-Evil." If the ^bscess has existed for some time and has not opened, the walls thickened, pus also thick, then, after opening has been made, contents washed and squeezed out, the thickened walls must be sloughed out with caustics. A very good and safe method is to tie together a number of small balls of cotton batting, leaving the string on the last from four to six inches long; saturate these with Tincture of Iodine and pack the sinuses with them, leaving the string hanging out. After twenty-four hours, remove by pulling on the string; keep flushed out with Carbolic Acid lotion and repeat the Iodine treatment as occasion requires. There must be a dependent opening for each siam. This is sometimes best made by opening the sinus tip freely, asid again h^ passing a seton needle aad tape from the 270 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR botto3i of the sinus to the outside, leaving the tape in. Good judgment is needed in treating these cases; as no two are just alike, no fixed rules can be given. If the spines of the vertebrae become affected, we get symptoms of "Caries," and trefitment will oe needed as for that trouble. If the sinuses work down back of the shoulder blade, the treatment is still more di£5cult. Whenever possible, this trouble should be treated by a veterinarian, as so many varying conditions arise, that experience is needed to know how to meet them. SWEENY— SHOULDER SLIP.— Sweeny is wasting of the muscles of the shoulder blade, leaving the spine on the blade exposed the whole length, with deep hollows on each side. It is often imagined and treated for, when the cause of lameness is very remote. It is most common among young horses. Causes. — In plowing, when the plow strikes stones or roots, causing sudden jerks on the shoulder; by a blow from the wagon tongue when passing over obstructions, by falling and bruising shoulder; and by ill-fitting, especially large, collars, and uneven draft. Symptoms. — Injury will be followed by a slight swelling and soreness of the part, and afterward by the wasting away of the injured muscles. In some cases the horse is not very lame, but goes a little stiff. The wasting may be confined to the muscle in front of the spine, or to the one back of it, or both may be affected. The pain comes in lifting the limb, and so the animal swings it; it is difficult for the horse to step over obstacles. To test: hold a foot plank on edge and lead the horse over it. Compare both shoulders carefully by standing directly in front of the horse, close to his head, and casting the eyes quickly from one side to the other. Care must be taken not to mistake a poorly muscled condition of the shoulder for sweeny Treatment. — If there is lameness, give rest. In early stage, if shoulder is swollen, apply cold fomentations, fasten a folded blanket over the part and keep it wet with cold water; follow this with the application of a good liniment. If wasting of the muscles, libera/ DISEASES OF THE HORSB 271 hand-rubbing with a good liniment is needed. It is well to use a small piece of stick or a corn-cob for rubbing. A very good liniment is the following: Soap Iviniment 4 ounces. Turpentine 2 " Strong Aqua Ammonia 2 Shake. The part needs to be kept just slightly irritated with the rubbing and liniment; if it gets too sore, withhold liniment for a few days. If this fails to restore the muscles, a Spanish Fly blister can be applied. See "To Blister," page 257. A seton is also used to restore ihe muscles; this is a piece of tape, yi inch wide, introduced with a large needle just underneath the skin, entering at the top, and coming out at the bottom of the wasted portion. The tape should be left long enough to be worked up and down each day, and a piece of leather tied in each end, so it cannot work out. Ltave the seton in a month or six weeks. The effect of all these treat- ments is the same, differing only in degree — setting up inflamma- tion, which stimulates the restoration of the muscles. SCALDED, OR GALLED SHOULDERS.— Causes.— WoxxudiS of this kind are quite common during spring plowing, or from ill-fitting collars at any time of the year. Collars too large or too small may be the cause. The horse,^ on account of being fed scantily, and perhaps doing little, is soft and sweats easily, and if collar and shoulders are not attended to, galls and abrasions result. Prevention. — See that the collar fits well; that the draft is distributed evenly over the whole surface; that the shoulder sur- face of the collar is kept clean; to keep clean, wipe off when first removed from the horse. When horses are at work, raise the collars at resting spells and let the air tmder them; keep the mane out from under collar, and remove the collar at noon for the shoulders to dry off. At night bathe shoulders with cold water, and afterward bathe with White Oak Bark tea, or White Lotion (page 263), to toughen the skin. Treatment. — If the bruise is severe, with considerable inflammation and swelling, give rest and foment with cold water by fastening a 272 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR folded blanket over the part and keeping it wet with cold water, re-applying the water every half hour; also bathe well three times a day with White lyOtion. (See "Treatment of Wounds.") Keep up treatment until swelling is all gone, and then when put to work, place a pad on the collar either above or below the injured part, so as to remove the pressure from it for a few days. Drop the pressure back gradually, by removing the pad by layers. If the bruised part does not swell, but forms a raw sore instead, remove the pressure with the pad and use the White Lotion freely. The shoulders should be examined carefully each time the collar is removed and treatment began at first indication of irritation. At times, dusting onto the sores of the shoulder, a powder composed of equal parts of Sulphur, Oxide of Zinc and Sub- nitrate of Bismuth, or one composed of equal parts of Sulphur, Oxide of Zinc, and air slaked Lime, will cause them to dry up and heal nicely. BRUISES OF THE SHOULDER.-Horses' shoulders are quite subject to bruises in various ways. A swelling appears around the bruised part soon after the injury, and on examina- tion it is found to contain water or serum. Trbatment. — At first foment with cold water, as in preceding trouble, and when the serum forms, open and treat as an abscess. See "Abscesses." SHOULDER JOINT LAMENESS.— Not very common, but sometimes occurs, and the seat of the trouble is usually where the large muscle of the shoulder passes down through the pulley- shaped part of the bone on the front of the shoulder joint, or the joint itself may be affected. Causes. — A severe strain of the part, which is often caused by the horse being cast in the stall; from going through deep snow; from falling; from the kick of another horse, or any severe blow; and sometimes from rheumatism settling in the joint. Symptoms. — When horse is walking he will swing the leg and carry the toe close to the ground; very difficult for him to step DISEASES OF THE HORSE 273 over obstacles (see ' 'Sweeny'' ) . Gets worse with exercise; worse on soft ground; stumbles. In standing he will bring the foot well under him, resting on the toe, and allowing the knee to bend forward; this is to give the shouldei a rest. Horse will flinch from soreness if shoulder point is pinched. Treatment. — In all cases of shoulder joint lameness, long rest is needed, and where there is heat, swelling and soreness to touch, apply either hot or cold fomentations by applying a heavy folded blanket to the part and keeping it wet with hot or cold water, re-applying the water every half hour. Apply for three or four hours each day, or continuously, and rub well with some good liniment. After the acute inflammation subsides, discontinue the fomen- tations and use the liniment, or the blister, if necessary, as in ' 'Sweeny. ' ' I/>ng and perfect rest is very important in connection with the treatment. SORE BACK ANE^ SADDLE GALLS.— Causes. — From badly-fitting saddles, when used any length of time; from saddle sitting too far forward; fr6m wearing a saddle when not accustomed to it. The back gets bruised, scalded with sweat, chafed with saddle, and skin rubs off in places, leaving raw sores. This applies to breast plate, or to harness saddle, as well as to riding saddle. Treatment. — Remove cause and treat as "Scalded, or Galled Shoulders." CHRONIC SORES ON BACK OR SHOULDERS.— Causes. — From neglecting sores on shoulders and on back. The sores show no tendency to heal and keep raw. Treatment. — Keep the horse from work. Cauterize the sores with Lunar Caustic, Tincture of Iodine, or Sulphate of Zinc; afterwards using remedies as in "Scalded, or Galled Shoulders." 274 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR SIT-FASTS ON BACK AND SHOULDERS.— These are large, calloused, tumor-like lumps on the back, as the result of saddle galls; or on the points of the shoulders, from collar galls. Cause. — By continuing the horse at work after the parts are galled, without removing pressure or giving proper treatment. Treatment.— If small, they can sometimes be removed by the long-con- tinued use of Iodine Ointment. See "Abscesses." If larger, will have to be removed by cutting out. If possible, get a veteri- narian for the operation. To remove, make a vertical incision through the skin over the center of the tumor, then dissect the skin from the tumor, and the tumor from the muscles underneath. After the tumor is removed cut a narrow strip from each edge of the cut in the skin, so that when it is sewed up the skin will lie close to the muscles; then sew up the cut in the skin nearly to the bottom, leaving opening for drainage. See " Treatment of Wounds." The next day inject into the wound a little Tincture of Iodine, and repeat the injection every three or four days, treating as for "Abscesses." If, after the wound heals, there is a little thickening left, use the Iodine Ointment. By clipping the hair from over the tumor, and rubbing the skin well with a ten per cent, solution of Cocaine, using about J^ ounce, and waiting about fifteen minutes, most of the pain of the operation can be prevented. See "Local Anaesthetics," page 347. The horse must be given a long rest, the part thoroughly healed, and care used when put to work again, or the trouble will return. CRAMPS OF THE MUSCLES OF THE NECK AND LOINS— CHORDES.— This disease is of a rheumatic nature, and is most common in spring, fall, and winter. Causes. — Exposure to cold and damp by sleeping out on the ground in wet, cold weather. Symptoms. — There is swelling of the muscles of the ueck and loins, tenderness on pressure, neck twisted around to one DISEASES OF THE HORSE 275 side, and is stiff, so that the horse cannot eat from the ground, The animal under these conditions is stiff and sore all over. Treatment. — Apply cloths wrung out in hot water, and laid on the sore muscles. Keep horse in a warm, dry place, blanket warmly. Give the following: Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed yi, ounce. Saltpeter 2 otmces. Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose, 2 ounces in grain, three times a day. Feed on a laxative diet, with small dose of Oil, or Epsom Salts. SPRAIN OF THE BACK.- Causes. — By slips, or falls, or by having heavy objects fall on the animal's back. The ligaments, and sometimes the cover- ings to the spinal cord are involved, and though these are amenable to treatment, the recovery is often slow. Symptoms. — Sprain of the back is diagnosed by pressing the thumb and finger along the spine, and by throwing the weight suddenly on the tender spot, when pain will be evinced. If, while in action, the animal is made suddenly to halt, pain is shown by back arching, or bending sidewise, and, perhaps, legs thrown under the body, as though unable to perform their office in stopping. Treatment. — Clip off the hair along the spine and apply a Fly blister, made by mixing ^ ounce of Cantharides in 2 ounces of lard. Smear the blister once daily with lard or vaseline, and repeat the treatment, if necessary. Give a long rest and run in pasture. BROKEN BACK. — The back is sometimes broken by the fall of heavy objects, as snow or ice falling from roofs; from falls through traps or holes; or from being cast for an operation. Symptoms.— li the spinotss processes only are broken, there will not be much change in outward appearance; but the snap- ping or cracking that is noticed in fractures will be present, and 276 THE PRACTICAly STOCK DOCTOR there will probably be some change in the straight outline of the back. If the back is broken so as to press upon the spinal cord, it will cut off all sensation and power of motion from all parts back of fracture. Prick the tail or any part back of injury with a pin; if there is no sensation, the back is injured and spinal cord pressed upon. When there is only muscular strain, while there is inability to move the hind legs, there will be sensation and ability to move the tail when pricked with a pin. Treatment. — If spinous processes only are fractured, horse will get well. Put him into slings if he can stand when raised. If not, leave him on the floor, for he will be more comfortable unless he can bear most of his weight when raised. Apply cold water cloths to fracture, and bathe with a good liniment. After active inflam- mation has subsided, stop the cold water and just give the horse time, allowing nature to mend the fracture. If any of the broken pieces do not reunite and continue to act as irritants, an abscess will form, and when it is soft and nearly ready to break, open enough to admit finger and take out pieces. Treat after- wards as for "Abscesses." If back, is absolutely broken, so that there is displacement, loss of power in hind parts, and sensation, the horse should be killed to save suffering. BROKEN RIBS.— Causes. — By falling; colliding with trees, or walls while run- ning away; from kicks from another horse, etc. Symptoms. — If with no displacement, there will be no exter- nal change in appearance, and a diagnosis must be based on rapid breathing, breath being cool; and effort to raise the flanks to avoid working the ribs in breathing, forming a crease along the sides of the belly; unwillingness to move; and upon the horse persistently standing. If displacement takes place there will be either a bulging in or out according to whether the ends are tipped in or out, but usually in, leaving a hollow oyer the break, and puncturing the pleura, in which case the symptoms will be aggravated; more evidences of pain and perhaps some bleeding at the nose, loss of DISKASKS OF THK HORSE 277 appetite for a day or two, and more or less fever, according to amount of injury done to chest and contents. The injury to the pleura will cause localized pleurisy, which may become general, and if the lining itself is injured, inflammation of it may occur. Treatment. — Put horse in a box stall and foment the injury with hot water by holding a blanket against it with a surcingle. Watch the symptoms for pleurisy, and if symptoms of it appear, treat as for that disorder. See "Pleurisy." Should there be bleeding, treat as prescribed for under that head. Give perfect rest until horse is able and willing to take gentle exercise, which will be in four or five weeks. Two months should elapse before horse is put to work. Feed on easily digested laxative diet, bran, scalded oats, I/inseed meal, hay or grass, if in season. INJURIES TO THE MUSCLES OF THE BELLY— Causes. — Sometimes from something that turns up and catches the muscles, from the hook of a cow, or from the kick of another horse. Treatment. — • If a lacerated wound, treat as directed in "Wounds" of that class. If a puncture, examine to see that there is nothing remaining in the wound, then treat as for that class of wounds. If severe enough to allow the bowels to come out, the case is serious. If out so that horse has trampled on them, there is nothing to do but destroy the horse, but if not out much, and ar^ not injured or blackened, throw and secure animal, wash bowek gently by pouring tepid water over them, and then a weak CarboUc solution (Carbolic Acid, J^ ounce; water, i quart), and push them back in place; then stitch up wound and bathe, afterward applying lotions as for wounds. If opening is large, a bandage should be put around the body to help support the stitches. Keep horse quiet and feed on soft feed till wound heals. With some animals a twist on the upper lip may control so that it will not be necessary to throw them. 278 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR STAKED. — This is not an uncommon occurrence among horses. Causes. — From jumping fences and getting caught on stakes, from running against stakes in the field, or from injury by implement handles. Treatment. — Pull the stake out, if still sticking in the wound, and examine carefully to see that there are no pieces of wood left in the wound. There is not usually much bleeding in such cases imless the stake happens to strike a large vessel, but should there be, and the vessel cannot be tied, plug the hole with cotton batting and leave it in for twenty- four hours. Then remove and treat as for punctured wounds. Keep horse quiet until wound begins to heal, and feed soft food to keep bowels free. HIPPED. — This is a term applied where the point of the hip bone is knocked down. Causes. — From running through a narrow doorway and striking the sides; from falling on the hard ground, or from any injury that will break ofE a piece of the hip bone. Treatment. — Make the horse as comfortable as possible, and apply hot fomentations by means of blankets wrung out of hot water, and then use the following liniment: Tincture Amic& 2 ounces. Tincture Opium 2 " Aqua Ammonia 2 " Water to make i pint. Mix and apply twice or thrice daily until the swelling and soreness is gone. In case the hip swells and festers around a piece of bone that will not reunite, open and remove it, treating the same as for an abscess. Animal will remain one-sided, and will in some cases go that way, but will be as useful for common work. FRACTURE OF THE ILIUM.— The iHum is sometimes fractured at its small part, just in front of the hip joint. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 279 Causes. — Slipping, falling, sudden turning, etc. Symptoms. — There will be great lameness, animal scarcely touching the foot to the ground, and if fracture of this bone is the cause, by examining, through the rectum, the side of the pelvic cavity, the broken condition can be recognized, especially if bones are displaced. Treatment. — If active and high-strung, keep the horse on his feet for a day or two, by tying his head up; then place in slings. If this is done at first, the struggles of the animal will be apt to displace the bones. If the animal is quiet, put him in a sling at once. The bones cannot be got at to set; so aU that can be done is to let nature do the work. Feed soft food to keep bowels in order, and give a long rest, two to six months, to allow union of bones. The muscles of the hip will waste away more or less, but will fill up again when the horse is able to exercise. If they do not fill in, give treatment as for "Sweeny." In the uniting of the bone, more or less bony material will be thrown out, forming a bony tumor, and if the animal is a mare, before breeding her an examination should be had to see that it will not interfere with parturition. FALLING AWAY OF THE MUSCLES OF HIPS AFTER FOALING.— Causes.— By mare throwing herself ; by Striking against some- thing, and bruising the muscles. Symptoms. — The animal will be noticed as stiff and sore after foaling, and in a few days there will be a falling away of the in- jured parts. Treiatment. — Let the mare run out and treat the wasted muscles as for " Sweeny," using liniment first, and if this is not sufficient, apply a blister. SORE TAIL FROM THE CRUPPER. Causes.— Vrom reining horse too high, drawing crupper too tight, or from accumulation of filth on the crupper, etc. 28o THK PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — lyeave off crupper for a few days, and if not clean, see that it is cleaned and kept so. Slack the rein if from that cause. Treat wound as in "Scalded, or Galled Shoulders." FRACTURE OF BONES OF THE TAIL.— Causes. — Usually from rearing up and falling back on the haunches. Not common. Treatment. — Keep animal quiet, ^nd if in fly season, cover animal so that the tail will not be kept in motion. If swollen, apply cold fomen- tations and White I^otion (page 263) until swelling is gone. Bandage moderately tight and leave it on a few days at a time while the bones are uniting. Keep horse quiet until the bones unite. HIP- JOINT LAMENESS.— This is a sprain of the round ligament of the hip joint. Causes. — From stepping on a rolling stone that turns and throws the leg forward; from slipping on the ice; or from falling and striking on the hip. Symptoms. — Horse steps short on affected side, and in trot- ting, every time the leg is raised the hip is also raised; he gets worse with exercise. When made to stand around with the hind limbs, keeping the front nearly stationary, the same as he steps over in the stall, he will be found to be much lamer when step- ping towards the side of the .lame leg. The muecles of the hip waste away soon after the lameness appears. Treatment. — If a long-standing case and the joint is diseased, it is prob- ably incurable, but if taken in time, animal may be cured by keeping him quiet and fomenting the lame part with hot or cold water, by placing a folded blanket over the part and keeping it wet; also use the liniment as in "Shoulder Joint Lameness." When soreness and swelling are out, blister (see "To Blister," page 257). Repeat blister in a month or six weeks if necessary. Put the horse in a sling if he does not lie dowh. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 281 SPRAIN OF THE MUSCLES OF THE HIP.-This is, perhaps, more common than hip-joint lameness. Causes. — By slipping while pulling a heavy load; from slip- ping by being pulled up too suddenly; by falling; by getting up, etc. Symptoms.— Ta&x^ is swelling and soreness of the muscles; great difficulty in bringing the leg forward if those on the front of the leg are strained; dislikes very much to pull if those on the top and back of the hip are strained. When standing, horse does not always rest the leg, and only shows the lameness when in action. If one stands directly behind the animal, the swelling is more noticeable. Treatment. — Keep animal quiet; bathe well with hot water, three times daily, or apply hot blanket; after bathing, wipe dry and rub the parts well with the liniment found in "Shoulder Joint I^ameness," follow with blistering, if necessary. (See "To Blister," page 257-) Give rest until thoroughly recovered. LESSON XXX DISEASES OF THE FRONT AND HIND LEGS CAPPED ELBOW— SHOE-BOIL.— This is an enlarge- ment at the point of the elboW. Causes. — From laying the point of the elbow on the hard floor, or from lying down, so that the elbow-point rests on the shoe; or from Wearing a heavy belly-band on the harness that rubs the elbow; or by bruising the elbow against the floor in springing to get up. Symptoms. — ^At first a scurfy wrinkled appearance indicates the'danger, and if cause is not removed, it goes on growing day by day, until a large tumor is developsd. Sometimes a large, hot swelling may form in a few days, vary sore to touch, which is not 282 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR usually the case with those of a slow growth. The enlargement is generally covered with hair, but sometimes it is raw, and has a proud-flesh-Uke growth, hence the name "shoe-boU." Treatment."- If caused by the shoe, have him shod with a short-heeled shoe, and for a time put a large pad on the leg, so that shoe can- not strike the part. When hot, sore, and of short duration, give the horse a laxative of i J^ to 2 pints Linseed oil; bathe the parts with hot water, or apply a poultice until liquid collects; as soon as this is detected, open at lowest point and treat as for "Ab- scess." Inject with Tincture of Iodine, and if any enlargement is left, use the Iodine Ointment. If no pus forms, continue fomenting until inflammation subsides, and then use the Iodine Ointment. If the tumor is solid, Hke those that occur on the lihoulders, it is best to dissect them out. See discussion under "Sit- Fasts on Back and Shoulders. ' ' If a blood-vessel should be cut during the operation, pick it up and ligate. See "Treatment of Wounds.'.' After the tumor is removed, treat as an abscess, using the Iodine Ointment to remove the thickening that is left. Sometimes, if the tumor is not too large where it joins the leg — not over two or three inches through — a string may be tied tight around it, over skin and all, close to the leg; this cuts off the circu- lation, and the tumor sloughs in from two to three weeks. Tighten the string occasionally. After the tumor sloughs, treat the raw rfpot as an ordinary sore and it soon closes in. This method causes extensive swelling, and pain. With any of the treatments, the horse must be kept standing until wound has healed. Nailing a two-inch plank, which is from eight inches to a foot wide, across the stall a little back of where the front feet stand, will act as a preventive against the return of the trouble ; in lying down, the under side of the chest strikes against thr plank and raises the body a little, preventing the bruising of the elbows. FRACTURES.^^^ Causes. — Fractures with horses may arise from numberless ways, but the principal causes, perhaps, are those of running DISEASES OF THE HORSB 283 away and falling, or colliding ; being kicked by other animals ; getting a limb through a hole in the stable floor, or through a bridge, etc. Fractures are divided into the following classes: Simple, when nothing else is broken but the bone; compound, when the ends of the bones pierce through the flesh and skin; complex, when the bone is shattered in many pieces, and one or more prick through; transverse, when the bone breaks straight across; oblique, when bone is broken in a slanting direction; green-stick, when bone breaks as a green stick, splitting, bending, and twisting, without breaking directly off. Bones may be cracked or broken without displacement. Bones of old horses are much more subject to breaks than those of young ones. Symptoms. — When a fracture is suspected, manipulate with the hand and listen, and if grating of ends of bones is heard, the symptom is unmistakable. Great lameness always accompanies fracture, be it ever so slight. When the bone is only cracked, there will be great lameness, with few, if any, conclusive symp- toms to indicate a break, but by careful examination a sore place can be felt; horse will not bear weight on the limb, and lifts often as though in great pain. In all cases there will be a rise in the pulse and respiration from the nervous shock and pain, more or less inflammation follows, and the- temperature will be raised a little. In time, if not relieved, all symptoms increase, the nostrils dilate, the face looks haggard and anxious, the eyes sunken, the injured limb swells, becomes hot, and in all fatal cases, when inflammation reaches its height, mortification begins and extends toward the body, when death is only a question of hours. The part gets cold and clammy, a peculiar, offensive sweat appears, the skin, if white, gets purplish, but if black, discoloration can- not be seen. Pain ceases when mortification sets in. TR:eATME;]srT. — Treatment is rarely practical except with young, or valuable animals. If a fracture of the cannon, arm, thigh, femur, shoulder or back, it is fatal in most all cases, if displacement takes place, and especially so if a compound or complex fracture. If it is a fracture of the back, paralysis of all parts back of fracture will 284 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR ensue. In many of the above instances the horse might as well be killed. If the horse could be kept quiet many of thg cases might be successfully treated, but with the swinging of tjie leg, and moving about, the bones will not knit. If it is the shoulder or thigh, it is so deeply embedded in muscle that it is very dif- ficult to set the bones, especially if the fracture is oblique, for the muscles contract and draw the ends of the bones past their proper positions from two to six inches, and it is impossible to bring the ends together even with the aid of a pulley and tackle. But, if it is a fracture of the foot, pastern, fetlock, hip, or any other part where there is no displacement, a cure can usually be made. If it is desired to try treatment, put the horse in slings to take the weight from the injured leg, and to relieve the weight from the others. Bring the broken ends of the bone together in a natural position, then envelop for a distance of five or te» inches, with Plaster of Paris bandage, or if that is not handy, soak a piece of sole leather in water until soft, mold it to the form of the leg and bind it on, so as to keep it perfectly tight and solid, and in its place. Splints may be used with the leather, or a Starch bandage is good with splints. Have the starch very stiff, fill the hair with it and then begin to wind a long strip of cloth, not tight, but just so as to keep the parts in their places; put on a quantity of starch with each wind of the bandage; after making half a dozen turns, put on splints, one on each side, and one oc the back, but none in front; then wind for four or five turns. If leg swells so as to make bandage too tight, slit bandage up a little way at either end. I^eave on five or six weeks, keeping horse in slings, just tight enough to give gentle pressure to the belly. Talk to him, if unruly at first, and he will soon get accustomed to the conditions. Should any pieces of bone become detached, they will act as foreign matter and must be removed. If leg is bandaged, the condition will be recognized by increased swelling in surrounding parts, and also in heat and soreness, uneasiness, and increase in temperature, pulse, and in respiration. When tl»e hip is broken down^" hipped " — there is nothing to do except to give time, and what constitutional treatment is iodioated Fracture of the shoulder blade is treated in the sam« DISEAS^SOFTHB HORSK 285 way, except that it might be advisable to put the horse in slings. In all cases watch the symptoms, but it would be well to give the following; Fluid Extract Aconite Root i drachm. Spirits of Niter 4 ounces. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i ounce. Nitrate of Potash lyi ounces. Water to make i pint. Mix, and give 2 ounces, three or four times a day. Give as long as there is high fever. Give all the cold water to drink the horse wishes, and give it often. Give liberal, but laxa- tive, diet. Plaster of Paris Bandage. — When the broken bone is in the leg, where there is very little soft tissue covering it, and consequently very little swelling, a Plaster of Paris splint, or cast, can be applied directly over the flannel bandage. Pre- pared Plaster of Paris bandages may be bought at drug stores, or they can be made by using strips of cheese-cloth or thin cotton two and a half inches wide and six feet long. These bandages are liberally sprinkled with Plaster of Paris, which is worked into the meshes of the cloth and sprinkled on its surface. The band- age is then rolled up. When ready to apply, the bandages are placed in a dish of water until thoroughly saturated, which will be shown when bubbles cease to rise. Now apply bandage over the fracture, beginning below and winding upward until a jacket is formed at least one-half inch thick. The plaster cast should extend as far above and below the fracture as is possible. It is a good plan to start the plaster bandage at the foot or at a large joint, in order to prevent its slipping down, as it is likely to do if the swelling in the part should subside. The plaster soon sets, and a very firm jacket is formed, STRIKING THE KNEE (SPEEDY CUT).— This is a case where the animal strikes the inner, lower part of the knee with the opposite foot. 286 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Causes. — Faulty conformation is the most prolific cause. It may happen when the feet grow too long; from defective shoeing; swelling of the leg; high knee action; and because the chest is too narrow. Horse is more apt to strike when tired. Symptoms. — Generally the evidences of striking are easy of detection, for the parts are tender, swollen, and skin broken. There may be lameness and occasional tripping or unsteady gait, when the knee is hit. It only occurs with horses with high action, and when they trot. Treatment. — Give the horse rest; wrap a blanket around the knee, holding it ia place with a strap around it above and below the knee; wet it down with fresh water every half hour, apply the whole of each day until inflammation and swelling are gone. Bathe well once a day with White lyOtion (page 263), and once a day with the fallowing : Soap Iviniment 3 ounces. Witch Hazel 3 " Turpentine 2 " Shake; apply with liberal rubbing. If it is evident that an abscess is to form, change the fomen- tation to a poultice, and continue poulticing until abscess points, and when covering over pus gets thin, open; use extra precaution not to have knife go too deep; have an assistant hold foot straight out in front, clasp the knife so that only a little of the point extends beyond the thumb and finger, and make the opening at the bottom of the abscess; flush out with water, then inject a little Iodine and continue poultice for a few days, and then go back to the fomentations again; inject abscess once a day until it heals, with a Carbolic Acid solution. If there is any swelling or thickening afterwards , use Iodine Ointment. ( See " Abscesses . " ) It is very important that there be no scar or thickening left. Do not give fast roading until wound is thoroughly healed, and use a knee boot for some time afterward. Also shoe to prevent striking. Shoe opposite foot very close on the inside and with a short heel, turning inside calk lengthwise of shoe, and slant off DISEASES OF THE HORSE 287 the innar border of tlie web. Spread the gait by making the outer web of the shoes tauch wider than the inner web, thus making the outside of the shoe heavier. During treatment give laxative diet and a teaspoonful of Saltpeter, three times a day. BROKEN KNEES.— This term is applied to any injury to the front of the knees. Cause. — From falling on the knees. Symptoms. — These will vary much, depending upon the speed at which the animal is going and the kind of ground fallen upon. Sometimes there is only a little bruise and the hair brushed off; at other times the skin is cut; and again, the skin and tendons are cut, or the joint may be opened, or the bones broken. With the milder forms there may be no Iwneness, with the more severe the lameness will be very great. Treatment. — If the skin is not broken, apply the fomentations and lotions as in "Speedy Cut," and if ^n abscess should form later, treat that as for "Speedy Cut." In opening, have the leg drawn well forward, with the foot held a foot or more from the ground, so that horse will jerk away from, instead of against the knife. If the skin is broken, clean off all dirt by syringing water into the wound; after the dirt is removed examine to see how deep the cuts are; if confined to the skin and quite long, put in a stitch or two, provided they can be put in and not Stop drainage, and then follow with the treatment as above, and in addition flush out the wound daily with Carbolic Acid lotion: Carbolic Acid V2, ounce, Water..... '■ • 1 pint, And with the White I^otion (page 263). If, upon exami- nation, the cuts are seen to be deep, after cleaning apply a poul- tice and leave on twelve hours, and then remove carefuUy to see if there is any synovia (joint oil) on it where it contacted fee wound; if joint oil is present it may be recognized by its looking much like the white of an egg, except that it is a light yellow in color. If there is no joint oil, treat as before described; if there is, treat as an open ioint. See "Open Joint." 288 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR If the bones are broken, unless a very valuable breeding animal, it may as well be destroyed, for if recovery took place the knee would be stiff. If the tendons are cut, the chances are that they will not unite, but treatment may be tried. Stiffen the knee, so as to keep the ends together, and treat the same as when the joint is not opened. In all cases the horse must be kept standing until cured; in the severer cases he should be given a sling. Give a laxative diet, and in the milder cases give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter two or three times a day. In the most severe cases use the following: Fliiid Extract of Aconite I draciun. Fluid Extract of Belladonna...... i ounce. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... ,^ " Saltpeter 2 ounces. Water to make.......... i pint. Shake. Dose: Two ounces, two or three times a day. PUFFY ENLARGEMENTS AROUND KNEES AND FETLOCKS (BURSAL ENLARGEMENTS.)— Causes. — From striking the knees against the manger while pawing; from lying .on the hard floor; or from any cause that will bruise the knees or fetlocks. Symptoms. — There is a puffy enlargement, but not sore to handle, and it feels as if it was full of fluid. Treatment. — At first apply cold fomentations, as in "Speedy Cut;" follow this by using the Iodine Ointment, as recommended under "Abscesses." Continue the use of the ointment for a long time. Some of these enlargements can be opened the same as for "Speedy Cut," or "Broken Knees," but it best be left to the judgment of a veterinarian as to when this is practical. KNEE-SPRUNG— This isnot a disease,but the effect of one. Causes. — From hard and fast work; from standing in a stall that has too much slope; or from feeding out of a very high rack; or from a sprain of the back tendons of the leg. Being shod with high heels will also cause it. Horses with weak, small knees are most subject to this trouble. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 289 Symptoms — The appearance; the knees are partly bent; at first may have to stand at the side and examine carefully to detect it, but later it is very marked. TrEATment.- If the animal is wanted for work, while being treated, first make the stall floor level, and feed horse from the floor. Bathe the legs with cold water twice a day; after drying, apply a good strong liniment at night and bandage for a few hours; shoe the horse with' a flat shoe, if roads wil? allow. If horse can rest, turn him out and blister the back cords below the knee if the back tendons have been strained; above the knee, if not. Use the Spanish Fly blister. See "To Blister," under "Ring-Bone." Blister but one leg at a time, treating the other two weeks later. With cases that have been in existence for some time, the treatment will be unsuccessful. In some cases the knees can be straightened by cutting some tendons on the back of the leg, above the knee. The operation would require a veterinarian. SPRAIN OF THE BACK TENDONS.— Cattses, — Hard driving; too oblique pasterns; slipping; too small tendons; shoeing with shoes too short at the heels; shoeing with heels lower than toe calks; allowing the toe to grow too long or cutting the heels away too much. Symptoms. — ^There is more or less swelling and heat along the sprained tendons; horse will be lame in traveling; and if the cords are pressed upon, the horse will flinch. Ivameness gets worse with exercise; strikes toe to ground first. Heat and swell- ing may be dose to the knee or down lower; a very little s,welling is easily recognized here, as the parts should be very clean cut. Straightens the pastern, and points with the lame foot, or may Stand with knee a little sprung. Treatment. — Apply cold fomentations as in "Speedy Cut;" use high-heeled shoe; apply a good strong liniment twice each day. Give long rest. If liniment f^ils, apply a Spanish Fly blister. (See "To Blister" under "Ring-Bone.") ago THE PRaCTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR SPRAIN OF THE FETLOCK JOINT.- Causes. — From horse stepping crooked, or turning over on his ankle. Symptoms.— th& animal will be very lame; the joint will be swollen and sore to handle. Aside from the location of the swell- ing, the symptoms will be the same as for "Sprain of the Back Tendons." Treatment. Give the same treatment as in "Sprain of the Back Tendons." KNUCKLING, OR COCKED ANKLES.— The fetlocks are often knuckled forward, but this, like knee-sprung, is only a symptom of some other trouble. The fetlocks are often mistaken for the seat of trouble and are uselessly blistered and burned without benefit. Causes. — Colts are sometimes bom with this condition, but usually it is only temporary. Horses with erect pasterns are subject to this condition, especially in the hind legs. Heavy work in hilly sections; fast work on the track or roads are exciting causes of knuckling. It may be caused by disease of the suspen- sory ligaments, or of the back tendons, whereby they are short- ened; or by disease of the fetlock joint itself. Symptoms. — The appearance of the fetlock; it is thrown forward, partly flexed. When first coming on, it may fly back when pulling, but be thrown forward when standing still. Treatment. — In colts no treatment is necessary, unless very bad deformity is present, and then a veterinarian is needed. When knuckling is begun, relieve the tendons and ligaments by proper shoeing. Prepare the foot by shortening the toe as much as possible, leav- ing the heels high; or if the foot is prepared in usual way make the shoe thin in front and with thick heels or high calks. A long-heeled shoe with high calks is best for the hind feet. In the early stages, as soon as the weakness shows, give rest and treat the fetlock or back tendons, in whichever the trouble lies, as for "Sprain of the Back Tendons." If the fomentations and liniments do not relieve, blister the parts. In cases of long- standing, treatment will fail to relieve. DISEASKS OF THE HORSE 291 INTERFERING, OR STRIKING THE FET- LOCKS. — An animal is said to interfere wlien one foot strikes the opposite leg in passing, during locomotion. It is seen more often in the hind than in the fore legs. It causes a bruising of the skin and deeper tissues, and usually there is abrasion of the surface. I,ameness, tripping, and thickening of the parts may result. Causes. — Are sometimes from shoeing with too heavy a shoe, and making a long trip before horse is used to it. Faulty con- formation is the most prolific cause, which shoeing will largely correct; too long feet; rough, slippery roads; weakness; ex- haustion; fast work; or from narrowness of hips. Symptoms. — The injury, and in severe cases, lameness. Treatment. Rest. Foment as in "Speedy Cut"; apply the White I^otion (page 263) freely. After sore is gone, use pad for some time when driving, and shoe as in Speedy Cut to spread action. WIND-GALLS. — Joints and tendons, where they rub against another part, are furnished with sacs containing a lubri- cating fluid called synovia (joint oil). When this sac is over- distended at the fetlock by reason of excessive secretion of the fluid, it puffs out on each side at the back upper part of the joint; the back tendons prevent it from projecting straight, and so get the double puff. The condition is commonly called "Wind-Galls." It may affect either front of rear limbs. Causes. — Are often seen in young, over-grown horses, seem- ingly from too much weight for limbs; from heavy work; exces. sive knee action; hard roading. Horses used to start heavy loads on slippery streets are apt to have wind-galls in the hind legs. Symptoms. — The lump is more or less tense when foot is on the grc und, but soft when picked up. They generally come on slowly and cause no inconvenience. If caused by excessive strain of the joint, they develop rapidly, are tense, hot, and cause more or less lameness; horse stands with joint flexed; walks with short steps, the toe coming to the ground first. 292 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — The trouble in colts generally disappears after a time without treatment. If due to severe strain, rest, and apply a high-heeled shoe. Foment with cold water, and rub well twice a day with a good liniment; after the acute stage, use the Iodine Ointment. In cases of long-standing, nothing can be done, unless there is lameness, in which case blister. See "To Blister" under "Ring- bone." THICKENING AROUND THE FETLOCK.— Causes. — This is generally from hard work, and from strains of the joints, interfering, etc., and is often seen in livery horses. TREATMiSNT. — Apply cold fomentations and liniments, with liberal hand- rubbing; if these fail, use Iodine Ointment. See treatment for "Abscesses" for the ointment. BREAK - DOWN— RUPTURE OF THE SUSPEN- SORY LIGAMENT.— This ligament extends from the knee to the fetlock, between the back tendons and the large cannon bone. This may occur in both the fore and hind legs, and is seen in horses of all ages. In old animals, especially hunters, runners and trotters, the seat of trouble is nearly always in one or both front legs. In horses of heavy draught, the ligaments of the hind legs are the ones most affected. Symptoms. — When both branches are torn from their attach- ments to the sessamoids, or both are torn across, lameness comes on suddenly and is most intense ; the fetlock descends, the toe turns up, and as the animal attempts to walk, leg has the appear- ance of being broken off at the fetlock. These symptoms are followed by heat, pain, and swelling of the parts at point of \njury. In milder cases, fetlock will descend only a little, and if simply a strain and not a complete rupture, will get symptoms as in "Sprain of the Fetlock Joint." Treatm:Bnt. — When rupture has taken place, put the horse in a sling, put a large wad of cotton at the back of the pastern and bandage tightly DISEASES OF THS HORSE) 293 to help keep the part in place; or, better, put a long-heeled shoe on» fasten an iron band between the heels, bent the right shape and extending up the back of the cannon and fasten it below the knee with a strap; put a pad under the end so it will not irri. tate the leg. Get the leg up into as nearly a natural position as possible. Foment and use liniments as in ' 'Sprains of Back Ten- dons;" afterwards blister. Long rest will be necessary to efEect a cure, and the animal will always be more or less weak. SPRAIN OF THE STIFLE JOINT.— A strain of the ligaments of the stifle joint. Causes. — Slipping is the most common cause, although the joint may be injured and inflammation set up in other ways. Symptoms. — Animal cannot bring the leg forward, and it is very sore when you press around the joint; also swollen the swel- hng being more or less pufEy. Trb;atment. — Bathe twice a day for an hour or more with hot water and vinegar with a little salt in it; after bathing, wipe dry and apply any good strong liniment (see back part of book) , If this fails, blister (see "To Blister," under "Ring-Bone.") Give long rest, and in severe cases give the animal a sMng, so he will not have to lie down and get up. Much inflammation in this joint is always serious. DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OR STIFLED — In this case the patella, or knee cap, slips out of the pulley-like process in the bone in the front part of the stifle joint, and as soon as this slips out, it locks the joint so the animal cannot move it. Causes. — Dislocation is caused by a slip and twist at the same time, the weight probably being upon that leg at the time. The horse recovers from the slip and finds himself with the leg as far back as it can be, having carried the body forward on it, and when ready to bring the leg forward he is unable to move it. The leg remains extended backwards until help comes to relieve the situation. 294 THE PRACTICAIv STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — Are as above described. The other legs move all right, but the one remains with foot extending backward in one position, as though fastened to the ground. There will be an enlargement on the outside of the stifle, as the patella always goes outward. Treatment. — In most cases this is simple. Have the horse's head held and let some one pull forward on a rope fastened to the pastern of the afEected leg while the hand is placed against the enlarge- ment at the joint and shoved in toward the animal, and forward, as hard as possible, until the bone goes into its place, after which the animal is put in a single stall, tied so he cannot lie down, and the joint rubbed with some good strong liniment twice a day for a few days, and then it is generally best to blister the part, applying the blister to the outside and inside of the joint; the inside blisters easily, however, and does not need much rubbing. Use the Spanish Fly buster. See "To Blister," under "Ring- Bone." PARTIAL DISLOCATION OF THE STIFLE JOINT. — This usually occurs in young foals when running on rough grounds, or in colts in the spring, when they are weak, but sometimes later in life. Symptoms. — At first when noticed, the stifle will slip out and the leg will be locked for a few steps, then it will slip in with a snap, and he will be all right again. Sometimes there will be a catch, as it were, followed by the snap. If allowed to go on, the bones will become diseased and weakened, and the patella will get part way out and enlarge the groove. The joint mil get larger than natural, and the horse will never have proper action again. Treatment. — Put the animal in a single stall, tie so he cannot lie down; secure foot forward by fastening a strap around the pastern, and running a rope from it under a surcingle, and tying to a strap about the neck; tie so the leg is kept just a little aliead of the other one, and then blister as in the preceding. Keep standing DISBASKS OF THE HORSE 295 for two or three weeks. A sling can be used to rest the animal. Follow with long rest in small enclosure. lYong-standing cases are incurable. CRAMP OF THE MUSCLES OF THE THIGH.— These are sometimes affected with cramp in hard-worked horses, especially old ones. They are often incorrectly diagnosed, being mistaken for dislocations of the stifle, and in fact are rarely recognized except by an expert. Catises. — Very severe exertion, especially if prolonged; mus- cles become fatigued, and the nerves in them irritated; then, if forced to continue work, cramp is very likely to take place. Sometimes horses, when swimming, are seized with cramps. Symptoms. — Horse will seem all right, except that he is laboring from fatigue, when suddenly one or both legs will cramp, and muscles draw all into knots; a constriction will be seen in the hollow of the thigh; point of hock is drawn up, and horse crouches with hind parts. Horse is drawn up and unable to move. When both legs are affected, horse falls in agony, not being able to stand. When one is affected, it is usually drawn upward and backward; he is unable to extend it. May pass off soon, or last for several hours. Treatment. — Get hot water as quickly as possible and apply it, bathing the parts until muscles relax and leg is let down, when the horse walks as well as ever. Then rub dry and apply the following liniment: Tincture of Arnica 2 ounces. Tincture of Opium 2 " Aqua Ammonia 2 " Water to make i pint. Mix, and apply. In absence of liniment, Tincture of Camphor, Arnica, or hot vinegar, are good. Give patient a few days' rest. SPRAIN OF THE MUSCLE ON FRONT OF THE HIND LEG, BETWEEN THE HOCK AND STIFLE JOINT.— This is a sprain of the what is called the flexor metatarsi. 296 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms — Ths Jnuscle will be swollen and sore; in moving the horse forward, when he lifts the leg and attempts to bring it forward, instead of going forward, it will go backwards and upwards. Treatment. — Keep the horse quiet and treat as for ' 'Sprain of the Back Tendons." SPRAIN OF THE MUSCLES OF THE INSIDE OF THE HIND LEG, RUNNING UP FROM THE HOCK.— Causes. — From a severe sprain of the leg, by slipping out- ward when pulling a heavy load. Symptoms. — There is a thickening of the muscles above the hock, and the horse will be stiff for a few days; the stiffness will soon disappear, but if not treated, there may be a permanent thickening. Treatment. — Let the animal rest, from work, and treat as in foregoing. BOG SPAVIN. — This is an enlargement, or distension, along with inflammation of the synovial membranes of the hock joint, partly on the inside and partly on the front. There is an excess of joint oil (ssoiovial fluid) secreted, and this bulges out the capsular ligament at this part of the joint. Causes. — From severe sprain of the joint; from jumping, kicking or being kicked; from pricks by forks; or nails in stall when horse may be kicking. Symptoms. — There will be a large, soft swelling on the front and inner side of the hock, just a little above where the enlarge- ment for bone spavin occurs. It is of the same character as "wind-galls;" seems filled with air, but it is joint oil, or synovia,, In mild cases there is little lameness, but in bad cases there is lameness, resembling that of bone spavia, the animal getting better with exercise. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 297 Treatment. — First try fomentation, along with liniment and liberal hand rubbing as for "Sprain of the Back Tendons." If this, with rest, does not affect a cure in three or four weeks, blister, using Spanish Fly and Biniodide of Mercury. (See "To Blister" under "Ring-Bone.") If blistering fails, firing may be tried. In many cases, treatment is unsuccessful. HYDRARTHROSIS.— A condition affecting the hocks of large, over-grown colts, the appearance of which is the same as bog spavin, except there is no lameness; there is the same puffy enlargement on the inner front aspect of the hock. The enlargement generally disappears as the animal reaches maturity; if treated at all, use only some mild liniment, as equal parts of Soap Liniment and Witch Hazel, with lots of hand rubbing. Do not break colt until fully matured. Never use more severe treat- ment unless lameness devel9ps, and then treat as for "Bog Spavin." THOROUGHPIN.— This is of the same nature as bog spavin — a distension of the synovial bursa — but is found in the back part of the hock. Causes. — It is produced by many of the same causes that produce bog spavin; is most often seen in horses that do hard work, as draft, hack, and stage horses, and those of general utility. It is often seen in stallions, from weight thrown on hind legs, and in colts that are large and heavy for their age. Symptoms. — There are two puffs, one on each side of the hock, at the bottom of the depression in front of the point of the hock. If one is pressed against, the one on the other side becomes larger, and if there is bog spavin, as there frequently is, if the puff in front is pressed against, both the thoroughpin enlargements will increase in size, showing that a thoroughpin and bog spavin affect the same synovial sac, but at a different place. When lameness is present it is the same as in bog spavin. 298 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — The same as for "Bog Spavin." When the puffs appear in young, rapid-growing colts treat as for "Hydrarthrosis," under "Bog Spavin." CAPPED HOCK.— The point of the hock is liable to injury, giving rise to swellings of the nature of a tumor. It is filled with a watery fluid, slightly tinged with blood. If not emptied and properly treated they become calloused and changed into a solid, fibrous mass in a month or so. The callous on the hock never gets so large as on the elbow, but it is just as hard and unsightly, and far more noticable. Causes. — By kicking either in stall or in harness; by sitting on haunches in getting up; sometimes by runaways; or by being struck by timber falling on the hocks, or by the breaking of an evener. Symptoms. — The points of the hocks are found to be much swollen; hot and sore to the touch if examined soon after the injury; later the enlargement becomes puffy like a sac of water, caused by a serous fluid collecting under the skin; occasionally the fluid is synovia. Sometimes the enlargement is hard and firm. Treatment. — In the early stages fasten a folded blanket about the hock and keep wet with cold water; keep on throughout the day and bathe well night and morning with "White Lotion (page 263); after the acute symptoms have abated, use the Iodine Ointment, as recommended under "Abscesses." If this treatment fails and a fluid collects, open at the bottom and treat as an "Abscess." Use the Cocaine solution in opening (see Operations). After opening, inject a little Tincture of Iodine, and flush out once a day with Carbolic lyotion. If proud flesh forms at the opening, use Sulphate of Zinc on it. Use the cold fomentations after opening, to keep down the swelling, and afterward use the Iodine Ointment to remove any thickening. SPRAIN OF THE HOCK JOINT.— Causes. — Severe slipping, or by getting the foot caught. DISEASES OF THE HORSB 299 Symptoms. — Horse is very lame, and keeps the hock stiff in bringing the leg forward. There is swelling and heat around the joint. Treatment. — Foment the hock during the day with hot or cold water, by , wrapping a folded blanket about the hock and keeping it wet. Night and morning apply some good liniment. I^ater, if lame- ness still continues, blister. Spavin is quite apt to develop; if so, treat as under "Spavin." FRACTURE OF THE BONES OF THE HOCK.— Fractures of the bones of the hock are not very common. Symptoms. — Horse will be very lame; will hold up leg with pain; joint will become swollen and sore to touch, and by manip- ulation the grating of the bones may be heard. Treatment. — If very bad, there is no remedy, and horse had better be killed. If horse is young and break is not bad, and confined to small bones in the lower part, put him in a sling, with just pres- sure enough on the belly to ease the weight on the legs, and apply a splint if necessary (see " Fractures"). If the splint is not necessary, use fomentations to keep down part of the inflam- mation; after five or six weeks, blister as for "Spavin," and repeat if necessary. BLOOD SPAVIN. — This is the enlargement of a vein which passes over the front of the hock. The symptom is the enlargement fading above and below into the vein. Do not attempt to treat. OPEN JOINT. — This is one of the serious injuries that horse-flesh is subject to, and it is not uncommon. Causes. — Cuts, bruises, pricks from nails, from a fork in handling manure and bedding, falling on the road, and kick? from other horses, are common causes. Symptoms. — There is the wound, lameness, swelling around the injured joint, and leaking from the puncture of an oily- looking fluid, which is the synovia, or joint oil. In some 300 THK PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR cases the flow of synovia is so slight it cannot be detected; in such cases apply a poultice, leaving it on twelve hours, and upon taking it off the synovia can be seen on the poultice, if the joint was open. The synovia is yellowish, as thick as the white of an egg, and slippery feeling. Treatment. — Put the horse in a sling to help keep the joint quiet. If the wound is large, first clean by pouring water over it, and then pour over it Carbolic Acid solution, but do not inject into it; if stitches are necessary, put them in, but do not sew up tight; stiffen the joint with a splint and apply a poultice at night, and keep on, during the day, heavy clean bandages wet with cold water; at night bathe the joint well with White I* V- f" ^ ^^h^lFlirf^H 1 z ^ ^.^^r^'^H 1 < Q c: DISEASES OF THE HORSE 303 ATROPHY OF THE MUSCLES.— This is a wasting away, or shrinking, of a muscle or group of muscles, leaving a flattened or hollow surface in the place of the normal fullness. Causes. — Sprains, strains, bruises, severe pressure, are prin- cipal causes. Inaction of a muscle will also produce it. Symptoms. — A flattened or hollow place will be found in the place of the muscle. Compare with corresponding muscle of the other side, and the difference is easily detected. Treatment. — Treat with strong liniments, friction, blisters, and seton, if necessary, as recommended under "Sweeny." It is an atrophy of the muscles which has to be overcome in that disease. LESSON XXXI DISEASES OF THE FEET QUITTOR. — This is the name given to a disease of the foot, when the festering of any sore works up through, and breaks out on top of the foot at the junction of the hair. Causes. — It is usually the result of a neglected com, prick of a nail, gravel getting into nail-hole, or a severe, poorly cared for wound at the top of the hoof, working downward. Symptoms. — It usually occurs on the quarters, anywhere from the heels to two or three inches forward, but is oftener seen on the inner, quarter, because most corns are found there. After horse has been lame some time, it makes its appearance by swel- ling at the coronet, which may reach the size of a hen's egg. In the course of a day or two it breaks and discharges matter, when horse will be relieved of some of the pain, which is intense during the formative period. Sometimes foot can scarcely be put on the floor, and may be paining most of the time. When the sore has been discharging two or three days, the flesh around opening will turn purple and soft, and the matter will spread, extending each 304 Tim PRACTICAIU STOCK DOCTOR way, but more toward the front. In a couple of weeks, pipes will have formed, pointing downward in all directions, having one, common center in the opening at the top. If let alone, the walls of the pipes wiU thicken and harden, and enlargement at the top increase in size. If allowed to run for three months, the foot be- comes so full of pipes and so large, hot, and painful, as to require very persistent treatment to stop disease, and it can never be re- duced to natural size again. In extreme cases lamfeness is per- manent, the toe turns up, and horse walks on his heel. Trbatment. — If taken as soon as it breaks open at the top, poultice the foot for twenty-four hours to soften the parts. Then give the diseased part vent at the bottom to allow matter to run out if it will; but if none is found at the bottom, do not cut hoof to make it bleed, as that would only make another sore. Open freely at top and probe with a smooth probe to find depth and direction of hole. Then follow the probe with a knife, and open right out and down the hoof, as far as the hole goes, taking out a V-shaped piece of the wall to allow escape at the bottom, instead of making it come out of the top. Then sponge out with warm watel to cleanse it, and follow with a lotion made as follows. Sulphate of Copper 2 drachms. Water...... ^ pint. Mix, and inject well down into the wound. Also flush out twice a day with the Carbolic lotion. If after a week the wound does not appear to be doing well, change the Copper lotion to the following: Sulphate of Zinc............................ 3 drachms. Water ^ pint. Mix. See that the opening is down at the bottom all the time to let the matter out. Foment or tub the foot the most of each day, and poultice part of the time at night. Keep the shoe off until the foot is well enough to work; then put on a bar shoe to pro- tect the weak quarter. / DISEASES OF THE HORSE 305 In very bad cases, where several pipes are running in as many directions, it is absolutely necessary to open each one fear- lessly. Then go on with lotions as above, and change occasion- ally to the following: Corrosive Sublimate 15 grains. Water i pint. Mix, and inject. In long continued treatment it is advisable to change the lotions every week. On account of inflammation, foot will grow faster, and it should be pared down occasionallyj When discharge is dried up and disease cured, apply Iodine Ointment to the enlargement to reduce it (see "Abscesses"). It is also well in some cases to apply a blister. (See "To Blister," under "Ring- Bone.") SEEDY TOE. — This is a dry, mealy condition of the wall of the toe. Causes. — By bruising of the toe, by the clip, of shoe being pounded into toe too tightly; the bruised parts take on a sort of dry rot, or gangrene, which extends up between the wall and the laminae. It may occur at other parts of the foot than the toe, from various causes. It is a separation of the two layers of horn which compose the crust of the hoof, resulting from disease due to bruises or faulty condition of the body. Symptoms. — When shoe is removed, a mealy, whitish-looking substance will be seen immediately under the wall, at the toe running up toward the hair, sometimes an inch or so, and may be picked or broken down easily with a nail, leaving a hollow beneath the shell. Treatment. — Pare away the wall at the toe, after removing the shoe, so as to take the bearing therefrom. Pick out all the mealy sub- stance that breaks down easily, and turn in warm tar and press in a little wad of tow. Replace the shoe, and apply a mild Spanish Fly blister to the coronet. (See "To Blister," under "Ring Bone.") 30 3o6 THK PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR CONTRACTIONS OF THE FOOT.- This is most always the effect of some other disease, especially when bad, such as navicular disease, corns, sprains of the tendons, ligaments and muscles of the legs or shoulders. Any long-standing lameness is always attended with more or less contraction of that foot which is favored. It may also be the result of bad management in the stable or blacksmith shop. I^eaving shoes on for six, eight or twelve weeks is a prolific cause of the trouble, as is allowing the feet to become very dry by standing on a plank floor too much of the time. Symptoms. — The horse is lame; if it accompanies some other disease, the lameness will be characteristic of that disease, and there will also be a contraction of the foot, especially at the heels. The hoof will also be hard and dry. If the result of poor care of the feet, and both are affected, the action will be Stilty, striking the toes to the ground first, and there will be the narrow heels and dry, hard hoofs. Trbatment. — If the shoes have been on a long time, have them removed and the feet dressed as for shoeing, but do not cut them too much; then soften up the feet by fomenting, tubbing, or standing in a clay puddle (see Operations). The clay puddle is perhaps the best. After the feet are well softened, have the horse shod with bar shoes, giving quite a little frog pressure and leaving out the heel nails in nailing the shoe on; continue the fomenting, allow- ing him to stand in the water or puddle two or three hours each day. Turning in a low pasture is also good. After the bar shoes are put on, the animal may be given slow work. After the above treatment has been continued for two months, if there is still lameness that is not improving, apply a Spanish Fly blister to the pastern from hoof to fetlock. (See "To Blister," under "Ring-Bone.") GRAVEL IN THE FOOT.— Causes. — Gravel is apt to work up into any sore in the foot, and cause much trouble. It may get into a corn, or a nail hole made in shoeing, or by one picked up on the road getting under DISEASES OF THE HORSK ^ the shoe and working up through the foot. It may get into the quarter crack, calks, or in other wounds, and it always causes increased inflammation, by aggravating existing affection. Symptoms. — There is lameness, oftentimes very severe, for which there seems to be no cause; by removing the shoe and examining the foot carefully, may find where gravel entered. After a time there appears a swelling at the coronet. It is very sore, gets larger and finally breaks, allowing gravel to escape. The lameness improves rapidly, often times entirely disappearing in a few days. Treatment. — As soon as gravel is suspected, poultice the foot, continuously, changing morning and night; this hastens the removal of the gravel; soon after the enlargement appears at the coronet it may be opened and the process hastened somewhat. After the gravel escapes treat the wound as for "Calking," continue the poultice for two or three days, and keep the hole well flushed out. If poorly cared for, a quittor is apt to form. CANKER IN THE FOOT.— Canker of the foot is a disease due to the rapid reproduction of a vegetable parasite. It not only destroys the sole and frog, but by setting up a chronic inflammation in the deeper tissues, prevents the growth of healthy horn by which the injury might be repaired. Heavy cart horses are more affected than any other class. Causes. — The essential element in the production of cankers is, of course, the presence of the parasite; consequently the dis- ease may be called contagious. But as in all diseases due to specific causes, a suitable soil must be found in which to grow, before they can be reproduced. Dampness is a favorable con- dition. Filthy stables; muddy roads; and injuries to the feet that expose the soft tissues, are predisposing causes. Symptoms. — Usually canker attacks one foot; it may attack two, three, or all of the feet at once; or, as ^ ounces. Alcohol.. I pint. Water i pint. Shake. Apply as a wash, two or three times a day. POISONING BY STINGS OR SNAKE BITE.— In many sections the farmer is liable to have his team severely stung, by hornets, bumble-bees, or the like; while in the Southwest the torture inflicted on the stock by swarms of gnats and poisonous flies is quite serious. Horses are also bitten sometimes by venomous snakes. 336 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR For stings, any of the following remedies may be used: A Strong solution of salt and water. Onion juice is another good remedy. In severe cases bathe with Ammonia water (strong Ammonia, two or three ounces to a pint of water, or the weak Ammonia with an equal part of water.) Sponging the parts with lime water, or with a weak solution of soda and water, and following this by smearing over with I^inseed oil is very good. To protect against gad-flies, wash the flanks and parts most likely to be attacked, with a strong infusion of the green bark of the common elder. As a protection against buffalo gnats, that •are very troublesome in some parts, smear the parts they most •attack with a mixture of lard, 2 parts; tar, i part; or equal parts of petroleum, lard oil, or bacon drippings, and tar. For the bite of a rattlesnake, or other venomous serpent, give as quickly as possible: Hartshorn I teaspoonful. Whiskey J^ pint or, 3 ounces Alcohol. Warm water i pint. Mix, and give. Repeat the mixture in half an hour, and again in one hour after, as symp- toms indicate. Cauterize the wound at once with a hot iron at white heat, and keep the adjoining parts wet with Ammonia for some hours with a sponge. Stings of centipedes, scorpions, and tarantulas, should be treated as for snake bite, except it is not customary to cauterize the wound. LESSON XXXIV MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION A CHILL.— ' Cause. — From taking a cold drink of water after working hard; or from being allowed to stand in the cold afterward; or it may develop as the early symptom of some internal disorder. Symptoms. — Horse will refuse to eat ; shivers ; looks dull ; back arched; respiration heavy; the pulse is accelerated, and the temperature rises. This is not a disease ia and of itself, but is DISEASES OF THS HORSE 337 rather the symptoms of one, and the animal should be carefully watched afterwards to see what disease is to follow, and treat accordingly; sometimes it is nothing but a mild fever, but many times something more serious may ensue. Treatment.— As soon as noticed put the horse in a warrti stall and put on an extra blanket or two to get him warmed up. If his legs are cold, rub them to arouse the circulation, and give as a drench: Sweet Spirits of Niter i ounce. Alcohol I " Fluid Extract Aconite 5 to 10 drops. Fluid Extract of Belladonna 1 drachm. Ginger 2 t^blespoonfnls. Mix, and give in a pint of lukewarm water, repeating the Alcohol and Ginger in an hour, and the entire dose an hour later if the chill is not over. If the above is not at hand give any stimulant, as Alcohol or Ammonia. A chill should always be overcome as soon as pos- sible, as the longer it runs the more serious the fever that follows. After the chill is over, give a fever mixture, as the one recom- mended in early stages of "Inflammation of the Lungs," and watch for complications. HOW TO EXAMINE FOR SOUNDNESS.— The great thing to remember in examining a horse for soundness is to be systematic; and while we can commence at any point, it is perhaps best to commence at the left side of the head. In examining apy part, think of that part only, and of all the diseases which might affect it. If possible, see the horse while standing in his stall, undisturbed, to see if hehas any stable vices; watch him carefully as he is backed from the stall, because some sUght lame- nesses only show at this time. After taking the horse from the stall, have him jogged at the halter, past you, away from you, and toward you; have him turned both ways. Having satisfied yourself that he i? free from lameness, stand him squarely on all four feet and commence your systematic examination. Commence by examining nostrils and mouth, looking at his teeth in order to 338 THK PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR tell his age; then look close into the eyes to see that there is nothing wrong; pass the hand up around the ears and the top of his head, to see that they are all right; then examine the neck, by starting at the top, running the hand over it to the withers, then over the shoulder, down the outside and inside of the fore leg, and watch carefully for splints, side-bones, ring-bones, and like affections; then raise the foot and see if it is well formed, with good, strong heels; look back along the belly for warts and running sores as the result of castration; then pass the hand down the back of the hips and see that the hip bones are both the same size; then follow the hind leg over the hock and hind fetlock and look for spavins, wind-galls, curbs, splints, side-bones and ring- bones, and also at the stifles, and see that they are all right; examine the foot as you did in front, then go over the other side in same detail. Go slowly, dwelling on each part a sufficient time to think of all its diseases. After this, stand back and see how he stands on his legs, if hips are symmetrical, and also how he holds his head and neck; then pass to the front and notice if he stands with his front feet well under him, for this is a good sign; at the same time see if he is inclined to be weak in knees or fetlocks. Beware of calf-kneed horses, for they are always stumblers; see that horse stands neither too straight nor too crooked on his hind legs; see that he has a well-formed breast, and that he does not toe in nor toe out too much; then make an effort as though you would strike him with a whip over the side; if he grunts as he jumps, examine to see that he is not a roarer; to do this have him run for one-eighth of a mile, stop him suddenly and place ear quickly to the throat; there should be no whistling. Then hitch him up and drive him, to see that he carries his front and hind legs well and that he has good action, also noticing whether he carries his tail straight or not. If for draft, hitch him to a load of some kind to see how he pulls. Now put him in the stable for an hour or two, giving him a pail of water and a feed, for in some cases of lameness, the animal will not show it until he has stood for awhile. After this, go into the stall and take the horse out yourself, noting how he steps over and how he backs out, for fear of string-halt and chorea. After this give him another trot to test for lameness and soundness of wind. A person DISEASES OF THE HORSE 339 cannot be too careful in examining a horse, as there are so many troubles, it is easy to overlook some conditions that may prove more or less serious. FORMS OF GUARANTY OR WARRANT OF SOUNDNESS.— When a horse is bought on a guaranty, the language should be concise and comprehensive. Equivocal language and verbiage is the resort of tricksters, who wish by this means to deceive, and honest men should avoid the appearance of evil. The follow- ing are good: Received of Mr , , Dollars for _, warranted years old, and under years, sound, free from vice, and quiet to ride or drive. Signature The place, date of purchase, the name of the person who pays, the amount paid, the description of the animal with pedi- gree, if any, and reference to the proper stud book, and the age, should be filled out and signed by the seller. A form fully filled out might read as follows: Detroit, Mich., June 15, 1904. Received of John Adair, seven hundred and fifty (175°) dollars, for the dark bay imported stallion Imperial; black mane and tail, and one white hind fetlock. Sire, Alexander; dam, Alicia, etc., as contained in the stud book. Said stallion is warranted five years old, and under six years old, sound, free from physical defect, and safe and quiet to ride or drive. {Signed) Arthur Q. McKenzib. This covers the ground, and may be changed to suit any transaction in the buying of a horse. A bill of sale might read as follows: DETROIT, Mich., June 15, 1904. For and in consideration of the sum of Dollars (or, if a note is given for the whole or part, state this fact). I have this day sold to (ohn Adair, the horse etc. .etc. (as in the other form ). 34© THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR TO TELL THE AGE OF HORSES BY O. R GI,BASON To tell tile age of any horse, Inspect the lower jaw, of course; The sixth front tooth the tale will tell. And every doubt and fear dispel. Two middle "nippers" you behold Before the colt is two weeks old. Before eight weeks two more will come; Eight months, the "comers" cut the gums. Two outside grooves will disappear Prom middle two in just one year. In two years from the second pair; In three the comers, too, are bare. At three the middle "nippers" drop; At four the second pair can't stop. When five years old, the third pair goes. And then a full new set he shows. The deep black spots will pass from view, At six years from the middle two. The second pair at seven years; At eight the spot each "comer" clears. From middle nippers, upper jaw. At nine the black spots will withdraw. The second pair at ten are white; Eleven finds the "comers" light. As time goes on, the horsemen know The oval teeth three-sided grow; They longer get, project before. Till twenty, when we know no more. DISEASKS OF THE HORSE 341 HOW TO TELL A HORSE'S AGE BY HIS TEETH. —In buying horses it is often desirable to be able to judge of the approximate age of the animals. With a little experience this can be done quite accurately by examining the teeth. In judging, we may confine ourselves almost entirely to the lower front teeth, called the lower incisors. In the horse there are six of these, and they are named as follows: The two middle ones are called the central incisors, the ones on each side of the centrals are called the laterals, and the ones next to these, or the outer ones on each side, are called the corners. Those on the upper jaw are named the same, but we need not study them in judging age. The back teeth are called the molars, or grinders, but these do not aid in judging of the age, except at one period, which will be mentioned later. In structure, the teeth are made up for the most part of a hard, bone-like substance called dentine, the outside being covered over with a still harder substance, the hardest in the body, known as enamel. The enamel not only covers the outside of the toothi but dips down into the tooth at various places. In the molars it dips down in a number of places, and being harder than the surrounding dentine wears away more slowly, and hence keeps the grinding surface of the tooth rough. In the incisor teeth the enamel surrounds the cups, which are in the grinding surface of these teeth. This enamel, which dips down into the substance of the tooth, is called the internal enamel to distinguish it from that on the outside of the tooth, called the external enamel. The horse has two sets of teeth; the first, which are called the temporary, or milk teeth, are twenty-four in number, twelve in each jaw; six incisors and six molars, three molars on each side. The second set, which are called the permanent teeth, are forty in number, six incisors, twelve molars, and two canines, in each jaw. The canines are generally absent in the mare; they are the sharp-pointed teeth in the space between the incisors and molars. The canines and the fourth, fifth and sixth molars are not present in the temporary set, and hence the horse has only one set of these teeth. At birth the colt generally has the central incisors in both lower and upper jaws, four front teeth; sometimes these do not 342 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR come through for a week or ten days after birth. At eight to ten weeks the lateral incisors on each jaw come through, and at about ten months the corner incisors come in. The colt now has a full colt's mouth, all his temporary, or milk teeth, as they are called. The temporary back teeth, or grinders, are in at birth. Eight Days. Two to Three Montbs. The fourth molars, the first permanent teeth, come in at about ten months of age, but they need not be considered for judging age, as the comer incisors come in at that time, and the age can be judged by them. At from twenty months to two years the fifth molars come in, and as there are no very marked changes in the incisors at this age, the presence or absence of the fifth molars helps us in judging at this time. This is the only time when it is necessa- »* to refer to the molars in judging age. Bight to Ten Months. The next change noticed in the teeth is the shedding of the temporary, and the appearance of the permanent teeth. Th« permanent teeth are formed down in the jaw underneath the DISEASES OF THE HORSE 343 Two Years. Two and One-Half to Three Years. roots of the temporary opes, push up against the roots of the temporary, absorbing a large part of the root, and pushing out the remainder of the tooth. The first of these changes takes place with the teeth at from two years nine months to three years, when the temporary central incisors are shed, and the permanent ones take their place; it is about three months from the time the permanent teeth appear, until they are in wear. The permanent teet'a are much larger than the temporary, so there is no danger of mistaking them. The next change is at from three years nine months to four years, when the lateral incisors change. The four-year-old colt then has four large permanent incisors in each jaw and the two small temporary corners. Three and One-Half to Four Years. Pour and One-Half to Five Years. At five the corner incisors change; the colt now becomes a horse, having all his permanent teeth, the permanent grinders having replaced the temporary ones during the last two years, and tke sixth molars and the canines having come in during the last year. Technically speaking, the male animal under five .344 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR years of age is called a colt; past five, a horse. The female finder five is called a filly; past five, a mare. After five the age is judged by the way the teeth* wea^ away. When the tooth first comes in wear, there is in the grinding sur- Five Years. Six Years. face, a cone-shaped cavity, commonly spoken of as the "cup," and as the tooth wears away this cup becomes shallower and smaller; as the teeth come in wear at different periods the cups in the dif- ferent teeth wear away at different ages. Surrounding the cup is a thin laj'er of a very hard substance called the internal enamel; being harder than the rest of the tooth, it wears away more slowly and projects above the rest of the surface. At six the cups in the lower central incisors are becoming small and shallow, but not entirely gone, the cups still being fair size in the laterals. Seven Years. Bight Years. At seven the cups are gone from the central incisors and becoming shallow in the lateral incisors. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 345 At eight the cups are gone from the lateral and getting shal- low in the corner incisors. At nine the cups are gone from the corner incisors, and from this time on we cannot judge the age with the same degree of accuracy. We referred above to the internal enamel surrounding the cups; when the cup is gone this internal enamel will be recognized as a thin, whitish layer, forming an oblong ring in the center of the grinding surface; it shows more plainly when the mouth is so held that the sun shines on the tooth, or it can be felt by passing the finger over the surface. As we have said, when the cup is first worn away, the ring is oblong and quite large, but as age advances it becomes smaller and rounder, and finally disappears entirely; then the surface will feel smooth to the touch. After the animal is nine yeas old we note the shape and size of this ring of internal enamel in judging the age. At ten the ring of internal enamel in the lower central Incisors is becoming quite small and round, but not entirely gone. At about twelve the enamel is gone, or nearly so, ,from the centrals, and small in the laterals. At about fourteen the enamel is gone from the lateral incisors, and small in the corners. At about sixteen the enamel is gone, or nearly gone, from the corner incisors; and after this we can judge the age only by the general shape of the teeth. The foregoing rules are more reliable when the upper and lower teeth oppose each other perfectly. Sometimes the upper teeth project beyond the lower; if the defect is only shght it will not cause much variation; if bad, however, it will prevent judging the age, as the lower teeth will not wear away. We also some- times find that one side wears faster than the other; upon looking at the corner tooth bn one side we might judge the animal fifteen or sixteen, 'while the other corner might indicate only twelve. So in judging age consider all the points; do not form an opinion from one or two teeth. In addition to the specific changes in the teeth already mentioned there are certain other general changes, which help to determine whether a horse is old or young. 346 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR As an animal grows older the shape of the arch and also the shape of the teeth change. In the young horse, one seyen or eight, the upper teeth extend nearly straight down and the lower up, meeting each other in such a way that the front surface of the upper and lower teeth form nearly a straight line; as the ani- mal grows older, both upper and lower teeth project forward and from an angle with each other, this angle becoming sharper as the animal advances in age. In the young horse the teeth are broad from side to side, and narrow from before back; as the animal grows older the teeth get narrower from side to side and wider from before backward. In endeavoring to judge the age of a horse, then, iirst see if the upper and lower incisors oppose each other perfectly, and also if those on one side of the centrals are wearing the same as those on the other; if these conditions exist the age can be judged with a good degree of certainty; if they do not, allowance must be made for any irregularity. Anyone by using the foregoing rules can, with a little experience, become quite proficient in judging the age of horses. Independent of the teeth, the general indication of old age are: Deepening of the hollows over the eyes; gray hairs over the eyes and about the muzzle; pendulous lips with a wrinkled appearance; sharpness of the withers, sinking of the back, etc. The value of an old horse so far as his teeth are concerned, will depend very largely upon the condition of the molars, as these are really the working teeth. If these teeth are still fairly large, their grinding surfaces rough, and the grinding surfaces on the same straight line, they are in condition to grind the food in good shape; if, on the other hand, they are getting small, th? grinding surfaces are smooth and some are longer than others not much can be expected of them by way of preparing the food^ and the animal will be of little value. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 347 LESSON XXXV OPERATIONS Wheneva- it is possible, all operations, except a few simple ones,.' should be left to the veterinarian, but for the benefit of those who cannot secure a veterinarian, a few of the operations will be considered. SOME IMPORTANT POINTS.— Whenever possible, deaden the pain of an operation by using either local or general anaesthetics. Never inflict unnecessary pain. Secure the animal so he cannot hurt himself, or those assisting. Have all instru- ments used, perfectly clean, placing them, a little while before operating, and keeping them, when not in use during the opera- tion, in a solution of Carbolic Acid, ^ ounce, water, i pint. Have the hands clean, and operate in a place free from dirt and dust. LOCAL AN.^STHETICS are those preparations which destroy sensation in the part to which they are applied; one of the best is a solution of Cocaine; an eight per cent, solution is generally used, except when applied to mucous membranes, then a five per cent, solution is used. Have a druggist make up the solution. In sewing up wounds about the head it is sometimes difficult to hold the head still; by rubbing the edges of the wound with a little of the solution, all the pain is deadened; in opening an abscess, if the skin is rubbed well with a little of the solution for five minutes, then wait a few minutes, it can be opened with- out pain; very valuable in those places where a little movement of the animal is apt to interfere, as about the knee or hock. In cutting out tumors, by injecting a drachm under the skin with a hypodermic syringe in three or four places around the base of the tumor, and then rubbing around the tumor, it can be removed with very little pain. Much of the pain can be destroyed by rubbing the surface of the tumor as in opening abscesses. A few drops of a five per cent, solution dropped into the eye, will destroy the pain in operation upon that organ. Never use more than an ounce of the solution during an operation, and not much more tlian one-half ounce if injected under the ^kin. 348 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR GENERAL ANiESTHETICS.— These are the drugs which produce unconsciousness and loss of sensation . Those most used are Chloroform and Sulphuric Ether, and are given by inhal- ing the vapor. There is danger, in using them, of their cilising death by stopping respiration and the heart's action, and so they should only be used bj' the experienced, except in extreme cases. Anaesthetics should, however, be used in all the severe operations. Chloroform is most used with horses and cattle; Ether with dogs. The animal is thrown and secured, a sponge is then saturated with the drug to be used, and put into a bag one-half the size of a grain sack, the nose put into the bag, and the bag held fairly tight around the face, below the eyes; sometimes a paper flour sack is put inside the other sack, and the sponge put into this; with this there is some danger of giving chloroform too fast, as some air should always be given with it. Another way is to cover the cloth sack with a rubber blanket, and , this can be held down to prevent the chloroform from wasting, and yet kept open enough to admit suflScient air. If the chloro- form sack is made of thick canvas it need not be covered at all. In case of death, respiration stops a little before the pulse, and so this act should be carefully watched, but the finger should also be kept on the pulse, and if either of these acts show indications of stopping, remove the sack at once and let the animal inhale the fumes of Ammonia. To tell when the animal is under the influence of the drug, the eyeball is touched with the finger; when unconscious, he will not wink. The sack is then removed and a few breaths of pure air are given, and then the sponge is so fixed that he will get a little chloroform with each breath, the larger part being air; if he commences to become conscious, more chloroform is given for a few seconds, or until he goes under its influence again. These drugs affect different animals differently, and so each case needs careful attention. From three to four ounces of chloroform is required to put a horse under its influence, and keep him there an hour. THE KNIFE. — Almost any knife will answer for operat- ing, if not too large to be awkward to handle. A medium sized, one-bladed jack-knife, .with a blade some two and one-half inches ^___ DISBASBS OF THE HORSE 349 long and half an inch wide, answers very well. It should be per- fectly dean and very sharp. A dull knife inflicts much more pain than a sharp one. The knife is held in different ways; whe» doing careful dissecting, much as a pen is held in writing. When a firmer grasp is needed, and the tissue is to be cut down onto, hold as follows: open the knife and lay it on the table, sharp edge of blade down; now pick it up, clasping the blade between the thumb and first finger, a little back of its middle. If the cut is to be made by an upward stroke, or where there is to be simply ap inward thrust and an immediate withdrawal, as in opening an abscess, hold the knife as follows: open it and place it on the table with back of blade down; now pick it up, clasping the blade between the thumb and first finger, just far enough from the point to cut the required depth; holding in this way, the thumb and finger acts as a shield and prevent too deep cutting. Make a cut with as quick a movement as it is safe to make, as the pain is less than with a slow movement; also make as few strokes as possible, as a cut two inches long made v/ith two strokes causes twice the pain it would if made with one stroke. METHODS OF CONTROLLING ANIMALS.— A Twist. — To make a twist, take a piece of fork handle about two feet long, and one inch from one end, bore a three- eighths-inch hole; through this put a one-foturth-inch soft rope, about one and one-half feet long, and tie the two ends together, forming a loop. To apply it, take hold of the stick with the right hand, slip the left hand through the loop and clasp the upper lip vsrell up towards the nostrils; slip the loop off the hand onto the iip, and twist the stick untU the loop is so small it will not slip off. The upper lip is very sensitive and a horse can be held in this way and allow operations he would not allow without it. Do not tium the twist tighter than is necessary, as it can be made a very inhumane instrument, and if twisted too tight, or kept on «'oo long, may paralyze the Up. Blindfolding. — By blindfolding a horse, he will submit to operations he would not submit to, if not deprived of his eye- sight. It is always well to blindfold in throwing a horse; he will not resist so much. 350 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR The Side-Line. — This is a means of holding one hind foot off the ground, and prevents serious kicking when working about the hind legs (see cut). Apply the side-line to the leg that is not being operatea upon. Holding Up One Front Foot is also a means of controlling a horse; the foot on the side the operator is working, if about the hind legs, is the one to pick up. Stocks. — Animals can also be confined in stocks. Tempo- rary stocks can be made by setting two posts about three feet from the side of a building and eight feet apart; nail on the in- side of the posts, up some three feet from the ground, a good, strong plank; also nail across from one post to the building a strong plank; have one or two rings securely, fastened to the building opposite the sid^ plank; lead the horse into the stocks and pass over the back, and securely fasten to the rings and the side plank, a rope, much as a kicking strap is put on a colt. This is a good wky to secure animals for dressing wounds when they are inclined to be vicious. Casting.— The most effectual way to secure a horse is to lay him down, but as there is a little danger in this, especially with an aged animal, it is not done when other means will answer, but in some cases it has to be resorted to. There are many ways of casting a horse. The chief point is to throw him carefully so as to not injure him in any way. A very good way is to put hobbles on the feet, and run a chain through the D's and draw the feet all together, having a rope running from one arm over the back, to make him fall on desired side. A good man should be at the horse's head to prevent him throwing it around and falling on it, and thus breaking his neck, or lunging forward onto his head. Have a good bed for him to fall on. Another good plan, without hobbles, is Rarey's. Tie up the fore leg, then tie a strap to the pastern of the other fore leg and pass it over the horse's back; standing at the shoulder, push him over a step, at the same time pulling up the foot and bring- ing him to his knees. He will do some rearing and jumping about, but when he gets tired he will lie quietly down, when hi& DISEASES OF THE HOSSE 351 ' r ■ legs can be tied and held down. To prevent him pounding his head, have a good man there, who should put one knee on his neck, and turn his nose up at an angle of forty five degrees. As a safeguard against too severe straining, tie a rope from just above one knee to above the hock of the leg on the same side, and draw the legs as closely together as possible, and confine them there. This lessens ability to struggle. The double side-line js also used, as per "cut," and as described under Castration. OPENING AN ABSCESS.— This is not a difficult opera- tion, but if not done properly it is of little use, and is apt to retard a cure. When ready to open, ascertain as near as possible where the bottom is, and insert the knife at that point, making an open- ing quite to the bottom for the escape of the pus. If this is not possible, open at the top, and evacuate with a sponge or syringe. The main point to bear in mind is to open as near as possible to the bottom. A twist on the nose is usually sufficient to keep the animal quiet. After opening, flush out well with water, using a bulb syringe, and then inject a little Carbolic Acid lotion — ^ ounce of the acid to a pint of water. Flush out each day for four or five days and then once in two days until healed. If the opening gets small before the abscess heals, as it will if the abscess is large, enlarge it; if it closes before the abscess heals from the bottom, it will form again. In treating old abscesses having an inside lining, it is well to inject a drachm or two of Iodine into them every other day for a few days. Or, tie together, along on a string, a few small wads of cotton batting; saturate these with the Tincture of Iodine, and press them into the abscess, leaving the ends of the string hanging out. I,eave in twenty-four hours and then remove by pulling on the string. In some cases it is well to poultice an abscess a few days after opening; this is especially good if the abscess has just formed. BLISTERING— (See under "Rhig-Bone)." PUTTING IN STITCHES.— Following operations, and also where the skin and muscles are cut accidently, it is often desirable to draw the edges of the wound together with stitches, or 352 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR sutures. Of these there are four kinds: The interrupted, the unin- terrupted, quilled, and twisted sutures. The interrupted suture is the one generally used. For this, needle and silk, or silver wire, or cat-gut, are needed. Clip the hair from the edges of the wound, and be sure that everything is clean. Draw the edges of the wound together with a slightly curved needle, and silk, and when tying the knot give the ends an extra turn in making the first part of the knot, which will keep it from slip- ping back (the surgeon's knot); then go on and make a hard knot in the usual manner, and cut off the silk. Then another, and so on. The continuous or uninterrupted suture sews up the wound by continuing right along, as in sewing cloth, and in tying the ends. The quilled suture is when two quills, or pieces of wood, are used as skewers, and the end of the silk caught over them, the quills being placed one on each side the wound, to prevent tearing out. The twisted suture is simply a pin inserted through the edges, and a hair, or silk thread, wound around its ends in the form of a figure 8- Before sewing up a ragged wound, cut off all ragged pieces of tissue from within the wound before drawing the edges together; draw the edges so they just nicely touch, and leave a little opening at the bottom for drainage. It is hard to pass an ordinary needle through the skin, and so it is much easier to use a surgeon's needle, or in the absence of this, the old-fashioned buckskin needle will answer. BANDAGES. — In the treatment of lameness, especially Strains, when in the legs, and also in the stopping of hemorrhages and dressing of wounds, bandages are often used. For lameness and dressing wounds, stopping bleeding, etc. , coarse, unbleached muslin answers very well. For moderate pressure, as in the case of. wind-galls and stocked legs, the Derby bandage, sold by harness makers, is good. Elastic bandages are good when tension is required, but need careful attention to avoid irritating the skin. Three or four inches is a convenient width for a bandage. To apply it, first roll the bandage up into a snug roll, and, com- mencing at the bottom of the part to be bandaged, wind it around the part, unwinding the roll as it is applied. Keep the bandage DISBA8KS OF THE HORSE 353 smoothed out, and overlap about half each time around; about every second or third round, turn the bandage half way over, or this can be done at each round; this keeps it tight and in place. Secure the upper end of the bandage by tying with a string. Bandages should be applied tight when used with strains; loosely when used to cover wounds. PASSING THE CATHETER.— The catheter is a tube for drawing the urine from the bladder. With the horse it needs to be a little more than two feet long, and is a tube made especially for the purpose. With the mare any small, rubber tube six or eight inches long will answer. To pass it into the horse, stand at the left side, pass the left hand up into the sheath, get hold of the penis and, gently draw it down so the end shows below the sheath; near the center of the penis will be seen the opening. Have the catheter clean, warm, and well oiled with melted lard; take it in the right hand, insert the end into the opening in the penis and keep gently pushing it in; have an assistant raise the tail and watch the skin just below the anus,, and when the catheter is about two-thirds passed, he will notice the skin bulge outward; have him press upward and forward and the catheter will round the arch, and can be pushed on into the bladder; In the mare the operation is much simpler; the opening into the bladder will be found on the floor of the vulva about five inches from the posterior opening. The first finger of the right hand can be passed into the passage and the opening located, and then the tube can be passed with the left hand underneath the right, and directed into the opening and pushed on into the bladder, which will be only two or three inches. FOMENTING. — By fomenting is meant the continual bath- ing of a. part with hot or cold water. It can be done with a sponge, but thi-? is more work and not so effectual as when the part to be fomfinted is wrapped with a heavy blanket and this kept wet with hot or cold water; the water should be re-applied at least every half hour. For inflamed glands, or where there is great pain, use hot water; at other times cold can be used. The effect is about the same with either, I^ukewarm water is no good. In towns, 354 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR or in the country where the farm has waterworks, a hose can be fastened under the blanket and a stream of water allowed to run continuously. Another way to foment the fetlock, or below, is to TUB. — This is allowing the horse to stand in a tub of water. The end of a kerosene barrel makes a fairly good tub, only it is a little small; but if placed in one corner of the stall the horse can be made to step into the tuo, and tied so he will stand there. Must be careful in getting him into it the first time, not to frighten him. A tank some eight inches high and three feet square, can be made out of plank, that answers nicely for tubbing. The water should be changed twice a day, or ice can be added to it and the water kept cold in this way. Another way to foment the feet, or rather to poultice them — for the two operations are prac- tically the same — is to stand the horse in a puddle of blue clay. Any box large enough, and six or eight inches high, can be used to puddle the clay in. TAPPING THE CHEST.— In hydrothorax the chest fills with water; it is the stage of effusion in pleurisy. The lungs are floated up, and suffocation results. The presence of water is detected by the solid sound — the sound of fullness — when tapped with the hand, and by the absence of the respiratory murmur; and often, the splashing of the water by the action of the heart can also be heard. Clip the hair from a spot about three inches back of the elbow, and five or six inches from the bottom of the chest Ascertain the exact location where a puncture can be made without striking a rib, keeping in the middle between two; cut through the skin with a knife, then insert the trocar and canula and withdraw the trocar, leaving the canula to act as a spout; hold a pail to catch the water. Should pieces of lymph clog the canula, pass a small probe and push them off the end. Drain off all the water and withdraw the canula. It is often necessary to repeat the operation, in which case, use a new opening. Have the instrument very clean. TAPPING THE BELLY.— In- peritonitis the belly of ten fills with water, which can be evacuated by inserting the trocai DISEASES OF THE HORSE 355 and canula on the median line, a couple of inches back of the navel, following general lines as to care and operation, as in "Tapping the Chest." The operation maj' be repeated, if necessary, but make a fresh incision, rather than to insert again in the former wound. TAPPING THE FLANK FOR FLATULENCE.— See "Flatulent Colic." THE HYPODERMIC SYRINGE. — This is a small syringe, with a hollow needle attached, for injecting medicines underneath the skin. To use it, first wash it out with the Carbolic lotion, by drawing the syringe full and then forcing it out; then draw into the syringe the dose of the medicine, take the syringe in the right hand, clasping the needle between the thumb and first finger, about an inch from the tip; grasp it firmly, pick up a fold of the skin with the left hand, and with a quick thrust, push the needle through the skin, and force out the fluid. Medicines can only be given in this way when the dose is small and the drugs non-irritating. The syringe is used for injecting Cocaine solu- tions in operations. GIVING A DRENCH.— For holding the horse to give medicine from a bottle (see cut) . The twist is put on only moder- ately tight, simply to hold the head still and make the horse swallow better. Hold the head up with the rope, not with the twist. If the ceiling of the barn is high enough, fasten the ring in the ceiling well towards the front end of one of the stalls; and when giving medicine, back the horse into the stall. The looped strap is passed under the noseband of the halter and into the mouth, around the upper jaw; see that it does not press the edges of the lips in against the teeth. This leaves the tongue and lower jaw free for the act of swallowing. If the horse refuses to swallow, remove the bottle and tickle the roof of the mouth with the finger. Medicine can also be given, when the dose is small, by throwing it into the back part of the mouth with a hard rubber syringe. TUMORS AND THEIR REMOVAL.— Tumors may be described as any unnatural enlargement upon the body. They 356 THB FRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR difier very much in nature and structure, some being composed of the same kind of tissue as that in which they are found, others being made up of an entirely different tissue than that which surrounds them. The tendency with some is to keep on growing; others remain the same size after once formed. Some tumcs can be removed; others, on account of their location, or structure, cannot be removed. To remove tumor's, some, if not too large, can be absorbed by using Iodine Ointment, see treatment for "Abscesses." Others have to be dissected out. To dissect out, large blood vessels must be guarded against. Control the animal by some of the methods, a twist is frequently enough; use Cocaine to deaden pain, see "Local Anaesthetics" in this section. With a sharp knife make a cut up and down through the skin, over the center of the tumor; then dissect the tumor from the skin, first on one side, then on the other, and then dissect the tumor from the tissues underneath it. If any large blood vessels are cut, twist them, or take up and ligate, see "General Treatment of Wounds." After the tumor is out, remove a little of the skin from each edge of the cut, so it will lie close and not form a pouch when sewed up. Sew up the upper part of the skin wound, leaving the lower open for drainage; follow with treatment as for an ordinary wound. If there is some thickening left after wound has healed use the Iodine Ointment. TRACHEOTOMY.— This is opening the trachea, or wind- pipe, and inserting a tube into it, to prevent death from threatened suffocation. The tube should be three-quarters of an inch in diam- eter, curved so as to slip into the windpipe easily, with a plate at the end, of like material, to tie to the neck to keep it in place; silver or hard rubber tubes are generally used. Open the skin by an incision about two inches long, at a point about eight inches below the throat, where the windpipe is close to the surface; divide the muscles, and lay bare the windpipe; then cut out a circular piece, including two rings, making a hole large enough to insert the tube. Once a day take out the tube, clean it with Carbolic lotion and replace as soon as possible. The tube may be removed for good when the cause of suffocation is removed. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 357 Tlie wound will soon heal. While the operation seems somewhat dangerous, it is simple; the principal point is to have instruments clean and not ^o drop the circular piece cut out, down into the trachea. The operation becomes necessary sometimes in bad cases of distemper or laryngitis. SPAYING.— This operation is rarely ever performed on mares, except in case of disease, and as it is a dangerous opera- tion, should only be performed by a skilled man. It consists in removing the ovaries. FIRING (ACTUAL CAUTERY).— This is burning with a red-hot iron to set up a great amount of counter-irritation or inflammation. It is mostly used for ring-bones, spavins, curbs, and sprains of the back tendons. It should never be performed except by a veterinarian. There are a large number of other operations performed upon the lower animals, but they are of such a nature that only the veterinarian should perform them. COURSE II CATTLE, SHEE P, HOGS AND POULTRY CATTLE THEIR DISEASES AND TREATMENT LESSON I ANATOMY OF CATTLE Each of the bones and joints of the ox receive the same name as the corresponding ones in the horse, but there are a few important points of difference in the structure of the skeleton. The ox has thirteen pairs of ribs, while the horse has eighteen pairs. The breast-bone or sternum is much larger and flatter than in the horse, and the cartilages of the ribs Attach to it with true joints; this is important to keep in mind, for when there is any disease of lungs or chest in cattle, they always lie down, as when they take that position, the chest is expanded and animal gets more relief than when standing. In the horse the case is reversed, the ribs and the breast- bone being so formed that the chest is contracted when lying down, hence in diseases of the lungs, the horse stands instead of lying down. The bones of the head in the ox differ from those of the horse in being very heavy and wide at the upper part of the skull, and the skull has a bony projection at each side, called the "core of the horn." This is important to know in dehorning, and all interested in that work should become familiar with the fact. This projection, or core of the horn, is hollow, which is a continuation of the sinuses or cavities of the bones of the head. Attached to the core of the horn and covering it, is the horn itself. Another point of difference between the ox and the horse, is that there are in the heart of the ox two small bones, called cardiac, or heart bones. There are no such bones in the horse. One more point of difference is that the bones of the feet of the ox are divided into two parts, while in the horse they are without division - 3S8 DISEASES OF CATTLE 359 THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION.— The Upper Lip of the ox is thick, hard, and hairless, the color varying with the color of the animal, and when in good health this part is always moist; it is called the muzzle. The Cheeks on the inside are covered by numerous little processes, which give them a very rough appearance. The Tongue of the ox is stronger than that .of the horse, is more prehensile, and is very thick and heavy at the base; it is pointed at the front end, and the upper surface is very rough. It is by means of the tongue that food is gathered and taken into the mouth. The Salivary Glands are similar to those of the horse. The Teeth are much differently arranged from those of the horse; the ox has no front teeth in the upper jaw, their place being taken by a pad of cartilage or gristle. The lower row of teeth presses against this pad in grazing, and its function is that of teeth, but it may be easily seen that cattle cannot thrive on as short pasture as though tEey had both lower and upper incisors. The front teeth of the lower jaw are eight in number, chisel shaped, and set loosely in the gum. The molars are similar to those of the horse, but are smaller, and not so smooth on upper surfaces. These are twenty-four in number, which, added to the eight front teeth, give a total of thirty- two teeth, The Soft Palate of the ox is small, and does not close the opening from the mouth to the pharynx as in the horse. The Pharynx in the ox is much larger than in the horse. The esophagus, or tube of the throat, which conveys the food to the stomach, is well developed; the fibres in it are very strong and have a double action. When the animal is eating they carry the food from the mouth down into the stomach, but during the time of ruminating, they act in a reverse manner, conveying the food from the stomach to the mouth, and returning it again to the stomach when sufficiently masticated. 