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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 
 UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TEEEIIORIES 
 
 F. V. HAXDEN, T7. S. Geologist-ik-Chakge 
 
 UISCELLAIIEOVS FUBLICATIOITS-No. 11 
 
 Birds of the Colorado Valley 
 
 A EEPOBITOET OF 
 
 SCIENTIFIC AND POPULAR INFORMATION 
 
 CONCEBNISG 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGY 
 
 BY ELLIOTT COUES 
 
 ''HXd\ ■^X&s x^Xtdwv xaka^ &pa<; ayooaa 
 
 PART FIRST 
 Passeres to iJaniideB 
 
 Bibliographical Ajypendix 
 
 Seventy Illmtrations 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVEENMEITT FEINTING OFEICE 
 1878 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 
 
 TJ. S. Geological akd GrEOGKAPHiCAL 
 
 SUETET OF THE TERKITOEIES, 
 
 Washington, B. C, Octoler 31, 1878, 
 SIR: 
 
 I have the honor to transmit herewith, for approval and for 
 
 publication, Part First of a treatise entitled "Birds of the 
 
 Colorado Valley ", which I have taken great paias to render 
 
 worthy of favorable consideration as a repository of scienttftc 
 
 andpopular information concerning North American ornithology. 
 
 I am, Sir, &c., 
 
 ^^ 
 
 <^~tnic/ 
 
 De. F. Y. Hatben, 
 
 U. 8, Geologist, &c., <fcc., 
 
 Washington, B. 0. 
 
PBEFATOBY NOTE 
 
 TJ. S. Geological and Geogeaphical 
 
 SUBTET OP THE TeREITOEIES, 
 
 Washington^ D. C, November 1, 1878. 
 
 RESULTS of Dr. Coues's continued studies of North Ameri- 
 can ornithology, in connection with the Survey under 
 my charge, are herewith presented as one of the series of Miscel- 
 laneous Publications (Ko. 11). Should circumstances favor the 
 completion of the work, upon which the author is stUl engaged 
 and which is already not far from finished, the remaining portion 
 may be expected. The present treatise may be regarded as com- 
 plementary to the "Birds of the Northwest" {Misc. Pub. No. 3). 
 It covers much ground not gone over in the latter work, in all 
 that relates to the technicalities of the general subject, as well 
 as to the particular life-histories of the birds composing the 
 remarkable avian fauna of the Colorado Basin. As originally 
 projected for publication in a different connection, the work 
 consisted merely of a report upon the peculiar features of bird- 
 life in the area under consideration, with biogTaphies of the 
 species not treated in the "Birds of the Northwest"- But the 
 author's resources have proved to be so largely in excess of the 
 requirements of such a report that the work has outgrown the 
 limits of a single volume, and become a ftdl exposition of our 
 present knowledge of the subject, by the incorporation of much 
 technical matter concerning North American ornithology at 
 large, hitherto the private possession of the author and now 
 first made accessible to the public. 
 
 The whole subject of the bibliography of North American 
 ornithology, and of the synonymy of North American birds, 
 has been worked up anew from the very bottom, as a matter of 
 original personal investigation admitting of nothing at second- 
 hand. Not only the birds of the Colorado VaUey, but also all 
 others of North America, are thus exhaustively treated, their 
 synonymy and bibliography being at length placed upon a 
 satisfactory basis. In points of accuracy, completeness and 
 thorough reliability it is believed that this side of the work 
 
VI BIEDS OF THE COLORADO VALLEY 
 
 •will compare so favorably with what has before been done in the 
 bibliography of any department of science as to fiirnish a model 
 for the future. 
 
 Since the appearance of the "Birds of the ^N'orthwest" it has 
 been a matter of frequently expressed regret that the accounts 
 of the birds treated in that volume did not include such descrip- 
 tions of the species as should enable those using the work to 
 identify specimens they might have in hand. It has been 
 deemed advisable to supply this want in the present treatise, 
 especially as a considerable proportion of the characteristic 
 birds of the Colorado YaUey are not so well known as are most 
 of those inhabiting the region of the Missouri. The descrip- 
 tions are original, iu nearly every case having been drawn up 
 by the author directly from the specimens themselves, with 
 great regard to precision of concise statement. All the species 
 ascertained to occur in the VaUey of the Colorado, being those 
 which form the special subject of the work, are thus treated, the 
 other I^orth American birds of which the volume takes account 
 being introduced only with their synonymy and a brief state- 
 ment of the habitat of each. 
 
 Eespecting the biographies or "life-histories" of the birds, 
 which constitute the main text of the present volume, the 
 author's view, that this portion of the subject should be so far 
 divested of technicahty as to meet the tastes and wants of the 
 pubhc rather than the scientific requirements of the schoolmen 
 in ornithology, will doubtless meet with general and emphatic 
 approval It is possible to make natural history entertaining 
 and attractive as well as instructive, with no loss in scientific 
 precision, but with great gain in stimrdating, strengthening and 
 confirming the wholesome influence which the study of the 
 natural sciences may exert upon the higher grades of mental 
 culture; nor is it a matter of little moment to so shape the 
 knowledge which results from the naturaUsf s labors that its 
 increase may be susceptible of the widest possible diffusion. 
 
 The first twelve sheets of this volume (to p. 192) were printed 
 in 1876, when other engagements obliged the author to inter- 
 rupt the preparation of the work. The printing was resumed in 
 1878, and is completed at the date of this prefatory. A few 
 impressions of the earlier sheets may have already been in pri- 
 vate circulation, but no portion of the work is published prior 
 to this date. The types of pp. 1-192 having been distributed 
 without stereotyping after only 1,600 impressions had been 
 
PREFATORY NOTE VU 
 
 taken, it will be necessary to reset this portion if a larger edi- 
 tion is required; and in order to secure uniformity, the composi- 
 tion should be, if possible, in/ae simile. 
 
 The illustrations of the present volume are chiefly those which 
 formerly appeared in the same author's "Key to North Ameri- 
 can Birds". 
 
 According to the report rendered by the author, the present 
 part of the work carries the subject through Passeres to LaniicUB. 
 The whole consists in a systematic treatise on the families, gen- 
 era and species represented ia the Colorado VaUey — ^that is to 
 say, in the whole region drained by the Colorado Eiver of the 
 West and its tributaries, as far south as the present Mexican 
 boundary of the United States. The watershed of this great river 
 includes Arizona, much of New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada, a 
 part of the State of Colorado, and some of Southern California. 
 The faunal area thus circumscribed is nearly that of the " Great 
 Basia", and corresponds with the "Middle Faunal Province" of 
 some zoo-geographers, as distinguished from the "Western " and 
 "Eastern" Provinces respectively. The main chain of the Eocky 
 Mountains, or great continental divide, bounds it on the east, as 
 the Sierras Nevadas do on the west. To the north Mes the Salt 
 Lake VaUey; southward the boundary is an arbitrary political 
 one. In the last-named direction, the fauna changes insensibly 
 by the gradual gain of a "neotropical" complexion, though 
 many " nearctic" features are impressed upon the table-lands of 
 Mexico. The proper fauna of that country is prefigured in the 
 area under consideration by the various subtropical forms of bird- 
 life which have successively been found within the border of the 
 United States in the VaUey of the GUa, as in that of the Lower 
 Rio Grande of Texas. Both to the east and to the west the 
 geographical boundaries already mentioned correspond quite 
 closely with the limits of the natural faunal areas; for we miss 
 in the Colorado Valley some characteristic forms both of the 
 Pacific slope proper and of the Eastern United States at large. 
 Northward the Great Basin narrows like a wedge thrust in 
 between the converging Eastern and Western Provinces. 
 
 No other portion of the United States of equal area offers 
 such varied surface conditions and such climatic extremes. The 
 region is hedged about by mountain ranges of immense extent 
 and elevation, and contains many other lofty chains and peaks, 
 while the greater part of the country is low, hot and arid. The 
 
Vm BIRDS OF THE COLOEADO VALLEY 
 
 highly diverse topography of the country is strongly reflected 
 in the temperature, the rainfall, and the course of the seasons 
 of this remarkable region, and these in turn leave their impress 
 upon animal and vegetable hfe, with the result that contiguous 
 areas of iasignificant geographical extent may differ as much 
 in their natural productions as if they stretched over many 
 degrees of latitude. In the Colorado Basin, in fact, as appears 
 to be the case in most portions of Mexico, the distribution and 
 migrations of birds may be regarded as affected by altitude 
 rather than by latitude or longitude; and we have a striking 
 instance of the convertibility of these two factors of the general 
 equation. The birds here find their summer and winter homes, 
 and perform their migrations, rather according to "the lay of 
 the land" than with reference to degrees of latitude. 
 
 A portion of the Colorado YaUey, iu Southwestern Arizona 
 and adjoining parts of California, has long been known as the 
 hottest place in the United States. At Fort Yuma, on the 
 Colorado Eiver at the mouth of the Gila, iu latitude 32° 32', 
 longitude 114° 36' 9", the mean annual rainfall does not exceed 
 five inches. A teipperature of 119° F. has been recorded, and for 
 weeks in succession the mercury may rise above 100° daily. For 
 several hundred miles the great river rises but little, its elevation 
 at Fort Mojave, for instance, being only about 525 feet. South- 
 em and Western Arizona is a torrid, alkaline waste ; in fact, 
 a part of the "Great American Desert"; yet in the central 
 portion of the Territory rise the magnificent San Francisco 
 Mountains, 12,562 feet high, pine-clad, and snow-capped during 
 a portion of the year ; and at Fort Whipple, with an altitude 
 of 5,335 feet, the general course of the seasons is not materially 
 different from that in the Middle Atlantic States. A day's jour- 
 ney from the last-mentioned locality will show differences in 
 the bird-fauna comparable, for instance, to those distinguish- 
 ing Massachusetts from the District of Columbia. Many of 
 the birds of Fort Yuma and Fort Whipple respectively are total 
 strangers to each other. 
 
 Such striking features as are here briefly indicated render the 
 study of the birds of this region specially attractive, and exact 
 information respecting their distribution and movements within 
 the area in question is very desirable. The whole subject is 
 elucidated in detail in the present treatise. 
 
 Aside from the local perturbations resulting from topograph- 
 ical and climatic diversity within small areas, the bird-fauna 
 of the Colorado Valley is in a sense homogeneous and rather 
 
PEEFATOEY NOTE IX 
 
 compact, being well marked by a large proportion of highly 
 characteristic, if not wholly peculiar, species. The resulting 
 aspect of the bird-fauna is far more strongly pronounced than 
 is ordinarily found to be the case with areas of corresponding 
 dimensions. As might be expected from aridity of such extent 
 and to such degree as is witnessed in the Colorado Valley, the 
 prime mark of the birds of the region is that pallor of colora- 
 tion which is now well known to result from the combined effects 
 of heat and dryness. It is the extreme of a condition very sen- 
 sibly offered by the birds of the Great Plains at large. In some 
 cases we here find that the modification of a common stock has 
 produced forms sufficiently distinct from their respective allies 
 to meet the requirements of "species"; while in many more 
 instances strongly marked geographical races are developed by 
 the same natural causes operating less intensely, less continu- 
 ously, or upon less susceptible material. It is unnecessary in 
 this place to cite examples, as such cases are already well known 
 to ornithologists. It may be added, as a curious fact iu the 
 matter of the modifications here witnessed, that the tail is length- 
 ened in many cases of birds which otherwise differ from their 
 respective allies md.inly by the bleached coloration just noticed. 
 
 A few words upon the progress of our knowledge of the birds 
 of the region under consideration will not be out of place here. 
 It is only within the last twenty-five years that we have acquired 
 any considerable information respectiag the ornithology of the 
 Colorado Basiu. Shortly after Nuttall and Townsend largely 
 increased our knowledge of Western birds from localities much 
 further north, Dr. William Gambel gave us welcome advices 
 in various papers published by the Philadelphia Academy from 
 1843 to 1849 ; and this naturalist may be considered as a pioneer 
 in this field. He was succeeded by Dr. S. W. Woodhouse, who 
 accompanied an expedition to the Zuni and Colorado Elvers, 
 and prepared a valuable paper published in 1853 in Sitgreaves's 
 Eeport. Mr. Cassia's well-known "Illustrations", completed 
 in 1856, contain colored figures of many interesting species, 
 and include the timely field-notes of Col. Gr. A. McCall, Dr. A. 
 L. Heermann, and other naturalists who had made personal 
 observations in the field. A stride forward was taken when the 
 Eeports of the Pacific Eailroad and Mexican Boundary appeared ; 
 the technicalities of the subject being admirably worked out by 
 Professor Baird in these volumes, while the same publications 
 include the field-notes of the naturalists attached to the several 
 
X BIRDS OF THE COLOEADO VALLEY 
 
 Surveys, as Dr. Heermann, already mentioned, Dr. C. B. E. Ken- 
 nedy, Mr. J. H. Clarke, Mr. Arthur Schott, and others. Dr. T. 
 C. Henry, then of the Army, published several valuable papers 
 on the birds of Ifew Mexico at about this time, and Dr. J. G. 
 Cooper gained much additional information during his some- 
 what later residence in Arizona. Much, however, remained to 
 be done when Dr. Coues entered Arizona in 1864, and spent 
 nearly two years in studying the natural history of the Terri- 
 tory. He published in 1866 the first formal list of the birds of 
 Arizona, describing new species and adding others to the fauna 
 of the United States; and his personal experiences, now for the 
 first time set forth in full, afford a large basis of the biographi- 
 cal portion of the present treatise. Lieutenant (now Captain) 
 Charles Bendire, TJ. S. A., subsequently resided for some time 
 in Southern AjMona, where he made large collections of nests 
 and eggs, and furnished much information respecting the breed- 
 ing habits of the birds, which was published in part by Dr. 
 Coues, but principally by Dr. T. M. Brewer. By far the most 
 important contributions hitherto offered to the natural his- 
 tory proper of the birds of New Mexico and Arizona are those 
 recently made by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, during his connection 
 with the Engineer Survey West of the 100th Meridian. This 
 accomplished ornithologist has added many new species to 
 the fauna of the United States, and has published the most 
 complete list we possess of the b^rds of Arizona ; while his 
 extensive memoir iq the 4to Eeports of the Survey mentioned 
 gives us much new information respecting the distribution and 
 the habits of the birds of New Mexico and Arizona. 
 
 I may also advert in the present connection to several late 
 publications upon the birds of contiguous regions as bearing 
 upon the special subject. Among these may be mentioned the 
 papers on Texan birds by H. E. Dresser, H. B. Butcher, C. A. H. 
 McCauley, J. C. Merrill, and Gr. B. Sennett ; on those of Colo- 
 rado by C. E. Aiken and C. H. Holden, and E. Eidgway ; to Mr. 
 Henshaw's List of the Birds of Utah ; to Dr. Cooper's work on 
 the ornithology of California ; to Mr. J. A. AUen'sEeconnois- 
 sance in Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah ; and especially 
 to Mr. Eidgway's important memoir on the Ornithology of the 
 Survey of the 40th Parallel. 
 
 It is believed that the present volume will be found to be a 
 thorough digest of the information we possess upon the subject. 
 
 F. V. HAYDEN, 
 United States Geologist. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER I.— THEUSHES 
 
 Page. 
 Family TUEDID^ 1 
 
 Genus Tardus, 7. — ^The Eobin, 8. — ^Varied Thrush, 14. — Hermit 
 Thrush, 20.— Wood Thrash, 28.— OUve-baoked Thrash, 34.— Wil- 
 son's Thrush, 39. — Genus Myiadestes, 43. — Townsend's Fly-oatohing 
 Thrush, 44. — Genus Oroseoptes, 48. — ^Mountain MocMngbird, 48. — 
 Crenus Mimus, 53. — The Mockinghird, 53. — The Catbird, 56. — Genus 
 Hwrporhynchus, 60. — Brown Thrasher, 61. — Curve-billed Thrasher, 
 64. — Arizona Thrasher, 67. — Saint Lucas Thrasher, 68. — ^Yuma 
 Thrasher, 70. — Crissal Thrasher, 73. 
 
 CECAPTEE n.— BLUEBIEDS 
 
 FamUy Saxicoi,id.«; 76 
 
 Genus Sialia, 76. — ^Wilson's Bluebird, 77. — ^Western or Mexican 
 Bluebird, 80. — Arctic or Eocky Mountain Bluebird, 82. 
 
 CHAPTEE in.— DIPPEES 
 Family Chjcled^ 84 
 
 Genus Cincliis, 84. — ^American Dipper, 89. 
 
 CHAPTEE IV.— OLD WOELD WAEBLEES 
 Family Stlviii>.3E 91 
 
 Genus Begulv,s, 92. — ^Euby-crowned Kinglet, 92. — American Golden- 
 crested Kinglet, 96. — Genus PolwpUla, 101. — ^Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, 
 101. — ^Plumbeous Gnatcatcher, 105. — Black-capped Gnatcatcher, 106. 
 
 CHAPTEE v.— WEEN-TITS 
 
 Faroily CHAMiEiD^ 108 
 
 Genus Chamvea, 108.— The Wren-tit, 108. 
 
 CHAPTEE VL— TITMICE 
 
 PamUy Paeid^ Ill 
 
 Genus Lophophames, 112. — Tufted Titmouse, 113. — ^Plain Titmouse, 
 114. — ^Black-crested Titmouse, 116. — Bridled Titmouse, 117. — Genus 
 Pamn, 119. — Long-tailed Chickadee, 120. — Mountain Chickadee, 
 122. — Genus Faaltriparus, 123. — ^Least Bush-tit, 124. — Plvmibeous 
 Bush-tit, 125. — Genus Awiparue, 129. — Yellow-headed Verdin, 129. 
 
 xi 
 
XU BIEDS OF THE COLORADO VALLEY 
 
 CHAPTER Vn.— NUTHATCHES 
 
 ' Page. 
 
 Family Sittid^ 132 
 
 Genua Sitta, 133.— Slender-WUed Nuthatch, 134.— Eed-hellied Nut- 
 hatch, 136.— Pygmy Nuthatch, 139. 
 
 CHAPTER Vni.— CREEPERS 
 Family CEKTHUD^ffi; 143 
 
 Genus CertUa, 143. — Bro-wn Creeper, 135. 
 
 CHAPTER rx.— "WRENS 
 Family TEOGLODTTiDiB 152 
 
 Gemas Campylorhynchua, 154. — Cactus Wren, 156. — Genus Salpinctes, 
 159.— Rock Wren, 159.— Genus Catherpes, 163.— Canon Wren, 164.— 
 Genus Thryothyrus, 167. — Carolina Wren, 168. — Genus Thryomanea, 
 167.— White-beUied Wren, 169.— Genus Troglodytes, 167.— Western 
 House Wren, 171. — Genus Anorthura, 167. — ^Winter Wren, 176. — 
 Genus Telmatodytes, 168. — Long-hilled Marsh Wren, 178. — Genus 
 Cistothorua, 168.— Short-biUed Marsh Wren, 180. 
 
 CHAPTER X.— LARKS 
 Family Aiaudidje 182 
 
 Genus MremopMla, 185. — Homed Lark, 186. 
 
 CHAPTER XL— WAGTAILS 
 Family MoTACiLLrD.*; 191 
 
 Genus AntJius, 192. — American Pipit or Titlark, 193. 
 
 CHAPTER XH.— AMERICAN WARBLERS 
 
 Family Stlvicolidjs 196 
 
 ( Carebidw — Certliiola — Bahaman Honey-creeper, 197. ) — Genus 
 MnioUlta, 204. — Black-and--white Warbler, 204. — Genus Parula, 
 206.— Sennett's Warbler, 207.— Blue Yellow-backed Warbler, 208.— 
 Genus Protonotaria, 210. — Prothonotary Warbler, 210. — Genus Sel- 
 mintherus, 211.— Worm-eating Warbler, 211. — Swainson's Warbler, 
 212. — Genus Melminthophaga, 210. — ^White-throated Warbler, 213. — 
 Lawrence's Warbler, 214.— Baohman's Warbler, 214.— Blue-winged 
 Yellow Warbler, 214.— Blue Golden-winged Warbler, 216.— Lucy's 
 Warbler, 219.— Virginia's Warbler, 222.— Nashville Warbler, 224.— 
 Orange-crowned Warbler, 226.— Tennessee Warbler, 230. — Genus 
 PeucedramM, 232.— Olive Warbler, 233.— Genus Bendrceca, 235.— Blue 
 Mountain Warbler, 237.— Carbonated Warbler, 237.— Black-throated 
 Green Warbler, 240.— Golden-cheeked Warbler, 241.— Black-throated 
 Blue Warbler, 241.— Bay-breasted Warbler, 243.— Chestnut-sided 
 Warbler, 244.— Cape May Warbler, 245.— Prairie Warbler, 246.— 
 YeUow-throated Warbler, 247.— Kirtland's Warbler, 249.— Yellow 
 Red-poll Warbler, 249.— Pine-creeping Warbler, 251.— Summer 
 Yellow-bird, 252.— Hermit Warbler, 258.— Townsend's Warbler, 
 260.— Black-throated Gray Warbler, 263.— Coerulean Warbler, 267.— 
 
TABLE OP CONTENTS XIU 
 
 Page. 
 Family SYLViCOLiDiB— Continued. 
 
 Audubon's "Warbler, 271.— Yellow-rumped Warbler, 278.— Black- 
 bumian Warbler, 284.— Black-poll Warbler, 288.— Black-and-yellow 
 Warbler, 290.— Grace's Warbler, 292.— Genus Siunis, 396.— Golden- 
 crowned Accentor, 297. — Aquatic Accentor, 299. — Large-billed 
 Accentor, 299. — Genua Oporornis, 308. — Connecticut Warbler, 308. — 
 Kentucky Warbler, 309.— Genus Geothlypis, 308.— Maryland YeUow- 
 throat, 309.— MacgilUvray's Warbler, 312.— Mourning Warbler, ' 
 313. — Genus Icteria, 316. — ^Yellow-breasted Chat, 320. — Genus Myio- 
 dioctes, 323. — CanadianFly-catchijigWarbler,323. — Hooded Warbler, 
 324. — Wilson's Green Black-capped Fly-catching Warbler, 326. — 
 Genus CardelUna, 330. — ^Eed-faced Warbler, 331. — Vermilion Fly- 
 catcher, 331. — Genus Setojahaga, 334. — Genus Basileuierus, 335. — 
 Painted Flycatcher, 335.— The Redstart, 337. 
 Addendum TO Chap. XII 346 
 
 CHAPTER XIII.— TA^AGEES 
 Family Tanagkid^ 348 
 
 Genus Muplwnia, 349. — Coelestial Tanager, 349. — Genus Pyranga, 
 350. — Scarlet Tanager, 350. — Summer Eedbird, 352. — Hepatic Tana- 
 ger, 355. — Crimson-headed Tanager, 358. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV.— SWALLOWS 
 Family HmtrNDmiD^ 364 
 
 Names of Swallows, 369. — General Distribution of Swallows, 371. — 
 Migration of Swallows, 372.— ^Bibliography of the subject, 378. — 
 Architecture of Swallows, 391.-^Bibliography of the subject, 396. — 
 Abnormal coloration of Swallows, 400. — General habits and traits of 
 Swallows, 401. — Genus -ffintndo, 406. — ^American Bam Swallow, 407. — 
 Genus Tachycineta, 412. — ^White-bellied Swallow, 413. — Violet-green 
 Swallow, 419. — Genus Petroclielidon, 425. — Eave, CHfif, or Crescent 
 Swallow, 426. — Genus Cotyle, 435. — Bank Swallow, or Sand Martin, 
 435. — Genus Stelgidopteryx, 438. — Rough-winged Swallow, 438. — 
 Genus Progne, 444. — Purple Martin, 445. 
 Notes TO THIS Chaptek 449 
 
 CHAPTER XV.— WAXWINGS 
 Family AMPELiDiE 451 
 
 Genus Ampelis, 451. — ^Bibliography of the genus, 453. — The Bohe- 
 mian Waxwing, 459. — ^The Carolina Waxwing, 470. — Genus PKwno- 
 pepla, 474. — Crested Shining-black White-winged Flysnapper, 475. — 
 Nest and eggs of Myiadestes lovmsendi, 480. 
 
 CHAPTER XVL— GREENLETS 
 
 Family ViREONiD^ 483 
 
 Genus Vireo, 484. — ^Number of primaries in Oscines, 486. — ^Yellow- 
 green Vireo, 490. — Moustached Greenlet, 491. — Brotherly-love Green- 
 let, 492.— Yellow-throated Greenlet, 493.— Red-eyed Greenlet, 495.— 
 
XIV BIRDS OF THE COLORADO VALLEY 
 
 Page. 
 Family Vireonid.*; — Continued. 
 Warbling Greenlet, 501. — Blue-headed Greenlet, 505. — Cassin's 
 Greenlet, 514. — Plumbeous Greenlet, 515. — Gray Greenlet, 517. — 
 WMte-eyed Greenlet, 520. — Hutton's Greenlet, 525. — ^Bell's Greenlet, 
 526. — Least Greenlet, 531. — Black-capped Greenlet, 533. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII.— SHRIKES 
 Family LANirD.aE 535 
 
 Genus Lanius, 536. — On the use and meaning of Shriies' names, 
 537. — On the American species of Lanius, 542. — Of Shrikes in a state 
 of nature, 546. — ^The Great Northern Shrike, 558. — The Conunon 
 American Shrike, 561. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX 
 
 List op FAinsrAL Publications relating to North Ambricajst 
 Ornithology 567 
 
 Index to Bibliography..... 747 
 
 Index to whole volume 785 
 
LIST OF ILLU8TEATI0N8 
 
 Page. 
 
 Tail-pieceto "Table of Contents" jdv 
 
 Tail-piece to " List of Illustrations " xvi 
 
 Fig. 1. Typical Passerine foot 1 
 
 2. "Booted" tarsus (foot of Robin) 5 
 
 3. HeadofEobin 10 
 
 4. Head of Wood Thrush 27 
 
 5. Details of external form of Jlfyiadestes 43 
 
 6. The Mockingbii-d 55 
 
 7. Foot of Catbird 57 
 
 8. Head of Brown Thrasher 62 
 
 9. Head of Curve-billed Thrasher 65 
 
 10. Head of Arizona Thrasher 68 
 
 11. Head of Saint Lucas Thrasher 69 
 
 12. Head of California Thrasher 71 
 
 13. Head of Crissal Thrasher 73 
 
 14. Details of structure of ;S(raicote 76 
 
 15. American Dipper 85 
 
 16. Golden-crested Kinglet 98 
 
 17. Heads of Blue-gray and Black-capped Gnatcatchers 102 
 
 18. Tails of Black-capped and Plumbeous Gnatcatchers 107 
 
 19. Head of Bridled Titmouse 118 
 
 20. A typical Paras (P. atrieapillui) 120 
 
 21. Head of Canada Nuthatch 136 
 
 22. Head, foot and tail-feather of Creeper 143 
 
 23. Carolina Wren 169 
 
 24. Winter Wren 177 
 
 25. HomedLark 189 
 
 26. Head and foot of Yellow Wagtail 192 
 
 27. Bill and foot of American Pipit 194 
 
 28. A typical MotaciUine 195 
 
 29. Black and White Creeper 205 
 
 30. Worm-eating Warbler 211 
 
 31. Blue Golden-winged Warbler 217 
 
 32. Black-throated Green Warbler 240 
 
 33. Chestnut-sided Warbler 244 
 
 34. Black-throated Gray Warbler 264 
 
 35. YeUow-rumped Warbler 283 
 
 36. Black-poll Warbler 288 
 
 37. Black and YeUow Warbler 291 
 
 38. Golden-crowned Accentor 296 
 
 39. Kentucky Warbler 309 
 
 40. Maryland YeUow-throat 312 
 
 XT 
 
XVI BIEDS OF THE COLORADO VALLEY 
 
 Page. 
 
 Fig.41. YeUow-broasted Chat 317 
 
 42. Canadian Fly-catolimg Warbler 324 
 
 43. Hooded Fly-catching Warbler 325 
 
 44. AVilson's Green Black-capped Fly-catching Warbler 328 
 
 45. Outline of head of Hepatic Tanager... 356 
 
 46. Detail^ of structure of Bam Swallow 408 
 
 47. White-bellied SwaUow 414 
 
 48. Creacent Swallow 450 
 
 49. Wiag ot Ampelis garnilus 461 
 
 50. Head of Cherry-bird 472 
 
 50 Jis. Setophaga picta (j^. 335) 482 
 
 51. A Vireo (F. gilvus) 484 
 
 52. Vireo flavovindia 490 
 
 53. Vireo iarbatultis 492 
 
 54. Vireo pMladelpliieus 493 
 
 55. Vireo flavifrom 494 
 
 56. Vireo olivaoeus - 496 
 
 57. Vireo gilvus 501 
 
 58. Vireo swainsoni 502 
 
 59. Vireo aolitarius 506 
 
 60. Vireo plumbeut 515 
 
 61. Vireo noveiwacensis 520 
 
 62. Vireo Imttoni 525 
 
 63. Vireo lelli 527 
 
 64. Vireo pusilhia 531 
 
 65. BiUsofShrikes 536 
 
 66. Aspect of a Shrike 547 
 
 Tail-piece to "Index" 807 
 
BIRDS OF THE COLORADO YALLEY 
 
 CHAPTER I.— THEUSHES 
 
 Fam. TURDID^ 
 
 THE birds of this family, together with those of the families 
 which follow in this work to the Flycatchers (Tyrannidce), 
 inclusively, belong to the great gromp of Passeres. Any Passerine 
 bird of this country may be recognized by the character of the 
 feet, which are perfectlj' fitted for grasping — in other words, for 
 perching upon such support as the twigs of trees, for instance. 
 Though many kinds of birds, such as Birds of Prey, Herons, 
 and various others that might be mentioned, perch habitually, 
 yet the truly insessorial foot, as exhibited among Fasseres, is 
 unmistakable in several features. The hind toe, which is never 
 wanting, is inserted on the same level as the front toes collec- 
 tively; it is always directed straight backward, being thus op- 
 posed directly to the front toes ; it is of considerable length,, 
 and its perfect mobility is secured by the separation of its prin- 
 cipal muscle from that one which bends the other toes collec- 
 tively. The claw of the hind toe is at least as long as that of 
 the middle anterior toe, and often longer. Neither of the front 
 toes is ever reversed in position, to effect such arrangement of 
 the digits in pairs as is witnessed in some 
 Picarian birds, as Woodpeckers, Cuckoos, 
 &c. ; nor are the toes ever soldered together 
 for a long distance, as in the Kingfishers ; 
 nor are their joints abnormal in number, as 
 in some of the Swifts; nor are the feet 
 webbed or lobed, as in many wading and all 
 swimming birds. In addition to these char- 
 acters, it may be stated that the legs are 
 clothed with feathers down to the tibio-tar- 
 sal joint; and that the tarsus and toes are ^,,3, ]...Typicaipa»8erto'e 
 invested with hard, horny integument, like^"*- 
 tliat encasing the bill. Such a foot as results fxom these con- 
 
 1 B C 
 
2 CHARACTEKS OF PASSERES 
 
 ditious is rarely found outside the group Passeres ; and any 
 Hon-Passerine bird, the foot of which conforms with the fore- 
 going description, may be recognized by some collateral fea- 
 tures. The foot of a Hawk or Owl, for instance, is strictly 
 insessorial in character, and, in fact, possesses very great 
 grasping powers ; but the bill of these birds is furnished with 
 a soft cere, which no Passerine bird exhibits. In a Pigeon, 
 with decidedly insessorial feet, the covering of the feet, like 
 that of the bill in part, is soft and skinny, not perfectly horny. 
 A Hummingbird, the foot of which is perfectly insessorial, is 
 ascertained to be non-Passerine by the fact that it has but six 
 wingquills of the secondary series — all Passeres having more 
 than six. And, in general, closely as some of the Picarian 
 birds of this country may resemble the Passeres, some peculiar- 
 ity of the feet will snfiSce for their recognition. Thus, in the 
 Parrots, Cuckoos, and Woodpeckers, the toes are in pairs, two 
 before and two behind ; in the Kingfishers, the toes are exten- 
 sively soldered together, the covering of the tarsus is rather 
 soft, and, moreover, the tibia is naked below; in the Swifts and 
 Goatsuckers, either the hind toe is elevated above the plane of 
 the rest, or it is turned sideways, or there is a web at the bases 
 of the front toes, or these last have an unusual number of joints, 
 or several of these features occur in combination. Humming- 
 birds, the only remaining North American PicaricB, have, as 
 already said, a nearly Passerine foot ; but, in this case, the 
 above-mentioned feature of the secondaries is distinctive. 
 
 There is also a peculiarity of the wing of Passeres that serves 
 to distinguish birds of this group from those of probably any 
 one of the others, excepting Picarice, and even from the ma- 
 jority of Picarice. In a Passerine bird, the row of " greater " 
 wing-coverts — those that overlie the secondary quills — are not 
 more than half as long as these quills; while in most non- 
 Passerine birds — perhaps in all birds below Picarice — the re- 
 verse is the case. 
 
 The details of structure of the tarsal envelope of Passeres may 
 be noticed in passing. In the majority of the birds of this 
 group, the tarsus is covered on each side with a horny plate, 
 nearly or quite undivided, meeting its fellow in a sharp ridge 
 behind ; and, in some cases, this general fusion of the envelope 
 proceeds so far that the front of the tarsus likewise presents a 
 nearly or quite undivided surface, the whole tarsus being then 
 encased in a '.' boot," as it is called. The more complete con- 
 
CHARACTERS OF PASSERES d 
 
 •ditions of fusion of tlie envelope — those showing the entire lat- 
 ■eral plates, sharp^ridged behind, whether or not the front of 
 the tarsus be also fused — are commonly associated with certain 
 anatomical characters which affect the vocal powers of the 
 birds; there being a complex arrangement of the muscles of 
 the lower larynx. Most of the North American Passeres exhibit 
 these features combined, and constitute a minor group Oscines, 
 which is denominated a suborder by those who hold Passeres as 
 an order. The family of the Larks [Alaudidce) is the only 
 exception among our birds ; for here the larynx is a highly- 
 developed vocal organ, while the tarsus shows a different struc- 
 ture of the envelope, being covered on the outer side with two 
 series of scales lapping around before and behind, and having 
 the hinder edge blunt. This state of the tarsus prepares us for 
 the further modification witnessed in a single one of the North 
 American families of Passeres, namely, the Tyrannidm, or Fly- 
 catchers, in which the tarsus is blunt behind, being covered 
 with a set of variously-arranged plates lapping entirely around. 
 Such condition, in connection with an incomplete development 
 of the vocal organ, marks off the Tyrannidce as representatives 
 of a second minor group of Passeres, called Clamatores, in con- 
 trast with Oscines. 
 
 The purpose of these opening paragraphs will have been at- 
 tained, if enough has been said to enable the reader to gain an 
 idea of the limits, and of certain leading features, of the great 
 group Passeres, which includes the majority of all "known birds, 
 and something like two-fifths of those of North America. 
 
 The families of Passeres which occur in the Goloradan region 
 are the Turdidce, Saxicolidce, Ginclidm, Sylviidm, CJiamaidcB. 
 Paridce, SittidcB, Certhiidce, Troglodytidce, Alaudidce, Motacillidce. 
 Sylvicolidce, Tanagridce, Sirundinidce, Ampelidw, Vireonidce, Lani 
 idee, Fringillidce, Icteridce, and Corvidce, all of which are Oscine 
 and the Tyrannidce, which is Clamatorial. These will be sever' 
 ally considered in the sequence here indicated. 
 
 With these few preliminary considerations touching the Pas- 
 seres at large, we will at once take up the subject of the present 
 chapter, namely, the 
 
4 CHARACTERS OF TUEDIDiE 
 
 Turdidce, or Thrushes. 
 
 Chaes.* — Oscine Passeres, in which the characters of this 
 great group are highly developed. Lateral tarsal plates lami- 
 nar, meeting in a sharp ridge posteriorly; anterior scutella 
 often fused in a continuous lamina. Toes deeply cleft — the 
 outer anterior one to the distal end of its basal joint, the inner 
 anterior almost to its very base. Bill more or less subulate, as 
 usual in insectivorous birds, usually notched near the end, the 
 commissure not angulated, nor very deeply cleft. Nostrils 
 oval, nearly or quite reached but not covered by feathers. Eic- 
 tus with well-developed bristles. Primaries ten, the first of 
 which is spurious, or short ; second shorter than the fourth. 
 Tail-feathers twelve, not stiffened nor acute. 
 
 The Turdidm are very closely related both to the Saxicolidce 
 and CincUdce among American forms, as well as to certain 
 exotic groups — perhaps too closely to justify their separation 
 when all their interrelationships are taken into consideratioa. 
 Viewing, however, the North American forms alone, very fair 
 diagnostic points may be determined, as will be seen on com- 
 paring the characters given in Chapters II. and III. 
 
 The vocal apparatus of the Thrushes is highly developed, 
 and some of the members of this family, like the Wood Thrush 
 and Mockingbird, are among the most famous of songsters. 
 
 Thrushes are distributed throughout all of temperate North 
 America, as well as most other portions of the globe. Our 
 species are mainly birds of the woodland, though a few kinds 
 enliven with their song the arid and treeless wastes of the 
 Southwestern Territories. A majority of the North American 
 species are represented within the limits of the Coloradan 
 Basin ; they may readily be grouped iu three subfamilies, the 
 eading antithetical characters of which are as follows : — 
 
 TuKDiNiE. — Tarsi booted. Bill short, scarcely or not de- 
 pressed, moderately cleft. Legs stout. Tail-feathers widen- 
 ing a little toward the end, the tail thus becoming squarish or 
 fan-shaped. 
 
 Myiadestin^. — Tarsi booted. Bill very short, much de- 
 pressed, widened at base, deeply cleft. Legs weak. Tail-feath- 
 ers tapering, the tail being thus rendfered somewhat cuneate. 
 
 *The characters of this and of other groups are drawn up with reference 
 to the forms treated in the present work, and may or may not require modifi- 
 cation iu order to their equal applicahility to extra-limital representatives. 
 
CHARACTERS OF. TURDINiE 5 
 
 MiMiNJi!. — TarsL scutellate anteriorly (scales seven in num- 
 ber). Bill variable ; sometimes as in Turdince, sometimes as 
 long as the head and bent like a bow. Legs stout. Wings 
 usually shorter than the tail, which is more or less graduated, 
 with broad, rounded feathers. 
 
 Other characters will be adduced under the heads of the 
 respective subfamilies. 
 
 Subfamily TURDIN^: Typical Thrushes 
 
 Chars. — With the tarsus, in the adult, "booted "or envel- 
 oped in a continuous plate, formed by fusion, of all the tarsal 
 scutella excepting two or three just above the base of the toes. 
 (This is a strong character; for the j 
 few other birds of this country which 
 shov^ the same feature are quite dif- 
 erent in other respects.) Wi^gs more 
 or less pointed, longer than the tail ; 
 first primary spurious, or very short ; 
 second longer than the sixth. Bill 
 moderate, shorter than the head, 
 straight, more or less subulate, little 
 depressed at base, with moderate 
 bristly rictus. Nostrils oval, nearly 
 or quite reached by the frontal feath- 
 ers. Tail-feathers widening somewhat ^ 
 toward their ends; the tail as a whole 
 
 ^ Fig. 2. — " Booted ' tarsus. (Foot 
 
 somewhat fan-shaped, not decidedly of Eobm, natural size. n. B.-Ths 
 
 lettering of the cut indicates propor- 
 
 forked at the end, nor much gradu- uonai lengtiis of tarsus and middle 
 
 ' toe with claw, and the numeration of 
 
 ated. the several digits of a bird's foot.) 
 
 This group is nearly cosmopolitan, and reaches a high state 
 of development in the warmer parts of America, where it is 
 represented by various genera and numerous species. There 
 are in all upward of one hundred and fifty accredited species of 
 Turdince, most of which are referable to the genus Turdus and 
 its subdivisions. The United States species are few in number, 
 and all of them belong to the single genus Turdus ; though 
 species of Caiharus, an allied form, may possibly be yet found 
 on our southern border. 
 
 The Thrushes are generally distributed over North America, 
 in wooded regions, but will not be found, except casually, in 
 those localities which are devoid of trees or bushes, even 
 
6 GENERAL ECONOMY OF THE THRUSHES 
 
 though such places are within the general area of distribution 
 of the respective species. They are insectivorous, like most 
 birds, in fact; but, like very many others that feed mainly upon 
 insects, they also eat berries and various other soft fruits. The 
 Eobin, for instance, is extravagantly fond of the berries of the 
 common Poke (Phytolacca decandra) ; aud, during the season 
 when this fruit is ripe, specimens are often found with not only 
 the plumage, bill, aud feet, but also various interior parts of 
 the body, dyed with the purple juice. The Thrushes are migra- 
 tory in the United States. They are not properly to be con- 
 sidered gregarious, though some of them, like the Eobin, go 
 together in troops of hundreds at certain seasons. They are 
 arboreal in general habit; yet much of the time is spent on the 
 ground in the search for worms and insects. To illustrate the 
 case, again, in the instance of the familiar Eobin, every one 
 will recall the sprightly excursions of this bird on the green- 
 sward of our parks and gardens 4Juring the breeding-season, 
 and remember how swiftly it runs, with lowered head ; how it 
 then draws itself up at full length, displaying its trim and 
 shapely form to best advantage ; how then, satisfied that no 
 danger is to be apprehended, it tugs at the grub that lurks in 
 the roots of the grass, and finally bears it away to the nest, on 
 a bough of the nearest apple-tree. The mode of nesting varies 
 according to the species; most of the Thrushes build upon 
 trees or bushes, but some, less ambitious, are content to nestle 
 on the ground. The order of their architecture is never elabo- 
 rate or ornate ; the nests, in fact, are rather rude, bulky, and 
 inartistic structures, more notable for strength and stability 
 than for beauty of finish ; they are built of leaves, grasses, 
 rootlets, andsimilar materials, often strengthened with mud. The 
 eggs are usually four, five, or six in number, blue or green in 
 color, with or without reddish spots ; some of the most closely- 
 allied species lay eggs distinguishable with as much certainty 
 as the birds themselves. Under favorable circumstances, two, 
 or even three, broods of young may be reared in one season. 
 The great voracity of young insectivorous birds is perhaps in 
 no case more strongly illustrated than in this group. If the 
 Eobins were to feed all other seasons exclusively upon the fruits 
 of the orchard and garden, we should still remain in their debt 
 for the numberless thousands of noxious insects they destroy 
 during the period when they are rearing their young. The de- 
 stiuction of such useful birds cannot be too severely reprobated. 
 
CHARACTERS OF THE (SENUS TURDUS 7 
 
 eveu upon selfish grounds, to say nothing of the higher and 
 more generous motives which should suffice for their protec- 
 tion. For we are not alone indebted to the Thrushes as friends 
 favoring our economical projects. They lay strong claim to oUr 
 regard as musicians. It is true that the song of the Eobin 
 is a humble effort, remarkable for nothing so much as for its 
 heartiness, simplicity, and persistence; yet some of the 
 Thrushes, like the Hermit and the Wood Thrush, sing with 
 wonderful power and eifect. 
 
 Genus TURDUS linn. 
 
 THE characters of the single genus represented in North 
 America being in effect the same as those of the sub- 
 family already given, need not be recapitulated. The several 
 species to be treated fall in three groups, or subgenera, which 
 may be thus analyzed: — 
 
 Planesticus. — Sexes similar. Bill notched near the end, little 
 widened at base. Tarsi little longer than the middle toe and 
 claw. Beneath mostly unicolor, with streaked throat. Large ; 
 stout. 
 
 ffesperocichla — Sexes dissimilar. Bill unnotched. Male 
 with a black pectoral collar. Otherwise like Planesticus. 
 
 Hylocichla. — Sexes similar. Bill notched near the end, much 
 widened and depressed at base. Tarsi decidedly longer than 
 the middle toe and claw. Beneath spotted. Of small stature, 
 and rather slender form. 
 
 It may be remarked that the first plumage of young birds is 
 spotted, in this genus ; and that the tarsal scutella are only 
 fused completely in adult life.* 
 
 All of the North American species of this genus occur in the 
 Coloradan region excepting one, the Wood Thrush, T. muste- 
 Un/us. While there will be no difficulty in recognizing the 
 species of Planesticus and of SesperocicMa, the smaller species 
 of Hylocichla require careful discrimination, nor are ornitholo- 
 gists agreed upon the more correct view to be taken of their 
 interrelationships. Four species are distinct, beyond question : 
 T. mustelinus, T. fuscescens, T. swainsoni, and T. pallasi ; but 
 
 * This latter subject is well illustrated by Dr. J. J. Kaup, in an article en- 
 titled " Ueber die Bedeckung der Fusswurzel des Tardus migratorius ", in : 
 Arch. fUr Naturg., seohszebnter Jahrg. Bd. I. ss. 42, 43, hierzu Taf. ii, Fig. 
 1-5. 
 
b SYNONYMY OF TUEDUS MIGRATOKIUS 
 
 some other forms which have been admitted to be specific are 
 not so well established. It may be further observed that 
 several of the names now currently adopted may have to give 
 way, in the end, if the species described by some of the older 
 authors, as Pennant, Latham, Gmelin, and Pallas, can be fully 
 identified. On the present occasion, however, I shall adopt 
 the usual nomenclature. 
 
 The Robin 
 
 Tnrdns (Planesticas) mlgratorins 
 
 Turdns migratorlns, Limn. SK i. 1766, Wi.—Forst. Phil. Tr. Ixii. 1772, 3S2, 399.— ffm. SN. 
 i. 1788, sn.—LaOi. 10. i. 1790, 330.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, mi.—Yieill. CAS. ii. 1807, 5, pis. 
 60, 61.— Tfib. AO. i. 1808, 35, pi. 3, f. 'i.—Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1834, 25; Ann. 
 Lyo. N. T. ii. 1826, 75 ; Syn. 1828, 15.— Fox, Newc. Mua. 1827, 150.— Doughty' s Cab. 
 NH. i. 1830, 133, pi. 13.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 40B.—Brehm, Hdbli. VD. 1831, 388.— y«ft. 
 Man. i. 1832, 338, fig. — ; 1840, —.—MtU. Knpfert. iii. 1833, 21, pi. 25, f. 2.—Aud. OB. ii. 
 1834, 190; T, 1839, 442 ; pi. 131 ; Syn. 1839, 39 ; BA. iii. 1841, 14, pi. U%—Iemm. Man. 
 iii. 1835, 91.— Bp. PZS. 1837, iii.— Bp. C. & GL. 1838, n.—Feab. Eop. Orn. Mass. 1839, 
 
 303 Yig. Voy. Bloss. 1839, 11.— Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, ISi.—Giraud, 
 
 BLI. 1844, S6.—Gamb. Proo. Acad. Phila. iii. 1846, n3.—Thime. Ehea, i. 1846, 125 
 (Vienna) — Somey. Ehea, ii. 1849, 158 (Europe).— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 272.— JTowtm. Naam. 
 iv. 1851,7 (Germany).— Bijrriett, Pr. Bost. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— 0a6. Naum. ii. 1852, 122 
 (Germany).— Oa6ot, Naum. iii. 1852, es.—Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 79, fig. — .—Read, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 39S.Soy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 310.— Woodh. Sit- 
 greave's Eep. 1853, 72.-006. J. f. O. 1853, 67 (Germany).— Brew. Pr. Best. Soc. iv. 
 
 1854, Sii.—Praitm, Tr. niinois Agr. Soc. 1855, eol.—Eennic. Tr. Illinois Agr. Soc. 
 
 1855, 582.— Hererj/, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, SlO.Saym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 
 288.— P««n. Pr. Essex Inst. i. 1856, 209.— Sd. PZS. 1856, Wi.—Newb. PEEE. vi. 1857, 
 ai.-KTieel. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 234.— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 116.— Sci. PZS. 
 1857, 126 ; 1858, 300.— Maxim. J. f. 0. 1858, ns.-Treadw. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1858,396.— 
 Sd.VZS. 1859, 225, 331, 362 — Oosse, Alabama, 1859, 295.— XonJus, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 
 1859, IBO.— Willis, Smithson. Eep. for 1858, 1859,' 281.— fleerro. PEER. x. pt. iv. 1859, 
 100.— Martens, J. f. O. 1859, 213.— Tomes, Ibis, 1859, 387.-5. •£ S. Ibis, 1860, 396.— Ooop. 
 d Smkl NHWT. 1860, 172.— Bd. Ives' Eep. 1861, 5.— Born. Smithson. Eep. for 1860, 
 1861, 435.— 5(!l. Ibis, 1861, 282.— B!ai. Ibis, 1862, i.-Tayl. Ibis, 1862, 128.— (Jimd. J. f. 
 0. 1862, 181.— Board. Pr. Bost Soc. ix. 1863, 124.— Terr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 137.— 
 Yerr. Pr. Essex Inst, iii 1862, 145 — Bayd. Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 159.— iicA(. 
 "Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1830, 2" j J. f. 0. 1863, 57.— Blat. Has, 1863, 59.— BiJ. Eev. 
 AB. 1664, as.-Sd. PZS. 1864, 172.— Zlress. Ibis, 1865, ili.-Roy, Smithson. Eep. for 1864, 
 1865, 437.— Fciz, Pr. Bost. Soc. x. 1866, 267.- iawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. viii 1866, 281.— 
 Mcllwr. Pr. Essex Inst. v. 1866, Si.—Degl.-Gerie, OE.i. 1867, 406.— 5(W». BNE. 1867, 
 154.— Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420.— Coms, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, Wl.—Ooues, Pr. Phila.' 
 Acad. XX. 1868, 82.— BttteA. Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 149.-O0UM, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 
 101.— Hughes, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, mo.-aarlviTc, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 492.— aoue*, Pr'. 
 Essex Inst. V. 1868, 265.— Ai!cn, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 573.— Ooo^. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 
 31, Wl.-r>all & Barm. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. 1869, —.-Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 22; Phila! 
 ed. 15.-Z>ai;, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 600.-Oooj). B. Gal. i. 1870, 7, fig. —.-Majn. B. Mass. 
 1870, 89.-OoMes, Pr. Phila. Acad, xxiii. 1871, lO.-Stemns, U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr for 
 1870, 1871, 463.-.4J!en, Bull. MCZ. 1871, 2oO.-I'rij)pe,Pr. E.ssex Inst. vi. 1871, 115.- 
 BmUn, Zool. Gart. xii. 1871, la.-Jfoyn. B, Fla. 1872, 1.— Ooues, Key, 1872 71 'f. 13 — 
 Allm, Bull. MCZ. 1872, nS—Breifl, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 52.-TFootf,'Am. Nat. vi 1872 
 
SYNONYMY OF TURDUS MIGEATORIUS 9 
 
 ■m.—Lochv.Am. Nat. vi. 1872, -m.—Hold. Pr. Boat. So;!, xv. 187a, 193— Mayn. Pr. 
 