36o THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR The Stomach is a very important organ to study, for cattle suffer much from diseases of the stomach. The stomach of the ox has a capacity of about sixty gallons, and has four compartments. The first is the paunch, or rumen; the second is the reticulum, or honey-comb; the third is the omasum, or manyplies; and the fourth is the abomasum, or true stomach. The first three prepare the food for the fourth, where the real process of digestion is carried on. The paunch, or rumen, is very large, and in an old animal it fills up nearly three-fourths of the belly cavity; it lies up against the left side of the belly, where it is attached and held in place by ligaments. Its situation is important to remember, for in many of the diseases of the paunch, or rumen, it is first noticed on the left side, and in tapping the paunch for bloating, the entrance is always made on the left side, on account of its position. The paunch has two openings, an entrance and an exit, both of which are in front; the food passing from here into the reticulum, or honey-comb, which is the smallest division of the stomach. In this the entrance is at the front, and exit is at the rear; its office does not seem marked in food preparation, but may help in preparing the food to return to the mouth for remastication. From the retic- ulum the food passes into the third part, or omasum, which is the second largest division of the stomach. When full, it is ovoid in shape, and placed just behind the reticulum and at the right side of the paunch. This, if examined, is found to be full of folds or layers of membrane. The function of this part is, while food is passing through, to draw into its folds all the coarser parts of the food and to roll the same about until finely divided and well prepared to pass on into the abomasum, or true division of the stomach, where it is digested. When this part becomes deranged and the food becomes dry and hard between the folds, it then sets up the disease called ' 'impaction of the omasum, or manyplies, ' ' or dry murrain. The food passing from here, as stated, goes into the fourth or true stomach. Here the food is digested. The walls of this part are redder than those of the preceding three, and they contain the glands that secrete the acids and gastric juices of the stomach, to aid in the work of preparing food for assimilation; this stomach corresponds to the stomach of the horse. From here the food passes into the small intestines. ' DISEASKS OF CATTLE 361 The Bowels, or Intestines, of the ox are divided into large and small, the same as those of the horse, being similar in struc- ture and in action. The small bowels are not quite as large as those of the horse, but about twice as long, being about 150 feet in length. The large bowels are very much smaller than those of the horse, being only two to three inches in diameter, and are about thirty-six feet in length. When the fourth stomach has completed its work in the process of digestion of the food, it passes into the small intes- tines, and is acted on by the bile from the liver, and the pancreatic juice from the pancreas — these juices being emptied into the first part of the intestines through little ducts or tubes which lead down to the bowels the same as in the horse. After this, through- out the rest of the bowels, the nourishment of the food is taken up by little villi which are situated in the coats of the bowels, and the nourishment, when once in the blood, is carried out to all parts of the body, while the part that is not taken up, passes on and out in the form of manure. THE LIVER.— The liver of the ox resembles that of the horse, but differs in that it has a gall-bladder resembling a pear in shape, and acting as a vessel to store up the gall during the time there is no digestion going on. During time of digestion, the walls of this vessel contract and the bile is forced down into the intestine. THE PANCREAS.— The pancreas resembles that of the horse ; the juice secreted by it having the same office to perform as in the case of the horse. THE SPLEEN. — The spleen is the same in structure and use, but different in shape; it is oblong, and attached to the rumen, THE RESPIRATORY, OR BREATHING OR- GANS. — The organs of respiration in the ox are similar m structure and office to those of the horse, but in general are not so liable to disease, except tuberculosis, perhaps, which is some- what common with cattle and rarely affects horses. 362 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR THE URINARY ORGANS.— The chief point of differ- ence in these organs is in the kidneys, which in the ox are larger than in the horse, and instead of being smooth as in that animal, are rough, resembling a bunch of grapes. The bladder and passages resemble those of the horse, except that in the cow just back of where the urethra opens into the vulva, is a little blind depression which bothers in passing the catheter. THE GENITAL ORGANS OF THE COW.— The Ovaries of the cow are smaller than those of the mare, but are much the same in structure. The Womb of the cow is somewhat like that of the mare, but the inside surface is different, being covered with button-like processes, very small when the animal is not pregnant, but increasing with gestation until, at the time of calving, they are nearly as large as a man's fist. These are called "cotyledons". The placenta, or after-birth, is attached to these, and some study should be given to them and their office by every stockman, since they are associated with some of the troubles attending calving. The passage, or vagina, is formed on the same principle as in the mare, but is not so long. The vulva is much the same, but the clitoris is very small. The Udder, Mammary Glands, or Bag, should be pretty well understood. The bag is divided into halves, and these halves agaiu divided, each part being known as a quarter of the bag, each quarter having a mammary, or milk gland, and a sinus, or pouch, to hold the secreted milk until the cow is milked. The sinus is situated just above the passage of the teat. THE GENITAL ORGANS OF THE BULL.— The Testicles. — The testicles are ovoid and well developed, lying vertical instead of horizontal as in the horse. The sper- matic cord and artery are small, when compared with the horse. The Penis. — The penis is long and pointed, and has an S-shaped curve in it, when not projected, just below the pubis or hip-bones; this curve may be felt with the fingers (if the bull don't object) , just in the rear of the scrotum. The sheath is long DISEASES OF CATTLE 363 and runs farther forward on the belly than with the horse, and has a tuft of hair on the point. When the penis is extended forward, as in serving a cow, the S-shaped curve of the penis straightens. The S-shaped curve prevents the passage of the catheter through from the end of the penis, as in the horse. The urethra has to be cut into just below the anus, where it rounds forward. LESSON II ACTION OF REMEDIES IN CATTLE On account of a difEerent make-up, remedies work quite dif ferently in cattle than in the horse. Medicines should, as far as possible, be given them in liquid form, and in more bulky form than for the horse. The medicine should also be given slowly, as the chances are better for it passing into the fourth stomach. Cattle also take from one and a half to two times the dose taken by horses. Aloes, though so excellent a purgative for horses, is not a good remedy for cattle, while Epsom Salts, that are cold and drastic for horses, on cattle work like a charm. Calomel and other forms of mercury act violently on cattle, salivating them soon and in milch cows is excreted through the milk, affecting sucking calves seriously. Oils, used as purgatives, do not work very well on cattle; melted lard is perhaps the best. Mustard, as a blister, acts with more vigor on cattle than on the horse, but Turpentine acts with less. 364 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR LESSON III PULSE, RESPIRATION AND TEMPERATURE The normal pulse in cattle varies from fifty to fifty-five beats per minute; in old animals, and in calves especially, it is more rapid. The pulse is the most conveniently taken on the under border of the lower jaw, just in front of the angle, the same as with the horse. In health it is softer and less tense than it is in the horse. The respiration requires no special skill to diagnose; this will come with practice. The soft, rustling sound of the healthy "respiratory murmur," when the ear is placed to the chest, is altogether changed when there is any disease affecting the lungs or air passages. The number of respirations in cattle per minute (usually twelve to eighteen) can be easily counted by the heaV' ing of the chest. Some practice is required to make one a good judge of sound as obtained by percussion, which in health is always clear and resonant. Percussion consists in placing the forefinger of the left hand upon the chest, and striking it smartly with the ends of the first three fingers of the right hand. The temperature in cattle — as in all animals — is an index of great value. It can only be arrived at, with any degree of satiS' faction, with what is called a "clinical thermometer," which is so shaped that when taken from the body the reading remains the same until shaken down. It is inserted into the rectum and left two or three minutes and then removed and read. The normal temperature of cattle is about loi degrees, a little higher than the horse. A rise of temperature above the normal is called a fever. OTHER INDICATIONS OF DISEASE.-A "staring coat," as it is termed, in which the hairs stand like bristles, is an obvious symptom, and sometimes the only one, of a low state of health. Shivering, when animal is only exposed to moderate cold, or none at all, should receive prompt attention; for it is infallibly the ushering 'in of an attack of disease that is usually severe. Cold sweat coming out on the skin of an animal severely Diseases of Cattle --6 UPPER. OR DORSAL. SURFACE OF THE LUNGS OF THE OX Upper surface of the lungs of an ox reduced to one-sixth of the natural size: (a, a') the right and left upper lobes; (b, b') the ventral lobes, _ situated between the principal lobes; (c, c', c") the most anterior 01: cephalic, lobes. The right anterior is divided into two lobes (c, c') ; the left ib single (c") ; id) trachea, or wind pipe. .»Those portions lying outside of the dotted lines are the ones_ most com- monly affected in the ordinary types of pneumonia. In /the majority of cases examined by the government, which were affected with Conta^ous Pleuro- pneumonia, the principal lobes were pr DISEASES OF CATTI^E 365 ill, indicates a desperate if not a fatal condition. The posture when standing, the method of lying down or getting up, the action in moving around — all these are significant, and should be noted carefully. The countenance, and especially the eye, wiU betray the dis- tress and pain which the dumb sufEerer is unable to express in words. The muzzle, which in health is moist — covered with "dew" — in fevers especially, becomes unnaturally hot and dry, or cold, and sometimes changed in color — sometimes paler but more commonly injected with blood. One of the earliest signs of constitutional disturbances, as well as of special disorders, is the suspension of rumination — ceasing to chew the cud. In the case of milch cows, a nearly coincident symptom is the drying up of the milk. Inasmuch as cattle are not subject to the same conditions as the horse in many respects, diseases of some parts of the body are very much less common, although exclusive of lameness, nearly all the diseases of the horse are met with in cattle. In this work, where the treatment is the same, the reader will be referred to the treatment as given for the disease with the horse. To find the page in which the disease is described, unless given at the time, refer to the index. LESSON IV DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS CATARRH, OR COLD IN THE HEAD.— Simple cold, or catarrh, is inflammation, more or less acute, of the membrane lining the nose and passages of the head, generally implicating the eyes and throat. Neglect in attending the early symptoms frequently occasions diseases of a more serious nature. Causes. — Damp, drafty, badly drained stables; but generally from exposure to storms, and sudden changes in the weather. 366 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — There will be more or less fever, as indicated by the thermometer; sneezing; cough sometimes accompanies; mouth is hot and nose dry; horns hot at the base and cold at tips; ears and extremities are cold. Discharge from the nose is at first watery, but in a day or two becomes purulent. Eyes are red and swollen, and inclined to weep. If not relieved, symptoms become aggravated; pulse rapid and hard; no appetite; urine scanty and high colored; bowels very apt to be constipated. Treatment. — Put animal in a comfortable, dry place, and give a small dose of Epsom salts ( ^ to i pound) ; repeat in two days if bowels do not respond; give light, laxative food, and also the treatment as for the disease in horses, remembering that the dose is one and a half to two times as large. Steaming the head is as valuable as with the horse, and is done in the same way (see page 75 ) . MALIGNANT CATARRH.— This is a malignant disease affecting the chambers of the head, and causing offensive discharges from the nose. These at first are watery, but later on they become purulent, and in last stages are accompanied with exten- sive sloughing. It is contagious. Causes. — Are not very well known, but thought to be due to minute organisms, perhaps belonging to the bacteria. Symptoms. — It is ushered in with a chUl, with all the attend- ing symptoms of fever; the muzzle is hot and dry; animal hangs his head and isolates himself in the pasture ; membranes are of a bluish color; eyes are closed and swollen ; soon nose and eyes begin to run a watery fluid, and saliva drools-from the mouth. Pulse is quick and not very strong; a dry, hard cough ensues; bowels are usually costive, feces being black and hard, but diarrhea may set in at any time. There is great thirst, but no appetite, and urine is scanty and high colored. In the course of twenty-four hours discharges become purulent, taking off the hair wherever they touch; passages of the head become so much inflamed and filled with matter, that when head is tapped on the outside with the fingers, a dull, heavy sound is heard. Breath becomes fetid, and temperature rises to 105 to 107 degrees. There is extensive DISEASES OF CATTIvE 367 sloughing in last stage. Prostration is great; pulse becomes faint; convulsions follow, and a great fall in temperature; in some cases ulceration of the cornea takes place, letting out the humors of the eye. Death follows in from nine to eleven days. Treatmbnt. — Put the animal in an isolated place, and have it cool in summer and warm in winter. Give a purgative to clear the bowels ( I to I ^ pounds of Epsom Salts) ; also use the following to try and check the fever: Fluid Extract Aconite I^ draclims. Fluid Extract of Belladonna I ounce. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed i " Saltpeter.'..., 2 ounces. Water to make I pint. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three to five times a day. If fever runs very high give 2 drachms of Acetanilid and 2 ounces of Alcohol in half a pint of water, twice a day. After two days, drop the Aconite from the foregoing pre- scription and put in the prescription in its place }4 ounce of Digitalis. Also steam the head, as in simple "Catarrh." Put 2 teaspoonfuls of Carbolic Acid in the water from which the steam is generated; also put in a little Camphor. The steaming is very important, and can be kept up most of the day. If the eyes become badly affected, treat as for "Inflammation of the Eyes." After the animal commences to improve, use tonics, as with "Chronic Indigestion." To prevent the spread, thoroughly dis- infect where the animal is kept. SORE THROAT— LARYNGITIS.— This is an inflam- mation of the larynx, or upper part of the windpipe. Causes. — Are usually those of a common cold, but some ani- mals seem predisposed to it, a slight exposure bringing on an attack. Symptoms.— Ammsd may appear hungry, but does not eat, owing to inability to swallow; respiration becomes quick, painful and hurried; pulse is rapid; there is more or less fever, and if 368 THK PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR water is taken, some of it is likely to return tkrougli the nostrils, owing to inflamed throat. Head hangs; ears droop; and saliva runs from the mouth. TR:eATMENT. Give the same treatment as'%aryngitis" in the horse, remem- bering that the dose for cattle is one and a half to two times that for the horse. Also remember that the medicine is to be given in the form of a paste. Steam the head and apply liniments and fomentations to the throat as for the horse (see page 80). MALIGNANT SORE THROAT.— This is a disease that •centers itself in the throat in form of acute inflammation, followed by an effusion that is apt to cause suffocation by closure of the larynx. It is fatal to cattle; also to swine, in which it is known as "Quinsy." Causes. — Probably due to some infection. Symptoms. — It starts like a common cold-fever — injected mucous membranes, cough, etc. ; throat swells enormously; tongue becomes spotted with purple and is protruded; animal gasps for breath, until at last he falls suffocated, struggles a little and dies. Disease usually attains its height in three or four days. Treatment. Use the same treatment as for simple "X/aryngitis." Give the medicines in the form of a paste. Steam the head, using Carbolic Acid in the steam as for ' 'Malignant Catarrh. ' ' Also use: Chlorate of Potasli...j I ounce. Chloride of Iron 6 drachms. Water i pint. Mix. Inject 2 ounces well back into the mouth and throat, four or five times a day. If speedy suffocation is threatened, the operation of trache- otomy must be performed (see Operations) . Apply liniments and fomentations to outside of the throat. The animals that die should be buried deeply. Diseases of Cattle ■^11/ .', / r-,.*^' VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS Bronchitis, sometimes called Verminous Bronchitis, as it is caused by vermin which lodge in large numbers in the trachea and bronchial tubes — also called Filaria Bronchitis. (See page 369). DISEASES OF CATTI.E 369 BRONCHITIS. — This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronchial tubes, which extend from the lower end of the windpipe into the lungs. Causes. — Exposure accompanying a common cold; or from the extension of inflammation in cases of catarrh and laryngitis. Symptoms. — I/>ss of appetite; a peculiarly anxious expression of countenance; the respiration is painful and a slight grunt is noticed at each breath; a husky, wheezy and painful cough; on placing an ear to the windpipe, in the early stage, you get the tubular sound as with the horse, and later you get the rale. The temperature is elevated and pulse rapid and soft. Disease reaches its height in two to four days, and in favorable cases begins to abate in from five to eight days. Treatment. — Put in a dry, warm, and well-ventilated place, but avoid drafts. Apply Mustard paste mixed up with water, or water 2 parts and Ammonia i part, and rub well in at the base of the neck, over the windpipe, and on the sides. Keep body warm by blanketing. Use injections per rectum, to keep the bowels soft; avoid violent purgatives, but ]4 pound of Epsom Salts may be given every second or third 'day. Aside from above, give treatment as for the disease in the horse (page 85), giving nearly twice the dose given to the horse. FILARIA BRONCHITIS; HOOSE OR HUSK.— This is a disease that afflicts young cattle and sheep, more than older animals, for the reason, perhaps, that they graze closer than older animals, or else the parasites affect them more. It is caused by a parasite (strongylus micruris)-, the eggs of which are swal- lowed in feeding. Symptoms. — There is a slight husky cough; the coat soon becomes staring; and the breathing more and more embarrassed. Cough becomes more frequent, and in character more suffocating and more mucus ; worms, either single or in greater number, will be coughed up. 24. 370 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — Feed liberally with nutritious diet, including I,inseed meal and roots, giving in the food; Turpentine i}4 ounces. Raw Linseed Oil i pint. Give as a dose night and morning for two or tkree days, then discontinue for two or three days, then give again. For yearling calves give i one-fourth the dose. Burn turpentine on pine shavings in the pen with the calves, and let them inhale the fumes, or burn a little sulphur; care must be taken not to suffocate. The following is perhaps the most effectual treatment: Turpentine 15 drops. Carbolic Acid 5xirops. Chloroform 8 drops. Olive Oil I drachm. Give as one dose by injecting into the wind pipe with a hypodermic syringe; insert the needle of the syringe in between two of the rings and inj ect slowly. The dose is for a good sized calf; it can be doubled for adult animals. Prevention is better than cure. Stock should be kept off affected pasture, and cattle must not be allowed to drink from stagnant ponds. The drainage of low pastures should be looked after. INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS — PNEU- MONIA. — This is an inflammation of the lung tissue. Causes — May come from a cold, exposure, etc., but oftener from the inflammatory conditions of bronchitis, or laryngitis extending into the lungs. Symptovis. — This disease is preceded with a chill, staring coat, loss of appetite, cessation of ruminating, and if a milch cow, loss of milk. The pulse is soft, full, and quick; respiration rapid and heavy; temperature, 104 to 107. When the sides are tapped, a dull, heavy, full sound is heard, and on listening witL ear to side, a crackling sound is heard, but in later stages there Diseases of Cattle BRONCHO-PNEUMONIA The middle lohe of the right lung affected with collapse and beginning of ''™"The°'UghtTenowish portions represent healthy lung tissue. The red represents disease ^.^^^^ .^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ,^^^j ^^ ^^ diseased portion in Contagious Pleuro-Pneumoma ; the exact reverse is the caset the diseased portions being very much larger than the healthy. DISEASES OF CATTI.E 371 will be no murmur in affected parts; in early stages expired air is hot; later is cold; ribs are fixed, breathing being done by the abdominal muscles; flanks heave, nostrils are dilated, and coun- tenance has anxious appearance. In second stage, temperature generally drops i to 2 degrees; respiration difficult; cough painful and frequent; animal lies down most of the time; when standing fore legs are wide apart and elbows turned out; looks haggard; extremities alternately hot and cold; crackling sound no longer heard; and percussion gives dull sound. If one side only is affected, well side will show increased murmur. Treatment. — Place in a light, well ventilated box stall, and give the best of care and nursing. Feed laxative foods, and give small doses of Epsom SaltSj 3 or 4 ounces daily; keep fresh water before the animal. Aside from the foregoing give the animal the same medicinal treatment as was recommended for the horse (see page 90) ; remembering that the dose is i J^ to 2 times as large. Use the Mustard or liniment applications to the chest freely. In some instances hot applications in the form of hot water bottles could be used to advantage. Blanket warmly. If seen during the chill, stop it as soon as possible, as recommended for the horse. PLEURISY. — This is an inflammation of the pleura, or serous membrane which lines the chest cavity, and which is reflected over the lungs. If this disease is not attended at an early Stage, its usual termination is hydrothorax, or water in the chest. Causes. — The same causes which bring on inflammation of the lungs, bronchitis, and other diseases of the respiratory organs. Also external injuries to the chest, broken ribs, etc. Symptoms — There is more or less fever; quick pulse, but small and hard, inclining to be wiry; breathing is quick and pain- ful; elbows turned out; ribs are fixed, and breathing is done by abdominal muscles; a crease is seen extending from the elbows along toward the flanks, where ribs join the cartilages of the chest. Inspirations are short and imperfect, while the expirations 372 THE PRACTICAly STOCK DOCT OR are prolonged and more easily affected. Pressure between the ribs causes pain, and a rasping sound is heard when the ear is applied to the sides; head hangs low; ears droop; nose is dry; and though eyes are partly shut, the countenance has an anxious look. There is no appetite; flanks are tucked up; hacking, pain- ful cough; pains in chest cause animal to turn the head around to his sides. Unlike pneumonia, tapping on the ribs produces a clear, resonant sound, and causes pain; the expired breath is not hot, and there is no mucus rale as in bronchitis. Treatment. — Give the same general care as recommended in "Bronchitis" or ' 'Pneumonia. ' ' Give 3 or 4 ounces of Epsom Salts daily, unless bowels act freely. Apply strong Mustard paste or Turpentine liniment to the chest and the internal treatment as for the horse (see page 91), giving nearly double the dose. If water collects in the chest, it is recognized and treated as given under "Hydro- thorax." HYDROTHORAX-WATER IN THE CHEST.— This is not a disease in itself, but is simply a condition where an excessive effusion of water takes place into the chest cavity in pleurisy. Symptoms. — As soon as an effusion commences to take place, pain cease?, respiration is deeper, longer, and less painful; elbows no longer turn in; appetite returns; eyes get bright; and to a causal observer, animal appears to have taken a decided turn for the better. After a short time, however, there are unfavorable symptoms, as flapping of the nostrils, quick labored breathing, heaving of the flanks. The legs and chest become dropsical; eyes sparkle and countenance has an anxious look. No respira^ tory murmur is heard at the bottom of the chest, but increased at upper part, and later, a splashing may be heard when water reaches the heart. Percussion on ribs produces a full, dull sound at the lower part of the chest; pulse rapid, but small, and gradu- ally fades away. Death comes from suffocation, the water crowding the lungs into too small a space in the upper part of the chest. ^_ DISEASES OF CATTLE 373 Treatment. — If the drugs recommended for pleurisy have been given liberally, and yet the fluid has collected, medicinal treatment will fail; if the drugs have not been given, and the chest is not more than one-third full, by giving them, the fluid may be absorbed. If it cannot be removed in this way the chest will have to be tapped (see Operations) . Continue treatment, as chest is apt to refill. See the disease in the horse (page 92 ) . LESSON V DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS WOUNDS AND CONTUSIONS OF THE LIPS.— Causes. — From a blow by the horns of other cattle; from the whip of a driver of oxen; or from the bite of a snake. Symptoms. — As a result of a bruise the lips are thick and swollen, and if neglected become hard and indurated, so much so that it is dif&cult to eat. In such cases the tongue is made use of to endeavor to gather and bring into the mouth the desired food. In case of snake-bite the swelling limits are not well defined; and it is soft and comparatively painless. If the skin is broken it will at once suggest the trouble. Treatment. — For a bruise, bathe the affected parts steadily three or four hours, twice a day with hot or cold water. Also bathe well with White Lotion, and the Ttirpentine, Witch Hazel, and Soap Liniment (see Prescriptions, back part of book) . If the skin is broken, treat as for "Wounds" in the horse (page 262). If from a snake-bite, make a cut through the center of the wound and then another at right angles to the first. Press a wad of cotton against the wound until the bleeding is nearly stopped, and then appjy the following lotion several times a day: Permanganate of Potash 2 drachms. Water i pint. 374 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR As snake-bites are likely to result in depression, and later stupor, it is advisable to give Yz pint of Whiskey in a pint of water, repeating only often enough, to prevent sinking into a stupor. SLAVERING, OR SALIVATION.— This is a dribbling of saliva from the mouth. Causes. — From a wound or the presence of any foreign matter in the mouth or teeth; from eating irritating plants, such as wild mustard; from the use of mercurial ointment; or as a symptom of other disease. Treatment. — This will depend on the nature of the cause. Examine to see if any foreign body is in the mouth. If fron? eating irritating plants, dissolve an ounce of powdered Alum in a quart of water, and syringe out the mouth with the mixture twice a day, using a half pint each time. If from the presence of a thorn, splinter of wood, or any foreign substance imbedded in the cheek or tongue, remove the offending object and wash the mouth occasion- ally with a weak solution of Carbolic Acid and water, % ounce to the quart; do not allow the animal to swallow much; also use the Alum solution. When the condition is produced by some disease, as by "Foot and Mouth Disease," follow the treatment given under the disease causing the trouble. IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH.— This may be occasioned by the unequal wearing of some of the teeth or by some of the incisors being broken, which occasionally happens in cattle pastured on sandy or gravelly soil. The molars may also show irregularity from similar causes. Their edges may become sharp, or it may happen that a molar tooth has been accidentally fractured. In shedding, the loosened teeth get partially dislodged and cause trouble. Treatment. — Examine the animal's mouth by grasping the tongue with one hand and partially drawing it out of the mouth, so as to expose the incisors and molar teeth for inspection. When it is desired DISEASES OF CATTI.E 375 to examine the molars with the fingers, an instrument like the balling-iron which is used for horses, or a large clevis held up edgewise, should be put into the mouth to separate and keep the jaws apart. Any sharp edges must be removed with a rasp. Any chance tooth that interferes with mastication, or any frac- tured or loose one should be taken out. In performing such operation it is advisable to have animal cast and to hold the head securely, so the operator can do what is necessary without diffi- culty. Whenever possible secure a veterinarian to operate if it becomes necessary to remove sound teeth. CAPS ON THE TEETH— This sometimes occurs in cattle between the ages of 2 and 4 years, when they are shedding their milk grinders. Instead of teeth dropping out as they should, caps hang on the new teeth, causing them to fester at the roots, and causing a lump on the jaw-bone. Symptoms. — Animal will hold its head to one side; has diffi- culty in eating, and sometimes spits the food out; will fall off in condition, and in time a lump will form on the jaw-bone opposite the festered tooth. Treatment. — # Examine the mouth carefully until the capped tooth is found. This will be known by the tooth projecting above its neighbors. When found, remove with pincers, or even a ham- mer, and a long, somewhat blunted, chisel, by tapping gently until cap is knocked off. DECAYED TEETH (CARIES) IN CATTLE.— Symptoms. — The presence of decayed teeth may be suspected by the bad odor of the breath, and by the animal occasionally stopping while eating, and perhaps spitting out the food, and holding the head sidewise. If the mouth be examined, as directed in "Irregularities of the Teeth," and tlfen explored with the haad, the bad tooth will be found. Treatment. — Have animal tied short and have the tongue pulled Out and held. Then remove the tooth with a pair of large pincers, or by 376 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR forceps for that purpose. When the crowti of the tooth has been destroyed, and only a stump, or root, is left, it cannot be drawn, but can be punched out; in such cases, if animal can be fattened, it is best to sell it to the butcher. If ugly, animal will have to be cast. Get a veterinarian to operate, if possible. LUMPS ON THE JAW-BONES FROM TEETH OR FROM INJURY.— Causes. — As stated in heading. Tre;atment. — If caused from a cap staying too long on the tooth, causing the roots to fester, remove the cap; do not pull the tooth at first, but try a blister on the lump. Use the Spanish Fly and Mercury blister (see "To Blister," page 257); or the Iodine Ointment, as used in "Abscesses," can be used. If the blister is used, repeat the treatment in four or five weeks, if necessary. If this treat- ment does not stop the lump from growing, throw the animal and puU the tooth with forceps. If the cause is from injury, treat as above. For other information as to lumps on the jaw, see "Actinomycosis of the Jaw- Bones." INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. — GLOSSI- TIS.— Causes. — From eating irritating substances; from eating acid plants; or little blisters may form in the mouth of calves when having indigestion, constituting what is termed "Aphtha;" also from injuries from various kinds. Symptoms. — The saliva dribbles from the mouth, and when examined, the surface of the tongue and other parts of the mouth will appear red and inflamed. In the case of calves, in the form of disease called "Aphtha," small, red elevations are seen on tongue and other parts of mouth, having little white points on their centers. These white patches are succeeded by ulcerated surfaces, which are exposed by the shedding of the white patches. In some cases the tongue is so badly swollen as to protrude from the mouth. DISEASES OF CATTLE 377 Treatment. — When there is merely a reddened and inflamed condition of the mucous membrane of the mouth and tongue, syringe the mouth several times a day, using about 4 ounces at a time of the following: Alum 2 ounces. Water I quart. When the edges of the tongue and other parts of the mouth are studded over with ulcers, these should be rubbed over once a day with the Nitrate of Silver, using the Nitrate of Silver pencil, or by holding a large crystal in a pair of forceps. When indigestion is associated with an ulcerated condition of the mouth, the disorder should be treated as indicated under that heading. GANGRENE OF THE MOUTH IN YOUNG CALVES— GANGRENOUS STOMATITIS.— This affec- tion usually appears in young calves about the time they are cutting their teeth. Causes. — InsufEcient nourishment; debility resulting from diarrhea, and from inflammation of ^the navel, predisposes animals to this disease, and its development is associated with disorder of the digestive system resulting from the cutting of teeth. Adult animals have been known to be affected with the disease, but the cause is not well understood. Symptoms. — In early stage there is redness of the mouth, from which the saliva dribbles, but in two or three days a whitish point appears on some part of the mucous membrane of the mouth. It gradually extends in size and depth, and a red, inflamed zone surrounds the affected part, which begins to present a yellowish, cheesy appearance, and then, as it begins to break up and decom- pose, exhales a fetid, disagreeable odor. Sometimes the entire thickness of a portion of the tissues composing the cheek become gangrenous. If decayed part is not removed with a knife, it is gradually separated from surrounding living tissue by the process of ulceration. In some cases a hole will be made through the cheek through which the saliva is ejected in process of mastication. 378 THE PRACTICAIv STOCK DOCTOR It may be complicated with diarrhea and consequent weakness. Malady often terminates in death, and runs its course in from seven to ten days. In adult cattle, recovery does not take place under three to four weeks. Treatment. — For the calf, give 5 to u grains of Quinine, according to size and age of animal, and repeat dose four times a day. If diarrhea is present, give I/ime-water in J^-ounce doses. When animals show signs of debility, or diarrhea is present. Whiskey or Brandy, in i -ounce doses, should be given three or four times a day. Mix with two or three parts of water. It may also be given when appetite is poor, two or three times a day. To cleanse the mouth and remove odor, syringe several times daily with the following solution: Permanganate of Potash 2 dracluns. Water i quart. When the gangrenous part has sloughed, then use White Lotion (page 263), and a Carbolic Acid lotion (Carbolic Acid, Vz ounce to a pint of water) . Swab the raw surface several times a day to promote healing. The diet should be nutritious, and for calves the cow's milk is to be preferred. When the gangrenous tissue assumes a yellow, cheesy look, the animal's recovery will be hastened by removing the dead tissue with the knife. During the convalescent stage, give, in combination with the Quinine, Sulphate of Iron. For calves, give it in 10 to 20-grain doses, and to cows in 2-drachm doses. CHOKING. — This is a rather common occurrence on the farm. Causes. — From attempting to swallow too large an object, such as a turnip, potato, beet, or an apple or pear, though in rare cases it may occur from bran, chaff, or some other finely divided food lodging in and filling up a portion of the gullet. The latter form is most likely to occur in animals which are greedy feeders. Symptoms. — Animal will stop eating, slaver at the mouth, cough, breathe heavily, and after a time become bloated in DISEASES OF CATTI^E 379 paunch, which is noticed on left side. Will also keep chewing, poking out the nose, and swallowing, and when it drinks water it is soon ejected, and there is seen an anxious expression on the countenance. If the choke takes place in the neck region, the enlargement will be seen on the left side. Treatment. — If the obstruction is in the back part of the mouth, or upper part of throat, put a clevis in the animal's mouth, so the hand can be inserted, then while the head is held in a horizontal position by two assistants, pass the hand into the mouth and take out the offending object. An assistant to manipulate the obstruc- tion on the outside, and push it up against you, will help in the removal. If the object cannot be reached, give carefully a swallow of melted lard, then try by manipulation on the outside, until the lard works around it, to move it downward to the stomach. If this fails, pass the probang (see "Choking," in the horse, page 105) . The one-half inch hose answers very nicely— making it stiffer, if necessary, with the wire. Two assistants, by taking hold of the horns and nose, can straighten the head out nearly straight. The probang does not bother cattle in breathing as much as it does horses, and is easier to pass in cattle. Where the animal is badly bloated,' and efforts to press the object down fail, tap on the left side with a trocar and canula, or even with a knife (see "Tympanites " for tapping.) If the obstruction is very firmly lodged, use the Belladonna along with the lard, as recommended for the horse. Never use a rake-handle, or anything rigid, for a probang, as is so often done; if you do the esophagus is almost sure to be injured. LOSING THE CUD — REMASTICATION.— It was once thought, and perhaps still supposed by some, that the ox sometimes loses his cud, and that something must be given him to take its place, and so old rags, pieces of pork, and various other substances were pushed into his throat to act as a new cud. In order that such a ridiculous practice may be discontinued by those who refer to this book, an explanation of the cud and how it is disposed of will be given 38o TH E PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR All those animals which remasticate their food, when fed, eat hastily, very imperfectly chewing the food and swallowing it in a very poorly masticated condition; food swallowed in this condition passes into the large paunch, and when this organ is opened the food in it is always found to be very coarse. After eating up its feed the animal goes and lies down and commences to chew its cud, or remasticate the food, and appears perfectly happy. In order to get the food back to the mouth a small portion of this coarse food from the paunch is thrown, by an action very much like vomiting, into the lower end of the esophagus, and this organ, by reversing its action, commences to contract at the lower end first, and forces the food back into the mouth. This portion of food constitutes the cud, or bolus. The animal now chews this very thoroughly, putting it into excellent shape for digestion; when the chewing is completed the bolus is swallowed, not stopping in the paunch, but, by a peculiar struc- ture of the parts, passes directly into the third, and from that into the true stomach and on into the intestines, never again to return to the mouth. Almost as soon as the bolus has been swallowed, another portioji of the food from the paunch is thrown into the esophagus and carried back to the mouth, constituting a new cud. The process is repeated over and over again, until the animal is satisfied; then the process of remastication is suspended for a time, to be continued again when the sense of hunger returns. Each cud is a new one. Not all the food is remasti- cated; some of it passes from the paunch on into the second and third stomachs without going back into the mouth. Almost any disease will cause an animal to stop chewing its cud, simply because it has lost the desire for food; when the disease is over- come and the appetite returns, the animal will again commence to remasticate without being given any artificial cud. BLOATING— HOVEN— TYMPANITES— This disease is characterized by swelling of the left flank, and is caused by the formation of gas in the rumen, or paunch, as the result of fer- nenting food. Causes. — Choking, sudden changes in food, wet clover, or eating frozen roots of any kind. Anj'thing which will cause acute DI8BASBS OF CATTI^ B ' 381 'indigestion. Very often caused by turning cattle into luxuriant pasture when not used to green feed. Symptoms. — The abdomen is very much enlarged, and espe- cially the left flank; by tapping with the fingers on left side over the paunch, a hollow, drum-like sound is emitted. Animal has an anxious expression of countenance, moves uneasily, and is evi- dently distressed. If flank is pressed in with fingers, it springs back quickly. If relief is not obtained in time, the animal breathes with difficulty, reels in walking or standing, and in a short time falls and dies from suffocation. The distension may become so great in some cases as to cause rupture of the stomach. Treatment. — i In mild cases medicinal treatment may be of value, but in severe cases tapping should be resorted to at once, as the danger of the operation is very slight, and it relieves the suffering to a great extent almost immediately. For medicines give the following: Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia i ounce. Fluid Extract of Jaborandi 4 drachms. Fluid Extract of Calibar Bean i drachm. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i drachm. H3^osulphite of Soda..... 4 ounces. Water, to make i pint. Shake. Give as one dose, and repeat in one-half hour if necessary. If these drugs are not at hand, give a good dose of Ginger, or an ounce of Turpentine in a pint of Oil. , A piece of fork handle held in the mouth as a bit will some- times help in getting rid of the gas. If the bloating continues, tap the animal. Cattle are tapped in the left flank, in the center of the triangle, or where the bloat is most prominent. Use the horse trocar and canula, as it is smaller, and yet answers every purpose. To tap, wash the instrument first in the Carbolic lotion (see Operations) , and have the point of the trocar shgrp; also wash place of tapping with Carbolic lotion; place the point of the trocar against the flank, direct it downwards and forwards, and push it in nearly the 382 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR whole length ; withdraw the trocar and the gas will escape. If it is necessary to tap a second time, do so in a slightly different place. In absence of a trocar and canula, a knife and a quill can be used; insert the small blade of a knife, and when it is withdrawn, put in the quill. Every stock owner should have a trocar and canula, as this disease so frequently occurs, and it generally develops so rapidly that there is no time to send for help. The gas can be removed by passing the hollow probang (see "Choking"). Even if the animal is tapped, the medicines should be used to pass the fermenting mass onward, and after the acute symp- toms have passed off, give a good physic — 1 1^ pounds of Epsom Salts, and 2 tablespoonfuls of Ginger, in 2 quarts of water. Give for a week or two the digestive tonics, as recommended under "Chronic Indigestion, "and see that the cause producing the dis- ease does not again occur. IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN, OR PAUNCH.— This is a case where the animal's paunch is so filled with food that it causes temporary paralysis, and the whole mass lies like so much soggy material in a leather bag. Causes. — From taking a large feed of straw, or bulky food — engorging itself; irom getting loose and eating too largely of grain; or eating freely of food that animal is unaccustomed to. Getting into a grain field, or at a bin of grain, is most common cause. Symptoms. — In some cases there is slight bloating, while in others there is no bloating at all; animal is uneasy, makes a grunt, or groan, every time it breathes. If a milch cow, the milk flow will fall off in one night. The nose will be dry; breathing and pulse will be quickened, and animal will keep getting up and down, and will not take much food or water. On pressing the flank with the closed fist the indent of the hand remains for a short time in the flank, as if the rumen were filled with a soft, doughy mass. Tapping over the stomach gives off a dull, heavy sound. Bowels are costive, and the passages are dry and slimy-looking, with a bad odor. If the animal has eaten a very large amount, the left flank will be distended; the history of the case helps diagnose. DISKASES OF CATTLE 383 Treatment. — Give a dose of physic as follows; Epsom Salts i^ to 2 pounds. Bicarbonate of Soda i ounce. Ginger i " Dissolve in 2 quarts of lukewarm water and give as a drench. Also give the following to assist in passing the mass along; Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia i ounce. Sulphuric Ether ^ " Fluid Extract of Jaborandi 2 drachms. Fluid Extract of CalibarBean ^ drachm. Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica 1% drachms. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i drachm. Water to make i pint. Shake. Give as one dose and repeat three or four times a day until the animal is relieved. If there is great pain, also give 5 grains of Morphine three times a day. If the bowels do not move freely in thirty-six hours, repeat the dose of Epsom Salts, and if, after thirty-six hours longer, the mass is still unmoved, give i pound of Epsom Salts along with 2 to 4 drachms of Gamboge, or % to i drachm of Croton Oil; if the oil is used, give it in a pint of raw Linseed Oil. It is also good to give a quart of melted lard a day from the beginning of the attack. Give the animal all the water it wishes, but not too large an amount at one time. Give only a little sloppy food. If the medicine fails to have the desired effect, rumenotomy may be performed. This is opening the rumen through the flank and taking out the material. It requires a veterinarian. Where an animal has eaten a very large amount it might be best to have the operation performed at once, as the chances would be less than those taken by trying to get rid of the mass by the use of medicines. After the mass moves on out of the stomach, feed carefully and use the tonics as for "Chronic Indigestion," continuing their use for a week or two. If, during the course of the disease, there is bloating, give 4-ounce doses of Hyposulphite of Soda in i pint of water, three or four times a day, or tap (see "Tympanites"). 384 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR IMPACTION OF THE MANYPLIES, OR THIRD PART OF STOMACH.— MAW-BOUND.— The omasum, or third stomach, is the stomach with a great number of leaves, arranged so as to rub constantly on one another, keeping up a grinding action on the food, as it passes between them. Sometimes this part becomes firmly packed with food, which does not pass on, and the disease is produced. Causes. — Prom eating dry and over-ripe food that has little notnishment. In the spring, when cattle are turned out early, in trying to get at the new grass, they fill themselves with the old dry grass, and this lodging in the omasum, sets up an impaction of it. Is also caused by eating dry, dead grass late in the fall, or by keeping largely on straw or corn-stalks during the winter. Symptoms. — It comes on gradually as an ordinary case of constipation, with abdominal pain, a looking around to the right side, and disinclination to move. Kicking at belly with hind feet, grunting at nearly every breath; later fever sets in, and slowly increases as the disease makes progress; there may be some tenderness in the right side, just below the ribs. The pulse becomes more rapid and at the last, weak. The colic pains and fever grow more intense; animal makes attempts to manure, but only a few hard pieces are passed; delirium and vertigo set in, and death follows if not relieved. The symptoms resemble closely those of impaction of rumen, except that the left flank is normal, and there is no bloating. TR:eATMENT. — The treatment is the same as for "Impaction of the Rumen;' * use the melted lard freely; give water freely. Injections of warm, soapy water per rectum may be used as in "Impaction of the I/arge Intestines' ' in the horse (page 121). This disease cannot be relieved by an operation, as can impaction of the rumen. Upon examining the omasum after death, it is found to be filled in between the leaves with layers of very hard, dry food, and when the food is removed, the covering of the leaves comes off. VOMITING. — This is not a very common . affection in cattle, but it sometimes occurs. DISEASES OF CATTlvE 385 Causes. — From some irritation of the first or fourth stomach; eating indigestible material, as old clothes, or a boot, or it may result from indigestion. Symptoms. — Animals that vomit are usually in poor condi- tion. After eating tranquilly for some time, the beast becomes suddenly uneasy, arches the back, stretches the head and neck, and suddenly ejects a greater or less amount of the contents of the rumen. In a little while after this, uneasiness subsides, and the eating is resumed as though nothing had happened. Treatmbnt. — Give easily digested food and plenty of water. In order to allay the irritation of the stomach the following should be given: Chloral Hydrate % ounce. Subnitrate of Bismuth 3 drachms. Thin I/inseed Gruel i pint. Repeat dose as conditions seem to require. If there is reason to suspect that something indigestible has been eaten and does not pass on, give the following physic: Epsom Salts '. 1 pound. Salt 2 tablespoonfuls. Mix in a quart of lukewarm water and give as a drench. Also give the stimulating mixture as is recommended for ' ' Im- paction of the Rumen," repeating two or three times a day for two or three days, and then give the tonics as for "Chronic Indi- gestion." SUB-ACUTE INDIGESTION— OFF-FEED.— This is a disease in which the digestive function is more or less imper- fect. Causes. — The condition is most often caused by high feeding, especially with grain. Quite frequently seen in fat- tening animals, and also in dairy cows. Poor food may also cause the condition. 2B 386 THE PRACTICAI^ STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — The first thing noticed, the animal leaves a part or all of its grain, and takes but little coarse feed; animal also shows some dullness; after a day or two bowels are sluggish. The symptoms resemble, somewhat, impaction of the rumen, but are milder. If not relieved, the more severe symptoms of im- paction may present themselves. Treatment. — As soon as an animal is seen to leave a part of its grain, cut down the feed at once, or let them go without for a feed or two. Give a dose of Epsom salts — i J^ pounds — and an ounce or two of Ginger, in 2 quarts of water; also use the following: Fluid Extract Nux Vomica 1 J^ dracimis. Fluid Extract Jaborandi 3 draclims. Fluid Extract Calibar Bean i draclim. Aromatic Spirits Ammonia i ounce. Water, to make i pint. Stake. Give as one dose, and repeat three or four times a day, until animal is eating again. Give a little sloppy diet if he will eat. After commencing to eat be careful about overfeeding again, and give the tofiics as for "Chronic Indigestion" for two or three weeks. CHRONIC INDIGESTION.— This is a condition in which the digestive organs are only partly performing their function, the condition having existed for some time. Cmises. — The cause is generally due to poor feed, or to too long continued high feed. Cattle are not so subject to the disease as horses, yet it is not infrequent. Symptoms. — The animal is unthrifty, is not doing well, hair is harsh, skin harsh and dry; animal is dull; the appetite may remain good, or be capricious, one day eating well, another day eating but little; increase of feed produces little or no improve- ment in the animal's condition; if a cow, milk secretion is small. The feces are dry and hard. TXEATMENT. — -jive the animal the best of feed, roots, or silage, if possible, along with clover hay and bran, oats and com, and a little lyinseed DISEASES OF CATTLE 387 meal. If bowels are costive, give a i-pound dose of Epsom Salts, repeating Once a week; also use the following tonics: Gentian }i pound. Bicarbonate of Soda % " Nux Vomica % " Arsenic i drachm. Mix. Dose : Tablespoonful morning and night in moistened grain. At noon give a tablespoonful of the following: Sulphate of Iron 4 ounces. Saltpeter 4 " Mix. Or the following iron mixture may be used: Liquid Chloride of Iron 2 ounces. Nitro-hydochloric Acid 2 " Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose: t ounce, diluted in 8 ounces of water. HAIR, OR BINDER TWINE BALLS, OR CON- CRETIONS. — These may be found in rumen or paunch, or in the reticulum or second stomach. In calves, foreign substances are sometimes found in the fourth stomach. Causes. — Hair balls are caused by animals licking each other in spring, when the hair is loose, and this hair collects in a ball in the stomach. In the case of binder twine, the cattle get the twine from eating straw which has been bound with twine, and this collects and forms into balls. Symptoms. — The symptoms of these foreign bodies are not at all characteristic; if in the first or second stomach they produce but little trouble, the animal acting normal; when in the fourth stomach, substances are apt to cause more irritation, and produce symptoms similar to inflammation of the stomach, or impaction. Upon opening the stomach of cattle which have been slaughtered for meat, foreign bodies of various kinds are frequently found, having produced no apparent disturbance. 388 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Treatment.— Inasmuch as the exact condition can not be recognized, symptoms only can be treated; if they are like those of inflam- mation of the stomach, treat as for that; if there is impaction, treat that. If there is good reason to believe that there is some- thing in the rumen, rumenotomy could be performed. See "Im- paction of Rumen." INFLAMMATION OF THE ABOMASUM, OR FOURTH PART OF THE STOMACH.— This disease is more common in calves than in older cattle. Causes. — It is caused by eating frozen roots, or grass, and also by eating over-ripe food. In calves it is caused from chang- ing too suddenly from sweet to sour milk; in the case of young calves, especially, this change irritates the stomach and sets up disease. Symptoms. — First there is diarrhea, then constipation, chang- ing from one to the other every day or two; animal breathes quickly and groans with pain; nose is hot and dry; belly has a tucked up look and is sore to pressure; the legs and ears are cold. The pulse is rapid and hard, the temperature elevated; animal refuses all feed. Treatment. — To calves give the following drench: Raw Linseed Oil 3^ pint. Fluid Extract of Belladonna lo drops. Laudanum i drachm. Mix and give as a drench. Give the belly a good rubbing with Mustard and vinegar; blanket to keep warm, and place some hot salt in a bag over the back, and after this give a teaspoonful of Laudanum and lo drops of Fluid Extract of Belladonna in ^A cup of milk three or four times a day, until it gets relief; i drachm of Subnitrate of Bismuth, divided into three powders, and one given in a little thin gruel three times a day is also good. If it will drink, give it small quantities of new milk, and every time it is fed, put a teaspoonful of baking soda in the milk. DISEASES OF CATTLB 389 To old cattle give the following: Raw Linseed Oil i pint. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i drachm. Laudanum i ounce. Mix and give as a drench. Afterward give the following: Laudanum i ounce. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i drachm. Fluid Extract of Aconite Root 15 drops; Mix in a pint of water and give as a drench three times a day until relieved. Subnitrate of Bismuth in 2-drachm doses, in a little thin gruel, three times a day, is also good. Clothe the body well and put hot salt in a bag to the back. Feed soft food and give luke- warm water to drink. DIARRHEA, OR SCOURS. — Diarrhea results either from increased action of the muscular coat of the intestines, or an increased secretion of the juices, or from both of those con- ditions combined. Causes. — Food taken in excess, or of improper quality; ex- cessive secretions, especially bile; impure water, and water drunk in excess; mechanical congestion of the intestinal vessels; acute or chronic inflammation of the bowels; sudden change in feed. Exposure to changes of temperature, either of heat or cold, may produce it. May be a symptom of other diseases. Symptoms. — In severe cases, the animal is dull, places its feet well under its body, arches its back, and shows thirst. Pas- sages from the bowels are frequent, at first consisting of thin dung, but as disease advances they become watery and offensive smelling, and may even be streaked with blood. Frequently the malady is accompanied by fever, great depression, loss ^of strength, rapid loss of flesh, and it may terminate in death. Mild cases simply show a too fluid condition of the droppings. Treatment. — When the disease is from irritating properties of food, give a mild purgative, as a pint of either I^inseed or Castor Oil. 390 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR And also give the following: I2 to i ounce, repeated three or four times a day. This is very poisonous, and care should be taken to use it as directed. Give dry feed, limit the water, giving lyinseed meal, starch, or flour gruel. If the animal will eat, give dry, burned flour. The doses given are for the adult; give calves about ^ the dose. See "White Scours" for the disease in calves. If there is great prostration, blood in passages, and pain, see " Dysentery." When the condition is a symptom of some other disease, that dis- ease must also be treated. DYSENTERY— BLOODY FLUX.— Dysentery begins with inflammation of the mucous membrane of the colon, but may extend until all the bowels are involved. Causes. — Feeding musty hay and grain, or other forage in like condition ; acid, poisonous plants ; bad water ; sequel of neglected diarrhea; or following almost any debilitating disease. Symptoms. — Animal eats slowly, ruminates less frequently, and walks slowly. There are sometimes colic pains. As dis-' ease advances, animal ceases to eat and chew the cud, the muzzle is dry, eyes sunken, coat rough, and the skin dry and hide-bound; stands with the back arched. At first, bowels act irregularly, DISEASES OP CATTI.E 391 passages are thin, then become fetid, and are streaked with blood; pulse rapid and weak, temperature elevated. Disease may or may not run a rapid course, and, when fatal, the Uning of the bowels will be found thickened and reddened at some points, showing ulceration at others, and on some portions of its surface covered with a layer of mucus. There is more or less mucus passed along with the droppings during the course of the disease, giving them a slimy appearance. Treatment. — The disease is treated much the same as "Diarrhea," starting in with the Oil; also use the I^audanum, but the astringents more especially are needed in this disease; use the Copperas solution part of the time and part of the time, in its place, use the following: Acetate of Lead i drachm. Water i pint. Shake. Give as one dose, and repeat two or three times a day. The Corrosive Sublimate solution can also be used, as with "Diarrhea. ' ' Also use the gruels and burned flour. Blood flour is also excellent for this trouble; give an adult animal from 2 to 4 tablespoonfuls in a pint of warm water. With this disorder also use the following as a stimulant, and also to allay the fever: Fluid Extract of Aconite lyi drachms. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i ounce- Alcohol 5 ounces. Saltpeter 2 ounces Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three or four times a day, in ^ pint of water. If necessary to continue for more than two or thtee days, leave the Aconite out of the prescription, and put % ounce of Fluid Extract of Digitalis into the prescription in its place. After recovery, use for a couple of weeks the tonics as for "Chronic Indigestion." 392 • THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR COLIC— Causes. — From drinking copiously of cold water, which pro- duces cramps of stomach and bowels; or from a change of food, especially if green or frozen. Not as common a disease with cattle as with horses. Symptoms. — There is some distension of the abdomen, but no accumulation of gas. As distension and pain occur immediately after drinking, there can be no question as to cause. The animal is uneasy; lies down and gets up; stretches out and strikes the feet against the belly; moans, and looks around at the side, show- ing distress. Treatment. — Walk the animal about for ten minutes. In some cases the walking exercise will result in a diarrhea, which will bring about a cure for the disorder. In case the pain persists, give the fol- lowing: Sulphuric Ether l ounce. Ivaudanum I " Warm water I pint. Give as one dose, and repeat in an hour if not relieved, and again in two hours if necessary. In an emergency, when the medicine is not to be had, give 4 ounces of Whiskey mixed with a pint of warm water, or a tablespoonful of Ginger may be given in the same way as the remedies already mentioned. Do not exercise beyond a walk. Give one of the colic mixtures as recommended for the horse under "Colic' ' (page 115). Hot applications to the loins or abdo- men, if possible, will be of great value. DEPRAVED APPETITE — PICA. — Cattle suffering from this disease have a capricious and variable appetiie as regards their ordinary food, but show a strong liking to lick and eat substances that healthy cattle show no inclination for, such as lime, earth, coal, gravel, or even the dung of other cattle. Causes. — Bad food, especially food that has undergone changes, which lessens its digestibiUty and nutritive qualities, is DISKASKS OF CATTLE 393 a common cause. Cattle pastured on low, swampy land are pre- disposed to it. It occasionally happens that one individual suf- fers, though all are fed alike; in such case the trouble must arise from a lack of assimilation. Symptoms. — In addition to licking and bating strange things as above noted, animals affected with this ailment fall off in con- dition, their coats become staring, the gait slow. Treatment. — Give treatment as for "Chronic Indigestion." INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS— ENTER- ITIS. — This is an inflammation of the lining and also the muscular wall of the bowels, and is quite different from the inflammatory stage of dysentery. Causes. — From eating various poisonous substances, either animal, vegetable, or mineral; it may follow a too sudden checking of the diarrhea; drinking of ice-cold water may produce it; or exposure to a cold, damp wind, or any influence that sud- denly chills the stn-face of the body may act as a cause. Symptoms. — There is constipation, such feces as are passed being hard, dry, and mucus coated, and sometimes offensive and bloody; high fever with quick, hard pulse; dry mouth, with fur over tongue and cheeks; great thirst; appetite fails, and in cows, the milk; rumination is stopped; colic pains may occur, although pain is more apt to be constant; more or less pain is produced by pressing against the right flank; breathing is labored, and more or less bloating may be noticed; urine is scanty and high colored; back is arched, animal moans, grinds his teeth, and refuses to move; pulse gradually becomes imperceptible, and extremities are cold; and in fatal cases, death follows in a day or two. The high tfemperature and rapid, hard pulse helps distinguish this from the other diseases of the digestive organs. Treai.'menT. — If the inflammation is caused by irritating poisons, 'either vegetable or mineral, give thin Linseed gruel freely ; and from whatever cause, a liberal amount of the gruel is good ; it helps to unload the bowels without irritating them. Give water in small 394 THE PRACTICAIy STOCK DOCTOR quantities very frequently. Give i -ounce doses of laudanum five to seven times a day, and also the following : Fluid Extract Belladonna i ounce. Fluid Extract Aconite I'/i drachms. Saltpeter 2 ounces. Liquor Ammonia Acetatis Bounces. Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, four times a day in a half pint of water. The Ammonia Acetate solution may be left out if not at hand. Apply hot blankets to the loins and right flank ; apply as hot as the animal will stand, and change every half hour. If the weather will not permit of using hot water, rub on a little Turpentine liniment or Mustard plaster and apply hot salt bag. If animal recovers, feed carefully for some time, and give half doses of tonics as for "Chronic Indigestion." INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING OF THE BELLY CAVITY— PERITONITIS.— This is an inflamma- tion of the membrane lining the cavity of the belly, and covering the bowels and other abdominal viscera. Causes. — From standing in a cold rain, or wind, after being ivarmed up and sweating; or from being wet and afterward lying out on the cold ground. It may also be caused by wounds pene- trating the abdomen. Sometimes follows castration or spaying; iometimes follows parturition. Symptmns. — Continuous or occasional shivering; animal lies down, but acts uneasy; often turns the head toward the flanks and lows plaintively; pressure on flanks produces pain; no appe- tite; muzzle dry, and no rumination; while standing, legs are placed well under body; pulse small and hard; temperature ele- vated; dung small and hard. If disease is complicated with in- flammation of the bowels, pain is more severe and animal more restless. The skin is cold and dry in early stage, but when more advanced, this condition may be succeeded by heat of skin and quick breathing. The fits of trembling, uneasiness, small and hard pulse, elevated temperature, and tension of left flank with pain upon pressure, are symptoms the presence of which are DISEASES OF CATTlvE 395 indicative of the disease. Symptoms are very much Uke inflamma- tion of the bowels, only not quite so severe, and disease runs a slower course. If from wounds, the presence of these help to diagnose. Trratment. — When from injury by the horn of another animal being thrust through the abdominal walls, or when resulting from castration, give special treatment, as indicated under the title of injury, and follow general treatment as here given: The body should be warmly clothed, and it is advisable when practicable, to have a blanket, which has been wrung out in hot water, placed over the abdomen, then covered with several dry blankets, which are kept in place by straps or ropes passed around the body. If the animal is lying down the straps are not necessary. The wet blanket must be changed as often as it cools (every half hour) , the object being to draw the blood to the surface of the body, and relieve internal parts. If for any reason the wet blanket had best not be used, as in a cold stable, apply Tur- pentine liniment or Mustard paste to the abdomen, and put hot salt bags under the woolen blankets. Internally, use the same treatment as recommended under "Inflammation of the Bowels," the disease first preceding this, for the first two or three days, then change the prescription and give the following: Pluid Extract of Belladonna i c ance . Fluid Extract of Digitalis 6 drachms. Iodide of Potash 6 Saltpeter 3 ounces. Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three times a day. If a large amount of fluid should collect in the abdominal cavity, treat as recommended under the next disease. DROPSY OF THE BELLY— ASCITES.— In this disease there is a watery effusion into the cavity of the abdomen. Causes.— ^xam peritonitis, or acute, or chronic diseases of the liver. Also from a mn-down condition, resulting from poor feed. 396 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — A gradual inca-ease in the size of the belly at its lower part, while the flanks become hollow; pallor of the mucous membrane of the mouth and eye; weak, sluggish gait; want of appetite, and irregularity of ruminating. On percussion, or tapping of the surface of the abdomen with the fingers, a dull sound is produced. If hand and arm are oiled and passed into the rectum as far as possible, on moving hand from side to side, the fluctuation caused by the presence of fluid in the abdomen may be felt. The fluctuation may also sometimes be felt by pressing in suddenly in the lower part of the right flank. Treatment. — Give nutritious food, and use the Gentian and Nux Vomica tonic, as recommended under " Chronic Indigestion," along with the last preparation as given under "Peritonitis. " But give the tonic in thin gruel, so as not to throw the animal off its feed. If the bowels are sluggish, give }^-pound doses of Epsom Salts every three or four days. If this treatment fails to reduce the amount of fluid, the abdomen will have to be tapped. This is done the same as for Tympanites (see that disease) , except that the trocar and canula is introduced a few inches back of the navel, on the underside of the abdomen. Push the instrument in only far enough to go through the wall, withdraw the trocar and the fluid will flow out through the canula. Continue the internal treatment after tapping. CONSTIPATION.— This is a condition which exists when there is not sufiicient moisture in the stomach and bowels, and the feces are passed tardily and in hard, dry lumps. Causes. — From the too free use of dry, over-ripe feed ; from insufficient or impure water ; from too little exercise. It is often symptomatic of other disease, especially that of the liver. Calves sometimes suffer from constipation immediately after birth. Symptoms. — It is recognized by the hard, dry manure, which is also sometimes glazed. Animal may not care to eat or drint, and the muzzle is dry. It is apt to run into inflammation of the bowels, colic or impaction if not overcome. If a symptom of other disease, the symptoms of that disease will be present. I DISEASES OF CATTI.E; 397 Trbatment. — Give the same internal treatment as recommended under "Sub- Acute Indigestion; Off- Feed." Also give laxative food, and plenty of pure water to drink. If a mild case, laxative food, with a handful of salt and plenty of water may be all that is required. Injections into the rectum of warm water and soap are of much benefit in aiding either laxatives or purgatives. When a symptom of a disease, treat as indicated under the affection. In the case of calves suffering from constipation immediately following birth, give an ounce or two of Castor Oil shaken up in an ounce of new milk. The dard's milk is the best preventive of this trouble, as it contains laxative substances which help in unloading the bowels. Inject a little warm, soapy water into the rectum. If the oil fails, give i or 2 ounces of Epsom Salts in 4 ounces of warm water, and also a Uttle of the mixture as recommended above. INTESTINAL WORMS IN CATTLE.— Cattle are less infested with worms than any other species of domestic ainmals, and it is rarely necessary to apply treatment for the removal of these parasites. Tapeworms and round worms are, however, sometimes found in the intestines of cattle. Tapeworms rnore often than the round ones. Symptoms. — An examination of the manure is the only cer- tain method of making sure that there are worms in the bowels, and if present the worms will be found to some extent in the droppings. In some cases the animal may fall off in condition, though the appetite may be very good. Treatment. — For tapeworms, feed lightly for a day or two and then give J^ ounce of Oil of Male Fern twice a day in a pint of milk for three days in succession, and follow the last dose with i % pounds of Epsom Salts. For round worms give 2 drachms of Sulphate of Iron, three times 9. day, mixed in moistened grain, and after three days' treatment with this, give the Epsom Salts as above. Oil of Tur- pKitine may be given in doses of i ounce with a pint of milk or 398 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR raw Linseed Oil, or Santonin in 1-drachm doses in feed, to be followed by the purgative as described. In treating calves, which are more apt to be infested with worms than older cattle, give from one-quarter to one-half the dose given above. WOUNDS OF THE ABDOMEN.— A wound of the abdomen may merely penetrate the skin, but as such cases are not attended with much danger, the purpose of this article will be to consider more especially those wounds which penetrate the entire thickness of the walls, and expose, to a greater or less extent, the organs contained. Causes. — By falling on sharp objects that penetrate; by ? blow from the horn of another animal ; incautious use of caustic in treating hernia. Symptoms. — When the wound is small, at first the bowel exposed looks like a small round tumor, but in a few minutes a loop of intestines may emerge from the opening. Animal will then show symptoms of severe pain, by pawing with his feet which will accelerate the passage of new loops of the intestines so that they may in some cases reach the ground. The pain now is so great that the animal becomes almost frantic. Treatment. — In case the bowels are torn and bruised, there is nothing to do but to slaughter the animal at once. If the parts have not been lacerated, the bowels should be cleaned" by pouring tepid water over them and then Carbolic Acid lotion, as in cleaning the vagina in eversion of that organ. After cleaning the bowel, return it, wash the edges of the wound with water and the Car- bolic Acid lotion, sew up the muscles with catgut, the skin with silk (see Operations, page 347). Apply bandage as with "Hernias." Dress the wound daily with the Carbolic Acid lotion. (See "General Treatment of Wounds,*' Horse Depart- ment). If only the skin is torn, treat as under same heading. DISEASES OF CATTLE 399 LESSON VI RUPTURE OR HERNIA A hernia is a displacement of some of the abdominal organs, generally a portion of the bowels, outside the abdominal cavity; they are named according to their location. VENTRAL HERNIA is an escape of some one of the abdominal organs through a rupture in the abdominal muscles, the skin remaining intact. The small intestine, or part of the large intestine, are the parts which usually form a ventral hernia. Causes. — Hernia is frequently produced by blows of the horns of other animals, by kicks, and by falls. In the case of old cows this may occur vnthout any direct injury. In advanced stages of pregnancy, the increase of the size of the abdomen causes a thinning and stretching of the muscular fibers, which at last may rupture or give way. Symptoms. — The hernia is most often situated at the right side of the abdomen, producing an enlargement of greater or less size. The swelling is not usually painful, is of a doughy ajjpear- ance, or elastic, according as the intestines does or does not con- tain feces. By working with the hand, the bowel can be pushed back and the enlargement reduced, and the rent in the abdominal wall felt. If on the upper and right side, the herni^ is usually formed by the smalHntestine. It is not so readily reduced, but when once done is not as likely to be reproduced as in those occurring lower. Adhesion to the abdominal wall, and strangu- lation are complications which sometimes take place. In adhesion the rupture cannot be reduced by pressure, and when strangula- tion exists there is pain. In the latter case, the edges of the opening press on the bowel, so as to stop the passage of the feces, produce inflammation, and finally gangrene. The strangulated hernia will cause severe abdominal pain, shown by uneasiness, kicking belly, etc. Treatment. — When a hernia can be put back into the abdomen (reduced) , it should be kept there to allow the walls of the wound to grow together. This may be done in a number of ways. 400 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR The following method of applying a bandage has been recom- mended by some. Prepare a bandage of strong material about ID yards long and 3 to 4 inches broad, and a flexible but solid piece of pasteboard adapted to the size of the hernia. Push back protruding organ into the abdomen ; this being done, a layer of melted pitch and turpentine is quickly spread on skin covering seat of hernia and extending somewhat beyond. Cover this adhesive layer with a layer of fine tow, then put a new layer of pitch and turpentine on the tow, and lay on this the pasteboard, the outer surface of which cover with the same preparation ; lastly, the bandage, adhering to the piece of pasteboard, to the. skin, and to the different turns which it makes around the body, is carefully applied so as to form an immovable, rigid, and solid bandage, which retains the hernia long enough for the wound in the abdominal walls to heal permanently. Bandages get loose as the animal changes slightly in size from day to day, and so must be watched. Resorting to surgery for the curing of ventral hernia is advisible, if the rupture is not too large. The skin is cut through over the rupture and the muscles sewed up with cat-gut and then the skin sewed up with silk. A bandage is then put around the animal to help support the stitches ; see Operations, in Horse Department, for general principles for operations. I/arge hernias best not be operated on in this way — a rent over six or eight inches long. Ruptures on the under side of abdomen are more apt to recur when they have been returned, and wounds made in operating on them are more difficult to heal than when hernia is on the side. When a rupture is strangulated — circulation of contents of sac stopped — it is advisible to open the sac carefully and return the parts, enlarging the opening in the abdominal muscles enough to return protuding organs, after which close the wound in the muscles with cat-g^t stitches, and then the wound in the skin with silk thread. Put pver this a compress of ten to twelve folds of cloth ; and apply a bandage around the body to hold it in place, fastening the two ends at the back. A ventral hernia may also be treated by ligating the fold of skin, or by the use of the elastic bandage as with umbil- ical hernia. DISEASES OF CATTLE 401 UMBILICAL, OR NAVEL HERNIA.— The umbilicus, or navel, is the opening in the floor of the abdomen through which the blood vessels pass from the foetus to enter the umbilical cord; naturally this closes after birth. Sometimes this remains open in new-born calves, and allows a part of the bowel to slip through the opening, constituting what is called umbilical hernia, or rupture. Causes. — In a new-born animal, in which the accident occurs, the opening is too large, or does not close as it should, and a portion of the intestine passes through it. May be caused by roughly pulling away the cord; by kicks, or blows, on belly; by any severe straining which affects the navel. Symptoms. — There is an enlargement at the navel, and by laying the animal on his back, and working it with the hand, the bowel can be pushed back and the opening felt. Treatment. — It is well to bear in mind that many of the smaller rup- tures will heal of themselves — nature effects the cure. As animal grows older, the muscles on the sides of the opening get stronger and resist pressure, bowels grow larger, and do not so easily pass through opening, so that from a combination of causes there is a gradual closing of the navel. When there is no evidence of self-closing, the calf should be laid on its back, and if rupture does not return into belly, the reduction may be brought about by gentle handling. When this is done, clip the hair from around the parts, and apply a compress of ten to twelve yards of linen, or cotton, bandaging as directed in ventral hernia. Or, use a bandage having in it some elastic webbing; this keeps the bandage tight, regardless of the move- ments of the animal. In case there is adhesion, so that the intestines cannot be put back, the skin must be laid open with a knife in the long direction, and adhesions carefully separated, and after the protruding parts have been put back, the sides of the umbilicus freshened by cutting, and then edges of wound brought together with catgut stitches and the wound m the skin sewed with silk. Bandage with a plain, or elastic, bandage, and dress wound daily. See principles for, m Opera^ TioNS, Horse Department. Another plan is to cord the 2^ 402 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR pendulous portion of the skin — after returning the intestines gather up the loose skin and tie a string around it, dose to the body; tie tight enough so it will not slip off. This will likely slacken in a few days, when a new piece should be applied, just above the first one. This sets up inflammation and causes the edges to adhere, and by the time the skin below the tie has lost its vitality and dropped off, the umbilicus is closed and there is no danger of the bowel coming down. Sometimes adhesion does not take place, the skin sloughs, and the last state is worse than the first; this is due to tying the string too tight and sloughing too quickly, or to the edges of the umbilicus being so healed over that they will not unite, which might be the case if the hernia has been present for some time. With these old hernias the best treatment is to cut in, raw the edges and sew up, and then use the compress and bandage INGUINAL HERNIA. — Inguinal hernia is caused by a loop of the intestine passing down into the inguinal canal — the canal leading from the abdomen down into the scrotum, in which lies the spermatic cord. This accident is more apt to occur in bulls, although it may happen in steers. It rarely occurs. The bowel becomes strangulated, and the condition is only recognized when this occiurs, and then the following symptoms are presented. The animal becomes restless, stamps with his feet, lies down and gets up, kicks at his belly, looks at his flank, etc. With these symptoms an CTaminatiou should be made through the rectum. Pass the hand int9 the rectum and feel along the front border of the pelvic floor, and if the condition exists, the bowel can be felt entering the canal a little to one side of the center and just in front of the pelvic border; the swollen condition of the bowel will help recognize it. Treatment. — Place the animal with the hind feet higher than the front, and remove the bowel from the canal by pulling upon ito After removing the bowel, if a steer, and ready for the market, dispose of him, or fat as soon as possible, as accident may re-occur. If a bull, and it re-occtys, castrate as for scrotal hernia. DISEASES OF CATTLE 403 SCROTAL HERNIA.— This is a hernia in which the bowel passes down through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. With male calves the condition is sometimes present at birth, and later on gradually reduces itself by the canal closing and crowd- ing the bowel out; or, the condition may continue, the canal being large enough to allow the feces to pass through the loop of the bowel without being obstructed, or it may become strangulated and cause serious trouble. Symptoms. — The scrotum is larger than it should be, especially on one side ; by feeling of it, it is found to contain a mass under the testicle, and by laying the animal on his back the bowel can be worked back into the abdomen. The condition may exist for a long time and cause no apparent inconvenience, or the bowel may become strangulated at any time and cause symptoms as with inguinal hernia. Treatment. — Castrate the animal by the covered operation, the same as recommended for the colt or pig affected with this trouble. LESSON VII DISEASES OF THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS INFLAMMATION OF THE PERICARDIUM- PERICARDITIS. — This is an inflammation of the sac or mem- brane enclosing the heart, and it is often associated with pneu- monia, pleurisy, rheumatism, and other constitutional diseases. It also occurs as an independent affection, due to causes similar to those of other diseases of the chest, such as cold, or dampness, and changes of the weather. Symptoms. — It may be ushered in by a chill, followed by fever of more or less severity, the animal stands still and dull, with hanging head and an anxious expression. Pulse may be large, perhaps hard; there is also a venous pulse. Hand against chest will feel beating of heart, which is irregular, sometimes 404 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR violent, tlien again weak. I^egs are cold; breathing quickened, and usually abdominal; tapping or striking left side of chest gives pain. There may be a line or furrow along line of the false ribs from below and behind elbow back to flank. Spasms of the muscles may occur in region of breast, neck, or hind legs. After a time, which is varying in length, legs may swell, and swelling may appear under chest and brisket. In first stages, the ear appliea to chest will hear a to-and-fro friction sound, cor- responding to the beats of heart; when exudation into heart sac takes place the sound is not heard, and will not be until fluid is absoibed sufficiently to allow surfaces to come together again. A murmuring sound like that made by bellows sometimes takes p ace of friction sound, which indicates that the endocardium, or )-eart lining, is also involved. The friction sound in pleurisy is heard in consonance with breathing, so there is no need in con- fusing the symptoms, if one is careful. Treatment. — When this disease is associated with other diseases, these must be treated as directed in description of them. Keep animal in a quiet, comfortable place, free from excitement. Clothe body warmly and hand-rub the legs until circulation is re-established, and then snugly bandage. Give nutritious food in moderate amount. At +he beginning, give a mild purgative of i to i% pounds of Epsom Salts, dissolved in a quart of warm water. Otherwise give the same treatment as recommended for this dis- ease in the horse, remembering that the dose for cattle is one and one-half to two times the dose for the horse (see page 234) . INFLAMMATION OF VEINS— PHLEBITIS.— Causes. — From bleeding without proper care, or with unclean fleam or lancet ; by animal rubbing the wound against some object. Symptoms. — "When inflammation follows the operation, the coats of the veins become enlarged, so much so that the vessel may be felt, bard and knotted beneath the skin, and when pressed on, pain is shown. A thin, watery discharge, blood tinged, issues from wound. When pin is taken out it is seen that wound has* DISEASES OF CATTLE 405 not healed ; the blood becomes coagulated in the vessel, and in inflammation of the jugular, the coagulation extends from wound upward to first large branch. Abscesses may form along vein. The inflammation is followed by obliteration of that part of vein in which coagulation exists. This is of small import, as cattle have an accessory jugular vein which gradu- ally enlarges and thus fits itself for increased amount of blood it must carry. Treatment. — The treatment for inflammation of the vein is the same in cattle as in horses (see page 239). As bleeding is very rarely practiced now, this condition is not so frequently seen as for- merly, when animals were bled for nearly everything. LESSON VIII DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN YELLOWS, OR JAUNDICE; CONGESTION OF THE LIVER.— Causes. — Congestion, or inflammation of the liver, from bile stones forming in the duct of the liver, obstructing the flow of bile. It is most common in stall-fed cattle. Symptoms. — Pressure along the margin of the short ribs on the right side produces pain ; appetite is poor, and animal shows hardly any inclination to drink ; mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes are yellow, the urine has a yellow or brown appearance, and animal lies down much, and moves with great reluctance, moans occasionally, and has a stagger- ing gait. The horns and ears are cold ; in cows the secretion of milk is much diminished, and that which is secreted has a bitter taste; sometimes the animal has a dry, painful cough, and presents a dull, stupefied appearance. Treatment. — To produce a free action of the bowels, and remove the usually congested condition of the portal vein and liver, give IV2 4o6 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR pounds of Epsom Salts, dissolved in water, and after the effect has worked off, give 4 ounces of Glaubers Salts each day; aside from this give the treatment as for the horse, remember- ing that the dose is one and one-half to two times as large for cattle as for the horse (see page 131). INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER— HEPATITIS. — ^This is a more advanced stage ot congestion of the liver. It is frequently restricted to a special part of the liver and the rest of the organ may be comparatively healthy. The gland cells are the seat of inflammation, and abscess formation is the result, Symptoms. — The symptoms are sometimes obscure, and their real significance is frequently overlooked. The most prominent symptoms are yellowness of the white of the eye, and membrane lining the mouth ; the appetite is poor ; the body presents an emaciated appearance, but there is frequently fullness at the lower part of the abdomen. The gait is weak, and animal lies down more than usual, and while doing so often has the head turned around resting on the side of the chest. Trbatment. — Give: Sulphate of Soda ^ pound. Taraxacum y^ ounce. Tepid water 2 quarts. Mix, and give as one dose. Repeat this night and morning until a relaxed condition of the bowels is produced. The object is not a strong purgation, but a laxative effect, which should be continued several days. After treatment has been continued for several days, give the following : Quinine i drachm. Nitro-muriatic Acid I drachm. Shake up in a quart of cold water. This dose should be given three times a day until the animal has regained his strength. Rub Turpentine liniment well in, once a day over the region of the liver, on the right side. Extreme heat, and pasturing animals on low-lying ground, are conditions favorable to the pro- duction of this disease. DISEASES OF CATTlvE 407 FLUKE DISEASE IN CATTLE— WORM IN THE LIVER. — This occurs in cattle and sheep pasturing on low- lying lands, and is more often met with in rainy seasons. Not met with except in a few localities in this country. Cause. — Is a parasite, called the fluke, or Fasciola Hepatica, which infests the biliary ducts of the liver. The immature forms are taken up in the drinking water, or in grazing, in this way passing to the stomach, and, changing their forms, finally find lodgment in the liver. When the full development stage is reached, the fluke passes out in the excreta, and its eggs, by the agency of moisture, hatch, and the young fluke passes through a number of changes before it infests other cattle. Symptoms. — Upon first entering the liver, when the flukes are small, they seem to stimulate its action and the animal seemingly thrives better than ever; but when the flukes attain their growth and are present in large numbers, they set up an inflammation of the organ. The liver becomes soft and very easily broken down. Animal becomes dull and weak; swellings form under the throat. Mucous membranes become yellow, skin harsh and dry. Fever, with great emaciation and dropsical accumulations in the chest and belly, follow, which is soon in turn followed by death. Upon post-mortem the parasites are found in the liver; small, flat worms. Treatment. — Is of no avail. Affected animal should be killed at once, and unaffected cattle should be moved to a higher and dryer pasture. Horses are unaffected with this disease, and can be put into a lot where cattle have been attacked. DISEASE OF THE SPLEEN. — While the spleen is sometimes affected with disease, aside from those conditions of it, which are the result of other disorders, ye.t the symptoms which the animal presents are so uncharacteristic that it is almost, if not quite, impossible to diagnose disorders of the organ during life. About all that can be done is to treat symptoms, in cases of this kind, where a diagnosis cannot be made. Laxatives, tonics, and fever mixtures are generally in order. 4o8 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR LESSON IX DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS— NEPHRI- TIS.— Causes. — External violence, wounds, strains, etc.; eating acrid, diuretic plants; and too free use of diuretic medicines. Symptoms. — It is rather rare in cattle. When it occurs, there are colicky pains, with great uneasiness; the urine is thick and dark colored, and voided often and in small quantities, dnd with much straining and pain; there is tenderness over the loins, especially at the sides immediately below the transverse spines of the lumbar vertebrae; the gait is straddling, and lameness is noticeable, sometimes in one leg and sometimes in both; the appetite is poor; fever runs high; rumination ceases; the back is arched when standing; sometimes blood, and in the later stages pus, is evacuated with the urine; nose becomes hot and dry, horns and extremities cold, and breathing labored. Diarrhea often sets in and sometimes dysentery; this state being often followed by constipation. At the last there is profuse sweating, great pain; the pulse becomes small and weak; and stupor and death follows. Treatment. — First, remove the causes as far as possible. Give a fairly brisk purgative — from i to i^ pounds of Epsom Salts and a quart of melted lard. Aside from this give the same treatment, omitting the laxative, as recomj; ended for the horse (page 132), giving from one and one-half to two times the dose. Apply the hot blankets to the loins and also the Mustard plaster. The chronic form of the disease is rarely met with in cattle, but in case it should exist, treat as for the horse. DIABETES INSIPIDUS, OR PROFUSE URINA- TION. — This disease is characterized by the excessive amount of urine that is passed. DISEASES OF CATTI.E 409 Causes. — From being fed on swill food; from blood pressure in the kidneys; acrid, diuretic plants taken with food; excess of sugar in food; frozen food; moldy or musty hay and fodder; alkaline water and alkaline incrustation on the soil. Symptoms. — The large amount of clear urine that is passed. If allowed to continue, animal becomes unthrifty. Treatment. — This is mainly in the change of diet to one more solid, and free from the cause of the affection. Boiled Flaxseed is v6ry good in addition to the solid, wholesome, dry food, and by way of medi- cine use the following: Iodide of Potasli i ounce. Water to make i pint. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, two or three times a day. One-ounce doses of Fluid Extract of Ergot twice a day are also good. To correct the digestive function, give the Gentian and Nux Vomica tonic, as for "Chronic Indigestion." BLOODY URINE IN CATTLE--HAEMATURIA.— This is a common affection among cattle in certain localities. Cattses. — From injury to loins or kidneys by external vio- lence; from active congestion of the kidneys from calculi; eating acrid herbage, and eating of frozen roots may cause the affection. It is also a symptom of diseases in which the urinary organs themselves are not diseased. Symptoms. — It is simple haematuria when blood is found in the urine in clots, or when, under the microscope, the blood glo- bules can be detected. It is smoky urine when no distinct clots or discs can be found, but merely a general browning, reddening, or blackening of the urine, by presence of dissolved blood-color- ing matter. If due to gravel, gritty particles are usually passed, and may be found in dish in which liquid is caught; if from in- jury to loins, there is likely to be some loss of control to limbs, and more or less paralysis of the tail. If without blood globules, it likely results from other diseases, from irritating plants, and 4IO THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR from eating frozen roots. There may be fever or not, with ten- derness of abdomen on pressure, and with or without marked paleness of mucous membranes, and general weakness. When direct injury to kidneys is the cause, urine will be passed often and in small quantities, and with much straining. When there is a watery blood from lack of nourishment, fever is absent, and red water is at first the only symptom. When cause has been irritant plants, there will be abdominal tenderness, colics, and other signs of bowel inflammation. Treatment. — • This will depend whether cause has been a direct irritant operating on a subject in vigorous health, or from some cause acting on an animal deficient in blood and vigor. In the first case, give a smart purgative — i to i% pounds of Epsom Salts — to clear the bowels and allay fever. Sometimes this, with a liberal supply of good, wholesome food, will be all that is required, boiled Flaxseed and wheat bran is especially good. In the case of diuretic plants, give i -drachm doses of Fluid Extract of Belladonna and i ounce of Alcohol, repeated three or four times a day. Also apply hot fomentations over the loins. In cases due to sprained or fractured loins, to inflamed kidneys, or to stone, or gravel, the treatment must be for the particular disease in ques- tion. When from anaemia, or watery blood, whether from badly adjusted rations, or from running on marshy soil, treatment must be tonic and stimulating. Rich, abundant, and digestible food must be given. Also, as a tonic, the preparations as for "Chronic Indigestion." In some cases, in addition to foregoing, i-drachm doses of Quinine three times a day are of value. Where simply a symptom of some disease, not directly affecting the urinary organs, treat as for disease causing the condition. ALBUMEN IN THE URINE— ALBUMENURIA.— This is very similar to Bright 's disease in the human being ; not very common. Causes. — Chronic inflammation of the kidneys, which in turn may arise from various causes. The long continued use of poor food may cause the disease. Injury to the loins may also cause it. DISEASES OF CATTI.E 411 Symptoms. — ^When trouble arises from injury to the loins, back will be arched and feet drawn together, but in ordinary cases the most common and characteristic symptom is stretching at full length and getting the hind and fore feet as far apart as possible. Generally there is constipation, straddling gait, stiff- ness and disinclination to move. To test the urine for albumen, boil a little in a tube, or bottle, and it becomes cloudy; let it cool and then add a little Nitric Acid, and if it still remains cloudy it is due to albumen; if the cloudiness clears up, it was due to other causes. Death may result from paralysis of hind parts, from blood poisoning, or from coma (stupor). Treatment. — Will usually be directed to the disease on which it is dependent. In the absence of any other recognizable disease, mucilaginous drinks of boiled Flaxseed, Slippery Flm, or Gum may be given, Tannic Acid, V^ drachm, twice dai.y, and fomen- tations or even Mustard poultices over the loins. When the disease is chronic, and there is no attendant fever (elevation of temperature), tonics (Hydrochloric Acid, 6 drops in a pint of water; Phosphate of Iron, 2 drachms, or Sulphate of Quinine, 2 drachms, repeated twice daily) may be used. In all cases, the patient should be kept carefully from cold and wet; a warm, dry shed; or, in warm weather, a dry, sunny yard or pasture being especially desirable. RETENTION OF THE URINE— DYSURIA.— Causes. — May be brought about by eating acrid food, causing inflammation of the urinary organs, and irritability and spasms of the neck of the bladder. May be due to a calculus in the urethra, preventing the flow. Tumors pressing in the urethra may cause it. The two most common causes in cattle are spasms of the neck of the bladder, and calculi.' Paralysis of the bladder may sometimes be a cause. Symptoms. — There are frequent and ineffectual attempts to pass urine, with straining and colicky pains. The animal keeps stepping with his hind legs. Shows pain by groaning; is off feed. By examining through the rectum, the bladder is found to be full of urine. See the same disease in the horse. 412 THK PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — Will depend largely on the cause. If due to eating irritating substances, give a purgative, as i]4 pounds of Epsom salts; also give i-draclim doses of Fluid Extract of Belladonna four or five times a day, and i-ounce doses of Chloral Hydrate two or three times a day. Also apply hot blankets to the loins, and give in- jections per rectum of water at a temperature of no to 115 de- grees. The same treatment; with the exception of the salts, should be given in all cases of spasm of the neck from whatever cause. With the cow, pass the catheter at once and relieve the animal; with the male this is a difficult operation, but if the ob' struction is a calculus in the urethra the operation has to be per- formed, requiring a veterinarian. The urethra is cut down upon and opened where it rounds the arch just below the anus, and the catheter passed from that point. If the calculus is between this point and the end or the penis, the operation will afford only temporary relief, the animal urinating through the cut until it heals. The only way to produce permanent relief is to locate the calculus, and remove it by an operation. In the cow, the catheter is passed the same as in the mare, except as the finger is passed along the floor of the vulva, just before it reaches the opening into the urethra, it will enter a little blind depression, and in passing the catheter it enters this instead of the turethra; to get the catheter to pass this into the urethra, keep the finger in the depression, and try and work the catheter on into the urethra; the depression and the urethra are close together, separated by simply a thin membrane, and it is quite difficult to get the catheter to enter the urethra, but by perseverance it can be passed. If the obstruction should be a calculus and, it is pushed back into the bladder, treat as for "Gravel and Stone in the Bladder." INCONTINENCE OF THE URINE— ENURESIS.^ This trouble may be considered as the opposite of the one just considered; the urine dribbles away involuntarily. Cause. — Paralysis of the muscle at the neck of the bladder. Symptoms.— the. urine dribbles more or less continuously. DISEIASKS OF CATTI^B 413 Trbatment.— The same as for the same disease with the horse (page 139), fhe dose of the drugs used being nearly twice as large. INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER — CYSTl- TIS. — This is inflammation of the bladder, affecting more espe- cially the mucous membrane lining the same. Causes. — Any derangement of the digestive organs is apt tc change the character of the urine, making it acid and irritating, instead of alkaline, as in health. In other instances, cystitis is caused by eating poisonous plants, by calculi, and incautious use of diuretic medicines. Retention of the urine will also cause it. Symptoms. — The animal is more or less off feed; there is a vise of temperature; pulse accelerated; animal shows uneasiness, and there is frequent passing of urine in small quantities, or many times, the attempt to pass will be without results, the bladder being empty, but the sensation due to the inflammation is the same as when urine is present. The urine that is passed is hot and high colored, and contains mucus. By examining, through the rectum, the bladder will be found to be sensitive. Unless relieved the animal becomes very weak, fever high, pulse weak, and death follows. Treatment. — Give a mild purgative — i to i J^ pounds of Epsom salts — and aside from this, the treatment as recommended for the horse with the same disorder (page 135). Use the Linseed tea in place of water for the drink; apply the hot blankets, and flush out the bladder in the cow (in the male this will have to be omitted) ; and use the drugs with the dose increased. GRAVEL AND STONE IN THE BLADDER— CAL- CULI. — In cattle there are sometimes found one or more hard lumps of material, commonly called "stones" or "gravel." They may occur in the bladder, in the kidneys, or in the duct leading from the bladder to the outside, called the urethra. They are composed of salts, usually containing lime, deposited by the urine in the form of concretions. They vary in size- from that of 414 THB PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR shot to that of an egg, but in most cases they are small and irreg- ular in form. Technically, when in the bladder, they are known as "cystic calculi." Symptoms. — These vary, but in general there is irritation and difficulty in passing the urine, the animal standing and straining after passing it. The urine often contains a little blood and mucus. They may cause inflammation of the bladder and we then get symptoms of that disease. If the bowels are emptied by an injection, they can sometimes be felt if the oiled hand is passed into the rectum and applied to the bladder, which lies just below it on the front part of the pelvic floor. In some sections the disease is common, while it is rare in others. The reasons for this are not definitely known, but are thought to be associated with an excess of mineral substances in the food and water. If the calculus is in the urethra it produces obstruction to the flow of urine. Treatment. — The treatment is the same as for the horse (page 136). If the acid treatment is used, the dose is one and one-half that given to the horse. If an operation is necessary, it is performed the same as in the horse and requires a veterinarian LESSON X CALVING (PARTURITION) AND DISEASES ATTENDANT (For illustrations see Illustrated Index) HOW TO TELL WHEN A COW IS WITH CAL'F. — Ordinarily when the cow is in perfect health she will come in heat every third week, when not pregnant. If a cow remains for three or six weeks after service without showing signs of heat, she is probably with calf. There are exceptional cases, but this is the rule. After taking service, and cow is with calf — pregnant — she will cease coming in heat and will thrive and feed better, and is of a quieter disposition than before. After a few DISEASES OF CATTIvE 415 weeks she commences to get larger in the flanks, which is more noticeable on the right side on account of the calf lying mostly on that side. Calf gradually grows, and at the end of the fifth or sixth month can be seen to move at the side after the cow has taken a drink of cold water, and by pressing the hand in quickly at the right flank one may feel the calf, which is easily told by the shape and solidity of the object. An examination through the rectum will show her condition. Springing begins in young cows about four months before calving, and udder gradually increases until parturition, while older cows "begin to make bag ' ' from four to six weeks before calving. THE PERIOD OF GESTATION IN COWS.— From extended statistics it is found that the average period of gestation in the cow is 285 days, or about nine and one-half calendar months. A calf born at the 240th day may live, and a case is reported, by an authority, as born on the 336th day. In most cases of prolonged pregnancy the offspring was a male. SYMPTOMS JUST PREVIOUS TO PARTURI- TION. — During the last few weeks of gestation, the vulva gradually enlarges, but more noticeably so the last few days before parturition, and while the udder has been gradually form- ing for three or four weeks, it fills up more rapidly and becomes much harder during the last two or three days. Another quite noticeable symptom which occurs a few hours before the act takes place, is the appearance of the hollows, one on each side of the hips, back close to the tail. This symptom shows more plainly upon the thinly-muscled dairy animals than upon the thicker-muscled beef animals. Any time after these symptoms appear, the pains are liable to come on, or they may be delayed for some reason for a day or two, and so the animal should be watched and given a place where she will be undisturbed during the act of parturition itself, and for a Uttle time afterwards. TROUBLES MET WITH IN CALVING— (MAL- PRESENTATION).— After those symptoms appear which indicate that parturition is liable to occur at any time, the animal should be watched quite carefully; not more than four or five 4i6 THB PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR hours should elapse without seeing her. In fact, sometimes the act occurs without noticeable warning symptoms, and so aftei- the normal period of gestation, all preparations should be made for her comfort; a clean, well-bedded box stall, or a place at pasture, if the weather is mild, neither too hot or cold, by her^ self. The immediate symptoms of parturition are the same as in the mare; the animal is a little uneasy; lies down and gets up; utters low moans; upon getting up, tturns around and looks where the hips were lying; back is arched, tail elevated; these symptoms indicate that the contractions of the womb have com- menced, and very soon the animal will commence to strain, the efforts gradually getting more severe as the act progresses. The normal positions for the calf are the same as those given for the colt, and if the position is correct, the act will generally be com- pleted without any assistance. The act is generally more pro- longed with the cow than with the mare, often requiring, when everything is normal, an hour or more (see Foaling, page 152). If the foetus is a little large, and the throes are not able to expel it, assist the animal a little by taking hold and gently pul- ling when she strains; be sure, however, that the presentation is correct before pulling any; here is where a great mistake is often made — a part of the fcetus is seen protruding from the vulva, and it is caught hold of and pulled upon, oftentimes by two or three strong men, regardless of the position of the foetus. This is all wrong — never do it. If, after the animal has labored an hour or such a matter, no apparent progress having been made, make an examination and determine the cause. In making the examination, follow care- fully the instructions for examining the mare. Have the hand and arm clean, the finger-nails clean and short, use the Carbolized lard, and be gentle. If the instructions are followed, the exami- nation can do no possible harm, and if anything is wrong the sooner it is corrected the better. Never let an animal labor three or four hours without an examination. The pain suffered during this time is infinitely greater than that which a careful exam- ination will cause. It is never best, when the act is progressing fairly rapid, to take the calf away suddenly by pulling upon it; if this is done _^ DISEASES OF CATTLE ^11 the womb stops contracting to a great extent, remains large and flabby, and bleeding is apt to result. If, upon examination, the position is found to be correct, withdraw the hand carefully and allow the act to progress un- disturbed ; if, however the position is found to be incorrect, cor- rect it at once, remembering the principles given for correcting in the mare, or if the presentation is bad, send at once for some one of experience, and in the meantime keep the cow quiet b}' giving an ounce of Chloral Hydrate in a pint of water, or 3 drachms of Fluid Extract of Belladonna. Cover her warmly, and if the straining continues and is severe, place the hand in the womb and hold the foetus from coming back farther. Corrections are more easily made with the cow than with the mare, the neck and legs of the calf not being so long as with the colt. The After Treatment. — After delivery, leave the mother with her offspring undis- turbed, simply watching to see that none of the accidents, which sometimes follow the act, occur. Do not be in a hurry to feed her, she needs nothing for twenty-four hours, and then only a little laxative food for three or four days, when the feed may be gradually increased. Give her a small amount of water soon after parturition, and a little more every hour or so after- wards, until she gets all she desires. Do not turn the animal out in the hot sun for two or three days after calving, neither expose her to cold, stormy weather. With regard to milking her, see "Milk Fever" preventive treatment. DROPSY OF THE WOMB BEFORE CALVING.