 Bost. Soo. XV. 1872, 357.— SooK, Pr. Bost. Soo. xv. 1872, iW.—Trippe, Pr. Host. Soc. 
 
 XV. 1873, 234.— Merr. TT. S. Geol. Snrv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 712.— JJid^. Bull. Essex 
 
 Inst. V. 1873, 179.-5n«M>, B. Kansas, 1873, 3.—Ooucs, Prybilov. Is. 1873, app. — ; 8vo 
 
 ed.l875, 172; Hartinged. 1875, 16.— Boyce, Am. H"at. viii. 18T4, 203.— JTds. Am. Nat. 
 
 viii. 1874, 271.— Comstoc*, Am. Nat viii. 1874, W.—Coop. Am. Nat viii. 1874, 16.— 
 
 Sidg. Am. Nat viii. 1874, ns.—MerriM, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 547.— AZien, Pr. Bost Soo. 
 
 1874, 45,48.— GoKes, BNW. 1874, 1, 228.— Oowes, Checkl. 1874, No. l.—A!!en, Pr. Bost 
 
 Soc. xvii. 1874, iS.—Bidgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 365.— Sensh. Ann. Lyo. N. T. x. 
 
 1874, i.—Rensh. <t Yarr. Eep. Wlieeler's Exp. 1874, 5, 39, 56, 70, 96.— JSensA. Zool. 
 
 Wheeler's Exp. 1875, 143 (in press). — Bidgw. Zool. 40tli Par. 187-, 9 (in press). — 
 
 Boies, Cat B. Michigan, 1875, — . —Nels. Pr. Bost Soo. xvii. 1875, 338, 345, 349, 355.— 
 
 Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 438. 
 Turdus megratorlus, Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 32, pi. 556, f. 1. 
 Turdus mlsratorlus var. mtgratorlus, Bd. Br. a By. NAB. i. 1874, 25, pi. 2, f. 2. 
 Turdns (Flanestlcns) mlgratoriiis, Bd. BNA. 1858, 218.— Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1861, 218.— 
 
 AUen, Pr. Essex Instiv. 1864, 58.— Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 64.— Aferr. U. S. Geol. 
 
 Snrv. for 1873, 1873, 670. 
 Planesticus migratorius, Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, loe.— Cones, Ibis, 1865, 163.— Jlferr. 
 
 TJ. S. Geol. Snrv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 713 ; Am. Nat viii. 1874, 7, 8, Be.-Oundl 3. f. 
 
 0. 1872, 405. 
 Merula migratoria, /$. d- B. FBA. ii. 1831, 176.— TFaites, Eep. Miss. 1854, 318.— Gowli, BE. 
 
 pi. 74. 
 Turdus canadensis, Uriss. Orn. ii. 1760, 225, No. 9.— MtiZi. SN. Sappl. 1776, 140. 
 Turdus pilaris mlgratorius, Kalm. iii. 46. 
 Fieldfare of Carolina, Oatesby, Car. i. pi. 29. 
 lltorne de Canada, Buf. Ois. iii. 307. 
 Crlve de Canada, Buff. PE. 556. f. 1. 
 American Fieldfare, Forst. Phil. Tr. Ixii. 1772, 399. 
 
 Red-breasted Tlirusli, Perm. AZ. ii. 1785, 335, No. 196.— Lath. Syn. ii. — , 26, No. 12. 
 Merle Erratique, Temm. Man. iii. 1835, 91.— Begl.-Gerbe, OE. i. 1867, 406. 
 Merle ou Rouge-gorge du Canada, lie Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 164. 
 Migratory Thrusli ; American Redbreast ; American Robin ; Robiu Redbreast; Robin, 
 
 Yulgo. 
 
 Tar. 
 
 Tardus conflnis, 23d. Kev. AB. 1864, W.-Ooop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 9.— Elliot, BNA. —.—Merrill, 
 
 Am. Nat viii, 1874, 547. 
 Turdus migratorius var. conflnis, Coues,Key, 1872, Ti.—Bd. Br. & By.TSAB. i. 1874,27, pi. 
 
 2, f. 1. 
 Hab. — North and Middle America ; Greenland ; some of tbe West India 
 Islands; Europe, accidentally. 
 
 Ch. sp. — ^ 9 . Olivaeeo-scMstaceus, capite eaudaque nigrieanti- 
 bus, alls fuscis cinereo-marginatis, gastrceo subaxillaribusque cas- 
 tanets, gula dlho-striata, palpebris, tibiis erissoque albis, rostro 
 flavo. 
 
 g in summer: Upper parts slate-color, with a shade of olive. Head 
 black, the eyelids and a spot before the eye white, and the throat streaked 
 with white. Quills of the wings dusky, edged with hoary ash, and with the 
 color of the back. Tail blackish, the outer feather usually tipped with 
 white. Under parts, to the vent, including the under wing-coverts, chest- 
 nut. Under tail-coverts and tibia3 white, showing more or less plumbeous. 
 Bill yellow, often with a dusky tip. Mouth yellow. Eyes dark brown. 
 Feet blackish, the soles yellowish. Length about 10 inches ; extent about 
 16; wing, 5-5i; tail, 4-4^ ; bill, |^; tarsus, IJ: middle toe and claw about 
 the same. 
 
10 DESCRIPTION OF TURDUS MIGRATORIUS 
 
 2 in summer : Similar to the $ , but the colors duller ; upper parts rather 
 olivaceous-gray; chestnut of the under parts paler, the feathers skirted 
 with gray or white; head and tail less blackish ; throat with more white. 
 Bill much clouded with dusky. 
 
 ■ ,? 5 in winter and young : Similar to the adult female, but receding some- 
 what farther from the $ in summer by the duller colors, the paleness and 
 restriction of the chestnut, with its extensive skirting with white, lack of 
 distinction of the color of the head from that of the back, tendency of the 
 white spot before the eye to run into a superciliary streak, and dark color 
 of most of the bill. 
 
 "Very young birds have the back speckled, each feather being whitish 
 centrally, with a dusky tip, and the cinnamon of the under parts is spotted 
 with blackish. The greater coverts are tipped with white or rufous, fre- 
 quently persistent, as are also some similar markings on the lesser coverts. 
 
 Albinos, partial or complete, of this species are of comparatively frequent 
 occurrence. 
 
 In specimens bred in the Colorado Basin and other portions of the South- 
 west, there is a tendency to greater length of the tail ; this member averag- 
 ing in length nearly at the maximum of that of Eastern specimens. With 
 this is coupled the reduction or extinction of the white spot on the exterior 
 tail-feathers. 
 
 Fig. 3. — Head of Robin, natural size. 
 
 THE Eobin is founi in all parts of Korth America. It also 
 occurs in Greenland, on islands in Bering's Sea, on several 
 of the West India islands, as Bermuda, Cuba, and Tobago ; 
 and through Mexico to Guatemala. It has even been known to 
 cross the Atlantic, having been several times shot in Europe.* 
 Such general statement of its distribution requires little if any 
 qualification. For, though it is a woodland bird, like all of its 
 tribe, and therefore scarcely to be found in certain portions of 
 the country, where desert or prairie fail to afford requisite con- 
 
 * In the above synonymy, numerous European references are given, which 
 must not be presumed, however, to Indicate as many different instances of 
 its occurrence, since several may relate to the same case. Dr. Cabanis sup- 
 poscB the individual taken in Germany in December, 1851, to have leached 
 that country via Siberia, not by crossing the Atlantic. 
 
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS OF THE ROBIN 11 
 
 ditions ; nevertheless, in the course of its extensive migrations, 
 it may at least pass over such tracts. Thus I have observed 
 large flocks in the open and sterile portions of Dakota and 
 Montana — flocks that were journeying across the country, and 
 had stopped for rest and food in the fringe of trees along the 
 lesser water-courses. 
 
 It is not easy to determine the center of abundance of so 
 widely diffused a bird as the Eobin. Excluding the extremes 
 of its range, reached by comparatively few individuals, such 
 as Greenland, the West Indies, or Central America, its num- 
 bers appear to be determined solely by the food-supply. Since 
 settlement of the country and cultivation of the soil result in 
 an increase of its favorite articles of diet, it is nowhere more 
 numerous than in populous districts. In the Southwest, it 
 appears to be becoming more abundant than it formerly was, 
 doubtless in direct consequence of the progress of civilization. 
 All the recent observers who have recorded their experience 
 agree in their representations to this effect. In any given 
 locality, short of the extremes of its range, the bird appears to 
 be more abundant during the migration — especially the autum- 
 nal movement — than at other seasons. This may be due to two 
 causes. In the first place, there is an actual increase in number 
 by new arrivals ; and, secondly, the birds collect together in 
 large companies, and become in consequence more conspicuous 
 than they are when generally dispersed. In some regions, 
 where trees are few and far between, as in an instance already 
 cited, Eobins will rarely be seen except in the spring and fall. 
 In intermediate portions of the United States, they seem to be 
 most numerous early in the spring, and in the latter part 
 of autumn, when straggling flocks of hundreds roam through 
 favorite tracts of woodland and shrubbery, or betake them- 
 selves to the neighboring fields. 
 
 The Robin is strictly a migratory bird, like most insectivor- 
 ous species which inhabit the northern hemisphere. There is 
 a general north and south movement of the species as a whole, 
 during the changing seasons of the year — a movement directly 
 related to the sources of food-supply. Nor should it be in- 
 ferred from the fact that Robins may be seen in a given locality 
 during the whole year, that the tide of migration has not 
 passed; for it may be that the individuals present at one 
 season are not the same as those that remained during a pre- 
 vious period of the year. The fact appears to be, that, as a 
 
12 HABITS OP THE EOBIN 
 
 rule, at least, there is a replacing of one set of individuals by 
 another ; so that, though the bird as a species may be resident, 
 the birds individually have obeyed the migratory impulse. Wide 
 as the Eobin?s distribution is, the limits of its summer and 
 winter residences are comparatively little narrower. Its breed- 
 ing-range extends from Arctic America to the Alpine regions 
 of Mexico ; its winter home, from the Northern States to Cen- 
 tral America. It is a hardy bird, capable of enduring cold to 
 the freezing-point of mercury. Thus, it will be seen, the bird 
 is "resident" in one sense throughout the greater portion of 
 its range. Nevertheless, the general migration favors its pres- 
 ence in greatest numbers in the Southern States during winter, 
 and in the Northern during the summer. 
 
 The Eobin is a great eater of berries and soft fruits of every 
 description; and these furnish, during the colder portions of 
 the year, its chief sustenance. Some of the cultivated fruits of 
 the orchard and garden are specially attractive 5 and no doubt 
 the birds demand their tithe. But the damage done in this 
 way is trifling at most, and wholly inconsiderable in compari- 
 son with the great benefit resulting from the destruction of 
 noxious insects by this bird. The prejudice which some per- 
 sons entertain against the Eobin is unreasonable ; the whole- 
 sale slaughter of the birds which annually takes place in many 
 localities is as senseless as it is cruel. Few persons have any 
 adequate idea of the enormous— the literally incalculable — 
 numbers of insects that Eobins eat every year. It has been 
 found, by careful and accurate observations, that a young 
 Eobin, in the nest, requires a daily supply of animal food equiv- 
 alent to considerably more than its own weight! When we 
 remember that some millions of pairs of Eobins raise five or six 
 young ones, once, twice, or even three times a year, it will be 
 seen that the resulting destruction of insects is, as I have said, 
 simply incalculable. I have no doubt that the services of 
 these birds, during the time they are engaged in rearing their 
 young alone, would entitle them to protection, were the parents 
 themselves to feed exclusively upon garden-fruits for the whole 
 period. But at this time the diet of the old birds is very 
 largely of an animal nature ; nor is this the only season during 
 which the destruction of insects goes on. Upon the first arrival 
 of the main body of the birds early in the spring, long before 
 any fruits are ripe, they throw themselves into newly-plowed 
 fields, and scatter over meadows, lawns, and parks, in eager 
 
HABITS OF THE ROBIN 13 
 
 search for the worms and grubs that, later in the season, would 
 prove invincible to the agriculturist, were not their ravages 
 thus stayed in advance by the friendly army of Eobins. 
 
 It is a matter of congratulation that the good services of the 
 Eiobin are becoming duly appreciated — thanks to the timely 
 and judicious interference in its behalf ou the part of many of 
 its friends; among whom no one, perhaps, deserves higher 
 praise for his active and successful exertions than Dr. Thomas 
 M. Brewer, of Boston. The bird is now very generally pro- 
 tected by legislative enactments, during a portion of the year 
 a,t least ; it is to be hoped that the laws may be made still more 
 stringent, and the "close" time become co-extensive with the 
 year itself. As an object of '' sport," the Eobin can possess no 
 attractions save to idle children of larger or smaller growth ; 
 while its commercial value, as an article of food, is wholly in- 
 considerable. There are, therefore, weighty and cogent reasons 
 why the Eobin should be protected by law at all seasons ; for 
 there would rarely if ever be difficulty in gaining permission, 
 upon proper representation, to destroy the very few that might 
 be required for scientific purposes, or to please the capricious 
 palate of an invalid. 
 
 There is little need to pursue the history of the Eobin to the 
 details of the bird's daily life ; upon such points the children 
 are competent ornithologists; and those of us who may have 
 forgotten our early experiences need only look out of the 
 window at the right time. A word of record respecting the 
 nest, may, however, not be out of place. This is one of the 
 most conspicuous pieces of bird-architecture about the home- 
 stead — the Kingbird's, the Oriole's, and the various Swallows' 
 nests ;done approaching it in this respect. The horizontal 
 bough of an orchard tree, not far from the ground, is a favor- 
 ite sitflation; though the Eobin is not very particular, and 
 will sometimes build, like the Pewit Flycatcher, in odd and 
 unsuspected nooks about an out-building. The nest is too bulky 
 for concealment, and no art is attempted. A mass of the most 
 miscellaneous material, chiefly of vegetable nature, such as 
 leaves, weed-stems, moss, grasses, and rootlets, but sometimes 
 including hair or wool, surrounds a rather neat cup of mud, 
 which in turn is lined with finer vegetable fiber. The shape of 
 the nest varies, of course, with the character of the support 
 upon which it rests ; in size it is about five inches wide, or 
 deep, with a cavity half as large, the walls and flooring being 
 
14 SYNONYMY OF TUEDUS N^VIUS 
 
 very thick and substantial. Such nests do not readily yield to 
 the weather. The eggs, numbering five on an average, perhaps, 
 measure from an inch and one-eighth to an inch and one-fourth 
 in length by three-fourths to four-fifths in breadth. When 
 fresh, they are of a uniform, rich, greenish-blue color, without 
 spots ; after being blown for some time, especially if exposed to 
 the light, they fade considerably, becoming of a lighter green- 
 ish, with less blue shade. 
 
 Tai'ied Thrush 
 
 Tnrdns (Hespcrocicbla) nsevlos 
 
 Varied Thrnsh, Fenn. AZ. ii. 1785, 337, No. 197, pi. 15. 
 
 Spotted Thrush, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. i. 27, No. 13. 
 
 TOTdas naerius, Gm. SN. i. pt. ii. 1788, B17, No. m.—Latk. 10. i. 1790, 331, No. \.3.—KUtl. 
 Kupfert. iii. 1833, 21, pi. 25, f. l.—Bp. CA. i. 1850, 271.— Brew. Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1S75, 
 438 (Mass.). 
 
 Tnrdns nserins, Tun. SN. 1. 1806, i^T.—Vieill. OAS. ii. 1807, 10.— Bp. C. & GL. 1838, 17.— 
 Aud. OB. iv. 1638, 489; T. 1839, 284, pis. 369, 4^3.— Aud, Syn. 1839, 89.— Orntti. Oomm. 
 Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1839, 193.— Fi^. Zool. Voy. BlosB. 1839, 17.— Aud. BA. iii. 1841, 
 22, pi. 143.— SamS. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 113 (California).- Gamt. Joiu:n. Phila. Acad, 
 i. 1847, 42.— Calot, Proc. Boat. Soc. iii. 1843, 17 (Now Jersey).— Xatcr.Ann. Lyo. N. T. v. 
 
 1852, 221 (New York).— ScI. PZS. 1857, i.-Nemb. PRKR. vi. 1857, 81 Heerm, PEER. 
 
 X. pt. iv. 1859, 45.— Xantus, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 190 (California).— &I. PZS. 1859, 
 
 331.— C. IfS. NHWT. 1860, 172.— JBd. Ives' Rep. pt. v. 1861, 5 (Colorado River).— Scf. 
 
 Ibis, 1861, 282.— BZai. Ibis, v. 1863, 59.— M. Rev. AB. 1864, 32.— Allen, Pr. Essex Inst. v. 
 
 ' 1864, 82 (New Jersey).- iori, Pr. Arty. Inst. Woolw. iv. 1864, Ui.—Lavyr. Ann. Lye. 
 
 N. Y. viii. 1866, 281 (Long Island) — Coues, Pr. Essex Inst. v. 1868, 312 (Ipswich, Mass) 
 
 Bromn, Ibis, 1 868, 420 (Vancouver).- 2)a!Z. IfBann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. 1869, 276 (Alaska).— 
 Turnb. B. B. Pa. 1869, 52 ; Phila. ed. 41 (New Jersey).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 31 (CoBur 
 d'Alene Mts., Montana) ; ibid. 75.— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 512, 513, 572 (Ipswich, 
 Mass., Dec, 1864).— .,4!!en. White's Geol. of Iowa, 1870, ii. 419 (" Iowa "j.—DaZi. Am. 
 Nat. iv. 1870, 600.— Mayn. Guide, 1870, 89 (Ipswich, Mass.).- Coop. B. Cal. 1. 1870, 10.— 
 Coues, Key, 1872, 72.— Ooues, BNW. 1874, l.—Bd. Br. If Ry. NAB. i. 1874, 29, f. — 
 pi. 2, f. 2. 
 
 Tnrdos (Ixoreus) naevlus, Bd. bna. 18SS, 219. 
 
 Tardus nievia. Towns. Joum. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153. 
 
 Turdas (Hesperoclchla) nsevins, Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 65 (Arizona). 
 
 Inrdus aurorcus, PalJ. ZEA. i. 1831, 448, No. 87,(9 aut juv. Kodiak). [Of. Ca*. J. f. O. 
 
 1872, 157.] 
 Orpheus mcruloldes, S. <& R. FBA. a. 1831, 187, pi. 38 (Port PrankUn). 
 Mlmns mernloides, Less. Eev. Zool. iii. 1840, 273. 
 Columbia Robin, Lewis If Clarice, Trav. 1st Am. ed. ii. 1814, 185. 
 Thrush-llke Mock-bird, S. If R. 2. c. 
 
 Oh. Sp. — (? ScMstaceus, suhtus aurantio-rufus, torque pectorali 
 nigra; palpebris, strigd postoculari, fasciis binis alaribus, necnon 
 macuUs remigum aumntio-rufis ; remigibm reotricibusque nigri- 
 cantibus, crisso rectricibtisque exterioribus albo-notatis : rostro 
 
DESCRIPTION OF TUEDUS N^VIUS 15 
 
 nigro ; pedibus subflavis. ? olivaceo-plumbeus, alls caudaque conoo- 
 loribus, torque angusto dor so concolore; gastrwo dilutiore. 
 
 $ , in summer : Entire upper parts dark slate-color, varying in shade from 
 a blackish to a plumbeous slate, in less perfect specimens with a slight olive 
 tinge; wings and tail blackish, with more or less of plumbeous or olive 
 shade, according to the age of the qaills ; wiug-coverts, greater and lesser, 
 tipped with orange-browu forming two cross-bars, and quills edged in two 
 or three places with the same ; quills also white at base on the inner webs, 
 this marking not visible from the outside ; one or several of the lateral tail- 
 feathers tipped with white. A broad black collar across the breast, mount- 
 ing on the side of the neck and head. Stripe behind the eye, lower eyelid, 
 and under parts orange-brown, gradually giving way to white on the lower 
 belly ; vent and crissum mixed white, orange-brown, and plumbeous. Bill 
 black; feet and claws dull yellowish. Length, 9|-10 inches; extent about 
 16 ; wing, 5 ; tail, 3f ; bill, f ; tarsus, or middle toe and claw, IJ. 
 
 9 , in summer : Upper parts olivaceous-plumbeous (almost exactly the 
 shade of the common Eobin in winter) ; wings and tail scarcely darker ; the 
 pectoral collar narrow, like the back in color; other under parts like those 
 of the male, but duller, paler, and rather rusty than orange-brown, with 
 more white on the lower belly. Markings of head, tail, and wings exactly 
 as in the male. 
 
 Young : Like the adult female. Upper parts in many cases with a decided 
 umber-brown wash. No speckled stage, like that of the very young Eobin, 
 has been observed, though August specimens have been examined. In the 
 young male, the black pectoral bar is at first indicated by interrupted black- 
 ish crescents on individual feathers. Young females sometimes show scarcely 
 a trace of the collar. At all ages, the markings of the head and wings are 
 much the same. 
 
 In winter : January and December examples from Southern California 
 examined differ in no wise from summer specimens of the corresponding 
 sexes. 
 
 This bird is about the size of the common Eobin, and not very dissimilar 
 in general appearance, though the black necklace and orange wing-mark- 
 ings distinguish it at a glance. The color of the under parts sometimes 
 approaches that of the Eobin, but is never of the pure chestnut shade — it is 
 much as in the Black-headed Grosbeak, Goniaphea melanoeephala. The tail 
 is notably shorter than in the Eobin, and the bill lacks the uotch at the 
 end; the bill is more compressed, with a straighter culmen, and the 
 bristles at its base are more highly developed. The species appears to be 
 subject to little variation, chiefly affecting the purity and intensity of the 
 colors. 
 
 THOUGH the Varied Thrush has been nominally known to 
 naturalists for a peutury, it is only within the last few 
 years that we have gained any considerable knowledge of its 
 habits. The nest and eggs, in particular, have but recently come 
 to light. The bird was discovered at Nootka Sound, on Captain 
 Cook's third voyage ; the specimens passed into the possession 
 
16 HISTORY OF THE VARIED THRUSH 
 
 of Sir Joseph Banks, and were described both by Latham and 
 by Pennant; the latter also giving a figure of the male. 
 "Varied Thrush" and "Spotted Thrush" were the names 
 bestowed by these writers, upon whose accounts Gmelin, in 
 1788, based his Turdus naevius. In 1831, Swainson figured and 
 accurately described the species under the name of Orpheus 
 meruloides, given, however, in opposition to the prime rule of 
 nomenclature, for no better reason than that such designation 
 appeared to him to be more expressive. These two terms are 
 the only ones to be found in current quotations ; a third, how- 
 ever, is to be added ; for Pallas received from Kodiak, through 
 his friend Billings, specimens of the same species, to which he 
 applied the name of Turdus auroreus. That he had no other 
 bird in view will be evident upon consideration of the descrip- 
 tion given in the Zoographia Eosso-Asiatica ; all the terms of 
 that account being in strictness applicable to the female or 
 immature male. In which the black pectoral collar is incom- 
 plete. 
 
 Is'either of the earlier authors mentioned gave any account of 
 the bird's habits. Pallas merely remarks that it was often 
 killed on the island of Kodiak, where it remains all winter ; 
 that it begins to sing late in March, nests on the ground among 
 bushes, and lays four or five eggs. Sir John Eichardson's speci- 
 men, figured in the Fauna Boreali-Americana, was procured 
 at Fort Franklin, latitude 65° 30', in the spring of 1826. The 
 bird is said by this author to nest in bushes, like the common 
 Eobin, but no further information is given. Two American 
 naturalists, Thomas Nuttall and J. K. Townsend, gave the 
 next glimpses of the life of this bird. Mr. Nuttall observed 
 that it reached the Columbia Eiver in October, and remained 
 in some numbers through the winter ; " at this time," says he, 
 "they flit through the forest in small flocks, frequenting 
 usually low trees, on which they perch in perfect silence, and 
 are at times very timorous and diflBcult of approach, having all 
 the shy sagacity of the Eobin," Mr. Townsend's notice is to a 
 similar effect ; but, in addition, he states that the voice of the 
 bird is different from that of the Eobin, being louder, sharper, 
 and quicker, and alludes to a pleasant song which the bird 
 utters in the spring, just before it sets out on its northern 
 journey. Audubon's account is almost entirely made up of 
 quotations from the three authors last mentioned. 
 
 In Oregon and Washington Territories, Drs. Cooper and 
 
HABITS OF THE VARIED THRUSH 17 
 
 Suckley appear to have had excellent opportunities of studying 
 the habits of this species. The former remarks, in the Natural 
 History of Washington Territory : — " The varied thrush or 
 western robin is common during winter, and I think that a 
 few remain near the coast all summer, as I have seen them 
 in the dark spruce forests in June and July. They are much 
 more shy and retiring than the robin, and differ very much in 
 song, which, as I have heard it, consists only of five or six 
 notes in a minor key, and in a scale regularly descending. It 
 is commonly heard in the tops of the trees, and in suipmer only 
 in the densest of forests. In winter they associate with the 
 robins, and feed much on the ground, sometimes coming around 
 houses in cold weather." Dr. Suckley continues with his obser- 
 vations, in the same volume : — " In winter it is a shy bird, not 
 generally becoming noticeable in the open districts until after 
 a fall of snow, when many individuals may be seen along the 
 sand beaches near salt water. They are at such times tame 
 and abundant, at least sufficiently so for any ordinary sliot to 
 obtain a dozen specimens in a forenoon. I suppose that they 
 are driven out of the woods during the heavy snows by hunger. 
 It may then frequently be found in company with the common 
 robin, with which it has many similar habits. . . . At this time 
 of the year it is a very silent bird, quite tame, allowing near 
 approach ; flying up when the intruder comes too near, but 
 alighting on the ground again a short distance in front. It 
 appears to be fond of flying by short stages in a desultory 
 manner, sometimes alighting on the ground ; at others on 
 fences, bushes or trees. The settlers here (at Port Townsend) 
 call them spotted, painted, and golden robins. The most con- 
 spicuous mark on the bird which strikes the eye at first is the 
 black crescent on the fore part of the breast." 
 
 Never having myself met with the Varied Thrush, I have 
 presented the principal accounts which have reached us respect- 
 ing its general habits and manners. Its nest and eggs remain 
 to be noticed, and its geographical distribution to be traced. 
 
 Mr. W. H. Dal), to whose important researches we are in- 
 debted for a decided increase in our knowledge of the birds of 
 Alaska, found the Varied Thrush nesting at Nulato, May 22d, 
 and gave us our first information on this special subject. A 
 nest which he found was built in a willow-bush, about two feet 
 from the ground, on a mass of debris which had lodged during 
 an overflow of the river. Its shape, as described by Dr. 
 2b c 
 
18 NIDIFICATION AND MIGRATION OF VARIED THRUSH 
 
 Brewer, may not have been natural, for that author remarks 
 that it probably had been flattened in transportation. This 
 nest was composed of " iine dry mosses and lichens impacted 
 together, intermingled with fragments of dry stems of grasses". 
 A second nest, obtained in Alaska by Dr. Minor, is described 
 by Dr. Brewer in the same connection : — " It is a much more 
 finished structure. Its base and periphery are composed of an 
 elaborate basket work of slender twigs. Within these is an 
 inner nest consisting of an interweaving of fine dry grasses 
 and long gray lichens." There is thus seen to be the usual 
 variation in the materials employed by tliis Thrush in the con- 
 struction of its nest ; but it is worthy of note that no mud 
 enters into its compositiou, contrary to the surmise of Audu- 
 bon that the structure might resemble that of the Eobin in 
 this respect. The position of the nest, at least in Alaska, 
 seems to be more constant; for, in the several cases which came 
 under Mr. Dall's observation, the nests were close to the river's 
 bank, in secluded places, and low in situation. The eggs are 
 about one and an eighth of an inch long by four-fifths broad ; 
 in color, they are light greenish blue, distinctly speckled with 
 dark umber-brown. 
 
 Our knowledge of the geographical distribution of this species 
 was for many years restricted to the immediate region in which 
 the bird was discovered; it was subsequently extended east- 
 ward to Great Bear Lake and southward to Oregon. It is only 
 recently that information has been secured of such southward 
 extension of its habitat that I am enabled to include the species 
 among the birds of the Colorado Basin. Its presence in South- 
 ern California is attested by several observers. Mr. Xantus 
 procured it at Fort Tejon, and Professor Baird, in Lieutenant 
 Ives's Eeport of the Exploration of the Colorado, notes a speci- 
 men from Fort Yuma, which fixes the southernmost point on 
 record to date. But its presence so far south as this, and at 
 the same time at such slight elevation, is perhaps fortuitous; 
 certainly, neither Dr. Cooper nor myself nor any of the orni- 
 thologists who have latterly visited Arizona found it in this 
 Territory. In various portions of Middle California, however, 
 Dr. Cooper has observed the bird, and to some extent traced 
 its movements. He remarks that it merely visits the lower 
 country of California in winter, and that he had not seen it 
 himself south of the Coast range near Santa Clara, and even 
 there no later than April. " It is very probable, however," he 
 
ERRATIC MOVEMENTS OF THE VARIED THRUSH 19 
 
 continues, "that some breed in the dark evergreen forests 
 toward the north, as they do near the mouth of the Columbia, 
 though I did not see any about the summits of the Sierra 
 Nevada, in September, at lat. 39°, elevation 7,000 feet. lu 
 October, they begin to come down to the valleys, and are quite 
 common in winter near San Francisco." 
 
 To the foregoing indication of the normal range of the species, 
 namely, along the whole Pacific region from Bering's Straits to 
 Southern California, I have only to add the record of its 
 singular wanderings; for the Varied Thrush, like the Even- 
 ing Grosbeak, Lark Finch, Arkansan and Fork-tailed Fly- 
 catchers, and some other distinctively western birds, has occa- 
 sionally crossed the continent. The earliest instance of such 
 erratic movement which has come to my knowledge is that 
 given by Dr. Samuel Cabot, who records the capture of a speci- 
 men in New Jersey. This individual, having been secured in 
 the Boston market, has since been more than once mentioned in 
 published records as having occurred at or near Boston ; but, 
 as Dr. Cabot states explicitly, it was shot in New Jersey. 
 Nevertheless, the Varied Thrush has actually appeared in 
 Massachusetts, and not far from Boston either; a specimen 
 having been ^akeft in December, 1864, at Ipswich, Mass,, as 
 recorded by Mr. Allen, Mr. Maynard, Dr. Brewer, and myself, 
 in our several papers above cited, all of which refer to this 
 single occurrence. This individual is said to be now preserved 
 in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History. Mr. 
 George N. Lawrence, in his List of the Birds of New York, 
 Long and Stateu Islands, marks the Varied Thrush as "rare", 
 without further comment; and, in Baird, Brewer, and Eidg- 
 way's work, a Long Island specimen is said to be in Mr. Law- 
 rence's cabinet. On writing to Mr. Lawrence for the particu- 
 lars of this case, I am favored with the following items: — 
 " Besides Cabot's New Jersey example, two others have been 
 procured near New York city— one atlslip. Long Island, shot in 
 the fall, in company with robins, and now in the possession of the 
 person who secured it, the other at Hoboken, New Jersey. Both 
 were received in the flesh by Mr. J. Akhurst, to be mounted ;. 
 the Hoboken one was subsequently destroyed by fire in the 
 taxidermist's workshop. All the specimens in my own cabinet 
 came from the Pacific side." 
 
 Thus it appears that there have been four authentic instances 
 of the occurrence of the Varied Thrush on the Atlantic sea- 
 
20 SYNONYMY OF TURDUS PALLASr 
 
 board — all within a very limited area : the original New Jer- 
 sey one, teste Cabot, sometimes wrongly accredited to Boston ; 
 the Ipswich one, December, 1864, Maynard; the Islip, L. I., 
 one, teste Lawrence ; the Hoboken, N. J., one, teste Law- 
 rence. There is yet another, making the fifth, record of east- 
 ward deviation from ordinary lines of migration ; namely, that 
 given by Mr. J. A. Allen in Prof. G. A. White's Geology of loWa. 
 This, however, Mr. Allen himself informs me, is not authentic, 
 he having merely introduced the species in his compiled list of 
 the Birds of Iowa on the strength of its having been found still 
 farther eastward, and no specimen being known to have been 
 actually found in that State. 
 
 Hermit Thrush 
 
 Tardns (Hylodchla) pallasi 
 
 a. pallasi. 
 
 Tardus SOUtarins, mis. AO. v. 1812, 95 (not the pi. 43, f. 2, vrhioh—smainaoniinecUnn.).— 
 Up, Journ. Phila. Acad, iv. 1824, 275 (critical).—^ Orniih. Comm. Jouru. Pbila. Acad, vii, 
 1837, 193 (Columbia River), -Bp, C, & GL, 1838, 17.— ifp. CA. i, 1850, Z70.—Aud. Syn. 
 1839, 91.— And. BA, iii. 1841, 29, pi, U6.—Tldmmann, Rhea, i.'l846, 125 (Vienna),— 
 ? Woodh. Sitgreave'8 Rep. 1353, 72 (Texas and New Mexico— may have been one of the 
 other vars.).—7'iomjis. Vermont, 18S3, tO.—Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 310 (Wiscon- 
 mi).—Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 398 (Ohio).— McCawn, Ann. Lye. N. T. vi. 1853, 
 13 (Texas).- .'/renry,Pr. Thila. Acad. vii. 1855, 310 (New Mexico— may have been one of 
 the other vara,).- ?Pra!!cM, Tr, 111. Agr. Soc. 1855, 61 (Illinois).— Hayw. Pr. Phila. Acad, 
 viii. 1856, 289 (Indiana).— Pufn. Pr. Essex Inst. i. 1856, W9.—t Kneel. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 
 1857, 234,- Bry. Pr. Best. Soc. vi. 1857, 117 (Nova SwasC).— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 
 1859, 281 (Nova Smtla).— Bland, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 287 (Bermuda).- De,fl.- 
 Gerbe, OE. i. 1867, 426 (Europe).- Tn^jpe, Pr. Essex. Inst. vi. 1871, 115 (Minnesota). 
 
 Morula SoUtnrla, 5. l^R. PBA. ii. 1831, 184, pi. "35" by err, for 37,— " VieiU. GAS, ii. 1807, 
 7, pi, 63, in part."— Br«M. Pr, Bost. Soc. 1844, 191. 
 
 Turdns minor, Bp. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 33 (=solitarius Wils. ; nee Gm.).—Ifaum. 
 Isis, 1826, 520.— Bp. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ii. 1826, 15.~Brekm. VD. 1831, W3.—NuU. Mao.i. 
 1832, 3i6.—Aud. OB, 1. 1S32, 303, pi. 58 ; v. 1839, iiS.—Peai. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 
 305.— ? roams. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153 (may have been T. ustulatus).—Giraud, 
 BLI. 1844, 90.— Bald. Nanm. i. 1849, 10 (Anhalt). 
 
 Tnrdns gUttatUS, Cab. Pn. Peru. 1845-'46, 187. 
 
 Turdus pallasll, Cai. Arch. f. Naturg. 1847, (1), 205.— Homeyer, Rhea, ii. 1849, 147 (mono- 
 graphic).— G«BiiI, J. f. 0. 1855, 470 (Cuba).— Bd. BNA. 1858, 212,— Co«e« trPrent. Smiths. 
 Rep. for 1861, 1862, 404 (Washington, D. C.).— P'crr.Pr. Essex Inst. iii. 1862, 145 (Maine).— 
 Boardm. Pr, Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 124 (.Maine).- f'crr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 137 (Anti- 
 eoBti). —Bd. Rev. AB. i. 1864, U.-McUw. Pr. Essex Inst. v. 1866, 84 (Canada 
 West).- OoMcs, Pr. Essex Inst. v. 1868, 266 (New England).— Comm, Pr. Boat. Soc. xii. 
 1868, 106 (South Carolina).— Trijpe, Am, Nat, ii, 1868, 380,— Jl&yn, Am. Nat. il. 18681 
 
 662, 6B3,~Aaen, Am. Nat, II. 1868, 488.— rarnS. B. E. Pa. 1869, 21 ; Phila. ed. 14 Abbott, 
 
 Am. Nat. Iv. 1870, 540, 541.— Parier, Am. Nat. v. 1671, 168.— CoTics, Pr. Phila, Acad! 
 xxiii. 1871, 19 (North Carolina).— Mavn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1672, 357.— Coacs, Keyfie72 
 li.— Trippe, Pr. Bolt. Soo. xv. 1873, 234.— iterriam, Am. Nat. vii. 1874, 7, 8. 
 
SYNONYMY OF T. PALLASI AND ITS VARIETIES 21 
 
 Turflus pallasl, Cab. MH. i. 1830, 5— 5c!. PZS. 1859, 305 (critical).— 5c!. Ibie, iii. 1861, 282.— 
 Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 435 (Pennaylvania).— Zoior. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 18C6. 
 281 (New Yoryi).— Allen, Am. Nat. i. 1867, 109.— Ridff. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 128 
 (critical).- ^!;«i, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 573.—Mayn. B. Pla. 1873, S.—Merr. XJ . S. Geol. Surv. 
 Terr, for 1872, 1873, 713.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 2. — Trippe, ibid.225 (Colorado).— JSreaj. Pr. 
 Host, Soc. xvii. 1875, 438.— B. B. ff R. NAB. i. 1874, 18, pi. i. f. 6. 
 
 Turflus pallacli, Allen, Proc. Essex Inst. iv. 1864, 66. 
 
 OrlTe solitaire, LeM. Ois. Canad. 1861, 169. 
 
 Merle solitaire, Degl-Oerbe., l. c. 
 
 Hermit Thrush; Solitary Tlirusb ; Riifons-taileaBThrush; firound Sivamp Robin. 
 
 1). nanus. 
 
 1 Cnalascba Tbrusb, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 338, No. 202. 
 
 ? Tnrdns aonalascbbae, Gm. SN. i. pt. ii. 1788, 808, No. 31. 
 
 ? Tardus aoonalascbkee, Lath. lO. i. 1790, 329, No. 8 (Synop. iii. 23).— rur!. SN. i. 1806, 491. 
 
 ?Muscicapa guttata. Pall. ZRA. i. 1811 (1831), 465, No. 106. 
 
 Turdus nnnns, Aud. OB. v. 1839, 201. pi. 419 (name T. minor on pi.).— Tomhs. Journ. Phila. 
 Aead. viii. 1839, 153.— ^Kd. Syn. 1839, 91.— ^uif. BA. iii. 184l, 32, pi. 147.— Gam6. Proc. 
 Phila. Acad. i. 1843, 262 (California).— ife«ry, Proc. Phil. Acad. vii. 1855, 310 (New 
 Mexico).— ScZ. PZS. 1859, 4.— B<2. BNA. 1858, 213.— 5c!. PZS. 1859, 325 (critical).— Xou- 
 tus, Pr. Phila. Acad. xl. 1859, 190 (California).— .ffcnry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106 
 (New Mexico).— Htcrm. PRRE. x. 1859, pt. iv. 45.— 5c!. Ibis, iii. 1861, 382.- 5c!. Cat. 
 AB. 1862, i.—Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, IS.—Hcerm. Ibis, 1665, 475 (Texas).— rri^^pe, Am. 
 Nut. ii. 1868, 380.— ^!!ere. Am. Nat. ii. 1868, iSS.—Mayn. Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 662.— Ridg. 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 139 (critical).— Da.'! If Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. 1869, 27.).— 
 Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, i.-Coop. Am. Nat. iv. 1871, ISl.-Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 16.— 
 ?Brev>. Pr. Best. Soc. xvii. 1875, 438 (New England). 
 
 Hj'lOClCbla nana, Coues, Ibis, 1863, 163 (Arizona). 
 
 Turdus (HylOClChla) nanus, Cones, Pr. Phila. Acad, xviii. 1866, 65 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.). 
 
 Turdus pallasil xar. nanus, Coues, Key, 1872, 72. 
 
 Tardus pallasi 6. nanus, Coues, BNW. 1874, 3. 
 
 ? Turdus minor, Gamb. Pr. Phila. Aead. iii. 1846, 113 (Cal.) ; Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 41. 
 
 Dwarf Tbrusb ; Dwarf Hermit Tbrusb. 
 
 c. auduboni. 
 Mernlasilens, Sw. Philos. Mag. i. 1827, 647.— Sa>. FBA.ii. 1831,186. C&o\. Turdus silcnsViniW). 
 Tardus Silens, Sd. PZS. 1858, sou (Parada).— 5c!. PZS. 1859, 335 (critical).— 5c!. Ibis, iii, 186), 
 
 282.- 5c!. Cat. AB. 1862, 2. 
 Tardus SOlltarluS, 5c!. PZS. 1857, 212 (Orizaba). 
 Turdus auduboni, Ed. Rev. AB. i. 1864, 16 (based on M. silens Svi.).—Slev. U. S. Geol. Surv. 
 
 Terr, for 1870, 1871, 463. 
 Turdus audubonll, ^!!en. Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 489 (critical).- 5umci. Mom. Best. Soc. i. 1S69, 
 
 542 (Vera Cruz).— Hii!^. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 129 (critical).— Jlferr. U. S. Geol. Surv. 
 
 Terr, for 1872, 1873, 705, 713. 
 Turdus pallasil var. audubonll, Coues, Key, 1872, 72. 
 Tardus pallasi c. audubonll, Coues, BNW. 1874, 3. 
 Audubon's Thrush i BocKy Mountain Hermit Tbrusb. 
 
 Hab. — North America at large, bnt especially the Eastern Province. Ac- 
 cidental in Europe (see above references). No valid West Indian or Cen- 
 tral American quotations? Mexico? Var. «an us chiefly along the Pacific 
 side, from Kodiak to Lower California. A'^ar. miduhoni from the Southern 
 Eocky Mountain region and Mexico, where resident. 
 
 Ch. sp. — a. PALLASI. — OUvaceus, cauda discolore, rvfescente; 
 subtus alius, lateribus griseo-oUvaceis,pectore et jugulo subflavi- 
 cantibus, maculis nigrls angularibus notatis. 
 
 ,? 9, in summer: Upper parts olivaceous, with a brownish cast, and 
 therefore not so pure as in su-ainsoni ; this color changing on the rump and 
 
22 DESCEIPTION OF T. PALLASI AND ITS VARIETIES 
 
 upper tail-coverts into the rufons of the tail, in decided contrast with the 
 back. Under parts white, shaded with grayish-olive on the sides, the hreast, 
 jugulnm, and sides of the neck more or less strongly tinged with yellowish, 
 and marked with numerous large, angular, dusky spots, which extend back 
 of the yellowish-tinted parts. Throat immaculate. A yellowish orbital 
 ring. Bill brownish-black, with most of the under mandible livid whitish ; 
 mouth yellow ; eyes brown ; legs pale brownish. ^ , length, 7-7^ inches ; 
 extent, 11-12; wing, 3^-35; tail, 24-3. $ smaller, averaging under .7 
 inches in length, and other dimensions proportionally less. 
 
 In winter : The olivaceous of the upper parts assumes a more rufous cast, 
 much like that of ustulatus, and the yellowish wash of the under parts and 
 sides of the head and neck is more strongly pronounced. But the most 
 rufous specimens are readily distinguished from fuseescens by the strong 
 contrast between the color of the tail and other upper parts. 
 
 Very young : Most of the upper parts marked with pale yellowish longi- 
 tudinal streaks, with clubbed extremities, and dusky specks at the end ; 
 while the feathers of the belly and flanks are often skirted with dusky in 
 addition to the numerous blackish spots of the rest of the under parts. 
 
 i. NANUS. — Minor; ^ long. tot. circ. 7 ; alee 2^ seu minus; 
 caicdce circ. 2J. 
 
 c. AUDTJBONi. — Major; (J long. tot. circ. 7f ; alec, 4 -1- ; caudw 
 3+. 
 
 AMONG the Western Hylocichlm of the pallasi type, there 
 are a larger and a smaller race, both intergrading com- 
 pletely with the dimensions of Eastern pallasi, their respective 
 averages being at about the maxima and minima of pallasi 
 proper. The difference in size between them is more noticeable 
 than that between either of them and T. pallasi, and appears 
 to be preserved with much constancy. I am unable to appreci- 
 ate any of the differences in coloration which have been as- 
 cribed; at any rate, these differences are fully within the 
 normal range of variation of typical pallasi. These subspecies 
 are less strongly indicated than either of those of the sicainsoni 
 type, and little violence would be done by declining to recog- 
 nize them by name. Nanus, in particular, is positively indis- 
 tinguishable from some small specimens of Eastern pallasi. 
 Auduboni is rather better marked. I have never seen the wing 
 of pallasi four inches long, and doubt that it ever exceeds this 
 dimension, as is the case with some examples of auduboni. 
 
 The average of a large series of both sexes of typical pallasi 
 from the Eastern States is : — Length, 7.00 ; extent, 11.25 ; wing, 
 3.75 ; tail, 2.75 ; tarsus, 1.15. 
 
 It is not eaiBy to determine the prqper name of this species 
 
HISTORY OF THE HYLOCICHL^ 23 
 
 with the desired precision. Most of the later descriptions 
 upon which names have been based are perfectly intelligible ; 
 but the doubts which attach to several early accounts will 
 probably never be dispelled. The earliest claimant in this con- 
 nection appears to be the LTnalashka Thrush, described with 
 varying orthography by Latham and Pennant, and subse- 
 quently the basis of Turdus aonalasclikae of Gmelin. To enable 
 the reader to judge for himself how little can be made of the 
 accounts of these authors, Pennant's description is reproduced: 
 " Thrush with the crown and back brown, obscurely spotted 
 with dusky : breast yellow, spotted with black : coverts of the 
 wings, primaries, and tail, dusky, edged with testaceous. Size 
 of a lark. Found on Unalascha." This description might be 
 supposed to refer to a young bird of the present species, still 
 in the speckled plumage ; but it is inadequate to the establish- 
 ment of a species. 
 
 To pursue the subject of the TJnalashka Thrush, we may next 
 notice a bird described by the celebrated traveler and natural- 
 ist, Peter S. Pallas, in the Zoographia Eosso-Asiatica, a work 
 which appears to have been actually printed in 1811, though 
 not published, nor generally accessible, until 1831. This author 
 describes as a new species a certain Muscwajpa guttata, from 
 the island of Kodiak, querying the TJnalashka Thrush as syn- 
 onymous. But how much doubt he felt on this score is evident 
 from the fact that he also cites the same bird, with a note of 
 interrogation, as a synonym of his Turdus auroreus. The gen- 
 eral drift of the description of Muscicapa guttata indicates some 
 species of Turdus of the Hylocichla group, in the speckled plum- 
 age of the young; while the expressions "uropygium rufo- 
 lutescens", " rectrices rufescentes ", would seem to point to the 
 Hermit Thrush. This identification was made by Dr. Cabanis 
 in the critical commentary accompanying Tschudi's Fauna 
 Peruana ; but the learned German ornithologist seems to have 
 soon felt the uncertainty attaching to this case, for he relin- 
 quished his Turdus guttatus, to bestow upon the Hermit Thrush 
 the name of T. pallasii, by which it has of late years been gen- 
 erally known. While I admit the high probability of the per- 
 tinence of Pallas's " Muscicapa" to the present species, I 
 scarcely think that we are required to adopt the name, especi- 
 ally in the uncertainty as to which of the varieties of the species 
 the name more particularly applies. 
 
 Meanwhile, in 1812, Alexander Wilson described the Hermit 
 
24 HISTORY OF THE HYLOCICHLiE 
 
 Thrush with sufficient accuracy, though his plate accompany- 
 ing rather indicates the Olive-backed Thrush. He gave it the * 
 appropriate name of Turdus solitarius, which has been adopted 
 by many ornithologists, but which, unfortunately, cannot stand, 
 there being already a Turdus solitarius of Linnaeus. 
 
 The next original name bestowed upon the Hermit Thrush 
 was Turdus nanus, applied by Audubon in 1839, used almost 
 without exception, of late years, for the Western variety. The 
 name antedates Cabanis's pMasii by several years ; the de- 
 scription is evidently that of the Dwarf Thrush, for the main 
 point Audubon makes is the smaller size of his bird; and Dr. 
 Brewer has recently contended that the name should replace 
 that of pallasi. It has been supposed that Audubon intended 
 only to signalize the Western Hermit, or Dwarf Thrush, in 
 bestowing the name nanus. But reference to his original de- 
 scription will show the contrary; Audubon having first noted 
 the bird from the Atlantic States. " It is extremely rare in our 
 Atlantic districts, where, however, Lhave procured a few indi- 
 viduals. Indeed, the first intimation which 1 received respect- 
 ing it was from my friend Charles Pickering of Philadelphia, 
 who, having procured one, had kept its wings and head, the 
 smallness of which struck me at once. I was then far from 
 imagining that its native haunts were the valleys of the Colum- 
 bia River",,«&c. Since the Dwarf Thrush, as understood by 
 modern ornithologists, is confined to the West, the Eastern 
 specimens Audubon procured must have been only unusually 
 small examples of the common Hermit Thrush, in which a dif- 
 ference of an inch in length is not seldom found. It is thus 
 evident that the name nanus includes both the Hermit Thrush 
 proper, T. pallasi of most late authors, and the Western 
 variety, or Dwarf Thrush ; and I really do not see how Dr. 
 Brewer's conclusion, that we should reverse our usual nomencla' 
 ture, make the Dwarf Thrush the original species, and write 
 T. nanus var. pallasi instead of T. pallasi var. nanus, can be 
 gainsaid. It will, however, tend to prevent further misunder- 
 standing of a matter already sufficiently involved to accept 
 the identification of the names made by Professor Baird in 1858. 
 