— This is due to some disarrangement of the fetal envelopes, and there is an over-abundant amount of fluid secreted around the foetus. Symptoms. — The belly gets larger and larger, until the cow seems almost as broad as long, and on account of so much fluid forming, she becomes weak and has difficulty in getting up and moving about. Mild cases will simply give the animal the 4i8 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR appearance of being unduly large and will cause no serious trouble, the fluid escaping in the natural manner at the time o^ Treatment.- — ■ There can be but little done in this disease except to keep up the strength by giving good nourishing food, and using the tonics as for "Chronic Indigestion," unless it becomes so bad that the animal cannot get around, in which case the mouth of the womb may be gradually opened, the fetal envelopes broken, and the fluid allowed to escape ; this, of course, will produce abortion, or premature birth in case the period of gestation is nearly completed. PARALYSIS OF THE HIND QUARTERS BEFORE CALVING. — This is generally noticed in poorly-fed and un- thrifty cows, especially if exposed to cold or wet, and is caused by the calf in the womb pressing on the nerves that go to supply the hind quarters with power. Symptoms. — Are the loss of power in the hinder parts. The animal is unable to get up, but in every other way appears normal. Treatment. — Give i/o-pound doses of Epsom Salts once or twice a week, according to action on the bowels, and give the following powder: Ground Gentian Root 4 ounces. Saltpeter 4 " Powdered Nux Vomica 4 " Mix, and give a tablespoonful in a slop twice a day. Give plenty of good food and keep cow warm. Have good bedding under her, and turn her from side to side three times a day, until she calves ; then she will generally come out all right. Never attempt to put her in slings ;let her lie until she is able to get up. If she does not get up after calving, continue the treat- ment, and also rub the loins and sides of the hips twice daily with strong Turpentine and Ammonia Liniment. (See Prescrip- tion, in the back of book.) If this fails,a blister may be applied. DISEASES OF CATTLE 419 CLOSURE OF THE NECK OF THE WOMB AT CALVING. — It sometimes happens that when calving time has come, and labor pains come on, that the neck of the womb keeps contracted or closed, not allowing the calf to pass. Symptoms. — The animal labors, but no progress is made, and an examination shows the mouth of the womb closed. Treatment. — Give the following drench : Epsom Salts 1 pound. Sweet Spirits of Niter 1 ounce. Fluid Extract of Belladonna 1 drachm. Mix in a quart of lukewarm water and give as a drench. Keep body warm with blankets and apply hot salt in a bag to the loins. Also take a small sponge or soft piece of cloth, tie a string to it and saturate it with Fluid Extract Belladonna, 2 or 3 drachms, then insert it like a plug into the neck of the womb. In an hour or two examine again ; if still as tight as before, re-apply more of the Belladonna. Do not use rough treatment, but after the Belladonna has been applied for one-half a day, try again to dilate with the fingers, and if it fails, an operation will probably have to be performed, which will require the veterinarian, and if possible get one at the commencement of the trouble. While the Belladonna is acting, quiet the animal by giving 1-ounce doses of Chloral Hydrate in 1 pint of water, repeated once in three or four hours. PARALYSIS, OR PALSY, AFTER CALVING.— This consists in a more or less complete loss of control of the hind limbs, occurring after calving. Causes.— ¥rom low condition, weakness and exposure to cold, or to injurious pressure on the nerves of the hind limbs by a large calf passing through the pelvis. Treatment. — ■ Give the following drench : Epsom Salts iVa pounds. Sweet Spirits of Niter 1 ounce. Tepid Water 1 quart. 420 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Keep the body warm with blankets, and apply ^ pound of Mustard, mixed in vinegar, over the loins every second day. Feed on soft food, with boiled Flaxseed in it. Milk cow dry twice a day, and turn her over three or four times a day from side to side, but do not put her in slings. Also give 2-drachm doses of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica three or four times a day; if twitching of the muscles occurs reduce the size of the dose. If this treatment fails, use liniment and blister as recommended for "Paralysis before Calving." PROLONGED AFTER-PAINS.— These sometimes occur after protracted and painful delivery, from failure of the womb to contract, or from retention of the after-birth; from nervous irritation; or from bleeding. Symptoms. — ^The animal continues to strain after the foetus is expelled. Treatment.— Examine to try and find cause; if from bleeding, give treat- ment for " Flooding." If there is another foetus, and correctly presented, leave alone; if the womb is large and flabby, dash a little cold water on the loins, and onto the vulva, and give, internally, drugs to quiet. If everything in the womb seems to be normal, it is due to nervous irritability, and quieting drugs are to be given. For this, give i ounce of Chloral Hydrate and i drachm of Fluid Extract of Belladonna in J^ pint of water, and repeat in an hour, if pains continue; apply hot blankets, or salt bag, to the loins; blanket warmly. Remain with the animal continually until straining stops, to prevent womb from being everted; when she strains, clasp the lips of the vulva and hold them together. FLOODING, OR UTERINE HEMORRHAGE.— Causes. — Too rapid calving, and a consequent failure of womb to contract when calf has been removed; protracted labor; from injuries to these parts during parturition; or from tmskill- tul removal of placenta. Eversion of the womb may also cause it DISEASES OF CATTLE 421 Symptoms. — Blood may be flowing from the vulva, or in examining for cause of "After Pains" one will find blood clot in womb. Treatment. — Dash cold water with force onto the loins; cool the hand and insert it into the womb, which will sometimes cause the latter to contract upon it. If these means are ineffectual, inject cold water into the womb through a rubber tube furnished with a funnel ;or inject Alum orCopperas water into the womb using 2 ounces of either to each quart of water ; fill the womb full and clasp lips of vulva to retain the solution for a few minutes. In very obstinate cases a still stronger solution could be used, or the womb can be packed with clean, soft cloth wet with the solution, but do not pack unless absolutely necessary. Intern- ally, give 1 ounce of Fluid Extract of Ergot, repeat in one-half to one hour, and again in an hour if necessary. After all bleed- ing has stopped, clean out all blood clots by flushing the womb with cool water, that has been recently boiled. RUPTURE OF THE WOMB; OR, PASSAGE OUT FROM THE WOMB. — These troubles occur at the time of calving in the cow, in the same manner as in the mare in foal- ing, and for symptoms and treatment see "Rupture of the Womb," or "Rupture of the Vagina, or Passage," in the Horse Department. REMOVING AFTER-BIRTH, OR CLEANING.— It sometimes happens that the cleaning, or after-birth, is retained, and if so, means must be taken to assist in the removal. This is more apt to occur with the cow than with any of the other ani- mals. Cause. — Is a congested and swollen state of the buttons on inside of the womb, to which the after-birth it attached.' The cow often retains the after-birth for twelve hours or more be- fore it comes away, but if retained much longer than this, it will probably not come away without help. 422 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — If the cow retains the after-birth for more than five or six hours, give the following: Epsom Salts I pound. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i drachm. Sweet Spirits of Niter i ounce. Water , i quart. Mix, and give as a drench. Blanket well and keep a peck of hot salt in a bag on the loins; give a hot bran mash and keep her quiet, and the after- birth may come away. If in thirty hours it has not passed away, it will have to be removed mechanically. In removing the after-birth from a cow, the anatomy must be remembered. Scattered over the inside of the womb are some forty to sixty large, button-hke enlargements, at this time nearly as large as one's fist; these are attached to the womb by a restricted neck, and are called "cotyledons." On the outside of the fetal envelope are saucer-shaped masses, corresponding in number to the cotyledons, and the attachment of the envelope to the womb is accomplished by the saucer-shaped structure fitting over and being attached to the cup- shaped cotyledon, much as the palm of one hand would clasp the closed fist of the other hand. The attachment can be rather crudely illustrated by a Style of glove fastening. The surface of the saucer-shaped struc- ture has a large number of small, pointed bodies, projecting from it, which fit into depressions in the cup-like cotyledon, and these hold the two together. To remove the after-birth: Place the cow with her right side against a partition; have an assistant stand by her left side and keep her from arching her back by rubbing on the loins with a small stick. Bare the right arm to the shoulder, clean the finger nails and hand, and oil hand and arm with Carbolized lard : take that part of the after-birth which hangs from the vulva in the left hand, and twist it into a rope; make the right hand cone- shaped, and pass it gently into the vulva along this rope-like structure; upon reaching the womb, the rope will seem to be made up of a large number of strings running together; follow up one of these and it will lead the hand to a cotyledon. The DISEASES OF CATTLE 423 large, cup-shaped cotyledon is to be left on the womb, the saucer- shaped structure on the envelope is to be separated from it; to do this, slip the neck of the cotyledon in between the first two fingers, place the thumb on top of the cotyledon and press down as the fingers clasp the neck quite firmly, and slip along it towards the thumb. If they adhere too closely to be separated in this way, gently work the fingers in between the two structures and separate them, remembering that only a thin outer portion of the mass is to be taken off. Repeat the process with each of the masses. Be gentle, and don't hurry. Twist occasionally with the left hand, but pull but very little. When the cotyledons have all been separated, theentire mass will slip away and the opera- tion is complete. Sometimes it is an easy matter to separate the cotyledons, at other times a diflScult task. If no putrefaction has taken place, nothing need be done after the envelopes have been removed; if some decomposition has taken place, flush out the womb with a weak Carbolic Acid solution, 2 drachms to a quart of water (see "Abortion"). TURNING OUT OF THE VAGINA, OR PASSAGE LEADING FROM THE WOMB -EVERSION OF THE VAGINA.- Causes. — From standing, before calving, in a stall with the hind feet too low; and while lying down, on account of its being so full, the womb presses back against the passage and turns it out. It may occur for a few days after parturition, from strain- ing, or may be caused from constipation in effort to pass the feces. Symptoms. — There protrudes from the vulva a red tumor; if small, it may go back when animal gets up, but if larger, it re- mains out, becomes swollen and hard; may be as large as a peck measure. The animal stands with the back arched, and strains more or less. Treatment. — As soon as discovered, secure the animal so she can not bruise the part in any way, and get an assistant. Then clean, by pouring- over it cold water; this also reduces the size; if all 424 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR the dirt does not flush off, pick it off gently ; do not rub the part in cleaning. When clean, pour over it a quart of Alum or Copperas solution, using an ounce of Alum or I/2 ounce of Cop- peras to a quart of water, and also pour over it a weak Carbolic Acid solution — two drachms of the acid to a quart of water. Return in the same manner as recommencjed in the mare, and retain it with the sutures in the same way (page 160). It must be returned gently, otherwise abortion may be produced. After returning, keep the cow on a floor that slants slightly forward. When the labor pains come on, remove the sutures, and after the calf is born, the after-birth best be removed, and the sutures put back in again for a few days. After the accident, keep the bowels loose vvith laxative food, and, if necessary, small doses of Epsom Salts ; and also give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter twice a day for a few days. To relieve the pain and straining somewhat during the operation of returning, give 1 ounce of Chloral Hydrate, or 2 drachms of Fluid Extract of Belladonna in % pint of water at the outset ; also repeat two or three times a day if_straining continues after the operation. WOMB, OR CALF BED, TURNED OUT— EVER- SION OF THE WOMB.— This is the turning mside out of a greater or less portion of the womb itself. Causes. — From cow lying with her hind parts too low. Af- ter-pains may cause the cow to strain and turn it out. Or it may follow removing the after-birth, especially if roughly done. It sometimes is thrown out almost immediately. Symptoms. — There lies, or hangs, behind the cow a large pink, bag-like mass, covered with mulberry-like excrescences all over the surface. It very soon swells and becomes a hard tumor-like mass, hanging, from the vulva nearly to the hocks, or lying out behind the animal if she is down ; a very repulsive sight. Treatment. — As soon as noticed, secure the cow so she cannot injure the part and get three assistants, and a veterinarian if possible, and turn the case over to him. First, have two of the assistants support the organ by placing a clean sheet under it, the same as DISEASES OF CATTLt* 425 was recommended with the mare (page 162) ; also at the outset give something to quiet — an ounce of Chloral Hydrate or 2 drachms Fluid Extract of Belladonna in I/2 pint of water. Clean the womb the same as with "Eversion of the Vagina,"using the Alum and Carbolic Acid solution the same. Be sure all dirt is removed; the use of the Carbolic lotion is very important. If the after-birth is still attached, remove it before cleaning. When ready to return, proceed as recommended with the mare, being careful not to injure the organs with the finger nails. Have the hind limbs of the animal higher than the front ones, and have an assistant keep the animal frim arching the back by pressing on the loins. When it is returned, pass the oiled hand in and smooth it out. Retain by using the sutures as for "Eversion of the Vagina" in the mare (page 160). Keep her from straining as much as possible by repeating the Chloral Hydrate or the Belladonna once in three or four hours. Keep the hind feet much the higher. After Treatment. — While this accident is not quite as serious with the cow as with the mare, yet it is serious, and needs careful attention. Give the cow a liberal laxative — 1 to li^ pounds of Epsom Salts ; feed lightly on laxative food ; grass if in season, if not, a little hay, bran mash and scalded oats; and also use the fol- lowing : Fluid Extract Aconite 2 drachms. Fluid Extract of Belladonna 1 ounce. Saltpeter 3 ounces. Water to make ■ • • 1 pmt. Shake. Dose : 2 ounces, three or four times a day. If the animal shows weakness, also give 2 ounces of Alcohol in % pint of water three times a day. If the temperature keeps nearly normal (101 degrees), and the pulse also nearly normal, the conditions are favorable for recovery; but if temperature runs up, pulse becomes rapid and hard, and animal dull, it indicates that inflammation is setting in and the conditions are unfavorable ; then treat as for "Inflam- mation of the Womb." If everything goes along nicely for three or four days recovery will probably take place. Do not let the 426 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR calf suck the cow. I^eave the sutures in for a week or ten days. If the womb is much injured while out, the chances for recovery are slight. If very badly injured, it can be ampu- tated; a veterinarian would be required for the operation. If the cow recovers, and is a valuable breeding animal, she may be bred again, paying special attention the next year, to see that the accident does not again occur. INFLAMMATION OF THE VAGINA— VAGINITIS, — This may occur independently of inflammation of the womb. Causes. — From lacerations, bruises, or other injuries, sus- tained during calving. Symptoms. — There is swelling of the lips of the vulva, which, together with their lining membrane, become of a dark red, or leaden hue, and the mucus discharge increases and becomes whitish, or matter-like, and may become offensive. Passing of the oiled hand causes pain, and the walls will be found to be thickened, making the cavity much smaller. Treatment. — Slight cases recover without treatment, or imder warm fomentations and mild antiseptic injections, as: Carbolic Acid 2 teaspoonfuls. Water i quart. Severe cases may go on to the formation of large sores, or a considerable portion of the mucous membrane may die and slough off. In all severe cases the antiseptic, and warm water injections, must be applied perseveringly; and also use the follow- ing: Acetate of Lead 3 drachms. Water i quart. Inject into the vagina twice a day with a rubber tube and funnel. Hyposulphite of Soda (2 ounces, to i quart of water) is also excellent for an injection; alternate with the Lead lotion. Inter- nally, give from i to 1% pounds of Epsom Salts, feed on laxative food, and give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day for a few days. If the disease is allowed to run and becomes chronic it is called " leucorrhea." DISEASES OF CATTI.E 427 INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB— METRITIS. — This disease, when it occurs, usually comes on two or three days after calving. Causes. — From getting wet, or standing in a draft; from injuries received in difficult calving; or from dirty hands, ropes, or instruments, used when assisting. It also follows eversion of the womb, and may occur when it is difficult to assign a cause. Symptoms. — Slight shivering; the horns, ears, and legs are cold, the pulse is rapid and hard, the breathing quick, the tem- perature elevated, 104 to 107; cow loses appetite and stops chew ing her cud; countenance depressed; is restless and uneasy in the hind legs, as though in pain; is tender to pressure on the right side, especially if jarred in the right flank; the vulva is swollen, and there is a discharge from it mixed with blood; the bowels are costive, and urine is high-colored; the animal lies down most of the time, sometimes refusing to get up at all; when up, stands with back arched. By passing the hand into the rectum the womb is recognized as enlarged and hard, and more or less sensitive to pressure. The secretion of milk is diminished. The disease is sometimes mistaken for milk fever, but need not be; with this disease there is a marked rise of temperature, while in milk fever the temperature is normal, or below. With milk fever the animal is unconscious; with this condition she is conscious, although she may refuse to get up. Treatment. — This is a serious disease and very often terminates fatally. The treatment is both internal and local. IntemaUy give a laxative, i to ij^ pounds of Epsom Salts, and repeat half dose in two days if the effects of the first dose are not quite marked. Also ?ive the following : Fluid Extract of Aconite 2 drachms. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i% ounces. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed i ounce. Saltpeter 3 ounces. Water to make i puit. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces three or four times a day. If she shows great weakness, give 2 ounces of Alcohol with each dose of the above in ^ pint of water ; and if the fever runs high. 428 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR give 2 drachms of Acetanilid twice a day with the Alcohol. After two or three days take the Aconite out of the above pre- scription and put 3 drachms of Fluid Extract of Digitalis into the prescription in its place. Apply to the loins, continuously, blankets wrung from hot water ; change every half hour and keep the hot blankets cov- ered with a rubber blanket and dry woolen blankets. Have the water as hot as the animal will stand. It is also well" to flush out the womb, part of the time, with a mild antiseptic lotion, as Carbolic Acid 2 drachms, water 1 quart; and part of the time with an astringent lotion, as Acetate of Lead 3 drachms, water 1 quart ; or Hyposulphite of Soda, 2 ounces to a quart of water, is good. Use each lotion about twice a day. Flushing with large quantities of water at a temperature of 115 degrees, just before injecting the above lotions, is a good practice. For in- jecting, use a soft rubber tube with a funnel in one end. After flushing, if the cow strains, watch to see that the womb is not everted. In using the injections and in flushing, be sure the solutions enter the womb. The tube best be carried through the vagina with the hand and inserted into the womb ; have the hand and tube well oiled with Carbolized lard, and insert it carefully. If the animal lies down, roll her gently from one side to the other two or three times a day ; keep her lying on her chest. Give her all the fresh water she wants to drink, but in small quantities at a time, and a very little laxative feed if she desires to eat. PUERPERAL FEVER.— This is a simple fever occurring at the time of parturition. Causes. — Undue exposure to cold, or wet, or to hot sun. Also occurs when the animal is unthrifty ; with animals that have been highly fed for a time before parturition, or fed too quickly after parturition. Young animals are more susceptible than older ones. Symptoms. — It may develop any time within two or three days after parturition. There is a slight dullness, partial loss of appetite, a rise of temperature, 103 to 106 ; pulse more rapid than normal, 60to90 beats per minute ;the mucous membranes of the DISEASES OF CATTl^E 429 eyes aind nose are red; the milk secretion is partially stopped, and the udder is apt to be inflamed.. These same symptoms are met with in other disorders at this time, and so we have to recognize this disease by the absence of the symptoms characteristic of other diseases. Treatmrnt. — The disease generally runs a mild course, but complications sometimes arise, and so treatment should be given — even in mild cases. Give the cow a laxative — from i to i J^ pounds of Epsom Salts, dissolved in two quarts of water. Feed lightly on laxative food for a few days, and also give the following: Fluid Extract of Aconite 2 drachms. Fluid Extract of Belladonna i ounce. Saltpeter 4 ounces. Water to make I pint. Shake. Dose: 1 ounce, three or four times a day. Watch for complications, and if any should develop, treat as for that disease. WHITES — LEUCORRHEA.— This is due to a con- tinued or chronic inflammation of the womb, the vagina, or of both these organs. Causes. — Usually results from injuries sustained in calv- ing as the result of rough handling, or from irritation by putrid matters in connection with retained after-birth, or from the use of some object in the vagina, as a pessary, to prevent eversion of the womb. Very apt to follow abortion. The disease will also develop when it is hard to assign a direct cause. Symptoms. — The principal symptom is the glairy white dis- charge flowing more or less constantly from the vulva (sometimes more when the cow lies down), soiling the tail, matting its hairs and those of the vulva. When lips of vulva are drawn apart, the mucous membrane is seen to be redder than normal, if vagina is affected. The discharge has more or less of an offensive odor. Health may not suffer at first, but if discharge continues and is putrid, the health fails, milk shrinks, and flesh is lost. If womb 430 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR is involved the hand passed into the vagina may detect mouth of womb slightly open and some of the liquid collected within its cavity. With oiled hand in rectum, the outline of womb be- neath may be detected, somewhat enlarged. In some cases cow may be in heat oftener than normal, and it may be more intense, but she rarely conceives, and if so, generally aborts. In other cases she does not come in heat at all. Treatment. — In mild or recent cases, give injections as in "Inflamma- tion of the Vagina." In more obstinate ones stronger solutions may be used after the womb has been washed out by a stream of hot water at a temperature of 115 degrees, until it runs clear. To do this, insert a rubber tube into the womb, carrying it through the vagina with the hand ; oil hand and tube ; place a funnel in its raised end, and pour the water and afterward the solution through this. Hold the lips of the vulva together un- til the womb and vagina fills, and hold the solution in for a few minutes. If neck of womb is so closed that the liquid will not flow out, withdraw tube and let it flush out and then refill. As injections, use: Acetate of Lead 3 drachms. Water 1 quart. Mix and inject as above directed. Or, instead of this, use : Sulphate of Iron 3 drachms. Water 1 quart Or, another good injection is : Hyposulphite of Soda 1 to 2 ounces. Water 1 quart. It is also well to use, part of the time, the following anti- septic injection : Carbolic Acid 2 drachms. Water 1 quart. At the beginning of the treatment, flush out with the water and use one of the injections every day ; later, once in two days, and as improvement takes place, once in three days. DISEASES OF CATTLE 431 Internally, give the following: Silphateof Iron yi pound. SaUpeter yi, " Mix. Dose : Tablespoonful in moistened grain, twice daily. If the animal is unthrifty, alternate with the foregoing the Nux Vomica and Gentian tonic, as recommended for "Chronic Indigestion." *MILK FEVER— PARTURIENT APOPLEXY— The term "milk fever" is not a correct name for this disease, as there is rarely any fever associated with it; in fact, the temperature is usually below normal. Neither is the latter name entirely correct. It does not follow difficult or protracted labor, flooding, nor retention of the placenta, as is the case with puerperal fever, with which it is sometimes confounded, but is a disease of well- fed, large, milk-producing cows, and when it occurs, it nearly always follows an easy parturition. Causes. — The exact cause of the disease is not known, but certain things seem to predispose to it. High feeding before parturition, getting the animal into what would be called an excellent condition, is a well-recognized predisposing cause. This is dangerous, however, only with mature cows, and good milkers; heifers with first, or second, calf do not have the disease, neither do light milkers. It is a disease of the dairy cow. Symptoms. — In many cases the cow is down and partially, or entirely, unconscious, when disease is first noticed. If the attack is seen early, the first symptom is uneasiness. The cow keeps stepping with the hind feet, is dull, appetite gone, and milk secretion is lessened, or stopped. If the cow is forced to walk, there is a reeling of the hind limbs; there is also a sort of vacant stare to the eyes. These symptoms increase until the cow is unable to stand, and falls, or lies down. After going down the head is usually turned toward the side, with the nose against the side of the chest, just back of the elbow. In severe cases the cow is totally unconscious, but in mild cases only partially so. If the head is straightened out in front, a sort of kink will be *See new treatment in Course III, Lesson XVII. 432 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR seen in the neck. Often there is a slight moan with the breath- ing, due to the stupor. Sometimes, instead of lying as above, the cow is delirious, thrashing about almost continuously. The temperature is about normal, or a little below, pulse some- what rapid. The feces collects in the rectum, but is seldom passed o£E, and the urine remains in the bladder. With this disease the cow is to a great extent unconscious, or delirious, and so it need not be mistaken for other conditions. The fact that there is no fever, unless there is some complication, also helps distinguish it from inflammation of the womb, for which it is sometimes mistaken by the inexperienced. Treatment. — It is very important, in treating this disease, that the cow be kept lying upon her brisket. Keep her bolstered in this position with bags of straw if necessary ; let the head lie around against the side. See that her front and hind feet are under her natu- rally for lying in this position. She should be rolled from one side to the other, three or four times a day. Blanket the cow warmly ; it is a good plan to put bottles of hot water or bags of hot salt under the blanket. Clean the feces from the rectum two or three times a day with the hand; also draw the urine with a catheter three times a day. To draw the urine, see "Suppression of the Urine," under Diseases of The Urinary Organs. Internal treatment must be very carefully given, as the animal will not swallow, and the medicines will pass into the lungs and cause inflammation of them. Never drench a cow after she goes down, and very carefully after the first symptoms show, and before she goes down. The following may be given, by giving very slowly: Fluid Extract Belladonna }i teaspoonful. Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica ^ " Fluid Extract Digitalis 15 drops. Water 2 tablespoonfuls Mix, and give as one dose every two hours. Elevate the nose a little and give a tablespoon- ful slowly into the back of the mouth; after a few minutes give another, and so on, until the dose is given. DISEASES OF CATTI^B 433 Along with the foregoing, give the treatment into the udder, known as the Schmidt treatment. Great care is necessary in using this treatment, or the udder will be inflamed ; everything must be very clean. The necessary equipment is a milking tube, a piece of rubber tubing about two feet long, a small funnel, a quart bottle, and a quantity of 3 per cent. Carbohc Acid solution —Carbolic Acid i ounce, water i quart — and 2>^ drachms of Iodide of Potash — the drug to be injected. First clean the quart bottle with hot water, and then put into it i ounce of the Car- bolic Acid solution and shake it; now put into it the 2>^ drachms of Iodide of Potash. After this fill up the bottle with water that has been recently boiled, pouring directly from the teakettle into the bottle; set the bottle into a dish of water nearly as hot, to prevent its breaking. After the bottle is filled, cork it, and we know the bottle is free from germs. Cool the solution until it is the temperature of milk, by setting it in a pail of warm water and then gradually cooling the water by pouring cold water into the pail. The solution is now ready to inject into the udder. Fasten the milking tube into one end of the rubber tube, and put the funnel in the other end, and place in a dish containing some of the Carbolic Acid solution — enough to cover the tube and rubber ; dip up some of.the solution and let it run through the tube. These instruments should be clean. Place the rest of the Carbolic Acid solution into another dish. To inject, milk all the milk from the udder, then pick up one of the teats and wash it ofE with the Carbolic Acid solution, especially the end of the duct. Have the assistant pick up the funnel, taking hold of the outside of it, and raise it up so the solution all rims out ; take hold of the milking tube and insert it into the teat, taking care that it does not touch anything after it leaves the solution until it enters the teat; elevate the funnel, dash a little of the Carbolic Acid solution over the mouth of the bottle, remove the cork and pour one-fourth of the amount into the fvmnel. Let the funnel empty two or three times so that some air will be forced into the udder. Remove the tube from the teat and place it in the Car- bolic Acid solution ; cork the Potash solution; clean anothpr teat, and inject in the same manner. Repeat with each of the teats. The principal point in the injection is to see that everything is aa 434 THK PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR clean, and use the Carbolic solution freely on instruments, hands and teats. After injecting the solution, knead the udder gently for ten to fifteen minutes. If the animal shows no improvement after eight or ten hours, strip out the udder and repeat the injection : it may be repeated again in ten or twelve hours later if required, using only 2 drachms of the Potash. A cow often recovers from the disease very rapidly, being on her feet and showing a desire for food in three or four hours after improve- ment commences ; on the other hand, they often die very quickly. It is very hard to tell which way the disease is going to turn from the appearance of the animal; some cases which seem to be light, terminate fatally, while what seem to be very severe cases, get well. Another treatment which is coming into use, and seems to be even more successful than the Schmidt treatment, is the Oxygen treatment, which consists in filling the udder with Oxygen gas. This treatment requires a veterinarian, and in small places they cannot get the gas. After the cow gets up, give her from i to i ^ pounds of Epsom Salts, if she did not have any before parturition; and also give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter, three times a day for a few days. If she has required three or four doses of the Iodine treatment, she will come to her feed slowly and also to her milk slowly. Prevention. — As this disease can in many cases be pre- vented, the preventive treatment is important. Do not give heavy milkers, rich, milk-producing food for a time before calving. If the cow is in good pasture, put her into poorer, or in the stable and feed hay. Do not feed silage after a cow goes dry, until after calving. Keep the bowels loose by giving occasional pound-doses of Epsom Salts, commencing two weeks before, and give every three or four days, giving the last dose, if possible, just before she calves, or immediately after. Also give Saltpeter, a table- spoonful once or twice a day, commencing two weeks before parturition should take place. Another preventive measure which some consider very valuable, is not to milk the cow dry after delivery; taking only what the calf wants for a couple of DISEASES OF CATTLE / 435 days, and then gradually taking a little more, until the fifth or sixth day she can be milked dry. Many things go to indicate that this is a valuable preventive measure, and is perfectly safe. Do not commence to feed milk-producing food for four or five days after parturition. The fact that an animal has the disease once is no indication that she will have it again. INFLAMMATION OF THE MILK-BAG OR UDDER — MAMMITIS—GARGET.— This is an inflammation of the mammary gland. Sometimes the term "caked bag" is applied to it. The term "garget" is used more when the milk secre- tion is changed, and appears as a thick or stringy fluid. This disease usually occurs at the time of parturition, but it may appear any time during the period of lactation. Causes. — May arise from irritation or injury, as kicks, blow's, or another animal stepping on the udder ; from the re- tention of the milk too long without being drawn ; by germs en- tering the udder ; by exposure, being out in cold rains or lying on wet ground. It often follows the careless use of the milk- ing tube. Symptoms. — Adverse type of mammitis that takes on the active inflammatory character may be ushered in by a shiver- ing fit, which is succeeded in a short time by a fever and dull- ness. In the milder forms these symptoms are absent, and only the local symptoms in the udder are present. The udder be- comes hot, and hard, red .swollen, and sore. In bad cases, it being so painful to touch, the cow is averse to being milked. Milk is often curdled, and sometimes bloody. The trouble may stop here, and terminate by a change for the better, or it may go on to suppuration, the pus, in some cases ,discharging in- side and coming" away with the milk, and in others, through. an opening on the outside. Again it may not fester at all, but become hardened, and remain permanently enlarged, or it may attack one quarter only, or all the udder. Sometimes the only symptom indicating that there is inflammation present, is a little thick or bloody milk. Some cows are quite susceptible to this condition. 436 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Treatmbnt. — If dependent on calving, and the cow is fat and feverish, give a good laxative: Epsom Salts I to 2 pounds. Ginger i ounce. Water 2 quarts. And follow this with 54 -ounce doses of Saltpeter two or three times a day, and in very bad cases, along with this, 15 or 20 drops Fluid Extract of Aconite, and i drachm Fluid Extract of Bella- donna. Foment the udder with hot water several times a day, and after each fomenting rub the udder well with one of the fol- lowing: Camphorated Oil, or; Camphorated Oil 4 ounces. Turpentine i ounce. Shake. The following is also good: witch Hazel 3 ounces. Soap Liniment 3 " Fluid Extract of Belladonna 2 ounces. A very good method is to alternate the lotions. In bad cases, the fomenting should be kept up almost continuously; this can be done by suspending the udder in a shallow bag; to sus- pend, pass straps, or strings, from the front comers of the bag over the loins and tie, and from the back comers of the bag between the hind legs and up, and tie to the front strings where they pass over the loins. Place a folded grain bag on the loins under the strings; pack in the bag, around the inflamed part of the udder, woolen cloths, and pour over these, every fifteen minutes, water as hot as the animal will stand. If an abscess forms, continue fomenting until it points and then open and treat as given for "Abscesses." If it becomes hard, use Iodine Oint- ment (see Prescriptions, back of book). If the milk in the udder is thick and difficult to get out, inject into the udder a little recently boiled water that has cooled down in the teakettle; inject, as in "Milk Fever." After injecting, gently knead the udder for a few minutes to break up DISEASES OF CATTI.E 437 the thick milk, and then milk out; repeat the process, if neces- sary. If there is reason to believe that the inflammation is due to the action of germs within the udder, inject into it a mild antiseptic lotion, as: Ivysol 2 drachms. Water I quart. Shake. Inject from 4 to 6 ounces into each affected quarter; knead gently for ten minutes, and then milk out; repeat three times a day. In mild cases, where there is simply a little thick or bloody milk, the dose of Epsom Salts and the use of the Saltpeter for a few days will generally correct; if not, use the lotions. In the more severe attacks, feed lightly, withholding the milk-producing foods. This disease should always receive prompt attention, for if severe it is apt to destroy a portion of the udder. When the udder shows inflammation before parturition, as it so frequently does, first try the Epsom Salts and Saltpeter, and if this does not check it, commence milking the cow and use the local applications. SMALL ROUND LUMPS IN THE MILK PAS- SAGE. — Little pea-like tumors sometimes grow in the milk passage, in the teat, resulting in some cases in its complete obstruction and the subsequent loss of the quarter. Symptoms. — The presence in th^ duct of a small body which prevents to a greater or less extent the flow of the milk. Treatment. — This is oftentimes quite unsatisfactory. At first try applying to the outside of the teat, over the obstruction. Tincture of Iodine; apply two or three times a day and rub in well. If this does not relieve, a little weak tincture may be injected directly into the duct; dilute a little Tincture of Iodine with equal parts of water, close the duct ^bove the obstruction, so the solution cannot go into the udder, by pinching the teat between the thumb and finger, then inject into the duct through a milking tube the Iodine solution; repeat once a day. If this fails, it is sometimes 438 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR possible to pass a fine-looped wire into, the duct, hook it over the obstruction and remove it. Everything else failing, the obstruc- tion can be cut down upon and removed; this best be done when the cow is dry, but can be done when giving milk. Whenever possible, leave the operation to a veterinarian. To operate, use the Cocaine solution, injecting a little of it inside the duct as well as rubbing on the outside (see Opbrations, page 347). Pass a milking tube, and then cut down onto the duct, just a little to one side of the growth, and with a pair of scissors remove the obstruc- tion. Sew up the wound. If giving milk, use the milking tube until the wound heals; if dry, pass the tube twice each day until healed", to prevent duct from closing up. (See "Passing the Milking Tube.") PASSING THE MILKING TUBE.— The milking tube is a small tube of silver or hard rubber, for introducing into the duct of the teat to draw the ^ilk, when, for any reason, it can not be got in the normal way. It is very simple to pass the tube up into the teat, but in order to prevent inflammation of the udder as the result of the irritation produced, great care should be taken in using the tube. The tube should be perfectly clean and, before being used, placed in a Carbolic Acid solution; a convenient way to do this, is to tie a small string around the end which does not go into the teat, and then drop the tube into a small bottle of the solution; by leaving the string outside, the tube can be readily taken out for use; put it into the solution a few minutes before using it; ^n introducing it, take hold of it be- low the part which enters the teat, shake a little, to remove the Carbolic lotion, apply a little clean Carbolized lard— lard, i teacupful. Carbolic Acid, i teaspoonful — and gently push it into the duct, introducing it only far enough to pass the obstruction. Unless carefully used, the tube will cause inflammation, and destroy the quarter. BLOODY MILK.— Causes. — Blood may escape with the milk from injury to the bag; when it is congested or, inflamed; when the circulation through the udder is, for some reason, suddenly increased, and the small blood vessels rupture. DISEASES OF CATTI.E: 439 Treatment. — The treatment will vary with the cause. If due to injury, or inflammation, treat as under "Inflammation of the Udder." If simply due to a congestion, and there seems to be no inflam- mation, give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day; if this fails to correct the trouble, give with the Saltpeter a tea- spoonful of Fluid Extract of Belladonna, and apply to the udder the Witch Hazel and Belladonna liniment, as for " Inflammation of the Udder." A dose of Epsom Salts will sometimes prove effectual. BLUE MILK.— Cause. — From the presence in the milk of germs (bacillus cyanogenus) , milk takes on a skyblue color; these germs gener- ally enter the milk after it leaves the udder, but in some cases the germs may get into the ducts of the teat and enter the milk as it passes out. If the germs are thought to be in the udder, flush it out with the Lysol solution, as recommended under "Inflammation of the Udder." Use: Lysol 2 drachms. Water i quart. After injecting it into the udder and kneading the gland, place a finger over the end of the duct, force some of the solution into the duct and hold if there for a few minutes, and then, milk out. Repeat, if necessary. Also give all milking utensils a good scalding. STRINGY MILK.— Stringy milk is another condition of the milk which is produced by certain germs getting into it. The germs may get into the udder by cows being allowed access to stagnant ponds, where they can get the udder covered with mud and slime. Cows giving milk should not be allowed access to stagnant ponds, or be forced to drink water from such places. The water they drink should be pure. Treatment. — Same as for " Blue Milk." 440 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR CHAPPED OR SORE TEATS.— Causes. — From anything that irritates them. The sudden chilling of the teat in winter after the calf has let go, or after the completion of milking with wet hands; contact with cold water or putrid water, or with filth in lying down; from cows running through the wet grass; or, flies may be the cause. Trbatment. — Each time, after milking, rub the teats with some healing ointment, as the following: Vaseline 2 ounces. Oxide of Zinc I drachm. Carbolic Acid.. 25 drops. Mix well together, and apply as directed. Or: Vaseline 2 ounces. Subnitrate of Bismuth K oimce. Carbolic Acid 25 drops. Mix. Or. Glycerine. I ounce. Witch Hazel I ounce. Carbolic Acid yi drachm. Shake. "White Lotion" (page 263), is also good to apply to the teats. In some cases a tablespoonful of Saltpeter, given internally twice a day, will prove of value. WARTS ON THE TEATS.— These are often trouble- some, yet they may be greatly benefited or entirely removed by smearing them thickly after each milking with pure Olive Oil. If they persist, they may be cut off with a sharp pair of scissors and the sore touched with a stick of Lunar Caustic. They may then be oiled and the caustic repeated if necessary, to prevent their return. Applying a little Acetic Acid to the warts once in three or four days will remove them. If there are a large number on the teat, treat only a few of them at a time. DISEASES OF CATTI.E 441 CUTS AND INJURIES TO THE TEATS.— Causes. — The teats of cows are often injured by barb wire; from other animals stepping on them, etc. Treatment. — The treatment will depend upon the injury. If a cut, and it extends into the duct, it should be sewed up; if the teat is torn, the edges must be brought together in such a way as not to leave the duct open. To sew up, first apply to the edges of the wound a little of the Cocaine solution (see Operations, page 347), then bring the edges together and hold them there with stitches. Be sure the wound is clean before sewing up (see Wounds). Draw the milk with a milking tube until healed, and keep the cow quiet and well bedded. Injuries which do not open the duct maybe treated with oint- nient as tmder " Chapped or Sore Teats." When the end of the teat is injured, care must be taken or the duct will close and make milking difficult. To prevent this, keep in the end of the teat a little plug, shaped something like a bone collar button, a button with a rather small round head answers fairly well if the neck of the button is large enough to keep the duct from closing too much. Keep this in the end of the duct all the time, except when milking, and use a tube for drawing the milk until the injury is healed. FISTULA, OR EXTRA DUCTS OF THE TEAT. — Sometimes ani extra duct will lead from the main duct out on the side of the teat, or at one side of the end, the extra duct eading into the main duct before it reaches the udder; sometimes the extra duct will lead into a small, extra gland near the base of the teat. Causes. — The condition is present at birth, except where it results from an improperly treated wound. Treatment. — If the two ducts unite before reaching the udder, close the one which is out of place as follows: Rub the end of the duct for a few minutes with the Cocaine solution (see Operations, page 347), then make a little cut about half an inch long through the center of 442 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR the opening and lengthwise of the teat — cut in about one-half way to the main duct ; then scrape the duct where it is cut open until it is raw, and put in a stitch and draw the edges of the wound close together. The best time to operate is when the cow is dry. If giving milk, use the milking tube until the wound heals. If the extra duct leads into a small gland, the little gland can be destroyed by injecting into it a little diluted Tincture of Iodine ; dilute a little Tincture of Iodine with an equal amount of water and inject a little of it into the part to be destroyed. This will set up inflammation, which will destroy the part. Before doing this, be sure the extra duct does not lead into the main gland ; in such a case do not inject, but close the end as described above. STRICTURE OF THE DUCT AT THE BASE OF THE TEAT. — Sometimes it is found, when a cow freshens, that the milk will not come down into the teat — it is closed where it joins the udder. The closure is due to a membrane forming across the duct, where it unites with the cavity in the udder. Treatmbnt.— The treatment is to break the membrane; this can be done by pushing a milking tube through it, but the hole thus made is so small that the milk will not come down, except through the tube, and by passing the tube at each milking, the quarter soon becomes inflamed, and so the teat bistoiury has to be used and the stricture cut. To use the instrument, the little knife is drawn within the tube, it is then passed the same as a milking tube until the knife is beyond the stricture, the knife is then pushed out and the instrument drawn down past the stricture, cutting it; when below the stricture, the knife is again concealed and the instrument withdrawn from the teat. It may be necessary to cut the stricture in two directions. The milk flowing through at milking time will keep the cut from closing up. ABORTION AND PREMATURE BIRTH.— Prema- ture expulsion of the foetus is called abortion in the earlier periods of gestation, and premature birth in the latter part of DISBASBS OF CATTISH 443 gestation. It not infrequently takes on a contagious character, which will be treated under "Contagious Abortion." Cames. — Poor condition; weakness and too watery a state of the blood; being hooked or pushed about by other cattle, or kicked or clubbed by brutal attendants; jumping, leaping or fall- ing; irritant poisons; and any severe sickness may act as causes. Symptoms. — In the first two or three months of pregnancy no symptoms may have been observed, and unless the aborted product is seen, the fact of abortion may escape notice. The cow coming in heat later on, suggests that the accident happened. Some soiling of the tail with mucus, blood, and the waters, may be seen, or udder show firmness, and in virgin heifer or dry cow a few drops of milk noted, or the foetus with membranes found. In advanced pregnancy, abortion is much the same as parturition with like symptoms. The important thing is to distinguish the early S5anptoms in order to apply treatment, and try to arrest the progress of the trouble. A cow is dull, sluggish, separate from the herd, chewing cud languidly, or there may be frequent lying down and rising; uneasy motions of hind feet or tail; back arched and tail carried well back from the body, and slightly accelerated pulse and breathing. If these conditions exist in a pregnant cow, examine for any increase in mucus in vagina, or for blood or liquid there or on root of the tail; for enlargement, or firmness of the udder, or in dry cows for milk, and for any slight straining like labor pains. Although the first symptoms of trouble may have appeared, in some cases, further progress can be checked. So long as the foetus has not perished, or water discharged, nor water-bag pre- sented, progress of disease should be stayed, if possible; and as it is impossible to tell whether these conditions do exist or not, the treatment is given to all cases. If any of the foregoing con- ditions have taken place, the treatment will be unsuccessful, and abortion will take place. Treatment. — Place the animal in a quiet place, and give quieting drugs; Chloral Hydrate in i>^-ounce doses, or I^audanum in 2-ounce doses, giving either one with a drachm of Fluid Extract of 444 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Belladonna in ^ pint of water; repeat in two hours; again in three or four hours; and then three or four times a day. Also give from I to 2-ounce doses of Black Haw ( Viburnum Prunifoliwni) , repeated three times a day. This drug has a special quieting action on the uterus. If treatment fails, the labor will increase and the foetus be expelled. Where it takes place late in the period of gestation, assistance may be needed as with normal parturition, and the same principles, with regard to making an examination, should be carried out. The after treatment is important; if there is any reason to suspect contagious abortion, treat as under "Contagious Abortion' ' in Contagious Diseases op Catti^e. If thought to be due to other causes than contagion, keep the cow by herself for a week or two, feed laxative foods, or, if these cannot be had, give ^-pound doses of Epsom Salts every second or third day; also give a table- spoonful of Saltpeter and a teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Belladonna three times a day for a week. It is also well to flush out the womb once a day with an antiseptic, or an astringent, lotion, as for " Inflammation of the Womb." Do not breed the cow again for two or three months. Abortion is quite apt to be followed with leucorrhea, and so the after-treatment is important. If the after-birth does not come away, it should be removed the same as with normal parturition. BARRENNESS IN COWS AND BULLS— STER- ILITY. — This is an inability to reproduce the species. Such an animal is called a ' 'non-breeder. ' ' The trouble is more common , among pure bred, highly-fed cattle than with the so-called ' ' scrubs . ' ' Causes. — In cows, from their being kept in a high condition ; from diseased ovaries ; contracted or diseased neck of the womb ; from womb being deformed in some way, as twisted to one side; being one of twins , the other of which is a bull — a free-martin ; from altered mucus secretions ; leucorrhea, etc. In bulls, it may be from fatty degeneration of the testicles, seen most in old bulls ; from malformation or disease of the genital organs ; from high feeding and too little exercise ; from poor feeding ; the using too freely, especially when young. DISEASES OF CATTI.E 445 In both bulls and cows, it may come from being too closely inbred for several generations. Treatment. — In cows, if from high condition, restrict feed, give opportun- ities for liberal exercise, and give her a physic oi il4 pounds of Epsom Salts in a quart of tepid water, as a drench ; also give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter twice a day for two or three weeks. Examine the cow and if the mouth of the womb is dosed, try to open it by gently inserting the finger. If this is difficult, tie a string to a small wad of cotton batting, saturate with the Fluid Extract of Belladonna and press this into the mouth of the womb and leave it there for an hour ; also give a teaspoonf ul of the Belladonna internally and apply hot applications to the loins. After an hour or two, again try to open the womb and, if success- ful, breed the cow. Cone-shaped structures made of sponge, called "tents," are also used to press into the mouth of the womb, which, when moistened, soften and enlarge the mouth. These can be procured of instrumeijt dealers. If there is leucorrhea or any disease of that nature present, treat by flushing out the womb as described under " lyeucorrhea," using the same lotions. If everything seems to be normal, and yet the cow fails to conceive, give for one month the tonics as recommended for "Chronic Indigestion," and follow this for two weeks with the following : Fluid Extract of Belladonna i drachm. Camphor i drachm. Asafetida i drachm. Thin Linseed gruel I pint. Give as oiie dose, twice daily. In case of the buU, if. he has been closely confined, and rather highly fed, reduce the feed and give exercise; to do this, stretch a large wire between two posts or trees which are some distance apart, and high enough so the bull can pass under it; have a ring on the wire, and near the ends fasten something to the wire so the ring will not slip up close to the tree (keep it far enough away so the bull cannot pass around the tree and get tangled up) and fasten the bull to the ring on the wire by means of a rope four to six feet long, fastened to the ring in his nose. If he does not 446 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR exercise much, make Wm, by taking a whip and driving him back and forth at a good, sharp pace for half an hour, three times a day. After he gets quite poor, gradually bring him back into condition again by good feed, and the use of the tonics as for "Chronic Indigestion," and continue the exercise. During treat- ment, do not allow him to cover any cows. Working in a tread power is excellent exercise for a bull. If there is any disease of the generative organs, treat accordingly. NYMPHOMANIA.— This is an excess of desire for sexual intercotn-se on the part of the cow. Such cows will take the bull at any time, but rarely ever conceive, and when they do, nearly always abort. In some sections they are called ' ' buUers. ' ' Causes. — Usually from chronic inflammation of some of the generative organs. It may also be excited by an excess of highly nitrogenous food, as beans, peas, vetches, wheat bran, middlings, etc. ; especially if there is a lack of exercise, and subject to the constant association of a vigorous young bull. Symptoms. — The animal is in a state of continual sexual excitement, and is constantly riding, or being ridden, by othei' cattle; in bad cases, the excitement and actions are such as to keep the animal in poor flesh. Treatment. — This wiU vary with the cause. Overfeeding on rich food should be stopped, and exercise given in an open field by herself. Diseased ovaries may be removed by spaying (see in Opera- tions). Catarrh of the womb and passages may be treated as called for in " lyeucorrhea." Internally give i -pound doses of Epsom Salts every four or five days, and also use the following; Fluid Extract of Belladonna i drachm. Camphor 2 drachms. Saltpeter ^ ounce. Thin gruel „ ^^ pint. Give as one dose, twice a day. Continue for two weeks, withhold, and then give again if necessary. DISEASES OF CATTLE 447 LESSON XI DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES SUSPENDED BREATHING IN NEW BORN CALVES. — The moment the circulation through the navel string is stopped, death promptly follows unless breathing is established. Fortunately the desire to breathe, aroused by the circulation of the venous blood and the reflex action from the wet and chilling skin, usually at once starts the contractions of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles, and life is insured. Causes. — Among the causes of suspended breathing before and during birth are: compression of the navel cord stopping circulation, while foetus is still in such a position that respiration cannot commence; the detachment of fetal membranes from the womb too early in the act of parturition; a run-down, weakened condition in the calf from starvation or disease in the cow; faint- ing in a debilitated calf, when calving has been prolonged; when the calf is born with head so wrapped in membranes that it can- not breathe; and tenacious phlegm in mouth and nose acting in like manner. Trkatment. — Give attention to calf at once and relieve it of its investing membranes, and of any mucus that has accumulated in nose and mouth. Wiping out the nose deeply with the finger or a feather excites to sneezing, and in this way to breathing. Blowing into the nose has a similar effect. Sucking the nostril through a tube applied to it is even more effective. Slapping the chest with palm of hand or with a towel dipped in cold water, compression and relaxation alternately of walls of the chest, by carrying the front legs forward and apart, and then back, and crowded together, at the rate of about twenty movements per minute, may start the action, and ammonia fumes or tobacco smoke blown into the nose may suffice. Every second is precious, how- ever, and if possible the lungs should be dilated by forcing air into them from a bellows or from human lungs. As the air is blown in through bellows or tube, the upper end of the windpipe 448 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR must be pressed back against the gullet, or otherwise the air will go to the stomach. In a large dairy, a piece of elastic tubing one-third inch in bore, should be kept at hand for sucking or blowing in such cases. BLEEDING FROM THE NAVEL.— This may happen in two ways — when the cord is cut off too close to the navel and left untied, and when it tears off at the navel. It may also bleed when torn across naturally, if it is sucked by the dam or another calf. In an animal that has but little plasticity to its blood, it will flow under almost any circumstances. Treatment. — Where any cord is left it is always safe to tie it, and it is only when swollen and when it may contain a loop of the bowel, that there is an}- danger of doing so. By pressing upward any bulky contents, such danger is avoided. If torn or cut too close to be tied, the bleeding may be checked by applying powdered Alum or Copperas, holding in place with compress and tight bandage around the body, or by holding against it, for a fraction of a second, the end of a rod at dull-red heat. Before tying the cord or applying the astringents, wash with Carbolic Acid lotion and also wet the String, which is used to tie around the cord, in the same solution. URINE DISCHARGED THROUGH THE NAVEL. — Before birth the urine passes from the bladder by a special tube, the urachus, through the navel and string into the outer water- bag. This at birth closes, and in the calf the tube is drawn in toward the bladder. It is more likely to remain open in the bull- calf. The urethra is sometimes abnormally narrow, or even closed, in the male. Treatment.— If part of the cord remains, tie it, as for "Bleeding from the Navel," and allow it to wither up naturally. If the end is too short to tie, apply the astringents as for bleeding. A blister of Spanish Fly, causing swelling of the skin, will often close the orifice. A hot iron may also be used. If the urethra of the male is closed, and cannot be opened, and the urachus is closed. DISEASES OF CATTI.E 449 the torine will collect in the bladder and cause death, but often- times after the urachus is closed the urine will pass out through the natural channel. INFLAMMATION OF THE NAVEL URINE- DUCT.— Causes. — Inflammation of tiie urachus, or navel urine-duct, may arise from direct injury to navel in calving or shortly after, with or without irritant or septic matter on its cut or lacerated end. Symptoms. — There is redness and swelling at the posterior part of the navel and an escape of urine and a whitish serous pus from the orifice of the urachus. Where the urine is not dis- charged there is a tender swelling, like a thick cord, that extends upward and backward from navel to abdomen. Navel enlarge- ment may be considerable, but it is solid, and cannot be pressed back into abdomen as in hernia. In cases at first closed, the pus may burst out later from back part of navel and swelling extend backward. In some cases whitish pus may pass in urine by ordinary channel, showing that it has opened back into bladder. In other cases the umbilical veins are involved, and swelhng extends forward as well as backward. Disease may result in destructive disorders of the liver, lungs, and above all, of the joints. Treatment. — Disease may be warded off, or made comparatively harmless, by applying antiseptics to the navel string at birth, as : Carbolic Acid I teaspoonful. Glycerine 2 ounces. Water 2 ounces. Mix and apply. After a day or two, if discharge continues, apply White Lotion (see Prescriptions, in back of book) . If inflammation is extensive, apply hot fomentations or a poultice, holding in place by a bandage about the body. If joints become affected, treat as under the next disorder. In bad cases, also give inter- nally 5 drops of Fluid Extract of Belladonna and a tablespoonful of Sweet Spirits of Niter in a Uttle water, three or four times a day. 29 450 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR '^ INFLAMMATION OF THE JOINTS IN CALVES —JOINT-ILL. — ^This occurs in young calves within the first months after birth. It may attack any of the joints, quite often the hocks or knees, and is usually connected with inflammation of the navel. Symptoms — Are swelling in one or more joints, which are very hot and tender. Calf is stiff and lame, lies down constantly, and does not suck; there is very high fever, and quickened breathing and pulse; and there is inflammation, swelling, and pus-Uke discharge — often fetid — from the navel. There may also be symptoms of disease of liver, lungs, heart, or bowels, but the important point is to look to condition of the navel in all such cases of diseased and swollen joints beginning in the first month of life. Treatment. — Treat navel as in preceding disorder. Foment the joints with hot water, by putting a heavy woolen bandage about them and wetting this with hot water, as hot as the animal can stand; cover the wet bandages with a dry blanket; re-apply the watei every half hour; also bathe the joints well, two or three times a day, with the following liniment: Soap Liniment 3 ounces. Witch Hazel 2 ounces. Turpentine i ounce. Laudanum 2 ounces. Shake. White Lotion (page 263), is also good to bathe the joints with. Internally give the following: Fluid Extract of Belladonna 2 drachms. Fluid Extract of Aconite % drachm. Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed \% drachms. Sweet Spirits of Niter 4 ounces. Water, to make 1 pint. Shake. Dose: i ounce, three or four times a day. *See Course III, Lesson XVII. DISEASES OF CATTI^E 451 Also give: Hyposulpliite of Soda 2 drachms. Quinine 10 grains. Three times a day in a little thin gruel. If abscesses form about joint, treat as recommended under "Abscesses." CONSTIPATION IN CALVES— RETENTION OF THE MECONIUM. — At birth tlie bowels of a calf contain the "meconium," a tenacious, gluey, brownish-yellow material largely derived from the liver, which should be expelled within a short time after birth, that they may go on with their natural function. The first milk of the cow — colostrum — ^rich in albumen and -salts, is natvu-e's laxative to expel the meconium, and it should never be withheld from the calf. If for lack of this, from the dry feeding of the cow, or from any other cause, the calf is costive, straining violently without passage, lying down and rising as in colic, and falling in appetite, no time should be lost in giving relief; give an ounce or two of Castor Oil and i drachm Cascara Sagrada, assisting the action by injections of warm soap- suds or oil into the rectum. Whatever meconium is within reach of the finger should be carefully removed. It is also important to give the cow a sloppy, laxative diet. If the oil fails to move the bowels, give from i to 2 ounces of Epsom Salts in a little warm water. The following may also be given in obstinate cases: Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica 10 drops. Fluid Extract of Jaborandi 20 " Aromatic Spirits Ammonia i teaspoonful. Water to make 2 ounces. Shake. Give as one dose; repeat three times a day if necessary. Restrict the feed until the bowels move. INDIGESTION IN YOUNG CALVES.— Causes. — This may occur from different causes, as costive- ness, a too liberal milk supply; too rich milk; the furnishing of 452 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR ' ' i the milk of a cow long after calving, to a very young calf ; al- lowing a calf to suck the first milk from a cow that has, in any way, been violently exicted ; too long intervals between feed- ing; dirty fermented milk; from feeding the mother unwhole- some food ; bad quarters ; feeding starchy, artificial food ; or overfeeding on artificial food. Licking hair oflf themselves, or others, and the formation of same into balls in the stomach, causes obstinate indigestion. Symptoms. — Are dullness, indisposition to move, uneasi- ness, eructations of ga>s from the stomach, sour breath, more or less loss of appetite, lying down aria rising as if in pain, full- ness of the abdomen, which gives out a drum-like sound when tapped with the fingers. The costiveness may be marked at first, but it soon gives place to diarrhea, by which offensive matters may be carried off, and health restored. In other cases it runs into inflammation of the bowels, fever sets in, and calf ultimately dies. Treatment. — To clear the bowels, give 1 to 2 ounces Castor Oil, and also use the prescription as recommended in the preceding disorder, adding 10 drops Fluid Extract of Belladonna in case of much pain ; and if sour eructations of gas from stomach are marked, give 3 tablespoonfuls of Lime water, or 1 teaspoonful Cooking Soda two or three times a day. If disorder continues after bowels, are moved, give a large tablespoonful of Rennet, or 30 grains of Pepsin at each meal, along with the above mixture. If constipation recurs, give injections of warm water and soap, and treat diarrhea as in that disease. See next article. Feed good, wholesome milk, giving in it a teaspoonful of Blood Flour, and a little Linseed meal gruel. *WHITE SCOURS IN CALVES. — G A S T R I C CATARRH— DIARRHEA.— Hand raised calves are subject to a form of diarrhea to which several names have been applied. Causes. — Not common with calves which suck, though may be occasione d by sucking at long intervals, thus overloading *Sce Course III, Lesson XVII. DISEASES OF CATTLE 453 the stomach and 'bringing on indigestion. Calves separated from their dams and given considerable quantites of cold milk at long intervals are liable to this form of trouble. Calves fed on milk substitutes frequently Contract it, as do also those fed on milk from creameries, or from filthy pails. Symptoms. — The passages have a thin, yellowish-white appearance, are quite offensive, and become very frequent. The calf becomes dull, whisks its tail as though in pain every time there is a passage from the bowels, loses its appetite, becomes weak, and unless disease is checked it is apt to run into dysen- tery, when the passages become bloody and very thin; calf shows more or less pain by grating the teeth, and depressed countenance. Trbatment. — Give I to 2 ounces Castor Oil with a tablespoonf ul of I/auda- num. This will clear the bowels. Then follow with teaspoonful doses of Laudanum three or four times a day. Dissolve a table- spoonful of Copperas in a pint of water and give 2 ounces of this solution in a little milk, three times a day. Give at different times than the Laudanum. Also give a teaspoonful of Cooking Soda or an ounce or two of Lime water. From a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful of Blood Flour is excellent for Scours, often check- ing severe cases without other treatment. In bad cases, where there is dysentery, use the following: Corrosive Subfimate 7 grains. Water i pint. Shate. Dose: l to 3 tablespoonf uls, three or four times a day. Give a small amount of milk, three times a day, with i or 2 well-beaten, raw eggs. Give clean, dry bedding frequently and cover calf with a blanket. INFECTIOUS SCOURS.— There is a form of scours which attacks calves two or three days after birth, and which terminates fatally in a short time. The disease is due to germs entering through the umbilical cord. Other organs as well as the bowels are affected, but the scouring is very characteristic. 454 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — The scouring, great weakness, and death in a day or two. Treatment.— The treatment is preventive, as curative treatment fails. The prevention is to have everything very clean where the cow calves. The stall should be very clean; if other animals have used the same stall and their calves have died of the disease, the stall must be thoroughly disinfected and whitewashed before using again (see "Disinfection," page 66). As soon as the calf is bom, remove it from the stall, wash the navel cord thoroughly with a Carbolic Acid solution — Carbolic Acid, ^ ounce; water, I pint — ligate the cord close to the body with a string that has been soaked in the same solution, and then cut the cord ofE one- half inch below the string. Apply to the cord four or five times a day, or until it dries up, the Carbolic lotion and also the White I^otion (see Prescriptions, in back of book) . LESSON XII DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS OF THE BULL INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES — ORCHITIS.— Causes. — Usually the result of blows, or other direct injuries, but may result from excessive service, or from some growth in the gland tissue. Symptoms. — Bull moves stiffly, with straddling gait, and the right or left half of the scrotum in which the afEected testicle lies is swollen, red, and tender, and the gland is drawn up in the sac and dropped down again at frequent intervals. Tkeatment. — Give the following as a drench: Epsom Salts xyi pounds. Ginger 2 drachms. Water, tepid i quart. DISBASKS OF CATTLE 455 Foment the testicles well with hot water, the same as was recommended for fomenting the udder in inflammation of that gland (page 435) , and use the same lotions on the scrotum, especially the one containing the Belladonna. When not fomenting, apply a I/inseed poultice. While treating, feed on soft food, and give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day; if the bull is a large fellow, heap the spoon. Should a soft point appear, indi- cating formation of matter, open and treat wound daily, with a solution made by adding 2 teaspoonf uls of Carbolic Acid to a pint of water. Usually, when inflammation has gone to point of sup- puration, the testicle is ruined for service, and must be removed by castration. A test, by putting bull to cows after he is well, will determine whether he will be of any more use in that line. INJURIES TO SHEATH AND PENIS.— Causes. — From jumping fence and being caught so as to injure parts; or in case of work oxen, from pressure and friction of the sling, when held in stock for shoeing. Symptoms. — If there is severe crushing of both sheath and penis, it leads, some hours later, to the development of a hard, hot, and painful swelling, reaching from scrotum to sheath. There is fever, dry muzzle, red eyes, hard, full, rapid pulse, and quickened breathing. Animal stands with hind legs apart and urine drop- ping from sheath. Appetite and rumination suspended. Later, unless promptly treated, mortification may result, the swelling getting cold and doughy. Treatment. — In severe cases must be prompt and judicious. Put straps around the patient, with soft pads in contact with affected parts, constantly soaked in cold water for at least twenty-four hours. Give I to 2 pounds of Epsom Salts in 2 quarts of hot water, and a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day if the penis is not badly injured. The second day the parts may be bathed with: Extract of Witch Hazel >^ pint. Sugar of Lead i ounce. Laudanum 3 ounces. Water to make i pin*> 456 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR If active inflammation persists, the cold water application should be continued. If suppuration occurs, open at point ot fluctuation when ready, letting out pus, and afterward syringe cavity vnth Carbolic lotion as for dressing wounds. Careful antiseptic treatment is also necessary in case of extensive slough- ing, as sometimes happens with severe inflammation. In mild cases simply bathing parts three times daily with hot or cold water and applying the White lyOtion (see PrieSCRIPTions, in back of book) after wiping dry, continuing the treatment imtit well, will be found sufficient. INFLAMMATION OF THE URETHRA — GON- ORRHEA. — This is an inflammation of the urethra — the canal which conveys the urine through the penis from the bladder. Causes. — It may originate in gravel, the excitement of too irequent service, infection from a cow with leucorrhea, or from extension of inflammation from the sheath. Symptoms. — There is an oozing of whitish liquid from the end of the penis and sheath, tenderness and pain when handled, and while there is no actual arrest of the urine, its flow is subject to voluntary checks, as it irritates the tender surface. Treatment.— Give I Vt. pounds of Epsom Salts in a quart of tepid water as a drench; bathe the sheath well with hot water twice a day, and inject into the urethra a little of the following lotion: Acetate of Lead 2 drachms. Water I'quart. Or: Permanganate of Potash 20 grains. Water i pint. Mix and shake well before using. Inject part of the time with: Lysol 1 drachm. Water I pint. To inject the solution, use a milking tube, a rubber tube and funnel, as for injecting into the udder in " Milk Fever." Put DISEASES OF CATTI^E 457 the milking tube into the urethra at the end of the penis, elevate the funnel and pour the solution into it; the funnel should be held as high as the back. Keep bull away from cows until he is cured, as some varieties of the disease are contagious. CASTRATIONS OF BULLS AND CALVES.— This consists in removing the testicles, the essential organs of gener- ation in the male. The best position for castrating bovines is standing, but they can be cast the same as the colt; the same kind of a throwing harness will answer. Use the Carbolic lotion the same as operating upon colts, or pigs; have the knife sharp. Before operating wash ofE the scrotum with the Carbolic lotion. To operate standing, place animal with his right side against a partition, and tie his head short, so he cannot push forward; have an assistant stand against his left flank and hold him against the partition; the operator, with the knife in his right hand, stands with his left side against the left hip of the animal, facing to the rear; reach in between the legs from the rear with the left hand and grasp around the scrotum, just above the testicles, crowding the testicles to the very bottom of the sacs; make the cut in the center of the back side of each sac, commencing well towards the top of the testicle and carrying it down to the very bottom, so as to be sure of good drainage; try and make the cut onto the testicle with one stroke of the knife. When the testicle is cut onto, the pressure produced by the hand clasping the scrotum above will cause it to pop out of the cut; cut down onto both testicles before letting go of the scrotum. After the testicles pop otit, take hold of one and draw it out a little and it will be seen to be attached at its front surface by a thin attach- ment to the front of the scrotum. Cut this attachment quite close to the testicle, and then it can be drawn down, being held simply by the spermatic cord; if a young calf, draw the cord down five or six inches, and cut it off; a dull pair of shears is a good thing to cut it off with, or it can be cut, or scraped, off with the ' knife; if scraped, or cut, with the dull shears, which mash close, there is less apt to be bleeding. If a larger animal, and danger of bleeding, draw the cord down and tie a string 458 THE PEACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR around it, about three inches from the testicle, and then cut the cord off about an inch below the string; a catgut string is best; if silk is used, leave the ends long enough to hang from the cut, so that they will be pulled out later when they slough. Have the string lying in the Carbolic solution for a few minutes before using it. After both testicles are removed, dash a little of the Carbolic lotion into each wound. Place the animal in a clean stall. The day following the operation, wet the fingers in the Carbolic lotion and open the cuts. If there is undue swelling or bleeding after the operation, treat as is recommended for same condition under Castration, Horse Department. The best time to castrate calves is when they are about a month old; the pain is much less when they are small and there is less tendency to bleeding. If there is a scrotal hernia, castrate by the covered operation, the same as with colts. If the animal is cast, make the cuts in the sides of the scrotiun; it is handier than to make them on the back side; otherwise the operation is the same as when performed with the animal standing. « RIGS " OR RIDGLING BULLS.— These are animals in which the testicles, one or both, have never come down into the scrotum. They cannot be castrated like horses, and after attain- ing some age, become nuisances. When castrating a calf and only one or neither testicle is down, fatten and get rid of it, for they rarely come down later. It will save much trouble to get rid of such when young. SWELLING OF THE POINT OF THE SHEATH IN STEERS— STONE IN THE SHEATH.— Causes. — From grazing in pastures where limestone abounds, or from drinking water impregnated with limestone, by which it is taken into the system, and this, together with the fact that the steer, in making water, does not protrude the penis, but lets it dribble out of the sheath; causes the lime in the urine to collect and form a concretion, or ball, which soon gets large and sets up irritation and swelling. DISEASES OF CATTLE 459 Symptoms. — The end of the sheath is enlarged, and it may obstruct the flow of urine, when animal will show uneasiness, pain, etc., as in "Suppression of Urine." An examination reveals the presence in the sheath of the limy deposit. Treatment. — If the animal is quiet, let him stand, and have him held by the horns and nose, while operator with oiled fingers passes one of them up into the sheath, and by manipulation and working the stone about, it can soon be removed, when the sheath should be oiled both inside and outside. In case animal will not stand to have this done, ho can be cast and secured as in "Castration," or strap his hind legs together, putting the strap around above the hocks, crossing it between the legs like a figure 8, which prevents its slipping down. LESSON XIII DISEASES OF THE EYE INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES — SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA. — This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball. In severe cases the deeper coats of the eye may be involved. Causes. — It may result from a bruise of the eyelid; from chaff, hayseed, dust, gnats, or such matter in the eye; from exposure to cold; from irritating or poisonous vapors arising from filthiness of the stable. Symptoms. — A profuse flow of tears; closure of eyelids from intolerance of light, retraction of the eyeball, and protrusion of the haw; disinclination to move, and in milch cows diminution of milk. In parting the lid, the lining membrane is found injected with an excess of blood, giving it a red and swollen appearance; the white of the eye is bloodshot, and the cornea may be cloudy. It disease advances, inflammation ot the cornea may ensue. 46o THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — Carefully examine the eye for the presence of chafE, dust, cinder, and the like, and remove same when found. Do this by flushing the eye with warm water, by means of a syringe, or, if substance adheres to eyeball or lid, it may be scooped out by the handle of a teaspoon or some other blunt instrument. If it removes with difficulty, drop a few drops of the Cocaine solution into the eye (see Operations, Horse Department). To relieve congestion and irritation, use a wash composed of: Nitrate of Silver 3 grains. MorpUue i grain. Water 1 ounce. Keep in the dark. Mix, and put a few drops of this in the eye with a medicine dropper, a small, pointed glass tube with rubber bulb, three or four times a day. Put animal in a cool, darkened stable, and fasten a woolen cloth, folded several times, over the eye, or eyes if both are affected. Keep wet with cold water, re- wetting every half hour during the day, but remove it at night. If there is much fever and consti- tutional disturbance, give i^ pounds Epsom Salts dissolved in i quart of water. Also give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day, and feed a laxative diet. SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA — CATARRHAL CON- JUNCTIVITIS. — This form of inflammation of the membrane of the eye generally appears in epidemic form and affects quite a number of the herd. Causes. — It is usually attributed to some irritant material car- ried in the air or coming from the soil, but is probably due to bacteria. It is most prevalent on low grounds and is seldom seen in winter months. It affects old and young alike, but one attack is believed to make the animal immune. Symptoms.— "this disease is characterized chiefly by a mucous, matter-like discharge from the eyes, an intense degree of inflam- mation of the mucous membrane, accompanied by swelling of the eyelids and an early darkening of the cornea. The flow of tears DISBASJSS OP CATTLE 461 IS mixed with pus which gathers in large masses on the cheek. The eyes are kept closed. When the cornea is affected, the animal is frequently blind for a time, and sometimes other diseases of the eye follow. Treatmeint. — Animal should be placed in a cool, dark stable, supplied with soft, succulent food and plenty of fresh water to drink. Give i to I ^ pounds Epsom Salts in 2 to 3 pints of water. Also give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter, three times a day, and in bad cases give with the Saltpeter, i drachm Fluid Extract of Belladonna and 15 drops Fluid Extract of Aconite. Foment the eye with the cold water, as in the previous disorder, and also use the same solution in the eye. A powder composed of equal parts of finely pulverized Boracic Acifi and Calomel is good to dust into the eye — blow a little into the eye twice a day from a quill or small, paper cylinder. INFLAMMATION OF THE CORNEA — CORNEL TIS.— This is an inflammation of the strong membrane, which forms the front part of the eyeball. The sclerotic, or white coat bordering on the cornea, becomes involved to some extent. Causes. — As the cornea is the most prominent part of the ball of the eye, it is subject to injury in a variety of ways, such as scratches, pricks, contusions, lacerations and the like. It may occur from the extension of inflammation from ophthalmia, or from some internal inflammation, or may occasionally occur with- out any known cause. Symptoms. — There is a severe inflammation of the part, causing a cloudiness of the cornea. The swelling on front part of eyeball may be in bladder-like points, or it may begin at outer border, abruptly thickening, and diminish to center. If whole cornea is affected, it has a gray or grayish-white appearance. The tears do not flow as freely, neither is the suffering so great as in ophthalmia. One or both eyes may be affected. In favor- able cases conditions should begin to improve in a week. In unfavorable cases the sight is lost and the opacity remains. In what is called suppurative comeitis — where there is a formation of matter — the symptoms are somewhat different, but 462 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR it may follow the above form. More commonly it develops rapidly by a raised swelling on or near the center of the cornea, that soon becomes yellow, while the edge of the swelling fades into an opaque (clouded) ring. Disease is seldom noticed until matter formation has occurred. When it is the result of diffuse corneitis, ulceration and escape of confined pus is inevitable; otherwise matter may be absorbed. When deep membranes are involved, the^sight of the eye may be permanently lost. It will sometimes attack a number of animals, being more or less con- tagious. Treatment. — Place the animal in a darkened stable, give green or sloppy food, and 6 ounces of Epsom Salts, dissolved in a quart of water once a day. Also give tbe following: Fluid Extract of Aconite lyi drachms. Fluid Extract of Belladonna I ounce. Saltpeter 3 ounces. Water to make 1 pint. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three or fourtimes a day. As an application to the eye use the following : Nitrate of Silver 3 grains. Sulphate of Morphia i grain. Soft water i ounce. Keep in the dark. Drop 15 to 20 drops into the eyes, three times a day, with a medicine dropper. If ulceration occurs, use Nitrate of Silver, 5 grains, to an ounce of water. Apply directly to the ulcers with a camel's hair brush. (See ' 'Ulcers of the Cornea) . ' ' To remove opacity after inflammation has subsided, continue the Nitrate of Silver solution. ULCER OF THE CORNEA.— Causes. — In consequence of the bursting of a small abscess in the delicate membrane over the cornea ; or, in the cornea itself, DISEASES OF CATTLE 463 after violent corneitis, or specific ophthalmia ; or ulcer may be caused by bruises, scratches, and other direct injury to the cornea. Symptoms. — ^At first the ulcer is a pale, gray color, with edges high and irregular, ai;id discharges, instead of pus, an acrid, watery substance, and has a tendency to spread super- ficially and also to extend deeper. If it spreads superficially, the transparency of the cornea is lost; if it goes deeply, and reaches the anterior chamber of the eye, the aqueous humor es- capes and the eye is destroyed. Treatment. — Give internal treatment as with "Inflammation of Cornea,'' if it has not already been used, in which case continue it. Endeavor, as soon as the ulcer appears, to prevent its growth. Convert corroding process into a healthy one. For this purpose nothing is better than a strong solution of Nitrate of Silver. Drop a few drops of the Cocaine solution into the eye (see "Operations," Horse Department). The animal's head is then firmly secured, and an assistant should part eyelids; then all parts of the ulcer are touched, using a camel's hair brush, with a solution of 10 grains of Nitrate of Silver to an ounce of water. Repeat treatment onec a day until ulcer looks healthy. When healthy action succeeds, ulcer assumes a delicate fleshy tint, and former redness around ulcer gradually disappears. In abrasions where there are no holes or cavities made, caustic treatment is not needed ; simply treat as for "Inflammation of the Cornea." Excessive ulceration may cause fungus growth upon the cornea, which appears to be nourished by loops of blood vessels in the mucous membrane covering same. This growth must be cut away and wound cauterized with Nitrate of Silver, or eye will be destroyed. STAPHYLOMA. — This is a disease of the eyeball in which the cornea loses its transparency, rises above the level of the eye, and even projects beyond the eyelids, in the form of an elongated whitish, or pearl-colored tumor, which may be either smooth or uneven. 464 THE PRACTICAIv STOCK DOCTOR Causes. — Inflammation is the only known cause, although it may not occur immediately. It often follows catarrhal ophthalmia and comeitis. Trkatment. — In a few cases restoration of sight may be affected by punct- uring the projecting tumor and treating it afterward with Nitrate of Silver, as given in "Ulceration of the Cornea." Cases have been known in which spontaneous rupture of the tumor occurred and healing resulted without treatment. CATARACT OF THE EYE.— This is a disease in which the crystalline lens becomes opaque and loses its trans- parency; power of refraction is lost and animal is blind. Causes. — Generally it is the result of deep inflammation of the eye, but sometimes seems to be due to an improper nourish- ment of the lens. Symptoms. — It is known by the whiteness of the lens, as seen through the pupil; the cornea is clear and healthy. Sight is totally lost when the cataract is fully formed. Formation is usually slow. TrkatmbnT. — There is no treatment with the lower animals. The lens could be removed the same as it is in the human, but it would not benefit, as animals cannot wear glasses, as is necessary in order that its removal may benefit. AMAUROSIS. — This is bUndness from paralysis of the optic nerve, and retina. The retina is the expansion of the optic nerve over the back of the chamber of the eye. Cmtses. — Concussion from a blow on forehead, fracture of bone over eye causing downward pressure, rheumatic inflamma- tion of optic nerves, or from extension of deep inflammation involving retina. It sometimes occurs from excessive loss of blood, or of great debility. Symptoms. — This disease is seldom noticed until animal shows, by gait and actions, that it is blind. Generally both eyes DISEASES OF CATTLE 465 are affected. The eyeball remains clear, and the pupil perma- nently dilated. No response to light is manifested. Treatment. — If due to debility, or loss of blood, give tonics as for " Chronic Indigestion," but the treatment will probably be of no value. INJURIES TO THE EYELIDS.— This accident is not uncommon where cattle are fenced in by barbed wire; an animal may be caught under the eyelid by the horn of another; may occur in the stable from projecting splinters of wood or from nails. Treatment. — If there is much laceration, the edges of the wound should be brought together closely and correctly, and held, either by sutures of silk or even hnen thread (see ' ' Sutures ' ' in HoRSE Department) . Use the Cocaine solution (see Operations, page 347). Keep the parts dressed with the Carbolic Acid lotion, and if there is much swelling, or the inflammation extends to eye, use the cold fomentations, as for " Inflammation of the Eye." INVERSION AND EVERSION OF THE EYE- LIDS. — See Horse Department. FOREIGN SUBSTANCES IN THE EYE.— Some- times chaff, barley-beards, or splinters of wood, hedge-thorns, pieces of cornstalk, or leaves, stems of hay or straw, twigs, 01 weeds may penetrate the eye, break off, and remain, causing inflammation, blindness, abscesses, and the like.^ The eyeball sometimes is penetrated, but in most cases substances get between the eye and lids. Symptoms. — Vary according to extent of injury, but in ordinary cases, animal will show evident suffering, or annoyance, by keeping eye closed, and, perhaps, by turning head slightly awry, and tears will run down over the cheek. 466 THB PRACTlCAIy STOCK DOCTOR Trbatmsnt. — Catch the animal and examine cfle eye and remove offending substance. Drop 15 to 20 drops of the Cocaine solution into the eye and the examination and removal of the object is quite easy (see Operations, page 347). When substance is removed, apply treatment as case seems to require; cold fomentations and the lotion as recommended for ' ' Inflammation of the Eye ' ' will generally bring about recovery. If the eyeball is punctured nothing can be done other than the fomentations and lotions. This generally means loss of the eye, but a very small puncture might not destroy the organ. CANCER IN THE EYE— FUNGUS HAEMATODES. — This is the same as a cancerous growth that may develop on any part of the body; it is not common, and yet may appear in the eye. Cwuses. — Unknown Syviptoms. — It frequently commences in the eyeball as a small, red mass, eventually bursts through, and pushes its way outside the orbit of the eye, as a large, spongy, fungus-like excrescence that bleeds upon the slightest injury, in fact upon the mere touch. Treatment. — When the exact nature of the case is known, the eye should be taken out. For removing the eye, the animal should be given an anaesthetic (see Operations, page 347). The after-treatment would be the same as for "Dislocation of the Eyeball." The operation should be left to the veterinarian. As these growths often return, unless the animal is valuable as a breeder, it best be fitted for the butcher. DISLOCATION OF THE EYEBALL.— The eyeball may be torn out by the horns of another animal in a fight, or it may be crowded out with the blunt end of a club, cane, or probe, in the hands of some brutal person. Treatment. — When the optic nerve is not lacerated and the retractor muscles at the back of the eye are intact, an attempt to replace DISEASES OF CATTLE . 467 the eye is advisable. This, however, must take place immedi- ately after injury and before swelling takes place. Divide the outercornerof the eyelid to enlarge the orifice, thenbypressure, with the fingers of both hands placed upon the sides of the eye, the ball may be put back in its place. Apply a firm compress over the injured eye and keep it constantly wet with cold water, containing 1 drachm of Sugar of Lead to each quart of water. If the attempt to replace is not a success, tie the artery at the back of the eye with strong cord, and then cut off the whole mass as deep within the orbit as possible. The cavity should be packed daily with fresh absorbent cotton, after washing it out with a 3 per cent, solution of Carbolic Acid. INFLAMMATION AND ENLARGEMENT OF THE HAW. — The haw or membrana nictitans, that small structure at the inner angle of the eye, is subject to inflammation and swelling from the extension of conjunctivitis or ophthalmia, or direct injury by foreign substances. It presents a red swollen appearance, accompanied by considerable pain and a profuse flow of tears. Treatment.^- The application of cold fomentations and the lotions as used in "Ophthalmia" will generally reduce the swelling and restore it to its normal function. There is, however, a tendency for an inflammation of this membrane to take on a chronic character, which may result in a permanent enlargement, resembling a tumor. When it at- tains sufficient size to protrude itself permanently over the eye, or project between the lids so as to obstruct the sight, its re- moval may become necessary. A threaded needle is passed through the body of the enlarged mass by which the membrane is drawn out as far as possible, then with a blunt pair of scis- sors, it may be cut away from its attachments. Use the Cocaine solution to destroy the pain, by dropping 15 to 20 drops of it into the eye ten or fifteen minutes before operating (see Operations, page 347). 468 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR LESSON XIV DISEASES OF THE EAR INFLAMMATION OF THE INTERNAL EAR- OTITIS.—Inflammation of the deep part of the ear is often difficult to recognize in cattle. Causes. —May be caused by the disease of the bone of that region, from blows inflicted by drivers, or from injury by other cattle. Occasionally it may arise from extension in "lump jaw," or be the result of tuberculous affection. Symptoms. — Animal will hold its head to one side, or shake it, while the ear is held immovable. The movement of the jaws in eating gives evident pain; the base of the ear may be feverish and swollen, and very sensitive to the touch. If the inflamma- tion has advanced to a suppurative stage, matter will flow from the ear, and the discharge will generally be offensive in odor. Trkatmsnt. — At first apply hot fomentations to reduce pain and fever, and follow with a sharp blister applied below the ear. To relieve pain and soften secretions, the following may be injected into the ear: Laudanum..^....,,.,.............. I part. Olive Oil „ lo parts. If there is a discharge from the ear, it should be thoroughly washed out by injections of warm soapsuds until dean, then inject a little of the following mixture twice a day: Sulphate of Morphia 20 grains. Water » i pint. Glycerine 4 ounces. Injections of a solution of Acetate of Lead, J^ ounce; water, I pint, may help in some cases. ABSCESS OF THE EAR.--Abscesses sometimes font, about the base of the ear, either inside or outside, caused by con- tusions. Cysts or pouches, containing a watery fluid, are found occasionally between the cartilage and the skin on the base of the ear, which may be due to similar cause DISEASES OF CATTI^E 469 Trea^tmbnt. — Make a free incision with the knife into the most prominent part of the abscess or cyst, then wash out the sac with the Car- boHc Acid lotion, using a syringe for the purpose. If the abscess recurs, open it again, wash it out, and inject a little Tincture of Iodine. FOREIGN BODIES IN THE EAR.— Bugs have been known to gain access to the ear of an aijimal. Foreign bodies of various sorts may become lodged in the ear. Symptoms. — A continuous imeasiness or frequent shaking of of the head; occasionally manifestations of severe pain. Animal may rub head and ear against trees and other objects, in endeavor to get rid of offending body. Treatment. — When suspected, catch the animal and examine the ear, and when object is found, remove the same with forceps, a hair pin, or with a piece of wire bent at one end. If inflammation exists and ear is swollen, so substance is hidden from sight, insert a probe to feel for object, and when found remove, even if neces- sary to split the ear at the base to do so. Afterward treat the ear with hot water fomentations, and injections of mild astringents, as Acetate of I,ead, J^ ounce; water, i quart. FROSTBITE— GELATIO.— This is not an uncommon occurrence among young cattle which are poorly fed and exposed outdoors to storms and extremes of cold; a condition, however, which ought never to occur. Symptoms. — This affection naturally presents every degree of severity from the mere chilling of the tip of the ear to positive freezing and death of a portion. In a day or two the ear will become swollen and painful; the dead part will remain cold and begin to shrivel; a line of separation forms between the inflamed and dead, or dying, portion; and finally the dead piece drops off, leaving a raw surface. When only slightly chilled, there will be a peeling off of the superficial skin, accompanied by some pain and itching. 470 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — A good liniment for frozen ears is : Turpentine I ounce. Ammonia I ounce. CMorpform i " Olive Oil 6 ounces. Mix and rub the ears several times daily. It will relieve pain, and stimulate circulation, thus favoring a recovery of the injured structures. If a portion of the ear sloughs, treat the restiltant wound as an ordinary woimd. TORN OR LACERATED EARS.— Dogs are the most frequent cause of lacerated ears, generally leaving a torn, ragged edged and bruised cartilage. Treatment. — If the wound is extensive it will be necessary to trim off the ragged edges; then fasten the edges together with stitches of cat-gut, silk, or strong, thick, linen thread, taking a deep hold. Secure the animal so it cannot rub the part, and dress daily with the Carbolic Acid lotion. DISEASE OF THE CARTILAGE OF THE EAR.— Sometimes the cartilages of the ear become affected, usually from a deep bruise ; pus forms, which burrows under the skin, and may find outlet at some point more or less distant from seat of trouble. When cartilage has been extensively injured, pieces of it become dead and dissolve, and are carried away in the pus, or it may lead to sloughing and the formation of many running sores. In this affection there is seldom much swelling or great pain. Discharge is usually offensive and often blood-streaked. Whenever there is long-continued discharge from one or more openings in the ear, this disease may be suspected. Treatment. — The sinus formed by the passage of matter should be probed and searched to the bottom for the presence of foreign substance or evidences of decaying cartilage. When probe touches decaying cartilage it will feel like a piece of dry leather DISEASES OF CATTLE 47i or partially softened wood. A counter-opening must then be made at this place and all diseased cartilage cut away with a knife. After this keep wound open for the pus to discharge, and inject into it once or twice a day, until the wound is healed, the following solution : Acetate of Lead 1 ounce. Sulphate of Zinc ^ ounce. Carbolic Acid J4 ounce. Water to make 1 pint. Shake. LESSON XV FRACTURED BONES; WOUNDS; SPRAINS OF JOINTS AND TENDONS FRACTURED BONES. — A fracture is a break in a bone. It may occur in a variety of ways : the kick of a horse, getting caught in the fence while jumping, falling, being chased by dogs, by being hit by anything hard enough to cause a fracture. As a rule, fractures are more easily repaired in cattle than in horses, owing to their being more quiet. Fractures are classed as transverse, oblique, "green-stick," simple, compound and complex. In transverse fracture the bone is broken across ; in oblique, slanting; in "green-stick," it is bent and spHt but not broken entirely off. In simple fracture, only the bone is broken without complications; in compound, the ends of the bones punch through the flesh and protrude; in complex, the bone is shattered into many small pieces. As a rule, when the frac- ture is so bad that the bone is shattered, or a piece of the bone protrudes through the skin, it is best to slaughter the animal. If the condition of the animal is otherwise healthy, if slaugh- tered at once, the meat is fit for food, and the loss is not so great. When the care and expense of treatment is considered, this is probably the best disposition of these cases, except, per- haps, where the animal is valuable for breeding purposes. 472 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR FRACTURE OF THE LOWER JAW.— This is a fracture that generally occurs from a kick or a blow of some kind, and is first noticed by the animal not being able to eat, the mouth seeming crooked, and by the bloody discharges from the mouth. Treatment.— If any other than a simple, transverse fracture of one side only, the animal may as well be destroyed; if simple, put the ends of the bone together, and hold them there if possible, by passing copper wire around the teeth; in order to do this it may be necessary to cut through the cheek, opposite the fracture. Peed on soft and sloppy food until recovery takes place. Flush out the mouth freely after each feeding to remove any particles of food which might interfere with the uniting of the bones. Later, the wire can be removed through the mouth, or the cheek again opened FRACTURE OF THE BONES OF THE NECK AND BACK.— If the fracture should be through the body of the bone, there is likely to be pressure on, or laceration of the spinal cord, causing paralysis to parts back of the injury. Frac- ture of the spines of the vertebrae occur, without interfering with the canal containing the spinal cord. Such accidents may pass unnoticed, for though animal may suffer pain, it is not likely to be shown in & way to attract attention, and the deep muscular covering hides the injury. "When a fracture occurs in the upper part of neck, the muscles of breathing are paralyzed, and death by suffocation soon follows. The more common seat of fracture is in the loins, and when a fracture of the body of the vertebrae occurs here, paralysis of the hind legs and quarters results. Diagnosis of such an accident is more difficult than in the case of other fractures. The parts can not be moved one upon another, so that crepitation (grinding) is not noticable. The heavy coating of muscles conceals changes that might other- wise attract attention. About the only symptom is paralysis of nerves of motion and sensation, back of the seat of the injury, which careful examination may reveal. If the result of a blow, there is apt to be abrasion of the skin. If paralysis is present, and the irregularity of the spinal column is so marked as to leave nc DISEASKS OF CATTLK 473 room for doubt, the only thing to do is to destroy the animal. If, on the other and, the paralysis is incomplete, with no evidence of irregularity in spinal colum, or other evidence of fracture, put the animal in a well-bedded box stall, and allow a few days to pass before the case is abandoned. The symptoms last described might result from a strain of the muscles of the loins, in which case an improvement will soon be noticed. In which case treat as for strains. FRACTURE OF THE BONES OF THE HIP- HIPPED. — This accident is likely to occur as the result of crowding when running through a narrow door, falling violently on the point of the hip, or from a blow directed downward and forward against it. The fracture is not dangerous, but it dis- figures the animal. The animal is lame at first, but this symptom will disappear. Treatment. — If sore after being "knocked down," bathe twice a day ia hot water, and apply the "White Lotion (see page 263) until the soreness is out. If the bones heal all right there is nothing more to be done. Sometimes the bones do not unite, and it will soon begin to fester around the broken piece and an abscess will form. When the abscess is formed, open and remove the piece of bone, and treat as under "Abscesses." Fracture of the under part of the hip bones, the floor of the pelvis, generally occur from the aniinal slipping on the ice with legs spread apart. As soon as it gets up, it walks off stifily and the legs are kept out apart while «ither walking or standing. The treatment for this is to keep animal very quiet, by tying it in a stall until the bones unite — from four to five weeks. FRACTURE OF THE RIBS.— This is always the result of a kick or a blow of some kind. The ribs farthest back are the most liable to injury. Sympioms. — Pain in moving, slight swelling over seat of injury, and difficult breathing are evident symptoms. If the fracture be complete the grinding of the bones may be noticed by placing the hand flat over the injury, noting carefully the 474 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR motion as chest contracts and expands in breathing. This symptom is more noticeable when animal coughs. In slight cases the animal can get up and down, but in severe cases may remain lying. Trbatmbnt. — Unless the point of the broken bone penetrates the chest cavity, no treatment is required other than quiet, good care and food. For a few days the animal should be restricted in the amount of food and water, the stomach being kept as nearly empty as possible. Sloppy food should be given, to encourage as much as possible the free action of the diaphragm in breath- ing, If breathing is labored and attended with much pain, motion may be limited by applying a wide bandage firmly around the chest. If the animal remains down, turn it over from side to side three times a day. If point of rib penetrates the lung and sets up inflammation, there is little chance of recovery. FRACTURE OF THE SHOULDER BLADE OR SHOULDER BONE— Fracture of these bones is indicated by the extreme lameness it produces, and on moving the leg the grating of the bones may be heard. In a case of this kind it is best to destroy the animal, unless a very simple fracture and the animal is a young one, in which case keep it very quiet and give good care ; time will do the rest. The less the fracture is worked over, the better. FRACTURE OF THE BONES BELOW THE KNEE AND HOCK.— Symptoms. — There will be crookedness of the leg, lameness and extreme pain, and when leg is moved the grating of the bones on one another will be heard. TR:eATMENT. — Put the animal in a quiet, roomy, well-bedded place, set the leg in shape, and have it held while bandaging it with a starched bandage, which is a long strip of cloth dipped in starch used for starching clothes. When drawing strip from the starch, draw it between the fingers to get off as much as possible, then wrap DISEASES OF CATTLB 475 it moderately tight around the leg, using plenty of bandage, and have leg and bandage held in one position for an hour or more for bandage to harden. Thin wooden splints, or thick leather ones, can be used in connection with the starch bandage. After this, the bandage will hold leg in shape. I^ave it on four or five weeks until the bones heal. Keep animal quiet until the bones are well knit together. If leg should swell with the band- age, take it ofE and put on a looser one. The Plaster Paris . bandage may be used in place of the starch (see Horsb Department) . Fractures above the knee are sometimes treated by this method but it is not nearly so successful. Cattle cannot be put in a sling as can horses. They are less nervous and will keep quieter than the horse, however, and treatment is fairly successful if the fracture is a simple one. FRACTURE OF THE BONES ABOVE AND BELOW THE STIFLE JOINT.— Symptoms. — Animal may not be able to stand, but if so, the leg will be hanging loose. By mbving the leg one can hear the broken bones grate upon each other. Treatment. — In severe cases it is best to destroy the animal; if fat, kill it for beef. When above the stifle, the only thing that can well be done is to keep the animal quiet, and leave lying down or stand- ing, as it prefers. If below the stifle, down quite close to the hock, the bone can be set. the same as when below the hock. STIFLE OUT IN CATTLE. — For this disease the reader is referred to article in the Horse Department, the causes, symptoms, and treatment being the same. SPAVIN IN CATTLE. — This is generally seen in work- ing oxen, or cows. There is lameness and enlargement on the inner side of the lower part of the hock joint, similar to spavin in horses. Treatment. — Blister the same as recommended for "Spavin" in the horse. 476 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR SPRAINS. — A sprain is an injury, to the joint, caused by- violence, which produces more or less injury to the ligaments binding the joints together and to the soft tissues of the joints. It is usually caused by twisting or bending the joint in an un- usual direction., ' Symptoms. — If severe, lameness usually comes on at once ; joint becomes inflamed, swollen, and tender, and is moved with much difficulty. Treatment. — • Animal should be kept quiet. If there is severe pain, apply fomentations of hot water to soothe and relax the parts. When there is severe and persistent inflammation, cold applications in the form of water or ice bags are beneficial. When inflam- mation subsides, if lameness and swelling persists, apply the White Liniment (see Prescriptions, in the back of book), well rubbed in, three times a day. In some cases a light blister will hasten recovery. If sprain is in the joint of the legs, the legs may be bandaged each time aftr bathing; this will relieve pain and support the joint. A part that has been severely sprained should have a long period of rest, as recovery from sprain is slow. For sprains of any particular region, see discussion for the same in Horse Department. WOUNDS OF ALL KINDS.— For treatment of wounds, see Horse Department (page 263). Causes and treatment are essentially the same. AIR UNDER THE SKIN CAUSED BY A WOUND, ' — Sometimes from a very small wound in cattle, air gets under the skin into the tissues which connect the skin to the body. The amount of air varies greatly; sometimes only a small amount works in just around the wound, while in other cases quite large amounts may be drawn in, enlarging the part very much. In order to make sure that it is air, rub the hand over the skin and it will make a peculiar crackling noise. Tapping on the skin with the fingers produces a drum-like sound. DISEASES OF CATTLE 477 Treatment. — Puncture the distended skin with a broad-bladed knife and let out the air. Treat the wound thus inflicted as an ordinary wound; or, if possible, work the air out through the opening through which it entered. Keep the animal quiet, to prevent its collecting again, as movements have much to do with the air working in. MAGGOTS IN NEGLECTED WOUNDS; SCREW- WORMS IN WOUNDS.— No thrifty farmer, or stockman, should, if possible, allow such a condition to occur. But if from oversight, or other circumstance, such a case exists, the wound should be thoroughly cleansed with soapy water, and maggots removed ; then apply a Carbolic Acid lotion — Car- bolic Acid, 6 drachms, water, 1 pint; or, Creolin, 1 ounce; water, 1 pint. If case is so bad that this does not effect a cure, give the wound a good application of Spirits of Turpentine, >and follow as at first twice a day. In some sections screw-worms, the larva of the screw-fiy, are a great pest, causing serious loss to live stock. They at- tack even the smallest wounds, as tick bits, wire cuts, and the like. For these, inject into the wound with a machinist's oil can, a strong Creolin solution, or Kerosene, or' Turpentine. Oil of Tar is also good. Protect fresh wounds with Tar. ^ WENS RESULTING FROM WOUNDS AND BLOWS. — These are hard, fibrous bunches, or tumors, frequently seen on the ribs, legs, and jaws. Are seen mostly on oxen. Treatment. — If noticed when first started, foment them with hot water several times a day ; after a few days, the soreness being partly out, use Iodine Ointment (see Prescriptions, in back of book) once a day. If, however, they have become large and hard, nothing will be of any use short of cutting them off. This may be done without danger. (See "Tumors," in Horse De- partment). Afterward dress the wound with a 3 per cent, solution of Carbolic Acid. 478 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR LESSON XVI DISEASES OF THE SKIN ECZEMA, ACUTE AND CHRONIC — Kczema is an inflammation of the skin, associated with small blisters. The disease may run an acute course and disappear, or it may become chronic. Causes. — Filthiness and lousiness, over-feeding, excessively damp or too warm quarters are conducive to this disease. Cattle fed on sour substances, distillery slops, house or garden garbage, may develop the affection. Symptoms. — There is swelling and heat of the skin; little blisters form, containing a watery fluid ; these break and dis- charge, dry up and heal, but while these are healing, a new crop breaks out in another place. From the beginning, animal will rub the aiiected parts, and disease is not always easy to recog- nize, as the rubbing will abrade the skin and leave surface raw — ■ sometimes bleeding. In some cases the discharge will be profuse and disease will be spread over a large surface. At other times the formation of crust or rawness of skin will be a striking feature. Treatment. — If animal is fed too high, give an active purgative once a week — I to i^ pounds of Epsom Salts — and give in the feed, twice a day, ^ ounce of Saltpeter. If the animal is in poor con- dition, give the tonics as recommended for "Chronic Indigestion," along with occasional doses of Epsom Salts. If animal is lousy, lice must be destroyed before eczema can be cured. Much washing is harmful, yet crusts and scales must be removed to make external applications effective. In the blister stage, when skin is hot and outer part peeling off, exposing raw surface, apply the following solution: Boracic Acid ^ ounce. Water 8 ounces. Or: Acetate of Lead.. yi ounce. "Vater...... i pint. DISEASES OF CATTLE 479 This will often relieve the smarting or itching, and serve to stop exudation and dry the surface. Alternating with the fore- going can be used: Creolin I ounce. Water i quart. These may be used several times a day until a healthy scab is well established. Then use: Creolin I ounce. Sweet Oil i pint. Or the Benzoated Oxide of Zinc Ointment (see Prescrip- tions in back of book), giving affected surfaces a thorough application once a day. Remove cause and feed moderately on such as green food, bran mashes, ground oats, clean hay, and plenty of salt. In chronic cases the treatment will need be prolonged and the internal treatment given especial emphasis, along with appli- cations to the diseased parts of some softening ointment, as, the one mentioned above. ERYSIPELAS. — This is a diffuse inflammation of the skin, sometimes spreading to the deeper tissues and causing much pain and irritative fever. It may be transmitted to other animals or to man, by direct inoculation through a wound, or by infected instruments, but it is not contagious in the true sense of the term. Cause.— th.e: cause is due to a certain class of germs that gain entrance through a wound, though this wound may be sg minute as to escape notice. Symptoms.— Ta& skin is hot, tender and swollen, and if normally white, turns intensely red. Color does not disappear under pressure. The inflammation and swelUng affect the. deeper tissues, which have a "doughy" feehng and "pit" under press- ure ; there is a well-defined Hne between the healthy and diseased parts. In severe cases there is a tendency toward the formation of a ijrownish, bad-smeUing pus under the skin, and extensive sloughing of the diseased tissues. 48o THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Treatment.-- If there is fever and the animal is fat, g^ive a physic of 1 tcr 1^2 pounds of Epsom Salts, and also use the following: Fluid Extract Aconite lYz drachms. Fluid Extract Belladonna 1J4 ounces. Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed .... 1 ounce. Saltpeter 3 ounces. Water to make 1 pint. Shake. Dose : 2 ounces, three times a day. But, if, one the other hand, the animal is run down, withhold the Salts and give the following: Tincture of Iron 6 drachms. Quinine 1 ounce. Water to make 1 pint. Dose : 2 ounces, in J4 pint of water, three times a day. In connection with the constitutional treatment, the af- fected parts should be wet frequently with one of the following mixtures, and covered with a cloth wet with the same : Chloride of Iron 1 ounce. Alcohol J/2 pint. Water ^ pint. Or: Sugar of Lead 1 ounce. Water 1 pint. Or: Hyposulphite of Soda 4 to 6 ounces. Water 1 pint. When pus forms, the cavity should be opened and washed out twice daily with the following solution: Corrosive Sublimate 15 grains. Water 1 pint. Or, with a 5 per cent, solution of Carbolic Acid : Carbolic Acid 6 drachms. Water i pint. The serum treatment, as used with the human, could be tried in severe cases and where the value of the animal would warrant the expense. A veterinarian or a physician would be required to administer the serum. DISEASES OF CATTLE 481 ^ LICE.— The lice of cattle are of two kinds— the blood- sucking lice and the biting lice. There are two varieties of the first, known as the long-nosed ox louse and the short-nosed ox louse. The short-nosed louse is the hardest to exterminate. It infests, almost exclusively, the neck and shoulders. The long- nosed louse is the most common. The biting louse, ot bird louse, generally called "the little red louse," is very commonly found on cattle. Sympioms. —liousiness generally shows itself in winter and toward spring, when animal is found to rub infected parts of the body, sometimes so much so as to abrade the skin. It becomes thin in flesh and run down. A close examination will reveal the true condition, and prompt treatment should be given. Treatment. — This does not vary in the different species, though the short- nosed fellow is the hardest to kill. The following is recom- mended by Dr. W. H. I^ow: Take j4 pound of Cocculus Indicus ior each animal, then add 2 quarts of vinegar, and set on the svove to simmer for one hour. Apply this by rubbing well into the hair over affected part. This will not affect the skin, nor sicken animal, and it remains effective long enough to kill all the young lice as they are hatched from the "nits." Kerosene Emulsion is very effective and is made as follows: Kerosene Oil 2 gallons. Common or Whale Oil Soap i pound. Soft water i gallon. Dissolve soap in water and add solution boiling hot to the Oil; then churn mixture from five to ten minutes, or until It is white and creamy-like and no free oil can be seen. Dilute Emul- sion in 9 parts of water and apply it to the animal with a sponge or brush. Be careful that the animal does not catch cold. The various Coal Tar products are also very effectual, as: Creolin i ounce. Water i quart. Or; Zenolemn, or Kreso i part. Water 5° parts. Apply the same as the Kerosene l^mulsion. 91 482 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR With any of these a second application should be made in ten days or two weeks, as the applications do not destroy the eggs and these will have all hatched by that time, and none of the lice hatched will have matured and deposited eggs. The mangers and stalls where the animals are kept, should receive an application with the same preparations as used on the cattle. If the weather is such that the washes cannot be used, some benefit will be derived from liberally dusting Pyrethrum po-^dei into the hair. If the animal is run down, give tonics as for "Chronic Indi- gestion." RING- WORM.— This is an affection of the skin due to a vegetable parasite, and is rather a common one in cattle. It is most frequent toward spring, after cattle have been confined in stable during the winter. It is sometimes called "barn-itch." It is not readily transmitted from one animal to another, but, under favorable conditions, it may be done. Symptoms. — The disease may be recognized by circular patches, varying from one-half to several inches in diameter, from which the hair is fallen. These patches usually occur about the head, neck, or back. The skin from which the hair has fallen is slightly thickened and scaly, and patches, when incrusted, are of a silvery-gray color. Very early in disease the hairs split, twist, and break off close to the skin. There is more or less itching. Treatment. — Wash off crusts with soap and water, and apply Tincture of Iodine once a day for a few days to destroy the parasite. Tur- pentine, Kerosene, and a solution of i part of Carbolic Acid in 20 parts of Sweet Oil are all very good. Acetic Acid, Sulphur Ointment, or Nitrate of Mercury Ointment are also recommended. Cleanse stable, and whitewash, to destroy spores scattered by the crusts. DISKASBS OF CATTI^B 483 MANGE, OR SCAB, IN CATTLE.— Cattle scab, or itch, is caused by a mite very closely resembling that of the sheep scab. It is most common on the great cattle ranges of the west and southwest, and is commonly known there as the ' 'cattle itch." This disease is not troublesome during the grazing season, but when cattle are on dry feed in winter, or when first turned to grass in the spring, the trouble exhibits itself, and may cause considerable loss. It is mostly confined to young cattle, and to those out of condition. Symptoms. — The first symptom is an intense itching, usually in the region of the neck and shoulders, and at root of tail; animals lick themselves, bite and rub, using even barbed-wire fences for scratching, and tearing skin till it bleeds. From these localities disease gradually extends along back, sides, and down the outside of legs. In early stages the coat looks rough, and hair stands on end. The skin becomes scurfy, and a gummy exudation from it forms a crust in the hair sometimes a half inch in thickness. The hair then comes off, or is rubbed off, leaving patches of calloused, thickened and wrinkled skin. When the hair comes off, the mites leave, bald places heal, and hair starts again. Animals fall away rapidly in flesh, and have a dejected, debilitated look; appetite is poor. The disease spreads rapidly, especially so if the general con- dition of the stock is not good, and in from six to eight weeks after the appearance of complaint, the herd will generally be affected. Thrifty animals resist disease longer, and recover more quickly when attacked. Disease is spread by direct contact, either from one to another, or through rubbing places. It is easy to confound this disease with eczema, and assurance depends on the discovery of the parasite. It may be seen on the hair, and scales from the skin, by the aid of an ordinary magnifying glass, or by the unaided eye, as minute, white points moving about, when animal stands in the full glare of sunlight on a warm day. Trbatmbnt.— As soon as disease is discovered, remove all animals not affected, to new places not occupied by diseased stock. If this is 484 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR lot feasible, separate all animals and thoroughly disinfect al] places where animals may have rubbed, by scrubbing with a solu- •iion made by dissolving i part of Carbolic Acid in 20 parts of ■Vater. Watch animals that appear healthy, and if any show signs of disease, separate from others at once. As an internal jemedy, give Sulphur, in combination with salt, and place where animals can lick it, at will. Mix in the proportion of: Sulphur , I pound. Salt 8 pounds. If cattle are not accustomed to eating salt, limit quantity to a small handful at first, and increase amount gradually. The external treatment consists of application of remedies to destroy parasites and eggs without injuring the animal. If manj'- cattle are affected, the most satisfactory means of treating is by a^ dip- ping vat or swimming tank, in which the submerging of the stock destroys the parasites. Efficient remedies for external application are some of the Coal Tar products, such as Zenoleum or Kreso, which are used in the proportion of i part of the pro- duct to 50 parts of water. A very cheap and effective dip is the lyime and Sulphur dip, as recommended by the Department of Agriculture: Flowers of Sulphur 21 pounds. Unslaked Lime 16^ " Water 100 gallons. Slake the lyime with water enough to form a thick paste, sift in the Sulphur and stir well. Put this mixture in a kettle with 25 to 30 gallons of water and boil two hours, or until the Sulphur disappears; then put in a barrel, with bunghole some four inches from the bottom, and allow the chocolate-looking mass to settle; draw off the clear liquid, adding enough water to make 100 gallons. All dips should be used warm — 100 to 1 10 degrees. Keep animals in the dip about two minutes, or until the scabs are thoroughly saturated. A second dipping in about two weeks will kill any mites that may have hatched after the first dipping. If only a few animals are diseased, hand treatment may be resorted to, but it must be thoroughly done. The remedies may be DISEASES OF CATTLE 485 applied witli scrubbing brushes, cloths, or sponges. All scabs and crusts must be thoroughly saturated, and remedy should be applied warm, as in dipping. Warm, sunny days should be chosen for treatment. HORN FLY.— The horn fly—also called "Austrian fly" — is a small, black fly, about one-half the size of the common house fly, and of the same general shape. It was imported into America about 1887, and since then has spread all over the country. It causes considerable irritation and a consequent loss of milk. The name arises from the fact of their habit of collect- ing in numbers at the base of the horns to rest. They do not bother cattle when in this position, but by biting the skin of the back, sides, and flank. They appear with the first warm weather of spring and disappear with the first severe frost. Treatment. — Almost any greasy substance applied to the skin and horns will keep the flies away for several days, and must then be repeated. Common axle grease, Whale Oil, Carbolized Oil, or Tar may be used. A mixture of equal parts of Pine Tar and Kerosene Oil, and two parts of Fish Oil, or crude Cotton Seed Oil, is good; first "cut" the Tar with the Kerosene and then add the Fish Oil. The crude Kerosene is as good, or better, than the refined. Brush mixture over hair surface as often as is necessary. A wash of Creolin applied twice a week is also good. Make it by mixing and shaking together: Creolin....... 2 ounces. Water I gallon. BUFFALO GNAT.— This is a small fly, common in the lower Mississippi Valley, that proves a great' scourge to the cattle of that region. In color they are black, but are covered with grayish-brown, short, silken hairs. They are migratory, or are driven in swarms by the vrind, and are found in localities remote from breeding places; in some instances as far north as Jackson County, lU., and Daviess County, Ind. They appear each year ■yith warm weather of spring, and duration in infested region 486 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR lasts, from a few days to five or six weeks. They are most lively in early morning, and when very numerous, cover cattle without regard to position. The bites of a few gnats will not affect an animal seriously, but when attacked by swarms, he weakens rapid^ ly from loss of blood and shock, and may later die from exhaustion or blood-poisoning. When attacked, the animal ' ' puts for the brush," or jumps into the water to get rid of them. The fatality is even greater timong mules then cattle. Treatment. — Preventive treatment counts for much with the buffalo gnat. Smoke from fires built of wet wood, burning leather, Tar, rags, and the like, will keep them at a distance. As soon as gnats appear, build fire as above, making as much smoke as possible, drive cattle up to it, and they will stay while gnats are about. Stabling during the day and turning out late in the evening until early morning, is a reasonably safe measure to adopt. Cotton- seed Oil, mixed with Tar. Fish Oil, Kerosene, or Carbolic Acid, as for "Horn Fly," applied to cattle twice a day, will protect them to a great extent. "When animal has been weakened by attack of gnats, give from J^ to i drachm of Carbonate of Ammo- nia, and 4 ounces of Whiskey, in ^^ pint of water, every fotu: hours and keep him in a dark, cool place. Occasional immersion in cold water has been beneficial. GRUB IN THE SKIN — WARBLES.— Uttle round lumps or tumors will often be found along the backs of cattle during late winter and spring. These are called warbles and are lairs of the larvae of the ox gad-fly. When cattle are attacked by this fly it is easily known by the stir and commotion made. The unforttmate object of attack runs bellowing to some distant part of field or nearest water. Otter animals scatter out of fear. The eggs of this fly are laid in the region of the heel, and are taken by licking, into the mouth, where they hatch, and the larvae, after remaining some time in the gullet, finally work their way into the cellular tissue beneath the skin of the back. Here they remain tmtil early spring, forming the lumps called " warbles." The loss from discomfort to cattle, and in consequence of ' 'grub- by" hides, is great. DISEASES OF CATTLE 48^ Treatment. — Whenever cattle have these tumors, every warble should be treated from January on, by applying Turpentine, or even some thick grease, or a mixture of the two, to the opening directly over the lump. This will kill most of the warbles. The few that remain should be squeezed or picked out to prevent the develop- ment of a fly. To squeeze out, enlarge the opening leading through the skin, to them, with a small, blunt stick. If this plan were generally carried out, the fly could be exterminated. The gad fly does not travel far, so that a person by this means could rid his cattle of the pest. SNAKE BITES. — There are several varieties of snakes in this country whose bite is poisonous, among the number being the rattlesnake, the cotton mouth, and a small snake of the south. On cattle, the bites are generally about the head, feet or limbs. Close inspection will generally reveal the marks where the fangs pierced the skin. When the poison has been freely injected into the wound, excessive pain is soon manifested, quickly followed by swelling; extreme prostration sets in and the animal may soon become partly unconscious; body gets cold, and pulse-beats faint; finally heart fails and death results. Usually, however, poison does not cause pain, but recovery from effects of it is slow. Abscesses and sloughs may form, requiring a long time to heal, or death from exhaustion may result. Treatment. — Give Whiskey in J^-pint doses every thirty minutes to an hour, until it arouses sinking vitahty. Aqua Ammonia in i- ounce doses, diluted in 2 quarts of water, may be used instead of Whiskey. External treatment should consist in cauterization of wound by plunging a red-hot iron into the woimd as deeply as the location of the wound will permit. Cut gashes in the skin over the swollen part, to drain the blood away and lessen the danger of sloughing. Afterwards keep parts well painted with Tincture of lonine. BITES AND STINGS OF INSECTS.— These may be inflicted by tarantulas, scorpions, wasps, bats, hornets, and the 488 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR like. Occasionally an animal may be stung by wasp or bumble- bee, and, owing to condition of the blood, the injured skin will Swell and form a painful enlargement. If stung by a swarm of bees, prostration and sickness may follow. Treatmbnt.— Apply a lotion made by dissolving 2 drachms Sugar of Il,ead in a pint of water, which will usually relieve the pain and swel- ling. An ounce or two of I^audanum may be added if pain is severe. lyOtions of Cooking Soda, or Ammonia, or of Carbolic Acid, will also be found good. The White Iviniment (see Pre- scriptions, in the back of book) will also be found beneficial in drawing out the poison. If there is prostration, give i or 2- ounce doses of Alcohol in y^ pint of water, repeating as occasion requires. BURNS AND SCALDS.— For burns, an excellent remedy for cattle and all domestic animals — man included — is what is called Carron Oil, being composed of Linseed Oil and Lime water in equal parts. Shake, and apply. Common white paint is also a good remedy. If not convenient to get this, Cooking Soda, Flour, or Starch may be spread on the wound dry, and covered with cotton batting and a light bandage, if possible. For scalds, the surface may be bathed with a solution of Baking Soda, or a weak solution of Sugar of Lead — i drachm to a pint of water — may be used. The dry treatment, or Lime water, as in burns, may also be used; or instead, Oil of Turpentine may be applied over the scalded skin. For either burns or scalds, a dressing may be used as follows. Carbolic Acid yi, teaspoonful. Sweet Oil 4 ounces. Blisters should be opened to let fluid escape, but the thin cuticle raised by blister should be allowed to remain. WARTS AND SMALL GROWTHS ON THE SKIN. — Warts are tumors of the skin. They may be found on any domestic animal, but are more common in horses and cattle than among other animals. The cause of warts is not clearly known, though an abnormal nutrition of the skin is the explanation gen- erally given. / DISEASES OF CATTI^E 489 Tre;atment.— In their early stages, warts can be destroyed by an applica- tion of pure Acetic Acid, applying it drop by drop until the wart is saturated and soft. In a week or ten days the wart will come ofE. Should it not come "by the roots," make another applica- tion. A good way, in case warts have a neck, is to tie a string ilrmly around the base of the wart, which will soon slough off. If there is no neck, cut off with a sharp knife and cauterize the wound with a stick of Iint. Shake. Dose : i ounce in a little water, three times day. If the heart is weak, give 2 ounces of Alcohol in }i pint of water, two or three times a day. HOLLOW HORN AND WOLF IN THE TAIL.— These imaginary diseases, which in the past were supposed to be the cause of a great many deaths among cattle and which were treated by boring a hole into the horn and pouring in all sorts of irritating substances; or slitting open the tail and filling the cut with the substances, are now known by nearly every one to be purely imaginary, but as we still occasionally hear them referred to, they are mentioned in this connection. The horns of nearly all cattle are hollow, and the fact that a horn is hot or cold indicates but little in diagnosing disease. If the tail shows anything wrong, salt and pepper will be of no value. Tone the apimal up, or if an abscess forms, as of course it might from various causes, treat as any other abscess; some little irritation or disorder about the tail need not be looked upon as the cause of constitutional dis- turbances. Do not be guilty of such foolish and barbaric opera- tions as those referred to above. ABSCESSES. — Commonly these are called " gatherings." They are accumulations of ' ' matter, ' ' or pus, in cavities within the tissues of the body. There are two kinds, classed as " acute" and " cold." Acute abscesses form rapidly, and are accompanied by marked inflammation, with heat, pain, redness, and swelling. Cold abscesses are of a chronic nature, forming gradually without marked symptoms of inflammation until they are of considerable size. Abscesses are caused by some injury, by bacteria, foreign bodies, or irritants within the tissues. Treatment. — There are two methods used in the treatment of abscesses: The absorption, or ' ' scattering' ' treatment, and the ' ' drawing DISEASES OF CATTI.K 535 to a head " method. In some cases it is a good plan to try and ' ' scatter ' ' the abscess by rubbing and by applying remedies to absorb the pus, or fluid. Rubbing with a stimulating liniment, or applying light blisters, is useful. Iodine, either as tincture or ointment (see Prescriptions, in back of book) may be applied daily until the skin gets sore, and then stop application for a few days, and then apply again. This is good in the removal of bunches and enlargements, but best be applied when there is no acute inflammation in the part. The second method, and the one generally used, is to encourage the formation cf pus, as an abscess is usually an effort on the part of nature to rid the body of some injurious substance. Bathing, or fomenting, the affected part with hot water and the applying of poultices to soften and soothe the tissues, assist materially in ' ' drawing abscess to a head." As soon as pus, or matter, is detected in the tissues — which is indicated by a soft fluctuating feeling when the part is manipulated under the fingers — the abscess should be opened. To do this use a sharp-pointed knife, taking the blade firmly between the thumb and forefinger about the distance from the point that it will be necessary to insert knife-point to reach the pus cavity. Insert quickly at the lowest part, so there will be no pocket, and the pus will all drain out. Make opening large enough to allow pus to escape freely and then wash out and treat cavity. Abscesses should always be thoroughly examined for foreign bodies, such as sticks, pieces of bone, and the like, and if found should be removed. When cavity is empty, wash out and treat with antiseptics freely. The incision should not be allowed to heal until cavity has healed from the bottom, or another abscess is likely to follow. Keep open by plugging with absorb- ent cotton, or tow. The hair below a wound should be well greased, and kept so, in order to prevent the discharges from irritating, or scalding, the skin. If an abscess is not opened, it will usually break and dis- charge of its own accord at last; but as the pus burrows into the tissues seeking an outlet, the early opening of the cavity greatly hastens the final recovery. In opening abscesses, care must be taken not to cut, by mistake, into a hernia or rupture, or into a joint or cavity containing synovial fluid or "joint oil." If the abscess 536 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR is in the vicinity of large blood vessels or important organs, pre- cautions must be taken to prevent injury to them. In such places it is generally best for the inexperienced to continue poulticing until the abscess breaks of its own accord, after which it should be treated as above. POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES.— For symp- toms and treatment, see Horse Department (page 329). In case of antidotes, the dose for cattle is one-and-one-half to double the dose given to a horse of the same age. LESSON XXI OPERATIONS With operations upon cattle, the same general principles should be carried out as given, under Operations, in Horse Department. Anaesthetics are used the same way. The same antiseptics — Carbolic Acid and the like — should be used freely on instruments, hands, and place of operating. Cattle can be secured by holding with the snap-ring "bull-dog," in the nose, or by putting head in stanchion; if operating about the hind limbs, tie the legs together with a piece of rope just above the hocks, crossing the rope between the legs like a figure 8, so that it will not slip down ; or cattle may be cast the same as the horse; or secured in the stocks. HOW TO RING A BULL.— First secure the bull by throwing him, or put him in a narrow stall. To insert the ring, first whittle a piece of wood so it may be entered into the nostril to meet the blow given on the punch. Select a hollow punch to make a hole corresponding to the ring. See that the bull is tied securely, if not thrown and secured, and let the assistant hold the piece of wood. Set the punch in the opposite nostril, low enough so it will not cut the cartilage (gristle) of the nose, and strike a smart blow, forming the hole. Put in the ring, set the screws tight and the work is done. Some burn the hole through the partition by using a red-hot, pointed iron. Have an assistant, DISEASES OF CATTI.E 537 with a glove on his hand, take hold of the nose and stretch it forward to open the nostrils, then push the iron through and jerk it back quickly. DEHORNING. — This consists in the application of some substance to the budding horns of calves that will prevent their growth, or in the removal of the horns by some surgical oper. ation. It is better to remove, or prevent the growth of, horns in calves than to wait until the animals have attained their growth. The best method of removing the horns is to apply Caustic Potash to the budding horn as soon as the button can be felt beneath the skin on the head of the calf; within a week after birth. The hair should be clipped off, the skin over the immature horn wet, and then well rubbed with the stick of Caustic Potash; the fingers being well protected from it by wrapping the stick with a paper. In applying the Caustic, use care to cover the whole button, for after the horn is started, it is difficult to remove with Caustic. Rub each button for about a quarter of a minute, let it dry, then wet the stick of Caustic a little and rub again the same length of time. Do not get too wet, or the Caustic may run down, making a large sore, or get into the eye. It is much better to use the Caustic than to gouge out the buttons, as is sometimes done. In removing the horns from the mature animal, the beast is confined in a stanchion, or chute, made for the purpose, a halter is put on the head, and the latter pulled well forward and to one side, and firmly held. The horn is then removed, either with a saw or with a dehorning shears made for that pturpose. In removing the horn, a small ring of the hair is to be taken off with the base of the horn, or the horn will grow out as a stub. After the horn is removed, some Pine Tar with a little Carbolic Acid in it, may be applied, and a layer of clean cotton batting, which has been previously heated in an oven for a half hour or so, placed over the wound to stop the bleeding and keep out the dirt. If bleeding is bad, apply to the wound with a small brush' a little Monsel's solution, or sear with a hot iron, or take hold the bleed- ing vessels with pincers and twist them. Cattle should not be 538 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR dehorned when flies are bad, and, after dehorning, should not be allowed access to straw stacks where they can get chaff into the wounds. While dehorning causes pain at the time of the opera- tion, it does away with the inflicting of pain on other animals, as is also apt to be the case with some individuals. It is not necessary to apply the cotton to the stubs after the horns are removed, and it best not be done unless the cotton is kept very clean and treated as above. If it is applied, and after two or three days there is any indication of pus collecting under it, remove it and wash the woun,d with an antiseptic solution, turning the head up sidewise to let any pus run out that may have formed in the cavity. BLEEDING. — This once very common operation, in both the human family and the lower animals, is not now performed at all with the human, and is fast becoming an operation of the past with animals, and should be so entirely, as it has no virtue as a^ curative agent. TAPPING THE CHEST.— This operation has for its object the removal of water in " Hydrothorax. " Clip off the hair from a spot about three inches back of the elbow, and on a level with it. Make an incision through the skin and muscles to about the depth of two inches, being careful to locate it so it will pass between two ribs, and not too close to the posterior aspect of the front one of the two — as near midway as possible. Now pass in the trocar and canula, withdraw trocar, and leave canula to draw off the water. Should any substance clog the canula, push it away with a probe. The other side may be tapped in the same way. A horse trocar is about the right size. The antiseptics should be used freely during the operation. The operation should be left to the veterinarian, as it is not always easy to tell when it should be performed. The after-treatment is to apply the anti- septics to the wound, two or three times a day. TAPPING THE BELLY.— This operation is to empty the abdominal cavity in case of "Ascites." Make the incision through the skin in the center line of the belly, just back of the navel, and just large enough to admit the trocar and canula; then insert the instrument into the cavity and let the fluid flow off. The same prindples ^Jply as in "Tapping the Chest," DISEASES OF CATTI.E 539 TAPPING THE BLADDER OF OX OR BULL.— When it is necessary to draw the water of male cattle, an opening must be made at the point where the urethra turns over the angle of the pelvis, just below the anus, and the catheter introduced at this point. The incision should be made very carefully, and no larger than is really necessary to introduce the instrument. Dress the wound with a 3 per cent, solution of Carbolic Acid, twice daily. If it is desired that the opening heal up at once, it is advisable to take a stitch in it. Sometimes, when the urethra is obstructed below, it is left open, the animal urinating at this point. The curve of the urethra canal, when penis is not protruded, is what makes this operation necessary, as it renders the introduction of the catheter by the penis impossible. The operation should be left to a veterinarian. TAPPING THE PAUNCH, OR RUMEN.— This is an operation performed to relieve animals in severe cases of ' Tympa- uites, or Hoven," when medical treatment is of no avail. Find the center of a triangle made by the last rib, the anterior ^oint of the hip, and the transverse processes of the lumbar spines on the left side, or where the bloat is most prominent. Insert the trocar at this point, directing it downward and inward obliquely, and it will pass directly into the paunch. Pull the trocai out and the gas will escape through the canula. Puncturing is not a serious operation in cattle, and in cases of great distension should be performed without hesitancy or delay. Relief is almost instan- taneous. The horse trocar and canula is large enough for cattle (see cuts of instruments, MisceIvI,aneous Dkpartment) . Have the point of the trocar sharp and use the antiseptics on instru- ment and point of tapping. Every stockman should have a trocar and canula. RUMENOTOMY.— The operation of opening the paunch, or rumen, in cattle and the removal of the contents of the same through the opening, is called rumenotomy. It should only be performed where the paunch is excessively overloaded and dis- tended. Clip the hair over the point on the left side, described in "Tapping the Paunch, or Rumen," and make an incision, running up and down, large enough to admit the band. Use the Cocaine 540 THE PRACTlCAIy STOCK DOCTOR solution (see Operations, Horsk Department). Open first the skin, then the muscles, and then the wall of the paunch. Insert a clean towel, wet in the antiseptic, and arrange it to cover the lower edge and part of each side of the wound, to keep the food from falling into the abdominal cadty. Now remove from the paunch with the hand, half or more of the material. Wash the edges of the wound with a little Carbolized warm water and sew it up with cat-gut sutures. Sew up the paunch first, putting in the stitches quite close together; then the mus- cles, then sew up the skin with silk. Dress the whole with 3 per cent, lotion of Carbolic Acid and water, keeping the parts wet nearly all the time. The cat-gut sutures will be absorbed. Feed animal on light, laxative diet for a week or more, and give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter two or three times a day. This operation has been performed successfully by many farmers without the aid of a veterinarian. Follow the directions care- fully. CASTRATION.— See "Castration" in Diseases of Gen- erative Organs of the Bull (page 457). SPAYING. — This is an operation to remove the ovaries of the cow. In young heifers it is best done in the flank. Fast the animal twenty-four hours. Secure the animal in the stocks. Clip the hair from the same place as for "Rumenotomy," and make an incision through the skin and muscles into the abdominal cavity, the same as in that operation, large enough to admit the hand. The rumen, being partially empty, will be forward, out of the way; pass the hand in, down and back and find the womb, follow it up to the end of the horn and find the ovary, one-half the size of a man's thumb; pass in a long ecraseur, slip the ovary through the loop in the chain and take it off, the same as the instrument is used in castrating colts. Be careful and do not drop the ovary. Take off both ovaries through the same opening. Stitch up the muscles with catgut, the skin with silk, the same as in "Rumenotomy;" the after-treatment is aiso the same. Cows can be operated upon through the vagina. Peritonitis sometimes follows the operation, in which case the symptome DISEASES OF CATTI.B 541 and treatment would be the same as given under that head. This will rarely happen if antiseptics are used freely throughout the operation. The operation should be left to the veterinarian, or should not be attempted at least, until after it has been seen performed a number of times. CiESAREAN OPERATION.— This is sometimes de- manded, when the distortion and narrowing of the hip bones are such as to forbid the passage of the calf, or when inflammation has practically closed the natural passages and the progeny is more valuable and worthy of being saved than the dam; also in cases in which the cow has been fatally injured, or is ill beyond possibility of recovery and yet carries a living calf. It is too often a last resort after long and fruitless efforts to deliver by the natural channels, and in such cases the saving of the calf is all that can be expected, the exhausted cow, already the subject of active inflammation, and too often also of putrid poisoning, is virtually beyond hope. The hope of saving the dam is greatest if she is in good health and not fatigued, in cases, for example, in which the operation is resorted to on account of broken hip bones or abnormally narrow passages. The stock owner will not attempt such a serious operation as this. Yet, where the mother has just died or is to be immediately sacrificed, no one should hesitate at resorting to it in order to save the calf. If the cow is to be sacrificed, a blow on the head with an ax will secure quietude. Then the prompt cutting into the abdomen and womb, and the extraction of the calf, requires no skill. The operation to save both cow and calf requires profes- sional skill, hence will not be described here. SUTURES AND BANDAGES.— Sutures are used in sewing wounds whenever it is desired to hold the edges together. The material generally used is silk, doubled once or twice, to make the cord large to prevent it from pulling out. Cat-gut is also used; it should be used where stitches cannot be taken out, as it will be absorbed; guitar or violin strings answer nicely for suttu-es. Pass the needle through the skin, about one-half inch 542 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR back from the edge of wound, and tie so the edges are just brought together, leaving the ends about one-half inch in length. Bandages are particularly useful in wounds on the legs, since there the stitches will almost always pull out, unless thus rein- forced. For other details on the subjects, see OpbRATions in the Horse Department. GIVING MEDICINE TO CATTLE.— (See cut)— To give cattle medicine, catch them by the nose, the thumb in one nostril, the forefinger in the other, and hold the nose up only a little aboye the level, and keep the head and neck straight with the body, put the nozzle of the bottle in the mouth and pour the medicine in slowly. If the head cannot be held with the hand, put the spring ring ' ' bull dog ' ' in the nose, tie a rope to it and put the other end of the rope through a ring overhead, and the head can be held up. SHEEP LESSON XXII DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT CATARRH, OR COLD IN THE HEAD.— This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane which lines the nasal passages, and which sometimes extends down into the throat. Causes. — Exposure in cold rains and sleet, especially during ^he fall and spring seasons. It also occurs during the washing and shearing time. Symptoms. — ^There is a discharge from the nose, and affected animal keeps snuffling, sneezing and coughing; does not eat or feel well. TeeatmbnT. — The best course is to prevent such trouble by not having cause. Good, comfortable, well-ventilated quarters, that in bad weather are always accessible, will usually effect a cure without any further treatment. In case it will not yield to this treatment, give the following mixture: Saltpeter 4 ounces Sulphur 4 " Gentian Root, powdered 4 " Mix and give twice a day, I teaspoonful in its feed; or if it will not eat, shaken with water from a bottle. , Or, give J^ teaspoonful doses of Sulphate of Iron 3 times a day in its feed, or dissolved in water, from a bottle. Give soft food, keep dry, and wash off any discharges that accumu- late about the head. In very bad cases with valuable oiimals, steam the head as recommended for the horse. DISTEMPER, OR EPIZOOTIC CATARRH.— Malig- nant, epizootic catarrh is a disease that is accountable for the loss of many thousands of sheep. In the malignant form it is a con- gestion and inflammation of the nasal ca^'ities, extending some- times into the stomach and bowels. 543 544 1*HE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — At first there may be only a nasal discharge; animal appears dull and drooping; the eyes run a little and are partially closed; the pulse is slightly increased in frequency and is languid; more or less loss of appetite; breathing is not affected unless the bronchial tract is involved. After a few days, unless relieved, the symptoms become aggravated; the nasal discharge is thick and glutinous and sometimes tinged with blood; the eyes are nearly closed, with a thick, yellow secretion about them. There is great prostration and emaciation; the pulse is very weak; respiration is difficult; no appetite and animal soon dies. Trbatment. — Put the sheep in warm, well-ventilated place, and if bowels are costive give the following: Carbonate Ammonia I ounce. Rtubarb I " Ginger...., 2 ounces. Gentian 2 " Simmer Rbubarb, Ginger and Gentian for 15 minutes in 1 quart of water, and wben cold add the Ammonia and cork .bottle. Dose: 2 tablespoonsful three times a day. Also give Yt. teaspoonful doses of Saltpeter and 15 to 20 drop doses of Fluid Extract Belladonna three times a day. Give good nourishing food and drink, for without care medication is not of much value. Steam the head as described in HoRSK De- partment. HYDATIDS ON THE BRAIN.— The bladder worm which is the cause of this disease, is one of the larval stages of the tapeworm. The disease is spread by dogs, which eat the head of sheep that have died of this disease, and through their excrement spread it in fields and pastures where sheep run, where it is taken into the mouth in grazing. Dogs should not be allowed to eat uncooked iieads, nor prowl in strange pastures. Symptoms. — Animal lias a dull, moping way; will separate from the flock; is unsteady in gait, and will sometimes stop sud- denly and fall, and at other times run across the field, paying no DISEASES OF SHEEP 545 heed to fence or ditch; after the disease has existed for some time, will almofet constantly move in a circle. Trbatmbnt. — When the hazard and cruelty attending an operation are con- sidered, as well as the liability of a return of the trouble, except in the case of valuable sheep, the best way would be to kill the animal. In the case of valuable sheep, the veterinarian locates the hydatid and removes it by an operation. APOPLEXY. — A disease that is generally confined to fat or well-conditioned sheep. Symptoms. — The sheep leaps frantically into the air two or three times, dashes itself on the ground, then suddenly rises, and dies in a few minutes. Treatmb;nt. — When a fat sheep seems dull and partially unconscious of surroundings; nostrUs and pupils of eyes dilated; membranes of the nose deep red or violet; pulse hard and breathing stertorous; apply cold water or pounded ice to the head and give 20 drop doses of Fluid Extract of Belladonna every hour for three or four doses, then once in three or four hours; also give 2 ounces Epsom salts, and follow this with an ounce every six hours till a full evacuation of the bowels is secured. INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN.— Is caused by the same conditions that bring on apoplexy, and is often a secondary effect of that disease. The sheep is dull and inactive; eyes are red and protruding, and as the symptoms become intensi- fied, the animal rushes about in the wildest delirium. The gen- ' eral treatment is the same as in apoplexy. SWELLED HEAD.— Causes. — This may arise from a variety of causes — snakes, insects, etc. Treatment. — In the case of snakes the animal is usually dead; but in case of venomous insects, cut the wool away from the affected parts 546 THK PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR and bathe with strong Saleratus water, or Ammonia water, and give internally, if necessary, the following until relieved: Chloral Hydrate % drachm. Soft Water i " Mix. Repeat every hour as needed. TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW.— Causes. — There are various causes for this trouble, as inflam- mation after castration, injury to horns and hoofs, or from a wound in any part. Symptmns. — If able to walk at all, the animal does so with great difficulty; muscles become hard and limbs stiff, the jaws become set, and death generally follows Treatment.- — Medical treatment is of but little avail, the malady being usually fatal. Put the animal in a dark place alone. Then give three times a day 20 drops Fluid Extract Belladonna on the tongue. Warmth and quiet are necessary. When worse symp- toms are over, give gruel and soft, nourishing food. PARALYSIS, OR PALSY.— Paralysis, or palsy, is a diminution or loss of the powers of motion in some part of the body. It is somewhat rare, but sometimes occurs in the case of poor lambs, poor, pregnant ewes, and in those who have just lambed. Symptoms. — The animal seems to have lost all strength in its loins, and the hindquarters are powerless; it makes ineffectual attempts to rise, but cannot stand on its feet. Treatment. — Make the animal warm and comfortable. Give warm gruel and a little Ginger as a stimulant. Three times a day give 20 drops Fluid Extract Nux Vomica in a little water, and continue treatment for two or three vveeks. If severe, clip off the wool And apply a blister of: Spanish Fly i drachm. Lard i ounce. DISEASES OF SHEEP 547 Along the spine from hip to shoulder, leaving on 24 hours. In most cases it would be more economical and equally humane to kill the animal at once. HYDROPHOBIA, OR RABIES.— Sheep are very liable to be bitten by dogs that are wandering in the grip of that dread disease. The dog and all sheep attacked should be killed at once. INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES, OR OPHTHAL- MIA. — In cases where there is serious inflammation, apply to the eyes the following wash: Nitrateof Silver 5 grains. SoftWater i ounce. Laudanum 15 drops. Dissolve the Nitrate of Silver in tlie Water and add the Laudanum. Bathe eyes with hot or cold water three times a day, and apply lotion with a,camers hair brush twice a day. Equal parts of finely pulverized Boracic Acid and Calomel is good to dust into the eye. SORE THROAT.— Causes. — Are similar to those of Catarrh. Symptoms. — There is swelling and soreness about the throat; the animal stands with nose held elevated, and coughs, flinching as though to save itself; when drinking, the water returns through the nose. Treatment. — Rub the throat well with stimulating liniment. Feed with soft food placed so that the animal can eat with most comfort. Give the following mixture: Saltpeter 4 ounces. Sulphur 4 " Alum 2 " Camphor Gum 3 " Make Into paste with molasses and flour, and give a teaspoonful on the tongue three or four times a day. Steam head as in Catarrh. 548 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR BRONCHITIS. — This is an iniiammation of the bronchial tubes, or air passages of the lungs. Causes. — Are the same as those of colds. Symptoms. — The same as in colds in aggravated form, and attended with more fever, rapid pulse and a tenderness of the throat and belly when pressed upon. Animal will lie down most of the time, and a wheezing sound is heard at the bottom of the windpipe. Normal temperature of sheep is 102°, pulse 45. Treatment. — Keep animal quiet in a comfortable, well-ventilated place; give cold water in small quantities, with hot mashes and nourish- ing food. Give as a drench three times a day until better: Sweet Spirits of Niter % ounce. Fluid Extract of Aconite Root 3 drops. Fluid Extract of Belladonna. ..10 to 20 " Mix in a teacupful tepid water, and do not raise head too liigh, nor allow animal to be- come choked. After two or three days, drop out Aconite and put 5 drops of Fluid Extract of Digitalis in its place. If very weak give: Whiskey \ 4 tablespoonfuls Ginger i teaspoonful. Oatmeal Gruel , % pint. Repeat three times a day. 2. Bronchitis. — Give salt in doses of from J^ to 2 ounces, with 6 to 8 ounces of I^ime Water given at some other time of the day. FILARIA BRONCHITIS.— Causes. — This disease is caused by the presence of worms {Strongylus FUafia), which are found in the bronchial tubes, the windpipe, and sometimes in the lungs. Symptoms. — There is a dry, husky cough; quickened breath- ing, loss of appetite and flesh, and animal will rub its nose on the ground; dysentery with fetid discharges may be present. On examination worms may be found in lower end of windpipe and in the tubes which branch from it. DISEASES OF SHEEP 549 Trbatmbnt. — Give the following: Sulphate of Magnesia. 6 ounces. Nitrate of Potash 2 " Sulphur 4 " Sulphate of Iron I ounce. Mix and give a small handful to each sheep in feed once a day for one week. Wait three weeks and repeat. Burn Sulphur or Turpentine so sheep will inhale the fumes, giving about the strength that a man could stand. 2. Filaria Bronchitis. — Give as a drench every third day until cured: Turpentine ^ ounce. Linseed Oil %. teacup. Mix together. 3. Filaria Bronchitis. — Inject into the windpipe with a hypodermic syringe the following: Carbolic Acid 5 drops. Chloroform 8 " Turpentine 15 Olive Oil I drachm. Insert the needle of the syringe into the wind- pipe between two of the rings, well toward the upper part, and inject slowly. INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS; PNEU- MONIA.— Causes. — Exposure to sudden cold, or from getting chilled in a cold rain, or from neglected cold in the head. Symptoms. — Animal is dull and ceases to ruminate; no appe- tite, but drinks greedily and its breathing is rapid and labored; eye is clouded; teeth are ground together to be heard at some distance; ptilse at first is rapid and hard, but intermits, and at last it becomes weak. When fever is at height flanks heave violently; there is a hard, painful cough at first, which becomes weaker and seems more painful in the last stages. If wool is parted on the side and ear placed over the lung, a peculiar grat- ing sound is heard. 550 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — Put the animal in a warm, dry, but well-ventilated place, and if recently shorn, cover with blankets, otherwise do not, but avoid drafts. Give the following: Sweet Spirits of Niter % ounce. Ginger i teaspoonful. Fluid Extract Aconite Root 3 drops. Fluid Extract Belladonna 10 to 20 " Water ^ pint. Repeat three times a day, being careful about choking, and allow plenty of time in taking. After three or four days replace the Aconite with Fluid Extract Digitalis, 5 to 8 drops. When better, if very weaK, give the following stimulant: Whiskey 2 ounces. Ginger i teaspoonful. Gruel % pint. Repeat three times a day until sheep is well. Mashes, water often, but in small quantities, and good care, count for much in the treatment. SHEDDING TEETH.— While shedding teeth, when from one to two years old, there may be a cap of the grinders sticking en the new tooth, causing trouble in eating. Symptoms. — Animal does not thrive; seems willing to eat and takes food, but throws it out again; sometimes will be noticed working the tongue around in the mouth. Treatment . — Examine the mouth, and if there is a cap it will project more than the teeth adjoining. Remove with pincers, and animal will soon be in better condition. FOREIGN SUBSTANCES LODGED IN THE TEETH.— Causes. — ^Sometimes in eating, sticks or other foreign matter get lodged in teeth. \Symptoms. — Acts peculiar and keeps the tongue working around trying to dislodge the offending substance. DISEASES OF SHEEP 551 "Treatment. — Catch and examine moutli, removing whatever is found, either with fingers or pincers. LOSS OF TEETH FROM AGE.— It sometimes happens that an old ewe that has lost some of her teeth is with lamb, and owing to the fact of having only two or three front teeth she gets thin, and there is poor prospect of her wintering and of yeaning. Treatment. — Catch the animal and pull out the few front teeth so that her gums may meet, and when healed she will be in condition to carry through. The few teeth interfered with her catching food, and with these out of the way, the gums will meet to take in the food for the grinders, which may be in fair condition. CHOKING.— Causes. — Generally from eating sliced roots. Symptoms. — Animal stops feeding; froths at the mouth; coughs; works its tongue; eyes are blood-shot; sometimes bloating. Treatment. — Give a swallow or two of melted lard with 20 drops of Fluid Extract of Belladonna, being very careful not to choke, and manipulate the obstruction externally with the hand, to move it up or down. If this plan fails use the probang, as described in the Cattle Department, using the utmost care and gentleness, or the laceration may cause death, even though the obstruction be removed. If a hollow probang is used, the I^ard and Belladonna may be poured through this directly onto the obstruction. BLOATING, HOVEN, TYMPANITES.— A distension of the paunch by gas, the product of fermentation. Causes. — From being turned out to clover or other succulent food when the stomach is empty; by eating frozen roots or grass; by chill from a copious drink of cold water. Symptoms. — Animal is uneasy, keeps getting up and down, and acts distressed. On examination the left side will be found 552 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR to be bloated. If the wool over the paunch on left side be sepa- rated and the puffed-up surface be tapped with the fingers, it will give back a hollow, drum-like sound. Treatment. — In ordinary cases prolonged, but gentle driving will effect a cure. The following is also recommended for quick treatment: Epsom Salts 4 ounces. Sweet Spirits Niter ^ ounce. Hyposulphite of Soda >^ to I " Ginger ( a draciim equals a teaspoonful) i drachm. Water I pint. Mix and give as one dose. If not relieved in one-half hour give: Turpentine J^ ounce. Raw I/inseed Oil I teacupful. Mix and give as a drench. If not relieved in one-half hour give as a drench : Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia 2 teaspoonfuls. Hyposulphite of Soda >^ to i ounce. Ginger i drachm. Repeat every two hours until relieved. When animal is swelled almost to bursting and will not move, it is better to open the paunch at once. At the most pro- tuberant point of the distension,, on the left side, half way between last rib and hip bone, after having removed the wool, plunge the trocar and canula forward and downward into the paunch. The gas and some of the contents will pass out through the canula when trocar is drawn, and if obstructed by solid mat- ter, push away with a probe. When gas is out withdraw canula. A flexible probang, or in default, a rattan or grape-vine with knot on end, may be gently forced down the gullet and the gas allowed to escape. IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN, OR PAUNCH — Causes. — From the animal getting food that it is not accus- tomed to, such as grain; and eating an unusually full meal; from a change of pasture, going from a lean to a very good one; DISEASES OF SHEEP 553 eating a poor quality of peas, straw, or clover hay, especially if musty or over ripe, is said to cause it. Symptoms. — No appetite; looks dull; grates its teeth; does not ruminate, and has a short, quick grunt in breathing, caused by the food in stomach pressing on the lungs; walks about stupidly; what passages there are, are hard and dry. By pressing the hand on the left side o^'er the stomach, it is found hard; tapping on the spot gives a dull, heavy sound, showing presence of a mass of food. Trbatment. — Give the following to move the bowels: Epsom Salts 4 to 6 ounces. Ginger i drachm. Bicarbonate of Soda I " Sweet Spirits Niter ^ ounce. Water I pint. Give as a drench. In eighteen hours, if it does not operate, give: Turpentine ^ ounce. Raw I/inseed Oil % pint. Mix and give as a drench, and if no relief at the end of twelve hours more, repeat the first dose. Also give three or four times a day: Fluid Extract Nux Vomica 20 drops. Fluid Extract Jaborandi i teaspoonful. Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia 2 teaspoonfuls. And if much pain, 20 drops Fluid Extract of Belladonna, in '^ pint of water. If much weakened give : Whiskey i ounce. Ginger i teaspoonful Bicarbonate Soda i " Mix and give in % pint of gruel. Repeat three times a day until well. COLIC— STRETCHES.— Causes. — Improper food; from drinking cold water. 554 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — The animal will be seen lying down and rising every moment or two, and constantly stretches the fore and hind legs so far apart that the belly almost touches the ground. Sometimes when lying on the ground it will strike its feet up against the belly. Appears to be in pain, and will not eat. Trbatment. — The following is recommended in such cases: Epsom Salts yi ounce. Jamaica Ginger i drachm. Essence Peppermint 60 drops. Or: Fluid Extract Jaborandi i teaspoonful. Fluid Extract Nux Vomica 20 drops. Fluid Extract Belladonna 15 " Aromatic Spirits Ammonia 2 teaspoonfuls. Water % pint. Repeat in one hour if necessary. The salts alone may effect a cure, or an equivalent dose of Iviuseed Oil may be given. INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. — Not an uncommon disease among young sheep. Causes. — From chill from over exposure; eating foul pea straw; from ea*;ing too much snow; or irritating food of any kind. Symptoms.— Ther^ is severe, continuous distress, causing the animal to lie down, and then immediately get up again, only to do the same over and over again; pawing with one foot and then with another. The ears and extremities are cold, and pressure on the belly causes the animal to moan as in pain. Temperature elevated, pulse hard and rapid. There are no cessations as in colic pains. Treatment. — Give the following drench: Laudantmi % ounce. Tincture Aconite Root 3 drops. Fluid Extract Belladonna 15 " Raw Linseed Oil, % pint. DISEASES OF SHBEP 555 Turn the animal on its back and rub in on its belly where the wool is short, }^ pound Mustard wet up with vinegar. Afterward grease where it is blistered. If a ram, be careful to not get the paste around the point of the sheath. Repeat remedy every two hours until relieved, but after first dose leave out the I,inseedOil. STOMACH WORMS.— That sheep are troubled with worms more than the ordinary grower imagines is beyond question, but unless present in large quantities they do not affect the animal enough to cause attention. Lambs under one year old suffer most from this parasite. Symptoms. — The affected animal becomes imthrifty, runs down in flesh, does not grow, although the animal eats well; gets weak, hard for it to follow the flock, and at last is apt to have diarrhea. It is necessary to hold a post mortem to determine this disease for a certainty, and if these worms are present they will be found in the foiu-th stomach. They are small, only about J^ of an inch in length, and of a reddish color, so may be over- looked. If a number of animals in a flock are unthrifty it is always best to destroy one and hold a post mortem to determine which of these parasites are present, and treat the entire flock. The sooner treatment is commenced the more successful it will be. Treatment. — As a preventive use in the salt, when salting the sheep, a mixture composed of equal parts of Sulphate of Iron and Sul- phate of Copper. Add about 1 ounce of the mixture to the salt required for each 40 sheep. A good worm drench that is simple is the following: Turpentine X ounce. Linseed Oil 4 ounces. Mia: and give as one dose, after fasting the animal eighteen hours. 556 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR . — ■ — t The following is also effective: Gasoline I tablespoonful. New Milk 4 ovmces. Mi:K and give after fasting animal eighteen hours, and repeat each second day vrntil three doses have been given. From 2 to 4-ouiice doses of a i per cent, solution of Coal- Tar Creosote is also good. A i per cent, solution is : Coal-Tar Creosote, i ounce; water, 3 quarts. Sheep affected with this parasite should receive grain, and it is good to give with this a mixture of equal parts of Sulphate of Iron and Sulphate of Copper. The dose of the mixture is one ounce for each 30 to 40 sheep; dissolve in a pint of water and mix evenly with bran or oats. Give once or twice a day as case requires . Give two weeks , withhold a week , and give again . This may be used in connection with the foregoing. It is good to use occasionally with the flock as a preventive. TAPEWORMS. — The tapeworm is more common among sheep than stock owners are generally aware, and their presence may not be suspected unless accidentally found, or the sheep fall off in condition, and the worm found by post mortem. It is most common among young sheep but may affect the older ones. The exact source from which sheep get tapeworm is not known. They are found in the small intestines. Symptoms. — Animal falls off in condition and the eyes have a peculiar, dull, look; has a good appetite but does not thrive; may be thrown into convulsions and die in a short time. When these conditions are present, watch the droppings for the presence of tapeworms, and if flat joints % inch long come away, the trouble is probably found. The post mortem is important here, the same as in the preceding disease. Treatment. — Shut the affected sheep by themselves, where they can be watched, and let them fast eighteen hours. Then give each affected sheep the following drench: Oil Male Fern I teaspoonful. Areca Nut Powder 2 teaspoonfuls. Turpentine I teaspoonful. Raw Linseed Oil, or New Milk... 4 ounces. Shake while giving. ^__ DISEASES OF SHEEP 557 Feed lightly and watch results. Should there be no action, repeat in two or three days after another eighteen -hour fast. Give lambs ^ the above dose. NODULAR DISEASE.— This is another internal parasitic disease of sheep and lambs. It is characterized by the presence in the walls of the intestines of small nodules varying in size from a small to a large pea. When cut open the nodules are found to contain a greenish, cheesy pus. The nodules are caused by an immature worm. After remaining in the nodule for a time, they return into the intestine and develop into a mature worm about ^/i of an inch long. When the nodules are few in number they cause no harm; but when present in large numbers they cause serious inflammation of the intestinal wall and inter- fere with digestion. Symptoms. — The outward symptoms will be the same as with stomach worms; it takes the post mortem to distinguish between them. Treatment. — The treatment is less satisfactory than with the others. The same as recommended for stomach worms may be used; also use the same preventive measures. Sheep should not be kept on low pastures, or on the same pasture continuously — or year after year, but change pasture as often as possible during the summer, and upon different fields from year to year. Wean the lambs early, and place them on a pasture where the old sheep have not been kept. DIARRHEA. — Diarrhea or scours ordinarily manifests itself by the amount and watery condition of the discharges. Causes. — Are generally due to improper food, as bad hay or noxious weeds; or to a sudden change from dry food to green; to overfeeding, or to cold, wet weather; also to internal parasites. Symptoms. — In simple form the thin, watery discharge is about the only prominent feature. The appetite is usually good, though it may be poor; there is no apparent fever, and the gen- eral conditions remain unchanged. THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Treatmbnt. — When light and not long-continued, no remedy is called for. and confinement to dry food for a day or two often cures. With lambs in the fall it is more serious. If severe, and if mucus is present in the feces, give a mild cathartic, as, Rhubarb J^ drachm; or I ounce Linseed Oil; or % ounce Epsom Salts. Then give an astringent, as 15 to 30 grains Sulphate of Iron, and in most cases this will be enough. If not give: Prepared Chalk % ounce. Laudanum 3 to 4 teaspoonfuls. Tepid Milk }i pint. Mix and give twice a day for two or three days, which in ordinary cases will suflSce. Or, in more serious cases prepare the following: Castor Oil % teacupful. Laudanum.... % ounce. Ginger..,...,.., i drachm. Bicarbonate ot Soda.. ., i " Tepid Water,.. >^ teacupful. Mix and give as a drench. Repeat, omitting the Castor Oil, every three hours until relieved. In very bad cases, add to the drench % ounce Tincture of Catechu. DYSENTERY.— Causes. — This is caused by an inflammation of the mutous or inner coat of the intestines, causing an abnormal increase in the secretions and a morbid change in character. It is frequently a sequence to diarrhea and arises from the same cause. Symptoms. — There is fever; appetite is variable, but generally none; the discharges are thin and watery, but adhesive from presence of mucus. As disease advances the feces are tinged with blood and the odor is very ofEensive. Unless relieved the animal wastes away. Trbatmbnt. — Use the last preparation recommended for diarrhea, and alternate with it a teaspoon nearly half full of Sulphate of Iron (copperas) dissolved in J^ pint of water. DISEASES OF SHEKP 559 Give teaspoonftil doses of Blood Flour, or Corrosive Sublimate 4 grains. Water %, pint Dose %.\.o \ teaspoonful every three or foiir hours. This last is very poisonous, and due care must be taken in its use. FLUKE DISEASE IN SHEEP; ROT, OR LIVER FLUKE.— Causes. — Small flat worms (Fasciola Hepatica and Distoneum Lanceolatum) in the liver, called the "liver fluke," are the cause of this disease. Symptoms. — There is tenderness and weakness about the loins; dropsical swellings come under the jaws, on throat, chest and belly; eyes are yellow as in jaundice, and if the skin be rubbed back and forth, when taken up between the thumb and fingers, it is soft and flabby, with a crackling sensation. Treatment. — If there is diarrhea, weak pulse and general stupor, remove to a high, dry pasture, or to a dry, well-ventilated place. Prepare and give the following: Sulphate of Magnesia ^ vouud. Turpentine 6 drachms. Water x% pints. Mix Magnesia with the Water and add tne Turpentine. Give one-third of the amount for a dose every two days, shaking the bottle each time. Follow this with tonic; Oatmeal 40 pounds. Powdered Gentian 4 " Salt 4 " Sulphate of Iron i " Mix and give yi pint to each sheep once a day for a week. Wait three weeks and repeat. High, dry pastures and salt marshes are destructive to the fluke, while low, wet pastures favor the perpetuation of the disease. This disease is uncommon, except in a very few sections of this country. 560 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR GRUBS IN THE HEAD— What is known as "grub" is the larvae of the oestrus ovis, or gad-fly of the sheep. The young larvae is deposited by the fly about the nostrils, passes up the nasal cavities into the sinuses just below the eyes. This takes place in July, August and September. The larvae remain in the sinuses until the following spring, when they descend and pass from the nostrils and enter the ground, change their form, and in three or four weeks come forth as the adult fly. The grubs cause but little irritation unless a number are present in the sinuses, when their presence may be indicated by sneezing, discharge from nose, dullness. When the flies are troubling the sheep, their presence may be known by the action of the animals. They will collect in clusters, with heads inward and noses thrust toward the ground, and into it if any loose earth is available. Treatment. — Preventive treatment is probably the best treatment that is available to the layman. Keep a portion of the field plowed — at least a furrow — so that sheep may have access to loose soil. Smear the noses once a day during the season with Tar and Fish Oil. An old remedy to dislodge grubs is: Scotch Snuff % pound. Boiling V/ater 2 quarts. Stir and let cool. Inject a tablespoonful of this liquifi into each nostril, and repeat three or four times from October to January. An easy and fairly effectual way to get the tar onto the nose is to bore a number of large auger holes in a log; put salt in the bottom of the holes. After the sheep get to going to the log for salt, put Tar and Fish Oil around the holes, and it will get onto their noses. SCAB.— Cause. — Scab is, a cutaneous disease, analogous to mange in horses and itch in man. It is produced by a microscopic insect that burrows just beneath the cuticle, producing much irritation, and causing the exudation of a watery fluid, which in drying forms the scab that brings away the wool in larger or smaller patches. DISEASES OF SHEEP 56t Symptoms. — Sheep sufEering from scab are exceedingly rest- less; rub themselves constantly against trees, stones, fences, etc.; will bite its fleece and scratch with its hoofs; the fleece becomes ragged and drops oS. It is very contagious. Treatment. — A very cheap and effective remedy is: Creolin ■ 2 teaspoonfuls. Rain Water i pint. Shake well and go all over the body of the animal with a brush. Repeat every second day until the disease stops and the wool begins to grow. Or the following, which is in great repute in Australia: Tobacco Leaves 10 pounds. Sulphur 10 " Water 60 gallons. Boil the Tobacco in the water and add the Sulphur while water is hot. Dip the sheep in . liquor as hot as can be borne for five minutes. Lime and Sulphur Dip for Scab.— Take 8 to 11 pounds unslaked Eime, place in mortar box, kettle or pail, adding enough water to form a paste. Sift into this 3 times its weight of Sulphur (24 or 33 pounds) and stir mixture well. Weigh both; don't guess or measure. Now place in a boiler or kettle with 25 to 30 gallons boiling water, and boil at least two hours, stirring well together. Pour all into a tub or vat that is provided with a bung-hole about 4 inches from bottom, and allow ample time to settle. Draw off the clear liquid and add enough water to make 100 gallons. As a precaution draw off through bagging, so there will be no sediment in clear liquid. The sedi- ment may be used for disinfecting purposes, but under no circum- stances should it be used for dipping. Use the smaller amounts of ingredients in fresh cases and the larger in severe cases. Dip sheep at a temperature of 100 to 1 10 F. , keeping them in two minutes by the watch, ducking the head at least once. Rams are more apt to be overcome in the dip than ewes. Be careful about pregnant ewes, as injury may result. Repeat dip in ten days. — Brom U. S. Bulletin. ae 562 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR The various coal-tar dipping products which are on the market are fairly effectual. All dips should be repeated in ten days. Affected sheep should be separated from the healthy and stables thoroughly cleaned and treated with the dipping fluids. WOOL FALLING FROM SHEEP.— Causes. — Feeding too much hot food, as pea or wheat meal, and keeping in too warm quarters. • / Symptoms. — In spring, wool becomes loose and falls off in patches; sheep will rub some, but shows little signs of irritation. Treatment. — Is largely in changed conditions. Put in cooler quarters and change the food to roots, such as mangels and grains of a lighter character, to cool the blood. In severe cases give the following powder once a day for a while in doses of one teaspoonful to each sheep: Saltpeter, Sulphur and ground Gentian Root, equal parts of each by weight. Mix and give as directed. TICKS. — The sheep tick is a winged insect, but has no wings developed. Are large, live on the surface and suck blood. They may be plainly seen by dividing the wool, or, at the time of shearing, at which time they will go to the lambs. Treatment. — The tobacco remedy in "Scab" may be used, or put 2 table- spoonfuls Creolin in a pint of water, and go over the animal with a brush. The Coal-Tar dipping preparations are very effectual here, dipping the sheep the same as in scab. One treatment is generally sufficient, but sometimes requires a second in about two weeks. MAGGOTS FROM BLOW FLIES.— Maggots are more common than they should be, both in neglected wounds and from the accumulation of filth about the thighs. DISEASi;S OF SHEEP 563 Treatmbnt. — Cleanse parts thoroughly and touch wounds with the following lotion: Creosote i part. Alcohol 4 parts. Mix. Then bathe daily with Tincture of Myrrh. Or, remove all maggots and dress wounds with following: Acetate of Lead i ounce. Sulphate Zinc %. Carbolic Acid % " Water , i pint. Shake and apply freely. Keep sheep well tagged by shearing from under the tail, and thence diagonally down the thighs FOOT ROT.— Causes. — ^A contagious disease caused by a micro-organism. IT Symptoms. — Skin at the top of the clefts of the hoofs and over the heels, which normally is smooth, dry and pale, becomes red, moist, warm, and rough, as though chafed. Next, there is a discharge, and ulcers form extending down to the upper portion of the inner wall of the hoof. The walls become disorganized, and the disease penetrates between the fleshy sole and the bottom of the hoof, an offensive, pturulent matter is thrown out, and the whole foot becomes a mass of corruption. Animal early becomes lame, and at length dies from exhaustion. Treatment. — Separate the affected sheep and put them in a dry, well- littered yard, or dry, short pasture. Cut away all diseased parts, cleaning knife from time to time in a solution of Carbolic Acid. Prepare a tank, and fill it to the depth of four inches with a saturated solution (all that will dissolve) of Blue Vitriol (Sulphate of Copper) . Keep this as hot as can be borne by putting in from time to time a piece of hot iron. I^et each sheep stand in this ten minutes. Then cover the hoof with Chloride of Lime and fill the cleft with a fillet of tow, long enough to twist and S64 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR tie ends about fetlock. Examine daily and renew lime if necessary. It is necessary sometimes to apply a caustic to tlie worst spots; Muriatic Acid is good for this; it can be used full strength, or diluted with one or two parts of water, as conditions require. It must be applied carefully with a swab. The disease is frequently hard to overcome, and will reappear from time to time. Feed good nourishing food, and if a tonic is needed give the following powder once a day, as circumstances dictate: Common Salt 2 drachms. Sulphate of Iron ^ drachm. Nitrate of Potash }i " Mix. FOUL IN THE FOOT.— This is not an uncommon diffi- culty, especially with sheep driven on the road or pastured on low, marshy pastures. Symptoms. — Much like previous disease, only not so severe. Trbatmbnt. — If inflammation is severe, poultice with Linseed poultice, changing twice aday. Apply the Sulphate of Copper solution, or: Acetate of Lead , i ounce. Sulphate of Zinc , 6 drachms. Carbolic Acid , Yt ounce. Water i pint. Shake and apply freely after washing. The Muriatic Acid may need to be used in bad cases, as in "Foot Rot." SWOLLEN FOOT;— DISEASE OF THE BIPLEX CANAL.— Causes. — From the introduction of foreign bodies, or from other reasons. Symptoms. — ^The issue or biplex canal in the front and upper part of the hoof becomes inflamed; there is redness and enlarge- ment around the pastern, particularly about the orifice of tiie canal, and the toes are thrown wide apart. DISEASES OF SHEEP 5^5 Trbatmbnt.— Examine to see if there is any substance lodged therein; if so, remove. If simply swollen and inflamed, treat as for "Foul;" if pus has formed, open and let it out. Wash out with: Carbolic Acid }i ounce. Water I pint. And inject a little of the Tincture of Iodine. Continue poulticing and dressing each day. If it refuses to improve, use the Muriatic Acid in addition to the other treatment, and also the Lead and Zinc lotion, or the Copper solution. FRACTURES.— If there be no wound of the soft parts, the bone being simply broken, the treatment is not difficult, and in case of a valuable animal would pay trouble and care. Apply a piece of wet leather, taking care to ease the limb when swelling intervenes; or, after setting the bones, apply a long bandage saturated with starch, the same as for the laundry, but in taking out draw through the fingers to squeeze out a good portion to allow it to dry quicker; then wind it around the broken leg moderately tight, being sure to have the bones set straight; then have some one hold the animal and keep the leg in shape till the bandage hardens, and after this let remain for a month or more. Examine leg, and if it gets too tight or becomes sore, cut off and put on a new one. Remove when sheep is well Keep the sheep in a small enclosure by itself, where it will be disturbed as little as possible. SPRAINS, STRAINS AND BRUISES.— Treatmbnt.— Treat precisely as advised in HoRSB Dbpartment. In simple cases hot fomentations and the subsequent application of Camphor or other good liniment is the rule generally followed. For a sprain, to immerse the limb in water as hot as can be borne for half an hour at a time, and repeated several times a day, will usually effect a quick cure. INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES.— Causes. — A kick, or a bunt from some other animal. «;(56 THK PRACTlCAlv STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms. — The scrotum is swollen and tender; ram walks stifQy; does not eat mucli, and lies down most of the time to relieve the pain caused by standing. Treatment. — Separate the ram from the flock and put him in a quiet place, Apply hot poultices— half meal and half bran. Change every 3 hours, and each time before a new one is applied, bathe the part with hot vinegar, or with the I,ead and Zinc lotion recommended for Foul in the Foot. Witch Hazel extract is also good to bathe with. Also give the animal the following drench: Epsom Salts 4 ounces. Fluid Extract Belladonna 30 drops. Saltpeter I small teaspoonful. Water % pint. Repeat three times a day, omitting the Salts aftel the first dose. Wash the scrotum with Carbolic Acid solution: Carbolic Acid yi ounce. Water I pint. In case the bag festers, lance when ready and let the matter come away, and wash out with Carbolic Acid water. Continue poulticing until all the matter is drawn out and the ram is better, but after the inflammation is well reduced, poultice only about one-half the time. CASTRATING RAMS.— Throw the ram and have him held firmly; take a sharp knife and make an incision lengthwise of the scrotum, on what would be the rear surface when ram is standing, near the bottom so that no pocket will form. Cut the hole large enough so that the testicle will slip out easily, and when out the place where the covering is attached to the testicle will be seen. Cut this attachment with the knife, pull the testicle up 3 or 4 inches a,nd tie a pretty strong string around the cord, tying it tight enough to stop the blood, leaving the ends of the string 4 or 5 inches long so they will hang out of the incision, and not heal up in the scrotum. They will come away after a few days without assistance. As soon as this is done, cut DISEASES OF SHBEP 567 the cord off Y^ inch below the string; then operate on the other testicle in the same manner. Pour into the wound a little of the Carbolic Acid solution: Carbolic Acid J^ ounce. Water i pint. Have a dish of Carbolic solution to put the knife in before using and when not using it during operation; also for string. If there is swelling, open the incisions and flush out daily with the Carbolic solution. Do not allow the animal to get wet. CASTRATING LAMBS.— I.ambs should be castrated at from 2 to 10 days of age. An assistant should hold the lamb, turning him on his back, holding rump between his , knees with head toward himself, taking the fore and hind legs in each hand with fore legs outside of hind, and holding them firmly just above the knee joints. Take hold the pouch and pull gently so to get as much as possible of it, and then with a sharp knife and a single stroke, or better, with a pair of strong shears, take off the pouch close to the testicle. Then take firm hold of each testicle, separately, between thumb and finger and pull it out with all the cord that adheres to it, or pull out a wayS and cut cord off. Perform in the morning so that lambs can go about, and this will in great measure prevent any disposition to swelling, which would be t^e case if allowed to lie around for a time afterward. Use the Carbolic Acid solution the same as with the ram. DOCKING. — Docking, like castration, should be performed when lambs are a few days old. Perform with a single stroke of a sharp knife and in the evening, being careful to sever the tail at a joint, the assistant drawing the skin of the tail to the body so that the end will cover the stub. Then allow the flock to lie down and keep quiet so that they may lose the least possible amount of blood. By morning the wound will have dried suflS- ciently that there will be little danger of Weeding. Never exert after docking. If much bleeding ensues apply a little Monsel's solution, or touch lightly with a hot iron. 568 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR LAMBING. — Tht ewe goes with young from 145 to 162 days, generally stated as five months. Ewes are usually coupled in the month of November in the north, but this is varied some- what by circumstance and purpose. A good way to tell whether a ewe has been served is to shake dry paint on the ram's breast, and when he has served the ewe the paint will be on her back. After about the third month in young ewes and fourth in old ones, the udder will begin to enlarge, and will continue to grow larger until a few days before she drops the lamb. The predispos- ing signs are, when the ewe stretches herself frequently; separating herself from the rest; showing restlessness by not remaining in any one place long; lying down and then getting up again; paw- ing ground with the foot; bleating as if in quest of a lamb, and appearing fond of the lambs of other ewes. Very soon after these symptoms is the immediate one of the expulsion of the water bag. When this is observed the ewe should be watched, for labor pains may be expected to come on at once. When these are felt by her the ewe presses or forces with earnestness, changing from one position to another as if desiring relief. TROUBLES MET WITH IN LAMBING.— The ewe does not often require assistance. Her labors will sometimes be protracted, and her moaning evince the extent of pain. In some cases will even go about several hours, and resume her grazing with the fore feet and nose of lamb protruding. If left alone, however, nature will generally relieve her. The objection to interfering, except in necessity, is that the ewe is frightened when caught, and her efforts to expel the lamb cease. Sometimes wrong presentations are made, and the attendant should be ready with Carbolized Lard, clean hand, oiled and warmed in warm water to render assistance, inserting his hand, pushing back, and changing as case requires. Sometimes the lamb comes with feet out but head turned back, in which case the head must be brought forward after pushing lamb back; then draw on head and legs and it will come right. If coming with only head and neck out and front legs turned back, push lamb back into womb, straighten tlfie legs, drawing gently on them and the head. If coming with only head and one front leg out, push dise;ase;s of sheep 569 back into womb and straighten the other front leg; bring front legs and head gently forward. Sometimes there are twins, and a leg of each will come forward; in which case in straightening, be sure the two legs of one of the lambs are straightened out before assisting presentation, or injury may result. A case of breech presentation .may occur, where the ewe will labor and nothing is accomplished — the tail and rump only are felt in passage, and the hind legs are turned forward along the lamb's body. Push lamb back into womb and hook a finger around one of the hind legs and bring it backward toward you until straight out in passage; then do the same with the other; then draw out backward. Don't try to turn a lamb. Be gentle and careful not to injure womb. In case of trouble from neck of womb remaining closed give; Fluid Extract Belladonna 15 drops. Tepid Water ^ pint. Repeating every two hours until the neck re- laxes, and smear moutli of womb with a little Belladonna in Lard. If a lamb is dropped at night and gets chilled, put it in a warm bath, dry thoroughly after, and give it a few spoonfuls of milk, diluted a little and sweetened, with a speck of Red Pepper in it. THE CLEANING, OR PLACENTA, NOT COMING AWAY. — The cleaning, or placenta, generally drops from the ewe in the course of a very short time — sometimes in a few minutes — after lambing. In case it does not, give the ewe a warm drink, and leave her alone; then if it does not come away after a time, give a drench as follows: Epsom Salts 4 ounces. Sweet Spirits of Niter X ounce. Fluid Extract Belladonna 15 drops. Mix and give in a pint of tepid water. The protruding mass may be gently pulled upon. EVERSION OF THE WOMB, OR LAMB BED TURNED OUT. — It sometimes happens that by reason of violent after-pains, the womb is forced right out through the vagina, and is turned inside out. 570 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR As soon as this is known, if there is any cleaning attached to the button-like processes, remove, then bathe with cold water, having placed the womb on a sheet to keep it clean. When thoroughly cleaned, pour over it a solution of Carbolic Acid: Carbolic Acid I teaspoonful. Water I pint. Have the hind part of the ewe elevated, and, having the hands well oiled, start returning by beginning at the vulva and keep working until all is in the passage; then push it back into normal position. Put three good, deep stitches in the vulva, to prevent eversion again, but leave sufficient space for animal to make water. Leave stitches in for from four days to a week. In case straining is severe and continues, give internally: Laudanum ^ ounce. Fluid Extract Belladonna 30 drops. Water % pint. Give 4 ounces Epsom Salts as a laxative; feed very lightly. Do not let lamb suck if he butts. Also give: Fluid Extract Aconite 3 drops. Fluid Extract Belladonna 20 " Saltpeter yi teaspoonful. Water yi pint. Mix and give three times a day for four or five days INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER (GARGET.)- This is an inflammation of the udder, somtimes known as ' 'cakec! bag," with or without general inflammation. Causes — Generally from too great an accumulation of milk prior to lambing, but may be in consequence of the death of the lamb, or from a cold. Treatment. — Draw the milk from the udder so that the hungry lamb will butt and work at it an unusual time in pursuit of food, and bathe it a few times with hot water. This will usually sufiice. If the lamb is dead, the milk should be drawn a few times at increasing intervals, bathing the udder for some time with hot water after each milking. In severe cases the udder should be anointed with: Strong Spirits Camphor 3 parts. Turpentine 1 part. DISEASES OF SHEEP 571 Witcli Hazel is good or Camphorated Oil. Give 4 ounces Epsom Salts, also Y^ teaspoonful Saltpeter two or three times a day. Should there be suppuration, the affected part should be opened and washed out with a Carbolic Acid solution. LESSON XXIII DISEASES OF YOUNG LAMBS WEAKNESS.— Causes. — Sometimes where the ewe is not properly fed and taken care of; or where there are twins; or from coming on a cold night and getting a chill, the lambs are weak and unable to stand. Treatment. — If from a chill, put it in a warm bath, dry thoroughly after- ward by warmth and rubbing; then give in a tablespoonful of the ewe's milk, a teaspoonful of Whiskey and repeat every hour until strong enough to take the teat. CONSTIPATION.— Causes. — From being fed with cow's milk, especially when not diluted with water and sweetened, and from causes tmknown. Symptoms. — The lamb is dull, and there is some distension of the sides; there is straining to move the bowels, but no passage. Treatment. — Very young lambs are subject to a disease that is sometimes called ' 'pinning, ' ' the first passages being so adhesive and tenacious in their nature that the orifice to the anus is closed and subse- quent evacuations prevented. In such cases remove the adhering matter, rubbing with a little dry day to prevent further trouble. If from food or other causes, give I/inseed Oil in teaspoon to tablespoonful doses two or three times a day until bowels are in condition. Epsom Salts in 5^ to i drachm doses may also be given. Injections of soapy, lukewarm water may also be given in Vi teacupful quantities one or more times a day. 572 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR DIARRHEA IN LAMBS.— Causes. — From milk not agreeing, or from a chill. Trbatme;nt. — Put a teaspoonful of Whiskey and one of Castor Oil in a tablespoonful of the ewe's milk and give it from a small spoon, being careful in administration. In four hours if not better, give 5 drops I/audanum in a teaspoonful of Whiskey, together with a tablespoonful of the mother's milk. Repeat every four hours until relieved. Keep lamb warm and comfortable, and see that the ewe is kept milked out, to prevent garget. See also "Diarrhea" in other part of this department, which may be adapted to con- ditions. Part of a teaspoonful of Blood Flour in a little water is good. Part of a teaspoonful of cooking soda is also good. Note. — Sheep may be affected with other diseases not men- tioned here but described in the Horse or Cattle Department. In such cases they would be treated the same as there, except that the doses of medicine would be about i-6 that for cattle and 1-3 that for horse. SWINE LESSON XXIV DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT WAYS OF GIVING MEDICINE TO SWINE.— A common way is to put a noose on the upper jaw and draw up the head. Use horn or bottle in giving liquids. Sometimes the struggles do harm, and care must be used to not strangle by pouring too fast — take time. Another way which has high recommendation is: Pull the cheek away from the teeth so as to form a pouch, and pour the medicine into this slowly; the animal will quit squealing when he finds out what it is, and will begin to swallow. Put the hog in a chute where he cannot turn around, and give him a shoe which has a hole in the toe to bite on. The medicine is poured in the shoe and taken while he is biting on it; or a short piece of hose with a funnel attached to one end. Still another plan is to take a board 8% inches wide by lo to 12 inches long, which includes handle cut down at one end. About 3 inches from one end cut a notch i ^ inches deep and 3 inches wide. Opposite the middle and on the other edge, cut another notch an inch square; then cut away for a handle. lyct one hold while another drenches; catch by ears and set back on hind- quarters, place the board in mouth with small notch down, pour from a strong bottle, in the front of mouth, on the end of the tongue. Vary size of board to animal. Medicine in the form of small powders, pills, or paste, may be placed well back on the root of the tongue. DISINFECTION AND DISINFECTANTS.-The dis- infection of places where animals having malignant or contagious diseases have been kept should be rigorously carried out. Every part should be stopped tight, and Sulphur and Wood Tar, in the proportion of i of Sulphur to 2 quarts of Tar, mixed with tow, should be burned qind allowed to smoke thoroughly until the building is thick with the smoke. Places where sick animals 573 S74 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR are should be fumigated two or three times a week, but not so much as to set sick animals to coughing. All parts of the build- ing should be wet with Carbolic solution, either by sprinkling or washing, using in proportion of loo parts of soft water to 3 parts of Carbolic Acid. Discharges should be treated with Chloride of Zinc, using in the proportion of i ounce of Chloride of Zinc to i to 2 gallons of water. Chloralum is a disinfectant that is not poisonous and has no odor. It is made by dissolving 3 pounds Chloride of Aluminum in 2 gallons of water. A cheap and pow- erful disinfectant that is non-poisonous is made by dissolving 8 ounces Chloride of Zinc and 16 ounces of Sulphate of Iron in one gallon of water. Add i pint of this liquid to i gallon of water. Another cheap and very powerful disinfectant is Corrosive Subli- mate, one part to one-thousand parts of water, i drachm of Cor- rosive Sublimate to i gallon of water. It corrodes metals and so must be made and used from wooden vessels. It is poisonous and must be used with due care. *HOG CHOLERA AND SWINE PLAGUE.— These two diseases — which have caused such widespread devastation among the swine all over the country — resemble each other very closely both in their symptoms and in their efEect on the bodies of animals; so much so in most cases that an after-death examina- tion by experts would be necessary to clearly distinguish them. The difficulty of distinguishing between the two diseases is of no great consequence from a practical standpoint, as in either case they must be combatted by measures to prevent exposure, or to destroy them when introduced, and sick animals must be treated by remedies that will reduce fever, stop multiplication of germs, and assist the affected organs in resuming their normal functions. Symptoms. — The symptoms of the serious diseases of swine are not so characteristic as in larger animals. Animals often die before sickness has been observed, or after a few hour's illness. Such cases are most frequent at the first appearance of the diseases, but in many cases the progress of disease is slower and ample opportunities are allowed for studying the symptoms. There are first seen signs of fever, shivering, unwillingness to m ove, mo re or less loss of appetite, elevation of temperature *See Course IH. Lesson XVU DISEASES OF SWINE) 575 which may reach 105 to 106 F.; the animals appear stupid and dull, and have a tendency to hide in the litter or bedding or to remain covered by it. The bowels may be normal or constipated at first, but later there is generally hquid and fetid diarrhea, abundant and exhausting, that persists to the end. The eyes art at first congested and watery, but soon the secretion thickens, be- comes yellowish, accumulates in the angles and gums the lids to- gether. The breathing is more rapid than usual and may be op- pressed and labored in the later stages. There is a cough, which however is not very frequent and is generally heard when the animals are driven from their bed; it may be single and it may be paroxysmal. The skin is often congested and red over the abdomen, inner surface of the limbs, under surface of the neck, and on the ears. The color varies from a pinkish red to dark red or purple. An eruption is sometimes seen, which leaves crusts or scabs of various sizes over the skin. There is rapid loss of flesh; the animal grows weak; stands with an arched back and the abdomen drawn up, and walks with a tottering, uncer- tain gait; there is less and less inclination or ability to move, and the weakness and exhaustion increases until death results. The symptoms of swine plague in many instances are not noticeably different from those of hog cholera. Frequently the lungs are extensively inflamed in swine plague, and in that condition the breathing is more labored and the cough more frequent and painful. The course of these diseases varies from one or^two days to two or three weeks. Treatment. — When the hogs are first found to be infected with either hog cholera or swine plague, the lots or pens where they have been confined should be disinfected by dusting plentifully with dry, air -slaked lime or by sprinkling with a 5 per cent, solution of crude Carbolic Acid. The animals should be moved into new quarters. If possible, the sick and well should be separated and put into different lots. They should be put into dry, clean places where there is no mud, and above all, no stagnant water. Keep well disiiif«:ted by the use of air-slaked Wme or Carbolic Acid. 376 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Give- Wood Charcoal i pound. Sulphur I " Sodium Chloride 2 pounds. Sodium Bicarbonate 2 " Sodium Hyposulphate 2 " Sodium Sulphate i pound. Antimony Sulphide (Black Antimony) i " Pulverize and mix thoroughly. In case there is profuse diarrhea the Sodium Sulphate may be omitted. Dose: l large tablespoonful for each 200 pounds weight to be treated, once a day. Hogs affected with these diseases should be fed at least once a day with soft feed, such as bran and middlings, middlings and com meal, or ground, soft oats and corn, or ground oats and corn, or crushed wheat with hot water, and then stir- ring in proper amount of medicine. If unable to eat, drench by pulling the cheek away from the teeth so as to form a pouch, into which the remedy may be slowly poured. It will flow into the mouth, and when the hog finds what it is, it will stop squealing. Apparently this remedy has been more eiScacious in cholera than in plague. The best of care must be given in addition to this in order to secure the best results. As a preventive, put the remedy into the feed of the herd and see that each one gets his share. Notes.— Both hog cholera and swine plague are caused by bacteria, the hog cholera germs being slightly larger and more elongated than those of swine plague. They are provided with long thread-like appendages, which enable them to move rapidly through liquids, while bacteria of the swine plague have no =?uch organs, and are unable to move except as carried by the liquid in which they float. The germs of cholera gain entrance through food and drink and the air as well, while those of the plague gain entrance through the lungs. Cholera germs are hardy and vigorous, living and multiplying for a long time in water or soil, while those of the plague are delicate and easily destroyed. DISEASES OF SWINE 577 When several animals are affected with the symptoms in the neighborhood, we may decide that one or both diseases are present. If button-like ulcers are found on the intestines, the disease is no doubt cholera, though in acute cases they will not be present. If there be inflammation of the lungs, and par- ticularly if cheese-like masses be found in the substance of these organs, the disease is probably swine plague. Small blood spots in the tissues or scattered over the internal organs indicates hog cholera, while inflammation of the serous mem- branes — the membranes lining the closed cavities of the body — indicates swine plague. In hog cholera there are hemor- rhages in the tissues, in the lymphatic glands, and in the var- ious organs of the body ; ulceration of the large intestines, col- lapse of the lung tissue, and less frequently broncho-pneu- monia. In swine plague there is inflammation of the lungs, numerous small necrotic points in these organs, or a few larger cheesy masses ; inflammation of the serous membranes with fibrinous deposits; congestion of the mucous membrane of the intestines, or inflammation of the same with fibrinous de- posits. In times of plague or cholera remember that non-inter- course is the safest rule. A particle of dirt carried on a shoe, by a dog or other animal, or on the wheel of a wagon, will be sufficient to start an outbreak. When there is reason to fear an outbreak, hogs should be shut in a small enclosure, kept as dry as possible — for it is cer- tain that if filth is not the cause, it will greatly facilitate it — and disinfect at least once a week as directed. Three to 15 drops of Carbolic Acid, according to age, in the drinking water will tend to prevent infection. Also keep hogs thrifty and vigorous by using the prescription recommended for Chronic Indigestion. Measures of Prevention. — Promptly destroy and bury deep all animals that are known to be sick of the plague, and disin- fect the premises, or if impracticable, remove other animals to high dry ground — if fresh plowed so much the better. Give clean food and freshly drawn well water, and as a preventive give in the drinking water three times a day 10 drops Carbolic Acid for every 150 pounds live weight; or instead,! teaspoonful Hyposulphite of Soda for every 100 lbs. live weight till danger 37 578 the; practicai, stock doctor is past. Separate healthy, sick and suspects, and treat accord, ing to class, allowing no communication in any way between the lots. If one person attends all, he should attend the well ones first in every case. Buckets used for the sick should not be used for the well. Dogs may carry contagion from one pen to another. The lot in which the healthy hogs are placed should never be on ground capable of taking drainage from the others, and contami- nation by running streams must be scrupulously looked after in such times. Operations such as ringing, cutting ears and tails, spaying, castrating and the like should be delayed till epidemic is past, but if necessary, dress the wound daily with an effective disinfectant, as a solution of Carbohc Acid. — From U. S, Bulktiv, LESSON XXV COMMON DISEASES OF SWINE INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS; PNEUMONIA, LUNG FEVER.— S^ympioms. — Breathing is rapid and labored; there is shiver- ing of body and limbs, more or less severe cough, no appetite; elevation of temperature. Trkatmbnt. — Put the animal in a quiet, comfortable and well-ventilated place, free from drafts. Put a preparation of Mustard and water on the chest and side and give the following: Fluid Extract Aconite '. i5 drops. Flviid Extract Belladonna i teaspoonf ul . Saltpeter 2 drachms. Alcohol i^ ounces. Water to make i^ pint. Give one ounce of the solution four or fiv» times a day. Give nourishing food such as the hog will eat and keep it covered with a blanket, and this y/ith good nursing will prob ably effect a cure. DISEASED OF SWINE 579 QUINSY, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE TON- SILS. — This is a commoft and often fatal disease if prompt re- lief is not given. Symptoms. — Hog has difficulty in swallowing; there is slav- ering and the tongue sticks out; there is swelling and soreness under the lower jaw and neck. Treatment. — Apply to the swelling cloths wrung out in hot water, chang- ing" them frequently to reduce the inflammation. As soon as pos- sible use the following: Sulphate Magnesia 4 ounces. Oil of Torpentine 3 drachms. Soap Suds % pint. Mix and inject into the rectum with a syringe. If the animal eats give, mixed in a little gruel: Turpentine 2 teaspoonfijls. Lard Oil 4 tablespoonfuls. If he does not eat, swab the tonsils often with the mixture by means of a swab fastened on a small rod. Following is also good: Fluid Extract Belladonna i teaspoonful. Chlorate of Potash. i " Camphor i " Saltpeter 2 teaspoonfuls. Mix into paste -with molasses and flour and place T^jf as a dose on back of tongue with a small paddle, three or four times a day. SORE THROAT. — Common among pigs, but may occur at any age. Causes. — Generally from catching cold, changing pens, or getting wet. Symptoms. — There is sneezing and coughing; water will run through the nose when drinking; throat will be swollen and sore to press upon; much like quinsy only no external swelling. It is liable to extend through the litter from common cause 58o THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Treatmbnt. — Have good dry quarters, with ample bedding. Feed soft warm food, with a large tablespoonful Sulphur for each six pigs, twice a day. When they will not eat, take 2 ounces each of Sul- phur and Saltpeter, powder and mix, and throw a half teaspoon- f ul back on the tongue three times a day. Rub stimulating liniment on the throat; s, good one is: Soap Liniment 4 ounces. Aqua Ammonia 2 " Turpentine 2 " In severe cases use the hot cloths externally and the paste on the tongue as in Quinsy. APOPLEXY, OR CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN (STAGGERS; BLIND STAGGERS).— Cause. — Is usually filthy, ill-ventilated and poorly-drained quarters, with liberal feeding. Disease is most common among over-fat animals. Symptoms.— hxixtasX will be stupid; stands in a corner with ears lopped ov.er; will not eat. As disease advances, becomes partly or wholly blind, going in a circle and striking against objects; the ears, nose and about the head becomes purple, and at last it falls unconscious. Sometimes there is an effusion on the brain, without other symptoms being especially marked; the animal falls suddenly, limbs stiffen, froths at the mouth, and breathing is hard, with a snorting sound. Comes on sometime? when commencing to eat. Treatment. — Give plenty of air; let cold water fall from a height on the head, or apply pounded ice in a cloth sack to the head. Prepare and give the injection as in "Quinsy" to move the bowels, Where not convenient to give injection, the following is recom- mended: For a pig 3 months old, i tablespoonful Epsom Salts; for one from 3 to 6 months old, 2 tablespoonfuls Epsom Salts, and for from 6 to 12 months old, 3 to 4 tablespoonfuls Epsom Salts; add according to age to Salts : Sweet Spirits of Niter ito 2 tablespoonfuls. Ginger i teaspoonful. Dissolve in a half teacup of lukewarm water and pour down the pig after it becomes con- scious. DISBASBS OF SWINE S8i> Feed sparingly for a few days, give exercise and clean quar- ters, and give in feed the powder recommended for Indigestion. COLDS.— Symptoms. — Those commonly attendant on catching cold. Treatment. — Keep animal warm and quiet; feed well with food easy to digest; rub Vinegar and Mustard on the chest. Should disease not yield readily to treatment, give the solution recommended for Pneumonia. SNUFFLES. — This is a common disease that usually gives way with warmth, good care and light, digestible food. Some- times it assumes a chronic form, as nasal gleet. lu such cases the animal had better be killed at once and buried. Give solu- tion recommended for Pneumonia. Cause pig to inhale steam. CHOKING. — This sometimes occurs by the animal trying to swallow something hard and too large for the throat. Symptoms. — Animal coughs and saliva runs from its mouth. When it tries to eat or drink, the food or water will run back out of its mouth- Treatment. — Pour down a tablespoonful or two of melted lai'd with lo drops Belladonna, and then if you can feel the obstruction in the neck passage, try and work it around so that it will go down. If in the back part of the mouth, open with a stick and remove obstruction with another stick or a pair of pincers. If these means do not succeed, use the probang as in cattle, pushing the obstruction down into the stomach. First tie a rope around the upper jaw and have the head held up; then place gag across the mouth, using as for cattle, but use a smaller probang. ACUTE INDIGESTION.— Causes. — ^Usually from a change of food. A pig that is poorly fed, gets into a field of peas or grain and overfeeds; or it may occur from too sudden a change in shutting up a pig to fatten. 582 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms.— Anveasl refuses to eat; seems bloated; very uneasy and in pain. If from causes as enumerated, the trouble is pretty sure to be indigestion. Treatment. — For a six months old pig to a yearling, give the following: Epsom Salts 3 tablespoonfuls Hyposulphite of Soda i teaspoonful. Ginger i tablespoonful. Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia i '■ Fluid Extract of Belladonna 10 drops. Mix in a ^ pint of luke warm water and pour it down the pig. Give every three or four hours until animal is relieved. Follow for a few days with powder recommended for Chronic Indigestion. In giving drench do not pour down too fast for fear of choking the animal. Death may result at any time from rupture of the stomach. STUNTED, OR CHRONIC INDIGESTION.~A com- mon trouble with pigs that have been put to solid food too soon after weaning; or poorly kept animals of any age. Is apt to follow preceding disease. May be also caused by worms. Symptoms. — Good appetite, but no corresponding results in growth. Treatment. — If caused by worms, treat as under that heading. If tbf trouble be from feeding, change back to simpler and more liquid food, and let the change to heavy food be more gradual. Give with the soft food: Gentian % pound. Bicarbonate of Soda J^ " Nux Vomica , J^ " Arsenic i drachm. ./Ifjjr thoroughly. Dose: One tablespoonful to each 6 to 12 pigs, according to age. Give in feed two or three times a day until they begin to thrive; also give twice a v/eek a handful of hardwood ashes, charcoal and salt, in their feed. DISEASES OF SWINE 582 CONSTIPATION— This is liable to affect swine of any age, but more often those of the stunted class. Causes. — In old hogs from having too much food, and being penned up too closely. In young pigs from indigestion and worms. TreatmbnT.— For young pigs give the following: Epsom Salts 2 teaspoonfuls. Ginger ^ teaspoonful. Bicarbonate of Soda % " Dissolve in a ^ cup of lukewarm water; give every day until the bowels get in good condi- tion. For yearlings the amount can be doubled, and proportionately more for older and larger hogs. Modify amount and repetition according to condition. From i to 4 ounces of raw I^inseed Oil or Castor Oil may also be given. In bad cases give the following: Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, 1 tea- spoonful to I tablespoonful. Fluid Extract Nux Vomica 5 to 10 drops. Water ^ teacupful. Mtx and give, repeating dose three times a day. DIARRHEA.— Causes. — Sudden change in kind of food; eating something frozen; excitement from being chased; or, in case of sucking pigs, from food or some disability in the sow. Symptoms. — Watery discharges; no appetite, but great thirst. Treatment. — In the case of sucking pigs, give the sow: Flour I teacupful. Bicarbonate of Soda i teaspoonful. Ginger I " Laudanum i to 2 teaspoonfuls. Lukewarm Water I quart. Mix and give. Repeat three times a day. Also give the pigs a few teaspoonfuls of the same three times a day. If this does not control, give each pig a little Blood Flour in a little water. 584 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR In ordinary cases — not sucking pigs — change food and give; Flour I teacupful. Bicarbonate of Soda I teaspoonful. Ginger 2 teaspoonfuls. I^audanum I teaspoonful. Water I quart. Mix and give as a drink three times a day. Also give a teaspoonful of Blood Flour in a little water to each pig three times a day. Have a mixture of charcoal, hard- wood ashes and salt where the animals can get at it. TURNING OUT OF THE RECTUM OR BACK BOWEL.