 The name of Turdus minor Gmelin has been applied by 
 Bonaparte to this species, and his example has been followed 
 by several writers ; the name, therefore, requires examination 
 in this connection. Referring to Gmelin, it will be found that 
 his Turdus minor is not available for use in any connection. 
 
HISTOEY OF THE HYLOCICHL.E 25 
 
 being a thoroughly " made up " species. The diagnosis given 
 is too short to answer any purpose, and, in fact, applies almost 
 equally well to several different species of Hylociohla. His 
 quotations are of Brisson, Bufibn, Pennant, Edwards, Catesby, 
 and Latham, whose several descriptions are those of different 
 species. To take only two of them : Pennant's " Little 
 Thrash " was the species now known as T. swaitisoni ; while 
 Latham's " Little Thrush " was T. fusoescens. The natural 
 result or Gmelin's compilation in this case was' that his name 
 minor has been applied repeatedly to each one of at least three 
 species, namely, T. pallasi, I. swainsoni, and T. fuscescens. 
 
 In 1827, William Swainson described a variety of the Hermit 
 Thrush from Mexico, under the name of Merula silens. This is 
 the same bird afterward named auduboni by Professor Baird — 
 the name silens being pre-occupied in the genus for another 
 species, Vieillot having first applied the term silens to the 
 mustelimis of Wilson, which is th.e fuscescens of Stephens. 
 
 This sketch of the early history of the Hermit Thrush's 
 troubles in the way of a name may be continued with a similar 
 account of the two most nearly allied species, to avoid the neces- 
 sity of again recurring to such dry and uninviting matters. We 
 will first take up the Olive-backed Thrush, T. swainsoni of most 
 late authors. 
 
 The earliest name of supposed applicability to the Olive- 
 backed Thrush is derived from Buffon's Orive de la Caroline, as 
 described by that author, and as figured in the Planches Enlu- 
 min^es (pi. 556, fig. 2). This figure became the exclusive basis 
 of two different names ; for P. L. S. Miiller, in his Supplement 
 to Linnseus' Systema Naturse, of date 1776, at page 140, 
 named it Turdus carolinus ; and P. Boddaert, in his rare Ta- 
 bleau (1783) of the Planches Enlumin^es, page 32, called it 
 Turdus irunneus. G. E. Gray, in the Genera of Birds, claims 
 that the name brunneus should stand for the species ; this could 
 not have been, even were it not anticipated by MUller's name ; 
 for it so happens that Buffon's figure, as Mr. Oassin has re- 
 marked, is one of the few of the whole series of Planches Enlu- 
 min^es that is utterly unrecognizable. It may have been either 
 one of the smaller Thrushes, if not some other bird ; and the 
 reference is entirely out of the question as the basis of a species. 
 Turdus "carolinus" I have seen nowhere except in Mtiller; 
 T. " brunneus " is used by Dr. Brewer in 1S52, but for a differ- 
 ent species, namely, T. fuscescens. 
 
26 HISTOEY OF THE HYLOCICHL^ 
 
 Pennant, as we have already seen, described the Olive- 
 backed Thrush ia 1785 under the name of the " Little Thrush", 
 in this differing from Latham, whose " Little Thrush " was the 
 T. fuscescens. But both Pennant and Latham, in their respect- 
 ive works, introduce a " Brown Thrush", which afterward be- 
 came the exclusive basis of Tardus fuscus of Gmelin. That 
 this bird is certainly no other than the Olive-backed is evident 
 from the following description, quoted from Pennant: — "Thrush 
 with the head, neck, back, cheeks, coverts, and tail, of an olive- 
 brown : primaries dusky : breast and belly of a dirty white, 
 marked with great brown spots : legs dusky. Size of the 
 former [i. e., the Tawny Thrush, T. mustelinus Gm.] ; and a 
 native of the same country [Sew York]." Here is a per- 
 fectly accurate and diagnostic phrase : the name TurcLus fuscus, 
 based upon it, would therefore require adoption, were it not 
 anticipated in point of date by Turdus fuscus of Miiller, Syst. 
 Nat. Suppl. 1776, p. 142, which is an altogether different bird, 
 described from the Cape of Good Hope. So this name fuscus 
 of Gmelin is thrown out of the case. 
 
 In 1831, Swainson and Eichardson described the Olive- 
 backed Thrush as Merula wilsoni. This, however, was not an 
 original imposition of a name, but merely an erroneous identi- 
 fication of Bonaparte's Turdus unlsonii, which latter was the 
 mustelinus Wils. {nee Gmelin, i. e., the fuseescens Steph.). 
 
 A few yeara subsequently, in 1844, Mr. J. P. Giraud and Dr. 
 T. M. Brewer, independently of each other, applied to the Olive- 
 backed Thrush the name of olivaceus — appropriate indeed, and 
 only exceptionable in the fact that there were already one or 
 two entirely different species called Turdus olivaceus. The 
 name therefore cannot stand in this connection, unless the 
 earlier birds of the same name are shown to belong to a differ- 
 ent genus. 
 
 In this evident lack of a tenable specific name for the Olive- 
 backed Thrush, Dr. Oabanis proposed to dedicate it to Swain- 
 son, and the terna Turdus sicainsoni has been almost exclusively 
 adopted for the species of late years. 
 
 Two varieties of this species, called respectively ustulatus and 
 alicice, have been named, but do not require comment here. 
 
 Turning now to the Tawny or Wilson's Thrush, or Veery, as 
 it is indifferently called, we find what is probably the earliest 
 indication of this species in the "Little Thrush" of Lktham 
 (but not of Pennant), on which Gmelin based his T. minor in 
 
HISTORY OF THE HYLOCICHL^ 27 
 
 part, as already shown. It appears to have been first ade- 
 quately described by Alexander Wilson, in 1812, under the 
 unfortunate name of Tawny Thrush, Turdus mmtelinus, not- 
 withstanding that this author clearly perceived it was not the 
 "Tawny Thrush" of Pennant, upon which Gmelin's name T. 
 mustelinus rested. The same bird was redescribed by Stephens, 
 in his continuation of Shaw's General Zoology, in 1817, under 
 the new name of Turdus fusoescens, which is now generally 
 adopted. Vieillot, perceiving Wilson's double employ of the 
 term T. mustelinus, bestowed upon it the name T. silens in 1823. 
 Very shortly afterward, the Prince Bonaparte, also noting 
 Wilson's error, but either ignoring or ignorant of both Steph- 
 ens' and Vieillot's prior designations, dedicated the species to 
 Wilson, calling it Turdus wilsonii, a name current among 
 authors for several years. These are the only ol'iginal names 
 I have met with of undoubted applicability to the present 
 species; though Swainson and other writers have called the 
 bird T. minor after Gmelin, and Dr. Brewer has ouce applied 
 to it the term T. hrunneus. 
 
 The W^ood Thrush being a bird of more marked characters 
 than any one of the others, there has been little or no uncer- 
 tainty respecting it. The original descriptions — the earliest 
 at least that have come to light so far — were those of Latham 
 and Pennant, who describe it from New York under the name 
 of Tawny Thrush, the basis of T. mustelinus of Gmelin. Wilson, 
 having appropriated this name to anotlier species, as we have 
 already seen, called the Wood Thrush T. melodns — in so doing 
 apparently following Bartram,who had called it T. melodes in 1791. 
 
 Fig, 4.— Head of Wood Thrusb. Kat. size. 
 
 The synonymy given at the head of the several species rep- 
 resents an epitome of the whole subject here treated, with a 
 great many additional references to the writings of various 
 authors. As the Wood Thrush .will not be formally introduced 
 
2S SYNONYMY OF TURDUS MUSTELINUS 
 
 into the present work, since it is not known to occur in the 
 Colorado Basin, its synonymy and description are subjoined,* 
 to complete a review of the subject. A figure of the head of 
 this species is likewise given. 
 
 WHEN we come to sketch the life-history of the Hermit 
 Thrush, we shall be met by difficulties as great as those 
 that beset the interpretation of its written record, if we attempt 
 to discriminate between the three recognized varieties. Their 
 mode of life is the same, notwithstanding the points of dissimi- 
 
 'The Wood Thrush.— Tnrdns (Ilylucichia) mnstelinns. 
 
 Tawny Tbrusb, Pcnn. AZ, ii. 1785, 337, No. 198 (Now Yotls.).— Lath. Syn. Ij. pt. i. 1783, 28, No. 
 15. (Not of Wilson. ) 
 
 Turdus mustelinus, Gm. SN. i. pi.ii. 1738, 817, No. 57 (baBed on Penn. & Lath.).— T/irt. SN. 
 i. 1806, iai.—Lath. 10. i. 1790, 331, No. \5.— VieiU. OAS. li. 1807, 6, pi. 62.— Bj). Ajin. Lye. 
 N. Y. ii. 1836, 75.— A^a!!. Mao. i. 1832, m.—Aud-OB. i. 1633, 372; v.1839, 446; pi. 73.— 
 Bp.C.&. G-L. 1838, n.—Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 304.— D'Ori. La Sag. Cuba, Ois. 
 1839, 48 (Cuba).— ,4«A BA. iii.i84!, 24, pi. lU.—Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 144 (in winter).— 
 Bp. CA. i. 1850, 270.— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vl. 1853, 398 {Ohio).— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad, 
 vi. 1853, 310 (Wisconsin).- (roo(iA. Sitgr. Rep. 1853, 72.— Gerhardt, Naum. iii. 1853, 
 38. — Kennic. Tr. Illinois State Agric. Soc. i. 18.55, 601. — Pratten, Tr. Illinois State Agric. 
 Soc. i. 1855, 533.— Gund. J. f. O. 1855, 469 (C\iba).—Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 
 289 (Indiana).- Pam. Proc. Essex Inst. i. 1856, 209.— Sc(. PZS. 1856, 294 (Cordova).— 
 Kneel. Pr. Bost. Soo. vi. 18.57, 23i.—Maz(m,. J. f. O. 1853, 179.- £<*. BNA. 1858, 212.— 
 BiaiiA Smiths. Rep. for 18.58,1859. 287 (Bermudas).- Srf. if Salv. Ibis, 1859, 6 ((Juate- 
 mala).— ScZ. PZS. 1859, 325 (critical), 363(Xalapa).— A/oore,PZS. 1859, 55 (Omoa).— Mar- 
 lens, J. f. 0. 1659, 212 (Bermudas).— GieJci.Vog. 1860, 37, fig. Si.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. 
 vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).- Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1869, 1861, 435 (Pennsylvania).— 5ci. Ibis, iii, 
 1861, W2.—Gundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 324 (Cuba).- Cokcs /f Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 
 —.—Hayd. Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 158 (Missouri River).— >4J6r. J. f. O. 1862, 194, 
 201 (Jamaica).— ^iiere, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 55.— BA Rev. AB. 1864, 13.— Hoy, Smiths. 
 Rep. for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missouri).— Laior. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 281.— Mc/tor. Pr. 
 Ess. Inst. V. 1866, 84 (Canada yf est). —Allen, Am. Nat. i. 1867, IIQ.—Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. 
 xii. 1868, 106 (South Carolina).— Oomm, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 266.— Sumici. Mem. Bost. 
 Soci. 1869, 543 (Vera Cruz).— rarrei. B. E. Pa. 1869, 21 ; Phila. ed. U.— Abbott, Am. 
 Nat. iv. 1870, 540, Sil.-Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 115.— ^(icm, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 
 
 2m.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 124, 173 (Kansas) Gundl.3. f. 0. 1872, 405 (Cuba).— 
 
 Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. XV. 1872, 220.— Coacs, Key, 1872, 72.—Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 
 1873, 234.— Ooaes, BNW. 1874, 2.— B. B. Sr R- NAB. i, 1874, 7, pi. i. f. i.—Brcw. Pr. Bost. 
 Soc. xvii. 1875, 438. 
 
 Merula mnstellna, Rich. List, 1837. i 
 
 Mernla mustelinus, Denny, PZS. 1847, 38. 
 
 Turdus melodes, Banr. Trav. 1791, p. 290 bis. 
 
 Turdus melodus, WUb. AO. i. 1808, 35, pi. 2, f. l.—Licht. " Preis-Verz. Mex. Vug. 1830, 2 " ; 
 J. f. 0. 1863, 57 Goaac, Alabama, 18,59, 295. 
 
 Turdus melodlUS, Bp, Joum. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 33. 
 
 Turdus densus, Bp. CR. xxviii. 1853, 2. 
 
 drive des Bols, FllitC, LeMoine, Ois. Canad, 1861, 176. 
 
 Merle tanne, U' Orbig. l. c. 
 
 Ch. sp. — g ^ Supra mustelinus, caudam versus oUvasceRs; suihis alhus, pcctore 
 lateribmque maculis magnis, numerosis, rotundatis, nlgria notatis. 
 
 ^,9, adult: Upper parts, iuclnding the surface of the closed frings, 
 tawDy-browii, purest and deepest ou llie head, shading insensibly into oliva- 
 
DISTRIBUTION OF AUUUISOM's THRUSH 29 
 
 larity which some observers, recounting the impressions they 
 received from various transient circumstances of observation, 
 have sought to establish. For all reasonable purposes of biog- 
 raphy, the several races of the Hermit Thrush may be treated 
 as one, as I shall do on the present occasion, saving some par- 
 ticulars of their geographical distribution. Audubon's variety, 
 or the Rocky Mountain Hermit, is specialized in this respect, 
 having an exceptional distribution, both during the breeding- 
 season and at other periods of the year — its special habitat, 
 which subjects it to climatic influences equally peculiar, being 
 beyond doubt the cause of the slight modifications of physical 
 characters it has undergone. Audubon's Thrush haunts the 
 wooded mountainous regions of the West, especially in the 
 area known as the Middle Faunal Province. It has not, to my 
 knowledge, been traced farther north than Fort Bridger, in the 
 Rocky Mountains ; its extension in this direction contrasting 
 strongly with that of either the Dwarf or true Hermit, which 
 reacK the Arctic regions. On the other hand, this variety is the 
 characteristic representative of the species in Mexico, through- 
 out the Alpine regions, up to an altitude of about 2,500 meters. 
 It breeds in that country, and, according to M, Sumichrast, is 
 generally distributed and abundant. Some of the current ref- 
 erences to " Turdus pallasi^' in Mexico doubtless belong to this 
 
 ceous on the rump and tail. Below, pure white, faintly tinged on the breast 
 with bufif, and everywhere except on the throat, middle of belly, and cris- 
 sum marked with numerous large, well-defined, rounded or subtriangular 
 blackish spots. Inner webs and ends of quills fuscous, with a white or 
 buffy edging toward the base. Greater under wing-coverts mostly white. 
 Auriculars sharply streaked with dusky and white. . Bill blackish-brown 
 with flesh-colored or yellowish base. Feet like this part of the bill. Length, 
 7|-8 inches; extent, about 13; wing, 4-Ji; tail, 3-3^; bill, i ; tarsus, IJ; 
 middle toe and claw less. The sexes do not differ appreciably, either in size 
 or coloration. 
 
 Young : For a short tim'e after leaving the nest, the young are speckled 
 or streaked above with pale yellowish or whitish ; usually especially noticea- 
 ble as triangular spots on the wlng-ooverts. But these speedily disappear, 
 when a plumage scarcely different from that of the adult is assumed. 
 
 The present is the most strongly marked species of the subgenus Sylo- 
 ticMa. In T. pallaai, the only other one showing both tawny and olive 
 on the upper parts, the position of the two colors is reversed, the tawny 
 oocupying the rump, the olive the head. In no other species are the spots 
 below so large, sharp, numerous, and generally dispersed, only the central 
 line of the throat, middle of the belly, and the crissum remaining immacu- 
 late. The purity of the white, moreover, only gives way to a faint, some- 
 times almost inappreciable, tinge of buff on the breast. 
 
30 DISTRIBUTION OF THE DWARF THRUSH 
 
 variety ; yet it does not uecessarily follow that the true Hermit 
 Thrush is never found so far south. I should not leave this 
 subject of the southerly distributioa of the Audubon Thrush 
 without calling attention to the fact that it constitutes one of 
 the few exceptions to the general rule that southern repre- 
 sentatives of a species are smaller than the others; its larger size 
 being unaccountable on any premises we at present command. 
 The distribution of the Dwarf Hermit in latitude agrees with 
 that of its eastern relative. This bird is the prevailing, if not 
 the exclusive, form in the Pacific region, from Alaska as far 
 north at least as Sitka and the island of Kodiak, to the ex- 
 tremity of the peninsula of Lower California. Though it is par- 
 ticularly attached to the immediate Pacific slopes, it yet 
 spreads eastward to the Eocky Mountains. Dr. J. G. Cooper 
 found it in the Colorado Valley, probably at Fort Mojave, 
 where he was stationed for some time as a medical officer 
 of the Army. 1 occasionally saw it in the mountains of Central 
 Arizona, and within a year or two Mr. H. W. Hensha^V has 
 observed it still further eastward, in Southern Arizona, and 
 a mong the headwaters of the Gila in New Mexico. These advices 
 
 ' clearly show that the limit of eastward dispersion assigned 
 by Mr. Eidgway (the valley of the Humboldt Kiver in Nevada), 
 must be considerably enlarged. As to the movements of the 
 species within the general area it inhabits, the accounts 
 which have reached us are perplexing ; yet they may, I think, 
 be adjusted, if we exercise due care. It is evident from Dr. 
 Cooper's researches, that the Dwarf Hermit winters in lower 
 portions of Arizona, a fact which both Mr. Henshaw's observa- 
 tions and ray own would confirm, were this necessary ; and its 
 occurrence at Cape St. Lucas shows probably the southernmost 
 point reached at this season. Starting from these and corre- 
 sponding latitudes, the bird migrates to Alaska, as already inti- 
 mated, and breeds at the northernmost points it reaches. The 
 limit of the breeding-range in the other direction remains to be 
 determined, for it is pretty certain that Dr. Cooper, in speak- 
 ing of nests which lie found at Santa Cruz, and supposed to 
 belong to the Dwarf Thrush, was mistaken. He describes the 
 nests as placed " about five feet above the ground ", and says 
 
 ' that they contained speckled eggs, neither of which statements 
 agrees with what we know of the nidification and color of the 
 eggs of the Hermit Thrush. Dr. Brewer has alluded to these 
 discrepancies, which his great familiarity with the subject ena- 
 
DISTRIBUTION OF THE HERMIT THRUSH 31 
 
 bled him to perceire at once, though, somewhat inconsistently, 
 he goes on to quote Dr. Cooper's account in connection with 
 the Dwarf Thrush. We may without hesitation reject the 
 whole record as far as it bears upon an alleged breeding of the 
 Dwarf Thrush so far soutli, since there is no doubt that Dr. 
 Cooper's nests were really those of the Olive-backed Thrush, or 
 its variety ustulatus. Observations are wanting to determine 
 the case precisely, yet, remembering how strongly elevation of 
 surface affects the breeding-range of species, and that the 
 Dwarf Thrush is found in wooded mountainous tracts, we may 
 grant that it will probably be found to nestle much farther 
 south than its Eastern relative is known to do. I should not 
 be surprised if its dispersion during the breeding-season were 
 found very closely correspondent with that of the Varied 
 Thrush. 
 
 Turning now to the better-known Hermit Thrush of the East, 
 that shy recluse whose lowly home has been often entered by 
 the curious naturalist, eager to learn its secrets, the first thing 
 that strikes us as bearing upon its furtive movements is the 
 lack of any trace of its presence in those subtropical regions to 
 which the Wood Thrush and the Olive-backed and others re- 
 sort in winter. We are not even sure that it takes the short 
 flight from Florida, a favorite home, to any of the West India 
 Islands. Though Dr. Gundlach, the veteran ornithologist of 
 Cuba, whose labors for many years have done so much to eluci- 
 date the bird-life of that island, once recorded its presence 
 there, it seems that he had really another species in A'iew. 
 Like the Catbird and the Thrasher, the Hermit Thrush finds 
 in the groves and swamps of the Southern States a winter 
 home so congenial that it need seek no further. Audubon in- 
 formed us many years ago of its abundance in Mississippi and 
 Louisiana; and later records, multiplying rapidly with the 
 growing number of those who are interested in the delightful 
 study of birds, not only confirm the statement, but extend its 
 applicability to most of the Southern States. I well remember 
 the admiration which this brave and hardy little bird used to 
 excite in me, when I was first trying my own wings in short 
 flights in ornithology, mostly confined to the vicinity of my 
 home at Washington, by its appearance, nothing daunted, dur- 
 ing the inclemency of October and March, whenits more delicate 
 relatives were far away. Its very slender, pale-colored legs, 
 like those of many other insect-eating birds which spend much 
 
32 DISTEIBDTION OF THE HEBMIT THRUSH 
 
 of their time on the ground, always suggested that it was bare- 
 footed, and tempted me to wonder why it did not sufi'er, ram- 
 bling incessantly over the frozen ground, or even leaving its 
 track in a slight fall of snow. Though I never knew it to en- 
 dure the depth of winter in this locality, yet other observers 
 have found it lingering through the whole season still further 
 north — the Eev. Dr.'TurnbuU has left us such a record in his 
 elegant little volume entitled " The Birds of East Pennsylvania 
 and New Jersey"; and Mr. C. J. Maynard says he has seen the 
 bird in Northern New Hampshire in November, when the snow 
 was on the ground. Those who care to look farther into the 
 details of the subject will find many other records, which show 
 the whereabouts of the bird at various seasons, in my " Birds of 
 the Northwest." Here, I will content myself with the further 
 statement that it is chiefly known as a migrant in the Middle 
 States, not pausing to mate and rear its young south of Massa- 
 chusetts as far as we now know, — though I suspect that it will 
 yet be discovered to nestle in some of the untried recesses of 
 the Alleghanies. In the northerly parts of New England, and 
 thence to the Arctic regions, the Hermit Thrush is at home in 
 summer. Whether it ever reaches Greenland or not is uncer- 
 tain. A Thrush is recorded from that country by the accom- 
 plished Danish ornithologist Professor Eeinhardt, under the 
 name of " Turdus minor Gra." ; but I believe that the actual 
 reference in this case is to the Olive-backed. The same doubt 
 attaches to a part, at least, of the quotations we have of the 
 bird's occurrence in Europe ; others, however, are undisputed, 
 and the fact may be considered established that it occasion- 
 ally deviates so widely from its established routes of migration. 
 
 From the West, we have the testimony of two excellent ob- 
 servers, to show that the Hermit Thrush reaches the Rocky " 
 Mountains. Mr. J. A. Allen and Mr. T. M. Trippe have each 
 found it in Colorado, and ascertained that it breeds in that 
 Territory, in the mountains, up to an altitude of at least 8,000 
 feet. 
 
 How quietly and with what solicitude for privacy the nesting 
 of the Hermit Thrush is accomplished ! Such care is taken to 
 conceal its nest in the recesses of tangled undergrowth that 
 few are the ornithologists who have found it. If Wilson, Nut- 
 tall, or Audubon ever saw a nest, no one of them recognized 
 its owner. The nests and eggs which they describe as those 
 of the Hermit were certainly the Olive-backed Thrush's the 
 
NEST AND EGGS OF THE HEEMtT 33 
 
 only one whicli nests at any considerable distance from the 
 ground and lays spotted eggs. And unless the Hermit has 
 changed its choice of a summer home since Wilson and 
 Audubon thought they had discovered its nest, it never bred 
 in the southerly regions where they thought it did. But their 
 mistake was not unnatural, since, singularly enough, neither of 
 these ornithologists knew the difference between the Olive- 
 backed and the Hermit Thrush — a distinction erroneously said 
 by Dr. Brewer to have been first suggested by Professor Baird 
 in 1844, as Swainson had discriminated the two with perfect 
 accuracy, though under wrong names, in 1831. The manner 
 in which the nest of the Hermit Thrush is built, its situa- 
 tion, and the eggs, are all so similar to the Veery's that one 
 must detect the shy parents themselves before being sure 
 which has been found. The nest is built on the ground or 
 near it, generally in some low, secluded spot ; no mud is used in 
 its composition, the whole fabric being a rather rude and inartis- 
 tic matting of withered leaves, weed-stalks, bark-strips, and 
 grasses — the coarser and stiffer substances outside, the finer 
 fibres within. The cnp is small in comparison with the whole 
 size, owing to the thickness of the walls and of the base. The 
 eggs are like those of the Eobin or Wood Thrush, in their uni- 
 form greenish-blue color, but smaller, measuring about niue- 
 tenths of an inch in length by five-eighths in breadth ; being 
 thus not distinguishable from those of the Veery. 1 have never 
 known of an instance, to my recollection, of the eggs being 
 spotted ; but so many birds which usually lay whole-colored 
 bluish eggs occasionally drop a set which are somewhat 
 speckled that I should not be surprised to find at any time a 
 Hermit Thrush's egg showing a few specks about the larger 
 end. 
 