— Causes. — Generally ' caused in young swine by getting too much dry food. The bowels become costive, and while straining to pass manure the bowel is turned out. Or where pigs rise on their hind feet in the pen when fed; by being caught while trying to jump some low fence the same results follow. Symptoms. — The back bowel bulges out in size from a half hen's egg to double or more that dimension. Treatment. — Syringe the protruding part with lukewarm water, with i ounce Alum or Copperas in each quart. Thoroughly clean, then oil the bulging part with: Melted Lard 2 parts. juaudanum '.... i part. And push it back to its normal place. If a small pig give it a drench of: Epsom Salts 2 teaspoonfuls. Lukewarm Water yi teacupful. And give: Fluid Extract Nux Vomica 3 to 5 drops. Castor Oil .... i to 3 ounces. Three times a day for a few days. Fasten the pig so that it cannot get up on its hind feet. Watch and oil and push back each time as soon as expelled. In -case the bowel becomes blackened and will not remain in, let it DISEASES OF SW INB 585 alone and the piece of dead bowel will drop off of its own accord, and the pig may be all right in a week or so, but keep the bowels moving freely as directed. WORMS. — Mostly seen in young swine. Symptoms. — The animal eats plenty but does not thrivewell; Sometimes small or very large worms may be seen in the manure that passes. Treatment. — * Give a handful of charcoal and hardwood ashes in the food twice a week. Give twice a day to each 6 to 8 pigs; one tea- spoonful of Copperas in their food. The following is also good: Tvirpentine j^ teaspoonful. Raw Linseed Oil 2 ounces. Mix. For Tapeworms, add to the oil and Turpentine: Oil Male Fern 15 to 30 drops. Areca Nut Powder I teaspoonful These are rarely present however. FITS IN YOUNG PIGS FROM WORMS.— Cause. — As stated in title. Symptoms. — ^^At first pig will probably be noticed as not thriving. After ", time it has fits. The legs begin jerking, the head and neck bend back, and it champs its teeth, and after a time, falls over as if dea,d. In a short time it gets up and seems well for a time, and then another fit ensues, until finally if not relieved it dies. Treatment. — For a pig two months old, mix and pour down the following drench: Turpentine }i teaspoonful. Raw Linseed Oil >^, teacupful. Repeat once a day until bowels move and pig is relieved, after which feed once a day powder as recommended in treatment of "Stunted Pigs," and once a day Copperas as recommended for Worms. 586 THE PRACTlCAlv STOCK DOCTOR MANGE, OR SCAB.— Is the product of a parasite {Sar- copetes suis) and should not be tolerated any more than the itch on mankind. Symptoms. — Itching, with a scurvy condition of the skin Treatment. — Give at once and thereafter, once a day for two weeks, the following; Sulphur yi ounce. Nitrate of Potash _ i drachm. Mix and give as one dose in the food. Wash the animals with same preparation as recommended for Scab in sheep; especially the Coal Tar products. Remove to clean quarters, with new bedding. Burn old bedding and white- wash with Quicklime, slaked with water in which Carbolic Acid has been added in the proportion of: Carbolic Acid 3 parts. Water loo " Paint the floor cracks and all surfaces outside and in. Do the job well. LICE. — Swine that are infested with lice will not do well; and there should be no reason for their having them. Treatment. — Put 2 teaspoonfuls Creolin in a pint of water, and with this solution go over the pig carefully with a brush, rubbing it well over him. Make a second application in about one week, and the cure is usually complete. Clean pen thoroughly and sprinkle Lime on the floor. Give them new and clean bedding. Wash pigs with some of the Coal Tar products or with Kerosene Emulsion: Kerosene Oil i gallon. Soft Water I " Hard Soap H pound. Cut the Soap into shavings and dissolve in the water by boiling; remove from the stove and add the oil while the suds is hot, and churn with a force pump until a thickish white cream is formed; then add about i2 gallons more of soft water and thoroughly mix, and the Emulsion is ready for tise. Apply warm. DISEASES OF SWINE 587 FOUNDER, OR SORE FEET.— This is not an un- common trouble in pigs that are fattening, when shut up in dose quarters, with hard floors. Driving on hard roads, or giving a feed of wheat when not used to it, will also cause the trouble. Symptoms. — The actions of the animal in trying to favor his front feet are obvious indications of this complaint; front feet kept out in front of him. Treatment. — If in summer, turn the affected animals out where they can have access to the soft ground. Pour water in the place where they lie every day, as the wet ground will be healing to the feet. Prepare the following: Sulphur ^ pound. Saltpeter % " Mix and give i teaspoonful to each, twice a day in soft or liquid food. In winter keep in dry, warm place, and keep bowels active with Epsom Salts, and give Saltpeter as above; feed light, sloppy food. In bad cases poultice the sore feet, and the animal will soon be well. WOUNDS. — Wounds may arise from various sources— the bite of a dog, or of other hogs; from a barbed wire fence, from nails or from other causes. Treatment. — If serious, it may be best to sew it up, using needle and thread as directed in Horse Department; put in stitches about i/i of an inch apart; but first wash out with warm water and apply freely Carbolic Acid lotion: Carbolic Acid 'A ounce. Water i pint. And dress each day afterward with the same solution by inject- ing it into the wound. If wound swells and looks red inject daily with: Acetate of Lead i ounce. Sulphate of Zinc K Carbolic Acid % " Water i pint. f 588 THE PRACTICAL, STOCK DOCTOR CASTRATION.— Pigs should be castrated at from two to ttree weeks old; never delay longer than the age of four weeks, since it requires about three weeks to recover from its effects before being weaned. In this operation with all animals use the Carbolic Acid solution freely: Carbolic Acid yi ounce. Water i pint. Have a dish of it, into which the knife and anything else to be used during the operation are placed a few minutes before commencing to operate, and when the knife is not being used during the operation, place it back in the solution, and not down on some dirty board. Before making the incision into the scrotum, dash a little of the solution onto it and wash it off; and after finishing the operation, just before letting the animal up, dash a little of the solution into each wound. If there is any undue swelling after a day or two, separate the edges of the wound and syringe out freely with this solution. Repeat daily if necessary. The operation with young pigs is very simple. I^et an assist- ant hold the pig on its back, with its head and shoulders between his knees and the legs spread apart. With a sharp knife cuf down into the scrotum, and onto the testicle; press it out from the scrotum and cut the thin attachment holding the testicle to front of scrotum, and with a jerk break the cord; or the cord may be cut with a dull pair of shears to prevent bleeding. Dash into the wounds a little of the Carbolic solution. If there is Swelling the second day, inject with the Carbolic solution. To castrate a boar, catch and turn him on his back and tie him securely. Place the right hand under the testicle and press it up to what is the top of the scrotum as the hog lies on his back; then take hold of the testicle with the left hand, and with a sharp knife in the right, make an incision in the sctotum large enough to allow the testicle to come out easily; commence the cut at the upper part so that there will be no pocket after hog is up As soon as testicle is out, separate the covering from the testicle, where it is attached on the front side, by cutting the thin attach- ment. Pull the testicle and cord out three or four inches and tie DISEASES OF SWINE 589 a strong cord tightly around the cord to prevent bleeding; leave the ends of the string four or five inches long so they will hang out of the cut. If catgut string is used ends need not be left long. As soon as the cord is tied, cut the testicle off half inch below where it is tied, and proceed in same manner with other. In case of ruptured pigs or boars — which will be known by the enlarged scrotum, from the bowels coming out into it, and which can be recognized by the fact that on pressure they will go back to place, and immediately return when pressure is removed. Ruptured pigs should be castrated when young. If an old boar, starve him for twenty-four hours to empty the bowels, and • they will go back to place easier. Have help enough to hold the hind end of the pig well up while you press the bowels back, and they will stay there while operating. Proceed as in other cases, except in making the incision be careful and do not cut through the last covering next to the testicle, but separate this from the outer covering and press it out along with the testicle; draw them down two or three inches aad tie the string tightly around the cord and covering, and then cut off both testicle and covering one inch below the string. As a safeguare^ against the bowel coming out, in case the string slips off, the incision in the scrotum can be sewed up. After a couple of days, if the bowels do not come down, cut out the stitches and syringe out the wound with the Carbolic Acid solution. If ruptured on one side only, remove the other testicle first. If a small pig, let him run with others; if a large one, keep him in a quiet place, and feed him very lightly for a few days. PARALYSIS. — Sometimes a pig will become paralysed in its rear limbs, being unable to use these members. Causes. — Sometimes obscure, at other times perhaps due to a blow or other injury to the back. Symptoms. — The animal has lost all use of the rear limbs, and when it moves drags the rear parts. These parts have also lost their feeling to a very great extent. In other respects animal may appear quite normal. 590 THK PRACTICAIy STOCK DOCTOR Treatment. — Rather unsatisfactory; feed on laxative food and give thrse times a day in the feed 5 to lo drops of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica. Apply to the loins once a day with liberal rubbing s good liniment, as: Strong Aqua Ammonia 2 ounces. Turpentine a " Raw Linseed Oil 4 " RHEUMATISM. — Pigs sometimes seem to be afFected with this trouble. While the exact cause is not known, animals kept in dark, damp quarters without opportunity for exercise are most subject to disorder. Symptoms. — These vary somewhat; the animal may be dull, partially ofE feed, and when it moves does so as if sore and stifi all over; in a more severe case, animal may refuse to get up, and cries with pain when forced to move; limbs may be swelled. Treatment. — Place in a warm, dry place, well littered, and feed sloppy food. For medium sized animal give 3 ounces of Epsom Salts. Also the following: Sweet Spirits of Niter i^ ounces. Fluid Extract Colciiicum Seed % drachm. Fluid Extract Belladonna i " Water 8 ounces. Dose: i ounce four times a day. Also give J^ drachm of Salicylic Acid in a little milk three or four times a day. Keep covered with woolen blankets. Bottles of hot water placed around the animal under the blanket would be good. BLACK TEETH IN YOUNG PIGS.— These are small. black teeth that are found in the mouth of young, new born pigs and which continue to grow for some time after; but after a time they may drop out of their own accord. Sometimes, however, they grow in such a manner as to cut the tongue or cheek, and tmless attended to cause the pig coHsiderable annoyance. DISEASES OF SWINE 59i Trbatment. — When a pig is not thriving, examine his mouth to see that he is not suffering from laceration caused by such teeth, and if so, pull at once. If no laceration look elsewhere for cause of unthriftiness. FRACTURE OF A LEG.— Causes. — M.siy be from various sources. A kick; getting the foot through a hole in the floor; being struck with a stone, and the like. Treatment. — If it is a fat animal and about ready to kill, butcher it at once. If a valuable animal and one you wish to keep, and the bones do not come through the skin, it may be worth the trial of saving. Take a long bandage of cotton, soak it in a thick starch, as for starching clothes, draw it between the fingers, and scrape with a knife to get out a portion of the starch so it will dry quicker, then roll it up so it will be in shape to handle. Set the broken bone in place and wind the bandage on moderately tight. After it is on keep the leg and bandage straight until the bandage hardens. Keep the animal quiet, feeding it so it will not have to stir around. In three or four weeks, when the leg is healed, remove bandage by cutting it off. If break is in hip or where it cannot be set and bandaged, leave pig in quiet place, and sometimes the broken bone will knit together. Read article in Horse Department for fuller details. FARROWING, OR PIGGING.— The average time of gestation for sows is three months, three weeks and three days. There is, however, a variation of from twenty to thirty days. Young and weak sows carry their young a shorter time than older and stronger ones. In about a month and a half the sow begins to get large, and continues doing so until farrowing time. When the time comes, see that there is abundant short material for a bed, and in good warm quarters if in winter. Nothing is more susceptible to cold than a newly born pig. A temperature of not lower than 65 is necessary until properly dried off and the 592 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR teat is taken; then a temperature of not under 50^60 would be better — is necessary for their doing well. Just before the time approaches, the sow becomes uneasy and starts to make her bed. If disturbed she makes a fuss and seems excited. When the bed is made she seems sick and lies down; the labor pains come on; she will strain and the water bag will appear and break. If all is ' right she will soon be delivered of one; the front feet and head should come first, but sometimes the hind feet come first. In a few minutes she will strain again and another will soon be deliv- ered, and so on until the litter is complete. After this there is usually no trouble, unless there is too much bedding and she smothers or lies on the pigs. Sometimes in farrowing a pig will come crooked and get lodged in the passage, in which case the sow must be assisted. The pig may be coming head first with the front feet turned back, or coming breech first with the legs turned in under it, and in examination all you can feel is the tail and rump. If the sow is large enough, oil with Carbolized I^ard and pass your hand into the passage; if the front legs are turned back, shove it back into the womb; catch the legs with youi- finger and bring them up even with the head, then pull legs and it will come right. If coming backward and the hind legs are turned under, shove the pig back into the womb and straighten out the legs so that the hind feet will come first. In doing tbis kind of work always have the hand well oiled and try and not bruise the passage, for it will swell and make the work still more difficult. If the pig is crowded well back in the passage- way with the front feet bent back, it may be possible to extract it without correcting the position by catching hold of the head with a pair of pig forceps, or by slipping a looped string into the mouth and slipping it down tight onto one of the jaws, or by crowding the looped end beyond the head and twisting down tight. A hooked wire may be used to advantage at times, especially if the pig is dead. A pig should not be allowed to block the passageway for any great length of time, as those un- born are apt to die if the straining is kept up. Gentleness is required in all this work, and everything used should be clean and well oiled. Read discussion of subject in Horse and CATTtB Dbpartments. DISEASES OF SWINE 593 FEVER IN SOWS. — This disease is occasionally met witli in sows, from varying causes. Symptoms. — When the pigs are farrowed and go to the teat they can get no milk, knd on examination it will be found that the teats are soft instead of being full and hard, showing that no milk is being secreted. The sow seems sick and is feverish; takes but little or no notice of the little ones; will not eat, but is very thirsty and will drink a great deal if where she can get it. Treatment.— To a good sized sow give 4 ounces of Epsom Salts. Also give; Sweet Spirits of Niter yi ounce. Fluid Extract of Belladonna 5 to 10 drops. Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica 10 " Water 4 ounces. Repeat four times a day. Give soft feed, bathe milk glands three times a day with hot water, rubbing dry after each bathing and rubbing freely with: Spirits of Camphor 3 parts. Turpentine i part. Wipe ofE any excess of liniment so it will not irritate the pig' s mouth. Keep the pigs sucking to encourage a flow of milk. Feed the pigs milk from a new milch cow, reducing the milk one-third with water and sweetening it with sugar. Feed with a spoon or let them suck from a bottle. By keeping up treatment, not forgetting to keep pigs at the teat as much as possible for a few days, the sow will probably corde round to normal condition. INFLAMMATION OF THE MILK GLANDS IN A SOW.— Ca«i o cer PLATFORM NEiTS HZS1& MeSTS Fig. 7— Sectional View of Platform and Nests animals, and which is no longer needed for those purposes. Such a building may be easily fitted for poultry by cutting a small door m one side and placing roosts and nests in the interior. DISEASES OF POULIRY 613 INEXPENSIVE STRUCTURES.— In case there is no building suitable for remodeling into a poultry house, an Inexpensive lean-to may be built (Fig. i), or a new building Fig. 8— Sectional "View of Concealed or Darltened Nest constructed. A house for this purpose should be planned with a view to simplicity, economy and convenience, while supplying the conditions proper for successful poultry keeping. One of the simplest forms of poultry house is shown in Fig. 2, and the ground f Hig. 9— Concealed or Darkened Nest ei4 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR plan of the same, Fig. 3. A scratching shed may be attached to the side of this house, as in Figs. 4 and 5, which, if desired, may be inclosed in front with poultry wire, so as to keep the birds confined. FITTINGS.— Roosts. — ^The details of construction of j roosts are seen in Fig. 6. The important points are nearly flat or rounded surface on the upper side and as few cracks and crevices as possible in it^at«~4 Fig. 10 — Scratching Room Under Poultry House which vermin may hide. The roosts may be made of 2 x 3 inch scantling, and should be put in so that they can be easily removed at any time for cleaning and disinfection. A platform is often placed under the roosts to catch the droppings, and the nests are placed under this platform. In the house, such as Fig. 7, the manure platform may be dispensed with and the nest boxes placed along the front or sides of the building. Nests. — ^The simplest form of nest is a box placed upon the floor of the poultry house. With heavy fowls, which are apt to break their eggs ia fighting away other hens that try to enter DISEASES OF POUI.TRY 6iS their nests when they are laying, and thus acquire the habit of egg-eating, a more concealed or dark nest may be necessary. See Figs. 8 and 9. Floor. — One of the most troublesome parts of the poultry house to make satisfactory is the floor. Many use earth floors, but these are often damp, especially, and induce rheumatism, colds, roup, digestive disorders, and various other diseases. Some have put in cement floors, but have found these cold and also more or less damp. Probably a good cement floor laid on Kg. II— Double Poultry House with Scratching Sheds broken stone and covered with a few inches of earth, would be satisfactory if not too expensive. A board floor 6 or 8 inches above the earth, with a good ventilation under it, is dry but' too cold except in the South. A good double flooring, laid tightly with building paper between, or a good single flooring covered iROVHO PLM. OPCN SHca ] mm OPCN SHta BOOH oaoft. Fig. 12 — Ground Plan of Double Poultry House -with Scratching Sheds with a few inches of dry earth, is probably the best. In all cases of board floors there should be sufficient space beneath for venti- lation and to guard against the lodgment of rats. GOOD PLANS. — A good style of poultry house, with scratching room under it, is shown in Fig. 10. In case more than one flock is to be kept, the plan shown in Figs. 11 and 12 have been found satisfactory, and may be mutiplied to any extent by 6i5 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR adding to the ends. With such houses there may be fenced runs at the back or front, or on both sides, so that the birds may be kept confined. SPACE TO BE ALLOWED.— The amount of space to be allowed to each bird depends upon the size of each bird, whether a shed is attached to the house or whether the fowls Fig. 13 — Common A-shaped Coop with Sliding Slat have a free run of the open fields. For birds in confinement there should be from 6 to 15 square feet for each adult bird in case there is no shed attached to the house, and with a shed this space may be reduced about one-half. The yards should be large enough to allow exercise in the open air, and to furnish more grass than the birds will eat. This will vary from 60 to 150 square feet per adult fowl. The open shed facing the south, where the birds can be induced to hunt for their food and take Fig. 14— Chicken Coop with Inclosed Run exercise at all seasons of the year, and where they can enjoy the pleasure of scratching and dusting themselves in the sunshine, even in wiflter months, is of great assistance in maintaining the DISKASKS OF POULTRY 617 health and productiveness of the flock. The roosting space allowed should be 6 to 8 inches for the smaller breeds, 8 to 10 inches for the medium breads, and 10 to 12 inches for the larger breeds. Fi^. 15 — Chicken Coop with I^arge and Inclosed Hawk-proof and Cat-proof Run VENTILATION.— Poultry houses should be well ven- tilated, but so arranged that drafts will not strike the birds. "Windows and doors should be provided in such locations ftiat the sun may shine into the building a considerable part of the day. Sunshine is required both to keep the house dry and to destroy the various forms of infection. Fig. 16— Coop with Glass-covered Run POULTRY COOPS.— A liberal supply of coops should be provided for the confinement of hens with broods of small chicks, and for those hens which insist upon setting at inconvenient times. A few days in solitary retirement will usually break up the desire to set, and the hens will soon after resume laying-. 6i8 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR A common A-shaped coop is one of the easily constructed and convenient forms in use. The one disadvantage connected with it is the difficulty of removing the feeding and drinking vessels for cleaning, or of catching a bird in it without danger of some other bird escaping. To obviate this, one of the slats may be made to slide, as in Fig. 13. The opening made by sliding this slat is sufficient to admit the hand and arm so that any part of the coop may be reached without leaving an avenue of escape unguarded. Other forms of coops for the same purpose are shown at Figs. 14 and 1 5 . For early hatched chicks, which come out when the atmospheric temperature is so low as to be injurious to them, a combination of coop and glass-covered run, as shown in Pig. 16, has been found very useful, FEED TROUGHS AND DRINKING FOUNTAINS.— Two forms of feed troughs are represented in Fig. 17. For the small chicks the troughs must be very shallow, or for the few Fig. 17 Two Forms of Feed Troughs Fig. 18 A Drinking Fountain Made of a tan days the feed may be placed upon a square piece of board, Numerous forms of drinking fountains have been devised, i good fountain is easily made by cutting a small hole in a tin can, as shown in Fig. 18, filling the can with water, covering with a shallow pan or vessel of any kind, and then inverting the whole, The shallow vessel will remain filled with water as high as the top of the aperture, until the can is exhausted. It is -important DISEASKS OF POUIyTRY 619 that fresh, pure water should always be accessible to fowls, and the drinking fountains should be cleaned and filled two or three times a day, if possible, and under no circumstances less frequently than once a day. RANGING OF FOWLS.— Poultry may be raised with the greatest economy on the large farms of the country, where there is unlimited range, and exhaustless supply of insects and worms, and an abundance of seeds and grains going to waste 'Fig. 19— Colony House which poultry alone can utilize. Under such circumstances fowls take care of themselves so well and are so energetic in seeking their food that they are either forgotten and allowed to shift for themselves when they really need attention and assistance, or they are regarded as a nuisance because they do a little damage 620 THK PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Fig, 20— Colony House Fig. 2X— Colony House DISEASES OF POUI^TRY 63, When fenced away from the gardens and flower beds, fowls, do little damage and cause scarcely any annoyance on a farm. On the other hand they do an immense amount of good in the protection of crops by the destruction of injurious insects, larvae and worms. COLONIES. — Sometimes it is advisable to divide the farm flock into colonies, and place these at different points on the farm, in order to secure additional range; to remove the birds tem- porarily to a distance from certain crops, or for other purposes. In this case cheap, light and easily handled colony houses (Figs. 19, 20 and 21) may be constructed and placed where the fowls are desired to range. After being confined in these houses. a few nights the birds will adopt them as their habitations and return to them. — U. S. Bulletin. A TEN DOLLAR POULTRY HOUSE.— A cheap and at the same time substantial poultry house, containing 100 square feet of floor space, can be built for ten dollars by any man or boy of ordinary ingenuity. All the tools needed are a saw, hatchet, square and screw driver. These are usually the property of aMy householder. The materials used are: 200 feet of 8-foot fencing, ?t I14.50 $ 3 4? 200 feet of lo-foot flooring (2d quality), $16 2 96 4 ten-foot boards, 12 inches wide, at ^18 72 3 two-by-four scantling, 10 feet long 21 2 bundles lath 30 2 second-hand sashes i 00 20 pounds tar paper, at 3c 60 1 pair half-strap hinges 15 Nails, etc., and paint .' 58 Total |io 00 The fencing comes 6 inches wide, and the flooring about the same width. No posts are used' in this plan, and the house is none the less strong. To construct it, first saw twenty of the fencing boards to 6 feet long for the back of the house, and saw the waste ends of these to 2 feet long. Rip one of the 12 inch boards into two 6 inch boards, one of which is for the bas6 of the 622 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR back of house, and the other is to be again ripped into two 3 inch strips, upon which nail the 2 feet fencing pieces, leaving two pieces loose near each end of the doors. This forms tlie base of / /^ I i > -, f ^ ( \ Fig. 1 the front. The base of the whole house can now be nailed to- gether, using two of the wide boards for the sides. The front base slants outward (see Fig. i). The frame is then constructed by erecting a long fencing board at three feet from the front end of each side base and a shorter one at rear end of each, as Fig. i, which shows these boards trimmed to fit Fig. i under the roof. Th-ese two sets of uprights are then connected by scantling for the roof; under the ends of these scantling fenc- ing boards are nailed, which hold the third scantling in place to support the center of the roof. The top of the longest board is DISEASES OF POULTRY 623 then connected with the front base by a fencing board, and two boards nailed across the front to support the sash. The whole frame is then complete. Figs. I and 2 show the full details of the frame. The boards for back, sides and roof can then be nailed on, flooring boards being used for roof. When the sashes are adjusted in their proper places on the front, with strips of tin above them to turn water, flooring boards are sawed to proper length and fitted on. The ventilator is made with four flooring boards- its lower end is near the floor at center of house. The remaining 1 2 inch board is for base of the partition, a narrower board for top and lath nailed on close, divides the house into two compartments for two pens for fowls, or a pen of fowls and room for young chicks, or two rooms for young chicks of Fig- 3 different ages. The cracks on sides and back of house are stripped with lath; the inside of house is lined with tar paper, and the roof and front painted with a cheap mineral paint, which renders the house waterproof, as the boards are tongued and grooved. This makes it warm enough for almost any latitude. For the soath the strips and tar paper might be dispensed with. The slant of sash is sufficient to shut out the perpendicular rays of the sun in summer and flood the whole floor with warmth in winter. An outside door and a gate in the partition makes the whole house of easy access. The small doors for fowls are made on the trap door principle, and open and close by a cord attached to 624 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR the fastening bolt, which is heavy enough to fall into place when the cord is slackened. SufiScient scrap pieces will be left to make feed, dust and nest boxes, and the inside arrangements can be made to suit the owner. The floor is earth, packed hard and covered with gravel; on top of which for young chicks scatter grass. It will readily be seen this plan can be extended an indefinite length by the addition of three posts every lo feet to support the roof. — American Poultry Journal . POULTRY POINTERS.— A successful raiser of poultry gives the following pointers in the Standard American Poultry Book: In raising poultry or stock of any kind it should b- the aim of everyone to keep it healthy and improve it. You can do it very easily by adopting some systematic rules. These may be sumpied up as follows: I. — Construct your house good and warm, so as to avoid damp floors and afford a flood of sunshine. Sunshine is better than medicine. 2. — Provide a dusting and scratching place where you can bury wheat and corn, and thus induce the fowls to take a needful exercise. 3. — Provide yourself with some good healthy chickens, never to be over three or four years old, giving one cock to every twelve hens. 4.— Give plenty of fresh air at all times, especially in summer. 5. — Give plenty of water daily, and never allow the fowls to go thirsty. 6. — Feed them systematically two or three times a day. Scatter the food so they can't eat it too fast or without proper exercise. Do not feed more than they will eat up clean, or they will get tired of that kind of feed. 7. — Give them a variety of both dry and cooked feed. A mixture of cooked meat and vegetables is an excellent thing for their morning meal. DISEASKS OF POUIyfRY 625 8. — Give soft feed in the morning and the whole grain at night, except a little wheat and cracked corn placed in the scratching places to give them exercise during the day. 9- —Above all things, keep the house clean and well venti- lated. 10. --Do not crowd too many into one house; if you do, look out for disease. 1 1 . — Use Carbolic Powder occasionally in the dusting bins to destroy lice. 12. — Wash your roosts and bottom of laying nests, and whitewash once a week in summer and once a month in winter. 13. — Let the o'ld and young have as large a range as pos- sible, the larger the better. 14. — Don't breed too many kinds of fowls at the same time, unless you are going into the business. Three or four kinds will more than keep your hands full. 15. — Introduce new blood into your stock every year or so, by either buying a cockerel or a setting of eggs from some reliable breeder. 16. — In buying birds or cages, go to some reliable breeder who has his reputation at stake. You may have to pay a little more for birds, but you can depend on what you get. Culls are not cheap at any price. 17. — Save the best birds for next year's breed, and send the others to market. In shipping fancy poultry to market send it dressed. ARTICLES OF POULTRY DIET. — Potatoes are rather poor food used alone, contributing almost nothing to the fatty tissues, and very little, if anything, to the growth of bone. They are, however, quite useful, if boiled and mashed Up with other things which can supply that which they lack. Indian corn or oatmeal are good things to mix with them. Broom-corn seed is sometimes fed. It will not be eaten whole, at least not with great relish, but must be ground. 6s6 THB PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR GreeO'CUt bone is excellent for the fowls, as they enjoy it, but care should be taken to see that the bones are fresh. Scalded eurd may sometimes make up a part of the poultry bill of fare. Brewers' grains, if fed alone, cause diarrhea. If kept on liand they are liable to ferment. To prevent this, put them into a hogshead two-thirds full, and fill up with cold water. The grain was waterlogged before, and a little more water does no harm. Fine hay, or rowen, or clover, or alfalfa chopped, and then soaked or scalded, is excellent for winter use. Cocoanut meats — namely, the outer part of the kernel — dried (ground), are prepared at the factories, and sold at a rate not much higher per pound than pork scraps. Fowls are said to relish them highly. Hemp seed, in limited quantities, is used to give a gloss to the plumage. It makes the plumage of quails black. If fed daily it is injurious to poultry. Millet is excellent for small chickens, being easily swallowed by them. Simflower seed may be fed freely. It promotes laying, increases the gloss of the plumage, and the general health. Charcoal must be furnished in small pieces. In some cir- cumstances fowls crave it and will devour it with avidity. Fowls enjoying a free range seldom care for it, however, which indicates of course that they do not need it, — Poultry World, THE DOG LESSON XXVIII DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT Much of the sickness occurring among dogs is due to ^norance as to cleanliness and the proper method of feeding. One of the most important things to be considered in the care of a dog is his feeding. The same general rule may be observed in the feeding of dogs, no matter what breed they may belong to, though the character and quantity of the food should differ somewhat, according to the breed of the dog and the use to which he is put. Small house or pet dogs certainly do not require the same emount of nutrition that hunting dogs do, as in the former there is little waste of tissue, while in the latter, from the violent character of the exercise he undergoes while at work, there is great waste of tissue, which must necessarily be supplied through the diet. One general rule may be observed in the feeding of all puppies, no matter what may be their breed, from the time of their weaning until they reach the age of maturity, which varies somewhat according to breed. For instance, the smaller breeds, such as toy terriers and pet dogs, mature at the age of about fifteen months, whereas the larger breeds, such as mastiffs and St. Bernards, are hardly thoroughly matured at the age of two years. THE PROPER FOOD FOR PUPPIES.— Puppies are usually weaned at the age of five or six weeks. For about three weeks after that time it is advisable to keep them almost ex- clusively on a milk diet, allowing a little stale bread which may be broken in the milk, which should always be well boiled, as sweet milk unboiled not only engenders worms, but also is liable to cause serious looseness in the bowels, owing to the marked 628 THK PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR difference between the cow's milk and that furnished by the • puppy's mother. The former lacks the sugar of milk which strongly predominates in the mother's milk. After the third week soup may be allowed, also a small quantity of well cooked meat, chopped fine. As the character of the puppy's stomach changes, so must his food. The best soup is beef or mutton broth. From this time on vegetable diet may be gradually introduced. The old, fallacious idea of feeding puppies on milk and meal has long since been abandoned by the best informed breeders. For as the dog is by nature carniverous I consider he requires some meat diet to enable him to enjoy perfect health and strength, and it is especially requisite that while a puppy is growing he should be provided with such food as will make bone and muscle. We frequently find defective nutrition in the bone structure, causing what is generally termed Rickets, which is made evident by crooked limbs and enlarged joints. This malady may be pre- vented by giving in the food Carbonate and Phosphate of I,ime, which are bone making materials. From the age of six months to one year puppies should be fed not less than three times daily. Thereafter twice a day is sufficient, feeding lightly in the morning and making their even- ing meal the chief one, as digestion goes on much better in a dog while at rest than in action. FOOD FOR GROWN DOGS.— No dog in health can ba fed better than from the scrapings from the table, whereby he gets a variety of diet, consisting of meat, bread and well cooked vegetables of all kinds. Potatoes are not so easily digested by dogs as other kinds of vegetables, and consequently should be well mashed. From the fact that a dog's stomach closely approaches in character that of a human being, one may say that what is good for a man is good for a dog. The old idea of keeping dogs on corn meal to a great extent is a very erroneous one, as it not only is deficient in nutrition, but is also very heating to the blood. Dogs require some cooling food, which is only obtained through a vegetable diet. DISKASES OF THE DOG 629 A pet dog of course requires a small amount of food com- pared with that needed by a hunting dog. The latter may be allowed all the meat they can consume while they are at work, for in no animal is the waste of tissue so rapid as in this dog. A dog taken into the field in the morning comparatively fat will return at night after a hard day's work showing a loss in weight of between three and five pounds, enough to make the animal appear thin. HINTS ABOUT KENNELS.— To begin with, kennels should be kept scrupulously clean and disinfected as frequently as is necessary, which is probably once or twice a week. I con- sider the most effective germicide to be a solution of Bichloride of Mercury — Bichloride of Mercury, i part; Water, 1,000 parts; use with caution; or Creolin — sufficient is used to turn water white. The Creolin solution is non-poisonous and is very good. Keimels should be located on high, dry ground having proper drainage, as dampness is apt to cause rheumatism. Dogs should at all times have access to fresh, cool water. As a summer bedding, nothing is better than cedar or pine shavings, as fleas do not take kindly to the odors of these woods. Regular exercise of at least two hours a day is almost im- perative to a dog's well-being. Few if any dogs kept in the city get this amount of exercise, and are in consequence more liable to sickness than dogs kept in the country, especially those that are at liberty at all times. No dog should have a chain put on him before he is'one year of age, except sufficiently to chain-break him. A dog raised from puppyhood on the chain, which is a direct contradiction to nature, wUl, by pulling on the chain, combined with a lack of exercise, become ill-shapen in limbs and body. It is exercise and good feeding which develop our most perfect specimens. EXERCISE AND GROOMING.— Once a week is quite often enough for a dog to be washed, first using tepid and rinsing with cold water. He should then be rubbed as dry as possible and encouraged to play or exercise until he is thoroughly dry. 630 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR In order to keep a dog's coat in nice condition he should be groomed daily, using a stiff bristle brush, which is far preferable to the wire brushes sometimes used for that purpose, as it does not irritate the skin, but improves the capillary or surface circu- lation. The above rules apply generally to all dogs. H. Clay Glover, D. V. S. DISTEMPER.— This is the bane of the canine. It is very common in dogs from three to six months of age, but afflicts them at all ages, especially during the fall, winter and spring months. It is contagious. Causes. — It is caused by a parasite or germ getting into the blood. Symptoms. — There is langor, loss of appetite and redness of eyes; nose hot and dry; urine high colored; bowels sometimes constipated and sometimes loose, but discharges always offensive; there is much disinclination to move. In a few days hair becomes dry; there is discharge from nose, eyes, and sometimes from penis. Symptoms become more aggravated. If bowels are the seat of complications there will be black, offensive feces, streaked with mucus. If skin is affected there will be pustules inside the thighs, arms and along the belly; these fill and discharge a dark watery matter. If in the brain, there is great heat; a desire to raise head up against hand when stroking, and fits usually follow. Treatment. — The treatment is simple. Isolate dog from all companions in a dry, warm room with good ventilation, and encourage appe- tite by nourishing foods, such as broths, new milk, etc. At the outset of the disease give a teaspoonful of the following mixture: Tincture of Aconite i^ drachms. Spirits of Niter 2 ounces. Muriate of Ammonia i}4 drachms. Chlorate of Potash 3 " Syrup of Orange Water to make. 4 ounces. Give as above every two hours until 6 doses have been given; then four times a day until fever subsides. DISEASES OF THE DOG 63 1 Follow this with equal parts Saltpeter, Sulphur and Powdered Gentian, by weight; mix thoroughly; give a large dog V2 teaspoon- f ul three times a day in milk or on tongue, and allow him plenty of fresh water to drink; wash discharges from his nose and eyes and afterward dry them with a soft cloth. If bowels are costive, give from a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful of the Syrup of Buck- thorn, according to size, once a day until the bowels move freely; then once or twice a week to keep them in condition, but never use drastic purgatives. Treat complications which may arise, as Chorea, Fits, or I/Ung troubles, as directed under those headings. COLDS, COUGHS AND LUNG DISEASES.— Dogs often catch cold, cough, run at the nose, sneeze and have consid- erable fever, which condition, if neglected, may run into pneu- monia. If taken at the start, give: Tincture of Aconite Root ]i drachm. Water 4 ounces. Mix and give i teaspoonful together with 2 or 3 grains of Quinine three times a day. If the affection has run on into a cough and discharge from the nose, rub Mustard paste well into the throat and give: Tintsture of Aconite Root Yz drachm. Syrup of Squills i " Syrup of Ipecac 2 drachms. Spirits of Niter 3 " "Water to make 4 ounces. Mix and give i teaspoonful three times a day. If the lungs are affected and there is a short, distressing cough and rapid, painful breathing, accompanied with a slight grunt at each expiration, apply Mustard paste to the sides, rub- bing it well into the hair and covering to retain the fumes. After en hour sponge it off with tepid water and repeat the application. Give the following until the fever is broken: Tincture of Aconite Root 30 drops. Sweet Spirits of Niter yi, ounce. Tincture of Gentian H Syrup of Tolu 2 ounces. Water to make 4 Mix and give i teaspoonful every two hours. 632 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR When fever is gone, give: Elixir of Calisaya, Iron and Bismuth 2 ounces. Syrup of Tolu 2 " Chlorate of Potash 3 drachms. Water to make 6 ounces. Mix and, give i tablespoonful every three or four hours. Continue the Quinine right through. Feed lightly and see that there is good ventilation, but avoid drafts and have a tem- perature of about -60 to 62. FITS. — This is a common ailment in a dog, owing to a highly developed nervous system. Causes. — Worms; indigestion, overeating, etc. Symptoms. — There is champing of jaws; frothing at the mouth; delirium; the dog falls, works his legs violently, and after a minute or so gets quiet; very soon gets up, shakes himself, looks around rather wildly as though bewildered for the moment, and in a few moments is as well as ever until another comes on. Each fit weakens him more and more, and he may finally die from exhaustion. Treatmbnt. — Nothing can be done until the fit is over. Then give a dose of Castor Oil — i to 3 tablespoonfuls, according to size of dog— and inject into rectum the following: Sulphuric Ether i ounce. Laudanum 1 " Water 2 ounces. Mix and inject i teaspoonful into the rectum occasionally, After one-half hour begin on the following: Bromide of Potash 2 drachms. Water 6 " Mix and give i tablespoonful until the Oil operates. Should there be more fits, continue for twelve hours longer. If fits do not return, give three times a day for a couple of days. If worms are suspected treat for them. DISEASES OI? THE DOG 633 GOITRE, OR SWELLED NECK.— This is an enlarge- ment of the thyroid gland, situated at the side of the neck, two or three inches from the throat. It has been known to grow as large as the fist, and frequently interferes with the breathing by pressing on the windpipe. May be on both sides. Treatment. — Paint it once a day with the Tincture of Iodine, or instea4 of that: Iodide of Potash 2 drachms. Lard 2 ounces. Mix and rub it on once a day. Will usually yield to treatment in a few weeks. DIARRHEA. — ^This is not a very common disease in dogs, but is sometimes produced by a change of food. Treatment. — Keep the dog quiet and give him boiled milk with a little dry flour in it, and in many cases this will be sufficient. If this is not sufficient give a large dog: Laudanum % drachm. Whiskey i tablespoonful. Boiled Milk and Flour }i cup. Repeat three times a day until well. Sometimes a dose of Castor Oil at the outset will be effectual without treatment. Proper care and surroundings should sup- plement the treatment. CONSTIPATION. — ^This is quite a common disease among dogs. Symptoms. — There is little or no action of the bowels; dog Strains, and what little is passed is hard and dry. Is dull and will not eat. Treatment. — Give a large dog a dose of Castor Oil, % ounce, repeating in ten hours if bowels do not move. Soapy water injections may also be used to assist action. Or, give to a large dog Vj ounce 634 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Syrup Buckthorn, night and morning, until bowels move. Give new milk for food and see that he has moderate exerdse. En- courage dog to eat Oat Meal, well cooked, and vegetables; well cooked I/iver is also beneficial. INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.— Causes. — Eating caustic substances; from poisons, or from lying too long on cold, icy ground. Symptoms. — There will be whining; uneasiness; frequent getting up and down; pain on pressiu-e of the belly; high fever; rapid pulse; hurried breathing and constipation. TSHATMENT. — First, give y^, ounce Castor Oil with a tablespoonful Olive Oil in it to a large dog. In a half hour give the following: Tincture Aconite Root ^ drachm. Water 4 ounces. Mix, give i tablespoonful of mixture and repeat every half hour. Give smt to j/ grain of Morphine every three to four hours to allay pain, and apply a Linseed Meal poultice, with a table- spoonful of Mustard in it, wet up with hot water, to the bowels. Injections of warm water are helpful. WORMS. — The two principal kinds of worms that trouble the dog are tapeworms and round worms, and we give treatment for those. Symptoms. — The general symptoms of worms are: Generally a good appetite, but does not thrive; dry, staring coat; cough, with a desire to vomit; sometimes vomit worms; diarrhea or constipation; sometimes worms seen in manure; if badly affected or reduced, fits are apt to follow. In some instances there may be bloody passages and a pot-bellied look. Treatment. — For round worms give every morning for a week before feeding the following: Santonine 4 grains. Sulphuret of Iron 2 " SugarofMilk 20 " Powder and mix and give as one dose. DISEASES OF THE DOG 635 Follow the last dose with a dose of Castor Oil, 2 tablespoon- fuls, with 10 drops Turpentine in it. Repeat the treatment at the end of three weeks. Or, give % drachm Oil of Male Shield Fern in 4 tablespoonfuls Milk every third day until bowels move well and animal is free of worms. Put well back in his mouth and hold his head until swallowed. For Tapeworm have the dog fast for 24 hours, and then give him i drachm Areca Nut, coarsely powdered, and made into a piU with syrup. In four or five hours give 2 tablespoon- fuls Castor Oil, and when it has operated give: Male Shield Fern 20 drops. Olive Oil I tablespoonful. Mixed together. Examine passages carefully to find head of tapeworm, and if this does not come away, repeat after two weeks. This dose is for large dogs; give small or young dogs proportionately less. MANGE. — Mange is caused by a mite-like organism that burrows into the skin. It spreads all over the body, but mostly affects the skin on the back, head and neck. It will spread by contagion, even to human beings. Symptoms.— Tasx^ is intense itching, and the dog will scratch, rub and bite himself until the hair falls off, and in some cases the skin gets so sore and irritated that it will bleed. It usually appears first on elbows, fore legs, around eyes, on belly, in the flanks, and down inside the thighs, but soon spreads to all parts of the body, being characterized by a reddish, pimply eruption, with scaly patches between pimples, and by loss of hair. There is also a disagreeable odor. Treatment. — Clip off hair and wash thoroughly with soapy water; rub dry and apply the following wash, rubbing into the skin all over the body: Creolin 2 tablespoonfuls. Water i pint Repeat once a day until the dog stops scratch- ing himself, skin heals and hair starts out. t 636 T HE PRACTICAIy STOCK DOCTOR In addition give a large dog i teaspoonf ul of Sulphur in milk twice a day. Or, instead of Creolin, piake an ointment of: Sulphur 2 ounces. Lard 2 " Mix and apply once a day; but washing need not be repeated unless more than four applications are required. In case of prolonged treatment, wash every fourth day. Use discretion about washing and clipping when weather is cold. The kennel must be thoroughly renovated and disinfected, using boihng water and soap, and solution of Carbolic Acid, or one part Corrosive Sublimate to 1,000 parts water, to destroy germs. RINGWORM.— Cause. — A parasite that causes considerable local irritation. Symptoms. — The elevation of the skin in the form of a ring, which spreads by the ring increasing in size, the skin becoming scaly and rough, and soon the hair drops off. Treatmsnt. — Wash with soapy water and apply the following: Oil of Tar. i ounce. Whale Oil 20 ounces. Mix and rub in -well. This remedy is also good for Mange. FLEAS. — These are very troublesome to dogs, and occasion him and others a great deal of regret. Trsatment. — Clean the kennel and put in clean bedding. Use Persian Insect Powder Uberally, dusting down into the roots of the hair, around on carpets if dog is kept in the house, and on places where he is accustomed to lie. Or use the Creolin wash, as in Mange — 2 tablespoonfuls Creolin in a pint of water, repeating every three or fotir days. The following ointment is also recommended: Oil of Anise i ounce. Olive Oil 10 ounces. Mix and rub well into the hair, washing off after six hours. DISEASES OF THE DO G 637 LICE. — ^There are two kinds of lice that sometimes trouble dogs — the blood-sucking and the bird lice. Treatmbint. — These may be eradicated with the Creolin wash, as in Mange and Fleas, or by sifting wood ashes into the hair; by oiling the dog with Whale Oil and washing it off a few hours afterward, or washing him in an infusion of tobacco. SORE EYES.— This is an inflammation of the eye and its covering. Catcses. —From something getting into eyes; or from a bite or scratch, or any other irritant. Symptomi'. — Eyes are red and inflamed, and after a time a film will come over the sight; sometimes the eyelids are swollen and tears run from the comers. Treatment.— Examine eye for the presence of foreign matter and remove it if found; then apply the following eye water: Boracic Acid 20 grains. Distilled Water 2 ounces. Mix and apply hot to eye twice each day after bathing with hot water. Or: Sulphate of Zinc J^ drachm. Sugar of Lead % " Fluid Extract of Belladonna 15 drops. Water 4 ounces. Mix and apply to the eyes after bathing with new milk. CANKER OF THE EAR.— This is a common disease of dogs. Causes. — Improper and high feeding; and also said to be common in dogs that run through long, wet grass. Symptoms. — Shaking the head and scratching the ear; there is a discharge from the ear that has a bad odor; dog holds his head to one side. 638 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Treatmbnt. — Give a vegetable diet for a time. Thoroughly syringe ear with warm water and apply Oxide of Zinc Ointment, or apply a lotion of: Sugar of Int- Mix and inject a little twice a day. POISONS AND ANTIDOTES.— When a dog has been poisoned the first thing to do is to give an emetic— a teaspoonf ul 644 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR each of mustard and salt, in a little warm water — ^just luke- warm. If this does not vomit him in a minute, repeat it, and if it still does not act, give a half teaspoon Blue Vitriol in a little warm water, or the same quantity of the Sulphate of Zinc; then give a few swallows of milk, or a raw egg, or a little Olive Oil. A tablespoonful of the last named may be given every five minutes for a half hour ; also a few raw eggs. These are to moderate the corrosive or otherwise destructive action of the poison upon the tissues that line the stomach and bowels. For chemical antidotes (to counteract the effect on the blood, nervous system, etc.), refer to Poisons in the Dis- eases of the Horse, regulating the dose to suit the animal. A dog of average size requires about the same dose as a man, or about one-twelfth of the dose for the horse. COURSE III STOCK BREEDING, PRESCRIPTIONS AND PRACTICAL REMEDIES, TRIPLE INDEX, ETC. MISCELLANEOUS DEPARTMENT LESSON I INSTRUMENTS Seepages 649, 650, 6$!, 652 for Instruments i>receded by *. ^Bistoury. — For making incisions. It consists of a handle to which is attached a blade, variously shaped, according to exact use for which it is to be put, either fixed or movable. Catheter. — For drawing o£E the contents of the bladder when animal cannot make water. Is also used in treating deep ulcers, liquid being injected through it by means of a syringe. It is a round gutta-percha tube, of which one end is open, the other end being rounded, with two small holes at the side near by. It should always be oiled and introduced carefully. Firing-Iron.— For actual cautery — burning with a red-hot iron — which though not used as much as formerly, is still useful in some classes of cases. *Forceps. — For extracting splinters, pieces of bone, teeth, and the like; also for seizing arteries to tie them. They are pincers with long jaws. Those with a spring are preferred, *Needles. — For sewing up wounds, etc. They are of differ- ent shapes as well as different sizes. Probang. — A straight, flexible tube, with rounded end, for pushing substances down the throat in cases of choking. Probe. — For exploring wounds. They are made of. silver wire, with one end slightly knobbed, and are of different sizes. Scalpel. — A surgeon's knife, straight and keen-edged. For veterinary purposes, it should be broad and strong. Scissors. — Straight or curved, and are necessary for trim- ming edges of wounds, for clipping off the hair, etc. ^645 646 TH E'PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR *Seton Needles. — These are for drawing setons tinder the skin. Their blades are broad and curved, with a round shank twelve inches long, and with eye at the blunt end. Shoeing Knife — Frog Knife — Drawing Knife. — Used for cutting into and paring the hoof, as in horseshoeing. It is a thin blade with a sharply-curved end, fixed on a handle, and i? useful in caring for a horse's feet. *3yringe. — There are regular horse and cattle sjninges now in market. For giving small doses of liquid medicines, one that can be used with one hand is very useful. The India-rubber pipe and funnel is a good substitute in giving injections. A bulb syringe for injecting abscesses and cleaning wounds is very desira- able. ( For description of the Hypodermic Syringe, see page 355 . ) *Trocar. — This is a simple instrument resembling an awl. It is generally provided with a hollow tube that encloses it, called a canula. It is used for puncturing the abdomen, chest, etc., the canula being allowed to remain in tmtil the water, serum, or gas has escaped. *Repeller. — A rod with a short, slightly-curved cross-bar at one end for repelling a foetus, in order to make a correction when the foetus is crowded too far back in the pelvis. A CHEAP AND PRACTICABLE INSTRUMENT OUTFIT FOR THE STOCKMAN.— The following outfit will serve the purposes of most stockmen, and all can be selected at a moderate cost through any druggist. They should all be kept clean, in perfect order, and together in a neat case, or wooden box: *A clinical thermometer. *A pair of spring artery forceps A silver probe. A frog, or shoeing knife. A pair of curved scissors. A broad scalpel. A single-bladed. medium sized iack-knif? makes a good substitute. INSTRUMENTS A ND APPARATUS 647 A few surgical needles, of different sizes and shapes; some silk thread, and a little catgut. These should be kept in a leather case or roll. *A horse trocar and canula. *A milking tube. A two-ounce hard rubber syringe, for giving medicine, injecting small abscesses, etc. A plain bulb syringe, for syringing out abscesses and wounds. A horse catheter is often of great value if one is a long way from a veterinarian. *A graduate for measuring liquid medicines. LESSON II APPARATUS The following are the apparatus and appliances which tha stock owner will find useful to have on hand: Drenching Bottle. — This is now generally used instead of the drenching horn of older days. It should have a long neck, and be good and strong. A champagne or ale bottle is good. Have one holding a pint and another holding a quart; also several olive oil bottles for drenching sheep and calves. *Hobbles. — For use in casting, or to prevent kicking. They are usually two strong ropes 25 feet long; also two strong leather straps, doubled and sewed, with a strong buckle and a ring, or D, for each. The straps are buckled to the hind pasterns, and the ropes are passed from the rings,, or D's, forward through a loose collar on the horse's neck. (See "Casting" in Operations, and in Castration.) Slings. — They are not difficult to make. Take for the belly support two or three thicknesses of very stout canvas, about 28 inches wide and about 7 feet long; fasten the ends by sewing them around and tacking to smooth sticks, which are a little longer than canvas is wide, to which fasten very strong loops of rope. 648 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR Hook the loops into the hooks of a whiffletree turned upside down; fasten the lifting rope to the ring on the upper side of the whiffle- tree and pass the other end through a fixed pulley overhead. The girdle is kept in position by breeching and breast straps. To use the sling, place it under the animal's belly and draw it up snugly against it — ^about tight enough to take off the stretch of the ropes. A sling cannot be used unless a horse can support nearly three-fourths of his weight; it is intended for a horse to settle into and rest himself. It is also a great help in using the slings to surround the horse with a frame. Place him with one side against a strong partition; along the opposite side, some six or eight inches from the horse, securely fasten a strong stick — a four by four or a pole; fasten the front end to the manger, the back end to something solid behind; have it pass along about the middle of the side; across from the side piece to the partition, some six inches in front of his breast, securely fasten a two by four, and the same across just back of the thighs; pad these with some old cloth. The frame prevents the possibility of the animal falling out of the sling, either forward or backward, as he will sometimes do if it is not used, and it also furnishes a support for him to lean against. If possible a sling should be lowered away from the animal for a little time each day to dry off the belly. (See cut, in HoRs:e Department.) Sponges. — Two or three of these should be kept by the stockman, the smallest of which should be fine; the others should be larger. A Twist. — For controlling the horse; to make and apply, see Operations, Horse Department. Probang. — A piece of soft, one-half inch rubber garden hose, to be used as a probang in choking, for giving injections per rectum, and for flushing out the vagina and womb. Also a piece of small rubber tubing, two or three feet long, and a small ftumel to use in milk fever, inflammation of the udder, etc. A Spring-Ring "Bull Dog" to snap in the nose of cattle for holding them. INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS 649 Cmnicai, Thbrmombter- For description, seepage 75. Hypodermic Syringe and Aspirator. For description and use of Syringe, see page 355. Graduate. REPBl,l-ER. 650 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR NEEDIvES. Sexon Nbedi,e. Parturition Hook. Pig Forceps. Artery Forceps. Milking Tube. For use, see ' 'Passing the Milking Tube," page 438. Teat Slitter, or Bistoury. As an example of use, see in ''Stricture of Duct at Base of Teat" pagelM. INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS 651 Self-Retaining Tracheotomy Tube, Horse Trocar and CAlirDI,A. Ovai, Trachea Tube. 652 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Emasculaxor. For description and use, seepage 17B. ECRASEUR. Fof one of its zises, see page 175. MEDICINES— ACTION AND DOSE 6S3 LESSON III MEDICINES— ACTION AND DOSE It is not to be expected that in the brief space allowed in a section of this kind that much can be said that will take the place of experience, but at the same time something may be given that will enable one with good judgment to arrive at safe conclusions in the treatment of at least the more common diseases to which domestic animals are subject. Where one is not familiar with the action of a drug, it is best to err on the safe side and to give in small doses, repeating until the desired effect is produced. In all cases where a doubt exists, consult a veterinarian, for if an animal is worth saving at all, it is worth the advice of a man of skill and experience. The doses described in this section are for adult animals of medium size of their class, unless otherwise mentioned, or where the disease being treated is peculiar to a certain age. The age, temperament, and size of the animal must always be taken into consideration. Animals with compound stomachs — those that chew the cud — as cattle and sheep, can take much more medicine in proportion to their size than animals with siinple stomachs. As a rule, a cow will take i J^ to 2 times as much as a horse. Sheep will take about Yd, as much as a horse; hogs, yi to i-io as much as a horse. Dogs require about the same dose as a man. The proportionate dose for each animal, as to age, is about as in the following table: HORSB. ox. SHSBP. SWINB. DOGS. DOSB. 4 years. 3 years, i^ years. i>^ years, l}i years, full dose 3 " 2 " I year, I year, I year. U " 2 " I year, 9 months. 9 months, 9 months, 'A " I year, 9 months. 6 6 " 6 " X " 6 months, 6 " 3 " 3 " 3 " i At birtli, at birth, at birth, at birth, at birth, T^sn^ " Allowance must also be made, in case of continued use, for decrease in effect, as the tendency is for remedies to "wear out," and have less and less effect ; for effect on the individual, 654 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR as may be noticed by observing action on the particular subject ; and also for the influence of the disease when it is likely to affect the action. For example, in most diseases of the brain and spinal cord, and in some impactions of the stomach, double the usHal quantities of purgative medicines are necessary, while in influenza and other low fevers, half the usual dose may prove fatal. In acute congestion of the brain, narcotics, such as Opium, would aggravate the symptoms. HOW OFTEN TO GIVE MEDICINES.— See Horsb Department (page 73). SOME OF THE FORMS IN WHICH MEDICINES ARE DISPENSED.— Powders. — A great many medicines are in powdered form; they can be given this way, if finely pulverized, in moistened feed; they can be dissolved in water, if soluble, and given as a drench; or, if not soluble, mixed with thin gruel and given as a drench. Fluid Extracts. — A fluid extract is a liquid preparation of a vegetable product, which is of the same strength as the crude drug itself. They are made by dissolving the active principles of the drug in Alcohol, Ether, or some solvent, and then evapor- ating until of the strength of the crude drug. The dose of a fluid extract and the crude drug are the same. The fluid extracts are largely used for the lower animals. Tinctures. — Tinctures are Alcoholic solutions of the various drugs. The strength varies with the different drugs, generally one- third to one-fifth as strong as the fluid extract. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.— In compounding some medicines it is necessary to be very exact as to weight and measure. It is best in most cases to have formulas put up by competent druggists, but where it is not convenient to do so, the farmer and stockman should have his own scales and measuring glasses, and use care in compounding. The following are the two tables of weights and measures used : MEDICINES— ACTION AND DOSE 655 Table of Apothecaries' Weight. 20 grains make ^ i scruple. 3 scruples " I drachm. 8 drachms " i ounce. 12 ounces " i pound. While the above table is used by the druggist in filling prescriptions, when he sells drugs in bulk he gives 16 ounces for a pound, instead of 12 ounces. In this work, where the pound is used, 16 ounces is intended. In referring to weights, the scruple is rarely ever used, but instead, 60 grains, i drachm. Table of Apothecaries' Liquid Measure. 60 minims make I fluid drachm. 8 fl. drachm? xiake I " ounce. 16 fl. ouncec " I " pint. 2 pints make... i " quart. 4 quarts " i gallon. Where remedies are not of a violent nature, the following comparative table may be made use of, though not so accurate as above methods : Comparative Table of Weight anc Measure. I drop equals about ,. \ minim. 60 drops equal i drachm, or i level teaspoonful. 3 teaspoonfuls equal i tablespoonful. 8 tea- or 3 lablespoonfuls equal... i ounce. I teacupful equals 6 ounces. I coffeecup or tumblerful equals... 8 ounces or }4 pint. Acetanilid. — A white crystalline substance used to lower temperature in cases of high fever. It has a depressing action on the heart and should not be used too frequently ; should always be given with a full dose of alcohol as a stimulant. Dose: Horse, i to 2 drachms ; cattle, 2 to 3 drachms ; sheep, 20 to 40 grains Acetic Acid. — Is the sour principle of vinegar, and is one of the most common vegetable acids. Pure Acetic Acid is used to remove warts. Soak the warts well in it. 656 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR Aconite. — Is derived from the root of the Aconite plant, also known as wolfsbane, monkshood, etc. It slows the action of the heart. Good for the early stages of fevers and inflammations, but should not be given when the action of the heart is weak. Applied externally it relieves pain, but should only be used in small quantities. Poisonous. Dose of Fluid Extract : For horse, loto 15 drops; cattle, 15 to 3odrops ; sheep, 3 105 drops; swine, I to 2 drops ; dogs, ^J;,- to i drop.. Alcohol, Whiskey, Brandy. — Good for chills, depression and collapse, or when animal is very weak. Dose of Alcohol : For horse, i to 2 ounces ; cattle, 2 to 3 ounces ; sheep, j^ ounce; swine and dogs, i to 2 tablespoonfuls. Dose of the others: Twice as much as the dose of Alcohol. Ale and Beer — Stimulant. Dose: Horse, ^ to i pint ; cattle, I pint ; sheep, ^ to i^ pint ; swine and dogs, i wine- glassful. Aloes. — Act as a purgative, and in small doses as a bitter tonic. The kind known as Barbadoes Aloes is generally used for stock. Dose as a physic : Horse, 6 drachms to i ounce. Not used much, except with the horse ; best purgative for him. As a tonic for horses, give in doses of 1 drachm. Operates in from 24 to 36 hours. Alum. — Is an astringent that is used mostly as washes for wounds. Is also used dry, in the form of powder to dust wounds, it being very drying and healing. Is also used in gar- gles for sore throat, influenza, and aphtha or sore mouth. For a wash, use i ounce of Alum to i pint of water. Dose internally : Horses, i to 2 drachms, cattle, 3 drachms ; sheep, % drachm ; pigs, ^ drachm. Used in diarrhea. Alum, Burnt.— Used on old sores and proud flesh in the forn? of powder. , Ammonia Water. — Is a stimulant, and is good in indiges- tion, colic, and bloating. Dose: Horse, Yz ounce; cattle, i ounce; sheep, 2 drachms; dogs and swine, J4 to i drachm. Dilute well with water. Externally it is used for liniments. MEDICINES— ACTION AND DOSE 657 Aqua Ammonia Fortier. — Strong Ammonia water. Dose: one-fourth the Ammonia water. Used in liniments. Ammonia, Carbonate of. — Is a stimulant, prevents or allays cramps, is an antidote for acids, good in colics and indiges- tion. Dose: Horse, i to 2 drachms; cattle, 2 to 4 drachms; sheep, J^ to I drachm. Give in oil or thin gruel, as it is very- irritating. Ammonia, Aromatic Spirits of. — A flavored preparation of Ammonia Carbonate, Alcohol, and Aqua Ammonia. One of the best Ammonia preparations for internal use; good in colics,'indi- gestions, impactions, etc: Dose: Horse, >^ to i ounce; cattle, 1 to 2 ounces; sheep, 2 drachms; hogs, i drachm. Dilute with at least sixteen times its amount of water. Ammonium Chloride— Sal Ammoniac— A mild stimulant, especially to mucous membranes. Very valuable in case of coughs. Dose: Horse, 2 to 3 drachms; cattle, 3 to 4 drachms; sheep Vz to I drachm. Anise Seed. — Stimulates indigestion, sweetens the stomach. Is also recommended as a tonic when recovering from weakening diseases. Dose: Horse, i ounce; cattle, i to 2 ounces; sheep, 2 to 4 drachms; dogs and swine, i to 2 drachm's. Areca Nut.— The ground seed of^a palm; a drug used very largely to destroy tapeworms; generally given in combination with Oil of Male Fern. Dose: Horse, J^ to i ounce; sheep, V2. ounce; lambs, 2 drachms; dogs, the dose is 2 grains for each pound of dog's weight. Arnica, Tincture of. — Causes sweating and lessens fever. Dose: Horse, V^ to i ounce; cattle, i ounce; sheep, 2 drachms; Swine, Vz drachm. Externally, it is mildly stimulating to the skin, and is used in liniments. Arsenic. — ^White Arsenic is a heavy, white powder, very poisonous. In medicines it is used for chronic indigestion, chronic lung disorders, as heaves, and skin disorders, for all of which it is very good. Dose: Horse, 2 to 5 grains; cattle, 4 to 7 grains; 658 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR for smaller animals, best to use it in the form of Fowler's solu- tion. Always commence with small dose, and increase if desired. Arsenic (Fowler's Solution). — Is given as a tonic in chronic diseases and in heaves, and as a tonic after weakening diseases, such as distemper; it will often start animals thriving when other remedies fail. Dose : Horse, % to 1 ounce ; cattle, % to 1 ounce; sheep, % to 1 drachm; swine, 5 to 20 drops; dogs, 1 to 5 drops. Give in food after eating. Asafetida, Gum. — Good in colic, indigestion, constipation and worms. Doses Horse, 2 t?) 4 drachms ; cattle, 4 drachms ; sheep, 1 drachm. "Give in a ball, or dissolved in Alcohol, diluted with water. Asafetida, Tincture of. — Dose: Horse, 3 ounces; cattle, 3 to 4 ounces ; sheep, % ounce ; swine and dogs, 1 to 2 drachms. Belladonna, Fluid Extract of. — Good in fevers, cramp colic, tetanus and caked bag. Full doses should not be re- peated oftener than three or four times a day. Dose: Horse, % to 1 drachm ; cattle, I drachm ; sheep, 20 drops ; swine, 3 to 8 drops ; dogs, % to 3 drops. Benzoin, Compound Tincture of (Friar's Balsam). — Chief use is for healing wounds, by painting- over with a feather twice a day. Good to add to lard or Vaseline in mak- ing ointments — 1 part to 4 or 5 parts of the lard or Vaseline. Is not used much internally. Biniodide of Mercury. — Is chiefly used for blistering bony enlargements such as spavins, ring-bones, side bones, splints, etc. The proportions in which it is used is 1 to 2 drachms to the ounce of lard or Vaseline. Boric Acid. — Is a non-poisonous antiseptic. Used for sore mouth, sore eyes, roup, and also for an injection into the udder. Used in solution, 1 ounce to the pint of water. Bromide of Potash. — Chief use is to quiet the nerves in diseases of the character of lock-jaw, convulsions, chorea, and other painful diseases. Dose: Horse, i/^ to 1 ounce; cattle, 1 ounce; sheep, 1 drachm; swine and dogs, 14 drachm. MEDICINES— ACTIO N AND DOSE 65c Buckthorn — Cascara Sagrada. — Used mostly as a physic for dogs and cats. Dose: Of Fluid Extract of Cascara Sagrada, horse, i to 2 ounces; dogs, j4 to 2 drachms; cats, ^ to J^ drachm. Give night and morning tmtil results are obtained. Butter of Antimony. — Use pure, on a swab, as a caustic to burn out proud flesh, old sores and fistulse. Is very powerful, and must be applied to diseased tissue only. Part must be dry when it is applied. Not used internally. Calibar Bean, Fluid Extract. — Obtained from the seed of a plant; it stimulates the activity of the bowels. Good for colic, impaction, etc.; generally combined with Jaborandi. Dose: Horse, J^ to I drachm; cattle, i to 2 drachms; sheep, 20 to 30 drops. Calomel. — Internally its chief use is as a physic and to expel worms. Externally, it is dusted on old sores to dry them up and heal them. Dose: Horse, J^ to i drachm; cattle, i to 2 aracums; sheep and swine, 5 to 20 grains. Camphor, Gum. — Good in colic, diarrhea, coughs, and to lessen pain. Checks secretion of milk. Dose: Horse, i to 2 drachms; cattle, 2 to 4 drachms; sheep, ys drachm. Camphor, ^PiritS of. — Camphor, i part; alcohol, 10 parts. Dose: Horse, J^' to i ounce; cattle, i to 2 ounces; sheep, 2 drachms; swine and dogs, 10 drops to ^ drachm. Give with water. Externally, good to relieve pain and sprains. Cantharides. — See Spanish Flies. Carbolic Acid. — As sold by druggists is a colorless, oily liquid; turns pink on exposure to light. Used mainly as an antiseptic and disinfectant. It is a valuable medium in the treat- ing of wounds. Used as a 3 per cent, solution — i ounce Carbolic Acid to I quart of water. Poisonous. When used internally, Dose: Horse, ip to 30 drops; hogs, 3 to 10 drops; well diluted. Castor Oil. — A most excellent purgative, and can be used where harsher ones cannot. Dose: Horse, i to 2 pints; calves, 2 to 4 ounces; sheep, 4 ounces; swine, 2 ounces. In small doses, combined with laudanum, it is a most excellent remedy for scours. 66o THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Caustic Potash. — Its principal use is to burn out warts and growths and cauterize poisonous wounds, as the bite of a mad dog; also for dehorning calves. Sticks must be kept in well- corked bottles, as air dissolves them. When used must be held in paper to prevent burning the fingers. Wet the sticks before applying. Charcoal. — Finely powdered, is used in condition powders, and also for dusting on wounds. Hogs like charcoal to eat. Chloral Hydrate. — A drug used to allay pain and to lessen irritated condition of the nervous system. Good to allay throes in making corrections in difficult parturitions ; good to give for after-pains, for hysteria, etc. Dose: Horse, J^ to i ounce; cattle, 1 to 2 ounces; sheep, i to 2 drachms; hogs, ^ to i drachm. Chloroform. — Is given by inhalation for the purpose of pro- ducing anaesthesia (insensibility). Must be given carefully, especially to dogs, who are very susceptible, or it will cause death. For colic in horses, i drachm given with laudanum is excellent. Chlorate of Potash. — Is used internally for sore throat; when animal cannot swallow, a solution is sprayed into throat with a syringe, or put on the tongue, as a paste, with flour and molasses. Dose: Horse, i to 2 drachms ; cattle, 2 to 4 drachms; sheep, y^ drachm; swine and dogs, J^ drachm. Copperas — Sulphate of Iron.— One of the best mineral tonics; also a good astringent, in solution of i ounce to a pint of water, for wounds. Excellent internally for diarrhea. A leading ingredient in condition powders. Dose: Horse, i drachm; cattle, 2 drachms; sheep, 20 grains; swine, 10 grains. Corrosive Sublimate — Bichloride of Mercury.— Used externally as an antiseptic and disinfectant. Is one of the most powerful in both lines. The proportions generally used is i part to 1,000 parts of water. Tablets can be bought that will enable one to mix properly to get right solution, or if these can- not be got, I drachm of Corrosive Sublimate to i gallon of water equals i to i,oog. Cheapest and best for disinfecting stables. MKDICiNES— ACTION AND DOSE 66i etc. The drug is very poisonous, and is not used internally, except for diarrhea. Dose of the i to i,ooo solution: Horse, Y^ to I ounce; calves, i to 3 teaspoonfuls. ' Creolin. — ^Used in the form of lotion for wounds, scratches, grease, and diseases of like character, as an antiseptic and as a disinfectant. It is also valuable to destroy parasites of all kinds. The proportions to use are from i to 3 parts Creolin to 100 parts of water. Should be bought pure and only mixed as needed. Croton Oil. — A drastic and powerful purgative that is only used when milder means fail, as in impaction of the rumen, and diseases of that character. Dose: Horse, 15 to 30 drops; cattle, }4 to 1 drachm; sheep, 5 to 10 drops; swine and dogs, 2 to 3 drops. For horses and cattle, give in a pint of I,inseed Oil; for sheep, give in J^ pint of oil ; and for swine and dogs, give in 2 tablespoonfuls of Castor Oil. Crude Petroleum. — Used in making hoof oils, and as a remedy for ring-worm on all domestic animals. Is a cheap and effective remedy. Digitalis, Fluid Extract of. — A powerful heart and lung tonic. Used in weakening diseases, such as influenza, distemper, and lung troubles, whenever the heart is weak. It is sometimes given for heaves. Dose: Horse, 20 drops to }4 drachm; cattle, ^ to I drachm; sheep, 5 to 15 drops; swine i to 3 drops; dogs, li to 2 drops. Epsom Salts. — Used mainly as a purgative for cattle and sheep. Dose: Cattle, i to i]^ pounds; sheep, 2 to 4 ounces; horse, J^ to ?^ pound; hogs, i to 2 ounces. Dissolve in warm water. Acts in 24 hours. Ether, Sulphuric— Given by inhalation to produce anse- thesia (insensibility). Internally as a stimulant in colic, indi- gestion, etc. Dose: Internally, horse, }4 to i ounce; cattle, i to 1 1^ ounces; sheep, 2 to 4 drachms; hogs, i to 2 drachms. Ergot. — Checks bleeding and is used in parturition and internal bleeding. Dose: Horse, J^ to i ounce; cattle, i to 2 ounces; sheep, i to 2 drachms. 662 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Fowler's Solution,— See Arsenic. Gamboge. — Is a powerful physic, mostly used for cattle, where milder remedies, such as Salts and Castor Oil, fail. It is generally combined with other medicines, as here given: Epsom Salts I pound. Common Salt..... 2 tablespoonfuls. Gamboge 2 to 4 drachms. Bicarbonate of Soda and Ginger, each i tablespoonful. Mix in a quart of lukewarm water. Very effective in bad cases of constipation and impactions of the stomach. Gentian, Fluid Extract. — Used after debilitating diseases. Dose: Same as of the powder. Gentian Root, Powdered. — A bitter tonic that is much used in Condition Powders, given to animals that are weak and run down. Dose: Horse, 2 drachms; cattle, 4 drachms; sheep, I drachm; swine and dogs, % drachm. Ginger. — A stimulant; neutralizes gases, and sweetens stomach; is used in physic drenches to prevent griping; and is good in colic, indigestion, and many other affections. Dose: Horse, % to i ounce; cattle, 'i to 2 ounces; sheep, 2 drachms; pigs, I drachm. Glauber's Salts (Sulphate of Soda). — An excellent pur- gative for anirials that chew the cud— ruminants. Dose: Cattle, 1 to ij^ pounds; sheep, 2 to 4 ounces. Dissolve in water and give as a drench. Action same as Epsom Salts, only not quite as certain. Glycerine. — Two to 4 ounces in warm water makes an excel- lent injection. Externally applied, it softens and soothes irritated parts. Hyposulphite of Soda.— One of the most valuable drugs to check bloating, especially if the gas forms in the stomach; also given in various blood disorders; a solution of it is good to apply to mucous surfaces which are inflamed. Dose for bloating: Horse, 2 to 4 ounces; cattle, 4 to 6 otinces; sheep, J^ to i ounce. When MKDICINKS— ACTION AND DOSE 663 used for blood disorders, one-fourtli to one-half the foregoing dose is used, repeated three times a day. For a wash, use 2 to 4 ounces to a pint of water. Iodine, Tincture of.— It is not often used internally, but for external application is much used for a sweat blister for enlarged glands, wind puffs, etc., by painting parts once a day until it blisters; then grease parts and let heal; then wash with soapy water and repeat blistering until cured. Inject into old sores and fistulas, once in two or three days. Used also in destroy- ing ring-worms. Iodide of Potash. — Its chief action, when given internally, is as an absorbent — as in dropsy of the belly or chest, to absorb the fluids. It is also used where there is a thickening about the throat, legs, or milk glands. Dose: Horse, >4 to i drachm, twice a day; cattle, i to 2 drachms. If given too long, iodism ensues; animal goes off feed, eyes and nose discharge, hair rough, skin harsh and wrinkled, dandruff in hair; if we geV these symp- toms. Stop giving for a time. Jaborandi, Fluid Extract. — Obtained from a plant; it stimulates the secretions of glands; good for colic and impactions, etc. Dose: Horse, 2 to 4 drachms; cattle, J^ to i ounce; sheep, J^ to I drachm. Kerosene. — Interhally, good for stomach worms. Give lambs I to 2 drachms in 4 ounces of oil or milk. Externally, it is a mild irritant. Rub it in well. Lard.— When used fresh on irritated skin it softens and soothes. Internally, given as a purgative to small animals. Melt and give from i to 8 ounces, according to size. Laudanum— Tincture of Opium.- Externally used to relieve pain. It is used internally in almost every disease that is attended with pain, as colic, diarrhea, etc. Dose: Horse, i ounce; cattle, i to 2 ounces; sheep, 2 drachms; swine and dogs, 5 to 20 drops. Lime Water. — Is made by slacking fresh lime and using as much as the water will take up in solution. Allow to settle 664 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR and pour o£E the clear liquid. This is useful in diarrhea in young animals. Dose: Calves, i to 6 ounces. Lime . — Finely-pulverized, air-slaked lime is good to dry up sores by being dusted on them. Unslaked lime is valuable for disin- fecting stables and buildings that animals are kept in, by dusting it in dry form around on the floor. It is especially good in the poultry houses to keep away lice and other vermin; also good to use in form of whitewash. Linseed Oil, Raw.— Acts as a very mild physic, or what is called a laxative. It is at once purgative and soothing. Dose: Horse, i to 2 pints; cattle, 2 to 3 pints; sheep, ^ pint; calves, 4 to Bounces; l^bs, 2 ounces; dogs, J^ to 2 ounces. Kxternally applied, i part Carbolic Acid and 25 parts Linseed Oil is good for scratches. Mercury. — See Calomel and Corrosive Sublimate. Monsel's Solution of Iron. — Used for stopping flow of blood. Is very astringent. Is used in leaking of the navel. Morphine, Sulphate of. — A drug made from opium, having its actions, only much more powerful; not so constipating as opium, and so better to use to allay pain in colics; a convenient form to use hypodermically. Dose, by the mouth: Horse, 3 to 10 grains; cattle, 6 to 10 grains; sheep, J^ to 2 grains. Mustard. — ^Used chiefly for plasters on various parts of the body of animals, as in severe cases of colic, or inflammation of the bowels; in diseases of the chest and throat, and over the loins in kidney affections. When mixed with warm water to a paste and applied to the skin, it blisters. For a plaster or ordi- nary strength for a thin-skinned horse, take % pound of mus- tard, 3 tablespoonfuls of flour, and tepid water or vinegar to make a paste. In severe cases use only mustard and vinegar, or water. Apply by rubbing into the hair over part on which a blister is desired. A heaping teaspoonful in 4 to 6 ounces; of warm water is an excellent emetic for swine and dogs. Niter. — See Sweet Spirits of Niter. MKDICINES—ACTION AND DOSE 665 NiinrO'Hydrochloric Acid,— A mixture of Nitric and Hydro- chlorie Acids; it stimulates the secretions of the glands of the intestinal tract; very valuable in certain kinds of indigestion with torpidity of the liver. Dose of the medicinal acid: Horse, i to 2 drachms; cattle, 2 to 4 drachms; sheep, 20 to 40 drops; hogs, 10 to 20 drops; dogs, 3 to 10 drops. Nux Vomica— (Powdered Seed.)— is used in paralysis, and in weak, debilitated conditions. A great nerve tonic. Useful in condition powders. The active principle is strychnine, and when twitching of the muscles occurs the medicine should be Stopped. Poisonous, Dose: Horse, J^ to i drachm; cattle, 2 drachms; sheep, 20 grains; swine, 10 grains. Nux Vomica, Fluid Extract of. — Used after debilitating diseases with. Gentian; also used in impactions, constipations, etc. Dose: Same as the powder. Nitrate of Silver — (Lunar Caustic.)— A pencil form of Nitrate of Silver, used for cauterizing warts, growths, venom- ous bites, proud flesh, etc. Sticks must be kept in tightly-corked bottles to prevent dissolving. To use, simply wet and apply. A solution of 2 to 5 grains to the ounce of water is used for inflammation of the eye. Nitrate of Potash — Saltpeter. — Chief action is on the blood and kidneys, causing the latter to secrete a large amount of urine. It reduces fevers and dropsical swellings. Dose: Horse, i to 4 drachms; cattle, }4 to i ounce; sheep, j4 to i drachm. Oak'Bark Deeoction, or Tea.— Good for diarrhea. Ex- ternally it dries up sores and toughens the skin. Dose: Colts and calves, I to 2 ounces; lambs, % ounce. Give in milk. Dose can be doubled, if necessary. To make: Boil 1 ounce of oak bark in i pint of water. Oil of Tar. — Used chiefly in cases of chronic cough, and for such is an effectual remedy. Dose: For horse, i teaspoonful three times a day in feed, or on the tongue with a spoon. 666 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Oil Male Shield Fern. — A most effectual remedy for worms, especially tapeworms. Dose: Horse, 3 to 4 drachms in a pint of raw L,inseed Oil; cattle, same as horse; sheep and swine, i to 2 drachms in Vz pint Oil; dogs, J^ to i drachm in a half teacupful of new milk. Olive Oil. — lyaxative. Dose: Horse, i to 2 pints; cattle, 2 to 3 pints; sheep, 3 to 6 ounces. Externally it is used for healing and soothing irritated wounds; for this, may be used in the pure state or with Carbolic Acid — i drachm of Acid to 4 ounces of Oil. Opium. — The dried juice of the poppy; appears in the form of a gum, and a powder. It is used to allay pain; it stops the activity of the bowels, and so is not good to use in colic, but is very valuable in diarrhea. I,audanum, which is an alcoholic solution of Opium, is a convenient form in which to use the drug. Dose of Opium.- Horse, J^ to i drachm; cattle, i to 2 drachms; sheep 5 to 20 grains; hogs, 3 to 10 grains. Pepper, Black. — Used in a ground form to warm the stomach and bowels, and in this way relieve pain in colic, indi- gestion, etc. Dose: Horse, i tablespoonful; cattle, i tablespoon- ful; sheep and swine, i teaspoonful; dogs, J^ teaspoonful. If combined with Whiskey in a drench, it is excellent. Peppermint, Essence. — Good in indigestion and colic. Give in sweetened water. Dose: Horse, 40 drops to i drachm; cattle, I to 2 drachms; sheep, 10 drops; dogs, 2 to 5 drops. Pumpkin Seeds. — Vermifuge, and tapeworm remedy. Dose: Horse, i pint. Quinine, Sulphate of. — Reduces fever, stimulates, and in small doses is a bitter tonic. Dose: Horse, ^ to i drachm; cattle, 2 to 4 drachms; sheep, % drachm; pigs, 10 grains; dogs, I to 5 grains. Salol. — A drug made from Salicylic Acid and Carbolic Acid; very largely used for rheumatism. Dose: Horse, i to 3 drachms; cattle, 3 to 5 drachms; sheep, J^ to i drachm; hogs, 20 to 40 grains; dogs, 2 to 15 grains. Salts.— See Epsom and Glauber's Salts. MEDICINES-ACTION AND DOSE 667 Salt, Common. — Useful as food in small amounts. All ani- mals should be given a little salt in food. A solution of i ounce salt in a pint of water is good as a wash for sores and wounds. Saltpeter.— See Nitrate of Potash. Soda, Bicarbonate of (Baking Soda).— Useful in indiges- tion. Give before feeding. Dose: Horse, 2 drachms to i ounce; cattle, J^ to i^ ounces; sheep, i drachm to % ounce; swine, 2 drachms, . Wet with water is good to apply to stings of bees and other insects. Spanish Fly (Cantharides). — Not given internally. Is used in making blisters for reducing enlargements, such as curbs, tumors, and thickenings, after wounds have healed. Is used in proportion of i to 3 drachms Cantharides to an ounce of lard or Vaseline, as the case may require. For cattle, the blisters may be made a little stronger than for the horse. Strychnine.— A powerful drug, made from Nux Vomica; very poisonous; has the same action as Nux Vomica; is a power- ful nerve tonic. Dose: Horse, i to 2 grains; cattle, 2 to 3 grains; sheep, J^ to J^ grain; dogs, 1-60 to 1-30 grain. If tha drug is used hypodermically, the dose is one-half the above. Sugar of Lead (Acetate of Lead). — Is used externally to heal sores and wounds. As a plain lotion, dissolve i ounce in lyi pints of water. Used in White I/Otion (see Prescriptions). Sulphate of Copper — Blue Vitriol — Blue Stone. — Is an antiseptic astringent and a mild caustic. Internally, it is used for checking discharges, as nasal gleet or chronic catarrh, and leucorrhea. Externally, it is used to burn out proud flesh, by dusting it on, every two or three days, according to how much it bums. Is also used in solution of i ounce to a pint of water, or stronger, if necessary. Dose internally: Horse, yito i drachm; cattle, I drachm; sheep, 10 to 20 grains. Sulphate of Zinc — White Vitriol.— Astringent and tonic. Dose: Horse, yi drachm; cattle i to 2 drachms; sheep, 15 to 30 grains ; Externally it is used in healing lotions, as White Lotion and eye washes. Externally it is also good to destroy proud flesh by dusting it on the part once in two or three days. 668 THE PRACTlCAlv STOCK DOCTOR Sulphur. — When given internally, it acts on the blood, and also on the skin, helping to destroy parasites and germs. Dose: Horses and cattle, Yz ounce; sheep, i drachm; swine, 20 grain, An ointment made of: Sulpliur 1 ounce. Lard 6 ounces. Is good for lice. Sulphur is a fine disinfectant, by being burned in empty, closed rooms in an iron vessel. A larger dish containing water should hold the one with Sulphur to prevent fire. Sweet Spirits of Niter — Spirits of Nitrous Ether. — Ii. small doses it acts on kidneys and skin and reduces fever. In large doses it acts on the stomach and bowels, relieving pain and neutralizing gases. Good in different forms of indigestion and colic. Dose: Horse, i to 2 ounces; cattle 2 to 3 ounces; sheep, 3 to 6 drachms; swine and dogs, i to 2 drachms. Tincture of Chloride of Iron — Muriate of Iron. — Is used as a tonic, to stop bleeding, and as an application or wash in sore mouth, sore throat, and skin diseases. Dose: Horse, % to i ounce; cattle, i ounce; £,heep, J4 to i drachm; swine, 10 to 30 drops; dogs, 2 to 10 drops. As an application, use }4 ounce of the tincture to 8 ounces of water. Liquid Chloride of Iron, Strong. — Dose: One-fouith as much as Tinctture. Turpentine — Spirits of Turpentine — Oil of Turpen- tine. — Good for colic, > bloating, and intestinal worms. Also stimulates the kidneys. Give in oil, gruel, or milk, Dose: Horse, ^ to i ounce; cattle, i to 2 ounces; sheep, i to 3 drachms; swine, i drachm; dogs, 5 to 30 drops. Externally, it is an irritant, and is used in stimulating or blistering liniments. It is also added to Linseed Oil in the proportion of 2 ounces of Turpentine to 6 ounces of oil as a stimulating injection. Vaseline. — Softens and soothes parts applied to. Is also much used as a base for ointments and blisters. Vinegar, — Is used externally as a cooling, stimulating lotion. Can be used hot. Internally, in small doses, and diluted with water, it m*\y be given for cooling fevers. MEDICINES— ACT ION AND DOSE 66g Whiskey.— See Alcohol. Wood Alcohol — Methylated Spirit. — Is not used as an Internal remedy. Externally, it is used in liniments. THE STOCKMAN'S MEDICINE CASE,— The import- ance of the stockman keeping on hand a few medicines and preparations, will depend upon his distance from a veterinarian and a druggist. A few things should always be kept, however, as when they are wanted, they are wanted at once, and if not at hand, their use is often neglected. All medicines and prepara- tions should be plainly labeled; should be kept in a dark, cool place; all liquid in well-corked bottles, powders in covered cans. Two or more colic mixtures. One pound of the digestive tonic. One-fourth pound of Saltpeter, One-half pound of Sulphate of Iron (Copperas). Three to five pounds of Epsom Salts. Two quarts of raw Linseed Oil. Four ounces pure Carbolic Acid. One quart of a 3 per cent, solution of Carbolic Add, ready for use. Two ounces of I^ysol. One-half pound or Acetate of lyead (Sugar of I,ead). One-half pound of Sulphate of Zinc. One pint of White Lotion, ready for use. One-half pint of Alcohol. One-half pint of some good strong liniment (Modified White Liniment) . One-half pint of mild, soothing liniment. One-half ounce of Fluid Extract of Aconite, One ounce of Fluid Extract of Belladonna. One ounce of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica. Four ounces of Laudanum. One ounce of Monsel's solution for stopping bleeding. The foregoing list will meet nearly all emergencies, and other things can be sent for if needed. In the list, where a preparation is mentioned, sec unaer prescriptions. 670 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR LESSON IV PRESCRIPTIONS Soothing Lotion. — Fluid Extract of Belladonna i ounce. Laudanum i ounce. Tincture of Aconite I ounce. Soap Liniment 5 ounces. Mix. This Uniment -will relieve pain and soreness where there is much inflammation. Is also good for sprains, in connection with fomentations. Will not blister. A part of the soap liniment in the above lotion can be replaced by Witch Hazel. White Lotion. — Sugar of Lead i ounce. Sulphate of Zinc 6 drachms. Water i pint. Shake well before using. This is extensively used for wounds, sores, scratches, summer sores, and fistulse. It can be used three times a day. Modified White Lotion. — Sugar of Lead i ounce. Sulphate of Zinc 6 drachms. Carbolic Acid % ounce. Water, to make i pint. Shake. Uses, same as White Lotion, but as it contains Carbolic Acid, is antiseptic, and hence more effectual in many places. White Liniment. — Aqua Ammonia 2 ounces. Turpentine 2 ounces. Linseed Oil 4 oimces. Mix, and apply by rubbing. Bottle must be kept well corked. If a stronger liniment is wished, add more Ammonia and Turpentine; if a weaker is desired, add less Turpentine and Ammonia. This will blister if used freely and well rubbed in, especially, if part is covered to prevent evaporation. Modified White Liniment.— Aqua Ammonia (strong) 2 ounces. Turpentine 2 ounces. Soap Liniment 4 ounces. Shake. Action same as White Liniment; will not dirty parts so badly. Good for all sorts of strains, or wherever liniment is desired. Can make it weaker or stronger by changing the amount of Ammonia and Tur< pentine. An excellent liniment. PRESCRIPTIONS 671 Acid Liniment.- First put into a quart bottle, 2 ounces of Turpentine; then add to this, very slowly, J4 ounce of Sulphuric Acid, allowing it to run down on inside of bottle, which is turned partly on side. Take five minutes to add it. Then pour into bottle 2 ounces Wood Alcohol, adding slowly; add to this Cider Vinegar enough to make i quart; shake well, and it is ready for use. This is a blistering liniment, and is effective in removing puSy enlarge- ments, as bog spavin, wind-gaUs, thoroughpins and other puffy swellings CTOund the legs. It is also good in sweeny, curbs, etc., where horse is needed for work. For rheumatism, rub affected joints every third day. This had better be put up by a druggist, as Sulphuric Acid is ijither dangerous for the inexperienced to compound. Cantharides, or Fly Blister. — Powdered Cantharides..... a drachms. Lord, or Vaseline i ounce. Mix, and apply as directed in " Blistering " in HORSB Dbpartmbnt page 258. Red Mercurial Blister. — Biniodide of Mercury. I drachm. Lard, or Vaseline i ounce. Mix, and use as directed in "Blistering" in HoRsa Departmbnt page 258. Combination Blister.— Powdered Cantharides 2 drachms. Biniodide of Mercury i drachm. Lard, or Vaseline 2 ounces. Mix, and use as above. Good for spavins, ring4)one3, etc. Drying and Healing Powder.— Oxide of Zinc 2 ounces. Calomel- 2 ounces. Boracic Acid 2 ounces. Air-slaked Lime 2 ounces. Mix. Dust on wound. Good for galls and sores where a dry dressing Is desired. By adding Lard or Vaseline, it can be made into an ointment. Carbolated Oil.— Olive, or Sweet Oi Carbolic Acid Shake well together. An excellent remedy for healing wounds. Olive, or Sweet Oil 4 ounces. Carbolic Acid i drachm. 6/2 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Carbolic Lotion (3 per cent.) — Carbolic Acid Vi ounce. Water 1 pint. Mix. An excellent antiseptic wash for all kinds of wounds Creolin Lotion. — Creolin 1 ounce. Water 1 quart. This makes an excellent healing lotion for wounds, and it also makes an excellent wash for destroying parasites, lice or ticks on all animals. 1 to 1000 Corrosive Sublimate Solution. — Corrosive Sublimate 15 grains. Water 1 quart. Shake. An excellent and cheap antiseptic for wounds ; cannot be used on instruments. Oxide of Zinc Ointment, Benzoated. — Oxide of Zinc 1 ounce. - Benzoated lard 4 ounces. Mix well together. This is an excellent healing ointment for dry, angry looking sores. Iodine Ointment — Absorbing Ointment. — Iodine Crystals 2 drachms. Biniodide of Mercury 20 grains. Iodide of Potash 1 drachm. Lard, or Vaseline 2 ounces. , Mix. Apply twice a day until part is slightly sore, and then onte a day, or once in two days, to keep it slightly irritated. 1, Eye Lotion. — Sulphate of Zinc Y^ drachm. Fluid Extract Belladonna Yz ounce. Water, to make 8 ounces. Mix. Shake thoroughly, and it is ready for use. A good lotion for sore eyes, or for sores in the region of the eyes. Apply twice a day, after bathing the eyes with warm water or freshly-drawn milk. PRESCRIPTIONS 673 8. Eye Lotion. — Nitrate of Silver 5 grains. Morphine Sulphate 5 grains. Atropine Sulphate , S grains. Water, to make 3 ounces. Shake. Drop 10 to 15 drops into the eye, three times a day with a medicine dropper. Keep in the dark, 1. Cough Mixture. — Fluid Extract of Belladona 1 ounce. Pulverized Opium Yi ounce. Gum Camphor 1 ounce. Ammonium Chloride 3 ounces. Add molasses and flour, enough to make % pint of paste. With a small wooden paddle daub a tablespoonful on the back teeth, three to five times a day. 2. Cough Mixture. — Fluid Extract Belladonna Bounces. Ammonium Chloride Bounces. Iodide of Potash 1 ounce. Saltpeter 3 ounces. Water, to make 1 quart. Shake. Dose: Bounces, three times a day, in grain, or as a drench 1. Colic Mixture. — Laudanum 4 ounces. Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia 3 ounces. Sulphuric Ether Bounces. Essence of Jamaica Ginger 4 ounces. Water, to make 1 pint. Give from 3 to 3 ounces of this in a half pint of hot water. A second dose can be given in one-half to one hour, and be repeated an hour later. Always dilute with hot water, but not hot enough to scald the animal. 2. Colic Mixture. — Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia ^ ounce. Sulphuric Ether Yz ounce. Fluid Extract Belladonna 1 drachm. Fluid Extract Jaborandi , 2 drachms. Fluid Extract Calibar Bean Yz drachm. Hyposulphite of Soda • 3 ounces. Water, to make Y2 pint. Shake. Give as one dose ; repeat in one-half to one hour if necessary. 674 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR Physic Drench or Ball for Horses. — Barbadoes Aloes 6 to 8 drachms. Baking Soda i drachm. Ginger 2 to 4 drachms. Water (lukewarm) or thin Linseed meal gruel I pint. Mix, and give as a drench, allowing horse to stand in the stable a day after giving it. A good purgative to clear the bowels. Or, by mixing with molasses to make a stiff dough, may be given as a ball. Physic Drench for Cattle. — Epsom Salts i to lyi pounds. Ginger I ounce. Syrup 4 ounces. Water, to make 2 quarts. Mix, and give as one dose. Cough Mixture for Cattle. — Gum Camphor 2 drachms. Saltpeter ,. 3 drachms. Spirits of Niter I ounce. Water or Gruel i pint. Mix, by dissolving Camphor in the Spirits of Niter, and add the water {or gruel) and Saltpeter, and give as one dose. May be repeated two or three times a day. General Condition Powders. — Gentian Powder. % pound. Cooking Soda }i pound. Nux Vomica, powder % pound. Arsenic 1 drachm. Mix. Dose: Tablespoon level full morning and night in moistened grain. At noon give the following: Sulphate of Iron 4 ounces. Saltpeter 4 ovmces. Mix. Dose: Tablespoon level full. PROUD FLESH— To Destroy.— Apply Sulphate of Zinc; dust it on full strength, binding it on if nec- essary. This will destroy an outside layer. After two or three days the scab can be soaked off. Then apply more of the Zinc, and continue until Proud Flesh is all destroyed. Then heal wound by using "Modified White Lotion," page 670. PRACTICAL REMEDIES AND RECIPES ...FROM PRACTICAL... FARMERS AND STOCK OWNERS * I ""HE aim has been to make this book one of great value -*■ from a practical as well as from a scientific standpoint. Every successful fanner has a few favorite remedies that he has tried and tested and that he knows to be valuable. To gather these remedies has been a long and difficult undertaking, but we have succeeded, and it is believed that the following, gathered from all sections of the country and from the most reliable sources, will be found the most valuable collection of sure and simple remedies ever gathered for the home use of the farmei and stock owner. PUBLISHERS LESSON V REMEDIES FOR HORSES TO KEEP HORSES IN HEALTH.— Give leaf tobacoc finely pulverized, one tablespoonful once a week in wheat bran; colts, one teaspoonful once a week. Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F. D. i. BLOATINGo — If bloated from wind, give injection of warm soapy water; if animal shows signs of inflammation,, give about 1 5 drops of Tincture of Aconite. John Oatway, Green Ridge, Manitoba, Canada. BLOOD PURIFIER.- Sulphur a ounces, Oteam of Tartar a " Sassafras 2 " Mandrake, powder of. 2 " Mix and give one tablespoonful once a day In grain. WalUr Whitfield, Sr. , PonHac, Michigan, R. F. A « 6iS 676 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR BOG-SPAVIN AND THOROUGH-PIN.— Keep the horse as quiet as possible in a box-stall and blister once every month as long as necessary with the following: Biniodide of Mercury.. 1^ drachms. Cantharides 1J4 " Vaseline 2 ounces. Mix well together. Clip all the hair off and rub the blister (the above oint- ment) well in. Be sure to tie him up so that he cannot bite the parts. In twenty-four hours rub well again, and in twenty- four hours longer wash off and apply sweet oil every day. It is sometimes necessary to blister several times to eflfect a ithorough cure. /. Kearns, Paltnerston, Ontario, Canada. BOTS, — Drench with 1 pint of Indigo water reasonably strong. /. 5. Harper, Novelty, Missouri. BOWELS, INFLAMMATION OF THE.— I treat about the same as in colic. I always employ the best veterinarian I can, when I have a case of this kind, and they often fail to do much. My experience is that much can be accomplished by treating the same as colic, and applying lots of heat to the body in the form of woolen blankets wrung out in hot water, and held up to the belly; also heat the back if you do not use the blanket and hot water. Have found it good to use : Spirits of Turpentine 1 ounce. Mustard yi pound. Vinegar j^ gallon. Mix together and rub on the belly and strapi a blanket on the horse ; also apply some on the back of the animal. I am a farmer 60 years of age and have farmed all my life. Have used all the recipes I am sending you, for over 35 years, and found them to be of great success with my own stock, as well as to the neighborhood in which I live. I believe I could sell a number of your books here, as the farmers around would like to get hold of some of the recipes I am sending you. PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 677 The recipss I am sending you are intended for animals that have come to maturity, and should be reduced according to the age and strength of the animal. I wish you success with your book. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontatio. BREAST BRUISED FROM EATING OUT OF A HIGH MANGER.— Put in a rowel made of leather or silk thread. Keep moving it every day until it is running well, then remove the string and keep tfore washed well with warm water. /. P. Woodard, New Comer stown, Ohio. CASTRATION, BLEEDING FROM.— Rub back with salt water and apply vinegar to sore. Aimer L. Maland, Rushford, Minnesota. CATARRH IN THE HEAD, OR THE HEAVES.— Feed western prairie hay. This hay has plenty of resin plant in it. D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio. COLIC. — Sulphuric Ether, given in i ounce doses, mixed with twice the quantity of warm water or milk — dose repeated in 15 minutes if not easier — will positively cure any case of acute or spasmodic colic. This remedy will also cure colic in any animal or human, and will positively cure the so-called "Lamb Cholera" in young lambs if discovered before they are too far gone. "Lamb Cholera' ' is nothing but colic produced by sickness or changes in the dam's milk. Geo. M. Wilber, Marysville, Ohio. 2. Colic. — Have found whiskey and soda the safest remedy. Give I pint whiskey and a tablespoonful of soda mixed. Repeat the dose if not relieved in thirty minutes. W. A. Langford, Richmond, Kentucky. 3. Colic. — Take i J^ pints of lard, heat quite warm, place in a bottle and drench the horse with it. This can be used when other remedies cannot be had. Gurley Taylor, Boonville, Indiana. 678 THK PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR 4. Colic. — 20 drops Wild Yam in }4 pint warm water every fifteen to thirty minutes will cure colic. W. I. Reynolds, Pit>estone, Minnesota. 5. Colic. — Make i quart of strong hop tea, drench the horse, then move him briskly for half quarter and back. My remedies for Bots and Colic I got from my father, who was a veterinary. I never knew him to lose a horse, and he traveled all over this country. /. S. Harper, Novelty, Missouri. 6. Colic. — In early stage. Aqua Ammonia i teaspoonful. Sweet Milk i pint. Shake well and give in one dose. 7. Colic- Spirits of Turpentine I ounce. Laudanum 2 ounces. Warm Water i pint. Mix and give in one dose. Colic is about the only thing that ever ails my horses, and if I fail to have the above on hand, I give ^ pound of common baking soda in a quart of water and repeat in half an hour if necessary. This has never failed me yet. W. A. Eastwood, Chesaning , MiMgan, R. F. D, z. 8. Colic. — A horse's stomach holds but four quarts. If watered after feeding it will force all feed into the large intestines, where it will ferment and cause colic. Laudanum . Sulphuric Ether. Spirits of Nitre — equal parts of each. Give 2 tablespoonfuls every half hour in pint of water. Jacob Shearley, Franklin, Pennsylvania. 9. Colic. — Give one heaping tablespoonful of soda in one quart of buttermilk. Put the soda into the buttermilk just when ready to give. Repeat in half an hour, if necessary. Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F. D. i. PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 679 10. Colic or Pain Cure. — Laudanum i ounce. Spirits of Camphor 1 " Tincture of Rhubarb 1 " Oil of Peppermint 3 drachms. Oil of Cinnamon 3 " Dose for a horse, 30 to 40 drops in Yz pint warm water. Excellent for persons also, given, of course, in smaller doses. D. H. Clifton, DeCliff, Ohio. 11. Colic. — One-half cupful of Spirits of Turpentine in one qviart of warm water, given as a drench. Isaac Salkeld, Goderich, Ontario, Canada. 12. No. 1.— For Colic- Sweet Spirits of Nitre lYz ounces. Tincture of Opium 1 ounce. Extract of Ginger yi " Water. . . : A Yz pint. Mix and give as one dose. Wm, A. Hale, Anamosa, Iowa. 13. No. 2.— For Wind Colic- Chloroform Y2 ounce. Linseed Oil, raw 1 quart Mix and give as one dose. 14. Colic- Wormwood, Oil of J4 ounce. Origanum, Oil of Y2 Laudanum Y, Gum Camphor Ya " Capsicum, pulverized Y2 " Alcohol Y2 pint. Dose. — For a horse, one tablespoonful in one- half teacupful of lukewarm water. Repeat in half an hour. PValter Whitfield, Sr., Pontiac, Michigan, R. F. D. 6. 68o THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR 15. Colic— Chamomile Tea (warm) i pint. Spirits of Nitre I ounce. Saleratus (or Soda) i " Mix and give to horse out of long-necked bottle, as one dose. Rub horse's flankg and small-of-back and keep fairly warm ■with a blanket. Ernest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota. 16. Colic. — Chlorofottn ....... i i teaspoonful. Cayenne Pepper i " Ginger I tablespoonful. Give in one pint warm water, then follow in fifteen minutes with from one to one-half pints raw Linseed Oil. The above, so far as I have tried or have seen tried, has proved entirely successful. H. M. Hance, Shepherd, Michigan. COLIC, CRAMP.— Sulphuric Ether ^ 2 ounces. Laudanum 2 " Give in \ pint Linseed Oil raw. G. D. Foster, Kingfisher, Oklahoma. COLIC, SPASMODIC— Tincture of Asafetida 4 ounces. Sulphuric Ether ij^ ounce. Mix, and give % of contents in 1 pint of warm water every ten minutes until relief. Gilbert Holmes, Hillsboro, Ohio, R. F. D. 6. 2. Colic, Spasmodic. — Sweet Spirits of Nitre i^ ounce. Tincture of Opium 1 ounce. Extract of Ginger ^ " Water ^ pint. Mix and give as one dose. When pos- sible, give warm water injections. Have used this remedy for twenty-five years with very good results in nearly every case. John Gawthrop, Milford, Indiana. PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 66i 3. Colic, Spasmodic. — My favorite remedy for this is: Sweet Spirits of Nitre 1 ounce. Tincture Laudanum 1 " Ginger 1 tablespoonful. Common Soda 1 " Lukewarm Water 1 pint. Mix and give as one dose. Repeat every four hours until better. In bad cases apply hot cloths to the belly. Gaorge Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. COLIC, WIND OR FLATULENT.— I treat the same as in Spasmodic Colic, given over my name, only I give an occasional drench of: Common Soda 3 tablespoonfuls. Ginger 1 tablespoonful. This is to take the wind away. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. COLLAR GALLS.— Vaseline 4 ounces. Tannin 2 drachms. Apply morning and evening. Aimer L. Maland, Rushford, Minnesota. COLLAR, SCALD UNDER.— Bathe in cold water. , W. S. Starcher, Berlin, Wisconsin. CONDITION, TO. — When a horse is sick and does not eat well, feed him a hot mash and some apples. /. P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio. CONDITION POWDER.— The following is a recipe which I know to be very good, in fact, the best I have ever used, and I have used quite a number of the different powders. Ginger 6 ounces. Elecampane 6 Juniper Berries 4 Fenugreek 6 " Epsom Salts 4 Gentian Root 4 " Tartar Emetic 2 " Powder all well together and givie one table- spoonful in soft feed twice a day. Valentine Thoeny, Tell, Buffalo County, Wisconsin. 682 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR 2. Condition Powder. — Rosin 1 part. Sulphur '. 1 Ginger 1 Saltpeter 1 Cream of Tartar 1 Copperas 1 Poplar Bark 1 Fenugreek 1 Blood Root 1 Buchu 1 Senna 1 Pulverize and mix. Dose, 1 tablespoonful in feed or bran mash. I have used this condition powder for thirty-five years and have found it the best thing ever tried for conditioning horses. It cleanses the stomach and bowels, removes worms and purifies the blood. It is highly praised by liverymen who have used it. /. F. R. Holmes, Hillsboro, Ohio, R. F. D. 3. 3. Condition Powder. — For horses that are run down and do not thrive. First, examine the teeth. Fenugreek, Cream of Tartar, Gentian, Sulphur, Saltpeter, Rosin, Black Antimony and Ginger, equal parts; Cayenne Pepper, one-half part. Thoroughly mix and give one table- spoonful in bran once a day. J. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota. COUGH. — If a horse has a cough following distemper, or any disease of the respiratory organs, or in heaves, give the following. Oil Tar 4 ounces. Oil Amber 4 » Coal Oil (Kerosene) 4 " Spirits of Turpentine 4 " Mix Oil Tar and Oil Amber in one bottle and the Coal Oil and Turpentine in another. To give: Put one tablespoonful of the latter in the drench bottle, and shake so the Tar and Amber Oils will not stick; then add one tablespoonful of the Oils of Tar and Amber. Shake and give as a drench, re- peating every night after feeding until the cough stops. FRACTlCAIv RECIPES FROM FARMERS 683 Also give a teacupfxil of Raw Iiinseed Oil every morning. This will cure heaves or any other cough if properly used. It is the best throat and lung medicine in use. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. CUTS. — For cuts of any kind apply Turpentine as soon as possible, then follow with liberal applications of Sweet Oil. H. M. Hance, Shepherd, Michigan. CUTS AND WOUNDS.— I/inseed Oil 8 ounces. CarbolicAcid. i ounce. Iodoform., i drachm. Oxide of Zinc i " Mix thoroughly and apply twice a day. Bartley Jost, Alma, Wisconsin. FRESH CUTS, SALVE FOR— CALLED "BISHOP'S SALVE."— Red Lead i pound. Linseed Oil i pint. Boil together. Care must be taken in boil- ing or it will bum or get too hard to use. D. H. Clifton, De Cliff, Ohio. CRACKED HEELS, SCRATCHES, OLD SORES, OPEN JOINT. — Is excellent for all enumerated, and will stop the oil from running out of the joints. Sugar of Lead i tablespoonful. Alum I " Bluestone (Sulphate of Copper) i " Best Vinegar i teacupful Mix. For fresh wounds add more vinegar. I paid $5.00 for this recipe and it is the best money I ever invested. If a horse gets kicked on the stifle joint, bathe with hot water with a little salt in it. Have water as hot as your hand will bear, and continue applying for twenty minutes. Wipe dry and apply the above liniment freely. Have saved many a good horse with this liniment. I never poultice a horse when kicked on the stifle joint; think it is a great mistake to do so. If you have to use a syringe with this liniment use a glass one, as it will SQoil any other kind. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. 684 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR DIARRHOEy>. IN YOUNG FOALS.— In mild cases give the following : Flour 2 tablespoonfuls. Cold Water I teacupful. Mix and drench twice a day. If the colt is in pain give the following: Tincture laudanum lo to 15 drops. Castor Oil i ounce. Whiskey or Brandy 2 tablespoonfuls. Mix and drench. Also apply mustard plas- ter — mustard and flour in equal parts — to the belly, and keep the colt warm. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. DISTEMPER, OR STRANGLES.— Resin i pound. Alum I Ginger i " Blue Vitriol yi Powder, mix all together and give I table- spoonful twice per day in feed. I never knew it to fail. Had nine head of my own with it one fall and they got along finely under this treatment. John D. Allen, Worthington, Indiana. 2. Distemper. — Keep bowels open with >^ pint Castor Oil and % pint Salts dissolved in warm water. Give warm. If the throat is badly swollen, take i gallon shelled oats, pour boiling water on them, and when cool enough put them in a sack and bind under jaw and throat. Rub the throat with the following liniment: Olive Oil 4 ounces. Spirits of Turpentine i ounce. Spirits of Camphor i " Aqua Ammonia 1% ounces. This liniment is good for sprains, brmses, sore shoulders, stifE joints and pains generally, in man or beast. Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F.D. i. PRACTICAI, RECIPES FROM FARMERS' 685 3. Distemper. — Common Black Gunpowder... i tablespoonful. Lard i Soapsuds (stiff) i " '' Pine Tar 2 tablespoonfuls. Gum Myrrh i tablespoonful. Mix and put one teaspoonful of the mixture on horse's tongue twice a day. Bathe throat with Tobacco tea, as follows: To one quart, of water add one ounce of cheap Tobacco and let water boil up. Apply as hot as horse can bear it. Eryiest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota. 4. Distemper, or Strangles, A Good Remedy for. — Will prevent gathering or breaking if used at the outset. Spanish Flies (powdered) i ounce. White Wine Vinegar r gallon. Mix. Clip oil the hair from the throat and apply the remedy twice a day. Do not let the mixture freeze. Keep in a warm place in the winter. This is also a good remedy for laryngitis or inflammation of the throat, and should be applied in the same way as for distemper. For internal use take : Saltpeter '% pound Chlorate of Potash ]i " Mix and give one teaspoonful on the tongue three times a day. George Cami>bell, Gilchnst, Simcoe Co., Ontario. 5. Distemper, or Strangles, Bastard. — For this disease I mix mustard and cayenne pepper in equal parts with water to a thin paste and apply to the throat and windpipe, down on the chest, and also apply some to the abscesses to bring them "to a head. " When ready to open, lance abcesses on the lower part, to favor escape of matter, and press it out. George Camp'b^, G&chrid, Simcoe Co., Ontario. 686 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR EYES, INFLAMMATION OF THE.— Use Extract of Witch Hazel freely to bathe the eyes. Very good. Almet L. Maland, Rushford, Minnesota. 2. Eyes, Inflammation of. — Sulphate of Zinc i drachm. CarboMcAcid Yz Glycerine i ounce. Water ~ 4 ounces. Get this lotion prepared by a druggist and put four or five drops into the affected eyes morning and evening. Walter Whitfield, Sr., Pontiac, Michigan, R. F. D. 6. FARCY.— Nitrate of Potash, powdered finely. 4 ounces. Black Antimony 2 " Sulphite of Soda, powdered i ounce. Elecampane, powdered .. 2 ounces. Mix and give i tablespoonful once or twice a day. This remedy I have tried a good many times in the last thirty years and it has never failed to do the desired work. Tilman Wilkin, Spencerville , Ohio. 2. Farcy. — Or swelling along the abdomen caused by indi gestion from heavy feeding and run down condition. Saltpeter 3 ounces. Sulphur 3 " Cream of Tartar 3 " Anise Seed 3 " Mix and divide into four powders. Give one powder in feed the first meal, one the second, miss the third, give the fourth, miss the fifth and give the sixth. Better to be given in soft feed. A sure cure. John Oatway, Green Ridge, Manitoba, Canada. FISTULA, OR POLL EVIL.— Alcohol 6 ounces. Oil of Spike 2 Oil of Sassafras 2 Camphor Gum 4 OxorBeef Gall 2 Oil of Tansy 2 Apply once per day before pus has formed. It is a sure cure. John D. Allen, Worthington, Indiana. PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 687 FOUNDER. — The following receipt is a sure and speedy remedy: Take a tablespoonful of pulverized Alum, pull the horse's tongue out of his mouth as far as possible and throw the Alum down his throat. I^et go of his tongue and hold up his head until he swallows. In six hours time, no matter how bad the founder, he will be fit for moderate service. I have seen this remedy tested so often with perfect success that I would not make five dollars difference in a horse foundered (if done recently) and one that was not. Gilbert Holmes, Hillsboro, Ohio, R. F. D. 6. 2. Founder. — Founder is produced by three different causes : over-feeding, watering when too warm, or by driving a horse until he is very warm and letting him stand in a cold, raw wind without blanket. The last case is very severe and is difficult to cure. For Founder of short standing, take the small blade of a pen- knife, one-half inch from the point, and bleed in the wart of the feltlock of each fore leg, taking one teaspoonful of blood from each, and cause him to swallow a teaspoonful of dry Alum. If he has been foundered for any length of time, treat as above and bathe the legs thoroughly with the following: Beef's Gall, fluid contents of 6 ounces. Alcohol 6 Ammonia, Spirits of 3 " Shake well and bathe twice a day. F. E. Battle, Falls, Texas. 3. Founder. — A good remedy if the trouble is caused by too much grain. Keep the animal from water for twelve hours. As soon as you can, draw one gallon of blood from the horse's neck, then drench with one quart Linseed Oil and rub the fore legs long and well with very hot water. /. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota. 4. Founder, From Grain. — Drench with one pint Linseed Oil. Stand his front feet in a tub of hot water. In one hour, if he has not had a passage, repeat the dose. Give him exercise and some water. J. P. Woodard, New Comerstown , Ohio. 688 THE PRACTICAI^ STOCK DOCTOR 5. Founder, To Prevent. — For a horse that has been over- fed grain, if taken immediately, give one tablespoonful of powdered Alum by drawing out tongue, placing thereon and letting go at once. Follow' with i}( quarts raw lyinseed Oil. Bleeding in feet will also help if the person is competent to use the knife. Wm. A. Hale, Anamosa, Iowa. FROST'S CELEBRATED BLACK OIL FOR MAN OR BEAST.— Neat's Foot oil i pint. Spirits of Turpentine '. I " Oil of Spilce.. i 2 ounces. Oil of Origanum 2 " Oil of Vitriol i ounce. This liniment must be properly mixed to be of value, as fol- lows: Secure a half gallon jug, put the first four ingredients in and stir them thoroughly together, after which add a little of the Vitriol and continue stirring for a few minutes, then add a little more Vitriol and repeat the stirring, continuing this until the Vitriol is all used. Ji requires about two hours to get the Vitriol in without burning the liniment. Then let the whole mix- ture stand a few hours and it is ready for use. This liniment should be applied externally and is the best and cheapest all-around Stock liniment I ever saw. It is especially valuable for cuts, bruises, rheumatism and stifE joints. It is strong enough to kill bone spavin, and will not produce any more sensa- tion in a fresh cut than so much water if it is prope^iy mixed. If it is not properly mixed, it produces a burning sensation and is valueless. If used on animals, it should be washed out of the hair every other day as it may cause the hair to slip; otherwise it will not do any damage. It is the best wire-cut remedy I ever saw as it leaves the least scars. This recipe has been in use in our family for fifty years and is the most valued one we have. L. L. Frost, Mirabile, Missouri. GALLS ON HORSES.— White Lead moistened with Sweet Oil or sweet milk. Cover the galled spots twice a day. Wash before each application. J. P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio. PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 689 GREASE HEEL.— Give Sulphite of Soda, 5^ ounce three times per day, and also give Cant^arides, 5 grains once per day. Joseph IT. Reed, Cdnonsburg , Pennsylvania, R. F. D. 38. 2. Grease Heel, Scratches and Old Sores, Good Lini' ment For.— Linseed Oil i quart. Tutpentine Yz pint. OilofVitriol 2 ounces. Put the Linseed Oil and Turpentine into a glass jar or earthem vessel andcfn?/ the Vitriol in slowly t stirring until cool. Joseph H. Reed, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, R. F. D. j8. Grease Leg.*— Prepare horse for physic by giving bran mash diet for twenty-four hours, then give the fallowing: Barbadoes Aloes 6 drachms. Ginger, ground 2 " Oil, raw i pint. Next dissolve two ounces of Saltpeter, put into one-half pail of cold water and bathe the leg thoroughly for thirty minutes; then spread a poultice of boiled flaxseed on a cloth large enough to cover leg from back to fetlock, sprinkle poultice freely with Carbolic Acid,' place poultice on leg and bandage well with flan- nel to retain heat. Renew poultice on leg several times for a couple of days until grease is Well drawn out or scab is formed on leg, then remove poultice and wash leg regularly with the follow- ing: Water, soft '. >^ pailful. Creolin 2 tablespoonfuls. Also use Castile soap and continue the washings until all scurf is removed. Keep leg bandaged while operating, gradually changing to lighter bandages until finished. The above is a sure cure for grease or swelled leg. I have used it on several of my own horses during the past ten or fifteen years and have given it to many of my neighbors, and have never known it to fail when taken in the early stage of the disease and properly and carefully applied. I first got the remedy from a clergyman from the Highlands of Scotland. /. D. Baskerville, Dominion City, Manii&ba, Canada. 4.4 690 THK PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Grease, Ointment For. — Honey yi pottnd. Lard : J4 " Tar Y, " White Vitriol i ounce. SugarofLead i " Alum )^ pound. Melt together the first three ingredients, pulverize the bal- ance and mix in by stirring until cold. Put on lint cloth, bind on and keep on for 40 hours. Repeat as needed. Give purify- ing powders. I have tried and seen the above tried in several cases and never knew it to fail. This receipt is worth as much as the horse, for it will cure the grease, and a horse with grease heel is worthless. A. B. Dickerson, Lakeview, Michigan. HEAVES. — I have known horses to have the heaves so bad that they were entirely useless, and cured them completely by feeding nothing but ear com for six to eight months. 5'. W. Powell, Polo, Illinois. 2. Heaves, or Broken Wind. — Give eight or ten drops Tinctiu-e of Phosphorus in the drink several times a day for eight or ten days. Bartley Jost, Alma, Wisconsin. HOOF BOUND. — The following receipt I know by experi- ence to be very good: Beeswax 2 ounces. Venetian Turpentine 2 Burgundy Pitch 2 Rosin 2 Olive Oil 3 Pine Tar 4 Dissolve and add Spirits of Tur- pentine 2 " Rub well on hoof affected once every day for eight or ten days, and in severe cases repeat the treatment after an elapse of one week. Valentine Thoeny, Tell, Buffalo County, Wisconsin. PRACTICAI, RECIPES FROM FARMERS 691 HOOF OINTMENT.— Archangel Tar I pound. Tallow }4 " Beeswax _ 4 ounces. Melt together and apply twice a day. Bartley Jost, Alma, Wisconsin. 2. Hoof Ointment. — For crack in hoof or to grow on a new hoof. Muriatic Acid i ounce. Butter of Antimony i " White Vitriol, pulverized i " Mix and apply to parts. Tohn Oatway, Green Ridge, Manitoba, Canada. INDIGESTION, ACUTE.— One quart raw Ivinseed Oil Use as a drench and repeat if not relieved soon. W. R. Sedberry, Pittsfield, Illinois. 2. Indigestion, Acute. — First mix and give the following: Common Soda 4 tablespoonfuls. Ginger I tablespoonful. This will neutralize the gas in the stomach. In % hour aftel I give the following: Spirits of Turpentine i ounce. Tincture Laud!anum i " Raw I/inseed Oil i pint. Mix and give as a drench, and repeat every four hours untU better. Apply to the stomach hot cloths as directed in congestion of the lungs over my name. I treat chronic indigestion the same as acute indigestion, only I use more Ginger and Soda, or grotmd Gentian Root. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. LICE. — Insect Powder dusted over a horse well, then blank- eted for an hour, will kill lice. Repeat in one week. Elmer C. Wood, Mt. Gilead, Ohio. LINIMENT FOR SPRAINS, BRUISES, ETC.— Liquor Ammonia Tincture of Arnica Tincture of Opium Oil of Turpentine Alcohol Water, add to make i pint. Bathe two or three times daily, rubbing in well with the hand. 692 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR This is a splendid remedy for sprains or bruises, good for man or beast. One of my neighbors had a very sore foot which he cured with this remedy. Have used this liniment continuously fo^ thirty years. John Gawthrop, Milford, Indiana. 2. Liniment. — Oil of Spike 2 ounces. Origanum 2 " Hemlock 2 " Wormwood 2 " Sweeten 4 " Spirits of Ammonia 2 " Gum Camphor 2 " Spirits of Turpentine 2 " Alcohol (strong) I quart. Mix well together and bottle tight. An unequaled horse liniment, and one of the best ever made for human ailments, such as rheumatism, sprains, etc. Gurley Taylor, Boonville, Indiana. 3. Liniment, Clifton's. — Spirits of Ammonia i ounce. Spirits of Camphor 2 ounces. Turpentine 2 " SweetOil i ounce. Gasoline, sufiScient to make i pint. Keep away from the fire when applying it. D. H. Clifton, De Cliff, Ohio. 4. Liniment. — My favorite, and an excellent one for lumps, cuts, bruises, etc. Turpentine 4 ounces. Linseed Oil.. 4 " Oil of Spike 4 " Gumof Camphor 2 ' Rub on as often as the case seems to require. James M. Ross, Fairmount, West Virginia, R. F. D.j. 5. Liniment for Sprains, Bruises, Sores, Lameness, Etc. — This liniment has been thoroughly tested for years, and no one will be disappointed in using it. Olive Oil 4 ounces. Turpentine 4 " Gum Camphor ; 5 cents worth. Charles E. Haynes, Hillsboro, Ohio. PRACTICAI. RECIPES PROM FARMERS 693 6. Liniment. — Whiskey 6 ounces. Turpentine 2 " Spirits of Camphor 2 " Spirits of Soap 2 " Apply three times a day. Bartley Jost, Alma, Wisconsin, 7. Liniment, Good for Man or Beast. — Mix 2 ounces Spirits of Turpentine with Yz pint hard water and shake thor- oughly for five minutes. Add one hen's egg well beaten and shake again for five minutes. Put in 2 ounces Methylated Spirits of Alcohol (wood alcohol) and shake five minutes; add 2 ounces strong lyiquor of Ammonia and shake five minutes. Add hard water enough to make up a quart and shake again thoroughly and the liniment is ready for use. This is a great and efEectual remedy for all kinds of sprains and bruises when the skin is not broken. L. D. Arnold, Bergen, New York. LOCKJAW, CURE FOR.— Bleed the horse in the third bar of the mouth and drench with strong, salt water. J. P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio. LUNGS, CONGESTION OF THE.— Give the following: Sweet Spirits of Nitre I ounce. Laudanum % "" Gold Water i pint. Mix and give as a drench in one dose, repeating every two to three hours. If the horse is in high condition, add to the above 10 to 15 drops of Fleming's Tincture of Aconite. Apply hot cloths to the chest, that are wrung out from the following: Mustard 2 ounces. Spirits of Turpentine 3 " Hot Water 'A pailful. If the horse has a cough afterward give him the remedy for cough, to which my name is signed. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Smcoe Co., Ontario. «94 TH E FRACTlCAly STOCK DOCTOR MANGE.— No. I. — Carbolic Acid i ounce. Sulphur X " Water l pint. No. 2. — Sulphur % pound. Lard i Olive Oil I ounce. Wash with tar soap and warm water and apply No. i; the next day apply No. 2; the third day wash again with tar soap and warm water and apply No. i, and so on. Aimer L. M aland, Rushford, Minnesota. 2. Mange, or Any Skin Trouble. — Also good for dogs. — One bottle of Babbitt's Concentrated I,ye dissolved in Vz gallon of water. Add 4 pounds of Sulphur and stir until dis- solved. Put contents into 40 gallons of water and then add 5 ounces of Sulphuric Acid. Rub animal from head to feet with the mixture. It will cure the worst case. H. B. Gentry, Bloomington, Indiana. NAIL IN FOOT. — Crush peach leaves and moisten slightly, press or inject into the wound the juice or moisture obtained, then bind on to wound a poultice of the moist crushed leaves. This is the best remedy that in over forty years' experience as a farmer I have ever known. It is a most remarkable remedy for wounds, swellings and malignant sores of any kind, and is just as good for use on man as beast. It is also a remarkable anti- septic. 5". Alexander, Birmingham, Michigan. NAIL PUNCTURE.— Clean out the puncture at once and stand the foot for two or three hours in a strong lye made of hardwood ashes and hot water. Then make a poultice of Indian meal and this lye and apply to wound, keeping it on for six or eight hours and changing frequently to keep poultice as hot as possible. The lye kills the poison and lockjaw will not set in. This remedy is also good for man. D. H. Clifton, De Cliff, Ohio. NAIL WOUNDS. — A splendid and nevet failing remedy is a liberal application of Antiphlogistine (found at any drug store). Wash off and repeat as the occasion may demand. W. A. Langford, Richmond, Kentucky. PRACTICAI, RECIPES FROM FARMERS 695 OVER EATING, WHEAT OR OTHER GRAIN.— Give the following: Common or Baking Soda. ... 4 tablespoonfuls. Ginger i tablespoonful. Lukewarm Water i pint. Mix and give as a drench and this will neutralize the gas. One-half an hour afterward give: Saltpeter i tablespoonful. Raw Linseed Oil i^ pints. Dissolve the Saltpeter in hot water, mix it with the oU and give it as a drench. If the horse is not better, treat the same as in ACUTB INDIGBSTION, only do not give any water to drink for twenty hours. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. PNEUMONIA, OR LUNG FEVER.— Raw whiskey with soft food is tht most efEective medicine. If the horse is cold, give him a quart for first dose, then in quantities to keep warm. Under no circumstances feed grain to a horse suffering with this disease. When he lies down, he is either dead or im- proving. If the latter, let him sleep as long as he will, then be very careful about feeding. W. A. Lang ford, Richmond, Kentucky. POLL EVIL. — See remedy for Fistula and Poll Evil given by yohn D. Allen, Worthington, Indiana. RINGBONE, BUNCHES, STIFF JOINTS, ETC., LINIMENT TO REMOVE.— Turpentine 4 ounces. Salt I tablespoonful. Eggs, whites of yi dozen. Shake thoroughly together and apply. W. A. Eastwood, Chesaning, Michigan, R. F. D. 2. SCRATCHES.— Vaseline i ounce. Sugar of Lead i " Carbolic Acid 10 drops. Make into an ointment. Cleanse thoroughly with castile soap and warm soft water, rab gently with a 50ft cloth until dry, then apply the ointment. R. H. Rogers, Hudson, Michigan. 596 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR 2. Scratches.— Give the horse each day enough Epsom Salts to keep the bowels loose, and apply the following: Wut Gall 2 ounces. Copperas 2 " BlueVitriol 2 " Alum 2 " Cider Vinegar j^ gallon. Warm until dissolved and rub in well. Jacob Skearley, Franklin, Pennsylvania. 3. Scratches. — Wash the affected part clean with strong soapsuds and apply freely Gombault's Caustic Balsam. Have known this to cure when all other remedies had failed. W. A. Langford, Richmond, Kentucky, 4. Scratches. — ^The best remedy I have found for Scratches is to clean the horse's legs thoroughly, rub dry, then apply White I^ pint. Alcohol % " Apply three times daily, rubbing thoroughly, then skip three days. Repeat three times, after which grease. This is good liniment for 8prains or bruises. /?. //. Rogers, Hudson, Michigan. 3. Sweeny, Fistula, or any Enlargments or Sprains.— I consider Gombault's Caustic Balsam the best remedy I have ever used. C. B. Keys, Richland Center, Wisconsin. PRACTICAI, RKCIPES I^ROM FARMKRS 701 4. Sweeny Liniment. — Splkfe, Oil of I ounce. Amber, Oil of i Wormwood, Oil of 1 Origanum, Oil of I Spirits of Turpentine i Hartsliom i Alcohol ^ pint. ; /. IV. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota. THOROUGH-PIN. — See remedy for Bog Spavin given by /. Keatns, Palmetsion, Ontario, Canada^. THRUSH, — Clean the foot out clean, then pour the Essence of Salt (Muriatic Acid) in around the frog and hold the foot up until it quits boiling. Do this once every three days tmtil it is dried up. /. Davis, Liberty, Indiana. Z, Thrush. — To be applied externally: (a) Carbolic Acid ^ ounce. Spirits of Nitre 3 ounces. Sweet Oil 2 • Verdigris 4 drachms. British Oil jounces. The above should be compounded by a druggist as t^e combination is explosive. To be given internally: {b) Cream of Tartar...; 3 ounces. Nitrate of Potash 3 " Podophyllin 2 " Ginger 2 " Siilphate of Iron» 2 " I^euugreek i ounce. Apply "«" once a day for three days; give "^" twice a day for three days. Repeat till cured. I have found this good for Scratches also. D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan, R. F. D. 4.. 3. Thrush in Horses or Cattle.— Use equal parts of lard, pine tar and Blue Vitriol. Pulverize the Vitriol, warm the lard and mis all together. Clean out all decayed parts and dirt and 702 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR apply once a day for a week. Follow with applications of common salt. If no better in two weeks, use the first another week and follow with salt as before. William A. Hale, Anamosa, Iowa. THROAT, SWELLING IN, TO REDUCE.— lodideof Potassimn 4 drachms. Oil of Hemlock 2 ounces. Tnrpentine 3 " Oil Stone (liquid) 2 Wonnwood i ounce. Mix all with Alcohol, 8 ounces; add Tincture of Cantharides, 2 ounces. Rub swelling thoroughly with this lotion, leave it on foi three or four days or even a week, then grease for a day or two. If the swelling is not reduced sufiSciently, wash off grease and apply the blister again. Repeat until cured. D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan, R. F. D. 4.. URINE, RETENTION OF.— For stoppage of water, i tablespoon ful of Turpentine to 6 tablespoonf uls of warm water on the small of the back. This remedy has never failed with us. D. C. & C. B. Cook, Casenovia, New York. 2. Urine, Retention of. — When horse cannot pass urine, give Sweet Spirits of Nitre, i ounce, and increase, if not rdieved, to i}4 ounces mixed with i drachm Cantharides (Spanish Fly.) Give every half hour until relieved. Rub back with Camphor or a mixture of mustard and ginger. Aimer L. Maland, Rushford, Minnesota. 3. Urine, Retention of. — To relieve a mare of her water insert half of an onion, a small lump of salt or a little pepper in the vagina at the ends of your fingers as far as possible. This done at first will draw her water in ten minutes. This does not cure the animal but simply relieves her. Follow -with mixture No. I, or with mixtiure No. 2, if it is thought to be wind colic. (See Colic remedies Nos. 13 and 14 over Mr. Hale's name.) Blanket well if cold weather. Vfm. A. Hale, Anamosa, Iowa. PRACTICAI, RECIPES FROM FARMERS 703 WARTS. — Tllere are two kinds of warts — ^the cancer or bloody, and the dry or seed wart. Should It be the dry or seed wart, make the outer surface raw with a knife and then apply the following: Copperas , ^ ounce. Calomel- ^ '• Alum Yn " In preparing this, grind the Calomel and Copperas together, bum the Alum, mix all together and apply dry to the raw sur- face as often as the scab sloughs off until cured. This is a good remedy for sore necks, backs, shoulders, etc. , also for destroying jvoud flesh. K E. Battle, Martin, Texas. WIRE CUTS. — ^The free and frequent use of common coat oil will heal up a wire cut as rapidly and perfectly as any liniment I have ever used or any preparation prepared by a veterinary surgeon. J. P. Steele, Wintersei, Iowa. 2. Wire Cuts and Bruises, Salve for.— Lard (fried out of old pork) % pint. PineTar 'A " Mix and apply freely to sores. It will keep off the flies, heal up the -wound quickly and leave no scar. Ernest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota. 3. Wire Cut, or Any Raw Sore.— Take equal parts of Ammonia, pure cider vinegar, eggs and Turpentine. Shake well, let stand twelve hours and apply with syringe twice a day. Will keep sore clean and heal it rapidly from the bottom. W. I. Reynolds, Pipestone, Minnesota. 4. Wire Cuts, or Flesh Wounds.— Pulp onions and boil in clean, sweet lard. Get as strong of onion flavor as possible. Strain and keep clean. Apply on fresh wire cuts or flesh wounds once a day. It will cleanse the wound and prevent calloused edges, which are so common in wire cuts. I have found this an infallible remedy. . , o. . kt ci. r A. L. Stutsman, New Sharon, Iowa. 704 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR WORMS. — Mix a handful of strong fine-cut tobacco with the oats or bran once a day for a week. Home-grown tobacco dried and pulverized is the best. D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio. 2. Worms. — Sulphate of Iron I drachm. Tartar Emetic i " Linseed Meal 2 drachms. Mix and give as one dose. Give this dose twice daily for one week and then give as follows: Spirits of Turpentine 'I oimce. Linseed Oil, raw i pint. Mix and give as one dose. A. B. Brown, Alexandria, South Dakota. 3. Worms in Horses, Long Round. — Give: Spirits of Turpentine i ounce. Raw Linseed Oil Yi. pint. I also give a teaspoonf ul Sulphate of Iron in the feed twice a day. If a horse is fed 4 quarts raw potatoes twice a week they will kill bots or worms. Salt and hardwood ashes mixed in equal parts, and about 2 tablespoonfuls given in their oats or soft feed is also very good. George Camt>bell, Gilchtist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. WOUNDS OR CUTS, APPLICATION FOR.— Alcohol I pint. Camphor 1 ounce. Saltpeter I " Gum Guiacum i •• John Oatway, Green Ridge, Manitoba, Canada. 2. Wounds, Fresh. — Lard I pound. Rosin >^ " Eggs, white of 3 Heat the, lard and rosin and when nearly cold add the eggs. D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan, R. F. D. ^. PRACTICAL RECIPES FOR FARMERS 704 a PRACTICAL REMEDIES FOR FARMERS BARRENNESS IN COWS OR MARES. The following remedies are from a man who has interviewed hundreds of farmers on the subject of barrenness. He writes that the remedies below are the simple remedies which the farmers have found most efifective in dealing with this trouble. In man)^ cases, barrenness is caused by an acid condition of the womb of the cow or mare which kills the sperm. If the cow or mare comes in heat regularly, the following reme- dies may be relied upon for this trouble. 1. Yeast Treatment. Flush the womb with warm water and then place a cake of comman baking yeast in the neck of the womb. Breed the animal two to six hours later. The yeast counteracts the acid. Thousands of cows and mares every year considered sterile by farmers could be successfully bred if this treatment were used. 2. Baking Soda. Wash out the vagina once a day for two or three weeks with a solution of baking soda, using one ounce of soda to a quart of water. At the end of three weeks, the acid condition will have disappeared and you should have no trouble in successfully breeding your cow or mare. 3. Carbolic Acid Solution. Wash out the womb with a solution of one tablespoonful of carbolic acid to three pints of water. Repeat this once each day for three weeks, then breed. Using this solution neutralizes the injurious secre- tions. Often barrenness is caused by the closing of the neck of the womb. This can be easily remedied by the following : 4. Dilating the Neck of the Womb. Oil the hands well and dilate (expand) the mouth of the womb by inserting the 704 b THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR hand well into the neck of the womb. If the neck is mis- shapen, straighten it with the hands so as to make a clear passage. 5. Belladonna. If the mouth of the womb is contracted, saturate (soak) a sponge with fluid extract of belladonna, tie a string to it, and carry it into the mouth of the womb as far as possible. Leave one hour. This will relax the neck, after which you ought immediately to put the mare to the horse or the cow to the bull. In some cases the mare or cow fails to come in heat or "come around". This is abnormal and should be treated as follows : 6. Powdered Cantharides. Where the animal fails to "come around", give 20 grains of powdered cantharides in the feed twice a day, morning and evening. This proves very effective in stimulating the generative organs. If the animal comes in heat regularly and seems to be normal but still fails to become pregnant, try the two follow- ing ideas : 7. Change the Stallion or Bull. This often proves satis- factory. 8. Inject the Semen with a Syringe. In many cases, this is absolutely necessary. SOAP LINIMENT WITHOUT SOAP. This is good for either man or beast. Mix 2 ounces of sweet oil, 1 ounce of aqua ammonia, three-fourths ounce of spirits of camphor and one-half ounce of spirits of turpentine. PRACTICAL RECIPES FOR FARMERS 704 c IMPACTION OF THE PAUNCH — RUMENOTOMY. Sometimes when cattle get out among the corn stalks in the fall they eat so much that they gorge themselves. The paunch is wedged so full of food that it causes paralysis of the stomach. In many cases the most powerful physic in the world could not remove the food; and unless you know how to empty the stomach the cattle affected will die. Many a farmer has told of losing from eight to fifteen head of cattle from this disease. " Often Confused with Corn Stalk Disease. Corn stalk dis- ease is due to poisoning of the cattle by some substance in the stalks. Many farmers, however, think that every time they find cattle dead in the corn field it was because of corn stalk disease, whereas in most cases it was due to impaction of the paunch. If they had opened up the paunch, they would have found it gorged with food. A Good Test — of whether or not it is impaction of the paunch is to press the flank with the closed fist. The indent of the fist is slow to fill out, as if the paunch was filled with a soft doughy mass. By tapping the paunch with the hand, a dull sound is made. Treatment. The treatment is simple, especially if you have tapped a cow for bloat. In case of bloat, the paunch is filled with gas ; in case of impaction, the paunch is filled with food. The treatment is therefore similar. Find exactly the same spot that you would tap a cow for bloat. This is where the animal is most bloated — usually the center of the triangle made by the last rib and the hip bone. With a sharp knife — the ordinary butcher knife carefully washed with an antiseptic solution will do — make an incision 70-i d THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR running up and down large enough to admit the hand. Open first the skin, then the muscles, and then the wall of the paunch. Xow remove from the paunch with your hand at least half of the food. Then sew up the wound carefully with cat-gut stitches. There are no blood vessels near so if you follow directions there is no danger of killing the cow and it may be the means of saving several head of cattle. For a fuller description and more details, see pages 382 and 539. PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 705 LESSON VI REMEDIES FOR CATTLE TO KEEP CATTLE IN HEALTH.— Give i heaping tablespoonful of leaf tobacco once a week in wheat bran. Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F. D. i. COW POWDER.— The following is a very good cow tonic: Saltpeter i part. Copperas 3 parta. Rosia 4 " Sulphur 5 " Wood Soot 6 " Mix thoroughly and give i tablespoonful a day. Hiram Graham, Franklin, Pennsylvania, R. F. D. i. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.— When a cow or steer gets sick and begins to lose flesh, examine the tail, and if at the end of the tail bone it seems hollow or flabby, split the hollow and fill with common salt, then wrap with a rag saturated with Turpentine. This will be all the attention necessary. If sick from overeating or eating frozen corn or damaged food, give one quart Castor Oil. W. A. Langford, Richmond, Kentucky. SUGGESTION FOR CARE OF.— I think cattle do best when turned out and have as many different kinds of rough feed as it is handy to give them. Keep the consumptives out of your cattle, also the lump jaws. 5. W. Powell, Polo, Elinois. ABORTION, TO PREVENT.— Take i ounce of pure Carbolic Acid and mix thoroughly with 1 gallon of salt. For fifteen cows feed this amount every four weeks; for a less number, feed in proportion. For Contagious Abortion separate each cow that has aborted from the herd and treat in the following manner: Give each cow 10 drops of pure Carbolic Acid diluted in 3 pints of water 4/f 7o6 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR sprinkled in ground feed, a day for two weeks; then skip a week, then repeat the treatment for two weeks again, continuing this for two months and gradually increasing the dose to 14 drops. Also obtain a bottle of I,ysol, and for each cow take i ounce of Ivysol to 3 quarts lukewarm water, mix thoroughly and inject the solution with a syringe ( ^ pint metal is the best) into the vagina of each, three times a week for three months. T. M. Scott, Winterset, Iowa, R. F. D. i. {Breeder of Aberdeen Anzus Cattle.^ AFTERBIRTH, TO REMOVE— WHEN COW STRAINS HARD. — Fasten animal between two planks or walls to prevent jumping sideways and tie up short. Enter vagina with oiled hand, follow afterbirth carefully into womb and loosen same along the walls of the latter. Where cow does not strain hard, give i quart Linseed Oil 2 to 3 times a day and afterbirth will come loose in a short time. Ernest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota. Afterbirth, Retention of the.— To a cow that does not clean herself after calving I give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day. This is a certain cure. /. M. Hume, IVilliamstown, Kentudiy. BLACK LEG, TO PREVENT.— I have for many yean used the following remedy as a preventive of Black Leg among young cattle, and when I have used it regularly have never had ,a case of the disease. I am confident that it is a preventive if used for two or three weeks before the disease would naturally attack the calf, but will not cure if the animal has already been attacked. ' Sulphur 10 pounds. Copperas 6 " Saltpeter 3 " Lime, air-slacked 3 " Pulverize and mix and use in the salt trough in the proportion of one to four, or not to ex- ceed one to three, J. P. Steele, Winterset, lowa^ PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS yof 2. Black Leg, to Prevent.— Copperas.. i ponnd. Saltpeter... i Lime, air-slacked i " Sulphur 2 pounds. Ashes, from Aard wood 3 " Mtx with 20 pounds of common salt and use same as common salt, keeping it before the cattle all the time. In thirty years' use I have never had a case of Black Leg. hhn Schoenberger , East Petu, Iowa. 3. Black Leg. — Put small teacupful of salts and Vz teacup- ful of common salt into a quart of water. Shake until thoroughly dissolved and give to animal as soon as fotmd. Repeat in about four or five hours. If animal is still alive in the morning, give twice a day for two days. It is a common belief among people that there is no help for an animal that has an attack of Black Leg, and perhaps that is so. I have lost a good many cattle by this disease, and never had one recover after it was attacked until I used the above simple remedy. I have saved about fifty per cent, since using it. G. D, Foster, Kingfisher, Oklahoma. BLOATING. — ^Use trocar if possible. If same is not at hand, use small-bladed knife and tap the paunch half way be- tween the last rib and the hip bone. Enter an open goose quiU or clean pipe stem into cut and let gas escape. When down to usual size, remove quill, apply a salve of Turpentine and lard (equal parts) to wound and leave alone. Ernest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota. 2. Bloating. — When cattle are sick and bloat, give Cam- phor, 2 tablespoonfuls to a dose, mixed with water about i pint. Dose may be repeated in half hour if necessary. Seldom have to give more than two doses. ReHeves at once. Harmon Rossman, Lakeview, Michigan. 3. Bloating, or Colic. — One quart buttermilk, i tablespoon- ful soda. Put soda in when ready to drench. Shake the bottle, pull the cork and drench at once. Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana,, R. F. D. /, 7o8 THB PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOl^ 4. Bloating. — Either tie the animal up or get it into some enclosure where it cannot get away from you and pour cold water on back or sides, where bloat is shown. Continue this pouring of water for fifteen or twenty minutes if need be. I have had a good many cases of bloating and never failed with this remedy but once; then I used a trocar. Tilman Wilkin, Speticerville, Ohio. 5. Bloating.— Sal Ammoniac I drachm. Whiskey % pint. Water i pint. Give as one dose. If not relieved in half an hour, repeat the dose. Battley Jost, Alma, Wisconsin 6. Bloating in Cattle.—Take a round piece of wood about t% to z inches in diameter, and 12 inches in length. Put as a gag crosswise in the animal's mouth; make fast and leave until the gases escape. Isaac Salkeld, Goderich, Huron Co., Ontario. 7. Bloating. — Give y^ pint common beans, uncooked. Of course the animal will not eat them and they have to be forced down the throat. This remedy was given me by an old physician one day when calling at my home. Shortly after I had an animal with a bad case of bloat and tried the above with perfect success, complete relief being had in fifteen minutes. A. B. Dickerson, Lakeview, Michigan. 8. Bloating. — I^ast week one of my cows got the bloat — ate too many cold (not frozen) pumpkins. Breathed so hard could be heard rods away. I took 2 ^2 ounces of baking soda and mixed it Into a ball with wheat flour and a little water, put it down h,er throat, and in two hours she was over it and eating hay. Dt . D. 6. SCOUR IN CATTLE, HORSES, CALVES, AND CHOLERA OR DIARRHEA IN PERSONS.— Frequently a handful of salt will relieve horses and cattle from scour, but if this does not afford relief in twelve hours, I have recourse to a remedy for the above disease that has never failed me. I use Spirits of Camphor, Tinctmre of Rhubarb and Laudanum, equal parts of each. Mix thoroughly. For a horse or cow, give a dessertspoonful; for a calf, a teaspoonful. If not relieved in three hours, repeat the dose. For grown persons I use 30 drops; for a child, 8 or 10 drops. For persons, give in a little sweetened ' water; for stock, in half a pint of warm water. I have known many of the worst cases of diarrhea in children to be cured in a very short time from using this remedy, and I consider it one of the most valuable recipes I have ever come across. M. E. Wees, West Superio* , Wisconsin. PRACTICAI. RECIP ES FROM FARMERS 719 2. Scour in Young Cattle or Calves. — For calf under three months of age, give i tablespoonf ul of Castor Oil twice a day; for older ones, increase the dose according to size. Another remedy for the same: Take equal parts of Ginger, pulverized charcoal and common baking powder, mix well to- gether and give i teaspoonful twice a day. Pull out tongue and throw powder on back part and they will swallow it, or give it by way of drench. I have found the above to be good remedies. Tilman Wilkin, Spencerville , Okio, 3. Scours in Calves. — Put one teacupful raw flour in the milk given the calf, twice a day, until cured. If the calf is in pain give: Tincture of I^audanum, i teaspoonful, Raw Linseed Oil, 2 ounces, two hours after first dose is given. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. 4. White Scour in Calves. — Give 30 drops of Laudanurr in I tablespoonf ul of Castor Oil three times a day until well. I have found this to be one of the best recipes I ever used Never lost but one calf. WUliam Wales, Osbotne, Kansas. 5. Scour in Calves or Lambs.— Tincture of Catechu 6 ounces. Prepared Chalk, powdered 3 drachms. lAudanum i ounce. Dilute in Alcohol to make one pint, shake wdl and give as follows : To calf, one tahle- spoonful every four hours; to lamb, one-half teaspoonful every five hours. A, L. Fox, New Sharon, loiva. 720 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR LESSON VII REMEDIES FOR SHEEP TO KEEP SHEEP HEALTH Y.~ Give i teaspoonful of leaf tobacco in wlieat bran once a week, and plenty of salt, and sheep will always be healthy. If sick, give Y^ teaspoonful of Turpentine and i tablespoon- ful of sorghum molasses well mixed. Give morning and evening until the sheep will eat its food. Have used the above for twenty-five years. Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana. SHEEP POWDER FOR APPETITE.— Sulphate of Iron 2 ounces. Ginger 8 " Fenugreek 8 " Gentian 4 " Mix tlie above witli i gallons oil cake and feed I pint daily, mixed with i peck com and oats. Joseph H. Reed, Canonsburg , Pennsylvania, R. F. D. jS. SHEEP, TO KEEP IN CONDITION.— Sheep do much better in small bunches of about fifty than they do in larger bunches. Plenty of salt and exercise are also needed for sheep, 5. W. PowHl, Polo, Illinois. BLOATING.— Ginger i drachm. Baking Soda i " Spirits AintQoHia (Aromatic) 2 drachms. Water i pint. Give as one dose, and if it does not have the desired effect, repeat in J^ to i hour, according to severity of the case. G. R. Padelfotd, Hastings, Michigan. CHOLERA, LAMB.— Sulphuric Ether given in i ounce doses mixed with twice the quantity of warm water or milk — dose repeated in fifteen minutes if not easier — will positively cure the so-called "Lamb Cholera" in young lambs if discovered be- fore they are too far gone. "Lamb Cholera" is nothiiKj bat colic produced by sickness or changes in the dam's milk. Geo. M. Wither, Marysville, Ohio. PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 721 COLIC, OR STRETCHES.— Give one drachm each of Ginger and Soda in water as a drench; if this fails to relieve, repeat the dose in one hour and give four to six ounces of raw Linseed Oil. G. R. Padelford, Hastings, Michigan. 2. Colic, or Stretches.— Let the shepherd take the sheep by the hind legs, with its back toward him, and raise it as high as his head three times. Isaac Salkeld, Goderich, Ontario, Canada. CONSTIPATION IN LAMBS, TO PREVENT.— After the ewe has dropped her lamb, take a pint of bran, add a table- spoonful of salt to it, and pour over the bran boiling water to make a soft mash; let it cool and when lukewarm give to the ewe. Repeat once a day for 2 or 3 days. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. FLUKE WORM.— See Ticks and Fluke Worm, given by W. A. Eastwood, Chesaning, Michigan. FOOT ROT.— strong brine (made with hot water) i quart. Siilphate of Copper (Blue Vitriol), powdered, add all that brine will cut, then add : Corrosive Sublimate. % ounce. Turpentine % " Bottle for use. One application with a swab, if trimming of foot is thoroughly done, will effect a cure. However, the entire flock should be gone over once a week and the feet examined by using knife to see if any parts are still affected, and such examination continued until flock is known to be sound. I have known this remedy to cure large flocks of sheep (including my own) when remedies costing $10.00 per pint had signally failed. But no medicine will cure Foot Rot without it finds its way to the parasite which causes it, and this can only be done by practice with the use of the knife. Thrush in Horses' Feet. — The above remedy wiU cure this disease equally as well and should be used in the sam^ manner. Ringworm. — It will also cure Ringworm in human flesh, or any parasitic affection anywhere. Geo. M. Wilder, MatysvtHe, OMo. 722 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR 2. Foot Rot. — Pour Turpentine freely into the afiEected parts. Also mix Turpentine in feed, or in bran and salt, and let sheep have access to same. A quantity of Sulphur added will be of benefit both in sore .mouth and sore foot. These seem to be kindred diseases of the blood. W, Ji, Jewell, AlJdres Mills, M^esl Virginia. FOUNDER. — I have had four sheep foundered and saved three after they got puffed, and two of them stiff so as to prevent walking. Remedy: Give 2 tablespoonfuls of Castor Oil warmed, or 2 tablespoonfuls of lyinseed Oil, and inject the lower bowel full of warm soapsuds. Repeat both the oil and the injection in two hours. I have tried both oils with success. Geo. H. Banta, Shelbyville, Kentucky, R. F. D. g. GADFLY, TO KEEP AWAY.— Rub pine tar on ^heir noses. Keep it on through July and August. John P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio. GRUB IN THE HEAD.— Confine sheep in tight stall or pen, place large canvas over pen, then fumigate by burning Sulphur in iron pot. Keep them in until they cough violently. W. R. Sedberry, Pittsfield, Illinois. 2. Grub in the Head.— Pour into each nostril one-half tea- spoonful of Kerosene Oil. fohn P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio. LOSS OF APPETITE. — See Staggers or Loss ob Appetitb, given by W. S. Starcher, Berlin, West Virginia. MOUTH, SORE.— Hold the sheep's head firmly between the knees, letting it occupy same position as is natural when sheep is standing, and pour Turpentine down over nose and mouth. Also mix a quantity of Turpentine with wheat bran, to which add salt, and feed to the entire flock. W. R. Jewell, Alkires Mills, West Virginia. PRAC TlCAIy RECIPES FROM FARMERS 723 PILES. — Apply clamp and burn off protruding part with a knife-shaped iron which has been heated to a white heat. Then apply Boracic Acid twice a day. D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan, R. F. D. 4. PNEUMONIA OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. — Give two to four grains of Quinine in one-half ounce of whiskey every six hours. In one hour after giving the Quinine give: Saltpeter 2 grains. Aconite i to 3 drops. Drop the Aconite on the Saltpeter, and put the mixture on the tongue; repeating remedy every four hours until the fever is gone. If the case is very bad, repeat a little oftener. I never gave this to swine, but should think it would be equally as good for them as for sheep. G. R. Padelford, Hastings, Michigan. ROT. — For my sheep I use two-thirds salt and one-third Epsom Salts. I usually keep it lying by them. I make a dip by boiling tobacco until it is very strong. To every 100 gallons of the juice I add one gallon Carbolic Acid and about twenty pounds of salt. I use a tank that will take a sheep or hog into it and put them under head and ears. My neighbors use a box and dip them back down, but I prefer having them on their feet as I drive them in and lower them out of sight. The dip should be well stirred so as to not have them swallow the Acid. I have used this same dip for hogs for ten years and have never had any cholera since. /. M. Hume, Williamstown, Kentucky. SCAB IN SHEEP.— Mix Wood Soot and Turpentine with their grain when feeding. John P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio. STAGGERS, OR LOSS OF APPETITE.— Give i tablespoonful of Turpentine. The one dose is usually sufficient, but in severe cases a second dose might become necessary. W. S. Starcker, Berlin, West Virginia. 724 the; practicai, stock doctor TICKS.— To prevent sheep from having ticks, give the salt, sulphur and saltpeter treatment as in cattle. This will pre- vent scab or any skin diseases and keep the sheep healthy. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co. , Ofilario. 2. Ticks and Fluke Worm. — Salt, Sulphur and Ashes, equal parts, to be kept where sheep can eat it at any time. It will keep them in good condition. JV. A. Eastwood, Cfiesanijig , Michigan, R. F. D. 2. WOMB, EVERSION OF.— I have had several sheepwitb womb come out which all died until I used the following treat- ment: Wash the womb gently in warm water and grease well with Sweet Oil or Castor Oil and put back. Then take a com- mon hog ringer and fasten one hog ring through the vagina so the womb cannot come out, and the sheep will fatten for market. I have not lost one since I used this treatment. George H. Banta, Shelbyville, Kentucky, R.F.D. j. WORMS.— Equal parts of Sulphate of Iron and Sulphate of Copper. Dose. — One drachm for four sheep. Feed in salt, or any way it can be fed best, once or twice a day. Harm.071 Rossman, Lakeview, Michigayi. 2. Worms in the Head of Sheep, to Prevent. — Put salt in a sharp-bottomed trough and spread tar on each side of the trough. When the sheep eat the salt they get the tar on the nose, and that keeps away the fly that lays the ^^'g which forms the worm in the head. Robert E. Chambers, Spence? , Indiana. 3. Worms. — Keep salt and Sulphur before them all the time in the proportion of one pound of Sulphur to ten pounds of salt. T. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota. 4. Worms, Ticks and Other Sheep Parasites.— Simple but effective. To be almost wholly exempt from sheep parasites, keep rock salt in pastures with a few drops of Turpentine put on salt occasionally. ^, r- tt tt-u j ^,. ■^ Chas. E. Haynes, Htlkboro, Ohio, PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 735 WORMS IN LAMBS.— Take one part Coal Tar Creosote to 99 parts water. After lambs have missed one feed, give as a drench two to four ounces of the mixture, according to size of lamb. Repeat in four or five days if first treatment does not prove effective. A. L. Fox, New Sharon, Iowa. 2. Worms, Stomach, in Lambs. — Take Gasoline one part to fresh milk four parts and give one tablespoonful twice a day for two days, or until they are better. The following also I find very good: Creosote of Tar one part to water fifteen parts. One tablespoonful once a day for two days. There is no disease that stock is subject to that causes greater loss than stomach worms in lambs. J. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota. LESSON VIII REMEDIES FOR SWINE HOGS, TO KEEP IN CONDITION.— I have been rais- ing and feeding hogs for twenty-eight -years and have made hog raising a close study. At first I had a good many failures. After trying all the paper remedies on hog ailments, I find if a hog gets seriously sick you might as well kill it at once, for if it does not die it will never be thrifty, and is useless as a feeder or producer. I have for the last several years been very successful, and now have no fears of disease among my hogs. My theory is, prevent instead of cure. My care and treatment is simple and inexpensive, and is as follows: Keep the lice off, which can be done with a mixture of coal oil and lard, about equal parts, sprinkled on the hogs about once every thirty days if necessary. Sometimes it is not necessary oftener than every two, three, or four months, but at any rate it is necessary in order to have healthy hogs to keep them free from lice. 726 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR The next important thing is to keep their digestion in order. This is easily done by keeping plenty of coal cinders where they can have free access to them. With these rules strictly adhered to in this latitude, the hog raiser need have no fears. J. F. Ware, Danville, Kentucky. 2. Hogs, to Keep in Condition. — I keep air-slaked lime and salt, equal parts, in a trough in the lot. I think it a good conditioner and disinfectant. James B. Wekrman, Nelson, Nebraska. 3. Hogs, To Keep in Condition. — In summer a good run to grass and plenty of water. In winter feed Sulphur, soft coal siftings, clover hay and bran. Do not feed swine of any kind very long on clear corn or corn meal. Milk is always good. My method of feed in winter is as follows: To a 150 to 200 pound shote give a heaping tablespoonful of Sulphur at a time in some kind of ground feed, one in the morning and one in the evening, for a week. Skip a week and give for three or four days, after which give none for about three weeks. Soft coal siftings or charcoal should be fed between meals every alternate day — that is, every other day while the hogs are in confinement and cannot root in the ground — from a half pint to a pint each, according to size of hog. They will eat the coal very readily without mixing anything with it. I feed in the trough the same as I do other feed. If clover hay is handy, feed every other day in place of coal, or one day with hay and ■ L. D. Arnold, Bergen, New York. 4. Hogs, To Keep in Condition.— I feed my hogs all the salt and ashes, mixed, that they care to have. It may be put. in boxes or in heaps on the ground. I also give them a little Turpentine— about i tablespoonful to a pail of swill. I^et them run out where they can have plenty of exercise, and also keep PRACTICAI, RECIPES FROM FARMERS 737 them from piling up on one another in their sleeping place. Give them all the green corn you wish. S. W. Powell, Palo, Ogle Co., Illinois. [P. S. — You may state that one year I lost most of my hogs with cholera (about 80 head). All that I had except 12, ■which latter had a habit of getting through the wire fence and eating all the green corn they wanted. Por this reason I think green com is good food. — 5. ]V. P.] 5. Hogs, To Keep in Condition. — Salt and ashes fed once a week, keep my hogs from getting sick. Never had any sick °^^^- F. M. Brown, Kiel, Kingfisher Co., Oklahoma. TO KEEP SWINE IN HEALTH.— As I never have any sick hogs I cannot give any remedies, but will say that my hogs always have free access to all the soft coal they want, and it will surprise anyone who has not fed it to see how much they will consume. Also a box of salt and ashes, mixed, placed where they can eat it is a preventive of worms, which are very detri- mental to the health of hogs. W. A . Eastwood, Chesaning, Michigan, R. F. D. 2. 2. To Keep Swine in Health.— Give them all the charcoal they want and they will. always be healthy. One teaspoonful of leaf tobacco twice a week to each hog and you will not have any sick hogs. Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F. D. z. SHOTES IN POOR CONDITION.— Wash and scrub thoroughly in very strong soapsuds with a kitchen scrubbing brush, and pull or break out the black teeth. If lousy, mix lard and lamp oil and grease them. D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio. PIGS, TROUBLES WITH SUCKING.— In this sec- tion of the country a great many farmers lost their little pigs the first week or two after they were farrowed, and I was called upon to investigate for the cause. I found that the sows were fed on strong food, such as barley meal, pea meal and the like, causing the milk to be too strong, and producing indigestion in the little pigs. 728 THE PRACTICAI, 3T0CK DOCTOR To prevent this trouble the sows should be fed lightly for a. week or two after farrowing with equal parts bran and middlings or shorts, pouring over the mixture boiling water so as to cook it. Add I tablespoonful of Sulphur once a day. This will also prevent what we call "cancer of the tail." If you notice little pigs, you will see that they get sore at the root of the tail, the sore taking the form of a ring at the root of the tail, which later drops off. To prevent the tail dropping off and to heal the sore take; Sweet Oil 30 drops. Carbolic Acid i drop. JIfix and apply to the sore spot. Another new disease in this section is that the pigs will get sore back of the ears; a yellow discharge will come from sores, and it has a very bad odor. To cure this, apply coal oil (kerosene) to the affected part and give the hog a tablespoonful of sulphur once a day. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario. I give two remedies which I have found to be most valuable to me in my swine raising, one below and one under "Pneu- monia." BACK, WEAK. — For the past two years in this locality young pigs (perhaps 20 per cent, of the total number), show a weakness in the back. For instance, they may be standing still, then suddenly give down in the back until the belly touches the ground; or they may be walking and suddenly duck as though going under a low fence. I have consulted many veterinarians, and thus far have not been able to find one who can classify the disease. It is never fatal so far as I know. It affects pigs of from six weeks to four months old. Use Spirits of Turpentine, about i teaspoonful, pouring it along the back. Usually one application is sufficient, but a second, or possibly a third, may be necessary. It is an absolute ^^^- H. T. Morgan, Mt. Morris, Michigan. BLIND STAGGERS, OR RUN-AROUND.— Pour one tablespoonful of I^inseed Oil into each ear. J. M. Hume, Williamstown, Kentucky. PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 729 CHOLERA, TO PREVENT.— Hog raising is my forte, but I use no medicines or stock fodder with the exception of Radway' s Scientific Discovery, which is a preventive of Cholera. My hogs seem perfectly healthy — no cough or disease of any John L. Babcock, Neligh, Nebraska. 2. Cholera. — Some years ago I had a severe attack of Hog Cholera among my hogs. I used the following, with the result that I lost only one hog after commencing its use, although I had a number at the time which could not stand up, and they had previorwly been dying at the rate of two or three a day. lyime, unslaked 2 pounds. Sal-Soda i pound. Tar }i " Antimony % " Sulphur % " Poke Root (ground and pulverized) . 6 ounces. May Apple Root " " . 6 " Asafetida 6 " Saltpeter 6 " Put the Lime, Poke Root and May Apple Root into 4 gallons of water when boiling and stir well ; then put the balance of the ingredients in when cool and stir well again; then put the whole into a barrel of swill or mash. In a severe attack, such as I had I double the strength by taking twice asWuch of each. When I commenced using it many of my hogs could not eat mash, and we gave it to them as a drink. I have since given the recipe to others, who have tried it with success. The above can also be used as a preventive by giving one pailful once a week to eight hogs, or say a quart to a hog. E. A. WMlace, Winamac, Indiana, 3. Cholera.— An exchange says that every paper in the state should publish the fact that burnt corn is a sure cure for Hog Cholera, and adds : "It was first discovered by a distillery in Peoria, 111. It was thrown to the hogs- to be eaten by them. Before that time a number had been dying each day with cholera, but the disease disappeared immediately." It is so simple a remedy that it can easily be tried. Harmon Rossman, Lakeview, Michigan. 730 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR 4. Cholera. — Arsenic yi pound. Cape Aloes..., ^ " Blue Vitriol X Black Antimony I ounce. Dose. — One teaspoouful 3 times a day, every other day, to a hog of 100 pounds weight. Bartley Jost, Alma, Buffalo Co., Wisconsin. 5. Cholera. — As a preventive, mix in the proportion of 2 quarts charcoal to i handful salt. Leave it where the hogs can have free access to it. Do this^3 or 4 times a week. D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan. 6. Cholera. — I recommend the following not only as a pre- ventive but as a cure for this scourge of swine: Sulphur 1 pound. Saltpeter, pulverized I " Madder, pulverized I " Black Antimony, pulverized % " Asafetida 2 ounces. Jlfi:e thoroughly together. As a preventive. — Mix with the slop twice a week in the proportion of 4 tablespoonfuls to five hogs. If they do not eat it at first, starve them to it. As a cure.^ — Give in the same propor- tion once daily. At least half a dozen farmers have told me they have used the above remedy with most excellent results, claiming that it is the only thing they have ever discovered that will cure Hog Cholera. 2?. B. Freeman, Detroit, Michigan. 7. Cholera. — Charcoal and ashfes is about the best thing I have ever tried for hog Cholera. ^ ^ ^^^^_ Coldwater, Mich. 8. Cholera. — The following is an unfailing cure for Hog Cholera, and also a preventive of the disease: Give to each hog i teaspoonful of White Hellebore in food. One dose is suflScient, Hiram Graham,, Franklin, Pennsylvania, R. F. D. i. No. g. PRACTICAI, RECIPES FROM FARMER S 731 9. Cholera. — The following formula is from the Govern- ment Veterinarian. I have used this remedy, and while it will not always cure the disease, it is nevertheless a good one. Wood Charcoal i pound. Sulphur I " Sodium Chloride 2 pounds. Sodium Bicarbonate 2 " Sodium Hyposulphate 2 " Sodium Sulphate i pound. Antimony Sulphide (Black Antimony) i " Mix. Dose, I tablespoonful to a 200 pound hog once a day. A. B. Brown, Alexandria, South Dakota. 10. Cholera, To Prevent.— Keep them from sleeping in manure piles and old wet straw stacks. Feed charred corn, salt and sulphur, and you will not have the disease in your hogs. /. W. tiiggs. Silver Leaf, North Dakota. CONSTIPATION AND LAMENESS CAUSED BY STRONG FEED AND WANT OF EXERCISE.— Feed all the wood ashes and salt they want to eat and give them a chance to exercise. Ernest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota. COUGH. — A small quantity of Venetian Red put into slop and given to hogs will stop cough. To a hog that weighs 100 pounds, give teaspoonful at a time. If not relieved, repeat the dose in twenty-four hours. To a larger hog, give a larger dose; to a smaller hog a smaller dose. Gurley Taylor, Booneville, Indiana. LAMENESS.— See Constipation and I,amenbss, given by Ernest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota. 2. Lameness and Stiffness.— Give Sulphur i to 2 tea- spoonfuls and Epsom Salts i to 2 teaspoonfuls, according to size of hog, in the regular feed till the bowels move freely. Keep in a dry place. Thomas Newbgging, Atwood, Perth Co. , Canada. LICE.— Sprinkle hogs with undiluted coal oil. Use plenty, and repeat in ten or fifteen days. W. R. Sedberry, PittsMd, Illinois. 732 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR PNEUMONIA. — I have found Turpentine — administered by a metal syringe, which they cannot injure by biting — to be the most satisfactory of any remedy. For a pig of loo pounds, take a tablespoonful of Turpentine and mix with half a teacupful of milk. Reduce dose and repeat in six hours. If in pain, add 30 drops of Laudanum. H. T. Morgan, Mt. Morris, Michigan. RHEUMATISM; ALSO LICE.— Rub well with kerosene oil. It will not take the hair off. John P. Vi^oodard, New Comerstown, Ohio. SCOURS IN PIGS. — This is a common and dangerous ailment in young pigs, and is most frequently caused by feeding dam too much rich slop too soon after farrowing. If pigs get Scours, which will soon be noticed by the white excrement and general appearance, take i teaspoonful of Copperas, dissolve and put into a little swill for the sow and slack up on the slop feed for sow until pigs get older. If pigs get Scours after weaning, give Copperas to them. One or two doses will cure, T. M. Hume, Williamston, Kentucky. 2. Scours, To Prevent in Young Pigs. — For each pig give one tablespoonful of air-slaked lime two or three times a week. This is an excellent remedy at all times with feeding hogs. I have pursued the course of ^.lopping my feeding hogs twice a week and making the slop as strong with lime as they will take it in small quantities, so that fi ty head would not take more than six or seven pailfuls. I have .ost scarcely any hogs by disease, and have been feeding for forty years. David F. Hoover, Pennville , Jay Co., Indiana. "^O^yi^ (STOMACH) IN HOGS.— Sulphate of Iron i draclim Gentian (ground) i " Give the above to each full grown hog once a day in feed; to young pigs about half the quantity. Walter Whitfield^ Sr., Pimtiac, Michigan, R. ^. D. No. 6 PRACTICAI, RECIPES FROM FARMERS 733 S. Worms. — Give in milk one teaspoonful of Turpentine for each pig twice a week before feeding in the morning. I kept this up for two weeks with good results. Put Turpentine and milk in trough in above proportion. D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan. LESSON IX REMEDIES FOR CHICKENS CHICKENS, SUGGESTIONS FOR CARE OF.— A trery good thing for chickens is a good sized pile of sand and gravel for them to dust and feed in. Cooked meats, also ground bones and cracklings from the butcher's kettle, are good to make hens lay. S. M. Powell, Polo, Illinois. CHOLERA.— The following, "Douglas Mixture," is a Cholera cure, arid is an excellent tonic to give at any time to pre- vent disease. Douglas Mixture. — Dissolve yi. pound of Sulphate of Iron (green copperas) in i gallon of water. To another gallon of water add carefully i ounce of pure Sulphuric Acid. Mix the two together in a jug and keep it tightly corked. Dose. — From I teaspoonful to 2 tablespoonfuls to a pint of water, according to the severity of the D. H. Clifton, De Cliff, Ohio. 2. Cholera. — Soak corn or any grain in kerosene for twelve hours and feed. Repeat three times. Sure cure for Chicken Cholera. W. I. Reynolds, Pipesto^ie, Minnesota. 3. Cholera. — Mix a tablespoonful of Carbolic Acid in a bucketful of scalded wheat bran and feed. D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio. 4. Cholera.— Com Meal 40 parts. Black Pepper i part. I feed the above freely at the first signs of Chicken Cholera. it seems to be a good tonic for chickens. James B. Wehrman, Nelson, Nebraska. 734 TH E PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR 5. Cholera, to Prevent.— Give as a drink, equal parts of Alum and Saltpeter dissolved in pure water. ■ Hiram Graham, Franklin, Pennsylvania, R. F. D. i. No. g. 6. Cholera, to Prevent. — Grind Salts in drinking water, I teaspoonful to a gallon of water. F. M. Brown, Kiel, Kingfisher Co., Oklahoma. ' 7. Cholera. — Give the sick fowls i teaspoonful each of Castor Oil, and follow this with Carbolic Acid in the drinking water — Yz teaspoonful of Carbolic Acid to i gallon of water. Isolate the sick fowls. E. C. Wood, ML Gilead, Morrow Co., Ohio. 8. Cholera. — Dissolve i pound Copperas in 2 gallons water and add 2 ounces Sulphuric Acid. Dose: One ounce of the solution in one quart of water once a week, D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan. GAPES, A SURE CURE FOR.— Place the chicken in a tight box, and spread a thin cloth over the box. On this cloth put a handful of air-slaked lime; shake it gently to cause the Hme to sift through. The chicken will gape and swallow the lime, and this will kill the worms. Care must be taken to not leave the chicken covered too long or it will suffocate. If used properly, the chicken will surely recover. James M. Ross, Fairmont, Marion Co., West Virginia. 2. Gapes. — For Gapes use crude oil about their feeding troughs and runs. p^ ^ Starcher, Berlin, West Virginia. LICE.— Take dust from the road and wood ashes, about three times as much of the dust as of the ashes, mix and keep dry for chickens to dust in. ^ p p^j^^^ p-^^^^^ q^^ 2. Lice.— -Spray the chicken house twice a month in warm weather with kerosene or coal oil and water in equal parts. It is fine to kill lice. E. C. Wood, Mi. Gilead^ Morrow Co., Ohio. 3. Lice on Chickens. — in a dry time gather and sift dry toad dust and keep in a dry place where the chickens can get at PRACTICAIv RKCIPES FROM FARMERS 735 it, mixing ashes with it. For instance, take a box about 2 feet square by i foot high, and put into it J^ wood ashes to % dust, mixing them up together. In the fall gather the dust for winter use and store in a dry place. I gathered several bushels last faU. D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio. PARASITIC BOWEL DISEASE OF CHICKENS.- "A trouble that kills thousands of young chickens."— Dissolve 20 grains Citrate of Iron in a pint of water. Place this where the chickens may have free access to drinking basins. Repeat every day until relieved of trouble. Used successfully by Mrs. Haynes for years. ckas. E. Haynes, Hilkboro, Ohio. ROUP.— Mix lard and Sulphur, make pills and place in their throats. Also grease their heads with coal oil. W. R. Sedberry, Pittsfield, Illinois. 2. Roup. — Take a chicken and stick head in coal oil over the nostrils until it breathes once. By that time it will have inhaled enough to effect a sure cure. D. B. Freeman, Detroit, Michigan. SCALY LEGS.— Mix i teaspoonful of kerosene oil with 2 or 3 ounces of lard— or in that proportion— and thoroughly grease the shanks of the afflicted fowls. This will kill the mites that cause the trouble. f) TerBusk, Fenton, Michigan. 2. Scaly Legs.— For Scaly Legs dip the feet in crude oil or blackstrap. W. S. Slarcher, Berlin, West Virginia. TRIED AND TESTED INSECT POWDER (HOME- MADE!. — Mix together three parts of gasoline and one part of strong carbolic acid. Add enough plaster of Paris to take up all the liquid. This makes a dry pinkish-brown powder which is much cheaper and more effective than any insect powder you can buy. Dust each hen thoroughly with the powder, especially under the wings and in the fluff under the Note The foregoing recipes have been collected, and compiled with much care, from many of the most reliable farmers and stock owners in the United States and Canada. PUBLlSHEKb. PROFITABLE BREEDING OF LIVE STOCK By Robert Gibbons Associate Editor of Michigan Farmer for 25 Years, Judge of Live Stock at Various State Fairs. LESSON X THE PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING There are certain natural laws which govern the breeding of animals in a state of nature, and which can be applied by the breeder of domesticated animals in his work of improving live stock of all descriptions. First of these is that "like pro- duces like, or the likeness of some ancestor." This holds good among wild animals, and prevents them from becoming mongrelized through the mixing of different races. It also operates in everything that relates to the health, vigor and fixity of type in the offspring. To maintain these character- istics nature provides a system of selection which prevents deterioration by securing the most vigorous sires for the per- petuation of the breed. Each wild animal is a perfect type of its ancestors, and while there is no improvement there is no deterioration in any respect. In fact, wild animals are so perfectly adapted to their environment that any change would be a loss rather than a gain, and to that extent render them less fit for the special place they fill in the economy of nature. The process of elimination of weak individuals is carried on efficiently through the strongest male in the flock or herd, driving out the weaklings and becoming the progenitor of the young so long as he retains his vigor; but he is driven out by some of his own progeny whenever he becomes weak- ened by old age or accident. This brief statement will serve to show how intensely inbred wild animals and fowls have 73fi PROFITABI^E BREKDING 737 become through centuries of natural selection, and accounts for the trueness with which they breed to type. It also points out to the breeder the lines he must follow to insure success, and to retain valuable characteristics in his herd or flock once he has secured them. But those animals and fowls that have become domesti- cated, and are a necessity to the comfort and well-being of mankind, are no longer subject to this process of natural selection which prevent wild animals from deterioration; so man is obliged to take upon himself the work of selecting the animals which he deems best fitted to maintain the flock or herd. To do this successfully the breeder must decide upon the characteristics which he deems the most necessary and desirable in his live stock, and by a process of selection not only maintain them in the progeny, but, at the same time, add to and concentrate such characters so as to insure their perpetuation in future generations. This is the work of the breeder, and cannot be success- fully undertaken by the general farmer. The more concen- trated the work of the breeder, the more closely he confines himself to a single breed, the more certain will be his success. In the selection of sires for his flock or herd he must not only become a student of the natural laws which control the breed- ing of animals, but his eye must be educated to enable him to select such animals as, from their conformation and general characteristics, will most likely prove valuable sires. He should also know their breeding, and decide whether their ancestors have had those characteristics so thoroughly estab- lished in them by a concentration of blood that will insure them being perpetuated in their offspring. The time and study required, and the failures that must be met from time to time in carrying on this work, makes it business apart from that of the general, farmer, and confines 4T 738 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR it to experts who are willing to devote all their energies to the work, and wait patiently for the success which they expect to achieve from their efforts. LESSON XI RELATION OF THE BREEDER TO THE GENERAL FARMER As the general farmer who makes the raising of live stock a part of his business, must look to their improvement as a necessity to add to their value and increase the income derived from them, he will naturally avail himself of the work of the expert breeder as an efficient aid to this desirable end. From him he can secure sires which will be so strongly bred in the line which he has marked out that each generation will show a steady improvement, while the farmer is spared the loss of time, study and expense which he would have to meet pro- vided he undertook to breed such sires himself. So the breeder of improved live stock is really a necessity to the general farmer, and enables him to carry on the work of improving his herd or flock at a minimum of time and ex- pense, and with a greater certainty of success. The relations between them should be cordial, and mutually helpful. The farmer should aim to concentrate in his live stock such lines of improved blood as have proved of the greatest value, and adhere to them so long as they prove satisfactory. As the herd or flock becomes more valuable through the acquirement of desired characters, the selection of sires to continue the improvement and hold what has been gained will prove more difficult, and the safest course is to test the new sire on a few females before using him generally. After a few crosses of pure bred sires have been made, some farmers assume that the handsome young grade male pro- THE BREEDER AND THK GBNERAI, FARMER 739 duced in his herd or flock will be good enough to use, and thus save the expense of purchasing a new sire. Nearly in- variably this course results in deterioration, and what is thus lost must be regained by eliminating the offspring of the grade sire, and the selection of a pure bred of the best possible type to take his place. To careful breeding must be added good feeding and care. The farmer, if he is inexperienced in this direction, should watch the system followed by the more successful of his neighbors. So much depends upon liberal feeding and good care that the farmer cannot give this question too much attention. His aim should be to keep his stock in good con- dition at all times, and free from disease and parasites, which is absolutely ess.ential if live stock is to do well and make good use of the food consumed. Contentment is a valuable thing to secure in all branches of live stock, as it is an efficient aid to their health, comfcrt and growth. LESSON XII THE FARM HORSE In breeding horses for use on the farm, there are several questions that should be given attention. It is essential that the class of work they are expected to perform, as settled by the system of farm practice pursued, should be considered. If it is devoted largely to the production of grain, entailing a large amount of plowing, harrowing and harvesting, a good heavy team will be required; but if dairying or the raising of live stock is given first place on the farm, entailing less heavy work, and a considerable part of the farm is in grass, lighter teams may be found more desirable because quicker in their movements and capable of being used for a different purpose. Sucl teams rightly belong to what are termed the "general purpose" class. They are heavy enough for ordinary farm work, and can also be used on the road. In breeding either of the class of horses referred to pure- bred sires are an essential, and these sires should be given a rigid inspection so as to insure their freedom from disease and hereditary weaknesses. The stallion should not be too heavy for his bone, and his weight should come largely frorn bone and muscle, not from fat. The heavy feeding practiced by some stallion owners -to give weight to their animals is apt to deceive those who use them, and usually injures the breeding qualities of the animals. In sections where corn is largely grown and cheap, it is frequently used to produce weight quickly, as its fattening qualities, so valuable in feed- ing meat-producing animals for market, does not add either to the quality or weight of bone, and hence is not a good grain for breeding animals. For horses there is nothing superior to oats as grain, and early cut and well cured timothy hay for roughage. To this may be added ground barley, bran, and oil meal. For work horses a mixture of oats and corn, with timothy hay, will be found excellent as a general diet, whici> 740 THE FARM HORSE 741 may be modified with other grains and roughage as they may be available. ' As to the most desirable weight for farm horses farmers will naturally differ, according to the practice pursued and their environment. While some will prefer teams of 2,400 to 2,600 pounds, when in good condition, others will choose those of 2,800 to 3,400 pounds— the latter an extreme weight for a farm team, but very desirable in large towns and cities for trucking purposes. U a heavy team is kept on the farm, a lighter one should also be kept to do the lighter work, as horses of 1,600 to 1,700 pounds should always be driven at a walk, and hence require much more time to accomplish a light job than the "general purpose" animal. In breeding the lighter teams referred to the Percheron and Suffolk Punch will be found most desirable. The Per- cheron sire should be of the conformation and weight general in the breed before the introduction of the blood of the Bel- gian or French draft to increase their size and weight — that is from 1,350 to 1,500 pounds. The original Percheron could travel all day at a gait of 10 to 13 miles an hour. In selecting a stallion to breed to, choose aii active, high-headed animal, with good action at the trot, close coupled, with broad chest and loin, massive neck, well muscled quarters, strong in the stifle, with clean flat bone and sound feet. Such a sire, if crossed upon a good grade mare, wilh be sure to produce a good colt, the size and weight depending somewhat on the dam. Generally excellent animals of the general purpose class can be bred in this way, especially if the mare comes from a lighter breed than the sire, and has some trotting blood in iier. For the heavier class of horses referred to, the Clydes- dale, English Shire and Belgian sires will give the best re- sults, with the Clydesdale rather more popular than the others because of his exceptionally strong flat bone and good feet. Both the Clydesdale and Shire carry a heavy "feather" from 742 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR half way down the legs to the fetlock joint, and the quality of this "feather" is generally accepted by breeders as indicating the class of bone it covers. If the hair is fine, soft and silky in texture, the bone under it will be dense, hard and clean. If, on the other hand, the hair is heavy, coarse, and inclined to curl, the bone under it will be found light and porous, and very subject to injury. An injury to a limb with such bone is difficult to cure, and frequently becomes a permanent blem- ish, detracting greatly from the value of the animal. The bony structure of a horse, like the foundation of a building, must be strong and enduring, or the superstructure, no matter how perfect it may appear, will prove weak and unreliable The stallion when bred to should be in perfect health, not overworked, and active and , vigorous. He should also be fully matured, but not so old as to suggest any weakening of his productive powers. The dam should also be in fair con- dition, not fat, active and vigorous. She should be entirely free from hereditary defects of the bony structure, and per- fectly sound. After the colt has been weaned it should be fed liberally and kept growing right along. It should not be housed too closely during the winter season, and allowed to get plenty of fresh air and exercise. In the winter season, and during the cold nights of late fall and early spring, the colt should be confined in a yard in which there is an open shed with a southern exposure, in which the colt will be perfectly dry and sheltered from cold rains and snows. Along the back of the shed should be a manger in which some roughage should be kept, such as hay, well cured corn-fodder or bright oat straw. A light feed of ground grain should be given once a day. Oats, corn, wheat bran, barley and oil meal can be utilized for this purpose, and the ration varied from time to time. The yard in which the open shed stands should be kept free from obstructions, have a good supply of pure water, ac- THE FARM HORSE 743 cessible at all times. The yard will give the colt ample room for exercise and an unlimited supply of fresh air. If there are several colts in the inclosure so much the better, as th-ey will be more contented. When turned to pasture in the spring, and this should not be done too early, provision for an ample supply of pure water should be made. Too often the only water obtainable in a pasture field is from a mudhole or running stream, subject to contamination from all sorts of refuse, the drainage from which is carried into the stream by rains and melting snows. Yards and pastures in which colts run should be free from obstructions or gullies, which are frequently the cause of injury to colts; and may result in blemishes and permanent unsoundness, which would seriously affect the value of the animal. Inclosures should also be fenced so that the colts cannot get out if so inclined. Of course the use of barbed wire to inclose any yard or field in which colts or mature horses are confined should not be thought of. Growing colts should be kept as free as possible from both external and internal parasites. They cannot do well, no matter how well they may be fed and cared for if tormented night and day by lice and the various forms of internal para- sites which the horse family is subject to. The failure to put on flesh as they should when liberally fed, with the rough staring coat which is always an indication of the presence of lice, can be readily noted by the farmer, and measures should at once be taken to rid the colt of the constant worry caused by them. To detect the presence of internal parasites the droppings of the colt should be watched, and the effective remedies to be had at every drug store used at once. It is also well to spray the open shed and yard with some prepara- tion that will destroy the larvae or young of these parasites. If each farmer and stock breeder would give this matter more attention the number of these pests would soon show a great decrease, to the comfort of all live stock and the financial benefit of their owners. 744 THK PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR When colts are full grown the farmer mugt decide as to whether he shall place them on the market or retain them on the farm. If there are a number, and some are to be sold and others kept on the farm, those he intends to sell should be put in good condition and well groomed before shipment. A horse thin in flesh never sells to advantage, and a smooth, shiny coat, as the result of good feeding and care, is a great aid in securing a fair price. He will also find it to his ad- vantage to sell the heaviest ones and retain the lighter ones on the farm. The heavier ones will bring the most money, while the lighter ones will be found fully as useful on the farm. They can do more work in a shorter space of time, and can better stand the active work of the farm. The heavy colts will go to the cities for trucking purposes, and are seldom driven faster than a walk, and that generally on pave- ments. Heavy weights and a fast walk are very desirable in trucking horses, and if they are well matched in conforma- tion, weight and color, it will add materially to the price they will bring in the big city markets. Farmers who take an interest in breeding horses could inake it a paying business by keeping a couple of teams of brood mares to do the work of the farm, and breeding them to a good stallion each year. These mares should run from 1,200 to 1,300 pounds in weight, be good grades of some special breed — probably Percheron grades would be best for this purpose. These mares could be bred to a pure-bred stallion of one of the draft breeds of good conformation, and the colts from such breeding would match up well. A well- matched team of heavy draft horses always commands a good price, and their dams, while doing the work of the farm, would furnish the basis for two such teams every year. The cost of raising such colts would be reduced to a minimum, and there would be little chance of the breeder sustaining any loss. LESSON XIII CATTLE BREEDING Farmers in the United States and the Canadian Provinces are largely interested in the cattle industry and its present and future conditions. As these change from time to time as the result of vast areas of new territory being opened by settlers, and market demands for meats and dairy products offering better returns to the feeder and dairyman, the industry will continue to expand. The great increase in population of the large cities of the United States as the natural result of im- proved manufacturing and trade conditions, has greatly stimulated the demand for the products of this industry, and caused a great advance in their values. So far as can be foreseen there is no probability that present favorable condi- tions will not be maintained for some time at least, if not in- definitely. Of the great importance of the cattle industry to the country there can be no dispute. It is an absolute essential to its prosperity, and can only attain its greatest development among an active and prosperous people. The conditions under which cattle are maintained on this continent are so varied that the popularity of special breeds and their management differ widely. In the newer sections of the country, where agriculture is yet in a primitive condition, and there are considerable areas of pasture land not yet settled upon, beef cattle are the main reliance of the general farmer. As the country settles up, and towns and villages afford a near-by market, there is a gradual change, and dairying, which can only prosper upon the cultivated farm, displaces beef-making. This is especially so where the land has increased in value to such an extent as to make the raising of beef cattle unprofitable except in combination with the dairy cow. 745 ' 746 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOH There are a number of breeds for the farmer to select from if he wishes to engage in the production of beef, and equally as well known are the special dairy breeds if the farmer wishes to engage in that branch of the cattle business. The beef breeds are the Hereford, Polled Angus, Shorthorn, Galloway and Devon. These breeds all originated in Great Britain, where the breeding of beef cattle is in a more ad- vanced state than in any other country. The dairy breeds are the Jersey, Guernsey, Holstein-Fresian and Ayrshire. Be- tween these two extremes comes what are denominated "dual purpose" cattle, suited to the requirements of the farmer who does not wish to follow dairying entirely, and yet cannot make beef growing alone a profitable business. As a rule he keeps a herd of five to ten cows, generally grades, and fair milkers, while he depends upon feeding their calves for beef to eke out the income from his cows. To such a farmer, and there are thousands of them in all the agricultural states of the middle west, the "dual purpose" cow is a necessity. The breeds that are placed in this class are the Red Polls and dairy Shorthorns, with their grades. Some farmers also place the Ayrshire in this class, as the cows, when bred to bulls of the dairy Shorthorn class produce good feediiig calves. The dairy Shorthorn has not been developed to the same extent in the United States and Canada as in Great Britain, where it ii largely used by the general farmers of England, who give more or less attention to dairying as an important part ol the business of the farm, and also want calves that will prove good feeders and develop into good beef animals. A few herds of these "dual purpose" Shorthorns are maintained in the eastern States, while the Red Polls are growing in favor also. These breeds are likely to become more popular in the dairy States under the stimulus of good prices for beef. From the breeds named the general farmer has a wide opportunity for selection, and he can choose the one which promises to fit in best with his farm practice and surroundings. If he selects one of the beef breeds from which to build up CATTlyE BREE DING 747 a herd, he will probably find that the Hereford will do a little better on pasture than the Shorthorn or Polled Angus, but that the latter breeds will stand up better under confine- ment and heavy grain feeding to force the earliest possible development. However, the difference will be slight in either case, and circumstances which may compel the choice of either need not worry the feeder. In the Northwest, where the winters are severe and the growing season too short to allow some grains to ripen regu- larly, the Galloway, with its long fine coat of hair, and ability to do well under adverse conditions, will be found best suited to the climate. The breed has been developed in a cold, rugged country, and the bulls have proved an excellent cross upon grade herds in such localities to enable them to with- stand cold and exposure. The Galloway cow, crossed with Shorthorn bulls, has produced calves that are not only hardy, but excellent feeders, with the finished bullock giving a fine carcass of nicely marbled beef of excellent quality. The hide is not so valuable, however, as that of the pure-bred Galloway. Others prefer using a Galloway bull upon grade Shorthorn cows, believing the results obtained to be superior to the other in some respects. Crossing Shorthorn bulls upon pure-bred Galloway cows is asserted by some investigators to have laid the foundation for that fine breed, the Polled Angus, which shows several characteristics of the Galloway. It has the polled, or hornless head and black color of the Galloway, but with a squarer body, better sprung rib, broader loin, and longer and better filled quarters than the Galloway. It has also a shorter coat of hair. These characteristics are believed to be inherited from the Shorthorn. However that may be, the Polled Angus, or Aberdeen Angus, as it is sometimes called, is one of the best producers of beef at an early age that can be found. Another excellent cross for the production of good feeding cattle is to use a Shorthorn bull upon Hereford cows, either grades or full bloods. The reverse cross is also advised. 748 THK PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR These breeds reinforce the weak points in each other. The weak point in the Shorthorn is in the crops, and a tendency to a flat rib. In these points the Hereford is particularly strong, while the Shorthorn, as a rule, shows better in the hindquarters, where the Hereford is inclined to be weak, The combination of the two breeds gives a more evenly de- veloped carcass, and the meat is well marbled and of higb quality. In the special dairy breeds, those from the Channel Islands — the Jersey and Guernsey — are noted for the extreme richness of their milk, but generally are not deep milkers, They are not fitted for exposure, and must be well fed and comfortably housed to enable them to do their best. They belong on the cultivated farm and to the farmer who makes a specialty of dairying. The Holstein-Fresian, originating in the low, flat lands of the Netherlands, undoubtedly, lead all other breeds as deep milkers. While their milk is far less rich in butter fats than the Channel Island breeds, the great quantity she produces enables the Holstein-Fresian cow to rival all other breeds in butter production as well as lead them as deep milkers. The Ayrshire cow, a native of Scotland, is not as deep a milker as the Holstein-Fresian, neither does she rival the Jersey or Guernsey in the percentage of butter fat her milk contains; but she is hardy, does well under adverse con- ditions, and is well fitted for the requirements of the pioneer farmer. Grade Ayrshire cows make an excellent foundation for a dairy herd. In choosing sires for use in such a herd, the farmer should decide in what direction he intends breed- ing, whether for increased yields of butter or milk, and select bulls from the breed most noted in the particular line he wishes to follow. If he intends feeding the calves for beef, a bull of the dairy Shorthorn family will probably meet his requirements better than one of the pure dairy type. In breeding up a herd of any class of cattle it should be understood that all sires used must be a good individual of the CATTLE BREEDING 749 special breed he belongs to, and of approved breeding. It is the only certain means of developing a valuable herd of cattle. In feeding cattle for market early development is a necessity to make the business a success financially. If calves dropped in the spring can be made to attain weights of 1,100 to 1,200 pounds by November or December of the following year — when 18 to 30 months old — the saving in feed and labor through not having to carry them through two winters will be considerable — sufficient to keep the balance on the right side when the business might otherwise prove unprofitable. To achieve this result the calves must be kept growing all the time, and this means constant attention by the farmer from weaning time until ready for market. In addition to good pastures during the season, grain should be grown on the farm so as to provide a liberal supply of this necessity at all times without the expense of purchasing; better have too much rather than too little of the feeding grains so it can be fed liberally. The cattle on pasture should have at least one feed of grain every day. In winter grain, clover hay or alfalfa, with corn fodder, bran and oil meal, if it can be had — old process preferred — will afford a variety in the rations and keep the cattle growing. Some feeders have found it profit- able to grind their corn into meal, in some instances grinding the cob also, then mixing this corn and cob meal with bran. When fed with alfalfa or clover hay, this combination has proved excellent for pushing young cattle. Pure water is essential to the health and thrift of cattle, and it should be accessible at all times, as should salt. In the late fall and winter the cattle should be confined in a yard in which there is an open shed where they can find shelter during wet and stormy weather, and where they can find forage at all times. Some farmers find the self-feeder a great saver of time and labor in feeding cattle, using it for the grain ration. With such arrangements the farmer has all the necessary conveniences for feeding his fattening cattle 750 THE PRACTlCAlv STOCK DOCTOR to advantage. A few hogs in the yard will prevent waste, and will not disturb the cattle. Keep the cattle quiet and con- tented, and disturb them as little as possible, as these condi- tions are essential to rapid growth and the laying on of flesh. It will be noted that cattle on full feed seem to prefer the open yard to the shed even in quite severe weather, pro- vided it is dry. In this respect fattening steers are very dif- ferent from dairy cows, which are affected injuriously by cold or stormy weather. The dairy cow must therefore be given more comfortable quarters than feeding steers if she is to give good service. She also requires liberal feeding, and hei" rations should also contain a greater variety than is essential for fattening cattle. Corn and clover hay makes a good foun- dation for her rations during the winter season, to which should be added bran, oil meal, silage, or if that is not to be had, then some variety of roots — mangolds preferred — with pure water and salt. In the summer season the dairy cow should have good pasturage, with a feed of ground grain twice a day. A ration of clover hay in the morning before being turned on pasture will prevent any trouble from bloating. The dairy breeds are readily distinguished from the beef breeds. Their heads are lean and long, more or less dished, the eyes large and prominent, horns small and curving inwards except in the Ayrshires, the neck thin, the shoulders sharp, chest narrow, back long in proportion to the quarters, the coupling rough, abdomen very large, hindquarters lean with the thighs incurved to allow room for the large udder, the bony structure loose jointed, the general appearance wedge- shaped and angular. The make-up of the animal indicates a highly nervous organization, which appears to always ac- company the development of dairy qualities in a breed. The accompanying illustrations of dairy cows of different breeds are good examples of the nervous energy and activity of the breeds they represent. LESSON XIV SHEEP BREEDING The advisability of having a good flock on a farm requires no argument. Long years of experience by farmers through- out the civilized world has proved most thoroughly the utiHty and high value of sheep to general agriculture, either on the farm of the pioneer or the cultivated farms of the most ad- vanced agriculturists. It is true that there must be a selec- tion from the special breeds to meet the varying conditions under which flocks must be maintained; but there is a wide field from which to choose, and the farmer can readily select a breed which will meet the demands of his environment. In this respect the sheep offers advantages superior to any other class of live stock. They have been bred and maintained for centuries under such widely divergent conditions of soil and climate that the farmer can find special breeds exactly fitted to his requirements. No animal on the farm exercises a more beneficent in- fluence upon its soil than the sheep. Its ameliorating influ- ence upon infertile soils, and its ability as a renovator of worn out land have been understood and appreciated since history began to be written. Whether it is on the highly cultivated farms of the temperate zones, under the hot suns of the equator, or the frozen regions of the north, the sheep is re- garded as one of the sheet anchors of agriculture. For the general farmer a well-bred flock of grade ew^es, of a type fitted to his environment and farm practice, can be built up in a few years, and will prove a most profitable in- vestment. After determining upon the type best suited to his conditions, good sires of that breed should be used in his breeding flock, which may be more or less mixed in character, and the young ewes allowed to gradually displace the older 751 752 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR ones, until the entire breeding flock become uniform in form and fleece. As the flock improves more attention should be given to the selection of rams. Each sire should conform as closely as possible to the particular type desired by the farmer, and to secure such sires he must exercise a liberal spirit. In maintaining a flock on a high level the lamb crop must be culled of all the males, which should be marketed just as early as they can be put into good marketable condi- tion. To them should be added the culls among the ewe lambs, and the selection should be rigid. As the selected ewes mature the breeding flock should be culled of those mem- bers becoming too old or showing undesirable characteristics. Each generation should see an improvement in the flock until it attains such a uniformity in form and fleece that its owner feels fully satisfied, and the annual income from lambs and wool shows that its products are appreciated by buyers. After all, the market is the final test of the success of the farmer in breeding up his flock. As a matter of fact it is a very difficult matter to breed up and maintain a flock at a 'high standard of excellence. There is always a tendency to heavier fleeces at the expense of the mutton form, or to a heavier carcass at the expense of the fleece. To maintain a steady equilibrium between these two points requires constant supervision, and the selection of sires to counteract too strong a tendency in either direction. Gen- erally in live stock only one quality has to be looked after, such as speed or weight in the horse, and early maturity with a heavy carcass in the beef steer or swine; but in the sheep, in breeding for a high production of mutton and wool, we find that these products are more or less antagonistic to each other. Hence we find the finest and heaviest fleeces are grown on what are known as the wool breeds, which are generally low in the scale as mutton producers. The farmer, therefore, in breeding for a sheep that will produce a good SHEEP BREEDING 753 average carcass of mutton and a good fleece of wool, is look- ing for a "general purpose" sheep. It will surely test his ability as a breeder and feeder to secure and maintain such ^ flock, but its value to the owner will be worth the trouble and if it can finally be attained. In the selection of ewes as a foundation for a farm flock, it should be borne in mind that the preponderance of Merino blood means wool first and mutton as a secondary considera- tion, and with the preponderance of the blood of the English mutton breeds it will be meat first and wool in second place. This points out plainly the lines along which these sheep have been bred. The mutton breeds are the product of the highest system of agriculture, and developed by high feeding and constant care. They require rich pastures, and grain, roots, and forage crops for their best development. Wool producing flocks, on the contrary, do not require deep rich pastures or heavy grain feeding. They are excellent foragers, and consume numerous varieties of noxious weeds, prefer the short grasses of hig^ lands, and thrive well where the mutton breeds would find it difficult to live. These wool breeds also stand exposure much better than the mutton breeds, and do well under condi- tions which would cause deterioration in heavy meat produc- ing animals. Hence flocks that are expected to pick up a living on scanty pastures, with a deficient water supply, such conditions as obtain on the ranges of the west and southwest, should carry a large percentage of the blood of the Merino. They flock well together, and their close heavy fleeces enable them to stand exposure better than the mutton breeds with their open fleeces. In cross-breeding to secure a general purpose sheep the best foundation is grade Merino ewes. On these should be used rams of the mutton breeds. If the land is level, with heavy clay soil inclined to hold moisture, the Romney Marsh 48 754 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR or Lincoln will prove most satisfactory. They come from parts of England where the lands are naturally low and damp, and the grasses grow rank. These breeds suffer less from foot-rot from running on such soils than the other Eng- lish breeds; but on rather hilly dry land, such breeds as the black-faced middle wools will be found preferable. Both the Lincoln and Romney Marsh are good producers, but the cross-bred lambs from a Lincoln sire and Merino ewes carry an exceptionally valuable fleece — long in staple, fine in quaHty and very lustrous. This has made the Lincoln a very popular breed in Australia, New Zealand and the Argentine Republic, where the large flocks generally have a great deal of Merino blood, and the fleece is considered of more importance than the meat. On higher and more rolling land, with a lighter soil, rams from the middle wool breeds, such as the Southdown, Shropshire, Hampshire, Oxford and Horned Dorset, can be used to advantage. The lambs will not have the size of those from the two long wool breeds named, or from the Cotswold nor the Leicester; neither will the staple be as long nor the fleeces as lustrous as from the long wool breeds; but the lambs from the middle wools will give a good fleece, and their ability to lay on flesh and mature early make them very desirable for feeders and popular in the large markets. The fleeces from flocks bred in this way grade as quarter, half and three-eighth blood, according to the fineness of the staple, which is determined by the amount of Merino blood the flock contains. After several crosses of long or middle wool rams have been made on a flock, the fleeces will probably become less dense, the body not so well covered, and the staple longer and coarser. To obviate this condition in the fleece, Australian and New Zealand flock owners crossed back to Merino rams. The result was much improved fleeces, to which was given SHEEP BREEDING 755 the name "Comebacks." Then when a sufficient number of crosses had been made to give the fleeces a good proportion of Merino blood, rams of the mutton breeds were again used to keep' up the weight of carcass and length of staple, both of which always decrease as the proportion of Merino blood increases. The cross-breeding of flocks has been practiced to such an extent in the west and northwest that over half the wool clip from those sections are known as cross-breeds, and of the grades referred to as above. They furnish a useful class of clothing wools, and are used in the manufacture of worsteds. They are too coarse, however to use in the manufacture of fine broadcloths, beavers, and ladies' fine dress fabrics. The fine Merino wools must be had for this class of goods. If the country, however, is rough and hilly, with scant pastures and the water supply limited or uncertain, it will be better to use the lighter Merino, and give wool-growing first place in the flock. To aid in this direction large bodied Merino rams, such as are known as Delaines, or the Ram- bouillet, should be used. These famiUes of the Merino are larger than what is known as the American Merino, are gen- erally plain bodied with heavy neck folds, the staple longer but not so fine as the heavy fleeced American Merino, carries less oil, and the staple of good style, the crimp extending the full length and showing great elasticity. This class of wool is always in demand, the bulk of the fleeces from such breed- ing grading as fine Delaine, the highest priced class of wools. After the original breeding flock has been replaced by ewes from these rams, the fleeces from the entire flock should grade as Delaine, and command from three to four cents per pound more in the grease than ordinary Merino. LESSON XV HOG BREEDING As one of the most valuable aids the farmer has in mak- ing his business pay, the hog deserves a first place in any system of agriculture that may be followed. His range is from the Dakotas and the Canadian Northwest to Texas, and from Newfoundland to California. In all that wide expanse of territory there is no large area in which the hog will not prove profitable to the farmer. A great deal of the wastes of the farm can be used to advantage by a herd of swine, no matter what the wastes may be. To the grain grower, the fruit grower, the dairyman and market gardener, the hog appeals. He saves and puts into marketable form what would otherwise be wasted, and fre- quently become a nuisance. Then swine are so prolific, and become marketable at such an early age, that they are really the most economical meat producers on the farm. The modern pure bred hog of any of the popular breeds may be regarded as a model of economical development, and as the general farmer can secure its good qualities at light cost and a little care in the selection of pure bred sires to use on his grade sows, there is no good reason why every farm should not have a herd of swine that will measure up well with pure bred herds. When the herd has arrived at that point the selection of sires by the owner will become more difficult. Frequently, too, when the farmer has brought his herd up to that condition he concludes to use sires of his own breeding, and nearly invariably there is a steady deteriora- tion in the quality of the progeny bred from such sires, which becomes more pronounced as the practice continues. The farmer should choose sires of the best type of the breed he prefers, and adhere to that breed so long as it proves 756 HOG BREEDING 757 satisfactory. With each additional cross there should be an improvement, until the whole herd is even in appearance, and good specimens of the special breed represented by the sires used. The brood sows should be retained on the farm so long as they are vigorous and prolific. Fully developed dams, which have proved their usefulness, are more valuable than young ones. They are stronger and better mothers than less matured dams. The first litter from young sows is likely to be few in number and generally inferior, especially if they are bred as early as is customary. By the time the next litter arrives it is sure to show an improvement over the first one. For the next four or five years the brood sow should be at her best, and her pigs strong and vigorous. The sires should be fully matured before being largely in the herd. Before using a new sire in the herd it is well to test him on a few sows, so as to be able to judge of the probability of his success when placed at the head of the herd. While swine are omnivorous feeders, there are certain foods which should form the basis of their rations. After weaning the pigs should be turned on pasture. The field should be naturally dry and free from mudholes or marshy spots, with a constant supply of good pure water. Clover pasture is excellent on which to grow young pigs, as it helps the growth of good bone, and keeps them in good growing condition. With a good clover pasture, if the object is to get the pigs into marketable condition as early as possible, a feed once a day of ground grain, skimmed milk if available, and scraps from the kitchen will be found acceptable to the pigs, and an aid to their growth. The grain may be wheat middlings, ground oats and cornmeal, ground barley or field peas. As the pigs develop the ration of whole corn or corn- meal should be increased, as this grain no doubt produces more rapid growth at less cost than any other. Its tendency to produce fat rather than fiesh renders it an undesirable 758 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR grain for young pigs if fed too heavily. If added to other grains rich in protein or flesh formers, and in conjunction with clover pasture, it will be found an excellent addition to their rations. When finishing a lot of hogs for shipment to market, they should have heavy rations of shelled corn for at least two weeks before they leave the farm, this will harden the fat and produce rapid growth. By growing the young pigs as advised above they will have the bone and muscle to carry a good carcass long distances to market without break- ing down, and they will be in good shape when they arrive. A great advantage of sticking to a single breed is the uniformity that such practice produces. Nothing strikes a buyer quicker than a well-fed lot of hogs, standing up well after shipment,, and uniform in color, weight and general appearance. These points are worth money to the farmer, but are not to be had without attention to the breeding, feeding, and care of the pigs from the time they are dropped until ready for market. But the extra work always pays a good profit. There is one point the farmer who raises hogs should bear in mind. That is to provide them with dry quarters. Cold rains and snows are great enemies to thrift and profit. Warmth is not as essential to the growing pig as strictly dry sleeping quarters. With plenty of bedding available, the pigs will keep close together, and the contact of their bodies will furnish all the heat necessary for their comfort. If a farmer intends to raise a good number of hogs each year, it will pay him to furnish them with concrete wallows to take the place of the mudhole or creek which the herd will otherwise use during the summer months, and prove a frequent source of disease. They will also enable him to keep the herd free from external parasites by adding some one of the lice killers to the water in these wallows. They should HOG BREEDING 759 be cleaned out once a week, clean water to the depth of eight or ten inches supplied, and the proper proportion of the lice destroyer added. The farmer who allows his hogs to become overrun with these parasites will surely discover that he is paying a heavy tax for his carelessness. As a precaution against internal parasites a mixture of salt and ashes should be kept in pastures and lots, where the pigs can have access to it at all times. They will consume sufficient of the mix- ture to keep them free from such pests. When bringing pigs from outside into the herd, it is well to keep the animals quarantined and under close supervision for at least two weeks, to make sure that they are free from parasites of all descriptions, and if not to give them proper treatment to get rid of the pests before they are allowed to mix with the herd. There has been a very marked change in the character of the hogs raised in the United States within the past twenty- five years. This has come from consumers demanding a leaner meat, and this became so strong that the class of hogs that would supply it were placed at the top of the market in quotations. Up to that time the heavy pork or lard hog, also termed "fat-backs" in the trade, held first place. They were a rather short-bodied hog, very broad in the back, with ribs well sprung, quarters broad, legs short, head small with heavy jowls, and a heavy covering of fat over the whole body. The weights usually ran from 250 to 350 pounds. These hogs were the natural product of the system of feeding which ob- tained in those sections. At present the demand is for a different class of hogs, with less fat and more lean meat. The hogs furnishing this class of meat are known as bacon hogs, and belong to several special breeds. They are long, deep-bodied hogs, narrow in the back, flat in the rib, and with much lig-hter hams and shoulders than the pork hog. They are more active in their 760 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR habits, and this gives them a greater proportion of muscle, or lean meat and stronger bone than the heavy breeds. A differ- ent system of feeding, using less fattening foods, and depend- ing more on pasturing and grains with a larger percentage of protein than is contained in corn, is one of the great esen- tials in growing bacon hogs. ^^ The change noted in the class of hogs demanded by the market is the result of the increasing popularity of bacon as compared with pickled pork, and appears to be world-wide, at least so far as those countries to which the United States exports meats are concerned. There is a steady expansion in the exports of bacon and hams, and a decrease in pickled pork. Probably three-fourths of all the exports of pork is now in the form of bacon and hams, while the consumption in home markets is increasing rapidly. In fact the popularity of cured bacon and light, lean hams is growing constantly, as they furnish the most healthful form in which the meat of the hog can be utilized. The change from pork to bacon has also done away with the prejudice that once existed against the meat of the hog, as physicians now prescribe bacon in the diet of their patients in preference to beef or mutton. As to the breeds which produce the pork or lard hog, the Poland-China and Chester Whites are the best known, with a number of sub-breeds that find favor in limited areas. The bacon breeds are the Large Yorkshire, Tamworth, Berk- shire and Hampshire. These breeds, however, can be so modified in a few generations by selection and a corn diet as to take them out of the bacon class ; and the Poland-China, a strictly pork hog in the corn belt, has been changed in some parts of Canada where it has been introduced, to the bacon type by replacing the corn diet with barley, oats and peas. It is simply, therefore, a question of feed and manage- ment for several generations, to put this most useful animal in either of the classes named. LESSON XVI BREEDING CHICKENS ON THE FARM By N. a. Clapp When well managed, perhaps no other branch of live stock breeding on the farm brings larger profits for the amount of money invested, and the labor and general ex- penses bestowed, than a good flock of hens. The farm yard is an ideal place for them. They seem to enjoy the advant- ages the surroundings give them for searching for the vari- ous kinds of food that meet their wants, as well as the com- panionship of those who give them their care and proper attention ; and they in return yield liberally of their products that are absolutely essential for the preparation of the many and varied culinary combinations which constitute the sub- stantial, as well as our dainty and most delicious kinds of food. Selecting the Breed. One of the first considerations in undertaking the keep- ing of hens is the selecting of the breed with which one is to operate. If one is familiar with the different breeds and their general characteristics, then it is an easy matter to decide on, and select, the breed that fancy dictates as the one that suits the tastes of the family who are to care for and receive the returns from the flock. If the family is not familiar with the different breeds, then it is worth the while to make some inquiry and study up on the desirable and objectionable characteristics of the different breeds usually kept on the farms. As a general rule, the breeds that meet the requirements of the larger numbers of farmers' families, are what are called 761 762 ' THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR the general purpose fowl, that are good egg producers, and when dressed, are a good table fowl, yielding a carcass of good weight, as well as one of an excellent quality of meat. In this matter one is not likely to go astray if he selects the Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes, Rhode Island Reds, or Orp- ingtons. Good selections from any one of these breeds may be considered a desirable general purpose fowl. I mention the pure breds for the reason that they give better returns, are more tractable and easily handled than the native dung hill fowls, or the cross breeds that have not within them the inherent and fixed characteristics which we may wish to have and perpetuate in a flock. A flock of hens of one breed, that are all of one color and make-up, look much better in a farm-yard than a promiscuously bred lot which represent many varied types, colors and characteristics. Getting the Stock. There are several ways by which the stock can be se- cured. If one buys a flock of pullets of a specialist in breed- ing and showing any of the pure breeds mentioned, they will be rather expensive to begin with, but it often occurs that some breeder who keeps the kind desired has some pullets to spare at the end of the season, and sorne good ones can be secured in that way. If no other means can be devised to secure just what is wanted, get some eggs from some breeder who has a good laying strain of blood, and get some breeder to hatch them in an incubator and start the chicks in a brooder. There are generally those who are willing to do such work for a moderate sum for their trouble any time after the rush of the season is over for securing early chicks for the market. The season for hatching for broilers ex- tends from February to May. After that time the incubators are not used much. Some object to the late hatched pullets, as they will not lay the first fall. TJiat fact is admitted, but after the rush BREEDING CHICKENS ON THE FARM 763 of the season is over the eggs from some of the best hens for laying can be secured without extra charge. It is also true that by taking the eggs as they run from the flock at that time of year, one is likely to get some from the per- sistent layers, which is a matter worthy of consideration. The short season hens will have spent their energy for the spring season, and will be "loafing" for a time, at least. The persistent laying characteristic is inherent, and stock from what is called a good laying strain of blood is worth much more to keep on the farm than the hens of what is termed ordinary breeding. It is the safer and better way to hire the one who makes it a business of hatching and handling chickens to start them along in the brooder, and keep them there until they begin to perch, and then they can be taken, given comfortable quarters, ordinary feeds and good care, with but little dan- ger of loss. There are advantages which should not be over- looked when chicks are handled in the brooder; they are tamer than when raised by the hens, and are free from para- sites. Chickens secured in the manner described should have a good deal of freedom and exercise to develop both the bone and muscle, as it is the frame and muscle that are required to make a useful lot of laying hens, and not adipose membrane, or fat. As the season advances, the roosters can be sorted out and fattened for market. The sooner they are sold after they have shaped up well, the greater the profit, as they make growth slower after the third month, and the price is lower in late fall and early winter. The pullets can be kept for the foundation of the flock that is to be kept on the farm. Unless the number of pullets are in excess of what is wanted, I would not advise sorting very closely the first year. The novice is likely to throw out some that might prove valuable if kept and allowed to develop. 