 Great injustice would be done were the Hermit's musical 
 powers overlooked in any sketch, however slight, of its life- 
 history. The earlier authors were evidently unaware of its 
 accomplishments, for its melody is lavished on the gloom of the 
 swamp, or lost in the darkening aisles of the forest, where 
 years passed by before the ear of the patient and toiling stu- 
 dent of nature was gladdened by the sweet refrain. Wilson 
 denies it song ; Audubon speaks of " its single plaintive note ", 
 though he adds, perhaps upon information received from his 
 friend Dr. Pickering, that " its song is sometimes agreeable ". 
 Nuttall seems to have first recognized the power and sweet- 
 3 B c 
 
34 THE SONG OF THE HERMIT 
 
 ness of the lay of our Hermit : he compares it to the famous 
 Nightingale, that sweet princess of song, and ranks it far 
 above the Wood Thrush. Later writers agree in this high 
 estimate of the bird's powers, though it may be questioned 
 whether a comparison unfavorable to the Wood Thrush is a 
 perfectly just discrimination. The weird associations of the 
 spot where the Hermit triumphs, the mystery inseparable from 
 the voice of an unseen musician, conspire to heighten the effect 
 of the sweet, silvery, bell-like notes, which, beginning soft, low, 
 and tinkling, rise higher and higher, to end abruptly with a 
 clear, ringing intonation. It is the reverse of the lay of the 
 Wood Thrush, which swells at once into powerful and sustained 
 effort, then gradually dies away, as though the bird were reced- 
 ing from us ; for the song of the Hermit first steals upon us 
 from afar, then seems to draw nearer, as if the timid recluse 
 were weary of solitude, and craved recognition of its conscious 
 power to please. Yet it is but a momentary indecision — 
 trae to a vow of seclusion, the anchorite is gone again to its 
 inviolate grotto in the fastnesses of the swamp, where a world 
 of melody is wasted in its pathetic song of life : — 
 
 "Full many a gem of purest ray serene, 
 The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear ; 
 Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, 
 And waste its sweetness on the desert air." 
 
 Olive-backed Thrush 
 
 Tardus (Hylocichia) swalnsoni 
 
 u,, swainsoni. 
 
 little Thrush, Pmn. AZ. ii. 1785, 338, No. 20] fnot of Latham). 
 
 TurdUS minor, Om. SN. i. pt. ii. 1788, 809 (in part ; mixed with Juscescens).—Lath. 10. i. 1790, 
 328, No. 5 (in part).— rarl. SN. i. 1806, in.— Vicill. OAS. ii, 1807, 7, pi. 63 (in part). 
 
 TurdUS minor, £p. C. &GL. 1838, 17 (wrongly quotes PB A. pi. 36, which is /?iscescens).— 
 Bp. CA. i. 1850, 271.— fleinA. J. f. O. 1854, 427 ((ireenlaud).— Set PZS. 1857, 212 
 (Orizaba).— ffera/i. Ibis, iii. 1861, 6 (Greenland). 
 
 Brown Thrush, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 33T, No. 199.— Lath. Syn. ii. pt. i. 1783, 28, No. 16. 
 
 TurdUS fU8C«8, Om. SN. L. pt. ii. 1783, 817, No. 56 (ba»cd on Penn. & Lath.; name pre- 
 occupied).- raj-J. SN. i. 1806, 497. 
 
 TurdUS solltarlus, mis. AO. v. 1812, pi. 43, f. 2 (not the text on p. 95).— CoKe«, Pr. Boat. 
 Soc.xii. 1868, 106 (South Carolina. Slip of the pen for swainsoni). 
 
 Merula Wilsonli, S. IfR. FBA. ii. 1831, 182 (excl. syn. "mustcUiius Wils."). 
 
 Merilla Ollvacea, Brew. Pr. Host. Soc. i. 1844, 191.— ThompB. Vermont, 1853, app. 22. 
 
 TurdUS Ollvaceus, airaud, BLI. 1844, 92.— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 117 (Nova Scotia).— 
 Willis, Smiths. Kep. for 1858, 185a, 281 (Nova Scotia).— Ji/arteTis, J. f. O. 1859, 212 (Ber- 
 mudas). 
 
SYNONYMY OF TURUUS SWAINSONI 35 
 
 Turdns SWalnSOnii,Ca&. Pn.Peru. 1845-'46, 187.— Cat. Arch. t. Naturg. t847 (i), 205.— fforaeyer, 
 Bhea, ii. 1849, 149 (monographic), Oab. MH. 1850, 5 (Siberia).- Ctt6. J. f. O. 1857, 341 
 (Cuba).— Bd. BNA. 1858, 216.— Ound. J. f. O. 1861, 394 (Cuba).- Bdiiis. Ibis. iv. 1862, 
 4 (Saskatchewan).— Boariim. Pr. BoBt. Soc. ix. 1862, 124 (Maine).— ^ctt. Pr. Boat. Soo. 
 ix. 1862, 137 (AnticoBti).- ferr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1802. 145 (Maine).— Biaiis. Ibis, 1863, 
 58 (Fort Carlton).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 19.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 56 (Massachu- 
 setts). —Laior. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 281 (New York).— Jfc/iior. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 
 1866, Bi.—Degl.-Gerbe, OE. i. 1867, 427 (Europe).— Pcij. Orn. Bras. ii. 1868, 92.—Coues, 
 Proc. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 266 (New Bag\a.ui).— Allen, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 488, i89.—Mayn. 
 Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 663.— Tiirnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 21 ; Phila. ed. 14.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 
 31, 295.— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 573, mi.—Ridg. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 128 
 (critical).- ^66oK, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 5il.— Parker, Am. Nat. v. 1871, 168.— IVijipe. Pr. 
 Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 115 (Minnesota).— WyaH, Ibis, i, 3d. ser. 1871, 321) (Colombia).— Afoyn. 
 Pr. Best. Soc. xiv. 1872, 3iS.— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 266.— Coues, Key, 1872, 12.—Mayn. 
 B. Fla. 1872, 6.—Giindl. J. f. O. ife, 405 (Cuba).— Aferr. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 
 1872, 1873, 704, 7l3.—Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 234. 
 
 Tnrdus swalnsoni, Sd. PZS. 1858, 451 (Ecuador).- Sd. PZS. 1859, 326 (critical).— Sc!. IfSalv. 
 Ibis, i. 1859, 6 (Guatemala).— ScZ. PZS. 1860, 84 (Ecuaaor).—Sri.Ibis, iii. 1861, 282.— 
 Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— Barm. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 435 
 (Pennsylvania). — Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 91 (Costa Rica). — v. Frantz. J. f. O. 
 1869, 289 (Costa Rica).— Coiies, Am. Nat. v. 1871, 197.— Merrill, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 
 Sil.-Coues, BNW. 1874, 4; Trippe, ibid. 228; Wlieaton, ibid. 233.— B. B. S; R. NAB. i, 
 1874, 14, pi. i. f. i.— Nelson, Pr. Bost. Soo. xvii. 1875, 238, 345 (Utah).— Breio. Pr. Bost. 
 Soo. xvii, 1875, 438. 
 
 Turdus minimus, ?Lafr. RZ. xi. 1848, 5 (Bogota).— Sc(. PZS. 1854, 111 (Qnijog).— 5d. PZS. 
 1855, 145 (Bogota).— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. 1859, 226 (Bogota).— Lajw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 
 viii. 1863, 7 (Panama). 
 
 Turdus manus, Sam. Am. Nat. ii, 1868, 218 (err.). 
 
 erlve de Swalnson, LeM. Oia. Canad. 1861, 170. 
 
 Merle de Swalnson, Degl.-Gerbe. 1. c. 
 
 Olive-backed Tbrusli ; Swainson's Thrush ; Swamp Robin. 
 
 b. alicits. 
 
 Tnrdus allCiie, Bd. BNA. 1858, 217 ; ed. of 1861, pi. 81, f. 2.—Sa. PZS. 1859, 326 (critical).— 
 Scl. Ibis, iii. 1861, 282.— Ooaes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 217 (Labrador).— 
 Coues IfPrmt. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862,405 (Washington, D. C.).—Hayd. Tr. Am. 
 PhiloB. Soc. xii. 1862, 159.— Bi Rev. 1864, 21.— All. Am. Nat. ii. 1863, 489 (critical).— 
 Mayn. Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 662.— Zawr, Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 91 (Costa Rica). — Coues, 
 Pr. Ess. Inst. V. 1868, 267.— Da!!. 4- BaMu. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. 1869, 275 (Alaska).— 
 Tnrnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 22 ; Phila. ed. 15.—Ridg. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 128 (crlti- 
 oal).— ^!(en, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 574.— Z>a!Z, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 6W.—Salv. PZS. 1870, 180 
 (Veragua).— Oojies, Pr. Phila. Acad, xxiii. 1871, 19 (North Carolina).— Ooues, Am. Nat." 
 vu. 1873, 222.- B. B. S( R. NAB. i, 11, pi. i. f. 2.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 438. 
 
 Tnrdus swalnsonil uar. aliciee, Couea, Key, 1872, 73. 
 
 Turdus swalnsoni b. aliciee, Ooues, BNW. 1874, 4. 
 
 Turdus aliCiae, v. Frantz, J. f. 0. 1869, 289 (Costa Rica).— Gun*. J. f. 0. 1872, 405 (Cuba).— 
 Tacz. J. f . O. 1872, 440, 1873, 112 (East Siberia). 
 
 Alice's Thrush j Gray-cheelied Thrush. 
 
 c. ustulatus. 
 
 Tardus UStulatnS, Nun. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, p. vi.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 215 ; ed. of 1860, pi. gl, 
 f. l.—Scl. PZS. 1859, 326 (critical).— C (fS. NHWT. I860, ni.—Scl. Ibis, iii. 1861, 262.- 
 Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 18.— Brown, Ibis, iv^, 1868, 420 (Vancouver).— y(!Ze7i, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 
 
 4g9. Ooop. Am. Nat. iii- 1869, 31. — Ridg. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 127 (critical). — 
 
 Ball if Bann. Tt. Chicago Acad. i. 1869, 275.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 5.— Grai/son, Pr. 
 Best. Soo. xiv. 1872, 276 (Tres Marias Islands). 
 
 Tnrdus cestulatus, Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 400 (err. typog. corrected on p. vi). 
 
 Turdus swalnsonil tiar. nstulatns, Cones, Key, 1872, 73. 
 
 Turdus swainsoni var. UStulatnS, B. B. S; R. NAB. i, 1874, 16, pi. i. f. 2.— Nelson, Pr, Bost. 
 Soc. xvii. 1875, 354 (California). 
 
 Turdus swalnsoni c ustulatus, Ooues, BNW. 1874, 4. 
 
 (?) Turdus SdJsonli, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153 (Columbia River). 
 
36 CHARACTERS OF T. SWAINSONF AND VARIETIES 
 
 Ch. sp. a. SWAINSONI. — $ 9 Olivaceus, cauda concolore ; 
 sitbtus albus, lateribiis griseo-oUvaceis, pectore, jugulo, palpebris, 
 cum lateribus capitis et colli subflavicantibus, pectore et jugulo 
 maculis magnis fuscis notatis. 
 
 Above clear olivaceoua, of exactly the same shade over all the upper 
 parts ; below white, strongly shaded with olive-gray on the sides and flanks, 
 the throat, breast, and aides of the neck and head strongly tinged with yel- 
 lowish, the fore parts, excepting the throat, marked with numerous large, 
 broad, dusky spots, which extend backward on the breast and belly, there 
 rather paler, and more like the olivaceous of the upper parts. Edges of 
 eyelids yellowish, forming a strong orbital ring ; lores the same. Mouth 
 yellow ; bill blackish, the basal half of lower mandible pale ; iris dark 
 brown ; feet pale ashy-brown. Length of $ , 7-7| ; extent, 12-12J ; wing, 
 about 4; tail, about 3; bill, -J; tarsus, l^g. 5 averaging smaller — 6|-f- 
 extent, Hi-|- ; &c. 
 
 b. alicIjE. — S 9 Olivaceus, lateribus capitis conooloribus, 
 jugulo vix flavido-tincto. Major; rostro longiore, graeiliore; long. 
 
 tot. 7J-8; alar. exp. 12^13 J; ala 4+, cauda 3+. 
 
 Similar to swainaoni; sides of the head like the back, or merely more gray- 
 ish ; the distinct yellowish orbital ring and lores of swainsoni not being seen, 
 or but faintly indicated. Breast but slightly tinged with yellowish. Rather 
 larger than sivainsoni, the length averaging rather over the maximum of the 
 latter, sometimes exceeding 8 inches, and other dimensions to correspond 
 bill rather over i an inch, and comparatively slenderer than in swainsoni. 
 
 c. TJSTULATUS. — i 9 Bufo-olivaceus ; cceteris T. swainson 
 sat similis. 
 
 This form is entirely like swainsoni proper, excepting in a rufous shade o 
 the olive of the u^per parts approaching that of fuscescens, from which it is 
 distinguished by the different tone and pattern of the coloration of the 
 under parts. These characters, which it shares with swainsoni, distinguish 
 it from alioice, no less than does the shade of the upper parts. It is simply 
 the more rufous phase oi swainsoni from the northwest coast region. 
 
 I. aliciw is more decidedly different from swainsoni in the characters note 
 above, and is held by many excellent ornithologists as a distinct species. 
 The interrelationships are treated in my " Birds of the Northwest", and 
 more fully in the " History of North American Birds ". 
 
 /^"NE of tlie most peculiar traits of the Olive backed Thrust 
 V-/ is its erratic dispositiou. If not a greater vagabond than the 
 Eobin itself, this Thrush commonly wanders further south than 
 any of its relatives; its journeying into distant portions of South 
 America being conspicuous. While the rest of our Thrushes 
 which leave the United States in the autumn rarely if ever pens- 
 
HABITS OF THE OLIVE-BACKED THEUSH 37 
 
 trate beyond the Isthmus, the Olive-backed Thrush has ap- 
 peared in Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil, as recorded by Sclater, 
 Cabanis, and von Pelzeln, respectively. It likewise occurs in 
 Cuba and in Greenland, and, like all oar other HyloGicMce, except- 
 ing the Wood Thrush, has been reported from Europe. There 
 is also a record of its presence in Siberia; though very possibly 
 the actual reference in this case is to the variety alioke, lately 
 accredited by Taczanowski to the same country. Its disper- 
 sion over the eastern portions of North America is general. The 
 southern limit of its usual breeding-range has been fixed by 
 Dr. Brewer in Massachusetts, but I am under the impression 
 that such restriction requires to be removed. I have mislaid a 
 reference I once possessed to its breeding in Connecticut and 
 in the mountains of Pennsylvania, and cannot now recall the 
 authority ; but such extension of its range in summer agrees 
 better with the accounts of some of the earlier writers as well 
 as with what we now know of its distribution during the same 
 season in the West. Late observations have informed us of its 
 westward extension beyond the main chains of the Eocky 
 Mountains. My correspondent, Mr. T. M. Trippe, found the 
 bird in Colorado Territory in May and September; and on one 
 occasion in October, when the snow lay a foot deep on the 
 ground, he observed it in company with various other species 
 which had gathered about the Hot Sulphur Springs, in the 
 Middle Park, apparently attracted by the warmth of these tepid 
 pools. " In the vicinity of Denver," says Mr. H. W. Henshaw, 
 "the species makes its appearance about yie 10th of May; and 
 by the 17th the thickets and partially open ground in swampy 
 localities were fairly swarming with these birds. They were 
 perfectly silent, and busied themselves after the usual manner 
 of the family in scratching and seeking among the leaves for 
 food. The males preceded the arrival of the females by at least 
 a week." The most explicit accounts from the Far West are, 
 however, those given by Mr. Eidgway, in his still unpublished 
 Eeport on the Birds observed during Clarence King's Survey of 
 the Fortieth Parallel. I quote from proof-sheets which he 
 kindly placed at my service : " Swainson's Thrush is a very 
 abundant species among the Wahsatch Mountains, and is, in 
 fact, one of the most characteristic summer birds of that region. 
 It there breeds plentifully in the canons, where its song may 
 
 be heard almost continually during the nesting- season 
 
 Numerous nests were found among the thickets bordering the 
 
38 HABITS OF THE OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH 
 
 streams ; they were generally situated about five or six feet 
 from the ground, in the willows or other shrubs, near the 
 water." 
 
 This paragraph leads me to speak at once of another pecu- 
 liarity of the Olive-backed Thrush in comparison with all its 
 congeners, excepting, of course, its two varieties alicice and 
 ustulatus. I refer to its laying speckled eggs in a nest several 
 feet from the ground. The Wood Thrush, indeed, builds in 
 bushes and low trees ; but then its eggs are whole-colored, like 
 those of the Veery and Hermit, both of which nestle on or very 
 near the ground. In high Arctic regions, whither many of Swain- 
 son's Thrushes resort for the summer, the nest has been fre- 
 quently observed on the stunted vegetation not a yard from 
 the ground; but, in more favored places, the altitude is usually 
 about a man's height. The nest is more compact and more 
 elaborately finished than those of the ground-builders, the 
 Veery and Hermit, the outer portions of which are coarser and 
 less consistent. The material is very miscellaneous, and varies, 
 moreover, with the locality; but mosses, lichens, leaves, bark- 
 strips, and fibrous weedy substances are usually found, while in 
 some the Hypnum mosses are said to be most conspicuous, and 
 to give a distinctive character. In size, the nests are only 
 about four inches in diameter by half as much in depth ; the 
 walls being about half an inch thick. The eggs, numbering 
 four or five, measure about seven-eighths of an inch in length 
 by five-eighths in breadth ; but much variation, both in size 
 and shape, has been, observed. They are light greenish-blue in 
 color, fully speckled with reddish-brown and other shades. 
 Any Thrush's eggs like this found in a nest above the ground, 
 described by early authors, were almost certainly those of the 
 Olive-backed Thrush, to whatever species they may have been 
 accredited. 
 
 As to the general habits of this bird in comparison with 
 those of its congeners, there is little to be said, since they are 
 scarcely distinctive. It is perhaps less decidedly terrestrial 
 and less solicitous of concealment than the Hermit, being often 
 observed in open woodland, and gleaning much of its food 
 among the branches of trees. I do not think that I have ever 
 recognized its voice, excepting the short single note which is 
 much the same as that of its allies. Dr. Brewer describes it as 
 having a certain resemblance to that of the Hermit, yet quite 
 distinct; " it is more prolonged ; the notes are more equal and 
 
SYNOKYMY OF TURD US FUSCESCENS 39 
 
 rise with more regularity and more gradually, are richer, and 
 each note is more complete in itself. Its song of lamentation, 
 when robbed of its young, is full of indescribable pathos and 
 beauty, haunting one who has heard it long after." 
 
 Wilson's Thrush, or Veery 
 
 Tardus (Hyloclchla) fuscesccns 
 
 little Thrusb, Latlmm, Syn. il. pt. i, 1783, 30 No. 5 (not of Pennant). 
 
 TurdUS minor, Gm. SN. i. pt. U. 1788, 809, No. 32 (In part ; mixed witli swainsoni). 
 
 Turdus mnstellnus, Wils. AO. v. IBia, 98, pi. 43, f. 3 (nee Gm., nee auct.). 
 
 TurdUS fuscescens, Stepk. Shaw's GZ. x. 1817, \S2.— /Kneel. Pr. BoBt. Socvi. 1857, 234. -BA 
 BNA. 1858, 214.— Sd.PZS. 1859, 326 (critical).— SC2. Ibis, 1861, 282— Gand. J. f. 0. 1861, 
 324 (Cuba).— Larer. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. vii. 1861, 326 (New G-ranada). Ooues If Prent. Smiths. 
 Rep. for 1861, 1862, iOi.—Sel. Cat. AB. 1862, i.—Hayd. Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. 1862, 
 158.— Verr. Pr. E^sex Inst. iii. 1862, 145.— Sirfisl. Ibis, v. 1833,58 (Saskatchewan).— Bd. 
 Rev. AB. 1864, 17.— All. Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 5S.— Laicr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 
 2il.—Mellw. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 81 (Canada West).— Coum, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 
 266.— Cdkm, Pr. Bo»t. Soo. xii. 1868, 106.— ^Here, Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1858, 493, 5li.— All. 
 Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 489.— Peii. Orn. Bras, ii, 1868, 92.—Turnt. B. E. Pa. 1869, 21; Phila. 
 ed. li.—Ridg. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 127 (critical).— Afayre. Nat. Guide, 1870, 90.— 
 .,4660(1, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 540, 5il.—Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv, 1871, —.—Stevenson, U. 
 S. Qeol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 463.— .4i;. Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 256 ; iii. 1872, 155, 
 173 (Colorado).— Afnyra. B. Fla. 1872, 10.— Coues, Key, 1872, 73.— Eiit. Am. Nat. viii. 
 1874, 271.- Gundl. J. f. O. 1872, 405 (Cuba).— ATayn. Pr Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 3Sr.— Ooues, 
 BNW. 1874, 5; Trippe, ibid. 228 (Colorado).— ^Zien, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 48 
 (Dakota).- B. B. * R. NAB. i, 1874, 9, pi. i. f. s.-Brexo. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 438. 
 
 TurdUS fnscesens, Bam. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1661, 435. 
 
 Turdus aliens, Vieill. EM. ii. 1823, 647 (:= mustelinus mis.; nee eilens Sa.). 
 
 Tardus wUsonil, Dp. Joum. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 34 (based oixmustelinus Wils. nee Gm.).—Bp. 
 Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ii. 1826, 76.-Pea6. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839,306.— ^ad. OB. ii. 1834, 362, 
 pi. 16i.—Aud. Syn. 1839, 90.— And. BA. iii.1841, 27, pi. US.— Cab. Pn. Peru. 1845-46, 
 188.— Oai. Arch. t. Naturg. 1817 (i), W5.—Homeyer, Rhea, ii. 1849, 148 (monog.).— Hoy, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 310 (Wisconsin).- TAomps. Vermont, 1853, 79.— Bead, Pr. 
 Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 398 (Ohio).— Kckbjc. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, eOl.—Pratten, Tr. 
 III. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 601.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missouri).- T'rt^pe, 
 Pr. Essex Inst. vi. 1871, 115. 
 
 IJirdUS Wilsonl, Bp. 0. & GL. 1838, 17.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, m.—Gund. J. f. O. 1855, 470 
 (Cuba).— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 209.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— 
 Gund. J. f. O. 1861, 405 (Cuba). 
 Merula Wllsonll, Brae. Pr. Bost. Soc. 1844, 191. 
 
 :Merula minor, Sw. ^ Rich. PBA. ii. 1831, 179, pi. 3S.— 'Denny, PZS. 1847, 38. 
 
 Turdus minor, Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 408.— D'Ori. La Sagra's Cuba, Ois. 1840, 47, pi. 5.—Degl.- 
 Gerbe, OB. i. 1867, 424 (Europe). 
 
 Turdus bruneus, Brew. Joum. Bost. Soo. vi. 1853, 304 (chars, and habits).- Ca6or, Naum. 
 
 Bd. ii. Hft. iii. 1852, 66 (Lake Superior). 
 Merle grlrette, Degland- Gerbe. 
 
 Oh. sp. — 9 (J Bufo-brunneus, cauda concolore ; infra albus, 
 ■lateribus canis,jugulo tantum pallidd flavo-brunneseente, maculis 
 minimis, sparsis, sagittatis fuscis notato. 
 
 Entire upper parts reddish-brown, with a faint olivaceous tinge ; no con- 
 4;rast of color between back and tail ; quilla and tail-feathers darker and 
 
40 DESCKIPTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE VEERY 
 
 purer brown, the former with white or biiff^' spaces at the couoealed bases 
 of the inner webs, as usual in this subgeuus. No orbital light ring around the 
 eye ; aurioulars only obsoletely streaky. Below, white ; the sides shaded 
 with hoary-gray or light grayish-olive ; the jugulum bufif-oolored, contrast- 
 ing strongly with the white of the breast, and marked with a few small 
 brown arrow-heads, the chin and middle line of throat, however, nearly 
 white and immaculate. A few obsolete grayish-olive spots in the white of 
 the breast ; but otherwise the markings confined to the buff area. Bill dark 
 above,mostly all pale below, like the feet. <?,7-7^; extent, about 12 ; wing, 
 4-4J; tail, 3-3J; bill, f; tarsus, IJ. 9 averaging smaller. 
 
 I have not observed a very early spotted and streaked stage of plumage, 
 which, however, is presumed to occur, as in other species of this group. The 
 sexes are alike in color, and the seasonal changes are slight. The differ- 
 ences consist mainly in the stronger reddishness of the upper parts, or its 
 tinging with an appi-eciable shade of olivaceous. But the upper parts are 
 never of the decidedly olive shade seen in swaimoni and in the fore parts of 
 pallasi. The color of the upper parts, however, viewing its occasional shad- 
 ing toward olive, is less strongly distinctive of the species than the peculiar 
 coloration of the underparts is. The pinkish-buff of the jugulum, restricted 
 and sharply contrasting with the white of the breast, and its few small 
 brown (not black or even blackish) spots, which do not extend into the 
 white of the breast, are perfectly characteristic, as are the absence of a 
 decided yellowish orbital ring and of distinct streaks on the auriculars. 
 
 A curious malformation is exhibited in a specimen in Mr. Eidgway's col- 
 lection, in which the upper mandible is overgrown, and as much hooked at 
 the end as that of a Shrike. 
 