764 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Securing the Breeding Cockerels. It is worth the while to take considerable pains in secur- ing the cockerels that are to be the sires in the flock the com- ing season. First, they should not be related to the pullets of the flock. Second, they should come from a good laying strain of blood, as prolificacy can be bred into the flock, but can not be fed into it. Third, they should be strong, bold and proud, such as seem to take pride in being the leaders . of the flock. Fourth, they should have the build one wishes to perpetuate in the flock. A high headed rooster that has a good, wide breast, a broad, flat back, and is of medium size, will give better satisfaction than the very large ones, or the "pony cocks," and will sire chicks that will be healthy, vig- orous and strong, and mature early, which is a desirable characteristic. There should be a rooster to every twenty to twenty-five hens, and where there is more than one kept, it is better to have them raised together than to have them strangers and ready to fight at every opportunity. The Hen Houses. The hen house or houses should be located for both health and convenience. The ground on which they stand should be higher than that around it, to insure surface drain- age. If a suitable location can be found not far from the path leading to the barn, it will be found more convenient than to have it in any other direction. As to the style of the hen-house, much will depend on the amount of money one desires to use in building it. As good results are often obtained in a hen-house built at a moderate expense as where the building is pretentious and costly. The most popular style of hen-houses on the farms at present are those with a single roof, highest side facing the south. They are generally twelve to fourteen feet wide and any length that suits the number of hens to be kept. BRKEDING CHICKENS ON THE FARM 765 The front, or south side, has a large window every ten to twelve feet. The partitions in the house are about sixteen to twenty feet apart. One of these departments is large enough for fifty hens of the large breeds, or sixty to seventy- five of the small breeds. The sides and back of the hen- house should be tight, even if it must be ceiled inside the stud- ding and the space packed with sawdust. The windows on the south side can be used as ventilators. A wire screen can be fitted on the inside that fits the window space, and hung on hinges at the top so as to swing in and hitch to the roof if it is desirable to have the space open. A sash con- taining window lights can be hung to swing out at any angle desired to admit fresh air. A light frame, holding ten- ounce duck cloth closely tacked on, can be put on inside the window when it is raised which will give ventilation without ■ draught. Some dispense with the sash and window lights, and use only the wire screen and cloth. The roosts should be in one corner about three feet above the floor, with a false floor half way, or eighteen inches above the floor, to catch the droppings, which makes it very convenient about cleaning out the manure. The roosting poles which can be made by rounding the corners of some 2x3 studding should be all at same height to prevent one lot of fowl getting higher than the others. There should be a yard or park on the south side for the fowl to exercise in during the sunny days in winter, and to confine them when it is necessary to keep them away from the garden and crops in summer. Rape sown in the park makes good green feed in summer time. Winter Feeds. In feading during the winter time, one should keep in mind the fact that it is more economical and better results can be obtained, by feeding a variety of feeds, than by using any one kind of feed. For a morning feed, a warm mash 166 THB PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR made of wheat bran, corn and oat chop, and a small per- centage of alfalfa meal, makes a very good combination. At noon, table wastes and oats make a good feed. For tht even- ing meal, something substantial like corn or barley should be used that will aid in keeping the warmth of the body during the night. If litter is kept on the floor, wheat thrown in during the forenoon will give the fowl exercise while search- ing it out. Clover heads and leaves are relished by the hens and they should have access to some such feed every day. Breeding and Selling the Chicks, Incubators and brooders are made that do such excel- lent work, and can be had at such a low price, that it hardly seems worth the while to set the hens and take their time -from laying two months or more to raise chickens. Eggs from the early matings in February and March can be hatched in the incubator, the chicks raised in the brooder to lYi to 2 pounds weight each, and sold for broilers at a high price, yielding good profits. It is sometimes a good plan to save some of the early hatched pullets as breed- ers, as they make good early winter layers. Chickens from the later hatchings can be kept along, the roosters sorted out and sold as soon as they reach market- able age and weight, saving the pullets to sort in the fall to make up the breeding flock. This gives a chance to bring in play one's judgment in selecting the pullets of good length of body, medium length of legs and a quiet disposi- tion. When the flock of hens have been kept two years they should be sold, and allow the younger ones to take their place. Some may need to be sorted out after a trial the first year. The pullets are generally healthier and lay better during the first year than the older ones. It is well to get a new set of roosters each year. BREEDING CHICKENS ON THE FARM 767 The success in keeping up the flock depends on the selection of both males and females, and the proper hand' ling, feeding and caring for the same. The bulk of the profits comes from the sale of eggs, the early chicks for broilers, the male chickens of the later hatches, and selling the old breeding hens during late summer and early fall. But little profit is generally realized from selling hens, or chickens, during the late fall and early winter. As the care and management of the flock usually falls upon the farmer's wWe with, perhaps, the aid of the children, it furnishes healthy and interesting employment, and when handled in a business way, yields a liberal income at all times of the year. Such employment aids in promoting con- tentment and happiness on the farm. LESSON XVII NEWDISEASES, REMEDIES AND TREATMENTS, ADDENDA. ETC. MILK FEVER. — Since writing the first article on milk fever, it has been discovered that filling the udder with ster- ilized air is as effectual a treatment as either the oxygen or Schmidt treatments; pure air pumped into the bag with an ordinary bicycle pump and a milking tube is practically a sure remedy for milk fever. The air pumped into the udder must first be freed from germs, and this can be done by pumping it through sterilized cotton. A simple and yet ef- fectual apparatus can be made as follows : Get a tinner to make a tin tube six inches long and one inch in diameter, have the seam pressed and use as little solder as possible; or better yet, if it can be obtained, is a piece of steel bicycle tubing the same size; this can generally be had at a bicycle repair shop; have a druggist fit each end of the tube with a cork, having through it a small piece of glass tubing, as shown in the cut; have the corks fit tightly; fill the large tube just nicely full with a fine grade of cotton batting or with absorbent cotton, which can be had at any drug store, and the apparatus is com- plete. There is also needed a milking tube with a short piece of rubber tube attached, and a small bicycle pump. Before using the apparatus it must be sterilized; put a little cotton plug in the end of each of the glass tubes, as shown in the cut, and roll the tube in four or five layers of newspapers, tying the ends around the glass tubes, as shown in the cut, and it is ready to be sterilized. To sterilize it, put in an oven with a slow heat, about right for baking cake, and leave it there for one hour ; the oven should be hot enough to just slightly scorch the paper, and turn the cotton plugs in the glass tubes just a little brown; if too hot, the cotton inside the tube will be burned too much, but the cotton plugs and the paper will indicate the amount of heat to use. The tube is now ready for use, and by pumping air through this sterilized cotton, the germs will be filtered from it. The apparatus can be sterilized and laid away, 768 NEW DISEASES AND TREATMENTS 769 leaving the paper around it, in some clean place, and it will be all right for use when needed ; it would be best to re-sterilize if not used for three weeks after sterilizing. To use in treating the cow, put the milking tube, with the piece of rubber tubing attached, into a solution of : Carbolic Acid, Yl ounce ; water, 1 pint, to sterilize it ; remove the cotton plug from one of the glass tubes and attach the bicycle pump by- means of a short piece of rubber tubing; remove the cotton plug from the other glass' tube and attach the milking tube, first shaking all the Carbolic Acid lotion from it ; wash of? the end of one of the teats with Carbolic lotion, and insert the milking tube into it and pump air in slowly. If pumped too fast, germs may be forced through the cotton. Be sure the milking tube does not touch anything after it comes from the solution before it enters the teat ; it ca" be dipped into the Carbolic solution just before introducing it, if the apparatus is held with the tube end down, so that the cotton inside the large tube cannot get wet; this must be kept perfectly dry, or it will not sterilize the air. After pumping into a quarter all it will hold, remove the milking tube and take a small bandage about one inch wide, and com- mencing at the bottom of the teat, bandage the teat tightly to close the duct and prevent the air from escaping. The bandage is safer than a string tied around the teat. Treat each quarter the same. Wet the milking tube in the Carbolic lotion each time before putting it into a teat, being careful not to let the cotton get wet. After filling the udder, knead gently. After six or eight hours the air could be worked out and the udder refilled with fresh air, if necessary. With this treatment the cow should receive the same general treatment as given with the first article. Theapparatusmayrequire new corks.and also to be refilled with fresh cotton, after it has been sterilized a number of times. BARRENNESS. — Barrenness in mares and cows is often due to an acid condition of the womb and vagina, caused by an acid secretion of the genital organs. Common yeast is quite effective for such cases.- To prepare the yeast solution, put two teaspoonfuls of yeast into a pint of boiled water and keep it at 70 degrees for five hours ; then add three pints of boiled water and keep it warm for five hours more. Flush the animal with warm water before injecting the solution. Mate the animal several hours after the injection. 77° THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE— EPIZOOTIC APH- THA.— APHTHOUS FEVER.— INFECTIOUS APHTHA. —ECZEMA EPIZOOTICA.— Foot-and-mouth disease is an acute, highly contagiou,s fever of a specific nature, characterized by the formation of vesicles which occur on the mucous membranes and skin. These blisters appear in the mouth, around the coronets of the feet, and between the toes, as well as on the teats and udder. The cause is now conceded to be a virus of a specific nature, and perhaps every new out- break starts from some pre-existing outbreak. The virus is found in the vesicles and, during the febrile stage, in the blood. As the disease progresses the virulency seems to decrease. The disease is spread by animals eating food or drinkingwaterwhich has been contaminated with the discharge from the vesicles, or saliva of sorhe of the sick animals. There are hundreds of ways in which the virus may come in contact with people or things and be spread. The contagion may be found in the serum of the vesicles on the mouth, feet, and udder; in the saliva, milk, and various secretions and excretions; also in the blood during the rise in temperature. Animals may be infected directly, as by licking, and in calves by sucking, or indirectly by fomites, such as infected manure, or fodder, utensils, drinking troughs, railway cars, animal markets, barn- yards, and pastures. Milk in the raw state may also transmit the disease to animals fed with it. Human beings may carry the virus on their clothing and transmit it on their hands when milking, since the udder is occasionally the seat of the eruption. Cloven-hoofed animals are most likely to become infected, but in rare cases the horse is infected. One attack produces immunity for only 11 or 12 months or less. The period of in- cubation is from 2 to 8 days. There is high fever, loss of ap- petite and the mouth becomes sore, fever lasts only until vesicles appear. The mouth is usually held closed, saliva drips, and when mouth opens and closes a smacking sound is made. The vesicles vary in size from a pea to a walnut, the large blisters open, leave a rough grayish surface, tongue is sore. The foot lesions cause lameness and the fet- locks knuckle. The vesicles heal in 2 or 3 weeks. In swine and sheep only the feet may be afifected. In typical cases the diagnosis is not generally difficult, especially during the vesicular stage of the eruption. The presence of the vesicles, the foot lesions, rapid spread of the infection NEW DISEASES AND TREATMENTS 771 and the fact that it c^n be transmitted artificially all lead to a positive conclusion. Foot-and-mouth disease may be con- fused with micotic stomatitis of cattle, which is not con- tagious and in which vesicles rarely appear. However, the mouth lesions in micotic stomatitis are more ulcerous in char- acter, there is more swelling of the limbs and the disease cannot be transmitted by inoculation and never affects swine or sheep. Treatment. — In a country like the United States where the disease is not permanently established, no treatment should be tol- erated, but every diseased animal should be slaughtered, the carcass cremated and the premises thoroughly disinfected. In countries where the disease is wide-spread, medical treatment should be resorted to. Wash out the mouth with one part pioctanin to one thousand of water twice daily. Dropping a teaspoonful of either powdered alum, or chlorate of potash, or boric acid into the mouth twice daily will help heal the sore parts. During the febrile stage intra-muscular injections of phenol solutions have proven beneficial. In the eruptive stage when the feet are sore, standing the animal in one part Liquor Cresolus Compositus (U. S. P.) and 50 parts water, also washing other sore parts with this same solution will help heal the sore parts. Camphor ointment should be applied to sore teats and udder. The complications that may follow the disease are usually the result of contaminat- ing bacteria; therefore, stables and surroundings should be kept disinfected and clean. The cattle should be fed on soft ground food and well supplied with fresh cold water. Take every precaution to avoid the spread of the infection and when in doubt as to what an infectious or contagious ailment is, promptly call a competent veterinarian to make a correct diagnosis. WHITE SCOURS.— DIARRHOEA.— DYSENTERY OF SUCKLINGS.— A C U T E CONTAGIOUS SCOURING.— Diarrhoea or simple scouring is a common result of indigest- ion, and at first may be Nature's plan to relieve the stomach and' bowels of offensive and irritating contents. As the indi- gestion persists, fermentation goes on, the undigested masses become more complex and active, the organized ferments (bacteria) propagate the affection and it soon becomes a con- tagious disease. The infection is frequently carried down 772 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR a stream of water, or it may be carried into a healthy stable by bringing in a cow from an infected stable, especially if she soon comes fresh. When a stable becomes infected it remains so until it is thoroughly disinfected. Don't purchase a calf from a herd where the infection exists. The light colored seem to be more susceptible than the dark, and closely inbred stock does not resist the infection as well as grades. Calves kept in dark, damp, badly ventilated stables suffer most. Frequently clean and disinfect your calf stable, it will pay to do it. The condition of the nursing cow and her milk is another potent cause of trouble. Cows should be fed food and water of good quality. This dysentery of suck- lings is an acute gastro-enteritis rarely occurring in animals over a week old, it attacks calves, foals, lambs, and pigs, and usually runs a fatal course. In some outbreaks every calf or lamb born on the premises dies before it is ten days old The infesting germ is probably the Colon bacilli and lives in the stable or on the premises, ready to enter the body of the newborn by injestion or by way of the navel cord| but calves are often infected before they have sucked. The symptoms usually appear before the animal is 3 days old, and the principal symptom is diarrhoea. In expelling these yellow colored liquid feces, considerable straining occurs, later on the bowel discharges become whiter and sometimes mixed with blood. At first the temperature is elevated, but as the disease progresses it often becomes sub-normal. This in- fectious dysentery is differentiated from sporadic diarrhoea of young on account of its affecting those less than a week old and being fatal. In common diarrhoea the feces are generally thicker, yel- lower and less fetid. An animal taken sick soon after birth usually dies, and the sooner after birth the more fatal the disease seems to be. Few sick animals get well and those which do, remain unthrifty and seldom prove profitable to keep. Treatment. — Medical treatment of septicemic disease of newborn ani- mals is usually worse than useless and seldom saves the life of an animal. But liberal doses of White Scour Serum and Vaccine treatment will save many cases. Within a few hours of birth give as a prophylactic remedy 10 C. C of Serum and 2 C. C. of Vaccine and should scours develop, give an ad- ditional 30 C. C, also give i/^ ounce Camphorated tincture NEW DISEASES AND TREATMENTS 773 of opium (paregoric) every 3 or 3 hours. Knowing this to be a fatal infectious disease and partly preventable it is cer- tainly good practice to give every newborn calf Serum and Vaccine treatment, at the same time not forgetting the im- portance of thorough disinfection of the cow stable, also the segregating of new cows when they calve, besides sprinkle the hind parts of cow with one part carbolic acid and 50 parts water, also wash out vagina with one part carbolic acid and one hundred parts water, or one part Creolin, or Lysol, or Liquor Cresolis Compositus (U. S. P.) and 100 parts water. The bedding should be sprinkled with any one of above solutions. The stump of the cord should be "milked" and washed with the following solution which is made by dissolving 'i/a drachm iodine and i/o drachm of potassium iodide in one quart of water, the under part of belly surrounding the cord should be washed with this solution. Dusting on equal parts of dried alum, camphor and starch will dry stump of cord. SWAMP FEVER.— RIVERBOTTOM D I S E A S E.— LOIN DISTEMPER.— INFECTIOUS ANEMIA OF THE HORSE. — Infectious anemia of the horse is known by many names, such as Swamp Fever, Riverbottom Disease, Loin Distemper, American Surra, Malarial Fever, Typhoid Fever, No-name Disease, Plains Paralysis and Pernicious Anemia, and is characterized by a specific septicemia, accompanied by either an intermittent or remittent fever, which ultimately leads on and terminates in a progressive anemia. This dis- ease is often confined to infected areas in a country. Most cases occur during the summer, cold weather seems to abate it. The disease is most prevalent in low-lying and badly drained sections of the country. Doubtless infectious anemia is produced by an invisible filterable organism which is trans- missible to horses, mules, and asses. The virus is contained in the blood, urine, and feces of sick and apparently healthy horses. The disease is perhaps taken up in food, water, stable litter which has become contaminated with the urine^ and feces from infected animals. The virus has been found to be active in the carcass of an infected horse some 34 hours after death Following artificial inoculation the period of incubation is from 5 to 10 days, but from natural infection twice this length of time. The acute form of this disease begins suddenly, producing considerable languor and much muscular weakness, especially in the hind quarters. Fever 774 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR is a constant symptom reaching its height in 3 or 4 days. The temperature is usually about 104° to 1071/2° F. The fever varies, pulse from 55 to 90, and weak. The disease is char- acterized by a progressive pernicious anemia, remittent fever and gradual emaciation, in spite of a good appetite and the , animal eating plenty of food. Very often the horse passes large quantities of urine. Death occurs from either exhaus- tion or syncope. It is not difficult to make a diagnosis, es- pecially in advanced cases- The remittent fever, progressive emaciation and anemia, good appetite and staggering gait indicate Swamp Fever. Pregnant mares often abort. Young colts may live only a day or two. The acute type usually lasts from one to 4 or 5 weeks, the chronic type may last for months, but it is well to keep in mind that 90 per cent of cases die. Treatment. — The treatment of the disease has so far been decidedly very unsatisfactory and a medical treatment is almost without avail. Rest in the stable, intensive feeding, good nursing and giving 30 or 40 grains quinine, 1% to 2 drachms acetanilid and 25 or 30 grains powdered nux vomica four times a day will do the patient some good. When the fever is high cold sponge baths and frequent copious injections of cold water will reduce the temperature and increase bowel action. Don't give purgatives. Following the febrile attack, give the fol- lowing tonic, Arsenious Acid 3 grains, powdered nux vomica 30 grains, powdered cinchona bark 60 grains, powdered gentian 100 grains, in feed 2 or 3 times a day. The sick animals should be well fed. The sick should be kept by themselves, stables frequently disinfected and the well stock kept away from the sick. In disinfecting mix 6 ounces carbolic acid, or 6 ounces chloride of lime in one gallon of water, or mix 5 parts coal-tar disinfectant in one hundred parts water. Use it often and freely in stable and on barn utensils. Doubt- less ere long vaccine or serum will be produced which will either prevent or cure Infectious anemia of the horse. JOINT ILL.— NAVEL ILL.— PYEMIC ARTHRITIS. ■ — ^Pyosepticemia of Sucklings is an acute contagio-infectious disease of, animals, usually less than 30 days old, due to a navel infection, followed by joint trouble and a sort of blood poisoning. Foals and calves are most commonly affected. It often assumes an enzootic form and when it does it is NEW DISEASES AND TREATMENTS 775 quite fatal. The infecting- germ enters the body through the navel cord which has not become shriveled and dried. Drip- pings from an infected navel onto bedding, floors or the ground and the young animal coming into contact with this infection is how the disease is spread. Doubtless some animals are born with the disease for they show symptoms at birth. The colts from some mares are all diseased. In acute cases the navel is usually swollen and hard, the navel ring is open. Fluid can frequently be pressed out, an abscess may form from which, when opened, a fetid fluid escapes. Abscesses may form in lungs, liver or lymph glands. Symptoms. — The disease may appear is a general septi- cemia and the symptoms vary, but in the septic form the animal shows sickness within a day or two of birth, the colt refusing to suck, acting dull, showing weakness, considerable fever, quick heart action. It generally dies within a day or two. Another form is when the joints swell. This sets in when the colt is a few days old and if many of the joints are affected the colt may be unable to stand. The pain is severe. This may leave the colt permanently blemished. The navel may inflame, become painful and soon discharge pus._ The symptoms may abate or septic infection set in resulting in death. In some cases the lungs are involved, in others the stomach and bowels, in others the spinal cord and in others the brain is affected. When diarrhoea is present it is not easy to tell whether it is a case of Joint 111 or Dysentery. In peracute cases the colt seldom lives more than two days, but in acute cases a day or two longer. In subacute cases where the infection remains local the colt will often recover, if properly treated, in 15 or 20 days. Treatment. — Giving drugs to either colts or calves seldom do them any good, and when general septicema is present death is sure to follow. Prompt surgical work on the navel, opening the abscess, removing all diseased tissue, painting the diseased parts with tincture of iodine and allowing free dramageto any pus that might form is very important. Paint all jomt swellings with tincture of iodine every day or two. Too much emphasis cannot be placed on the use of polyvalent or auto- genic bacterins for if promptly and properly applied they will greatly assist in arresting the progress of the disease. Prevention. — Before the mare foals she should be well 776 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR groomed and placed in a clean, well ventilated and thoroughly disinfected box stall, and it is all the better if it has floor other than wood. Sprinkle floor with non-poisonous disinfectant. As soon as colt is born the navel cord should be stripped with clean hands to remove the Whartonian gelatin; then apply equal parts dried powdered alum, camphor and starch fre- quently until the cord shrivels. If dusted on every hour after birth it will soon dry the cord. The cord should not be tied. Painting cord with tincture of iodine is considered good prac- tice. It is also good practice to give naved ill mixed bacterin at from 3 to 5 day intervals until the desired results are obtained. CONTAGIOUS ABORTION.— INFECTIOUS ABOR- TION- — Infectious abortion is a specific inflammation of the mucous membrane of the uterus, the fetal membranes of the pregnant animal becoming affected which will very often lead to the premature birth of the fetus. This ailment is most common in cows, less so in mares, and rather uncommon in ewes and sows. It can perhaps be safely stated that nearly one half of all the large and older established dairies of the United States are infected. Among mares it is widely distri- buted but principally confined to the large breeding studs. In cows the disease is caused by the Bacillus Abortus Germ, which is found in the uterine exude, fetal membranes, and in the fetus. It is also found in the udder of infected cows. The germ may remain in the uterus for weeks or even months after the cow has aborted ; the same can be said about mares. Doubtless the disease is spread by the uterine discharge, fetal membranes and fetuses of infected cows and mares. The infection is often taken in with the food and water, but the genital organs may become infecte'd by the stable litter, stable utensils, instruments or syringes used in the treatment of cows or mares. In some cases the bull may spread the infection. The disease is invariably brought into a herd through an infected female. Disposing of aborters is sure to spread the infection. Occasionally the herd may become diseased by breeding to a bull that has served a diseased cow, or was diseased when purchased. It is also true that a calf from a diseased cow may bring the infection into your herd. Symptoms. — The period of incubation following natural inoculation or exposure is generally from 3 to 7 months. Cows as a rule do not abort from other causes, therefore a number of cows dropping their calves prematurely should create sus- NEW DISEASES AND TREATMENTS 777 picion. Cows which abort have considerable vaginal discharge. Heifers have more or less premature labor pain, cows very little. The udder usually fills, and there is swelling of the vulva and sinking on each side of the tail. The expulsion of the calf may occur without noticeable labor pain and the fetus come dead. After abortion the placenta is often retained and this is a very good symptom of contagious abortion. Infected heifers and some cows during pregnancy show symptoms of abortion, but carry their calf full period. Generally speaking it is not difficult to make a diagnosis; however it is always safe to have a bacteriological examination of the vaginal dis- charge, the uterine exude and the placenta. The complement- fixation test is employed with success. The agglutination test isalso used. Treatment. — Any cow or heifer that aborts should be immediately re- moved from the herd and placed in a suitable place to keep and treat her. If she cleans promptly and the vaginal discharge soon ceases she can soon be returned to the disinfected stall she was taken from, then breed her. If her milk flow is profitable keep her for dairy purposes, if not, beef her. A re- tention of placenta following either abortion of normal de- livery should be regarded as serious and the cow quarantined with the aborters. No attempt should be made to remove a placenta for 24 hours and when manually removed the great- est cleanliness should be practiced, besides no great force should be used in detaching the membranes from the coty- ledon. Remove the parts which come easily and leave the rest. Fill the uterus with a tepid normal salt solution, or any' mild non-irritating antiseptic solution. A teaspoonful of salt to each pint of water is right in making the salt so- lution Twenty grains of permanganate of potash to each gallon of water, or one part coal-tar disinfectant and nmety nine parts water, or two ounces of boric acid dissolved m one gallon of water is correct. Following this flushing, draw off all the remaining fluid, then deposit a one-ounce capsule filled with one part iodoform and two parts boric acid, leav- ing it in uterus for 2 or 3 days, then flush again. Cows of this kind should be treated every 6 or 7 days and kept in a hospital or away from well cows for from 4 to 8 weeks. The proper treatment of retained placenta will greatly assist in 5?f8 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR the control of abortion and somewhat prevent sterility in cows that are affected. It can be safely stated that most cases of metritis (inflammation of the womb,) can be traced to retention of placenta, the same can be said of ovarian cysts. A chronic vaginal discharge indicates metritis. Ovarian cysts occur usually in one ovary, can be readily detected by rectal examination and can easily be crushed in the hand; however, if much pressure is required, the ovary can be brought back, then pass the other hand into vagina to assist. Following severe cases of inflammation of the womb, its wall and neck may thicken, ending in sterility. In order to control this infectious disease the same fundamental prin- ciples underlying the control of all other infectious diseases must be followed, which consists in separating the sick from the healthy, disinfecting the premises, burning the dead and treating the sick. All heifers should be vaccinated, but this is work for the skilled veterinarian, or a dairyman who has received proper instruction on how to give this preventive treatment. It is also important to keep cows clean and if the animal is washed with disinfectant solution before she calves it should be done with great rare. If your herd is free from abortion, keep all newly purchased, pregnant animals isolated until after calving. Don't hesitate to give abortion Bacterin treatment a trial. Console yourself with the fact that follow- ing each miscarriage a certain degree rf immunity goes with it. Many a cow will carry her second calf almost, if not full period ; the third calf is usually carried full gestation period. In the control of infectious abortion too much stress can not be placed upon th;, importance of proper sanitation and stable hygiene. The services of a competent veterinarian to do the surgical work and instruction to the herdsman how to treat aborters will very often prove a good investment. CALF DIPHTHERIA— NECROTIC STOMATITIS.— Calf diphtheria is an acute, specific, highly contagious inflam- mation of the mouth of young cattle, generaly calves- There are diptheric patches and ulcers on the membranes of the mouth, which are often attended by a general toxemia that may lead to death. The cause of the disease is the Bacillus Necrophorus of Bang. Healthy calves are infected by licking the diseased ones, or from soiled litter which has been con- taminated with the germ necrosis bacilli getting into the mouth. The disease seems to be easily transmitted .from calf to calf. The principal lesions in calf diphtheria occur in NEW DI SEASES AND TREATMENTS 779 the mucous membranes of the mouth and pharynx, and some- times extend to the nasal cavities, the trachea, the lung, the intestines and to the hoof. Infection takes place by inocula- tion through some abrasion or break in the mucous membrane of the mouth. Necrotic Stomatitis is both a local and sys- temic afifection, usually local. A patch or ulcer develops at point of infection by the multification of bacilli. The general af- fection is an intoxication, or poisoning, of the whole system produced by a soluble toxin elaborated by the bacilli. The stage of incubation is from 3 to 5 days. The first symptom is loss of appetite, drooling from mouth, some inflammation with patches about the size of a 5 cent piece or larger. It is a grayish yellow, not easily scraped off and oftentimes quite thick. The body temperature is usually high, the animal shows great weakness and may have a cough. In no other disease will you find such well marked, thick, necrotic areas and deep ulcers upon the mucous membrane of the mouth. If the disease is not treated death usually results in from 4 to 8 days, but some cases may run along for 2 or 3 weeks, then the animal dies of lung trouble. If the ulcers heal at all, it is a slow -process. Animals that recover seldom thrive well and of course their growth is somewhat stunted. Treatment. — The treatment consists in carefully and thoroughly disin- fecting and cleansing the mouth and other diseased parts. Twice a day irrigate the mouth with one part Creolin, or Lysol, or Liquor Cresolis Compositus (U. S. P.) in fifty parts warm water. It is good practice to scrape off necrotic tissue. Since exposure to oxygen kills the infecting germ one need have no fear about disturbing or tearing of the caseous patches during irrigation of the mouth. Then mix one part salicylic acid and ten parts, either glycerine or water, and cover patches, using brush or stick, not the finger. Another excellent remedy is Lugol's solution of iodine (iodine, 1 ; potassium iodide, S parts and water, 200 parts). Another very good remedy is one part carbolic acid and one hundred of water; this should be injected into the mouth several times a day. Let the calf suck its mother, or be fed liquid or sloppy food. Give calf 30 grains of salicylic acid and 40 (forty) grams of chlorate of potash 2 or 3 times a day. If this treatment is earned out promptly and according to directions it will prove effective. It is wise to separate the sick from healthy, disinfect all stalls and sheds, and for 4 or 5 days disinfect the mouths and nasal 78o THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR passages of all those animals which have been exposed. This disease is most likely to break out during the winter or spring. It is also supposed to follow attacks of foot foul or foot r,ot, however, this is very doubtful. The infection lurks in the stalls, so clean and disinfect them. GENITAL HORSE-POX.— ERUPTIVE VENEREAL DISEASE. — Genital Horse-Pox is a benign, acute, contagious disease of the external genital organs of horses, cattle, sheep and swine ; characterized by a vesicular eruption which is transmitted at time of service. The cause of disease is not known, but it is quite common in the United States. This coital exanthemia, or horse-pox, is almost always transmitted by coition, spread by the stallion or bull. It is possible for the infection to be spread in other ways, but this is the excep- tion. The disease is most often found in cattle, sometimes found in sheep, goats and swine. The period of incubation is from 4 to 8 days, during which there is no appreciable al- teration in the health, but at the end of 8 days, the horse is feverish, acts dull, has rough dry coat and rather a poor ap- petite. The respirations are quickened, pulse rapid and full, temperature 104° to 105° F. Visible mucous membranes red. At the end of a few days the eruption breaks out, the fever abates, but the eruption may spread to other parts of body than the genital organs. Little nodes appear on the mucous membrane which often soften, show a yellowish spot in center and open, leaving a depressed center. The lesions are com- monly found in the vulva. In the male, eruptions appear on the penis and sheath. Pustules, or pocks, appear on different parts of body, often on the lower portion of the legs, on the lips, about the nostrils and eyes, and on the mucous mem- branes lining the various cavities in the body. At times the pustules may become confluent and produce large superficial ulcers on the membrane of the nostrils, or on the borders of wounds. Treatment. — In mild cases medication is not necessary, but recovery- will be more speedy if disinfectants are applied to the dis- eased parts. Mix one ounce carbolic acid, one ounce tannic acid and % pint of glycerine in one gallon of clean water and apply to infected parts once or twice daily. The ulcers will heal more rapidly if touched daily with nitrate of silver. When horse-pox breaks out on a large farm, it is considered NEW DISEASES AND TREATMENT S 78^ not bad practice to inoculate all animals, create the disease, and if the weather is mild they will all soon recover, as nearly all of them have a mild attack. Good nursing is fully as important as medication. DOURINE. — EQUINE SYPHILIS.— TRYPANOSO- MIASIS. — Dourine (also known as maladie du coit, breeding paralysis, covering disease, trypanosomiasis, equine syphilis) is a specific, infectious disease usually affecting the horse and ass. It is transmitted from animal to animal by the act of copulation. It is due to an animal parasite, the Try- panosoma equiperdum. Dourine is probably the only true venereal disease of which horses are the subjects. It is char- acterized by local manifestations in the generative organs, followed by nervousness and loss of power. It is described as having existed as early as 1796 in the Eastern Hemisphere. Its presence was recognized for the first time in the United States in 1886, when an outbreak occured in Illinois. Since then the existence of the disease has been observed at ir- regular intervals in the Southern and Western States. Natural Infection.— Healthy mares are infected b y diseased stallions during copulation, the discharges contain- ing the infecting germ, and of course a mare suffering from this disease may infect the stallion at time of service. The period of incubation varies from a few days to weeks, or perhaps several months. The first symptom is swelling of the penis, not painful, the testes may swell, there is some discharge from the urethra, first thin, but gradually becoming a little thicker, vesicles appear on the penis, which soon heal, or if they fail to heal an ulcer forms which remains raw for a time. In mares the vulva swells and there is a constant erection of the clitoris and a thick vaginal mucous discharge takes place, but she shows as if in heat, switching tail and urinating frequently. Following these early symptoms, both stallions and mares seem to be affected alike, showing more or less weakness. Urticarial eruptions or plaques which break out over various parts of body are a common symptom in both stallions and mares. These eruptions are situated near root of tail, on chest wall, neck, under chest and belly, and disappear in 8 or 10 days, a new crop soon following. Following this sick- ness there is seemingly a great tendency to partial paralysis of different parts of body. It is also true that the sick animal is likely to become extremely emaciated. In a warm climate y82 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR the disease is usually of an acute nature, in the cooler climates it assumes a chronic nature. The first indication of paralysis will be noted in traveling, when the animal fails to pick up one of its hind feet as freely as the other, or both may become affected at about the same time, at which time knuckling IS noticed. When paralysis of the hind quarters is noticed the disease usually progresses rather rapidly and it is not un- common for the animal to show labored breathing. Micro- scopic diagnosis should be called for in all suspected cases of Dourine, and the complement-fixation test furnishes by far the most reliable means of diagnosis and is especially valuable when dealing with chronic cases- It can be safely stated that from 50 to 80 per cent of the animals attacked die and few, if any, of the second stage cases ever get well. Treatment. — In the United States it is important to first make a correct diagnosis, then destroy the diseased animal. Internal medical treatment has failed and as the disease has only existed in restricted areas, it should be stamped out and the stables thoroughly disinfected. The systematic inspection of all im- ported horses by the Bureau of Animal Industry will protect us besides the disease is well under control in the United States. All suspected and true outbreaks should be promptly reported to the State authorities, or to the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. , MYCOTIC STOMATITIS OF CATTLE.— This is a spo- radic or non-infectious disease which affects cattle of all ages that are on pasture, but more especially milch cows. It is often the result of eating food, containing irritant fungi. It is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membrane of the mouth, producing salivation and secondarily affecting the feet, which become sore and swollen. On ex- amination of the mucous membrane of the mouth minute vessels are noticed, later small ulcers appear. Erosions, scabs and crusts form on the muzzle. The animal is unable to eat. There is suspension of rumination, frequent movements of the lips and some frothing and dribbling of saliva from the mouth. If food is placed well back in the mouth the animal can swallow it. Examine the mouth and it will be found hot, with small blisters which soon ulcerate and spread. The ulcers have a hemorrhagic border, a depressed, suppurating surface, and contain a brownish debris which is soon replaced NEW DISEASES AND TREATMENTS 783 by granulation tissue. In some cases the pasterns and feet are affected. In some outbreaks the milch cows have sore teats, the cracks in the skin fill with serum and later a brown- ish scab forms. The milk secretion diminishes ; in some ca.'^es it disappears. The skin of neck and shoulders in some cases get sore. In mild cases only the mouth lesions may be observed, but in severe cases, where there is a generalized mycotic intoxication, one animal may show all these alter- ations. The general condition of the animal is involved only in severe attacks, and in uncomplicated cases recoveries soon follow the removal of the cause and proper care, even if not medicated, but all severe cases should be treated. The course of the disease is irregular and runs from one to two weeks. In examining a case of mycotic stomatitis it is important not to mistake it for Foot-and-Mouth disease. In the latter there is a rapid infection of the whole herd, including hogs and sheep that may be on the premises. The characteristic lesion of foot-and-mouth disease is the appearance of vesicles con- taining serous fluid in the mouth and upon the udder, teats, heels, and coronary band of the affected animals. Drooling is profuse, and there is a peculiar smacking sound made by sucking the affected lips. Treatment.— The treatment of mycotic stomatitis should consist in removing the herd to another pasture, feeding them on soft nutritious food, such as bran mashes, ground corn and oats and gruels. A bucket of clean cool water should be kept before each animal for them to rinse their mouths. Dissolve one ounce borax in one gallon of water and let the animal drink it. Another very good remedy is made by dissolving 2 tablespoonsful of borax and 1 tablespoonful potassium chlo- rate in 2 gallons of water and let each full grown animal drink it daily. If the animals are gentle enough to be handled, swab out mouth with one part carbolic acid and 50 parts water, or one part Lysol, or Liquor Cresolis Compositus (U. S. P.,) or 1 part permanganate of potash and one hundred parts clean water. One part hydrogen peroxide and two_ parts water is another fairly good remedy. Giving each animal a teaspoonful or two of carbolic acid in a quart or two of bran mash for 4 or 5 days is considered good treatment. In the treatment of range cattle dissolve 8 tablespoonsful of carbolic acid in 12 or 15 quarts of common salt and allow them to lick it. The lesions of the feet should be treated much the same as 784 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR wounds, apply one part carbolic acid and 40 or 50 parts water. When dry scabs form apply one part oxide of zinc and 5 parts vaseline, daily. HAIRLESS PIGS. — It is not an unusual occurrence for a seemingly healthy sow to farrow a litter of fairly well de- veloped, but generally dead and sometimes hairless pigs. The same sow has been known to give birth to a second litter of pigs which had no hair on them. It was supposed to be the result of feeding the sow (during pregnancy) an unbal- anced ration. Swine breeders in different sections of the world changed the sows food supply, but no substantial re- sults followed this change of diet. However veterinarians were called upon to make critical examination of sows that had given birth to hairless pigs, and they found nearly, if not all of them, suffering from Goiter (abnormal thyroid glands). Following these examinations a treatment of the sows was prescribed, consisting of different preparations of iodine. Sows that had given birth to hairless pigs were given small doses of potassium iodide during pregnancy and their pigs came well haired out. In a majority of cases treated, 5 to 10 grain doses were given daily for ten days, then dis- continued giving the medicine for 10 or 15 days, then re- peated. Painting the thyroid glands with tincture of iodine every day or two has proven fairly effective treatment for goiter. HOG CHOLERA AND SWINE PLAGUE.— Keep everything clean about the hog pens. Use disinfectants freely. When bringing new hogs onto the premises keep them sepa- rated for three or four weeks or until you are sure they do not have cholera. Thus you will prevent infecting the whole herd. When cholera is in the neighborhood all hogs should be in- oculated with hog cholera serum. The watchword is "Preven- CAPONIZING (See illustrations in Illustrated Index) Time to Caponize So far as the effects of the operation and the rapidity and ease of healing are concerned the time of year when the opera- tion is performed is of little importance. The Capons seem to recover and do well at any time. Certain other considerations, however, do influence the time. The age and size of the cock- erel is very important. As soon as the cockerels weigh VA to 2 pounds, or when 3 to 4 months old, they should be operated upon. If smaller than this, their bodies do not give room enough to work handily. On the other hand, they should never be over six months old, as by this time the testicles have developed to a considerable extent, the spermatic arteries carry greater amounts of blood, and the danger of pricking these arteries and causing the fowl to bleed to death is greatly increased. The fact that capons are in greatest de- mand and bring the best prices from the Christmas season until the end of March, and that it takes about ten months to grow and finish them properly, makes it important to hatch the chicks in early spring so that they will be of proper size for caponizing in June, July and August. These are by far the most popular months for the operation, though in some cases it is performed still later. Caponizing Instruments There are several sets of instruments for performing the operation. These differ principally in the type of instrument used in getting hold of and removing the testicle. One type is the canula (fig. 331a). This consists of a hollow tube, the lower end of which is compressed and closed except for two small holes through which to run the horse hair or wire com- prising the other part of the instrument. This type is very satisfactory but requires two hands to operate. Another type is the twisting scoop (fig. 331b)., This is a spoon-like scoop slotted in the center and mounted upon a slender rod. It is designed to slip under the testicle, allowing the spermatic cord to pass through the slot. By twisting the cord is severed. This type has the advantage of requiring only one hand to 785 786 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR operate, but is more liable to produce slips than the canula. A third style of instrument is also in the form of a spoon or scoop, but instead of being in one piece has two jaws regulated by a slide. The testicle is caught iu the scoop with the spermatic cord between the jaws, and by tightening the jaws and gently moving the instrument the cord is severed and the testicle removed. Still another type, not now in common use, is the spoon forceps. With this the testicle is simply grasped with the forceps, and detached by a twisting move- ment. Here one hand can be used also, but the liability of slips is rather greater than with the other methods. A knife for making the incision into the body cavity is of course necessary. Almost any sharp-pointed thin-bladed knife will answer the purpose well (see fig. 331c). Some sort of spreader, to spring apart the ribs far enough to allow the instruments to be inserted into the body, must be used. A plain spring spreader, as shown in figure 331d, or a sliding spreader (fig. 331e), allowing the pressure to be gauged, will answer the purpose. A sharpt-pointed hook (fig. 331h) for tear- ing away the thin membranes, and a blunt probe of which fig- ure 331g is one type, for pushing aside the intestines, complete the necessary equipment. A pair of small tweezers or nippers (fig. 331f) is also useful in removing any foreign matter from the body. The Operation of Caponizing Before beginning the operation two conditions are abso- lutely essential. If these are not favorable, do not attempt to operate. The first of these is that the intestines of the fowl should be completely empty, so that they will fall away and expose the testicles to view. This can be accomplished by shutting up the fowl and withholding all food and water for twenty-four to thirty-six hours before the operation. Thirty-six hours is better than twenty-four, especially for a beginner. The second condition is a good, strong light, so that the organs of the fowl may be clearly and easily dis- tinguished. Direct sunlight is best for this, and in consequence it is well to operate out of doors on a bright day. Some operators have substituted the physician's head reflector and artificial light with good success. It has been suggested that a probe consisting of a small electric bulb on the end of a slender rod, and operated by small dry batteries, so that it can be introduced into the body cavity, could be manu- factured and used with good success. NEW DISEASES AND TREATMENTS 787 When ready to operate, catch the bird and pass a noose of strong string about the legs. Do the same with both wings close to the shoulder joints. To the other end of the strings are attached weights of sufficient size to hold down and stretch out the bird when placed upon the head of a barrel or box of convenient height, which is to serve as the operating table. These weights are allowed to hang on op- posite sides of the barrel or box (see fig. 333). A table if so desired, may be arranged by boring holes through its top at proper distances from each other, allowing the strings to pass through these, and hanging weights underneath. Still other ways of holding the fowl in place have been devised, but these are unimportant so long as the fowl is held securely stretched out. Having fastened the fowl, be sure that all the instru- ments are at hand. It is also well, though not necessary, to have ready some absorbent cotton and a dish of water to which has been added a few drops of carbolic acid. Having once started, then carry the operation through as quickly as possible. Moisten and remove the feathers from a small area over the last two ribs just in front of the thigh (see fig. 333). With the left hand slide the skin and flesh down toward the thigh. Holding it thus, make the incision be- tween the last two ribs (fig. 334), holding the edge of the knife away from you as you stand back of the fowl. Lengthen the incision in each direction until it is 1 to 1% inches long. Now insert the spreader into the incision, thus springing the ribs apart, as shown in figure 333. The intestines will now be visible, covered with a thin membrane called the omentum. Tear apart this membrane with the hook, and the upper testicle, yellow or sometimes rather dark-colored and about the size and shape of an ordinary bean, should be visi- ble close up against the backbone. By pushing aside the intes- tines this can easily be seen, and the lower one also, in a similar position on the other side of the backbone. If both testicles are to be removed through the same incision, remove the lower first, as the bleeding from the upper might be sufficient to obscure the lower. Each testicle is enveloped in a thin membrane. This may be and probably is best removed with the testicle, though some operators tear it open and remove the testicle only. The delicate part of the operation is now at hand, due to the close proximity of the spermatic artery, which runs just back of the testicle and to which the testicle is in part at- 788 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR tached. If this is ruptured the fowl will bleed to death. The canula, threaded with a coarse horsehair or fine wire, or one of the other forms of instrument previously described, now comes into use. If the canula is used, allow the hair or wire protruding from the end to form a small loop just large enough to slip over the testicle as shown in fig. 335. Work this over the testicle, being careful to inclose the entire organ. Now tighten up on the free ends of the hair or wire, being careful not to catch any part of the artery. If the spermatic cord does not separate, saw lightly with the hair or wire. When the testicle is free, remove it from the body. If only the upper testicle has been removed, turn the bird over and proceed in exactly the same manner on the other side. After removing the testicle, if the bleeding is at all profuse it is well to remove a portion of the blood by introducing small pieces of absorbent cotton into the body by means of the hook or nippers, allowing them to become saturated and then removing them. Be sure to remove all blood clots, feathers or other foreign matter. After the testicles and foreign matter are removed, take out the spreaders, thus allowing the skin to slip back over the incision. The method of using the; twisting scoop is shown in figure 336. Some birds are sure to be killed even by experts, but the loss is small, seldom exceeding 5 per cent where any considerable number are caponized and usually not more than 3 or 3 per cent. With beginners of course, the percentage is much larger, but with a little practice and care this is soon over- come. Any fowls which may be killed in this , way are per- fectly good to eat and are therefore not wasted. A great deal of practice is required to become expert enough to operate rapidly. Consequently it is quite common in localities where many capons are grown to hire experts to do the work. These men are able to caponize a fowl every two to five minutes, and charge from 3 to 6 cents a fowl for the service. It is most humane for the beginner to make his first trials upon dead fowls. Many times, particularly with beginners, while the oper- ation seems to be entirely satisfactory, the bird will turn out to be what is known as a "slip." A "slip" is neither cockerel nor capon, but is between the two, possessing the mis- chievous disposition and the appearance of an ordinary cockerel, but, as a rule, being unable to reproduce. This condition is due to the fact that a small piece of the testicle NEW DISEASES AND TREATMENTS 789 IS left in the body. This piece often grows to a considerable size. As the "slips" possess the same restless disposition as the cockerels, they grow and fatten little if any better, while they do not bring as good a price in the market as the capons. With the greatest care, however, "slips" are more common than are deaths due to the operation. The percentage varies all the way from 50 per cent with beginners down to two or three per cent with experts. Care of Fowls After the Operation Upon being released from the operating table the capons aie usually put in a closed yard where they can find shelter, food and water and can be kept quiet. No roosts are provided, as the less flying and jumping they do the sooner will the wound heal. The capons seem to be very little inconvenienced by the operation, and water and soft feed mixed with sweet skim milk can be given immediately. Some feeders give this in unlimited quantity, while others feed more sparingly for a time. Some growers observe no precautions whatever giving the birds their full liberty immediately after the opera- tion and allowing them to have any sort of food. For a week or ten days the newly-made capons should be carefully observed to see whether they become "wind puffed." This is a condition caused by air gathering under and puffing out the skin near the wound. When observed it can be readily relieved by pricking the skin with a needle or knife and pressing out the air. In about ten days or two weeks the incision into the body should be entirely healed, and, although no special antiseptic methods are employed in the operation, blood poisoning or any other trouble seldom results. Feeding Capons Capons are usually kept till they are about 10 months old. At this time the market is at its best and the birds have made their most profitable gains. The feeds used and the methods of feeding vary greatly, so much so, that it is futile to try to give specific directions. For several months after the operation a good growing ration and not a fattening ration is required. It may consist' of whole grains, ground grains or a combination of the two, as each feeder finds most profitable and best suited to his locality. As with_ other poultry, variety must be given for best results. Late in the fall, when the capons have no pasture, green feed, such aS 790 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR cut clover or vegetables, should be provided. A somewhat more fattening ration than that required for laying hens seems to give good results. As capons are not usually marketed before Christmas or the first of January they have to be housed during the late fall and early winter. Because of their quiet disposition they stand crowding quite well and have been successfully housed with only 2 or 3 square feet of floor space to a fowl. It is better to allow, however, 4 or 5 feet if possible. During the last month or month and a half before mar- keting the corn in the ration should be gradually increased until the fowls are on a full fattening ration. For the last two or three weeks it is desirable to shut them up and feed them in crates, for every possible ounce at this stage adds to the appearance and profit. Machine cramming is some- times practiced the last week with excellent results. Killing and Dressing Capons for Market The capons selected for killing should be confined for twenty-four hours without feed or water to completely empty their crops. The usual method of killing is known as the stick- ing method. The fowl is hung up by the feet, the head held in the left hand, and the whole body stretched to full length. The mouth is forced open, and by means of a sharp, narrow- bladed knife held in the right hand the blood vessels at the back of the throat are severed with a single sweep. The knife is then turned and the point plunged through the roof of the mouth to a point just behind and between the eyes. The brain is here reached, and if properly stuck all feeling is then lost. Convulsions insue, the muscles are re- laxed, and the feathers come out easily. Capons should always be dry picked, as they look much better and some of the feathers should be left on. The feathers of the neck and head, the tail feathers, those a short way up the back, the feathers of the last two joints of the wing, and those of the leg, about one-third of the way from knee to hip joint, should be left on. These feathers, together with the head of the capon, serve to distinguish it from other classes of poultry on the market, consequently should never be removed. Plates 337 and 338 shows several capons dressed for market. Their condition is rather poor and is capable of improvement. In picking be careful not to tear the skin. If bad tears are made sew them up. Capons scalded and NEW DISEASES AND TREATMENTS 791 picked bare bring very little, if any, better prices than other poultry in the same conditibn. Most markets require capons to be undrawn and the head and feet left on. If drawing is required the vent should be cut around and the intestine pulled out until the gizzard is reached, where it is broken off. Nothing else is removed. Care should be used to cleanse the head and feet of all signs of blood or filth. After picking, the carcasses are hung in a cool place until the animal heat has entirely left the body, when they are ready to be packed. Like other poultry they should be packed in boxes of convenient size, holding about a dozen carcasses. Every attention should be given to neatness and attractiveness, as this helps the sale and the price. During the time of year when most capons are marketed — January, February, and March — no ice is necessary, but if for any reason they are shipped in warm weather they should be packed in ice. 792 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR ADDITIONAL RECIPES 793 794 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR ADDITIONAL RECIPES 795 796 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR ADDITIONAL RECIPES 797 LESSON XVIIl DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL AND VETERINARY TERMS It has been the aim of all concerned in the publication of this book to make all statements as free as possible from technical and uncommon words, but occasionally one's mind needs to be refreshed as to the meaning of a word in the book, or the owner of a copy may hear a term used in connection with animal dis- eases, which he does not understand. To help the subscriber in such a case, this dictionary is added. Abdomen — The belly ; that part of the body containing the stomach and intestines. Ablactation— A weaning or cessation from suckling. Abomasum — The last or fourth stom- ach of animals that chew the cud. Abortion — Expulsion of the foetus be- fore it is capable of sustaining life. Abrade — To rub off, as a piece of skin. Abscess — A swelling and its cavity containing pus or matter. Abscission — The cutting away or re- moval of a part. Absorb — To swallow up; to drink in; to cause to be removed. Absorbent — In anatomy, one of those vessels which imbibes or takes up, as the lacteals or lymphatics. In medicine, any substance, as chalk, or magnesia, used to absorb acid- ity of the stomach; or any sub- stance applied to a wound to take up the discharge. Accelerate — Growing quicker and faster, as an accelerated pulse. Acetabulum — The bony cup which receives the head of the thigh bone. Acid — Sour. The last fermentation before the putrid. Acme — The top, or highest point. Acrid — Pungent, irritating. Acute — Sharp, severe; an acute dis- ease is severe, and peedily comes to a crisis. Adamantine Substance — The enamel of the teeth. Adenitis — Inflammation of the glands. Adhesion — A joining together, as the union of parts in healing. Adipose — Fatty matter; belonging to fat. Adventitious — Accidental; acquired, as diseases. Aerate — Mixing with air, as the blood in the lungs, by which it absorbs oxygen. Aetiology — Relating to the cause of disease. Affection — Disease, or disease of some particular part. Affinity — The attraction which causes bodies to adhere and form com- pounds. That which causes to co- here. Affluence — Determination of blood, or of humors, to a part. Albumen — Substances, animal and vegetable, resembling the white of an egg. Albumenuna-That condition in which the urine contains albumen, and an excess of urea, coagulable by nitric acid and heat. Aliment— Any kind of food. Alimentary Canal — The canal extend- ing from the mouth to the anus, through which the food passes. Alkali — Any substance that will neu- tralize an acid, as magnesia, soda, potash, etc. 798 DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL TERMS 799 Alterative — A medicine that grad- ually induces a change. Alveolar Processes— That part of the jaw that contains the sockets of the teeth. Amaurosis — A loss of sight from loss of power of the optic nerve. Amnion — A membrane enveloping the foetus and the liquid. Amyloids — Foods composed of carbon and hydrogen, as sugar and starch. Anaemia — A morbid condition of the blood in which it is defi- cient in quantity or in quality. Anasarca — Dropsy of the limbs, abdomen, chest, etc. , Anaesthetic — That which pro- duces insensibility to pain. Analysis — Separation into parts; resolving into original ele- ments. Anatomy— The science of the structure of the body. Anchylosis — The stiffening, or uniting rigidly the parts of a joint. Animalcule — An animal that is in- visible, or nearly so, to the naked eye. Anodyne — A medicine that allays, or diminishes pain. Antacid — A remedy for acidity, as an alkali. Anterior — Before; in front of an- other part. Anthelmintic — A remedy to de- stroy, or expel, worms; a ver- mifuge. Antidote — A remedy to counter- act the effects of a poison; that which counteracts hurtful, or noxious substances. Antiperiodic — Medicine to arrest, or retard, the return of a par- oxysm in a periodic disease. Antiseptic — An agent for prevent- ing, arresting, or retarding put- refaction. Antispasmodic— nA remedy which relieves spasms. Anus — The posterior opening of the alimentary tract. Aorta — The first great artery to leave the heart. Aperient — Laxative medicine; that which gently operates on the bowels. Aphtha— Ulceration of the mouth, beginning with minute blisters, and ending in a white slough. Apoplexy— Sudden effusion of the blood into the substance of the brain. Aqueous— Watery; having the property of water, as watery matter, aqueous pus. Arachnoid — A thin membrane cov- ering the brain. Areolar Tissue — A network of deli- cate fibres spread over the body. Artery— One of the blood vessels which carries the red blood from the heart. Articulate — Joining, working to- gether or upon one another, as the bones. Asphyxia — Apparent death or sus- pended animation. Death from want of air. Assimilate — To make like another, assimilation of food in the nutrition of the body. Asthma — A disease attended with difficulty of breathing, and a sensation producing wheezing, coughing and other distressing symptoms. Astragalus — ^The largest bone com- posing the hockioint, lying in front of another called os calcis. Astringent — That which binds or contracts. Astringent medi- cines contract the tissues and suppress discharges, as from the bowels, blood, or mucus. Atlas — The first bone of the neck, or first cervical vertebra. Attenuate — To draw out, to make thin, to reduce in size, or strength. Atrophy — A wasting away from lack of nourishment. Auricle — The external part of the ear; also parts of the heart, one on each side resembling ears. Auscultation — A method of dis- tinguishing diseases, especially those of the chest, by listening to the sounds made by the lungs and heart. 8oo THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Bars— (Of the hoof).— The two ridges of horn, passing from the heels of the hoof toward the toe of the frog. (Of the mouth). The transverse ridges on the roof of the mouth of the horse. Bicipital — Two-headed, as biceps muscles, bicipital groove, etc. Bile — A bitter, yellow, or greenish fluid, secreted by the Hver. Biliary — Pertaining to bile. BUiary duct, a canal containing bile. Biology — ^The science of Ufe, or of living bodies. Biped— Two-footed, as man. Bisect — ^To divide into two equal parts. Bistoury — A smaU, cutting knife. Blood Serum — ^The yellow serum that is left after the coagulation of the blood. Bolus — A large pill. Medicine formed in a round, or cylindric, shape, and often called a ball. The cylinder shape is best. Boot — A buffer, a leather band, worn to prevent one foot cutting the other when traveling. Bougie — An instrument for opening the urethra, or urinary, or other passages. Breeding-in-and-in— Breeding to close relations, in the same sub-family, as the produce of the same sire but diflFerent dams, or of the same sire and dam. Bronchi — First two branches of the windpipe. Bronchitis is the in- flammation of the bronchia. Broxy — ^Term applied to a number of fatal diseases of sheep, especially to a form of anthrax or carbuncular fever. Cadaverous — Having the appear- ance o f a dead body. (From the Latin cadaver, a corpse.) Caesarian Operation — The cutting into the abdomen and womb to bring away the foetus, when nat- rual delivery cannot be accom- plished. Calcareous — Containing lime, lime- like. Calculus — Stones formed by the de- posit of solid matter in any part of the body. Calks or Calkins— The heel of the horseshoe when turned down to prevent slipping; also wounds made by the calks. Callous — Induration; a hard deposit; an excess of bony matter- Canal — A tube or passage, as the ali- mentary canal. Canine Teeth — The teeth between the lateral incisors and the small molars of the jaw. Canker — Any sore that eats or cor. rodes, as eroding ulcers of the mouth. Cannon-bone — The bone below tne knee and the hock. Canula — ^A hollow tube of metal or other substance, used especially with the trocar when tapping cav- ities, to draw ofi water or gas. Cantharis (plural, Cantharides) — A winged insect or beetle, used for blistering; Spanish flies. Capillary — Hair-like; a term applied to the minute branchings of the blood vessels. The capillary ves- sels connect the veins and the arteries. Capsular Ligaments — The 1 i g a- ments surrounding the joints. Capsule — A membranous bag or sac. Carbon — An elementary substance forming the base of charcoal, which is impure carbon. The diamond is pure carbon. Car- bonic Acid gas is expelled from the lungs in breathing. Carminatives — Warming, stimulat- ing and aromatic medicines which tend to expel wind, or to remedy colic or flatulencies. Carotid Arteries — The great art- eries of the side of the neck. Cartilage — Gristle. — The substance covering the ends of the bones moving and working upon each other. Caseine — ^The curd or coagulable part of milk; the basis of cheese. DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL TERMS 801 Castrate — To geld, emasculate; to deprive of testicles. Catarrh — An inflammation or con- gestion of any mucus mem- brane; a cold attended with running of the nose. Cataract — An opacity of the crysr taline lens of the eye, causing partial or total blindness. Cathartic — A purgative medicine, used for freely opening the bowels. Catheter— An instrument used for drawing the water from the bladder. Caustic — A substance which burns or destroys tissue, as Caustic Potash, and Nitrate of Silver. Cauterization — Searing with a hot iron, or with caustic medicines. Cellular Tissue — The membrane, or tissue which invests every fibre of the body, composed of min- ute cells communicating with each other, and which serves as reservoirs for fat. Cephalic — Pertaining to the head. Cerebral — Pertaining to the brain. Cerebellum, the smaller and lower brain. Cerebrum, the up- per and larger brain. Cervical — Belonging to the neck. Characteristic — That which is pe- culiar to a thing, or disting- uishes it from another. Cholagogue — A medicine that in- creases the secretion of bile. Chronditis — Inflammation of the cartilages. Choroiditis — Inflammation of the choroid coat of the eye. ChroniQ — A lingering, long-stand- ing disease, succeeding the acute stage. Chyle — The milky liquid food, as it is found in the intestines during digestion, and prepared from the chyme, and ready to be absorbed by the lacteal vessels before being poured forth into the blood. Chyme — The food as modified and prepared by the action of the stomach. Cicatrix — A scar left by the heal- ing of a wound, or ulcer. Cilia — Small hairs. Circulation — The vital action which sends the blood through the ar- teries and back again through the veins to the heart. Clyster — Liquid medicine injected into the lower intestine. Coagulate — To change to a curd- like state; to thicken, or harden. CofRn-bone — The lower bone of the leg incased in the hoof. Collapse — A falling together. A closing of vessels. Extreme de- pression of vital powers. Colon — The largest division of the intestinal canal. Coma — Lethargy. Drowsiness pro- duced by depression of the brain. Conception — The beginning of pregnancy; fecundation by the act pf the male. Concretion — A mass formed by the union of separate particles into one body. Condiment — Substances . used to improve, or heighten, the flavor of food. Congenital — Born with another; of the same birth. Belonging to the individual from birth. Confluent — Flowing together; run- ning one into another. Congestion — An accumulation of blood in any part of the body, as the lungs, brain, etc. Conjunctiva — The membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the outer surface of the eyeball. Constriction — Drawing, or binding together, as constriction of the muscles of any part. Constipation — An unnatural de- tention of the fecal matter of the bowels; costiveness. Contagion — The transmission of a disease by direct, or by indirect contact. Contorted — Twisted, twisting or writhing, as the body in pain, or from the result of disease. Contusion^ — A bruise; a wound made by a blow, or a bruise. 802 THE PRACTICAI. STOCK DOCTOR Convoluted — Rolled together, or upon itself. The cerebrum is convoluted. Cornea — A transparent covering of the front of the eye. Coronet — The upper_ part of the hoof, just where it joins the skin. Corrosive — That which eats away, destroying the texture of the living body. Costal — Belonging to the ribs. From Costa, a rib. Counter Irritation. — An application to irritate one part of the body to relieve pain in another. A blister, or mustard poultice, produces counter-irritation . Cranium — The sktill. Cranial; per- taining to the skull. Crepitation — Term applied to the noise made by the ends of frac- tured bones, when they grate to- gether. Also the sound produced by pressing together cellular tissue in which air is contained. Cribbing (of Horses) — The act of seizing any hard substance, or pres- sing thereon with the teeth, and gulping; sometimes called wind- sucking, though the latter is not necessarily cribbing. Croup or Crupper — The top of the hips of a horse; also the strap of leather going under the tail. Cul-de-sac — A passage closed at one end. Curb — A soft swelling becoming hard, situated on the back part of the hind leg, just below the point of the hock. Cutaneous — Pertaining to the skin. Cuticle, the epidermis or scurf skin. Cyst, Cystis — A small bladder or sac; applied to those containing morbid matter or parasites, which become encysted or enclosed in an envel- ope. Cystitis — Inflammation of the bladder. Decoction — An extract prepared by boiling something in water. Defecation — Purifying from impuri- ties of foreign matter. The voiding of excrement from the body. Deglutition — The act of swallowing Power of swallowing. Dejection — In medicine; the act of voiding excrement; the excrement \ oided. Degenerate — To grow worse or in- ferior. Deleterious — That which is destruct- ive or poisonous. Delirious — Insanity; a wandering of mind in disease. Deliquescent — The act of becoming liquid by attracting moisture from the air. Demulcent — A liquid or substance that is of a mucilaginous nature, and is thought to protect the tis- sues from the action of acrid or irritant substances. Dens — A tooth. Dental, pertaining to teeth. Dentition, the develop- ment of teeth. Deodorizer — A substance that destroys bad odors. Depletion — The act of empt3dng. A condition of exhaustion. Dermal — Pertaining to the skin. Dessicate — To dry up. Desquamation — A scaling off of the skin. Diabetes — An excessive flow of urine. A flow of urine containing saccha- rine matter. Diagnosis — The distinguishing of one disease from another. Diaphoretic — A medicine that causes perspiration, or sweating. Diaphragm — The midriff. The mem- brane, or broad muscle that sepa- rates the thorax, or chest, from the abdomen, or belly. Diathesis — Peculiarity of constitution. Diffuse — To extend, or drive out. That which may flow or .spread, as a dif- fusible stimulant. Dilate — ^To open wide, as the eye. Dilitation — The expansion of a body from over-fullness. Dilate — ^To make thin, as medicine with water, with oil, etc. DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL TERMS 803 Diminution — A lessening, or decreas- ing, as of pain, etc. Disinfection — The act of freeing from infectious matter. Dislocation — Putting out of joint. Dissection — Exposing the difierent parts of a dead body, in order to study structure and arrangement. Distorted— Deformed, crooked, out of the natural shape. Distend — To stretch out, or swell. Diuretic — A medicine that increases the flow of urine. Dorsal — Pertaining to the back. The dorsal column; the back bone. Douche — Dashes or jets of water or vapor directed to some diseased part. Dram or Drachm — The eighth part of an ounce. Drench — Liquid medicines given by the mouth. Duct — A tube or vessel for conveying a fluid or the secretions of the glands. Duodenum — The first portion of the small intestines, into which the bile is poured. Dura Mater — Thick fibrous membrane lining the cavity of the skull. Dysuria — Painful and incomplete pas- sage of urine. Ecbolics — Agents that cause contrac- tion of the womb. Ectozodn — Parasites, as lice, infesting surface of the body. Ecraseur — An instrument used in sur- gery, especially in castration. Effluvia — Morbid exhalations of the body; sometimes applied to animal and vegetable odors. Effusion — ^The pouring out of blood or other fluids from the proper vessels into the cellular tissue or into a cavity. Ejection— Casting out, as ejecting improper matters from the stomach. Eliminate— To discharge or expel. Emasculation— Removal of the male generative organs; castration. Embryo — The impregnated ovum in the womb, after its growth has begun. Emetic — A medicine given to in- duce vomiting. Emollient — Softening or relaxing. Encysted — Enclosed in a sac. Endocardium — The lining m e m- brane of the heart. Enema — Medicines given by inject- ion into the rectum. Enteric — Belonging to the bowels. Enteritis is inflammation of the bowels. Entozoa — Parasites within the body. Epidemic — A disease that affects a large number as though carried through the air, and in which the death rate is high. Epiglottis — The covering of the glottis. A tongue-shaped pro- jection to prevent food or liquids from entering the windpipe. Epithelium — The thin covering upoii the lips, nipples, mucous,and serous membranes; the lining of the blood vessels and other canals. Epizootic — A contagious disease, at- tacking a large number of animals at once. Applied to catarrhal fever or influenza, which spreads rapidly. Equine — Belonging to the horse. Esophagus — Oesophagus — The gul- let, or tube of the throat which con- veys food to the stomach. Evacuate — To empty, or pass out, as to evacuate the bowels. Excision — The cutting out, or cutting off, any part. Excoriate — To remove the skin in part; to rub and gall, or break the skin; to abrade. Excrement — Refuse matter; the dung. Excrescence — An unnatural or super- fluous growth. Excretion — The act of throwing off effete matter from the animal sys- tem. That which is thus thrown off. Exhalation — A breathing out, -as the air from the lungs. Exostosis — An unnatural growth, 01 projection of bone. 8o4 THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Expectorant — A medicine that pro- motes discharge from the hmgs or throat. Extensor -tendons — The tendons which stretch out the limbs. Extirpation — The complete removal of a part -with a knife. Extravasate — To let out of the proper vessel, as the blood, after the rup- ture of a blood vessel. Exudate — A sweating, or passing out of a liquid through the walls or membranes containing it. The liquid after it is passed out. Facial — Pertaining to the face. Feces — The excrement from the in- testines. Febrifuge — A medicine that low- ers the temperature of the body, and counteracts fever. Febrile — Pertaining to fever. Feculent — Foul or impure matter, formed by the breaking down of the tissues; excrementitious matter. Femur — The thigh bone proper. Fermentation — A change brought about by a process of decompo- sition. Fetid^Having an offensive odor. Fibrin — An Organic substance found in the blood, which causes it to clot. Fibrous Tissue— Connective tissue, composed chiefly of wire ine- lastic, or yellow elastic fibers. Fibula — The small, or splinter bone of the leg, attached to the outer side of the tibia. Fistula — A deep, narrow ulcer, having a passage leading to it, with a constant discharge. Flanks — That part of the horse between the' false ribs, hips and stifle. Flatulent — Generating, or tending to generate, wind in the stom- ach and intestines. Flexor — A muscle whose office is to bend a part. In opposition to extensor. Foetus^ — The young unborn. Fomentations — Local applications of cloths wrung out in hot or cold water. Foramen — A hole passing through; applied to holes in bone; also other tissues. Fumigate — To apply smoke or vapor. Function — The office or duty of any part of the body. Fundament — The anus or extremity of the bowel. The end of the gut. Fundus — The bottom or base of any organ. Fungus — A spongy growth resembUnf mushrooms. Gall — The fluid contained in the gall- bladder, consisting principally of the bile secreted by the liver. Ganglion — A bunch of nerve fibers, causing the enlargement of a nerve, and resembling a knot. A nerve center. Gangrene — Death of a part of the body, or of any portion of its tis' sues. Gastric — Pertaining to the stomach. Gastritis, inflammation of the stomach. Gelatine — Animal jelly. Gelatinous: jelly-like. Generate — To beget offspring; beget- ting or producing young; breed- ing. Genitals — The organs of reproduction or generation. Gland — A structure for secreting cer- tain fluids of the body, and con- taining a tube. Glans — The head of the penis. Gestation — The condition of pregnacy or being with young. Gleet — Thin matter issuing from an ulcer. In horses, applied to nasal gleet almost exclusively. Glottis — The narrow opening at tht top of the windpipe. Graminivorous — Feeding on grasses and other vegetable food. Graniverous — ^Feeding on grain tind other seeds. Granulate — To grow or develop in the form of grain, as new flesh in the healing of a wound. DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL TERMS 8o5 Gravel — Calculous matter fotmd in the kidneys or bladder. Gravid-The state of being with young. Groin — The oblique depression be- tween the abdomen and thigh. Haunch — ^That part of the body that lies between the last ribs and the thigh. In the horse, the bony region of the hips. Haw — The process of the eye sock- et, which is thrown over the eye to clear it of foreign substances. Haematin — The coloring matter of the blood. Hemiplegia — Paralysis, affecting one side of the body. Hemorrhage — A discharge of blood from the vessel containing it; bleed- ing. Hepatic — Belonging to the liver. Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver. Herbivorous — Feeding on herbs. Hereditary — ^Transmitted from parent to offspring. Hernia — Rupture, or soft tumor, formed by the protrusion of any internal part through a natural or accidental opening in the enclosing membrane. Humor— Any fluid of the body, excep- ting the blood. Humerus— The upper bone of the fore leg. Hybrid— The offspring of two different species of animals, as of the horse and the ass — the mule. Hydrocephalus— Water in (dropsy of) the head. Hygiene — The preservation of health and prevention of disease. Hymen— The fold of mucous mem- brane between the vulva and the vagina. HyperEemia — A superabundance, or congestion of blood in any part of the body. Hypertrophy— Excessive growth; en- largement; thickening. Hypodermic— Beneath the skin. Used principally of medicines— as mor- phia, etc., applied by injection under the skin. Ileum — The lower part of the small intestine. Ilium — ^The flank bone, which in the foetus, is distinct from the other hip bones. Impregnation — The act of rendering, or state of being, pregnant. Incision — The act of cutting, as in an operation. Incisors — ^The front teeth of the jaws. Incontinence— Inability to retain the natural evacuations. Induration — The hardening of a part from the effects of disease. Infection — Communicating disease by germs. Infusion — Iviquid produced by steep- ing insoluble substances in water without boiling. Inhalation — A drawing into the lungs; the inbreathing of medicated or poisonous fumes. Injection — Liquid medicines thrown into a natural or artificial cavity. Usually with a syringe. Inoculation — The production of dis- ease by virus or matter from a sore, communicated from one animal to another. Instinct — Sense, as applied to animal?. Integument — The covering which in- vests the body (the skin), or a membrane covering any particular pairt of it. Intercostal — Between the ribs. Intermittent— Coming and going at intervals. Interstice — A small space between the particles of a body. Intussusception- The slipping of the upper part of the small intestines into the lower. Iris — The circular membrane of the eye, which gives the eye its color, and perforated to form the pupil. Jejunum — The middle division of the small intestine, or that portion be- tween the duodenum and the ileum. Jugular Vein— The large vein of the neck. 8o6 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Labial — Belonging to, or pertaining to, lips. Lacerate — ^Totear. A lacerated wound is a torn wound. Lachrymal — Pertaining to tears. The lachrymal duct is the one leading from the nose to the eyes. Lactation — The act of giving suck, or time of suckling. Lacteals — The lymphatic vessels of the intestines. Lactic Acid — The acid of sour milk. Lamella — A thin plate or scale; per- taining to the anatomy of the foot. Laminitis — Founder; an inilammation of the sensitive parts between the pedal or coffin-bone and the hoof. Larynx — ^The enlarged upper portion of the windpipe, and extending into the throat. Laryngitis: in- flammation of the larynx. Lateral — At, or to, one side. Lesion — Any hurt or injury. Levator — A general name for a muscle whose office is to raise some part, as the lip or eyelid. Ligaments — The bands which bind the bones together at the joints. Ligature — Silk or flax thread, or any material suitable for tying arteries. Also a bandage used to stop bleed- ing. Liquefaction — The act or process of reducing a solid to a liquid form. Lithotomy — The operation of extract- ing a stone from the bladder. Lobe — A round, projecting part of any organ, as of the lungs and liver. Loin — ^That portion of the body be- tween the hip-bone and ribs. Lotion— Fluid applied externally, usu- ally by means of a cloth kept con- stantly wet therewith. Liniments are applied externally, but with rubbing. Lumbago — Rheumatism of the lumbar region of the back. Lymph — A transparent and nearly colorless fluid, found in the lym- phatic vessels. Macerate — To soften and separate the parts of, by steeping, as in a fluid, or by the digestive process. Malady — Disease, or ailment. Malar — Pertaining to the cheek-bone. Malformation — Badly, or unnatur- ally shaped, or formed. Malignant— Severe.. Tending to produce death. Mallenders— An eczematous con- dition occurring in the flexures of the knee-joints, causing dry- ness and scurfiness of the part. Mammals — Having an udder, or teats, for suckling the young. Mammary Glands — The glands which secrete the milk. Manipulation — ^The act of treating working, or operating with the hand. Massage — Kneading and rubbing the flesh with the hands. Mastication — The act of chewing the food. Materia Medica — A term including all medicines, or substances, used in the cure of disease. Maxilla — The upper, or lower jaw. Meatus — Canal, or passage. Mediastinum — The partition formed by the meeting of the pleura, di- viding the chest into two lateral parts, and separating the lungs. Medullary — Consisting of resem- bling, or pertaining to marrow. Membrane — A thin, sheet-like structure, usually fibrous, cover- ing, or lining, some part, or organ. Mesentery — The fold, or rn e m- brane, which attaches the intes- tines to the spine. Metastasis — The transference o f disease from one part to another. Miasma — The product of animal or vegetable putrefaction, causing disease. Midri£F — The diaphragm. Milk Fever — A disease aflFecting cows soon after parturition. Molecule — The smallest portion of matter which can exist alone, seated in the nerves, especially of the face. DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL TERMS S07 Morbid — ^A state of disease; the pro- duct or result of an unnatural state, as morbid humors. Mortification — The death of a part from gangrene. Motor — ^That which causes, or is the instrument of, movement; as the motor muscles. Mucus — A mucilaginous fluid found on the surface of certain mem- branes, which keeps them soft and pliable. Naevus — A natural mark or blemish; a birth-mark. Narcotics — Drugs which allay pain and produce sleep, but first produce excitement. Nasal — Pertaining to the nose. Nausea— Any sickness of the stomach with inclination to vomit. Necrosis — Death of a bone, or a por- tion, of a bone. Neuralgia — A painful affection that is seated in the nerves, especially of the face. Neurotomy — ^The cntting or division of a nerve. Neutralize — ^To destroy the force or effect of anything. Nutritive — Tending to nourish or build up. Nutrition: that which noturishes. Dcular— Relating to the eyes. Oedema— Effusion of serous fluid into ^he cellular tissues, producing swelling. Omentum— The Caul— A fold of the peritoneum membrane covering the intestines in front and attached to the stomach. Opacity— Want of transparency; that quaUty of bodies, by which they . cannot transmit the rays of light. Optic— Pertaining to sight, as the optic nerve; relating to the laws of vision. Orbit— In ocular anatomy, the bony cavity in which the eye is situated. Organic- Composed of, or pertaining to an organ, or its function; de- pendent on, or resulting from, ox;^atiJKm. Orifice — ^The mouth or entrance to any cavity of the body. Os — The technical name for a bone. Osseous: resembling bone; bony. Ossification: changing to bone. Ostalgia — Pain in one or some of the bones. Os uteri— The mouth of the womb. Ovariotomy — The operation of remov- ing the ovaries from the female animal; spaying — analogous to the gelding of the male. Ovaries — ^The organs connected with the uterus that mature and give off the ova (eggs), which, when im- pregnated by the male, produces the foetus. Oxygen — The life-supporting element of the air, and constituting a little more than one-fifth of it. With nitrogen and argon it forms air; with hydrogen it forms water. Ozcena — Nasal gleet; catarrh. Palate — The roof of the mouth. Palpitation— A rapid,thumping, move- ment of the heart, from mental excitement, or from disease. Papillae— Small, nipple-shaped prom- inences found on the tongue and skin. Pancreas— The narrow, flat gland ex- tending along the duodenum, some- times called the " sweet-bread." Paralysis- An affection impairing, or destroying, the natural function, especially the voluntary movement, of a part; called also " palsy." Paraplegia— Paralysis of the hind quarters on both sides; usually due tx> some injury or inflammation of the spinal cord. Parasite — An animal which lives on, or in, the body of another animal. Parotid Gland— The largest of the salivary glands, situated below the ear. Paroxysm— In disease, a recurrence coming after an intermission. Parturition — The act of bringing forth the young. Patella — The knee-pan. 6o8 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR Pathology — The science -whicii treats of tlie causes, nature, symptoms, and cure of disease. Pectoral — Pertaining to the breast, as the pectoral muscles. A remedy for affections of throat and lungs. Pelvis — That part of the trunk bound- ing the abdomen at the rear, con- taining a part of the intestines, and the internal urinary and genital organs. Penis— The exterior male organ of urination and generation. Pericarditis — Inflammation of the pericardlom, or serous membrane, enclosing the heart. Perinceum — The space between the anus and the genital organs. Periosteum — ^The fibrous membrane covering a bone. Peritonenm — ^The serous membrane which Hnes the cavity of the abdo- men. Peritonitis — Inflammation of the peri- toneum. Pharynx — The muscular tube at the back part of the mouth which leads to the gullet. Physiology — The science which treats of the functions of the various organs of the body. Placenta — The membrane covering the yotmg in the womb — the after- birth. Plethora— Having a full habit of the body; full of blood. Pleura — The serous membrane which lines the interior of the chest and covers the lungs. Plexus — Any union of vessels, nerves or fibers in the form of net-work. Polypus — A tumor with narrow base which grows from mucous mem- branes. Portal Vessels— The cluster of veins that join and enter the liver. Post-mortem— I^iterally, after death. The examination of a dead body. Predfeposed— Prepared for, or fitted for, beforehand; inclined to; as be- ing predisposed to disease. Process — A prominence or projecting part; any protuberance, eminence or projecting bone. Procreation — Generation and produc- tion of offspring. Prognosis — The act or art of judging by the symptoms, the probable course of a disease. Prolapsus Uteri — Falling of the womb. Prophylactic — That which preserves or defends from disease; a pre- ventive. Proteids — Food composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen — as the white of an egg. Proud Flesh — A fungus growth on an ulcer, or an excrescence of flesh in a wound from excessive granu- lation. Pulmonary — Relating to the lungs. Pupil — The circular opening in the colored curtain within the eye. Purgative — A medicine that operates strongly in evacuating the bowels. Pus — The matter discharged from a tumor when lanced, or from a sore. Healthy pus is yellowish-white in color, and is always secreted in the process of healing. Putrefaction — The process of decom- position; state of corruption; rot- teness. Pylorus — The lower orifice of the stomach on its right side, through which the food passes to the intes- tines. Quickening— The time when the mo- tion of the foetus within the womb is first perceptible. Quittor— An ulcerous formation, re- sembling fistula, inside a horse's foot. Rabies — Madness; hydrophobia. Rales — The noise produced by air pas- sing through the mucus of the lungs. Ramify — Branched; running in va- rious directions. Raphe — A seam or suture. Rectum — ^The lasit intestine; the anal gut. DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL TERMS 809 Reflux — In medicine, the return of the blood from the head, or frota to-'' ward the extremities, to the heart. Refrigerants — Medicines or lotions that diminish heat. Regurgitate — To throw or pour back; to swallow again. Remittent — Ceasing for a time, as a fever or a pain. Reproduction — The act or process of producing the young; breeding. Resolution — The disappearance of in- flammation without suppuration. Resolvent — A medicine or substance, that will scatter inflaimnatory or o^er tumors, and prevsnt their sup- puration. Respiratory Murmur — The murmur which, when the ear is applied to the chest, is heard in the lungs, and attending the act of breathing. Retention — A stopping or withhold- ing, as retention of the urine. Retina — The expansion of the optic nerve in the back part of the eye, on which the image is formed in the act of seeing. Retrocession — Change of an eruption from the surface to the inner parts. Roaring — A disease or constriction of the wind-pipe, producing a roaring sound in breathing. Rumination — The act of chewing the cud. Rupture — The common name for hernia. The act of breaking or bursting, or state resulting there- from. Saccharine— Containing or having the qualities of sugar. Saline— Containing salt in solution; salty. Saliva— The secretion of the glands of the mouth, which moistens the food in chewing, and keeps the mouth and tongue moist. Sallenders- The same as. mallenders, except that it occurs in the flexures of the hock. Sanitary— Relating to the preserva- tion of health; tending to health. Saicoma— A fleshy tumor. Scaphoid — Shaped like a boat, as the navicular bone. Scapula — ^The shoulder-blade. Sc'erotic — The thick, hard, white, outer coat of the eye. Sciatica — A rheumatic or neuralgic affection of the hip. Scrotum — The bag which contains the testicles. Sebaceous Glands — The oil tubes of the skin. Secretion— Tile separation of various substances from the blood. Sedatives — Soothing medicines; reme- dies that depress nervous power, or lower circulation. Semen — The male generative product secreted in the testicles. Septic — Causing or promoting putre- faction. Antiseptic: arresting pu- trefaction. Septicaemia — Blood poisoning; usu- ally an absorption. Serum — The yellowish, watery por- tion of the blood remaining after coagulation. Seton — An artificial passage under the skin, made by a seton needle, and kept open with tape, silk, or the like, which is drawn in, and is moved back and forth daily to keep up an irritation, with a view of set- ting up inflammation. Sialogogue — A medicine that pro- motes a flow of saliva. Sinus— An orifice or canal containing pus or matter. Slough (pronounced sluff) — To fall away, separate from, as in disease, or in mortified parts. Soporific — A medicine that induces sleep. Spasm-A sudden, involuntary contrac- tion of the muscles; a convulsion. Spinal— Relating to the spine, or back- bone. Splint — An excrescence on the can- non bone of a horse. Splint bone: one of the bones of a horse's leg. Spleen— A livid-colored organ attached to the stomach, the office of which is not well understood. 8io the; practicai, stock doctor Spontaiieous — Occurring -without any apparent cause from without. Sporadic — Separated, scattered; oc- curring here and there, as sporadic cases of disease. Sternum — The breast bone, situated in the fore part of the thorax. Stomachics — Medicines that promote digestion. Strangulated — Choked ; having the cir- culation stopped in any part. Strangury — The stopping of a passage; generally applied to urinary organs. Stricture — Stopping, or obstruction of a passage of the body, by morbid, or spasmodic, action. Styptic — An astringent; having the property of stopping bleeding. Sudorific — A medicine that will cause sweating, or perspiration. Suppuration — The process of forming pus, or matter; the result of inflam- mation in an abscess, or a wound. Suture — A stitch, or fastening, for joining edges of wounds. The seam or joint which unites the bones of the skull. Synovia — A fluid resembling the white of an egg, secreted by the joints, and articulations, which it lubri- cates and keeps in healthful con- dition—joint oil, so called. Taenia — Literally a fillet, or band. The technical name of the tape- worm. Tapping — Drawing off collected fluid. Tarsus — ^The cartilage toward the edge of each eyelid, giving it shape and firmness. The hock joint of the horse. Tendon — ^The dense, fibrous structure in which a muscle ends, and by which it is joined to the bone. Tent — In medicine, a pledget, or plug, introduced into a wound. Tenuity — The property of being thin; small; rarefied. Tetanus — A disease in which the vol- untary muscles are spasmodically^ but persistently, contracted, caus- ing rigidity of the parts affected. When in the face it is called lock- jaw. Therapeutics — That part of medi- cine that relates to discovery and application of remedies for diseases. The use of diets and medicines. Thorax — The chest or that part of the body between the neck and abdomen. Thrush — Ulceration of the cleft of the frog, and extending over the whole of it, with a discharge of tid matter. A disease of the mouth. Tibia — The large bone of the hind leg of a horse above the hock joint. Tonics — Remedies which gradually and permanently improve the system. Tonsil — An oblong gland situated on each side the fauces, terminated by the lai yux and pharynx at the rear of the mouth, and having excretory ducts opening into the mouth. Torsion — The act of twisting and turning, as in drawing a tooth with the turnkey. Tourniquet — An instrument to arrest bleeding. Trachea — The windpipe. Tractile — Capable of being drawn out. Transfusion — The introducing of blood from one living being to an- other. Transudation — Passage of liquid through the tissues of the body. Traumatic — Relating to a wound or injury. Trephining — An operation to perforate the skull with a trepan, in order tc remove a piece of bone. Trichina Spiralis — ^A mite which bur- rows in the muscles, and which before becoming encysted, some- times cause the death of the ani- mal. They are principally gener- ated in svrine, fowls, rats, and other omniverous feeders. Tubercle — A small tumor, as tuber- cle of the lungs. Tympanum — The drum of the ear. Ulna — The larger of the two bones of the fore arm. Umbilicus— The navel. DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL TERMS 8u Unciform — Curved or crooked, ag a clam or finger nail. Urea—A constituent of the urine. It is white, transparent, and crystalizable. Ureter — One of the two canals or ducts weich convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Urethra — The canal leading from the bladder outward. Urinary — Pertaining to the urine. Urine — The saline secretion of the kidneys. Uterus — The womb. Vagina — The canal in female animals from the vulva to tne uterus. Varicose Veins — Veins, generally in the legs, which are_ permanently dilated, knotted and irregular. Vascular — Pertaining to the ves- sels of animal and vegetable bodies, as vascular functions. The arteries, veins, lacteals and the like, compose the vas- cular system. Animal flesh is vascular. Veneisection — Letting blood by opening a vein. Venous — Pertaining to the veins, or contained in veins. Ventral — Pertaining to the abdo- men or belly. Ventricles — The posterior cham- bers of the heart. Vermicular — Worm-like in shape or appearance. Vermifuge — A medicine or agent that destroys or expels worms. Vertebra — A division, or separate bone of the spinal column. Vesicle — A small blister. Villi— (Minute, thread-like projec- tions-. The inner mucous mem- brane of the stomach and intes- tines is called the "villous" coat, from its abounding in villi or minute projections. Virulent — Dangerous, or malig- nant; as a viru'.ent type of dis- ease. Virus — Contagious, or poisonous mat- ter. Viscera — The organs contained within the cavities of the body, particu- larly of the head, chest, and abdo- men. Viscid — Sticky, or tenacious, with a glutinous consistency. Vivisection — The dissection of, or cutting into, living animals. Volatile — Giving off vapor, flying oft in vapor. Vulva — The outer opening, in female animals, of the generative parts. Warbles — Tumors caused by the de- positing of the eggs of the gad-fly in the backs of cattle. Also small, hard tumors on the backs of horses from the irritation of the saddle. Wen — A distinctly deiined tumor under the skin, seldom hurtful. An encysted tumor. Wind-galls — A distension of the syn- ovial membranes of a horse's fet- lock joints. Womb — The uterus.or pouch, in which the young are earned in the fetal stage before birth. Xiphoid — Sword-like — A small cartil- age at the bottom of the breast bone. Zoology — That part of natural history which treats of the structure, habits, classification, and habitations of an- imals. Zoon — An animal; having animal life. Zootomy — Dissection of the lower ani- mal. Zygomatic — Pertaining 'to the cheek bone, or to the bony arch imder which the temporal muscle passes. From zygoma, the cheek-bone. Zymotic — Caused by, or pertaining to fermentation ; as a zymotic disease, being one in which some morbific principle acts on the "system like a ferment. LESSON XIX WORD INDEX Quick Summary of Index For INDEX of the following subjects see the pages Indicated: Page Cattle 824 Dictionary of Medical and Veterinary Terms 798 Dog 833 Hogs or Swine 831 Horse ...812 Illustrated Index or The Sign Language of Sick Animals . . 865 Page Miscellaneous Department ....833 New Diseases, Remedies and Treatments, Addenda, Etc... 836 Poultry 833 Practical Recipes from Farmers 834 Profitable Breeding of Stock.. 836 Sheep 830 Symptom Index 837 Word Index 813 THE HORSE Abcalion « Abscess, opening an Abscesses in the rectum in the scrotum After-birth, the ...'. After-pains Age of horse, to tell by the teeth.. horses, to tell...- Amaurosis Ansesthetics, general local Anatomy of the horse man and horse com- pared Aneurism Animals, methods of controlling.. nursing and feeding sick Ankles, cocked Antiseptics Aphtha, or thrush Apparatus Apoplexy Arm, bones of the fore Arteries, the Artery, rupture of an tmnorof an Atrophy of the heart muscles Azoturia i68 Back, banes of the 28 351 broken 275 244 chronic sores on 237 126 muscles of the 33 178 sit-fasts on the 274 158 sore 273 159 sprain of the 275 341 Balking 328 340 Balls found in the bowels 125 190 or pills, to make and give... 70 348 Bandage, plaster of Paris 28^ 347 starch, see "Fractures" 282 27 Bandages 352 Barrenness, in the mare 151, 769 54 Belly, dropsy of the 127, 168 238 injuries to the muscles of the 277 349 tapping the 354 68 Big head 251 290 Big leg 231 64 Bladder, eversion of the 136 loi inflammation of the 135 647 paralysis of the 138 219 spasm of neck of the 137 29 stones in the 136 39 the 50 239 Bleeding, after castration 177 238 foaling, profuse ... 159 237 from the lungs 84 303 navel 169 141 nose 84 81Z WORD INDEX 813 Blindfolding 349 Blindness, following castration.... 181 Blister, to 257 apply a 258 Bloat 117 Blood, bad 240 poison 265 spavin 299 Bloody flux, or dysentery 123 urine 139 Bog spavin 296 Boils 213 Bone, breast 29. caries, or ulceration of a 248 necrosis , or death of a 249 side 255 spavin 259 Bones, cervical, or neck 28 coccygeal, or tail 28 dorsal, or back 28 hip, orpelvic 28 lumbar or small of the back 28 of the cannon 30 forearm 29 foot 30 hind leg 31 hock or tarsus joint 31 knee 30 pastern 30 shoulder 29 sacral or croup 28 Bots 113 Bowels, balls found in the 125 inflammation of the 118 or intestines, the 42 twist in the 124 Brain, concussion of the 217 congestion of the 218 inflammation of the 215 chronic 223 Brain, spinal cord, and coverings, inflammation of the 216 Breakdown 292 Breaking, see " Training " 14 halter i5 a stubborn horse 23 BO Bridle, how to proceed with 16 Broken back 275 knees 287 ribs 276 wind, or heaves 93 Bronchial tubes and air cells, the.. 48 Bronchitis... 85 chronic 88 Bruises of the shoulder 272 sole of the foot 323 stone 323 Bursal enlargements 288 Calculi 136 intestinal...., 125 Calculus, obstruction of urethra... 141 Calks 32a Canker in the foot ; 307 Cannon, bones of the 30 Capillary vessels, the 39 Capped elbow 281 hock 298 Caries, or ulceration of a bone 248 Casting 173, 350 Castration, diseases and troubles 172 abscesses in the scro- tum after 178 bleeding after 177 blindness following ... 181 care of colt, after 176 exposing testicles 173 fatty curtain of bowels coming down after.. 178 lock-jaw after 181 operating by searing... 175 with clamps.. 174 ecraseur 175 emasculator 175 ligatures 176 originals or ridglings.. 176 pain after 176 peritonitis following.. 180 precautions before op- erating 173 rupture (hernia) . . 177 schirrus cord 180 8i4 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Castration, swelling after .... 179 throwing or casting 173 tumor of the cord.. 180 Cataract of the eye 190 Catarrh, or cold in the head.. 75 chronic 77 Catheter, passing the 353 Cautery, actual 357 Cerebro-spinal-meningitis . . . 216 Cheeks, paralysis of the 100 Chest, tapping the 354 water in the 92 wounds penetrating the 95 Chill, a 336 Choking 105 Circulation, the 37 Clamps, operating with 174 Cleaning, the 158 Cocked ankles 290 Coffin joint lameness 334 Cold in the head 75 Colic, flatulent 117 spasmodic, or cramp. . . . 115 wind 117 Colt, care after castration.... 176 how to mount 20 ride 20 saddle break... 19 teaching to drive 17 to make come to you.. . 16 -ill 197 Colts, to break wild and vicious- 21 Coma 223 Comparative Anatomy 54 Concussion of the brain .... 217 Congestion of the brain .... 318 liver .... 130 lungs ... 88 Conjunctivitis 186 Constipation in young foals.. 169 Contractions of the foot 306 Contagious diseases and fev- ers 193 Cord, the spermatic 51 Corns 314 Cough, chronic 83 Cracked heels, or scratches.. 203 Cracks in the teats 167 quarter and sand 319 Cramp of the muscles of the neck. 274 loins. 274 thigh. 295 Cribbing and wind sucking 99 Crookedness of the legs in foals.-.. 172 Curb 301 Cutting the back tendons 301 Cystitis IS,"^ Deafness 185 Diabetes, insipidus 134 Diaphragm, spasms of the 94 the 37 Diarrhoea, or superpurgation 122 in young foals 170 Difficulties met with in foaling 156 Digestive organs, the 40 Dilation or enlargement of the esophagus or gullet 107 Disease, determining nature of 74 loco 225 millet 335 navicular — .. 324 of the cartilage of the ear. 185 spleen 131 Diseases and care of young foals. - 169 injuries of the ear 195 eye 186 Diseases and injuries of the head, neck, shoulders, body and hips 266 Diseases and troubles following castration 172 Diseases of the blood, general 240 bones 248 brain and nervous system 215 feet 303 - front and hind legs 281 genital organs of the horse.- 143 genital organs of the mare 149 heart, arteries, and blood vessels 233 WORD INDEX 815 Diseases of the liver and spleen 130 lymphatic system 230 mouth, teeth, salivary glands, 'and gullet.. 97 Diseases of the respiratory or breathing organs 75 Diseases of the skin 203 stomach and bowels. 109 urinary organs 132 Disinfection 66 Dislocation of the patella 293 partial 294 Distemper 197 in foals 172 Douches, nasal 72 Dourine 781 Drench, giving a 355 Drenches 70 Dribbling of the urine 139 Driving, harnessing and 18 Dropsy of the belly 127, 168 scrotum or bag 144 Dysentery 123 Ear, diseases of the cartilage . 185 frost bites of the 186 injuries or cuts around.. 185 the 46 tumors of the 186 Ecraseur, operating with the. 175 Ectropium 193 Eczema 206 Emasculator, operatingwith the 175 Elbow, capped 281 Electric shock 222 Electuaries, or pastes 71 Elephantiasis 231 Encephalitis 215 Endocarditis 333 Enlargement of the esophagus 107 heart 236 ovaries 149 thyroid gland 108 Enlargements, bursal 288 Enteritis 118 Entropium 191 Enuresis 139 Epilepsy 222 Epizootic 199 Erysipelas 246 Esophagus or gullet, the 41 dilatation of. . 107 Eversion of the bladder 136 eyelids 193 vagina 160 womb 162 Exostosis of the jaw 2.53 Eye, cataract of the 190 gutta serena, or glass 190 inflammation of haw of the. 189 injuries to ducts of the 193 the 45 worm in the 191 Eyelids, eversion of the 193 injuries to the 193 inversion of the 191 False quarter 334 Farcy 194 water 330 Fatty degeneration of the heart 237 Feeding, food and 57 sick animals 68 Feet, flat 312 nails in the 316 sore 311 thrush in the 315 Fetlock, striking the 291 thickening around the. . 292 Fetlock joint, sprain of the .... 290 Fetlocks, petty enlargements about 288 Fever, catarrhal 197 mud 205 puerperal 167 Filari oculi 191 Firing 357 Fistula of the parotid duct 103 Fistulous withers 268 Fits, falling 222 Flatulence, tapping the flank for 355 Flooding 159 Foal, abortion, or slinking the. 16S 8i6 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR Foal, how tell when mare is with 152 natural way to come 154 bed turned out 162 Foaling and attendant diseases 152 difficulties met with in ... 156 falling away of muscles of hips, after 279 injuries to hips during 166 profuse bleeding after 159 signs of immediate 153 swelling on belly before... 168 Foals, constipation in young 169 crookedness of the legs in .. 172 diarrhea in young 170 diseases and care of -young 169 distemper in 172 leaking of navel and rheu- matism in young 171 weakness in legs of young 172 Fomentations 68 Fomenting 353 Food and feeding 57 Foot, bones of the 30 bruises of sole of 323 canker in the 307 contractions of the 306 fracture of bones of the 324 gravel in the 306 holding up front 350 pumiced 313 Fore arm, bones of 29 Foreign substances in the mouth.. 100 Fore legs, muscles of the 34 Forging 322 Form of guaranty 339 Foul sheath 147 Founder, acute 309 chronic 311 Fracture of the bones of the foot.... 324 hock.. 299 neck .. 268 tail 280 ilium 278 skull 266 Fractures 282 Frost bites of the ear.... 186 Frothing, slavering or 102 Fumigation, see in "Disinfection" 66 Funmcles 213 Galled shoulders 271 Galls, saddle 273 Garget 166 Gastritis iii Generative organs of the horse 50 mare 52 Genital organs of the horse, dis- eases of the 143 Genital organs of the mare, dis- eases of the 149 Gland, infianunation of the parotid 102 thickening of the parotid... 103 Glanders 194 Glands, the mammary , 53 salivary 41 Gleet, nasal 77 Glossitis 101 Goitre > 108 Gonorrhea, or gleet 145 Gorged stomach 109 Grain, kicking while eating 327 wasting 327 Grain ration, a mixed 59 Grains for feeding 58 Gravel in the foot 306 Grease heel 204 Growths on end of penis 147 Gruel, how to make 63 Guaranty, form of 339 Gutta Serena, or glass eye 190 Gut-tie 124 Hsematuria 139 Hair, the 45 Halter breaking , 15 Halter, pulling back and breaking 328 Harnessing and driving 18 Hay for feeding 57 Hay tea, how to make 63 Head, muscles of the 32 swelling around 108 the »„ 27 Heart, atrophy of the zzl WORD INDEX 817 Heetft.enlai'geineat of the 236 fatty degeneration of the.... 237 inflammation of sac of the .. . 234 palpitation of the 238 tie 38 Heat, exhaustion 220 Heaves 93 Heel, grease 204 Heels, low 312 Hemorrhoids ,... 127 Hernia, inguinal ife3 navel or umbilical.. 184 scrotal J77, 182 ventral 183 Hiccoughs 94 Hide hound 2ji Hind quarters, muscles of the 35 Hip, or pelvic bones 28 sprain of muscles of the 281 Hip-joint, lameness 280 Hipped 278 Hips, falling avcay of muscles of... 279 injuries to, during foaling... 166 History of the horse 9 Hock, capped 298 fracture of the bones of the 299 or tarsus joint, bones of the 31 joint, sprains of the 298 Hoof, the 46 Horse, history of the 9 muscles of the 31 pox 193, 780 proportions of the 55 skeleton of the .'. 27 to examine for soundness.. 337 to make come at command 24 to make stand v?ithout hitching 25 Hydrarthrosis 297 Hydrocele ^44 Hydrophobia 227 Hydrothorax 9^ Hymen, the , 53 Hypertrophy 236 Hypodermic syringe 355 151 Icterus 131 Ilium, fracture of the 27S Impaction of the large intestine... 121 stomach 109 Indigestion, acute no chronic 114 Inflammation of a vein 239 wound 264 the bladder 135 bowels 118 brain 215 brain, chronic. 223 Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord and their coverings 216 Inflammation of the endocardium. 233 haw of the eye 189 iris 188 kidneys,acute 132 chronic 133 liver 130 lungs.., 90 ovaries 149 parotid gland 102 pharynx 104 heart sac 234 stomach in testicles, 143 tongue 101 udder 166 vagina 164 vulva 164 womb 164 Injection pipe, simple 73 Injections per rectum 72 under skin ( hypodermic ) 72 Injuries, or cuts, around the ear... 185 to the ducts of the eye 192 eyelids 192 hips during foaling 166 muscles of the belly 277 neck 267 Instruments 645 Interfering 291 Intestinal calculi 125 Intestine, impaction of the large.. 121 Intestiaes, the bowels, or 42 8i8 THE PRACTlCAIv STOCK DOCTOR Intussusception 124 Invagination 124 Inversion of the eyelids 191 Involuntary muscles, the 36 Irregularities of the teeth 98 Irritation, shedding milk teeth 98 Iritis 188 Ischuria 139 Itchy tail 212 skin 212 Jaundice 131 Jaw, exostosis of the 252 Joint, open 299 sprain of the stifle 293 111 774 Kidneys, acute inflammation of the 132 chronic inflammation of 133 the 49 Knee, bones of the 30 striking the aSs sprung - 388 Knees, broken . 887 pufFy enlargement about 288 Knuckling 290 Lameness .coffin joint 324 hip joint 280 shoulder joint 272 I/ampas 97 Laryngitis So Larynx, the 48 Lead, learning to 16 Leg, weed in the 230 bones of the hind 31 Leg, sprain of muscles on front of hind 295 Leg, sprain of muscles on inside of hind 296 Legs, muscles of the fore 34 i/eucorrhea 150 Lice 213 Ligament, rupture of suspensory.. 292 Ligatures, operating by 176 Lips, paralysis of the 100 Liver, congestion of the 130 Liver, disorders, other 131 inflammation of the 130 the 43 Linibs, swellingof the 232 Lock-jaw, or tetanus 228 after castration 181 Loco disease 225 Loins, cramps of the muscles of the 274 Long, round worms 12E Lotion, white 263 Lumbrici 128 Lungs, bleeding from the 84 congestion of the 88 inflammation of the go the 48 Lymphangitis 230 Lymphatic system, the 40 Malpresentation 156 Mammary glands, the 53 Mammitis 166 Mange 209 Mare, barrenness in the 151 how to tell when with foal.. 152 how to use when with foal./ 153 Mashes, how to make 63 Masturbation 148 Medicines, forms of, and ways of giving 69 Medicines, how often to give 73 list of 653 Melanosis 208 Membranes, mucous 44 serous 44 Meningitis 215 Methods of controlling animals... 349 blindfolding 349 casting 350 holding up front foot.. 350 side line, the 350 stocks. 350 twist, a 349 Metritis 164 Millet disease 335 Miscellaneous information 336 Moon-blindness i38 WORD INDEX Mouth, foreign substances in the.. loo sore 97 tongue hanging from 102 Mucous membranes 44 Mud fever 205 Muscles, atrophy of the 303 involuntary 36 of the back 33 forelegs 34 head 32 hind quarters 35 horse 31 , lower thigh (gas- kin) 36 neck 32 shoulders 33 rupture of the 302 Nails in the feet 316 Nasal chambers, the 47 gleet 77 polypus 79 Natural way for foal to come 154 Navel, bleeding from the 169 leaking of, in young foals.. 171 111 774 Navel-string, the 154 Navicular disease 324 Neck, cramps of muscles of the... 274 fracture of the bones of the 268 injuries to muscles of the... 267 muscles of the 32 Necrosis, or death, of a bone 249 Nephritis 132 Nettle-rash 207 Nervous system, the 37 Nose, bleeding from the 84 Nostril, small tumor of the 79 wounds about the 78 Nostrils, the... 47 Nursing and feeding sick animals 68 Occult spavin, see "Bone Spavin" 259 Operations 347 some important points in 347 theknifein 349 Open joint 299 Ophthalmia, simple 186 specific or periodic... 188 Orchitis 143 Organs of respiration or breathing 47 the digestive 40 theurinary 49 Originals, castrating 176 Osteophytes 254 Osteo porosis 251 Ovaries, enlargement of the 149 inflammation of the 149 the 52 Over-reaching 322 Pains, after 159 Palpitation of the heart 238 Palsy 220 Pancreas, the 43 Pastern bones 30 Paralysis 220 of the bladder 138 pharynx or gullet .. 105 lips and cheeks 100 Paraphimosis 146 Parotid duct, fistula of the 103 gland, inflammation of the 102 thickening of the ... 103 Parturition 152 cautions in assisting in 155 Patella, dislocation of the 293 partial dislocation of the.. 294 Penis, growths on end of 147 the 51 Pericarditis 234 Peritonitis 120 following castration 180 Pharyngitis 104 Pharynx, inflammation of the 104 paralysis of the 105 the 41 Phimosis 146 Phlebitis 239 Phrenitis 215 Piles 127 Pin worms 129 Pink-eye 199 820 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Placenta, the 158 Plaster of Paris bandage 285 Pleurisy 91 Pneumonia 90 Poison, blood 265 Poisoning by contact, vegetable... 335 drugs and minerals.. 329 aconite 329 arsenic 336 aloes 330 ammonia 330 belladonna 330 calomel 331 cantharides 331 chloroform 331 chloral hydrate 331 croton oil 331 copper sulphate 331 corrosive sublimate.. 332 ergot of rye 332 hellebore, white 333 iron, sulphate 332 lead 333 nux vomica 332 opium 333 saltpeter (nitrate of potash) 333 strychnine 333 turpentine 333 stings or snake bite.. 335 Poisoning, while grazing 334 cherry, black 334 hemlock, poison 334 hemlock, water 334 horsetail 335 larkspurs, the 334 laurels, the 335 loco weed 334 millet 335 Poisons and their antidotes 329 Poll-evil 266 Polypus, nasal 79 Powders 69 Preparation of foods 60 Prescriptions 670 Proportions of the horse 55 Protrusion of the rectum, or back bowel 126 Prurigo 212 Ptyalism 102 Puerperal fever 167 Puffy enlargements around knees and fetlocks 288 Pulse, the 74 Pumiced foot 313 Punctures 316 Purpura Hemorrhagica 241 Quarter cracks 319 Quarter, false 324 Quittor 303 Rabies 227 Ration, a miked grain 59 Rattle-snake bites 336 Rearing before carriage.to break of 25 Rearing under saddle, to break of.. 25 Rectum, giving medicine by the... 72 protusions of the 126 tlie 43 tumors or abscesses in the 126 Respiration or breathing, organs of 47 Retention of the after-birth, see... 158 Rheumatism 243 in young foals 171 Ribs 29 broken 276 Rickets 250 Ridglings, castrating 176 Ring-bone 256 Ring- worm 210 Roaring and whistling 83 Roots as food 60 Rupture after castration 177 of an artery 239 of the muscles 302 stomach iii suspensory liga- ment 272 vagina 163 womb 163 Ruptures (hernias) and methods of treatment igg WORD INDEX 821 Saddle galls 273 Salivary glands, the 41 Sand cracks 319 Scalma 201 Schirrus cord 180 Scratches 203 Scrotum, dropsy of the 144 Seedy toe 305 Semen, the 51 Serous membrane; the 44 Sheath, foul 147 swelling of the 147 warts around the 148 Shedding milk teeth, irritation from 98 Shins, sore 253 Shock, electric 222 Shoe boil 281 Shoeing 312 Shoulder, bones of the 29 bruises of the 272 slip 270 joint lameness 272 Shoulders, chronic sores on 273 muscles of the 32 sit fasts on 274 Sick animals, nursing and feeding 68 Side bone 255 Side-line the • 350 Signs of immediate foaling 153 Sit-fasts on back and shoulders.... 274 Skeleton of the horse 27 Skin, itchy 212 the 44 SkuU, fracture of the 266 Slavering or frothing 102 Slinking the foal 168 Snake bite 335 Some points in determining disease 74 Sore back 273 feet 311 mouth 97 shins ^53 tail from crupper 279 teats • 167 throat,. 80 Soundness, forms of guaranty, or warrant of 339 how to examine for... 337 Spasm of the neck of the bladder 137 diaphragm 94 Spasmodic, or cramp colic ii.s Spavin, blood 299 bog 296 bone 239 occult see Bone Spavin 259 Spaying 357 Speedy cut 285 Spermatic cord, the 51 Spinal cord and coverings, inflam- mation of brain 216 Spleen, diseaseof the 131 the 43 Splint 252 Sprain of the back 275 tendons 289 fetlock joint 290 hock joint 298 muscles in the hip 281 Sprain of muscles on front of hind leg ■•- 295 Sprain of muscles on inside of hind leg •-■ 296 Sprain of the stifle joint 293 Staggers, sleepy 223 stomach 109 Staked 278 Staling, profuse 134 Starch bandage, see Fractures 282 Star gazer ■•• 19° Sternum, or breast bone 29 Stifle joint, partial dislocation of 294 sprain of the 293 Stifled 293 Stings 335 Stitches, putting in 35' Stocking 232 Stock, the 350 Stomach, gorged J09 inflammation of the •...•■ m impaction of the 109 rupture of the • US 822 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Stomach, staggers 109 the 41 tympanites of the. . . 110 Stomatitis 97 Ston^ bruises 323 Stones in the bladder 136 Strangles, or distemper 197 Straw as food 58 Stricture of urethra 140 Striking the fetlock 291 knee 285 String-halt 224 Sunstroke 220 Superpurgation 122 Surfeit 207 Sutures (see stitches) 351 Swamp fever 773 Sweeny 270 along belly before foaling 168 around head and throat.. 108 of the limbs 232 of the sheath 147 Syphilis, equine 781 Syringe, the hypodermic 355 System, lymphatic or absorbent. 40 nervous 37 Tail, bones of the 28 fracture of bones of the. . . 280 itchy 212 sore, from crupper 279 Tape worms 129 Tapping the belly 354 the flank for flatulence 355 the chest 354 Teats, sore 167 warts on the 167 Teeth, decayed 99 irregularities of the 98 irritation from shedding 98 the 40 totellahorse'sageby.340, 341 wolf 98 Temperature, the 74 Tendons, cutting the back 301 sprain of the back 289 Testicles, exposing, to castrate . 173 Testicles, inflammation of the 143 the 50 Tetanus 228 Thickening around fetlock 292 of the parotid gland... 103 Thigh, cramp of the muscles of the 295 muscles of the lower 36 7horoughptn 297 Throat, sore 80 swelling around 108 Throwing, or casting a horse..i73, 350 Thrush loi in the feet 315 Thumps, or hiccoughs 94 Thyroid gland, enlargement of the 108 Toe, seedy 305 Tongue, hanging from the mouth 102 inflammation of the loi Toothache 99 Trachea, the windpipe or 48 Tracheotomy 356 Training, best methods of 14 first lessons 14 halter breaking ij harnessing and driving.. 18 how to break wild and vicious colts 21 how to make a horse come at command 24 how to make animal get up that throws himself 26 how to mount the colt. . . 2c how to proceed with bridle 16 how to ride the colt 20 how to saddle-break the colt ig how to use a stubborn horse in breaking 23 learning to lead 16 lessons in sound signals. 17 teaching colt to drive before harnessed 17 to break a horse of rear- ing under saddle or before a carriage. , 25 WORD INDEX 823 Training, to make a colt come 16 to make a horse stand still without hitching. 25 to stand while getting into a carriage 25 Tub, the 354 Tubes, bronchial, and air cells 48 Tumor of an artery 238 of the nostril, small 79 Tumors and their removal 355 black pigment 208 in the rectum 126 of the cord 180 of theear 186 Twist, a 349 in the bowels 124 Tympanites 117 of the stomach 110 Udder, inflammation of the i65 the 53 Ulceration of a bone 248 Umbilical cord, the 154 Ureters, the 49 Urethra, obstruction of 141 stricture of the 140 the 50 Urinary organs, the 49 Urine, bloody I39 dribbling of the 139 the 49 Uterus or womb, the 52 Urticaria 207 Vagina, eversion of the 160 inflammation of the 164 rupture of the 163 the 53 Variola, equine j I93 Vein, inflammation of a* 239 Veins 39 Vertigo 218 Vessels, the capillary 39 Vices, how to break of 327 balking • • 328 cribbing and wind-sucking 328 gnawing the manger, etc.. 327 \'ices, kicking while eating grain 327 pulling and breaking halter 328 wasting grain ^27 Vicious colts, how to break 21 Volvulus 124 Vulva, inflammation of the 164 the 53 Warrant of soundness 339 Warts 208 around the sheath 148 on the teats 167 Water in the chest 92 and watering 56 farcy 230 Weakness in legs of young foals... 172 Weed in the leg 230 White lotion 263 Whites 150 Whistling, roaring and 83 Wild and vicious colts , to break ... 21 Wind colic. ii7 galls 291 sucking 99 Windpipe or trachea, the 48 Withers, fistulous 268 Wolf teeth 98 Womb, eversion of the 162 inflammation of the 164 rupture of the 163 the 52 Worm in the eye 191 Worms, long, roimd 128 pin 129 tape I2g Wound, inflammation of a 264 Wounds about the nostril 78 and their treatment 262 contused 262 general treatment of all.. 262 incised 262 lacerated 262 modes of healing 264 penetrating walls of chest 95 punctured 262 Yellows 131 :i24 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR CATTLE Abdomen, wounds of the 398 Abomasum, inflammation of the... 388 Abortion and premature birth 442 contagions™ 505, 776 dbscess of the ear 468 Ibscesses S34 Actinomycosis 524 Action of remedies in cattle 363 After-birth, removing- 421 After-pains, prolonged 420 Air under the skin from a wound. 476 Albumen in the urine 410 Albumenuria 410 Amaurosis 464 Anaemia 529 Anatomy of cattle 3S8 Anthrax > 513 Antidotes, poisons and 536 Apoplexy 494 parturient 431 Apparatus 647 Appetite, depraved 392 Ascites 395 Back, fracture of the boneS of the.. 472 Balls, or concretions, in stomach.. 387 Bandages 541 Barrenness in cows and bulls..444, 769 Belly, dropsy of the 395 tapping the 538 Big-jaw 524 Binder twine balls, hair or 387 Birth, premature 442 Bites and stings of insects 487 snake 487 Black-leg — black quarter 516 Bladder, gravel and stone in 413 inflammation of the 413 of ox or bull, tapping 539 Bleeding 538 from the navel 448 Bloating 380 Blood poisoning 531 Bloody flux 390 milk 438 urine 409 Blue milk 439 Bones, fractured 471 Bowels, inflammation of the 393 or intestines, the 361 Brain, concussion of the 495 congestion of the , 494 inflammation of the 496 Breathing organs, the 361 Bronchitis 369 filaria 369 Buffalo gnat, the 4S5 Bull, genital organs of the 362 how to ring ^. 536 to disinfect 506 Bulls, barrenness in 444 castration of 457 rigs or ridgling 458 Bums and scalds 488 Caesarian operation 541 Calculi 1 413 Calf, to tell when cow is with 414 Calves, castration of 457 constipation in 451 gangrene in mouth of 377 indigestion in 451 inflammation of joints in.. 450 suspended breathing in 447 white scours in 451 Calving and diseases attendant 414 closure of neck of womb 419 dropsy of womb before... 417 paralysis before 418 paralysis, or palsy, after.. 419 signs of 415 troubles met within 415 Cancer in the eye ...' 466 Caps on the teeth 375 Caries, or decayed, teeth 375 Castration of bulls and calves 457 WORD INDEX 825 Cataract of the eye 464 Catarrh, gastric 453 malignant 365 or cold in the head. . . . 365 Catarrhal conjunctivitis 460 Cattle, anatomy of 358 the action of. remedies in. . 363 Chapped teats 440 Charbon 513 Cheeks, the 359 Chest, tapping the 538 Choking 378 Cleaning, removing 421 Closure, neck of womb at calving 419 Cold in the head, catarrh or. . . 365 Colic 392 Concussion of the brain 495 Congestion of the brain 494 of the liver 405 Contagious abortion ,.505,776 diseases of cattle... 505 eczema 511 pleuro-pneumonia . . 507 Conjunctivitis, catarrhal 460 Constipation 396 in calves 451 Contusions on the lips 373 Cornea, inflammation of the . . . 461 ulcer of the 462 Corneitis 461 Cornstalk diseases 499 Cow, genital organs of the 362 how to tell when with calf. 414 pox 526 Cows, barrenness in 444 Cud, losing the 379 Cuts and injuries to the teats. . 441 Cystitis *^^ Decayed teeth 375 Dehornmg ^^' Diabetes insipidus -^ 408 Diarrhea or scours. .. .389, 4.52, 771 Digestion, the organs of 359 Diphtheria, calf . .^ '^'^^ Disease, cornstalk 499 foot and mouth 5ii of cartilage of the ear.. 470 Disease of the spleen 407 other indication of 364 Diseases of the blood, general 528 digestive organs... 373 ear 468 eye 459 feet 490 generative organs of the bull 454 heart and blood vessels 1 403 liver and spleen... 405 nervous system 494 respiratory organs 365 skin 478 urinary organs 408 young calves 447 Dislocation of the eyeball 466 Drenching ,..,..., 542 Dropsy of the belly 395 womb before calving 417 Dysentery „ 390 Dysuria 411 Ear, abscess of the 468 diseases of cartilage of the.... 470 foreign bodies in the 469 inflammation of the internal.. 468 Ears, torn or lacerated 470 Eczema, acute and chronic 478 contagious 511 Electric shock 503 Encephalitis 49^ Enlargement of the haw., 467 Enteritis 393 Enuresis 412 Epilepsy 499 Erysipelas 479 Eversion of the eyelids 465 vagina 423 womb 424 Eye, cancer in the 466 cataract of the 464 foreign substances in the 465 inflammation of the 459 Eyeball, dislocation of the 466 Eyelids, eversion of the...... 465 826 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Eyelids, injuries to the 465 inversion of the 465 Feet, soreness of the 491 Fever, milk 431.768 puerperal 428 southern cattle 508 Spanish or splenic 508 Texas 508 Filaria bronchitis 369 Fistula of the foot 493 teat 441 Fits 499 Flooding 420 Fluke disease 407 Fly, horn 485 Foot and mouth disease 511, 770 foul in the 492 fistula of the 493 rot 492 Foreign bodies in the ear 469 substances in the eye 465 Foul in the foot 492 Founder 490 Fracture of the bones above and below stifle joint 475 Fracture of the bones below knee and hock 474 Fracture of the bones of the back. 472 hip... 473 neck. 472 lower jaw 472 ribs 473 shoulder blade or shoulder bone... 474 Fractured bones, wounds, sprains of joints and tendons 471 Frostbite 469 Fungus haematodes 466 Gangrene of the mouth in young calves 377 Garget 435 Gelatio 469 General diseases of the blood 528 Genital organs of the bull, the 362 Genital organs of the cow, the 362 Gestation, the period of 415 Glands, the salivary 359 Glossitis 376 Gnat, the buffalo 485 Gonorrhea 456 Gravel and stone in the bladder... 413 Growths on the skin 488 Grub in the skin 486 Gullet, the pharynx or 359 Haematuria 409. 533 Hair, binder twine balls, or con- cretions 387 Haw, inflammation of the 467 Haemorrhagic septicemia 518 Hemorrhage, flooding, or uterine 420 Hepatitis 406 Heart, diseases of the 403 Hernia, or rupture 399 inguinal 402 scrotal 403; umbilical, or navel 401 ventral 399 Hind quarters, paralysis of the... . 418 Hip, fracture of bones of the 473 Hipped ,.. 473 Hollow horn 534 Hoof , loss of 491 Hoose or husk 369 Horn Fly , 485 Hoven 380 Hydrophobia 526 Hydrothorax (water in the chest) 372 Impaction of the manyplies 384 rumen, or paunch ^82 Incontinence of the urine 412 Indications of disease 364 Indigestion, chronic 386 in young calves 45 1 sub-acute 385 Inflammation of the abomasum 388 lining of belly cavity 394 bladder 413 bowels 393 brain 496 WORD INDEX Inflammation of the cornea 461 internal ear... 468 eye 459 haw 467 joints in calves 450 kidneys 408 liver 406 lungs 370 milk bag or udder 435 navel urine duct 449 pericardium.. 403 testicles 454 tongue 375 udder 435 urethra 456 vagina 426 veins 404 womb 427 Injuries to the eyelids 465 sheath and penis 455 Injury, lumps on jawbone from... 376 Insects, bites and stings of. 487 Instruments 645 Intestinal worms 397 Intestines, the bowels or 361 tnversion of the eyelids 465 trregularities of the teeth 374 Jaundice 405 Jaw, actinomycosis of 524 fracture of the 472 Jaw-bone, lumps on the 376 Joint-ill 450, 774 Knee, fracture of the bones below 474 Kidneys, inflammation of the 408 Lacerated ears 470 Laminitis 490 Laryngitis, sore throat 367 Leucorrhea 429 Lice on cattle. 481 Lightning stroke 503 Lip, the upper 359 LipS) wounds and contusions of... 373 827 Liver, congestion of the 405 inflammation of the 406 tlie -. ,... 361 worms in the 407 Lock-jaw 501 Loss of cud 370 hoof 491 Lump-jaw 524 Lumps in the milk passage 437 on the jaw bone 376 Maggots in neglected wounds 477 Malignant catarrh 365 sore throat 368 Malpresentation 415 Mammary glands 362 Mammitis 435 Mange 483 Manyplies, impaction of the 384 Maw-fcound 384 Meconium, retention of the 451 Medicine, giving 542 Medicines, list of 653 Metritis 427 Milk, bloody 438 blue 439 fever ; 431, 758 passage, lumps in the 437 stringy 439 Milking tube, passing the 438 Navel, bleeding from the 448 rupture 401 urine discharged through.. 448 111 774 Navel urine duct, inflammation of. 449 Neck, fracture of the bones of the 472 Nephritis 40S Nymphomania 446 Off feed 385 Operation, Ceesarian 541 Operations 536 Ophthalmia, simple 459 specific 460 Organs of digestion 359 Tespiratory or breathing.. 361 theurinary 362 SzS THE PRACTICAI, STOCK DOCTOR Orchitis 454 Otitis 468 Ovari^, the 362 Palate, the soft 359 Pancreas, the .'. 361 Paralysis 498 of the hindquarters 418 or palsy, after calving... 419 Parturient apoplexy 431 Parturition 414 symptoms of 415 Passage from the womb, turning out of the 423 Passage out from the womb, rup- ture of the 421 Passing the milking tube 438 Pavtnch, impaction of rumen or... 382 tapping the rumen or 539 Penis, injuries to the 455 the 362 Pericarditis 403 Pericardium, inflammation of the. 403 Period of gestation 415 Peritonitis 394 Pharynx, or gullet, the 359 Phlebitis 404 Pica 392 Plethora 528 Pleurisy 371 Pleuro-pneumonia 507 Pneumonia 370 Poisons and antidotes 536 Pox, cow 526 Pricks and wounds 493 Prescriptions 670 Prolonged after-pains 420 Puerperal fever 428 Pulse 364 Purpura hemorrhagica 532 PyEemia 531 Quarter ill 516 Rabies 526 Red water 533 Remastication 379 Remedies in cattle, the action of.. 363 Removing after-birth, or cleaning 421 Respiration 364 Respiratory or breathing organs... 361 Retention of the meconium 451 urine 411 Rheumatism 529 Ribs, fracture of the 473 Rigs, or ridgling bulls 458 Ringing bulls 536 Ring-worm 482 Rumen, impaction of the 382 Rumenotomy 539 Rupture, or hernia 399 of the womb, or vagina.. 421 Salivary glands, the 359 Salivation, slavering or 374 Scab in cattle 483 Scalds 488 Scours, diarrhea or 389 infections 453 in calves, white 452, 771 Screw worms in wounds 477 Scrotal hernia 403 Septicemia 531 haemorrhagic 518 Sheath, injuries to the 455 swelling of point of 458 stone in the 458 Shock, electric joj Shoulder blade or shoulder bone, fracture of 474 Skin, air under 476 diseases 478 grub in the 486 warts and small growths on.. 488 Slavering or salivation 374 Snake bites 487 Sore teats 440 throat 367 malignant 368 Southern cattle fever 508 Spanish, or splenic fever 50S Spavin in cattle 475 Spaying 540 WORD INDEX 82c Spleen, disease of the 407 the 361 Sprains 476 Staphyloma 463 Sterility 444 Stifle joint, fracture of bones above and below .-. 475 Stifle out in cattle 475 Stings of insects 487 Stomach, balls, or concretions, in 387 impaction of third 384 inflammation of fourth.. 388 the 360 Stomatitis, gangrenous 377 Stomatitis, mycotic 782 Stone in the bladder 413 sheath 458 Stricture of duct at base of teat.... 442 Stringy milk 439 Stroke, lightning 503 Sub-acute indigestion 385 Sunstroke 500 Suspended breathing in calves 447 Sutures S4i Swelling of point of sheath 458 Tapping the belly 538 bladder of ox or bull 539 chest 538 paunch, or rumen 539 Teat, fistula of the 44i stricture of duct in the 442 Teats, chapped or sore 440 cuts and injuries to the 441 warts on the 44° Teeth, caps on the 375 (caries) decayed 375 irregularities of the 374 Itunps on jaw bone from the 376 the 359 Temperature 3^4 Test for tuberculosis 522 points in making 523 Testicles, inflammation of the 454 the 362 Tetanus ■ S'°^ Texas fever 5°8 St Tongue, inflammation of the 376 the 359 Tom ears 470 Troubles met with in calving 415 Tuberculin test, the 522 Tuberculosis 519 Tumors 489 Turning out of the vagina or pas- sage from womb 423 Tympanites 38c Udder, inflammation of the 435 or bag, the 362 Ulcer of the cornea 462 Umbilical, or navel, hernia 401 Uraemia 531 Urethra, Snflammation of the 45^ Urinary organs 362 Urination, profuse 408 Urine, albumen in 410 bloody 409 ~" discharged through navel.. 448 sjxontinence of the 412 retention of the 411 Urine duct, inflammation of navel 449 Vagina, eversionof the 423 inflammation of the 426 rupture of 421 Vaginitis 426 Variola vaccinnse 526 Vomiting 3^4 Veins, inflammation of the 404 Warbles •, 486 Warts, and small growths on skin 488 on the teats 44° Water in the chest i- 372 Wens from wounds and blows 477 White scours in calves 453, 771 Whites 429 Wolf in the tail 534 Womb, closure of neck of 419 dropsy of the 4^7 eversion of the 424 inflammation of the 427 or calf bed turned out, the 424 830 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Womb, rupture of the 421 the 362 Worms, intestinal 397 in the liver 407 Wound, air under the skin from a 476 (Vounds and contusions of the lips 373 in the abdomen - 398 Wounds, maggots in neglected. 477 of all kinds 476 pricks and 493 screw worms in 477 wens from 477 Yellows, or jaundice 405 SHEEP After-birth, retention of, see.. 569 Age, loss of teeth from 551 Apoplexy 545 Apparatus 647 Biplex canal, disease of 564 Bloating 551 Bowels, inflammation of the.. . 554 Brain, hydatids on the 644 inflammation of the.... 545 'Bronchitis 548 filaria 548 Bi uises 565 Castrating Iambs 567 rams 566 Catarrh, distemper or epizootic 543 or cold in the head. . . 543 Choking . . . .' 551 Cleaning, or placenta not com- ing away 569 Colic 553 Constipation in young lambs . 571 Diarrhea 557 in young lambs 572 Disease of the biplex canal. . . . 564 Diseases of young lambs 571 Distemper, or epizootic catarrh 543 Docking 367 Dysentery 558 Eyes, inflammation of the .... 547 Eversion of the womb, or lamb bed 569 Flies, maggots from blow 562 Fluke disease 550 Foot rot 563 swollen 564 Foreign substances lodged in teeth 550 Foul in the foot 564 Fractures 565 Garget 570 Grubs in the head 560 Head, swelled 545 Hoven 551 Hydatids on the brain 544 Hydrophobia, or rabies 547 Impaction of the rumen, or paunch 553 Inflammation of the bowels.. . 554 brain . . . 545 eyes .... 547 lungs . . . 549 testicles . 565 lldder ... 570 Instruments 645 Lambing , 56f troubles met within . . 56?- Lambs, castrating 56'? constipation in 571 diarrhea in young. . . . 572 diseases of young .... 571 weakness in young. . . . 571 Lock-jaw (tetanus) 549 Maggots from blow flies 563 Milk-bag (see udder) 570 Medicines, list of 653 WORD INDEX 831 Nodular disease 557 Ophthalmia 547 Paralysis, or palsy 546 Pelt-rot (see ' 'Wool Falling from Sheep") 562 Placenta not coming away 569 Pneumonia 549 prescriptions 670 Rams, castrating 566 Rot, or liver fliake 559 Rumen, or paunch, impaction of 552 Scab " 560 lime and sulphur dip for 561 Sore throat 547 Sprains, strains, and bruises 565 Stretches 5 53 Swelled head 545 Tapeworms 556 Teeth, substances lodged in the... 550 loss of 551 shedding 550 Testicles,' inflammation of the 565 Ticks 562 Tympanites 551 Udder, inflammation of the 570 Wool, falling from sheep 662 Worms, intestinal (see " Nodular disease") 557 stomach 555 tape 55 670 Rheumatism 638 Ringworm 636 Round worms (see "Worms") 634 Sore eyes 637 Surfeit 641 Tails, how to cut puppies' 643 Tapeworms (see "Worms") 634 Tumors 641 Worms 634 Wounds 641 MISCELLANEOUS DEPARTMENT Apparatus . 647 drenching bottle 647 hobbles 647 probang 648 slings 647 sponges ■• 648 spring-ring "bull dog" 648 twist,a %8 Blister, cantharides, or fly 671 combination 671 red mercurial 671 Colic mixture (2) • 673 Condition powders, general 674 Corrosive sublimate solution (1000 to i) 672 Cough mixture (2) 673 for cattle 674 Fluid extracts 654 Hoof ointment 674 Instrument outfit, a cheap and practical 646 Instruments 645 bistoury 645 catheter 645 «34 THE PRACTICAIv STOCK DOCTOR firing-iron 645 forceps 645 needles 645 probang 645 probe 645 scalpel 645 scissors 645 seton needle 646 shoeing, or frog knife ,. 646 syringes 646 trocar 646 repeller 646 Liniment, acid 671 white 670 modified 670 Lotion, carbolic 672 creolin 672 eye (2) 672, 673 soothing 670 white 670 modified 670 Medicines, action and dose 653 alphabetic list of.... 655-669 some forms of. 654 Oil, carbolated 671 Ointment, benzoated oxide of zinc 672 hoof 674 iodine 672 Physic drench for cattle 674 or ball for horses.. 674 Powder, drying and healing 671 Powders 654 Prescriptions 67a Proud flesh 674 Table of apothecaries' weight 655 liquid measure 655 comparative weight and measure 655 proportionate dose for allanimals 653 Tinctures 654 Weights and measures 654 PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS REMEDIES FOR HORSES Black oil for man and beast, Frost's 688 Bloating 675 Blood purifier 675 Bog spavin... , 676, 698 Bots 676 Bowels, inflammation of the 676 Bruises 691, 692, 696, 703 on breast 677 Bunches 695, 698 Castration, bleeding from 677 Catarrh in head 677 Colic (16) 677, 678,679, 680 cramp 680 spasmodic (3) 680, 681 Colic, wind or flatulent 681 Collar galls 681 scald under 661 Condition powders (3) 681, 682 Condition, to , 681 Cough 6S2 Cracked heels 683 Curb 698, 700 Cuts (8) ._. 683, 703, 704 Diarrhea in young foals 684 Distemper or strangles(5) 684, 685 Eyes, inflammation of the (2) 686 Farcy (2) 686 Fistula 686, 700 Founder (5) 687, 688 Galls 688 collar 68t Grease heel (3) 689, 696 leg 6S9 ointment for 690 Heaves (3) 677, 690 Hoof bound 690 ointment (2) 69X Horses, to keep in health 675 Indigestion, acute (2) 691 WORD IniJjEX 83s I/ice 691 Liniment for rin? bone, bun- ches stifiF joints, etc... 695 sprains, bruises, etc. (7) 691, 692, 693 Lock-jaw 693 Lungs , congestion of the 693 Lumps on shoulders 697 Mange (2) 694 Nail pricks and wounds (3) 694 Old sores 683, 697 Open joint 683 Over eating wheat or other grain.. 695 Poll-evil 686 Pneumonia or lung fever 695 Ring bone (3) 695, 698 Salve 703 for cuts 683 Scratches (6) 695, 696 Shoulders, lumps on 697 sore 697 swelling of 697 Sores, fistulous 697 old 683, 697 on neck, back, shoulders... 698 Spavin (6), 698, 699 Splints 698. 700 Sprain 691, 692, 700 Stiff joints 695 Sweeny (6) 698, 700, 701 Thoroughpin 676, 701 Throat, swelling in 702 Thrush (3) 7oi Urine, retention of the (3) 702 Warts (2) 703 Wind galls 698 Wire cuts (4) 7°3 Worms (3) 704 Wounds (5) 683, 696, 703, 704 REMEDIES FOR CATTLE Abortion, to prevent 705 After-birth, to remove (2) 7°^ Black leg, to prevent (3) 706. 7o7 Bloating (10) 707, 708. 709 Caked udder (3) 1°9 Cattle, suggestion for care 705 to keep in health 705 Choking (6) 709, 710 Colic (3) 710, 711 Cornstalk sickness (3) 711, 712 Diarrhea, see "Scours" 718, 719 Eyes, sore 712 Feet, sore(2) 712 FootevU (3) 713 foul 713 Garget 713 Horn distemper. 713 hollow (2) 713 Horns on calves, to kill 714 Indigestion (2) 714 Information , miscellaneous 705 Lice(4) 714 Lump jaw (4) 715, 716 Milk fever (s) 716, 717, 718 Powder, cow 705 Ring-worm 718 Scours (5) 718. 719 REMEDIES FOR SHEEP Appetite, loss of 720, 722 Bloating 720 Cholera, lamb 720 Colic or stretches (2) 721 Constipation in lambs, to prevent. 721 Fluke worm 721, 724 Foot rot (2) 721, 722 Founder 722 Gad fly, to keep away 722 Grub in the head (2) 72* Mouth, sore 722 Piles 723 Pneumonia 723 Powders for appetite 720 Rot 723 Scab .^. 723 Sheep, to keep healthy 720 in condition 729 Staggers 723 Ticks (2) 724 Womb, Eversion of the 724 Worms (4) /24 in lambs (3). 72S 836 THE PRACTICAL vSTOCK DOCTOR REMEDIES FOR SWINE Blind staggers •• 7^8 Cholera (lo) 729. 730, 73i Constipation 73i Cough 731 Hogs, to keep in condition (5) 725. 726, 727 Ivameness (3) 73^ Lice 731, 732 Pigs, troubles with sucking 727 Pneumonia 732 Rheumatism 732 Scours in pigs (2) 732 Shotes in poor condition 7Sf7 Swine, to keep in health (2) 727 Weak back 728 Worms ...732, 733 REMEDIES FOR CHICKENS Chickens, care of 73* Cholera (8) 733. 734 Gapes (2) 734 Lice (3) 734 Parasitic bowel disease, 735 Roup (2) 735 Scaly legs (2) 735 PROFITABLE BREEDING OF STOCK The Principles of Breeding 73^ Relation of Breeder to Farmer 73& The Farm Horse 74f Cattle Breeding 74i Sheep Breeding 75^ Hog Breeding 7St Chicken Breeding 761 Selecting the Brood 761 Getting the Stock 762 The Hen House 764 Department of Helpful Illv'strations (following Index) 8og NEW DISEASES, REMEDIES AND TREATMENTS, ADDENDA, ETC. Additional Recipes 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797 Calf Diphtheria 778, 779, 780 Contagious Abortion 767, 777 Dourine ; 781 Foot-and-Mouth Disease 770,771 Genital Horse-pox 780, 781 Hairless Pigs 784 Joint 111— Navel 111 774, 775, 776 Milk Fever 768 Mycotic Stomatitis 783, 783, 784 White Scours 771,773,773 LESSON XX SYMPTOM INDEX Directions There is a separate Symptom Index for Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Swine, Poultry and Dogs. Note the most pronounced symptom of your sick animal. If your horse keeps KICKING his ABDOMEN look for the word "KICKING" and you will find "KICKING OF ABDOMEN." This may indicate "Spasm of the Neck of the Bladder," which you will find treated on page 137. Or, if a certain part of the body is affected look for the name of that part. For instance, if the ANKLES are affected, look for that word. Remember that one symptom may mean one of Several diseases. Look up each of these diseases and note the OTHER symptoms also and you will be able to tell with what disease your animal is affected. With the aid of the WORD INDEX, the SYMPTOM INDEX and the ILLUSTRATED INDEX, it is compara- tively easy to tell what disease your animal has and where it is treated. If you have other stock books in the home you will get much more practical use from them, for the SYMP- TOM INDEX and the ILLUSTRATED INDEX will help you decide what the ailment is and you can then look up the treatment given in fhese Courses as well as the treatments given in any books you may have. These Courses and Indexes are intended to make all books of more practical value in the home. 8i7 838 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR HORSES Abdomen, feels full. — Impaction of Large Intestine, p. 131. Abdomen, kicking at. — Spasm of Neck of Bladder, p. 137. Abdomen, looking back at. — Acute InAammation of Kidneys, p. 132, Abdomen, pains in. — Impaction of Large Intestine, p. 131. Abdomen, pot-bellied. — Heaves, p.'93. Ankles, thrown forward. — Azoturia, p. 141. Anus, whitish substance below. — Long Round Worms, p. 188. Appetite, depraved. — Diabetes Insipidus, p. 134. Appetite, depraved. — Heaves, p. 93. Appetite, depraved, eating bedding, wood, etc. — Chronic Indigestion, p. 114. Appetite, depraved, horse licking walls and eating earth. — Long Round Worms, p. 128. App«tite, irregular, refusing food at times and eating ravenously at other times. — Chronic Indigestion, p. 114. Appetite, loss of. — In^ammation of Stomach, p. ill. Appetite, loss of, with frequent movement of bowels. — Diarrhoea,p. 122. Appetite, loss of, with shivering. — Bronchitis, p. 85. Back, arched. — Asoturia, p. 141. Back or loins arched with tucking up of flanks. — Acute Inflammation of Kidneys, p. 133. Back, stiffness in. — Acute Inflammation of Kidneys, p. 132. Bedding, eating. — Heaves, p. 93. Belly, kicking with hind feet. — Dropsy of Belly, p. 127. Belly, pressure on gives pain. — Peritonitis, p. 120. Belly, tucked up. — Lockjaw, p. 228. Biting manger, post or fence. — Cribbing and Wind-Sucking, p. 99. Biting, striking, and kicking if pressure is exerted on belly. — Perito- nitis, p. 120. Bladder, protrusion of. — Eversion of Bladder, p. 136. Bloating, with no bowel movements. — Twist in Bowel, p. 124. Bloating with sweating, trembling and stamping of fore feet. — Choking, p. 105. Blood, discharge of from nose. — Nasal Polypus, p. 79. Blood passing of after urinating. — Stones in Bladder, p. 136. Bloody and coffee-colored discharges. — Dysentery, p. 123. Bowels, ceasing to move. — Impaction of Large Intestine, p. 131. Bowels, constipated. — Bronchitis, p. 85. Bowels, constipated. — Pneumonia, p. 90. Bowels, frequent movements of. — Long Round Worms, p. 128. Bowels frequent moving of. — Diarrhoea, p. 122. SYMPTOM INDEX 839 Bowels, irregular. — Long Round Worms, p. 188. Bowels, irregular, food passing through with little change. — Chrofiii. Indigestion, p. 114. Bowels, not moving at all. — Twist in Bowel, p. 124. Bowels, sluggish and inactive. — Inflammation of Bowels, p. 118. Breath, offensive. — Decayed Teeth, p. 99. Breath, offensive.— iVora/ Gleet, p. 77. Breathing, difUcult.— Rupture of Stomach, p. 111. Breathing, difficult and rapid with high pulse.. — Water in Chest, p. 93. Breathing, difficult with profuse sweating. — Wind Colic, p. 117. Breathing, difficult with snuffling. — Nasal Polypus, p. 79. Breathing, hurried with frequent coughing, flow of saliva, etc. — Chok- ing, p. 105. Breathing, hurried with quick pulse. — Pleurisy, p. 91. Breathing, hurried with snoring and suffocation. — Sore Throat, p. 80. Breathing out, double motion of flanks during. — Heaves, p. 93. Breathing, quickened. — Bronchitis, p. 85. Breathing, rapid and difficult. — Pneumonia, p. 90. Breathing, rapid and difficult with roaring sound. — Roaring and Whist- ling, p. 83. Breathing, wheezing noise with, when excited. — Heaves, p. 93. Breathing, with abdominal muscles. — Pleurisy, p. 91. Cannon bone, enlargement of. — Splint, p. 252. Chest, grating or frictional sound in. — Pleurisy, p. 91. Chest, looking around at. — Pleurisy, p. 91. Chest, murmur or crackling sound in. — Congestion of Lungt, p. 88. Chest, pain on tapping.— P/^Mmjr, p. 91. Chest, rigid. — Pleurisy, p. 91. Chewing and swallowing, difficulty in. — Lockjaw, p. 228. Chewing, distress in. — Irregularities of Teeth, p. 98. Chill, followed by discharges that are offensive and liqnid.—J)ysentery, p. 123. Chill, followed by high iever.— Pleurisy, p. 91. Chills, and soreness.— i'mJom'h'j, p. 120. Chills, with indisposition to movt.— Peritonitis, p. 120. Chills, with shivering.— Bronchitis, p. 85. Circular, scurvy patch on skin.— i?»n^ Worm, p. 210. Colic, beginning suddenly.— Spasmodic Colic, p. 115. Colicky pains with uneasiness. — Stones in Bladder, p. 136. Constipation with colicky p3iins.— Intussusception, p. 124. Constipation, with dirty gray-colored dung.— Jaundice, p. 131. Coronet, swelling oi.—Q«ittor, p. 303. 840 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Cough, hard and clear. — Bronchitis, p. 85. Cough, husky, smothered and muffled. — Bronchitis, p. 85. Cough, irregular after a stiff pull. — Heaves, p. 93. Cough, only when trying to swallow. — Pharyngitis, p. 104. Cough, rattling. — Bronchitis, p. 85. Cough, short and like a grunt. — Heaves, p. 93. Cough, with difficulty in swallowing. — Sore Throat, p. 80. Cough, with little appetite. — Pneumonia, p. 90, Coughing, with nasal discharge. — Distemper, p. 197. Countenance, anxious and ha.gga.vd.— Water in Chest, p. 92. Cracks and swellings in Pastern. — Scratches, p. 203. Cut on inner part of knee, — Speedy Cut, p. 285. Delirium. — Inflammation of the Brain, p. 215. Dragging of hind leg. — Stifled, p. 293. Drinking, difficulty and pain with.-~ Lockjaw, p. 228. Drinking excessively. — Diabetes Insipidus, p. 134. Drinking, inability to do so. — Cerebrospinal Meningitis, p. 216. Drinking with head deep in water. — Paralysis of Lips and Cheeks, p. 100. Dropsy of the abdomen. — Peritonitis, p. 130. Drowsiness and staggering gait. — -Sleepy Staggers, p. 223. Dullness and drowsiness with colicky symptoms.— 5"fowacfc Staggers, p. 109. Dullness and listlessness. — Acute Indigestion, p. 110. Dullness with colicky pains. — Dropsy of the Belly, p. 127. Dullness with constipation and clay-colored dung-balls. — Congestion of Liver, p. 130. Dullness, with inflamed nostrils and sneezing.. — Catarrh or Cold in Head, p. 75. Dullness with shivering. — Bronchitis, p. 85. Dullness with weakness and little appetite.. — Water in Chest, p. 92. Ear, thickening below. — Thickening of Parotid Gland, p. 103. Ears, alert and head erect. — Hydrophobia, p. 227. Ears and legs cold. — Intussusception, p. 124. Ears and legs, coldness of.. — InUammation of Bowels, p. 118. Ears, erect and turning quickly toward any sound. — Amaurosis, p. 190. Ears forward with head down, legs braced and elbows turned out. — Congestion of Lungs, p. 88. Eating with difficulty or not at all. — Irritation from Shedding Milk Teeth, p. 98. Elbows, enlargement of. — Capped Elbow, p. 281. Elbows, turned out. — Pleurisy, p. 91, SYMPTOM INDEX 841 Elbows turned out, legs braced, ears forward, head dovfn.— Congestion of Lungs, p. 88. Excitability and ■vidousness.^-Hydrophobia, p. 237. Eye, partly closed with haw drawn up. — Iritis, p. 188. Eye, pink ring around white part of. — Iritis, p. 188. Eye, pupil of dilated.- — Amaurosis, p. 190. Eye, pupil of enlarged with white body back of it.— Cataract, p. 190, Eye, pupil of very small. — Iritis., p. 188. Eye, small and peculiar looking. — Nasal Gleet, />. 77. Eye, swollen and nearly closed with running tears.— JlfooM Blindness, p. 188. Eyes and mouth yellow. — Congestion of Liver, p. 130. Eyes anxious looking. — Congestion of Lungs, p. 88. Eyes, dull and sunken. — Diabetes Insipidus, p. 134. Eyes, enlargement between or \it\o'^.— Nasal Gket, p. 77. Eyes, nose and mouth yellow. — Jaundice, p. 131. Eyes, partially closed, with poor sight. — Stomach Staggers, p. 109. Eyes, partly closed with swollen eyelids and tta.rs.— Conjunctivitis, p. 186. Eyes, peculiar vacant look in.-^io.'o Disease, p. 235. Eyes, red and weeping, with staring coat. — Glanders, p. 194. Eyes, swollen and partly closed with tears. — InEuenza, p. 199. Eyes, watery discharge from. — Catarrh or Cold in Head, p. 75. Fainting when head is elevated. — Endocarditis, p. 233. Feet pointed when st2Lnding.'— Navicular Disease, p. 334. Fetlock, discharge from.— G»-^a.f^ Heel, p. 204. Fetlocks, swollen, hot and sore.— Grease Heel, p. S04. Fever with dullness and head down. — Influenza, p. 199. Fever with quickened pulse.— Acute Inilammation of Kidneys, p. 132. Fever with quickened pulse and respiration during pregnancy.— P«fr- peral Fever, p. 167. Fever with scanty and high colored nnnt.-^ongestion of Liver, p. 130. Fits with deliriousness.— Loco Disease, p. 225. Flanks, distended.— ^c«fe Indigestion, p. 110. Flanks, double motion of in breathing oMt.— Heaves, p. 93. Flanks \it3.\mg.— Congestion of Lungs, p. 88. . ^ , Flanks, looking at while lying flat on siit.— Impaction of Large In- testine, p. 131. Flanks tucked up.— Pfewmj, P- SI. Flanks, tucked up with arched loins.— ^cttf^ Inilamnatton of Kidneys. ' p, 133. Flesh, loss oi.— Chronic Indigestion, p. 114. Flesh' loss of with emaciation.— Loco Disease, p. 226. 843 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Flesh, loss of, with soft muscles and lusterless hair. — Chronic Inflam- mation of Kidneys, p. 133. Food, dropping of when eating accompanied by stupor. — ItiAammation of Brain, p. 315. Foot, discharge from. — TItrush in Feet, p. 315. Fore legs stretched forward. — Rupture of Stomach, p. 111. Fore legs, trembling of, sweating, etc. — Wind Colic, p. 117. Front feet thrown out in front. — Acute Founder, p. 309. Front leg, enlargement on below knee. — Splint, p. 252. Frothing at the mouth. — Apoplexy, p. 219. Frothing at the mouth. — Epilepsy, p. 222. Getting up and down, pawing, whirling, etc.— Spasmodic Colic, p. 119. Glands under jaw, swelling of. — Glanders, p. 194. Glands under lower jaw enlarged. — Nasal Gleet, p. 77. Grain goes through system whole. — Irritation from Shedding Milk Teeth, p. 98. Gnmting or groaning when slapped on chest. — Pleurisy, p. 91. Gums, gray or blue line along. — InHammation of Stomach, p. 111. Hair does not shed. — Long Round Worms, p. 128. Hair dropping off. — Mud Fever, p. 205. Hair long, harsh and rough. — Chrome Indigestion, p.* 114. Hair, loss of. — Lice, p. 213. Hair, lusterless, with loss of flesh and softness of muscles.— CAroMtV InAatnmation of Kidneys, p. 133. Hair rough. — Irritation from Shedding Milk Teeth, p. 98. Hair standing wrong way with skin tight on body. — Hide~Bound, p.2\l. Haunches, sitting on. — Asoturia, p. 141. Haunches, sitting on. — Balls in Bowels, p. 125. Haunches, sitting on. — Rupture of Stomach, p. ill. Haunches, sitting on. — Twist, in Bowel, p. 124. Head, bruising against wall. — Iniiannmation of Brain, p. 215. Head carried forward and downward. — Acute Indigestion, p. 110. Head carried low and extended. — Stomach Staggers, p. 109. Head down, ears forward, legs braced and elbows turned out. — Congts- tion of Lungs, p. 88. Head down with dullness and fever. — Influenza, p. 199. Head hanging down with dull look. — Pneumonia, p. 90. Head held on one side when chewing. — Irregularities of Teeth, p. 88. Head held sideways when eating. — Tooth Ache or Decayed Teeth, p. 99. Head picked up. — Sore Throat, p. 80. Head thrown up, horse staggering. — Vertigo, p. 218. SYMPTOM INDEX 843 Heart beat loud and violent.— Palpitation of Heart, p. 238. Heart, sound back of. — Thumps, p. 94. Hide-bound and pot-bellied.— Lom^ Round Worms, p. 128. Hide-bound, skin presenting hard, dry appearance.— C/irowV Indigestion, p. 114. Hide-bound with emaciation.— Z)jo6efM Insipidus, p. 134. Hind leg dragged on ground.— StUled, p. 293. Hind legs, straddling gait oi.— Acute Inflammation of Kidneys, p. 138. Hind legs, unable to rise with. — Azoturia, p. in. Hock joint, enlargement of. — Bone Spavin, p. 259. Itching of skin. — Mange, p. 209. Jaw, bony tumor on. — Exostosis of Jaw, p. 252. Jaw, glands of, swollen. — Sore Throat, p. 80. Jaw, swelling of. — Distemper, p. 197. Jawbone, thickening behind.— T/tiVfe^nin^ of Parotid Gland, p. 103. Jaws set and locked. — Lockjaw, p. 228. Jaws spasmodically opened and closed. — Epilepsy, p. 232. Jaws, watery swellings over. — Inflammation of Stomach, p. ill. Jerky motion affecting whole body. — Thumps, p. 94. Joint, swollen and leaking. — Open Joint, p. 299. Joints, swollen and festered. — Rheumatism in Young Foals, p. 171. Kicking the abdomenj — Spasm of Neck of Bladder, p. 137. Kicking with hind feet while standing or lying on back. — Inguinal Her- nia, p. 183. Knee, inner part of, cut. — Speedy Cut, p. 285. Lameness. — Bone Spawn, p. 259. Lameness. — Ringbone, p. 256. Lameness in off front leg. — Congestion of Liver, p. 130. Lameness in one hind leg, perhaps shifting from leg to leg. — Rheumatism in Young Foals, p. 171. Lameness in one leg and sweating on inside of thigh. — Water Farcy, p. 230. Lameness of left shoulder. — Endocarditis, p. 233. Lameness, shifting from one joint to another. — Rheumatism, p. 243. Lameness, with heavy breathing and sweating. — Azoturia, p. 141. Leg jerked toward body at every step. — String-halt, p. 224. Leg much enlarged. — Elephantiasis, p. 231. 844 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Leg swollen and tender. — Water Farcy, p. 830. Legs and ears cold. — Intussusception, p. 124. Legs braced, elbows turned out, ears forward, head down, — Cottget- tion of Lungs, p. 88. Legs cold. — Pneumonia, p. 90. Legs, scabs on. — Mud Fever, p. 305. Legs stifif with hocks turned out and toes of hind feet turned Jn.— Lockjaw, p. 228. Legs swollen. — Chronic Iniiammation of Kidneys, p. 133. Legs swollen, hot and sore. — Mud Fever, p. 305. Licking walls and mortar to get lime. — Diabetes Insipidus, p. 134. Limbs, jerking of. — Cerebrospinal Meningitis, p. 316. Line extending along lower border of ribs up to hip bone.— iP/e«n^, p. 91. Lips and tongue covered with blisters. — Aphtha or Thrush, p. 101. Lips hanging flabby and loose, — Paralysis of Lips and Cheeks, p. 100. Liver, enlargement over. — Congestion of Liver, p. 130. Loins, stiffness and weakness in. — Chronic Inflanmation of Kidneyt, p. 133. Loins swollen and hard. — Asoturia, p. 141. Looking back at abdomen. — Acute Iniiammation of Kidneys, p. 132. Looking backwards, stamping, etc. — Spasmodic Colic, p. 115. Lumps on skin like shot, with ruffled hair.^ — Horse Pox, p. 193. Lying down and getting up. — Inflammation of Bowels, p. 118. Lying down and rising with difficulty. — Acute Iniiammation of Kid- neys, p. 133. Lying down, attempts at. — Acute Indigestion, p. 110. Lying down carefully. — Peritonitis, p. 130. Lying down during bowel movements. — Tumor or Abscess of Bowel, p. 126. Lying down, pawing, etc. — Spasmodic Colic, p. 115. Lying down very seldom. — Stomach Staggers, p. 109. Lying flat on side with head and legs extended. — Impaction of Large Intestine, p. 121. Lying on left side looking occasionally at right side. — Congestion of Liver, p. 130. Manure covered with slimy mucus. — Bronchitis, p. 85. Manure of dirty gray color. — Jaundice, p. 131. Manure, segments of worms in. — Tapeworms, p. 139. Manure, worms in. — Pin Worms, p. 189. Membranes of nose, mouth and eyes congested and reddened. — In-ffammation of Bowels, p. lis. Milk drying up, with enlarged milk glands. — Garget, p. 166. Milk glands enlarged, hot and tender,'— Garget, p. 166. SYMPTOM INDEX 845 Mouth, blisters or ulcers in. — Stomatitis, p. 97. Mouth filled with blisters. — Aphtha or Thrush, p. 101. Mouth hot, painful and s-vioWtn.—Stomatitis, p. 97. Mouth, hot, with dribbling saliva. — Sore Throat, p. 80. Mouth, nose and eyes yellow. — Jaundice, p. 131. Mouth, swollen bars in roof of. — Lampas, p. 97. Muscles cramped. — Epilepsy, p. 233. Muscles hard. — Lockjaw, p. 238. Navel, discharge from, with lameness. — Rheumatism in Young Foals, p. 171. ■ Neck arched. — Choking, p. 105. Neck, contraction of muscles of. — Enlargement of Gullet, p. 107. Neck strained and nose protruded.— Loc/i/ow, p. 328. Neck swollen and sore near head. — ■ Poll-evil, p. 266. Nervousness with trembling and sweating.' — Azotiiria, p. 141. Nose, bloody discharge from. — Pneumonia, p. 90. Nose, bloody serum flowing ivom.— Purpura Hemorrhagica, p. 241. Nose, blowing. — Cold in Head, p. 75. Nose, discharge from. — Bronchitis, p. 85. Nose, discharge from. — Glanders, p. 194. Nose, discharge from. — Nasal Gleet, p. 77. Nose, discharge from. — Nasal Polypus, p. 79. Nose, discharge from. — Pharyngitis, p. 104. Nose, discharge from with covLghing.— Distemper, p. 197. Nose, food coming through. — Enlargement of Gullet, p. 107. Nose, frothy discharge from, perhaps tinged with blood. — Congestion of Lungs, p. 88. Nose, membranes dry, congested and irritable.— CoW in Head, p. 75. Nose, membranes red, with discharge. — Sore Throat, p. 80. Nose, mouth and eyes yellow. — Jaundice, p. 131. Nose, protruded and neck strained. — Lockjaw, p. 238. Nose, rubbing against wall or stall. — Long Round Worms, p. 128. Nose, saliva and mucus flowing from. — Choking, p. 105. Nose, turned up. — Rupture of Stomach, p. 111. Nose, ulcers in.— Glanders, p. 194. Nose, water coming through when drinking.— Distemper, p. 197. Nosei water coming through when drinking.— Pharyngitis, p. 104. Nose[ water running from, when drinking.— 5o»-^ Throat, p. 60. Nose, watery discharge from.— Co W in Head, p. 75. Nose, whitish discharge horn.— Chronic Bronchitis, p. 88. NostrUs, discharge irom.— Decayed Teeth, p. 99. Nostrils, dist^ndtd.— Congestion of Lungs, p. 88. 846 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Nostrils, inflated. — Heaves, p. 93. Off front leg, lameness in. — Congestion of Liver, p. ISO. Pain during bowel movements. — Tumor or Abscess in Bowels, p. 186. Pain in abdomen. — Impaction of Large Intestine, p. 121. Pain in liver when pressed. — Congestion of Liver, p. 130. Pains after passing water. — Stones in Bladder, p. 136. Pains, colicky, with dullness. — Dropsy of Belly, p. 127. Pains, colicky, with uneasiness. — Stones in Bladder, p. 136. Pains continuous from start. — Wind Colic, p. 117. Paralysis of hind legs. — Azoturia, p. 141. Pastern joint, bony tumor near. — Ringbone, p. 856. Pastern, skin off, swollen and cracked. — Scratches, p. 203. Pastern too- straight. — Navicular Disease, p. 324. Pawing and looking at sides. — Impaction of Large Intestine, p. 121. Pawing, and shaking tail. — Spasm of Neck of Bladder, p. 137. Pawing, lying down and getting up. — Inflammation of Bowels, p. 118 Pawing or climbing with fore feet. — Stomach Staggers, p. 109. Pawing, with contraction of muscles of neck when eating. — Enlarge- ment of Gullet, p. 107. Pawingj with dullness, etc. — Wind Colic, p. 117. Pawing with front feet and striking belly with hind ones. — Peritonitis, p. 120. Pimples on head, neck, back or hips. — Eczema, p. 206. Pulse and temperature high. — Dysentery, p. 123. Pulse, fast and hard. — Impaction of Large Intestine, p. 121. Pulse, quickened and temperature elevated. — Glanders, p. 194. Pulse, quickened, hard and wiry. — Peritonitis, p. 120. Pulse, quickened with elevated temperature. — InHammation of Bladder, p. 135. Pulse, quickened, with high fever. — Acute InAanvmation of Kidneys, p. 138. Pulse, weak, with slight bloating. — Twst in Bowel, p. 124. Ribs, posterior, fullness over. — Acute Indigestion, p. 110. Rising and lying down with difficulty. — Acute Inflammation of Kidneys, p. 132. Rising with front feet but not hind parts. — Paralysis, p. 280. Saliva discharged from mouth. — Glossitis, p. lOt. Saliva, discharge of. — Stomatitis, p. 97. SYMPTOM INDEX 847 Scabs on legs.— Mud Fever, p. 205. Scratching on posts, trees and fences. — Mange, p. 209. Scrotum enlarged.swellinggoing down upon pressure. — Scrotal Hernia, p. 182. Shivering, with quickened breathing. — Pneumonia, p. 90. Shoulder, wasting of muscles on. — Sweeny, p. 270. Shying or jumping. — Loco Disease, p. 225. Sides, looking at, and pawing. — Impaction of Large Intestine, p. 121. Sighing, with sweatingand no bowel movements. — Intussusception, p. 124. Sitting on haunches. — Ball in Bowel, p. 125. Sitting on haunches. — Twist in Bowel, p. 124. Skin, circular scurvy patch on. — Ringworm, p, 210. Skin tight on body. — Hide-bound, p. 211. Slobbering or vomiting. — Stomach Staggers, p. 109. Slobbering, with difficulty in eating. — Irritation from Shedding Milk Teeth, p. 98. Slobbering, with difficulty in eating. — Lampas, p. 97. Sneezing with discharge of blood. — Nasal Polypus, p. 79. Snoring vwth hurried breathing. — Sore Throat, p. 80. SnufHing sound when breathing. — Nasal Polypus, p. 79. Spasm,' falling in. — Epilepsy, p. 222. Staggering and falling. — Apoplexy, p. 219. Staggering, and jerking of limbs. — Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis, p. 216. Staggering and plunging. — Vertigo, p. 218. Staggering from side to side. — Stomach Staggers, p. 109. Standing up and not lying down. — Lockjaw, p. 228. Standing up, will not lie down. — Bronchitis, p. 85. Standing up, will not lie down. — Pneumonia, p. 90. Stepping high, with ears erect and turning quickly toward any sound. — Amaurosis, p. 190. Stiffness and inability to move. — Acute Founder, p. 309. Stiffness in hind limbs. — Azoturia, p. 141. StflFness, weakness and tenderness in loins. — Chronic InAammation of Kidneys, p. 133. Stopping, dropping head and staggering.— 5'«».f*;-ofe^, p. 220. Stopping suddenly and out of hr&2ii'\^.— Congestion of Lungs, p. 88. Straddling gait with hind legs. — Acute Inflammation of Kidneys, p. 133. Straining and frequent moving of hovreXs.— Dysentery, p. 123. Straining and stretching to urinate- with no result.— S'/ia.fm of Neck of Bladder, p. 137. Straining when passing urine. — Inflammation of Bladder, p. 135. Straining with no bowel movements. — Intussusception, p. 124. Striking, biting or kicking.— Hydrophobia, p. 227. Stubborn and cannot be taught to obey commands.— D^a/new, p. 185. Stumbling when checked up.— Acute Indigestion, p. 110. 848 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Stupidity. — InAammation of Brain, p. 215. Stupor and loss of power after blow on head. — Concussion of Brain,p.Z11. Swallowing and chewing, difficulty in. — Lockjaw, p. 238. Swallowing, difficult, with cough. — Sore Throat, p. 80. Swallowing with difficulty. — Pharyngitis, p. 104. Sweating and sitting on haunches. — Twist in Bowel, p. 124, Sweating and steaming. — Spasmodic Colic, p. 115. Sweating on slightest exertion with little endurance. — Diabetes Insipid- us, p. 134. Sweating, profuse. — Acute Indigestion, p. 110. Sweating stopped suddenly. — Sunstroke, p. 220. Sweating, with coldness and violent trembling. — Stomach Staggers, p. 109, Sweating, with hard and rapid pulse. — Inflammation of Bowels, p. 118. Sweating, with heavy breathing and lameness. — Azoturia, p. 141. Sweating, with no bowel movements. — Intussusception, p. 124. Sweats easily. — -Irritation from Shedding Milk Teeth, p. 98. Swelling in groin. — Inguinal Hernia, p. 183. Swelling of abdomen, subsiding under pressure. — Ventral Hernia, p. 188. Swelling of legs. — Acute InRammation of Kidneys, p. 132. Swellings of legs. — Chronic InAanimation of Kidneys, p. 133. Swelling of limbs with discharge from nodular points. — Glanders, p. 194, Swelling of the coronet. — Quittor, p. 303. Swelling over liver. — Congestion of Liver p. 130. Swelling under jaw or about throat. — Distemper, p. 197. Swellings on belly and legs. — Dropsy of Belly,- p. 127. Swellings on head, lips, limbs or abdomen. — Purpura Hemorrhagica, p. 341. ■ Tail elevated and trembling. — Lockjaw, p. 228. Tail, movements of, with straining when passing xiTine.^InHammation of Bladder, p. 135. Tail, rubbing. — Impaction of Large Intestine, p. 121. Tail, rubbing against stall or ience.— Long Round Worms, p. 128. Tail, shaking and pawing. — Spasm of Neck of Bladder, p. 137. Tail, switching of. — Long Round ]Vorms, p.. 128. Tears flowing down cheeks. — Cold in Head, p. 75, Teeth, grinding of, with chiMs.— Influenza, p. 199. Teeth in front of upper and sometimes lower molars. — Wolf Teeth, p. 98. Temperature elevated, with quickened pulse. — InRammation of Bladder, p. 135. Thirst, excessive. — Diabetes Insipidus, p. 134. Thirst, intense. — InRammation of Stomach, p. 111. Thirst, with coffee-colored or bloody discharges.''^Dysentery, p. 183. SYMPTOM INDEX 849 Tongue lacerated by teeth. — Epilepsy, p. 222. Tongue, red, swollen, tender and hanging from mouth. — Glossitis, p. 101. Tongue, swollen. — Purpura Hemorrhagica, p. 241. Tumors seen in rectum after bowel movement. — Piles, p. 127. Udder, inflamed and hardened. — Puerperal Fever, p. 167. Unconsciousness. — Epilepsy, p. 222. Unconsciousness. — Sunstroke, p. 220. Urine, bloody. — Haetnaturia, p. 139. Urine, constant dribbling of. — Paralysis of Bladder, p. 138. Urine, dark and scanty. — Bronchitis, p. 85. Urine, dark and scanty. — Pneumonia, p. 90. Urine, dribbling of, with pain and groaning. — Spasm of Neck of Bladder, p. 137. Urine, frequent attempts to pass. — Spasmodic Colic, p. 115. Urine, frequent passing of. — Diabetes Insipidus, p. 134. Urine, pale watery and inodorous. — Diabetes Insipidus, p. 134. Urine, passed in fine stream with pain and groaning. — Stricture of the Urethra, p. 140. Urine, passing frequently and in small quantities. — Inflammation of Bladder, p. 135. Urine, passing frequently but small quantity and high colored. — ■ Acute Inflammation of Kidneys, p. 132. Urine^ saffron colored. — Jaundice, />. 131. Urine, scanty and high colored. — Congestion of Liver, p. 130. Urine, scanty and high colored. — Puerperal Fever, p. 167. Urine, stoppage of. — Ischuria, p. 139. Urine streaked with blood. — Inflamnvation of Bladder, p. 135. ' Urine, sudden stopping of. — Stone in Bladder, p. 136. Urine, thick and of dark coffee color.— Azoturla, />. 141. Vomiting, attempts at. — Choking, p. 105, Vomiting, attempts at. — Inflanvmation of Stomach, p. 111. Vomiting, attempts at. — Rupture of Stomach, p. 111. Walking in a circle. — Acute Inflammation of Kidneys, p. 133. Walking in a cade.— Paralysis, p. 220. Walking with a stiff, straddling gtlt,— Inflammation, of Bladder, p. 135. Worms in manure.— Long Round Worms, p. 128. Worms in manure.— Pi» Worms, />. 129. Yellow in eyes and mouth. — Congestion of Lk>er, p. 13^ Yellow mouth, nose and eyes. — Jaundice, P. 131. 8so THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR CATTLE Abdomen, distended. — Colic, p. 392. Abdomen^ much enlarged. — Bloat, p. 380. Appetite, loss of, with dullness. — Puerperal Fever, p. 428. Back arched. — Dysentery, p. 390. Back arched. — Inflammation of Kidneys, p. 408. Back arched and muscles twitching. — \Foot and Mouth Disease, p. 511. Back arched and nose extended. — Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia, p. 507. Back arched with constant pain like colic. — Inflammation of Bowels, p. 393. Back arched with feet drawn together. — Albumen in Urine, p. 410. Back arched with feet placed under body. — Scours, p. 389. Bellowing and moaning. — Cornstalk Disease, p. 499. Belly enlarged but flanks hollow. — Dropsy of Belly, p. 395. ' Belly kicked with hind feet. — Impaction of Manyplies, p. 384. Belly, kicking. — Cornstalk Disease, p. 499. Biting, rubbing and licking. — Mange, p. 483. Blisters on skin. — Eczema, p. 478. Bloated paunch, with coughing. — Choking, p. 378. Blood clots in urine. — Bloody Urine, p. 409. Blood in manure. — Dysentery, p. 390. Blood in urine. — InHammi-ation of Kidneys, p. 408. Bowel movements frequent and liquid. — Scours, p. 389. Bowel movements, frequent, thin and yellowish-white. — White Scours, p. 453. Bowel movements streaked with blood. — Dysentery, p. 390. Breath, disagreeable odor of. — Gangrene of Mouth, p. 377. Breath, fetid. — Malignant Catarrh, p. 366. Breathing, quick with flapping nostrils. — Water in Chest, p. 372. Breathing with abdominal muscles. — Pnemmonia, p. 370. Breathing with abdominal muscles, ribs fixed. — Pluerisy, p. 371. Breath with bad odor. — Decayed Teeth, p. 375. Calving, premature signs of. — Contagious Abortion, p. 505. Cheek, hole through. — Gangrene of Mouth, p. 377. Chest and belly swelled. — Fluke Disease, p. 407. Chills and fever with hanging head and anxious expression.— Pericarditis, p. 403, Circular patches from which hair has fallen. — Ringworm, p. 483. Cold horns, legs and ears. — InAammation of Womb, p. 437. SYMPTOM INDEX 851 Convulsions. — Apoplexy, p. 494. Convulsions. — Epilepsy, p. 499 Cough, husky, wheezy and painful. — Bronchitis, p. 369. Cough, painful and frequent. — Pneu-monia, p. 370. Cough, painful, with flanks tucked- up. — Pleurisy, p. 371. Coughing up worms attended with suffocation. — Filaria Bronchitis,p.369. Coughing with heavy breathing. — Choking, p. 378. Crease from elbow to flank. — Pericarditis, p. 403. Crease running from elbows toward flanks. — Pleurisy, p. 371. Delirium. — Inflammation of Brain, p. 496. Delirium and vertigo. — Impaction of Manyplies, p. 384. Dragging of hind leg. — Stifled, p. 475. Ear and head rubbed against objects. — Foreign Bodies in Ear, p. 469. Ear, discharge from. — Inflanmiation of Internal Ear, p. 468. Ears drooping and nose dry. — Pleurisy, p. 371. Ears lopping, head drooping and flanks tucked up. — Texas Fever, p. 508. Eats slowly and passages of dung are thin. — Dysentery, p. 390. Elbows turned out. — Pleurisy, p. 371. Elbows turned out and hind legs under body. — Contagious Pleuro- pneumonia, p. 507. Elbows turned out with fore legs wide apart. — Pnemmonia, p. 370. Eye, haw extending over. — Lockjaw, p. 501. Eye, whiteness of lens of, seen through pupil. — Cataract, p. 464. Eye, yellowish secretion in. — Foot and Mouth Disease, p. 511. Eyes and mouth yellow. — Jaundice, p. 405.' Eyes bright and sparkling with anxious look. — Water in Chest,p.372. Eyes, closed and swollen.— Malignant Catarrh, p. 366. Eyes, red and swollen. — Catarrh, p. 365. Eyes, swollen and red.—Simple Ophthalmia, p. 459. FaXlins.— Apoplexy, p. 494. Feet blisters on. — Foot and Mouth Disease, p. 511. Feet' far apart, animal stretched out.— Albumen in Urine, p. 410. Feet, hind, constant stepping with.— Milk Fever, p. 431. Feet, hot and swollen.— Founder, p. 490. Feet placed under body with back zrched.—Scours, p. 389. Feet, stamping and hellow'mg.—Innammation of Brain, p. 496. Fever with quick and wiry pulse.— Pleurisy, p. 371. Flan^ left, enlarged. — Bloat, p, 380. 852 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Flank, left, enlarged. — Impaction of Rumen, p. 382. Flanks heaving with ribs fixed. — Pnevtemonia, p. 370. Food, dropped while eating. — Decayed Teeth, p. 375. Forelegs wide apart with elbows turned out. — Pneumonia, p. 370. Front feet forward, and hind feet well under body. — Founder, p. 490. Frothing at mouth with eyes open and staring. — Apoplexy, p. 494. Grunting and moaning when breathing. — Impaction of Rumen, p. 383. Grunting with each breath. — Bronchitis, p. 369. Grunting with nearly every breath. — Impaction of ManypUes, p. 384. Hair falling off in circular patches. — Ringworm, p. 482. Hair rubbed oS..— Mange, p. 483. ' Head and ear rubbed against objects. — Foreign Bodies in Ear, p. 469. Head drooping, ears lopping and flanks tucked up. — Texas Fever, p. 508. Head hanging down, ears drooping and saliva running from mouth. — Sore Throat, p. 367. Head held on one side and shaken. — InUammation of Internal Ear, p. i6S. Head held on one side while eating. — Decayed Teeth, p. 375. Head hung down with drooling from mouth. — Malignant Catarrh, p. 366. Head pressed against wall or fence. — -Inflammation of Brain, p. 496. Head turned around resting on side of chest.- — InUammation of Liver, p. 404. Head turned to right side. — Impaction of ManypUes, ^. 384. Head turned to sides. — Colic, p. 393. Head turned to side, cow lying down. — Milk Fever, p. 431. Head turned toward flanks. — Peritonitis, p. 394. Head turned toward sides. — Pleurisy, p. 371. Hind feet, constant stepping with. — Milk Fever, p. 431. Hind legs, constant stepping with, — Retention of Urine, p. 411. Hind leg dragged. — Stifled, p. 475. Hind legs under body and elbows turned out. — Contagious Pleuro' Pneumonia, p. 507. Hole through cheek. — Gangrene of Mouth, p. 377. Horns and ears cold with yellow membranes. — Jaundice, p. 405. Horns hot at base and cold at tips. — Catarrh, p. 365. Humped up and apart from others. — Cornstalk Disease, p. 499. Hungry but does not eat. — Sore Throat, p. 367. Itching and rubbi;ig. — Mange, p. 483. SYMPTOM INDEX 853 Jaw, lump on. — Lump-Jam, p. 534. Jaws set. — Lockjaw, p. 501. Joints, swelling of. — Rheumatism, p. 529. Joints swollen, hot and tender. — Joint-Ill, p. 450. Kicking belly. — Colic, p. 392. Kicking belly. — Cornstalk Disease, p. 499. Kicking belly, stamping feet, lying down and getting up. — Inguinal Hernia, p. 40^ Kicking belly with hind feet. — Impaction of J\4anyplies, p. 384. Kicking, pawing and champing jaws. — Anthrax, p. 513. Lameness.— Foof and Mouth Disease, p. 511. Lameness and stiffness. — Black-Leg, p. 516. Lameness and stiffness. — Joini-Ill, p. 450. Lameness and stiffness. — Rheumatism, p. 529. Lameness in hind legs. — Inffammation of Kidneys, p. 408. Leg, hind, dragging of. — Stifled, p. 475. Leaning against wall or stall. — Inflammation of Brain, p. 496. Legs, hind, lameness in. — Inflammation of Kidneys, p. 408. Limping.— IFoot Rot, p. 492. Lump on lower or upper jaw. — Lump-Jaw, p. 524. Lumps on back. — Grub in Skin, p. 486. Lying down and getting up. — Colic, p. 393. Lying down and getting up. — Impaction of Rumen, p. 382. Lying down but acting uneasy. — Peritonitis, p. 394. Lying down most of time. — Founder, p. 490. Lying down most of time. — Pneumonia, p. 370. Milk curdled and hloody.— Garget, p. 435. Milk secretion lessened or stopped.— Afi/fe Fever, p. 431. Milk secretion partially stopped. — Puerperal Fever, p. 428. Mouth, blisters in. — Foot and Mouth Disease, p. 511. Mouth' red and saliva Aribhlmg — Gangrene of Mouth, p. 377. Mouth, slavering {rom.— Foot and Mouth Disease, p. 611, Navel, enlargement of.— Navel Hernia, p. 401. Navel, escape of urine irom.— Inflammation of Navel Urine-Duct, p. 449. Navel! swollen, and pus-like discharge irom.— Joint-Ill, p. 450. 8s4 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Navel, swollen and red. — Inflammation of Navel Urine-Duct, p. 449. Neck, enlargement of with coughing. — Choking, p. 378. Nose, discharge from. — Catarrh, p. 365. Nose, discharge from. — Contagious Pleura-Pneumonia, p. 507. Nose dry and ears drooping. — Pleurisy, p. 371. Nose extended, back arched. — Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia, p. 507. Nose poked out and animal stiff. — Lockjaw, p. 501. Nose poked out, and swallowing. — Choking, p. 378. Nose, yellowish secretion in. — Foot and Mouth Disease, p. 511, Nostrils, dilated. — Pneumonia, p. 370. Nostrils flapping with quick breathing. — Choking, p. 378. Panting, tongue hanging out and frothing. — Sunstroke, p. 500. Pawing, kicking, and champing jaws. — Anthrax, p. 613. Pimples on teats and udder. — Cow Pox, p. 536. Pulse and breathing, rapid.— 5'oi-e Throat, p. 367. Pulse, quick and wiry, with fever. — Pleurisy, p. 371. Ribs fixed, breathing with abdominal muscles. — Pleurisy, p. 371. Ribs fixed with flanks heaving. — Pneumonia, p. 370. Right side, tender to pressure on. — Inflammation of Womb, p. 427. Rubbing. — Eczema, p. 478. Rubbing. — Lice, p. 481. Rubbing. — Mange, p. 483. Saliva, dribbling from mouth. — Glossitis, p. 376. Saliva, drooling from mouth. — Malignant Catarrh, p, 366. Scouring, with great weakness. — Infectious Scours, p. 453. Scrotumj enlarged. — Scrotal Hernia, p. 403. Scrotum, swollen, red and UnAtr.— Inflammation of Testicles, p. 454. Shivering and trembling. — Peritonitis, p. 394. Shivering, with dry cough. — Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia, p. 507. Skin, blisters on, with heat. — Eczema, p. 478. Slavering from mouth. — Foot and Mouth Disease, p. 511. Sneezing and coughing.— Catarrh, p. 3S5. Snoring. — Apoplexy, p. 494. Staggering, falling and becoming unconscious.— Sunstroke, p. 500. Stamping with feet, lying down and getting up. — Inguinal Hernia, p. 402, Suffocation. — Water in Chest, p. 373. SYMPTOM INDEX 853 Swallowing, difficulty in.- -Sore Throat, p. 367. Swallowing is difficult. — Lockjaw, p. 501. Swallowing, with nose poked out. — Choking, p. 378. Swelling above hoof and between claws. — Foot Rot, p. 493. Swelling at navel. — Navel Hernia, p. 401. Swelling of joints. — Rheumatism, p. 529. Swelling of legs and under chest and brisket. — Pericarditis, p. iOZ. Swelling of lips of vulva. — Inflammation of Vagina, p. 436. Swelling or tumors on thighs, neck, shoulder or rump. — Black-Leg, p. 51&. Swellings under throat. — Fluke Disease, p. 407. Swelling, usually on right side of abdomen. — Ventral Hernia, p. 399. Tail elevated and legs propped. — Lockjaw, p. 501. Tail, paralysis of. — Bloody Urine, p. 409. Tail, twitching of. — Cornstalk Disease, p. 499. Tail whisked with each bowel movement. — White Scours, p. 452. Tears, with closing of eyelids and protrusion of haw. — Simple Ophthal- mia, p. 459. Teats, pimples on. — Cow Pox, p. 526. Teeth, champing and grating of. — Lockjaw, p. SOU Teeth, grating, and frothing at mouth.— Inflammation of Brain, p. 496. Tenderness on right side. — Impaction of Manyplies, p. 384. Thirst but no appetite. — Malignant Catarrh, p. 366. Throat, swellings under.— Fluke Disease, p. 407. Tongue hanging out, panting and frothing. — Sunstroke, p. 500. Trembling, and spasms of muscles. — Inflammation of Brain, p. 496. Tongue red and inflamed and hanging from mouth.— Glossitis, p. 376. Trembling and weakness. — Texas Fever, p. 508. Tumor or swelling on thighs, neck, shoulder or rump.— Black-Leg, p. 516. Udder, blisters on. — Foot and Mouth Disease, p. 511. Udder[ hot, hard, red, swollen and sore.— Garget, p. 435. Udderi mfizmed.— Puerperal Fever, p. 428. Udder, pimples on.— Cow Pox, p. 536. XSnconsciousntss.— Apoplexy, p. 494. Unconsciousness.— M/fe Fever, p. 431. Urine, blood clots \n.— Bloody Urine, p. 409. Urine^ clear and large quantities.— Djaft^^^^ Insipidus, p. 408. Urine, dark cherry red.— Texas Fever, p. 508. Urine dribbles more or less contmuously.— Incontinence of Unne. p. 418. 8s6 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Urine escaping from navel. — InAamm-ation of Navel Urine-Duct, p. 4i9. Urine, frequent and ineffectual attempts to pass. — Retention of Urine, p. 411. Urine, frequently passed and in small quantities. — InHamtnation of Bladder, p. 413. Urine, scanty and high colored. — Catarrh, p. 365. Urine, scanty and high colored. — Contagious Pleuro-Pneuntonia, p. 507. Urine, scanty and high colored. — Inflammation of Bowels, p. 393. Urine, stoppage of. — Uraemia, p. 531. Urine, thick, dark colored and frequently passed in small quantities.— Inflammation of Kidneys, p. 408. Urine varying from light red to dark red. — Red Water, p. 533. Urine, yellow or brown. — 'Jaundice, p. 405. Vulva, swollen. — Inflammation of Womb, p. 427. Vulva, whitish discharge from.' — Leucorrhea, p. 429. Water running through nose when drinking. — Sore Throat, p. 367. Weakness, with pale membranes of nose and eyes. — Anaemia, p. 529. Whitish points in mouth. — Gangrene of Mouth, p. 377. Worms, coughed up. — Filaria Bronchitis, p. 369. Yellow eyes and mouth.— Jaundice, p. 405. Yellow mucous membranes. — Fluke Disease, p. 407. Yellow whites of eyes and membranes of mouth. — Inflammation of Liver, p. 406. SHEEP Appetite, loss of. — Distemper, p. 543. Appetite, loss of. — Filaria Bronchitis, p. 548. Appetite, loss of, but drinking greedily. — Pneumonia, p. 549. Biting fleece. — Scab, p. 560. Bloated on left side. — Bloat, p. 551. Bloating and coughing. — Choking, p. 551. Bloody discharge from bowels. — Dysentery, p. 558. Breathing, rapid and labored. — Pneumonia, p. 549. Breathing with quick grunt. — Impaction of Rumen, p. 552. SYMPTOM INDEX 857 Convulsions, — Tapeworms, p. 656. Cough, dry and husky. — Filaria Bronchitis., p. 548. Cough, gainful. — Pneumonia, p. ^9. Coughing and bloating. — Choking, p. 551. Coughing and flinching. — Sore Throat, p. 547. Coughing, sneezing and snuffling. — Catarrh, p. 543. Drinking greedily but no appetite. — Pneumonia, p. 549. Dysentery. — Filaria Bronchitis, p. 548. Ears and legs cold. — Inflammation of Bowels, p. 554. Eyes, discharge from. — Distemper, p. 543. Eyes have peculiar dull look. — Tapeworms, p. 556. Eyes, yellow. — Fluke Disease, p. 559. Falling after stopping sn&AtnXy.— Hydatids on Brain, p. 544. Feet, ulcers on and discharge from. — Foot Rot, p. 563. Fever, with rapid pluse. — Bronchitis, p. 548. Flanks heaving violently. — Pneumonia, p. 549. Flesh, loss of. — Stomach Worms, p. 555. Flesh, loss of. — Tapeworms, p. 556. Frothing at mouth. — Choking, p. 551. Gait, unsteady. — Hydatids on Brain, p. 544. Grunting. — Impaction of Rumen, p. 552. Hind quarter, loss of power in. — Paralysis, p. 646. Jaws, dropsical swellings under. — Fluke Disease, p. 559. Jaws set. — Lockjaw, p. 546. Jumping frantically.— ^/-o/i/^^y, p. 545. Kicking belly. — Colic, p. 553. Lameness. — Foot Rot, p. 563. Legs and ears cold. — InAammation of Bowels, p. 554. Loins, tender and wtzk.— Fluke Disease, p. 559. Lying down and rising.— Bloat, p. ^1. Lying down and rising. — Colic, p. 553. Lying down and rising.— Inflammation of Bowels, p. 554. Mouth, frothing at.— Choking, p. 551. Muscles hard and limbs stiB.— Lockjaw, p. 546. 858 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Nose, discharge from. — Catarrh, p. 543. Nose, discharge from. — Distemper, p. 543. Nose elevated and swelling about throat. — Sore Throat, p. 547. Nose rubbed on ground. — Filaria Bronchitis, p. 548. Nose thrust into ground. — Grubs in Head, p. 560. Nose, water running from when drinking. — Sore Throat, p. 547. Pawing. — InHammation of Bowels, p. 554. Pulse, rapid, with fever. — Bronchitis, p. 548. Rubbing against trees, fences, etc. — Scab, p. 560. Rubbing nose on ground. — Filaria Bronchitis, p. 548. Running heedlessly. — Hydatids on Brain, p. 544. Scratching with hoofs. — Scab, p. 560. Sneezing, snuffling and coughing. — Catarrh, p. 543. Snuffling, sneezing and coughing. — Catarrh, p. 543. Stiffness of limbs. — Lockjaw, p. 546. Stretching the fore and hind legs far apart. — Fluke Disease, p. 553. Swellings under jawg and on throat, chest and belly. — Fhike Disease, p. 559. Teeth, grating. — Impaction of Rumen, p. 553. Teeth ground together. — Pneumonia, p. 549. Throat, swelling about, and nose elevated. — Sore Throat, p. 547. Walking with difficulty.— Z.oc/t/ozy, p. 546. Weakness and run down condition. — Stomach Worms, p. 655. Weakness with loss of Qesh.— Nodular Disease, p. 557. Wheezing. — Bronchitis, p. 548. Wool dropping out. — Scab, p. 560. SWINE Abdomen drawn up and back arched.— C/so/?ro, p. 574. Appetite good but pig does not grow. — Chronic Indigestion, p. 582. Appetite good but pig does not thrive well. — Worms, p. 585. Appetite, loss of. — Acute Indigestion, p. 581. Appetite, loss of. — Apoplexy, p. 580. Appetite, loss of with dullness. — Cholera, p. 574. Back arched and abdomen drawn up. — Cholera, p. 574. Blind, partially or wholly. — Apoplexy, p. 580. SYMPTOM /INDEX 859 Bloating. — Acute Indigestion, p. 581. Bowel discharges watery, with great thirst. — Chronic Indigestion, p. 582. Breathing, rapid and labored. — Pneumonia, p. 578. Coughing. — Cholera, p. 574. Coughing and shivering. — Pneumonia, p. 578. Coughing and sneezing. — Sore Throat, p. 579. Coughing with saliva running from mouth. — Choking, p. 581. Diarrhoea, which causes exhaustion. — Cholera, p. 574. Dragging hind quarters. — Paralysis, p. 589. Ears and nose purple. — Apoplexy, p. 580. Ears lopped over. — Apoplexy, p. 580. Eyes, discharge from. — Cholera, p. 574. Falling, and frothing at mouth. — Apoplexy, p. 580. Falling over as though dead. — Fits from Worms, p. 585. Feet, fore, kept well in front. — Founder, p. 587. Fever and shivering. — Cholera, p. 574. Fever with thirst but no appetite after pigging. — Inflammation of Womb, p. 595. Frothing at mouth after falling. — Apoplexy, p. 580. Head and neck bent back. — Fits from Worms, p. 5S5. Hiccoughs with jerking of the body. — Thumps, p. 596. Hiding in bedding and appearing stupid. — Cholera, p. 574. Hind legs, loss of use of. — Paralysis, p. 589. Itching. — Mange, p. 586. Jaw and neck, swelling under.— Quinsy, p. 579. Lameness in {est.— Founder, p. 587. Lameness with swollen limhs.— Rheumatism, p. 590. Legs jerking.— Ft*.? from Worms,p. 585. Lying down and- giving little or no milk after pigging.— Inflammation of the Womb, p. 595. ^ Mouth, frothing at, after iMing.— Apoplexy, p. 580. Neck and jaw, swelling unAti.— Quinsy, p. 579. Nose and ears pntpU.— Apoplexy, p. 580. ^, , ^ „„ Nose, water running through when swallowing.- Sore Throat, p. 579. 86o THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Pain and uneasiness.— /4<:«;« Indigestion, p. SSL Purple nose aqd ears. — Apoplexy, p. 580. Shivering and coughing. — Pneumonia, p. 578. Shivering and fever. — Cholera, p. 574. Slavering with tongue hanging out. — Quinsy, p. 579. Sneezing and coughing. — Sore Throat, p. 579. Soreness and stiffness. — Rheumatism, p. 590. Stupid and stands alone with ears lopped over. — Apoplexy, p. 580. Swallowing, attempts at swallowing, with coughing. — Choking, p. 581. Swallowing, difficulty in. — Quinsy, p. 579. Swelling on legs. — Rheumatism, p. 590. Swelling under neck and jaw. — Quinsy, p. 579. Teeth, champing. — -Fits from Worms, p. ^5. Thirst, great, with watery discharge from bowels. — Chronic Indigestion, p. 582. Throat swollen inside but not outside. — Sore Throat, p. 579. Tongue hanging out with slavering. — Quinsy, p. 579. Walking in circle. — Apoplexy, p. 580. Worms in manure.— Worms, p. 585. POULTRY Appetite, loss of. — Crop-Bound, p. 604,. Breathing, heavy and fast. — Cholera, p. 602. Breathing with blowing or wheezing sound. — Bronchitis, p. 599, Comb and wattles dark or black. — Black Head, p. 609. Comb and wattles pale (sometimes dark). — Cholera, p. 603. Coughing and raising head to breathe. — Bronchitis, p. 599. Crop enlarged and hard — Crop-Bound, p. &0i. Crop enlarged with gas and mucus. — Cholera, p. 602. Diarrhoea and unthriftiness. — Black Head, p. 609. Diarrhoea with greenish or sulphur-like discharge. — Cholera, p. 602. Drooping and sleepy. — Cholera, p. 602. Dull and drowsy. — Crop-Bound, p. 60i. Egg, membrane of, misshapen. — Inflammation of Egg Passage, p. 606. Egg without shell. — Inflammation of Egg Passage, p. 606. SYMPTOM INDEX &oi Egg, yoke of, passed, but without covering. — Inflammation of Egg Passage, p. 606. Eyes closed. — Cholera, p. 603. Eyes, froth at inner corners of. — Roup, p. 599. Eyes, watery discharge from. — Canker, p. 605o Eyelids, swelling of. — Catarrh, p. 598. Eyelids, swollen and closed.— Diphtheria, p. 60L Eyelids, swollen and closed. — Roup, p. 599. Face swollen at sides. — Catarrh, p. 598. Feathers on back ruffled. — Inflammation of Egg Passage, p. 606. Feathers roughened, wings drooping. — Cholera, p. 602. Food, refusing to eat. — Crop-Bound, p,60i. Gasping and wings drooping. — Gapes, p. 603. Gapeing frequently. — Gapes, p. 603. Head and mouth, running sores on. — Canker, p. 605. Head drawn toward body giving fowl a ball-shaped form. — Cholera p. 603. Head thrown up and running in a circle. — Vertigo, p. 598. Joints, swollen and painful. — Rheumatism, p. 605. Lameness. — Rheumatism, p. 605. Legs, scales on. — Scaly Legs, p. 608. Legs, weakness in. — Leg Weakness, p. 608. Moping and later falling over and dying. — Apoplexy, p. 598. Nostrils, discharge from. — Catarrh, p. 598. Nostrils, discharge from. — Diphtheria, p. 601. Nostrils, discharge from. — Roup. p. 599. Running in a circle or backwards. — Vertigo, p. 598. Scales on le^s.—Scaly Legs. p. 608. Sores on head and in mouth or throat. — Canker, p. 605. Staggering and falling. — Cholera, p. 602. Swollen joints. — Rheumatism, p. 605. Thirst, great.-^ Cholera, p. 602. Tongue, crust on tip oi.—Pip, p. 603. Walking with difficulty or not at all. — Leg Weakness, p. 608. 863 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Watties and comb, dark or black. — Black Head, p. 609. Wattles and comb pale (sometimes dark). — Cholera, p. 602. Weakness in legs. — Leg Weakness, p. 608. Wings drooping and bird gasping. — Capes, p. 603. DOGS Appetite good but dog does not thrive. — Worms, p. 634. Appetite, loss of, with languor. — Distemper, p. 630. Breathing, huriied.—Infiammathn of Bowels, p. 634. Coat, staring. — Worms, p. 634. Coughing. — Cold, p. 631. Cough, with desire to vomit — Worms, p. 634. Discharge from bowels, offensive. — Distemper, p. 630. Ear, discharge from. — Canker of Ear, p. 637. Ear, scratching, and shaking head. — Canker of Ear, p. 637. Eyes and nose, discharge from. — Distemper, p. 630. Eyes red and nose hot and dry. — Distemper, p. 630. Eyes red, inflamed and tears running from. — Sore Eyes, p. 637. Falling and jerking legs violently. — Fits, p. 632. Fever and rapid pulse. — InAammation of Bowels, p. 634. Fits. — Distemper, p. 630. Froth from mouth mixed with blood. — Hydrophobia, p. 64a Frothing at mouth. — Fits, p. 632. Hair, dropping off in circles. — Ringworm, p. 636. Hair, dry. — Distemper, p. 630. Hair falling oS.— Mange, p. 635. Head held to one side. — Canker of Ear, p. 637. Head, neck and foreparts jerking. — Chorea, p. 638. Head, shaking, and scratching ear. — Canker of Ear, p. 637. Howling and whining with pain. — Rheumatism, p. 638. Howling dismaMy.— Hydrophobia, p. 640. Hiding away. — Hydrophobia, p. 640. Hind parts, loss of power in. — ParalysUt P, 639. Itching scratching and ruhhins^-~Mangft p, @5. SYMPTOM INDEX 863 Jaws, champing of. — Fits, p. 633. Jerking head, neck and foreparts. — Chorea', p. 638. Joints, swollen and painful. — Rhsumatism, p. 638. Legs, hind, loss of power in. — Paralysis, p. 639. Legs jerking violently after i&Wing.— Fits, p. 632. Lying down and getting up frequently. — InAammation of Bowels, p. 634» Mouth, frothing at. — Fits, p. 633. Neck, swelling on. — Goitre, p. 633. Nervousness and uneasiness. — Hydrophobia, p. 640. Nose and eyes, discharge from. — Distemper, p. 630. Nose, discharge from. — Cold, p. 631. Nose, hot and dry and eyes red. — Distemper, p. 630. Pot-bellied. — Worms, p. 634. Pulse, rapid, and fever. — InAanvmatiqn of Bowels, p, 634. Rubbing and scratching. — Mange, p. 635. Scratching and rubbing. — Mange, p. 635. Shaking head and scratching ear. — Canker of Ear, p. §37. Snapping and biting. — Hydrophobia, />. 640. Sneezing.— CoZi, p. 631. Swelling on neck. — Goitre, p. 633. Throat, enlargement of. — Goiter, p. 633. Tongue, black, and hanging out. — Hydrophobia, p. 640. Tongue coated and joints swollen. — Rheumatism, p. 638. Urine, high colored. — Distemper, p. 630. Vomiting and coughing.— ^Foj-otj, p. 634. Whining_and uneasiness. — Inflammation of Bowels, p. 634. Worms vomiting up.—iVorms, p. 634. LESSON XXI ILLUSTRATED INDEX The Sign Language of Sick Animals Look through this index until you find the animal that looks like yours. Note the name of the disease and the page on which it is treated. Use the Symptom Index on page 837; or the Word Index on page 812, if necessary. Fig. 1 A Good Type J 1 ,•*!,».-= v,.Vh and large- back horizontal and broad; rump broad and Neck strong and long; withers hgh and la^^^^^^^ D ^^^^^ ^^^.^ ^^^ ^^„ °"^'5otn?d ; sru'i!er''loS^ aVd"^ntilg; forearm long and position of hmbs normal. •' ' (See page bb) 865 Fig. 2 The Side Line (See page 350) Fig. 3 Casting or Throwing (See page 350) 866 SA.E£Sfe»-it.>- Iw.- -1^ ud^Sr^!^^>t^'^~*^--^i-'!i'l^-J^'^'i^^^-J^^^^'''^'^ Fig. 4 Giving A Drench (See pages 70 and 355) 867 O T3 . O < 868 869 870 871 The adult M\ n . • u ^ *''6- 9— BOTS (1) Bots in the Stomach. (2) Bots in the Duodenum (Seepages 113 and 676) 872 CtryurO carvcUa^ Sderoatoma. armeUumji. Fig. 10 INTESTINAL WORMS fc„„ „■,„„„ 1-iQ no ^„^ 704) Fig. 11 Correct Front Presentation Fig. 12 Correct Rear Presentation XORM.VL PRESEXTATIOXS Note. — .Ml abnormal rear and front presentations shown in the following iUu.strations must be put in the position shown above (Sec pages 154. 155 and 156) S74 Fie- 13 Serious Presentation Fig. 14 Serious Presentation ABNORMAL PRESENTATIONS (See pages 154, 155 and 156) S7S ^frt\ -> Fie. 26 The Sling in Use (See "Fractures." page 282) 879 I ■ m CO ^ SSO .?*,. "3 Sound Hock Spavin Cured S[u\ ui Spivin Fifis. 30, 31, 32, 33 Bone Spavim (See page 259) 881 -A o-^ z. o vn^ ^s •ci - fe ^ .. HIT Flat Foot l,Sc.- lu^r .M>) V. , ^ /-^-' Fig. 40 The Cl.amp -and Nail Remedies Applied (.See page 31^)) Fig. 41 T'>E Crack — Wall Re.mo\"ed to Show .Absorpiiom of Coffin I'.om.: (See page 314) Fig. 42 Cracked Walls Treathd pv (See page 31'-'j i QUARTF.R CRACKS ANF) KFArEOIF.S 883 Fig. 43 Clamping with NaILS -,rr |,:,kp3I')) Fi&. 44 3ear Paw Shaped Foot with Low Growing Fetlock Fig. 45 Pastern' too \'ertical. JotxT Lies in Direction oi" Arrow Fig. 46 Long, Slender. Lnclined Pas- tern OF A FULLBLOODED IIORSE Fig. 47 Fiji. 4S TuE TOO Long with Sihjrteneu ToI': W k:JNl"; Pns! HON I >U 1<|I,I1 f P<)SI I H]-^ 1' \^l liiRV AM> }L)01' I'asIKRN and I 1< Fig. 50 Shortened Heel with Kir.TiT Position oi!" I'AsiERN and Hoof /■ Fig. 51 ui} T [IICKENED AND SHORTENED Tendon ("b) High Calk which Makes Lr Possible for the Foot to Rest Without Straining the Short- ened AND Painfltl Tendon (See page 289) Fig. 52 Sl'l.lN T (Scri'aM''^ 252,608 aii'i 7(M)> 884 Fig. 53 Sprained Tendon (S.-.r pag.- 2y Hoof, Nails Properly PLAefiu (.Sec page 312) a Fiii. 57 Siiii: AND Ti )i", Spi.i rs (See Ouartcr Cracks, page 31'J) Fiii. 5S PlNLllLIJ HdoI, Sll. Nihil I'ROi, AND I ONTRALTEI) Hep:L \\ AILS (See pages 46, 306 and fj90J ■:---(P Fig. 59 Canker (a) Cliapr>e-d an 1 ulcerated cracks in pastern joint (See page 307) Fig. 60 Front View c Knee Forms a Square Joint Tapering Downwarp (See page 30) i-^y Fig 6t Canker in Ad\ anced Sta(_,e (a) Proud flesh and other growths between the balls (Sec pages 307 and 6741 .6 Fig. 62 Hock Joint (al Raljbit heel, (lil j,,int oil (See pages 31 and 2'>'i) Fig. 63 Hollow Walls (S I I ILLS 46 and 3(15) U . Fie 64 (0 Si \\ IN {See pay s 2S ) > )h, 6')S md ' I )) Fi • L M \riF': oi AN Ulu lKI.NG Fift. 66 FtATFOOr (a. a) Convex sole (See pii^e 312) Fig. 67 Stocking for Removing Recent- ly Escaped Jcmnt Oil (a) Spot under which some oakum is placed (See "Open Joint," pages 2*^9 and 6S3) Fig 68 (a) Spavin (See page 259) Fig. 69 Banbage Fastened With Straw Cords (See "Bandages," page 352) Fig. 70 (a) Shell Ringbonb (See pages 256. 695 and 6P8) f M^^>^4 Fife. 72 <."(.)RRECTED Toiv \vi rn Right Position Fig. 7i Boring Horizontally at End of Split IN }IooF TO Prevent Further Splitting (See Ouarter Cracks, paye 319) G' ._\ Fig. 74 Rough and Shaggy Foot, with Ti-uckening ne Sktn and Growths Forming a Llimp FiS. 75 Sling to Tie Off Warts or Smai l S\\'ELL1NGS I. Formation of the two loops. II. Both loops.placedtogether ready to be slipped over the object to be tied Fig. 76 Sharp Pastern Tlie tin of the hoof wears off and goat's hoof is the result Fig. 77 Short Stro.ng Pastern 887 Fig. 78 Calked Showing the beginning of a hoof split (See page 320) Fifi . 79 Pli-:ukisv N jte drawn up or yunkeii USccpauc'Jl) ;iLiuii uf Fift. 80 Scrotal Hernia (See page 182) Fi^. 81 Pneumonlv Hoisc lids a haggard look, anxious eye aud labored brfathing (See page 90) Fi^i. 82 Acute InmjkjEStion (See page 110) Fig. 83 Severe Spasmodic Colic (See page 115) Fig. 84 Spasmodic Colic (See page 115) 8S8 Fig. 85 Nasal Gleet — Both Nostrils (See page 77) LVMPiLVXGlTlS WEEU-IN-THJi-LbiJ (Sec page 230) Fift. 87 Open Joint (See page 299) Fig. 88 Capped Elbow tSee page 281) 889 ffi '^ m V i ' tt \ i ' \ %' Fig. 8<> Splints (See page 252) Fig. 90 Spr.\in of Radial Ligament (See General Treatment of Spra'ns^ Fig. 91 Bog Spavin (See page 296) Fig 92 Enlargement of Fetlocks OR Wind Gall (See page 291) 890 Fig. 93 Poll Evil (See page 266) Fig. 94 Big Head — side view (See page 251) Fig. 95 FisTLfLOus Withers (See page 268) Fig. 96 Dislocation of the Patella OR Stifled (See page 29.5) Fig. 97 Stifle-Joint L.-uvieness kSee page 293) 89.t Fig. 98 Fr.\ctlire of the Femur (See page 282) Fiji. 99 lNFL,\.MMArM 1^5) Fiii. 100 Acute Ini-i.ammaikjn' oi' Kidni'V^ tbce puiic 132) Fi(i. 101 Chronic InI' r amma i n >n < >b Kidneys (Sec i>dye 13:) Fiji. 102 Inflammation of Howidls Getting down slowh' an Fifi. 123 Impaction oi-- thk Stom.\( h (See page 109) 896 Fig. 124 Intitssusceptiok (See page 124) Fig. 135 Filing Needed The sharp point (a) of the first molar causes the wound (b). The tooth has not worn down evcnlv and sliould be tiled t'-'ee I it,L IS) Fig. 126 How TO File This shows how to file down the sharp projection of tlie first molar. In like manner any sharp edges of the other molars may be filed down. It is important, however, to insert a wedge between the molars on the opposite side (See page 98) 897 :m<^ - Fig. 127 Glanders With Swellings (See page 194} Fig. 128 Glanders Note sores and swollen jucular vein (ab) t.See page 194) 898 Fig. 129 Glanders Note ulcers (a) on the innrr wall ^f the nose (See page I'M-) Fig. 130 Laryngitis (See page SO) Showing protrusion of nose in an endeavor to bring the air passages as nearly on a straight line as possible 899 Fig. 131 Glanders— Discharge from one nostril The discharge dries quickly on the rims of the nostrils and one observes a one-sided smudge covered nostril whicli is cause for suspicion (See page 194) ii^&fl. _ Fm 132 DibTEMPER The liand feels a very much swollen gland tl"ie*e is a discharge from the nose (See Paiges 172, 1<.'7, 684 and 6S5) iS!*!^^-^- ,'/ '' r >> 'Mf Fift. 134 Laxcixg an Abscess ix Distemper Use a sharp knife (See pages 172, 197, 684 and 685) ' ^^-^^ f^~-~^~ OL, \, Fig. 133 Distemper collection in tliroat L;land. Theab^i is almost rca(i\' for oi)cninu (See pages 172, I'M, 6.S4 and o.s.S) <^ Fig. 1,!5 Spraying .\ Lanced Abscess in Distemper (See pages 172, 197, 684 and 6,S5) t4 Fig. 136 Proud Klesh Result of poor treatment of broken abscess and which mast be removed by an operation (See page 674) Fig. 137 TlIROAi- I5aNT.)AGE (.See page 197) 900 ^^^■vcf^f:- - -3 ZL^gfe-^S^^ J^^^A^:^- Fiii. 138 Cold Compress on Throat (a) Fastened by means of horse shoe nails, (b) Strap which prevents slipping back of bandage Fig. 139 CaNNX-'LA or TVI-T XSERTED IN WlNDPIPE THROUGH WhICH THE IIORSE HrEATHES (See "Tracheotomy," page 350) 901 Fig. 140 A Stiilild Horse (j1 pi 1 PwlierostiflL 1 >n» lb di 1 it 1 Tli li I, JI I tirs too long inUMlll dri^ndal n, ntl. tl r t tliP toe (^ pit,. ^M) f "- Z t-f .X^. ^ : / /' i o n ' \ ^. Fig. 141 Locating the Dislocated Stifle Bone by Raisin-g the Foot For\\'ard (See page 293) 902 Fig. 142 ^FiriNT, Ti-iE Stifle Bone PulUne the foot upward a„a'fo"varJ ..aUes it poss.ble to set the d.located bone (_bee page I'-jS) ,ead is outstretCed, „,out. c,H.v^U.>^ei. do^d, f^-,!;- -'::fl.^Mc^se are tense ■ .. , r +1.^. t-.il in II Seles. 1 ne tail IS 1 di.^v ^ ,, J. {See pages 228 and 6') i) 903 ■ r of the tail muycles. 1 ne tai. Firt. 145 To CURK OF Kli. KING IN StALL l,Sfe p^y*- 327) 904 Frft. 146 Guard to Pre\"i;xt Horse Reaching His Slde or Grliin' After TAsTRAiroN Fig. 148 \\'EiGTir Fastened to Leg to Curt-: oI'^ Kicking in Stall (See page 327) Fig. 147 Hobbles to Prevent Kicking (See page 327) Fi)J. 150 Halter Whku Cannot liii Torn Off (See pages 15 and 328) Fig. 151 Halter Which Cannot e Torn Oii' C^cc limti IS and IJ'-) Fill. 152 To Prevent Halter Slitting Tie the Maxe to a Rin(, in the H\lter Fin. 153 To Preveni Halter Si ipping — (al Hands Fastening Halter to Bellyhand 906 Fig. 154 To Cure op Biting — Hold a Hot Turnip on a Stick in Front \i OF THE HOR^E v. N \ .. ^^ ^^•'-^i^^.^^^' Fig. H'S Abdominal Pain Hor^t? points witli nose to location of puln ' ff't 'A ^-0 Fig. 156 ^E Resting One Foot on the Crown ok the Other (See "Calks," page 320) Fig. 157 Ring- Bone Rinu: sliaped enlargement, resii inu. from bony erowtli (See pages 256, 6'>5 and 698) Fig. 158 Fo( IT SnTT':i.D Thn leaOicr shield (a) is inlaid with sheet metal (b) and protects t'^e crown of the foot when the hoT^ rests bis otiier foot upon 't (See "Calks," page 32(- Fig 150 Banda(.e i"or Flank Rupturk (a) Plare wlicre a si>rin,y fjad is sewed in the iDandage to liold the rupture (See page 183) 908 in place •ry^ t ,ft/ W^.,^!/'' ",-V /--^SS^i-'"-- Fig. 101 Lung Trouble The front feet are spread, the head is outstretched and there is nnming from tlie nose (See pages 88 and Oi)) ^ J^. Fig. 152 Bandage around the Chest (a, a. a) Fastened with horseslioe nails 909 -r.r I ^ (J>4^ Fig. 163 Water on the Brain The front feet arc crossed, the head rests on the mauKcr and the slionhicr and neck lean aiiainst the wall (See page 21.S> \>. \ '"N •• V,^,. ^ I . . 'I Fig. 164 Treatment for W \ter ov the Braix Fig. 165 Shower the head with cold water or put ice bug on head Capped Elbow or SiiOEBOiL (See page 215) (See page 281J 910 Fia. 166 VViNU Sucking by Plxc.n'g Teeth on Knee (See page 99) T.gl^^*^^^'-.^ P' --hi ■ m^ \ Fig. 167 Fig. 168 Wind Sucking by Placing Teeth on Ho\v to Fasten Ice Bag on Head Manger For inflammation of tlie brain, sunstroke, apoplexy etc (See pages 215, 216, and 21') J 911 (See page 99) o h a O If .cI %-a Fifi. 109 Cross Se.iion of Joint (aa> Capsule cliord, (1>) ball and socket joint filial with joint oil. (cc) ends of bones Fig. 170 Cross Section ok Joint with Sack Filled wrni Joint Oil (aa) Capsule cliorj bul^iin^ at right, (b) ball and socket joint, (cc) ends of bones, (d) bulging sack filled with joint oil Fia. 171 Swollen Fore Foot Rub upward in direction of Lymphatic duct (See Diseases of L\-mphatic System, page 2.^0j Fig. 17J Bear Paw Position of Rioht Hind Foot Fig. 174 (a) Sp.^yiN ON I^iGHT Hind Leg (See pages 259, 296, 299, 598 and 6v9J 912 ■''i^-^^i^ a ■^~/ Ql.? . r V- . '} yj Fig. 182 Ring Bon'E (See pages J. 256, 695 and 698) r 1 - \ , Q. Fig. IS-t Anatomy of the Foot (See pages 30 and 34) Fig. 183 BOSES OF THE FOOT (See paRes '■. md 324) r .; \ 1 . ,'/ Fig. 186 Navici;lar Lmsease (See page ^l^) Fig. 185 Side Bones ^'^^ '^R^^^.E, SIPE BONES ANP NaV,™.A. D.SEASE 9U KXUSTRXTEO TNDE^ CATTLE Fig. 187 Proper Type of Anblkl for Beef. Note the straight back and straight full legs (See page 74S) Fift. 188 Ideal Beef Type Note straight back, straight legs and low rectangular body (See page 745) 915 Fi^. IS-) CiiAMPiox Dairy SntiRiiioKX Cow of AubrR.\LiA Note triangular body (See page 745) Fig. 190 "JosEPnixK," Former Champion Milk Cow of the World I'ropijrty of the University of Missouri (See page 745) 916 I'-in. vn PosinoN OK TUi.. xMuuni Sling to Ass.sr tScc "Truubles in Calving." I'^iic 415) , , Pii ni (See "Troubii s m Cahing," page 415) .'^, Fig. 193 ?EIAL C.^LF W.n.lN IT^ M™B.^^M^^ tSce "Calving, pagc41-t) 917 919 920 Fi)i. 207 EVERSH">N OF THE \\\<.IN\ (ScC paye -12 Fiji. 208 REPi.AciNr. the Womb Injecting water presses Ijaek the portion of tlie womb that is telescoped (For "Eversion of the Womb." see page 424; Fig. 209 E\*ERSION OE THE W'OMP (See page 424. also Fig. 2U8 and Fig. Fig. 210 Bandage to Pre\'ent Iuhirsion oi. tiie Womb (Sec page 424} 921 FU- 21 Removing the Ai-terbirth A small P'_TSMn with a short arm is performing the operation (See page 421) (b) Hand iii ]Hisitifni to remo\'e membrane from womb, (c) part of membrane hanging out, (d) womb Jialf closed Fi^. 212 Ci,E\Ni>JG (Seepage 421) M) < 'peiiinc mb < iminig ; :lus<"3 Fig. 213 Sfravini; the Womb (,a) Woinlj, {\_i) P;jlvic bune, (c) collection of putrid rius, (dj opening ut womb (See "Cleaning." page 421) 922 Fig. 214 Skeleton of the Cow (See "Anatomy," page JS8) Fig. 215 POSITTC: O^ TRE LUNG 'See "Breathing Organs." page ,361) Fi^. 216 Ll"^ii^-Ja\v; Actinomycosis of the Jaw (See page 524) Fife. 217 Lump Jaw Skull Showing Enlargement (See page 524) Fiii. 218 Giving thl; Cow IMelicine (Sec page 542) 924 Fig. 219 Portions of a Steer's Hide Showing the Texas Fever Tick of the I'nited States Natural size — original (See page 508) 925 -. \i- 'KXtW Fifi. 220 Tuberculosis of 'jtii: Sirloin and Porterhouse Cu (S OF Beef (See page 519) Fig 221 TUBHRCTii.o'^is OF Plfura OF Cow — ^Po-Called Pearly Disease (See page 519) 926 lUBERCtlLOSlS OF THE LuN^"lS (See page 5iy) Fig. 22J A Test for Tiibercitlosis 1 jljing the nose shut Lause IreqULilt cougl ng (Seept^e =;i9) Fig 224 ■\ S'l'MPTOM OE TUBEREUEOSIS Coughhig is produced by this treatment when tlie bacli is bent (See page 519) 927 Fiji. 225 TuiirRCULOSIS 0|. I/iiI.ER OX RiGIIT SiDE (Sfe pa:4i- 5 I'll Fi|>. 226 Tuberculosis of Uddkr on Left Side (See page 519) ■■/ ,^ .-/".-i^lifr' Fig. 227 TUBERCULUblS (JF THE Ll'X(; The swellings or lumps displace the tissues and liindi-r the action of the lung Fig. 228 The TniiERi t'l.iN Test O Ih'poderniic needle inj'-ct'-d under skin (See page 522) Fift. 22<> Cat\'E Rtxos (IN Hmrxs of Cow (a) I.nrge space Ijecwcf-u rings sliowiiig cow was not pregnant one year 92S Fiii. 2M) A Visibly Tuberculuus Dairy Cow Such cattle expel tubercle bacilli almost without exception with their feces and witli the material that is drooled, slobbered, and sprayed from their mouths. It is asserted by some autliorities tliat they also expel tubercle bacilli directly throutih their udders with the milk. Cows of this kind are altogether too common in dairy herds (See patie 5 W) Fig. 2^1 A Dangerously Tuberclilous Cow The appearance of this animal is that of a well-kept family cow. She is dangerously tuberculous because she expels tubercle bacilli from her body per rectum with her feces (See page 519) 929 Fig 2^2 InX RRCrr TRE-\IMt.\T R Bl \T (The front feet are on a level with tlie hind feet.) The syringe or hose (c) goes down into the contents of the stomach (b) at (d) and becomes clogged, (a) Is gas forming over the contents of the stomach (See "Bloating," page 380 and "Choking," page 378) Fig. 233 Correct TREATMi;\'T for Bloat (The front feet should be higher than the hind feet.) (d) Is ttie end of the hose fc) which reaches to the region of gas (a) but does not reach into the contents of the stomach (See "Bloating," page 380 and "Choking," page 378) 9.^0 Fig. 234 Tapping for Bloat The cow is tapped on the left side (See page 380) Kifi. 235 A Trocar Used in tapping for bloat (See page 380) Fig. 236 Tapping with a Knife for Bloat If a trocar and canula are not at hand use a knife after whicli tlie incision should be sewed up (See page 380) Fig. 237 Rope Bridle for Bloat First fasten the heavy rope coil, wliicli has been put in the mouth, back of the horns, then push the hose down into the stoniacli (See page 380 and Fig. 2i3) Fig. 2,(8 Position of the Paunch and Intestines of Cow If tapped on the right side the intestines would be injured. For bloat tap on the left side as indicated. (See Page 380.1 Imp action " '■< -"- 'C! - — j_;:ae»*trt Fig. 25J Dropsy aiised Ijy an affecti'd lieart. Swelliii;^'S, in wliicli tlimer i>rints reniain after pressure, appear on tlir<'at, front part of clli'st ami le)\ver part of eliest (See page 40.^) Fift. 254 CovKR I'OR Tiir; 1/ddek 936 - •- ^^.^^^'^"^'^^^•^SS'-- Fig. 255 Swollen Throat Veins Showin^^ affection of heart and pericardium (See page 403) 'r*^*^'»-r'/~^ Fig. 256 (iooij Tkwder Skin Which Is Easily I^ii-tlij, Indicating (.;oou Condition 937 Fig. 257 To PkE\"EXT SlRAINlXti \\'l)Il-H t rmRELriX*. THE PoMriON OV THE CaLF '•(^Sjst Fri 2'!8 Cow WITH blTKEH HklDLE TO PrE\ ENT SutKIN 938 Fig. 259 Herxia (a) Flank hernia, (b) abdominal hernia (Sec page 399) Fi}>. 260 iANDAGE FOR FlANK HerNIA (See page 399) 939 Fig.. 2(>1 To Keep Tail ( )i r of Filth (Cow standing) Fig. 262 To Keiip Tail Out of Filth {cow l\-ing down) Fig 263 To Klfp from Jumping a Fence or Running Away Fig. 264 How THE Rope Is Tied Fig. 265 AIethoei of FIoldim. the Hind Foot Fig. 266 I'^OOT Shackle 940 Fig. 2()7 Foot and Mouth Disease Note discharge from mouth (See page 511) Fift. 2<.S Foot AND ^loiiu I'iskase (a) Sores oil tiiiiltr (See page .S 1 1 ) Fig. 269 Foot and Mouth Disease (a) Sores between toes (See page 511) 941 Fig. 270 Foot and Mol:th Disease (a) Sores in mouth and on tongue (See page 511) Fig. 271 Method of Holding Ani.\l\l for Castratiox Fiji. 272 First Tut Tiiii: Aitachment in Front as Indicated Fig. 273 Next, Twist the Sper- MA lie Cord or Tie as IN Fig. ,?7-i 5*^ Fig. 274 Twist the Spermatic Cor HEj(jRE Cuttixc; CASTRATIOX (See paKe4S7) 942 Fig. 275 The Spermatic Cord AIay liE Knotted as above BEFORE C'utTING i o ^ I> ^ -, ^,ri>- -■ 943 4 .jr.% F.S. 280 Milk Fever N„te liend is tiirne.i to one side tSee I, age 431) K Fig. 282 Bicycle Pump Fig. 283 Milking Tube 9 Fig. 281 Steel Tube Ready l'« STEkU.IZl\., Pig. 284 Steel Tube f'"ed with SterilizpJ APPAR.^TUS LOR TREATIXr, ,„I.K FEVEr"™ (See page 431) ^-i-ViiK 944 ILLUSTRATED INDEX SHEEP Fig. 285 Giving the Sheep Medicine -^aution— Paise the nose but a little or the medicine will go down the wron,: way. get 945 FLV (a) Cjadfly. (h) larva (See page 5(j()) Fi)>. 298 T,4RVAE OK Sheep Gadfly Which Creeps throucii the Nostrils (a) Roof of mouth, (be) nostrils, (rl) larvae (See page 560) 948 % l-_ Fig. 2<)9 Dragging is the \\'ron(, Wav jo Mu\ e a SniiEF •■^i^.. 'x^r i-^m fj' grfc- *^i.'^4j^H.< itA^':': .I;j^^"^.^^^*:^-£^^U:.l-/^ "^^a^ej:^ ; Fig. 3n0 The Righi Way to Move a Sheep sy£- ATDSS Fig. 302 CiiARr Givixij THE N.Mits III THh N'akiuus Cuts Ol' MuiIO.N' 95U ILLUSTRATED INDEX HOGS f J\ Fift. MM Fig. 304 A Fine Litter of Chester Whites 951 Fig. 305 Or:1AN'SOF THE IIilG _ , „ I 1, brain; 2, spinal nerve; 3, ^vindpiI,e; 4, gullet; S, heart; 6 lungs; /, stomach; Ssnial intestines; 9. lartje intestines; 10, bladder; 11, womb; 12. ovary conneUed to the womb; 13, kidney; 14. urine passaRe connecting kidney witn bladder; 15, rectum Fig. 306 To Keep bow HiDM haiiNG Hi-:r Fit^s (a) Piece of a stiff leather or bootleg, (b, c. <1) bands or straps for fasten. ng Fig. 307 IlARPEXED Nipple (See inflammation of milk glands, page 593) 952 i a jf* - ^ "< I t V-S tl,/f^f^"''^^'' ^'' Fig SOS Railin J IN FURROWING Pen 1 3 Par f\t ■- \ 1 1 jM Lmn j on hie Pirs F[g. .110 FsiSTENriN'G OF A NooMi TO REMOVE PiG (.See "Farrowing." page 591} Fiji. .l^^am*5^'^"l|a^'«t;-*^^ Fig. 318 A Continuous PoirLTRV House (See "Poultry Houses," page 610) Fig, 319 Pure Bred White W'vandottes 955 Fig. 321 Scaly Le(; (See pages 608 and ;j5) Fig. 320 Gape Worms in Windpipe (See pages 603 and 734) Fig. 322 ChICKP:N ClKJLIiRA (See pages 602, 733 and 731) FiS. 323 Rov^p (See Images 599 and 7^5) ')S6 '»--'"' Fig. 324 Row OF Nests for Laying Hens Fig. 325 Feed Trough Fig. 326 Nest for SErn.vG H[;n Fig. 327 A-Sii.\PED Coop for Hen and Chickens FiJ. 328 Box Coop for Hi:n and Chickens pju 32*) f'S- •*■*'* m R.iosTs \n'd Hinged Nest Boxes Interior Poultry House. Showinc; Duck- CURTAINED I^ui^- - - Co\-ERED W'iNDOW SEli POULTRY HOC.SES (Pages 610 to f.2.)) 957 I. ^i I Fig. 331 V. y Instrl^vikn'ts T_''sp:d ix ("apoxizin(.; (a) ranula, 0)) twisting scoop, fc") knife for making incisiun, UV) spring spreader, (e) sliding spreader, (f) nipp(-rs, (gj ?;Tobe fur pushing aside intestines, (h) lii>ok for tearing membrane Fig. 33i SmnviNC. Meiiiod oi' Siccurini: Fowl, ai,so Sprkadkr IN Pl.A<_I-: Fiji. 333 Re.vdv to Make the Incision Fig. 334 DiAijRA.M SiiowiM. Where Intisiun Shui i,d Be Made- -BiCTWEEN Last Two Ribs Fig. 335 Canula in Use Tin- lower aperture appears in the illustration simply to show canula in operation, and of course is not marie in the fowl) Fig. 336 TwisriNt, Scooi* IN Use CAPONIZING (See page 7H5) 958 *i1.J,^7 Fia. J.?s Capons Dressed for Market These illustrations show appearance after picking, but do not show fowls in perfect condition of Hesli (See page 790) 959 t J:P|lijl«»lilfili ^^ --s^B.-^^'S^'- Fig.3,W A Row OF CoLoxY Houses (See "Poultry 1 ioiuses," paye 010) Fig. 340 A Single Colony House (See "Pouitiy Houses," page 610) 960 aia«c