 The average dimensions of a large series of specimens of both sdxes are : — 
 Length, 7.35; extent, 11.7.5; wing, 3.90; tail. 2.8.5; tarsus, 1.12. 
 
 WILSON'S Thrush is another species which, a few years 
 ago, could not hare been properly brought into the 
 present connection, owing to our lack of knowledge of its ex- 
 treme western limits. The first authentic record of its occur- 
 rence in the Eocky Mountains is, I think, that given in 1858 
 by Professor Baird, who received a specimen from Fort Bridger, 
 Utah. Latterly, Mr. J. A. AUeufound the bird in Colorado Terri- 
 tory, where Mr. Trippe also observed it, in July, at an eleva- 
 tion of over 8,000 feet, and where it was doubtless breeding. 
 Both Mr. Eidgway and Mr. Henshaw discovered it to be an 
 abundant species in Utah and Colorado, and the former re^ 
 garded it as on^ of the most characteristic birds of the valleys 
 of the Provo, Bear, and Weber Elvers in Utah, Two nests 
 were found by the latter near Port Garland, Colorado, at nearly 
 the altitude just mentioned ; one of them was curiously built 
 above an old nest of the previous season, which had been 
 remodeled for the purpose. As Mr. Henshaw remarks, though 
 the Veery is thus common on the northern confines of the Colo- 
 
HABITS OF THE VEERY 41 
 
 • 
 rado Basin, no one appears to have found it in New Mexico or 
 
 Arizona. It must consequently take a somewhat circuitous 
 route in gaining its winter home in Central America, unless 
 perchance it migrates at a considerable elevation along the 
 mountain-chains. The latter supposition seems more probable, 
 since Professor Sumichrast has observed it in Orizaba in Mexico. 
 Its general northward dispersion appears to be more restricted 
 than that of either the Hermit or the Olive-backed Thrush, 
 being perhaps coincident with the limit of arboreal vegetation. 
 In Cuba, it is one of the commoner species of the genus. A few 
 linger through the winter in our Gulf States, but the majority 
 leave our shores for the more genial climate of subtropical 
 America, and proceed as far as Panama — in exceptional cases 
 still farther, as in the instance noted by A. von Pelzeln, of an 
 occurrence at San Vicente, Brazil, in December. There is even 
 a record of the appearance of the bird in Europe ; but I under- 
 stand that this is open to doubt. It will be seen that its dis- 
 tribution is much like that of the Hermit and the Olive-backed, 
 yet on the whole somewhat restricted, though less so than that 
 of the Wood Thrush. Its breeding-range, similarly, is more 
 southerly, approximating to that of the Wood Thrush ; it includes 
 the Northern, Eastern, and some of the Middle States, and an 
 adjoining belt of country in British America; while in the 
 Eocky Mountains it stretclies southward to the confines of New 
 Mexico and Arizona. 
 
 The Veery's mating and nest building season, when the bird 
 is in full song, is the genial month of May, in most parts of the 
 United States; and two broods may be reared under propitious 
 surroundings. But further northward, where alone have I my- 
 self found the bird in its home, and heard its seductive epitha- 
 lamium, the shorter span of the summer season suffices but for 
 a single brood. The yearly crisis of the bird's life is delayed 
 till June, and the young are not seen abroad till the latter part 
 of that month, if indeed before July. The heavy growth of 
 timber that fringes the streams includes many nooks and dells, 
 and broken ravines overgrown with thick shrubbery, from out 
 the masses of which the tall trees tower, as if stretching forth 
 their strong arms in kindly caressing of the humbler and 
 weaker vegetation, .their offspring. In such safe retreats, 
 where the sombre shade is brightened here and there with stray 
 beams of sunlight, in the warmth of which myriads of insects 
 bathe their wings and flutter away their little span of life. 
 
42 NESTING AND SINGING OF THE VEERY 
 
 • 
 humming a qaaint refrain to the gurgle of the rivulet, the 
 Veery meets his mate — the song rises — the wooed is won — the 
 home is made. Should we force our unwelcome presence upon 
 the bird who is brooding her newly-found treasures with the 
 tenderest solicitude, she will nestle closer still, in hope of our 
 passing by, till we might almost touch her; when, without a 
 word of remonstrance or reproach, she takes a little flight, 
 and settles a few yards away, in silent appeal. If the time, the 
 place, the scene, sufiflce not for our forbearance, with what poor 
 words of hers may we then be moved 1 
 
 The nest will be found at our feet, most likely beneath some 
 bush, resting upon a bed of leaves, or supported in the forks of 
 some stems that spring directly from the ground. It seems 
 large for the size of the bird, and perhaps not so neat and 
 finished as we might expect; for the Veery, though a patient 
 and faithful housekeeper, cares little for appearances. Among 
 the various materials which enter into its composition, withered 
 leaves form a large part, especially of the outer walls, while 
 grass-stems, weed-stalks, and bark-strips are more compactly 
 woven inside. There is no special lining of the interior, and 
 the cavity is small. The nest may contain four, perhaps five, 
 eggs, like those of the Hermit, greenish-blue, without markings, 
 except in rare instances, when a few specks appefir, especially 
 about the larger end. 
 
 Varying estimates have been made of the Veery's powers of 
 song. For myself, I rate this bird as one of the sweetest of our 
 songsters, of whose " clear bell-like notes, resonant, distinct, 
 yet soft and of indescribable sadness", I have spoken on a former 
 occasion. I think Dr. Brewer's faint praise the most cruelly 
 unjust of all ; can he have ever heard the Veery's full utter- 
 ance, and then have written, "The song of this thrush is 
 quaint, but not unmusical ; variable in its character, changing 
 from a prolonged and monotonous whistle to quick and almost 
 shrill notes at the close" 1 He speaks as he might of a hurdy- 
 gurdy, instead of an exquisite oboe. No one of the voices of 
 the woodland is less quaint than the Veery's; no one is truer 
 to its theme, more measured in its cadences, or softer and 
 clearer in tone than that of the Veery— rival of the Olive, the 
 Hermit, and the Wood Thrush, completing the quartette of 
 silver-tongued cantatrices, who pledge the promises of spring- 
 time in choral symphony. 
 
CHARACTERS OF MYIADESTIN^ 
 
 43 
 
 Subfamily MYIADESTIN^ 
 
 Flycatching Thrushes 
 
 The essential character of this group has been indicated on 
 a preceding page. It has usually been associated with PHlo- 
 gonys and Phmnopepla in 
 the family [Ampelidce) 
 which contains the Ce- 
 dar Bird and Bohemian 
 Waxwing; from all these 
 birds, however, the boot- 
 ed tarsi, speckled state of 
 the young, and other char- 
 acters sufiQciently distin- 
 guish it. In comparison 
 with the Thrushes, among 
 which it is now located; 
 it differs in the shorter, 
 broader, more depressed, 
 and flycatcher-like bill, ' 
 with its deeply-cleft ric- 
 tus and very short gonys, 
 the smaller and weaker 
 feet, and in the peculi- 
 arly double - marginate pjg 5 
 tail, the feathers of which 
 taper gently from base to tip. It is a small group, nearly con- 
 fined to the warmer portions of America, comprising only two 
 or three genera, the leading one of which is the — 
 
 Details of external form of Myiadestes (M. town- 
 aendi) : bill aad feet natural size ; wing and tail i. 
 
 Genus MYIADESTES, Sw., 
 
 which was established by Mr. William Swainson, in 1838, in his 
 arrangement of the Flycatchers, a work forming part of Sir 
 William Jardine's "Naturalists' Library". It consists of ten or 
 twelve species, only one of which occurs within our limits, the 
 others being more southerly. In addition to the characters just 
 noted, it may be observed that the species of Myiadestes agree 
 in their rather uniform dark or dull coloration, variegated with 
 brighter tints on the wings. They form part of an interesting 
 
44 CHARACTERS OF MYIADESTES TOWNSENDI 
 
 and somewhat isolated group, having no very intimate rela- 
 tions with the other birds of onr country, inhabiting woodland 
 and shrubbery, feeding on insects and berries, and capable of 
 musical expression in an exalted degree. 
 
 Townsend's Flycatcliing Thrush 
 
 MyiadestcM townscndl 
 
 PlllOgonys townsendl, Aud. OB. v. 1839, 206, pi. 419, f. 2.~Aud. Syn. 1839, 4«.—Nutt. Man. 
 3d ed. i. 1840, 361. 
 
 Ptnogonys townseildtl, And. BA. i. 1840, 243, pi. 69.— GaraJ. Pr. Phlla. Acad. i. 1843, 261 
 (Califoruia).— GamS. Pr. Phila. Acad. iji. 1847, 157 (California).— //Mn». Journ. Phila. 
 Acad. ii. 1853, U6%—Woodh. Sitgreave'bRep. 1853, 16.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1855, 
 308 fNew Mexico). 
 
 PtlliOKOnys townsendli, Gamft. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, W.—Ncwb. PRRR. vl. 1857, 82. 
 
 Cullclvora townsendi, DeKay, N. Y. Zool. ii. I814, 110. 
 
 Mfladestes townsendll, Cab. Arch. f. Nat. 1847 (i), WS.—Baird, BNA. 1858, 331.— Henry. Pr. 
 Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— K^cna. PRRR. x. 1859, 25.— flierm. PKRR. x. 
 1859, 38. — Xaritus, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 191 (CaliforDia).— Haj/A Tr. Am. Philos. 
 Soc. xii. 1862, 162.— Lord, Pr. Roy. Arty. Inst. iv. 1864, 116.— Oouet, Pr. Phila. Acad, 
 xviii. 1866, 72 (Arizona).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1866, 429, 6g.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 34.— 
 Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 134, &ga.—Stev. V. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 464.— 
 Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 176.— OoiiM, Key, 1872, 117, f. SI.— Cones, BNW. 1874, 93. 
 
 Myiadestes townsendi, Scl. PZS. 1857, 5.—Scl. PZS. 1858, m.—Coues, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Ari- 
 zona) .-^jfte/i, Pr. Best. Soc. XV. 1872, 198 (Colorado).— B. B. SfR. BNA. i. 1874, 406, pi. 
 18, figs. 3, i.—Hensham, Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merld. 231 (in presn). 
 
 Myladestes obscurus, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 336 (in part ; inclndefl townsendi). (Not of Lafr.) 
 
 Townsend's Ptllogoujs, Aud 1. c. 
 
 lowDsend's Fljcatching Thruab, Ooues, 1. 1:. 
 
 Townsend's Solitaire, B. B. SrR. l. c. 
 
 Hab. — Western United States, from the easternmost foothills of the Rocky 
 Mountains to the Paciflo and British Columbia. Not known to penetrate 
 any distance into Mexico, where replaced by other species. 
 
 Ch. sp. — (J 9 Sordide cinereus, infra dilutior, gula crissoque 
 albioantibus; alis nigricantibus, fulvo bisignatis; cauda nigricante, 
 rectrice extima albo-limbata, rectrice proxima albo-terminata; orbi- 
 tis albis; rostro pedibusque nigris. 
 
 $ 5 ■ — General color dull brownish-ash, paler below, bleaching on the 
 throat, lower bell.y, and crissuni. Wings blackish, the inner secondaries 
 edged and tipped with white, nearly all the quills extensively tawny or ful- 
 vous at the base, and several of the intermediate ones again edged exter- 
 nally toward their ends with the same color. In the closed wing, the basal 
 tawny shows upon the outside as an oblique spot in the recess between the 
 greater coverts and the bastard quills, separated by an oblique bar of black- 
 ish from the second tawny patch on the outer webs of the quills near their 
 ends. Tail like the wings (the middle pair of feathers more nearly like the 
 back) ; the outer feather edged and broadly tipped, the next one more nar- 
 
HABITS OF TOWNSEND's FLYCATCHING THRUSH 45 
 
 rowly tipped, with white. A white ring around the eye. Bill and feet black. 
 Eye brown. Length, about 8 inches; wing and tail about equal, 4-4^; the 
 latter forked centrally, graduated laterally ; bill, i ; tarsus, J ; middle toe 
 and claw rather more. 
 
 Young : — Speckled at first, like a very young Thrush. Each feather with a 
 triangular or rounded spot of dull ochraoeous or tawny, edged with blackish. 
 
 AMONG the birds of our Western country, Townsend's 
 Thrush is almost the only one of general distribution 
 which I have never been able to study in its native haunts. 
 Until very lately, the Dipper was another which had always 
 given me the slip ; but, during the summer of 1874, 1 added that 
 sprightly and vivacious ornament of the mountain-torrent to 
 the list of my personal friends, and in good time, perhaps, I 
 shall come to know the Flycatching Thrush as well. In pen- 
 ning an account of this stranger for the " Birds of the North- 
 west", I could only state that I had found it rather rare, in sum- 
 mer, in the upper portions of Arizona, and gather from my cor- 
 respondents, or from the published records of other observers, 
 some items of its life-history. I would refer to this article, 
 however, as a fair epitome of what was then known, and, 
 avoiding repetition, can now supplement it with some further 
 particulars, the principal of which relate to the nidification of 
 the species. 
 
 None of the earlier observers appear to have ever found the 
 nest of this bird ; and to this day the eggs remain unknown. 
 A few years ago, however, Mr. Ridgway discovered a nest, an 
 account of which was communicated to Dr. Brewer, and pub- 
 lished in substance in the work above quoted. The original 
 notice, as prepared and printed (but up to the date of present 
 writing, February 8, 1876, remaining unpublished), I am able 
 to quote through the kindness of the writer, who has placed at 
 my service the proof-sheets of his report on the birds observed 
 during the Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel by Clarence 
 King: — 
 
 " In July, 1867,. we found a nest of this species in a deep 
 ravine on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, at an alti- 
 tude of about 5,000 feet. • This nest was placed in a cavity of 
 the rocks forming the perpendicular upper bank of a sluice, 
 constructed for mining purposes, and through which ran the 
 water of a considerable mountain-stream. The nest, which was 
 about a foot above the water, was nearly as bulky as that of the 
 Brown Thrasher [Harporliynclms rufus), and similarly con- 
 
46 HABITS OF TOWNSEIJd's FLYCATCHING THRUSH 
 
 structed; it contained four young. When we approached it, 
 the female was much excited, flying before us or running upon 
 the ground in the manner of a thrush, a species of which she 
 was at first thought to be, from her entirely thrush-like man- 
 ners and appearance. Even afterward, and until the species 
 was identified by obtaining specimens, we were led into this 
 delusion, its gliding, noiseless flight, and graceful running upon 
 the ground being so perfectly thrush-like." 
 
 This curious fact, which would never have been anticipated, 
 of the nesting of the bird in the rifts of rocks, is corroborated 
 by the later observations of Mr. Henshaw, whose article, as pre- 
 pared for the zoological volume of the Reports upon Explora- 
 tions West of the One Hundredth Meridian — a work which will 
 doubtless issue from the press during the present year — is to the 
 following eifect : — During a week's stay in June, at the base of 
 Baldy Peak, in Colorado, he frequently saw this bird in the pine 
 forests, and as high up on the mountain sides as 10,000 feet ; 
 its summer range doubtless extends up to timber line. Its 
 habits, as far as he noticed them, are singularly like those of the 
 Bluebirds. Besides a loud, liquid call note, the male has a 
 beautiful warbling song, which somewhat resembles that of 
 the Purple Finch, but far excels it in power, sweetness and 
 modulation. Though he searched carefully for the nest, he only 
 succeeded in satisfying himself that the bird breeds in the crev- 
 ices of rocks. Its preference for such localities during the sum- 
 mer, with the evident solicitude manifested on more than one 
 occasion, left little doubt in his mind on this point. 
 
 The birds are quite common (Mr. Henshaw continues), in the 
 fall, in Eastern Arizona and Western New Mexico. Having 
 reared their young, they appear to forsake the pine woods, 
 which constitute their summer abode, and are seen lower down, 
 on the hillsides covered with pinons and cedars. Their food at 
 this season appears to consist almost exclusively of berries, 
 particularly of the piDons and cedars, and the crops of many 
 examined contained little else save a few insects. Though 
 in summer a bird of retiring and unsocial habits — never 
 more than a single pair being found in one locality — in the fall 
 they are to a considerable extent gregarious, associating usually 
 in small companies of from five to ten. At the Old Crater, 
 forty miles south of Zuni, they had congregated in very large 
 numbers about a spring of fresh water, the only supply for many 
 miles around ; and hundreds were to be seen sitting on the 
 
CHARACTERS OF THE MIMING 47 
 
 bare volcanic rocks, apparently too timid to venture down and 
 slake their thirst while we were camped near by. Tlieir song 
 is occasionally heard even iu November and December, and is 
 very sweet, but not so full and varied as during the vernal 
 season. 
 
 The sociable disposition which Townsend's Tiirush manifests 
 during the winter, contrasting with those traits it shows at 
 other seasons so conspicuously that it has acquired the soubri- 
 quet of " Solitaire", is also attested by Mr. J. K. Lord, from 
 observations made at Colville during November, when the 
 leaves had fallen, snow covered the ground, and the cold was 
 intense. His attention was attracted by the sound of singing, 
 unusual at that inclement season; and he soon discovered a 
 score of these brave little birds perched upon the sprays of some 
 thorn-bushes, and was reminded, by their low, sweet notes, of 
 the Song Thrush of Europe. Commend me to the rare bird 
 that sings in winter, whose pipe, yet limpid when the rivers 
 cease to flow, is tuned to sounds harmonious amid the discord 
 of the elements, in earnest of more genial times to come ! 
 
 Subfamily MIMINiE : Mocking Thrushes 
 
 Chars. — There is little to be added to the comparative diag- 
 nosis of this group already given (p. 5). The tarsi are scutellate 
 anteriorly, with seven scales (rarely obsolete, as sometimes oc- 
 curs in Oaleoscoptes). The wings are short and rounded — usually 
 shorter than the tail, the feathers of which are graduated in 
 length. There are bristles about the base of the bill, but the 
 feathers themselves are soft. The bill is extremely variable in 
 length and shape ; sometimes it is much shorter than the head, 
 and as straight as that of a typical Thrush, but in other cases 
 it equals or exceeds the head in length, and is bent like a bow. 
 The members of this group have been sometimes classed with 
 the Wrens, to which they bear a strong resemblance in many 
 respects. They are peculiar to America, and abound in species 
 in the warmer parts of this hemisphere. In its broader features, 
 the economy of these birds is much the same as that of the true 
 Thrushes. They are insectivorous, but also feed on various soft 
 fruits. They inhabit shrubbery rather than high open wood- 
 land, and as a rule keep nearer the ground, some of the species 
 being decidedly terrestrial, as indicated by their large strong 
 feet. Their nidification is inartistic ; the stout bulky nests are 
 
48 CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS OROSCOPTES 
 
 f 
 placed in bushes ; the eggs are throe to six in number, usually 
 
 speckled (the Catbird furnishes an exception to this last state- 
 ment). In this group, the vocal powers are carried to the highfet 
 known degree, some of the species being able to imitate not 
 only the notes of other animals, but various sounds which are 
 mere noises, without musical quality. 
 
 There are three North American genera of this subfamily, all 
 of which are represented in the Colorado Basin. Although the 
 generic characters are not very strongly marked (all the species 
 used to be placed in the single genus M.imus), tangible differ- 
 ences will be observed on comparing the diagnoses given. 
 
 Genus OROSCOPTES Baird 
 
 Chars. — Wings and tail of equal lengths, the former more 
 pointed than in the other genera of Miminw, with the iirst quill 
 not half as long as the second, which is between the sixth and 
 seventh; the third, fourth, and fifth about equal to each other, 
 and forming the point of the wing. Tail nearly even, its 
 feathers being but slightly graduated. Tarsus longer than the 
 middle toe and claw, anteriorly distinctly scutellate. Bill much 
 shorter than the head, not curved, with obsolete notch near 
 the end. Eictal bristles well developed, the longest reaching 
 beyond the nostrils. 
 
 0. tnontanus is the type and only known species of this genus. 
 
 Mountain Mockingbird 
 
 Oroscoptcs montanns 
 
 Orpheus montanUS, Orn. Coram. Journ. Phlla. Acad. vii. 1837, 193 (Columbia River).— Aud. 
 
 Syn. 1839, 89.— Aud. BA. ii, 1841, 194, pi. 139.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1655, 310 
 
 (New Mexico). 
 Turdus montanns, Aud. OB. Iv. 1838, 437, pi. 369, f. 1. 
 TurdUB (Orpheus) montanus, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153. 
 Mimus montanus, Bp. 0. &, GL. 1838, Yl.—Oamb. Pr. Pliila. Acad. iii. 1846, 1 14 (California). — 
 
 Gamb. Journ. Phila. Acad, i, 1847, 43.— JJp. CA. i. 1850, Z)6.—McOaU, Pr. Phila. Acad. 
 
 V. 1851, S16 {Texm),— Woodk. Expl. Zuni River, 1853, 13.—merm. PRRR. x. 1859, 44. 
 Oroscoptes montanus, Bd. BNA. 1858, 347.— Cowes, Pr. Phlla. Acad, xvlii, 1866, 65 (Arizona). 
 Oreoscoptes montanus, Sd. PZS. 1859, 340 (critical).- Hrary, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 
 
 107 (New Mexico).— Bi. Ivea' Rep. Expl. Colorado, pt. v. 1861 , 6.—Hayd. Tr. Am. Phil. 
 
 Soc. xii. 1862, 163 (Black Hill»).—BAKev.AB. 1864, 42. —Dress. IbiB, 1865, 482 (Texas) 
 
 Sutdi. Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 149 (Laredo, Te%.).—Coop. Am. Nat. Iii. 1869, 73.— 
 
 Coop. Pr. Gala. Acad. 1870, 75 (Colorado River).— Ooop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 13.— S(eo. U. S. 
 
 Geol. Surv. for 1870, 1871, i6i.— Hold. Pr. BoBt. Soc. 1872, 194 (Black Hills).- XH. Bull. 
 
 MCZ. iii. 1872, 174.- Onucs, Key, 1872, li.-Uerr. U. S. Geol. Surv. for 1872, 1873, 670, 
 
 705, 712, Il3.—Ridg. Bull. Ebb. Inst. v. 1873, 179.— Coop. Am. Nat. Till. 1874, 11.— Alien, 
 
DESCEIPTION OF OROSCOPTES MONTANUS 49 
 
 Pr. Bo8t. Soc. xvii. 1874, 97 (Yellowstone Eiver).— Ooacs, BNW. 1674, 7, 228. -B. B. SfR. 
 NAB. i. 1874, 31, flg. pi. 3, f. S.—Yarr. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1374, di.— Yarr. Sf Hensh. Rep. 
 Orn. Specs. 1874, 5.— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 40, 71, 97— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 
 150.*—mison, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 339, 349, 352, 355 (California, Nevada, Utah). 
 Mountain Slockingbird; Sage Thrasher, Vul^: 
 
 Hab. — United States, from tlie Rocky Mountains to the Pacific ; eastward 
 to the Black Hills and Fort Laramie. Texas and Lower California. 
 
 Ch. sp. — S 9 Oriseocinereus ; infra alMdus, fusco-maculaius ; 
 alis cauddque fuscis, illis albo-bifasciafis et limbatis, hac alho- 
 terminatdj rostro pedibusque nigricantibus. 
 
 $ ^ ,\n summer : Above, grayish or brownish ash, the feathers with obso- 
 letely darker centres. Below, whitish, more or less tinged with pale buify- 
 brown, everywhere marked with triangular dusky spots, largest and most 
 crowded across the breast, small and sparse, sometimes wanting, on the 
 throat, lower belly, and crissnm. Wings fuscous, with much whitish edging 
 on all the quills, and two white bands formed by the tips of the greater and 
 median coverts. Tail like the wings ; the outer feather edged and broadly 
 tipped, and all the rest, excepting usually the middle pair, tipped with white 
 in decreasing amount. Bill and feet black or blackish, the former often with 
 pale base. Length, about 8 inches ; wing and tail, each 4 or rather less (not 
 nearly .5, as given by Baird and copied in my " Key ") ; tarsus, li ; bill, f . 
 
 Young : Dull brownish above, conspicuously streaked with dusky ; the 
 markings below streaky and diifuse. * 
 
 Specimens differ little with sex or season, or with age after the first 
 streaked stage is passed. The individual variation consists in the purer or 
 more brownish ash of the upper parts, and especially in the shade of the 
 under parts, which ranges from whitish to a decided brownish-cinnamon 
 cast, and in the amount of spotting. Ordinarily, the lower belly and vent, 
 and sometimes the throat, are immaculate, but the whole under surface is 
 sometimes pretty uniformly covered. The brownish shade is usually strong- 
 est on the breast, flanks, and crissum. The newly-grown quills and tail- 
 feathers are darker than the old ones, and have more white edging. The 
 ■wing-coverts are sometimes edged as well as tipped with white. 
 
 THIS interesting species re-sembles a Mockingbird — espe- 
 cially a young one, before the spots on the under parts are 
 lost — in many respects, but differs altogether in the quality of 
 its song, and shares much of the ground-loving nature of a 
 
 * Since these references to Messrs. Yarrow and Henshaw's writings (which are important in 
 the present connection) may not btf generally understood, it should be stated that " Rep. Orv. 
 Specs." refers to a pamphlet (8vo, pp. 148) published at the office of the United States Geograph- 
 ical and Geological Explorations and Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, under auspices 
 of the Engineer Department of the United States Army, relating to the collections made by 
 the gentlemen named in 1871, 1872, 1873, containing five separate papers, one of which is an 
 " Annotated List of the Birds of Utah ", republished from Ann. Lye. N. H. New York, xi, 1874; 
 and that "List S.Ariz." refers to a paper by Mr. Henshaw in Appendix LL of Annual Report 
 of Chief of Engineers of the United States Army for 1875 ; the pagination being given accord- 
 ing to the separately-printed pamphlet edition of this Appendix (8vo, pp. 196). These papers 
 are full of interesting tield-notes, and bear directly upon the subject in hand. 
 
 4 B c 
 
50 MIGRATION, ETC., OF THE MOUNTAIN MOCKINGBIRD 
 
 Thrasher. It was one of the birds discovered by Mr. J. K. 
 Townsend, who, with his some time companion Nuttall, explored 
 the region of the Columbia, bringing many ornithological novel- 
 ties to light. I^futtall speaks of its pleasant song, which he says 
 resembles that of the Thrasher, and ascribes to it powers of 
 imitation ; but as his statement of such ability has not been 
 since corroborated, we are left to infer that it possesses nothing 
 beyond the flexible modulation of the voice for which all its 
 tribe are famous. He discovered a nest, situated in a worm- 
 wood-bush, containing four eggs. The Original accounts of the 
 species constituted the sum of our information respecting it 
 for many years, until the general openingup of almost untrod- 
 den wastes put other eager and curious observers upon its track. 
 From what we have learned, it would appear to have been mis- 
 named the Mountain Mockingbird, since, as has been intimated, 
 its repertoire is not remarkably extensive, while its favorite 
 haunts are the arid and desolate sage plains of the great cen- 
 tral plateau. We are now pretty well acquainted with its 
 geographical distribution, though more precise knowledge of 
 its movements woul^ be acceptable. It is migratory, like most 
 of its tribe, but only within a limited area. It is known to be 
 resident in Texas, where my friend H, E. Dresser, of London, 
 observed it at San Antonio and Eagle Pass in winter and sum- 
 mer, and where he procured the eggs. He found it, like others, 
 in brushy plains, and noticed its terrestrial habits. As well as 
 I can judge from the accounts to which I have referred for in- 
 formation— havingnothingoriginal to present upon the subject — 
 the bird offers one of the many instances of what I should call 
 " migration at will", if I dared to propose a sort of paradoxical 
 term. That is to say : out of the sum-total of individuals com- 
 posing the species, congregated in their winter haunts, a cer- 
 tain percentage elects to go north in the spring, dropping loi- 
 terers by the way, while the rest breed where they wintered. 
 In this manner, the species spreads latitudinally until the limit 
 of its dispersion, which cannot be far from the northern bound- 
 ary of the United States, is reached, and may be found nesting 
 anywhere within the area it inhabits. In the fall the return 
 movement is accomplished, and the species is then withdrawn 
 into its comparatively narrow winter quarters, the limits of 
 which I believe remain to be ascertained. This kind of optional 
 or elective migration, witnessed in many other cases besides 
 the present one, contrasts with the regular niigration perforce 
 
HABITS OF THE MOUNTAIN MOCKINGBIRD 51 
 
 of those other species, all the individuals of which are mj^steri- 
 ously impelled to journey toward the pole, and settle for the 
 summer in areas perhaps more contracted than their winter 
 homes. 
 
 For the general habits of this species I shall presently quote 
 Mr. Eidgway, who has made good use of the favorable oppor- 
 tunities he enjoyed ; but will first describe the eggs, which I 
 have examined in the National Museum at Washington. The 
 clutch usually numbers four, measuring from 0.94 to 1.03 in 
 length, and from 0.69 to 0.75 in breadth (inches and decimals). 
 The ground-color is light greenish-blue ; this is heavily marked 
 with burnt-umber or olive-brown spots, and a few others of 
 neutral tint. The pattern is generally bold and sharp, but in 
 some cases finer and more diffuse, when the numberless speck- 
 les and dots give an effect similar to that of some styles of 
 Mockingbirds' eggs. 
 
 Instead of collating the fragmentary notices of writers who 
 have recorded their transient impressions or isolated observa- 
 tions, I shall conclude the history of the Mountain Mocking- 
 bird with an extract from the author last mentioned. Noting 
 that it inhabits sage-plains, especially of the "Great Basin", 
 and suggesting the name " Sage Thrasher " as more appro- 
 priate than " Mountain Mockingbird ", Mr. Eidgway goes on to 
 say, in his note-book now lying before me : — 
 
 " Carson City, Nevada, March 24, 1808. — To-day we saw the 
 Sage Thrasher for the first time this spring, and heard its song. 
 The sage-brush was full of the birds, and many were singing 
 beautifully when the evening shades were lengthened by the 
 sinking of the sun behind the Sierras. Owing to the earliness 
 of the season, the song was uttered in a subdued tone, and its 
 full merits could not be appreciated. The bird was generally 
 seen sitting in an upright position upon a sage bush, but when 
 approached would dive — apparently into the bush, though close 
 examination failed to reveal its hiding-place ; often, however, 
 we again heard it sweetly warbling, perhaps a hundred yards 
 away in the direction from which we had come. This con- 
 cealed, circuitous flight is characteristic of the species. 
 
 ^'' April 2. — Eained throughout the night; this morning the 
 air is fresh and balmy ; clouds are lowering about the bases of 
 the mountains, concealing them from view. The air is vocal 
 with the music of the spring birds, singing with vigor and 
 joyousness. The Meadow Larks are singing throughout the 
 
52 SONG AND NEST OF THE MOUNTAIN MOCKINGBIRD 
 
 sage-brush, and with their rich notes are heard the sweet warb- 
 lings of Oroscoptes montaiius. To-day we heard this song in all 
 its loveliness. Although weaker than that of either the Brown 
 Thrasher or the Catbird, it is more varied and longer sustained 
 as well as superior in sweetness and delicacy of tone. The 
 song has, iu modulation or style, a great resemblance to the 
 soft tender warbling of ths Euby-crowned Kinglet, although 
 it is stronger, of course, iu proportion to the size of the bird. 
 
 ^^ April 9.— The Sage Thrasher is now one of the most com- 
 mon birds in this vicinity. Today a great many were noticed 
 among the brush-heaps in the city cemetery. Its manners dur- 
 ing the pairing season are peculiar. The males, as they flew^ 
 before us, were observed to keep up a peculiar tremor or flutter- 
 ing of the wings, warbling as they flew, and upon alighting 
 (generally upon the fence or a bush), raised the wings over the 
 back, with elbows together, quivering with joy as they sang. ; 
 
 "April 23. — Although we saw these birds everywhere among 
 the sage-brush, their nests were found only with great diffi- 
 culty. In the cemetery, the sage bushes had all been pulled 
 up and thrown in piles in different parts of the inclosure, and 
 upon these the birds were most frequently seen. On one occa- 
 sion, a female was observed to fly into one of these brush-heaps, 
 with a bunch of building material in her mouth ; but it was 
 only by taking off bush after bush that the nest was discov- 
 ered; this, though unfinished, contained one egg, and, in its 
 construction and situation, resembled some of the nests of the 
 Thrasher, though less bulky. The bushes were carefully re- 
 placed, and the nest left undisturbed. In walking through the 
 sage-brush on the open commons, several more nests were 
 found, in similar situations, being placed in the thickest por- 
 tion of the bushes, generally about two feet from the ground, 
 but occasionally imbedded in the ground beneath them. They 
 were all well concealed. At one time, while blowing some eggs, 
 the parent birds came near us, running gracefully upon the 
 ground in the manner of a Eobiu, stretching their necks, curi- 
 ous to see what we were doing, and watching our movements 
 with an anxious look, but uttering no note whatever. 
 
 " The only note of this species, besides its song, is simplj' a 
 weak ' /mc/.;', seldom uttered unless the young are disturbed; 
 .except during the pairing and nesting seasons, it is one of the 
 most silent birds with which I am acquainted,^^ In September 
 I saw it feeding upon the ' service-berries,' which grew abund- 
 antly in certain localities at the foot of tlie mountains." 
 
MIMUS— SYNONYMY OF M. POLYGLOTTUS 55 
 
 Genus MIMUS Boie 
 
 Chars. — Bill much shorter than the head, scarcely curved 
 as a whole, but with gently curved commissure, notched 
 near the end. Eictal vibrisste well developed. Tail rathew 
 longer than the wings, rounded, the lateral feathers being con- 
 siderably graduated. Wings rounded. Tarsal scutella some- 
 times obsolete. Tarsi longer than the middle toe and claw. 
 
 Of this genus, there are two well marked sections, represented 
 by the Mockingbird and Catbird respectively. These may be 
 most conveniently distinguished by color: — 
 
 Mimus. — Above ashy-brown, below white; lateral tail- 
 feathers and bases of primaries white. (Tarsal scutella always 
 distinct.) 
 
 Galeoseoptes. — Blackish-ash, scarcely paler below; crown and 
 tail black, unvaried; crissum rufous. (Tarsal scutella some- 
 times obsolete.) 
 
 The Mockingbird 
 
 Mimns polyglottns 
 
 Turdns polfglOttOS, L. SN. i. lOth ed. 1758, 169, no. 7 (baaed on Sloane, ii. 306, pi. 256, f. 3 ; 
 Gates, i. 87; Kalm, ii. 335); 12th ed. 1766, 293, no. 10 (includeB other spp. or vars.).— 
 Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 32 (critical).— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 74. 
 
 TnrdUS poIyglOttUS, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 612.— Zari. 10. i. 1790, 339.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 493.— 
 mis. AO. ii. 1810, 14, pi. 10, f. l.—Fox, Newc. Mus. 1827, 150.— Xcss. Tr. Orn. 1831, 
 410.— Aud. OB. i. 1831, 108, pi. 21.—Niat. Man. i. 1832, 320.— Pea6. Rep. Cm. Mass. 1839, 
 300 (rare).— ffaym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 289.— Gossf, Alabama, 1859, 47.— Gieii. 
 Vog. 1860, 37, f. 85. 
 
 Mimus polfglOttUS, SoU, Isis, 1826, 972,— Bp. C. &. GL. 1838, 17.— GamS. Pr. Phila. Acad, 
 ui. 1846, 114 (California).— Bp. CA. i. 1850, Sie.—McCaU, Pr. Phila. Acad. v. 1851, 216 
 (Texas).— BttrneH, Pr.Bost. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 309 (Wis- 
 consin) Reed, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 398 (Ohio).— Woo*!. Expl. Zufii E. 1853, 72.— 
 
 Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 582 (Illinois).— iKn^ersS. J. f. O. 1856, 69 (in 
 captivity).— Sc!. PZS. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).— Maxim. J. f. O. vi. 1858, 179.— BA BNA. 
 1858, 344.— Sd. PZS. 1859, 340 (critical).- Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106 (New 
 Mexico).— BoiVd, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 303.—Kenn. PRRR. x. 1859, 25.— Hecrm. 
 PRRR. X. 1859, U.— Wheat, Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 365, no. 115 (Ohio).— Barre. 
 Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436 (Pennsylvania).- (7o!«s trPrent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 
 1862, 410 (Washington ; rare).— Sc(. Cat, AB. 1862, B.-Tayl. Ibis, 1862, 128 (Florida).- 
 Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 4d.— Allen, Pr. Essex Inst. iv. 1864, 67 (MasBachusetts- northern 
 limit).— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missouri).— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1865, 
 372.— CoMCB, Ibis, 1865, 159 (New Mexico).— Dress. Ibis, 1865, 481 (Texas).— Ooaes, Pr. 
 Phila. Acad, xviii. 1866, 65 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.).— ioicr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vUi. 1866, 
 282 (New York).— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 107 (South Carolina, resident).— Bulc/i. 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 149 (Laredo, Tex.).— Coaes, Pr. Essex Inst. v. 1868, 267 (New 
 EaglanA).— Allen, Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1868, 523 (Indiana).— Siimic*. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 
 1869, 543 (Vera Cruz; (3ulf coast up to plateau, breeding at Orizaba). — rarai). B. E. Pa. 
 1869,22; Phila. ed. 15.— Stearns, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, WS.—Coop. B. Gal. i. 1870, 21.— 
 Mayn. Nat. Guide, 1670, 92 (Massachusetts).- ^2!. Bull. MCZ. ii. 1671, 259 (Florida, 
 
54 DESCRIPTION or THE MOCKINGBIED 
 
 wintering).— OoKcs, Pr. Phila. Acad. xKiii. 1871, 19 (North Carolina).— ParAer, Am. Nat. 
 
 V. 1871, IBB.—Boardm. Am. Nat. v. 1871, Kl— Grayson, Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 277 
 
 (Tres Marias Islanda).—ilfaj/n. B. Fla. 1873, 16.— Ooues, Key, 1872, 74, f. IS.— Alien, Ball. 
 
 MCZ.iii. 1872, 134 (Kansas).- PMrdie, Am. Nat. vu. 1873, mX—Ooues, BNW. 1874, 8.— 
 
 Merr. Am. Nat. fiii. 1874, 7, 8, 86.— Oooi>. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 17.— B. B. if R. NAB. 1. 
 m 1874, 49, fig. pi. iii. f. i.—Hensh. Rep. Om. Specs. 1874, 97.— Brew. Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 
 
 1875, 438 (New England).— /fens*. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 151. 
 Orpheus polfelottns, Sw. Zool. Journ. iii. 1827, 16~.—Aud. Syn. 1839, S7.—Aud. BA. ii.l841, 
 
 187, pi. 138.— Denny, PZS. 1847, 3S.—Gerhardt, Naum.iii. 1853, 37 (BOng). —Wailes, Rep. 
 
 Mississippi, 1854, SlS.—lfrizUen, Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. 1855, 601 (IlUnois).— Henry, Pr. 
 
 Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 310 (New Mexico). 
 Merinus polTSlOttUS, Baird, Ives' Kep. Colorado, pt. vi. 1861, 5 (lapsn). 
 Orpbens leucopterus, Vig. Zool. Voy. Bloss. 1839, 18. 
 Mimus lencopterus, Baird, Stansbury's Rep. GSL. 1852, 328. 
 Orpheus polygOthUS, Putn. Pr. Essex Inst. i. 1856, 224 (lapsu). 
 Mimus canadatUS, Baird, BNA. 1858, 345 (err. for "caudatus"). 
 Mimus caudatus, Xant. Ft. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 191 (California).— (7oop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 
 
 186.— Ooiyj. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1870, 75. 
 Mimus polyglOttUS liar, caudatus, Coues, Ibia, 1865, 533 (Arizona).— KM^. Ball. Essex Inst. 
 
 V. 1873, 179 (Colorado). 
 Oreoscoptes mo'ntanus!, Coues, Ibis, 1865, 164 (lapsu). 
 Mimic Thrush, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 333, no. 194 and 19) B (young). 
 Mocliingbird, Vulgr. 
 Merle moc|ueur, French. 
 SpottTOgel, German. 
 
 Hab. — United States, southerly, from Atlautic to Pacific. Nortli regu- 
 larly to the Middle States, sometimes to Massachusetts and Wisconsin. 
 Northerly portions of Mexico. Cuba ? 
 
 Ch. sp. S 9 Griseus, infra sordide albus ; alts fusois spatio 
 albo, Cauda fusco alboqwe dimidiatd, rostro pedibusque nigris. 
 
 I , adult : Upper parts ashy-gray, the lower parts soiled white. Wings 
 blacMsh-brown, the primaries, with the exception of the first, marked with 
 a large white space at the base, restricted on the outer quills usually to half 
 or less of these feathers, but occupying nearly all of the inner quills. The 
 shorter white spaces show as a conspicuous spot when the wing is closed, 
 the longer inner ones being hidden by the secondaries. The coverts are also 
 tipped and sometimes edged with white ; and there may be much edging or 
 tipping, or both, of the quills themselves. Outer tail-feathers white ; next 
 two pair white, except on the outer web ; next pair usually white toward 
 the end, and the rest sometimes tipped with white. Bill and feet black, the 
 former often pale at the base below ; soles dull yellowish. Length about 10 
 inches, butrangiugfrom9Jtoll; exteut about 14 (13tol5) ; wiDg,4-4J; tail, 
 4^-5; bill, i; tarsus, IJ. 
 
 2 , adult : Similar to the male, but the colors less clear and pure ; above 
 rather brownish than grayish ash, below sometimes quite browuish-whitO; 
 at least on the breast. Tail and wings with less white than as above de- 
 scribed for the male. But the gradation in these features is by impercepti- 
 ble degrees, so that there is no infallible color-mark of sex. In general, the 
 clearer and purer are the colors, and the more white there is on the wings 
 and tail, the more likely is the bird to be a male and prove a good singer. The 
 female is also smaller than the male on au average, being generally under 
 
DISTRIBUTION OF THE MOCKINGBIRD 
 
 55 
 
 and rarely over 10 inolies in length, with extent of wings usually less than 
 14, the wing^little if any over 4, the tail about 4+. 
 
 Young : Above decidedly brown, and below speckled with dusky. 
 
 There is comparatively little variation in this species except in size. A 
 tendency is seen in specimens from the southwestern parts of the United 
 States to elongation of the tail, this member averaging about 5 inches, and 
 sometimes measuring rather more. 
 
 Fig. 6.— The Mockiugbird. 
 
 IT is unnecessary to give an extended account of this famous 
 bird, to which full justice has already been done in several 
 treatises which the reader will instantly call to mindj and should 
 he be desirous of looking up the subject, the citations giveu at 
 the head of this article — representing a small portion of the 
 literature devoted to the Mockingbird — may help him somewhat. 
 The bird is common in suitable situations in the Colorado 
 Basin, and especially so in the lower and warmer portions. 
 Its general range is indicated in a foregoing paragraph. I 
 have refrained from citing the various West India islands 
 which are occupied by subspecies or varieties of the Mocking- 
 bird distinguished by some very modern authors. The North 
 American representative is almost confined to this country, 
 though it also occurs in portions of Mexico, as Golima, Mira- 
 dor, Orizaba, and Mazatlan, as well as the Tres Marias Islands, 
 and perhaps in Cuba. It winters in the Southern States in 
 
56 SYNONYMY OF MIMUS CAROLINENSIS 
 
 great numbers — on the Atlantic side at least as far as South 
 Carolina, where I have observed it at all seasons. In the 
 spring, a small proportion of the whole number of individuals 
 migrate " at will ", commonly reaching the Middle States and 
 corresponding latitudes further west. The northernmost 
 records generally quoted fix the limit in Massachusetts ; but 
 Dr. Brewer speaks of a single individual seen near Calais, 
 Me., by Mr. George A. Boardman. Another record from an 
 extreme point, given by Dr. P. E. Hoy, is above quoted; 
 the extension of the bird to Wisconsin, as there indicated, has 
 been commonly overlooked. Other States in which the bird is 
 known to have occurred are New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, 
 Missouri, Iowa, and Kansas. The parallel of 40° N. has been 
 named as its usual or normal limit. 
 
 The Catbird 
 
 IHimns (Galeoscop(es) carolinensis 
 
 Muscicapa carollnensls, L. SN. i. 1766, 338, no. 18 (baaed on Briss. ii. 365 and Gates, i. 66).— 
 Boid. Tabl. PE. 1783, 42 (PB. 676).— Gm. SH. i. 1788, 946, no. 18 (" Camtschatcae " 
 &.<:.).— Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 483, no. M.— Tart. SN. i. 1806, 581. 
 
 Tardus carollnensis, XicAi. "Verz. 1823, 38"; "PreiaVerz. Mex. Vftg. 1830,2"; J. f. O. 
 1853, 57.— B'Ori. Ois Cuba, 1839, hi.— Manger, Zool. Gart. viii. 1867, 191 (in captivity). 
 
 Orpheas carolinensis, And. Syn. 1839, B%.—Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 195, pi. 140.— Pam. Pr. Eaa. 
 Inst. i. 1856, 209.— SiuTiii, Smiths. Eep. for 1838, 1859, 287 (Bermudas).— Afar«e«s, J. f. 
 O. 1859, 213 (Bermudas).— Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 1859, 27. 
 
 Mimas caroUnensiS, Qray.—Sd. PZS. 1856, 294 (Cordova).— A'km!. Pr. Boat. See. vi. 1857, 
 234.— Bi2. BNA. 1858, 346.— BrcM. Pr. Boat. Soc. vli. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— Jizr?!. Smiths. 
 Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— (JiiK^ J. f. O. 1861, 324 (Cuba).— Boardro. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 
 1862, 126 (Maine).— B;o4. Ibia, iv. 1862, 5 (Saskatchewan).— rai/!. Ibis, 1862, 128.— Cerr. 
 Proc. Essex Inst, iii. 1862, 148.— Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 163 (Missouri 
 to Rocky Mountains).- BM. Ibia, 1863, 66 (British America).- iord, Pr. Roy. Arty. 
 Inst. Woolwich, iv. 1664, 117 (east of Cascade Mountains).— AfcTZior. Pr. Essex Inst. v. 
 1866, 87 (Canada West).- BrynM, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1867, 69 (Inagua).— Ootjes, Pr. Essex 
 Inst. V. 1868, 267.— ramS. B. B. Pa. 1869, 22 ; Phila. ed. 15.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 
 73, 295 (Coeur d'Alene Mountains).— Ooaes, Pr. Phila. Acad, xxiii. 1871, 19.— Coues, Key, 
 1872, 74.—Mayn. B. Fla. 1872, 19.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 174 (Kansas, Colorado, 
 VtB,V).—Trippe. Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1873, 236 (Iowa).— Peir. Ibis, 3d ser. iii. 1873, 25.— 
 
 Comstock, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, ^6.— Packard, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 271 Allen, Pr. Bost. 
 
 Soc. 1874, 49 (Dakota).— Coites, BNW. 1874, S.-Trippe, ibid. 228 (Colorado^ 
 MImiaS caroUneUSiS, Clifford, Tr. Illinoia Agric. Soc. v. 1865, 925 (habits). 
 ClaleOiiCOpteS carollnensis, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 82 '.tjpe).— Gundl. J. f. O. 1855, 470 (Cuba).— 
 S. (fS. Ibis, i. 1859, 7 ((Juatemala).— &Z. PZS. 1859, 336 (critical), 362 (Xalapa).— G!«ti2(. 
 J. f. 0. 1861, 406 (Cuba).— 5CZ. Cat. AB. 1862, e.— Allen, Pr. Essex Inst. iv. 1864, 63.— 
 Sd. Rev. AB. 1864, 5i.—Gundl. Report. 1865, 230 (Cxiba).— Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 
 1865, 372.— Zaior. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 282.— S. fy S. PZS. 1867, 278 (Mosquito 
 Coaat).— Coaes, Pr. Boat. Soc. xii. 1868, lOl.—Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 544 (Vera 
 Cruz).- ZnKir. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix, 1869, 204 (Yucatan).— C7oo;j. B. Cal. i. 1870, S3.— K tf 
 S. PZS. 1870, 838 (Hondura8).-S!eo. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 464.— Gaudi. 
 J. f. O. 1872, 407 (Cuba).-Sco(i, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 220. -.Verr. U. S. Gcol. Surv. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE CATBIRD 57 
 
 Terr, for 1872, 1873, 670, 705, 713 (far west).— iJW^. Ball. Essex Inat. v. 1873, 179 (Colo- 
 rado).— Bjdg-. Am. Nat. vii. 1873,201,550; ylii. 1874, 198.— ;i/crr. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 7.— 
 B. B. If R. NAB. i. 1874, 52, fig. pi. 3. f. a.—Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 40, 56, 71 (Utah, 
 &.e.).—Brem. Pr. Best. Soc. xvii. 1875, 438— ffmsk. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 152. 
 
 Caleoscoptes carolincngis, S. c^ S. PZS. 1859, 370 (Oaxaca). 
 
 FeliTox carolinensls, Bp. CR. 1853. 
 
 Lncar csirolinensis, Ooues Pr. Phila. Acad. 1875, 349 (comment, on Bartram). 
 
 lucar liTtdns, Bartr. Trav. Pla. Amer. ed. 1791, p. 290bi8. 
 
 Tardus liTidus, Wils. AO. ii. 1810, 90, pi. 14, f. 3 (after Bartram).— Bp. 
 Journ.Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 36 (critical). —icss. Tr. Orn. 1831, 410.— 
 Gaetke, J. f. O. 1856, 71 (Heligoland \).—Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 
 1856, 289. 
 
 Orphcns liTidus, Bias, ibis, iv. 1862, 66 (Heligoland). 
 
 Turdns feliTOX, Vieill.OXS. ii. 1807, 10, pl.67.— B;). Joum. Phila. Acad. iv. 
 1824, 36.— Bi). Ann. Lye. N.Y. ii. 1826, 75.— Feab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 
 302.— TAomps. Vermont, 1853, 78, tg.-tyiUis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 
 1859, 281 (Nova Scotia). 
 
 Orpheus feiivox, Sw. <£■ Rich. FBA. ii. 1831, 19'2.—Pralteu, Tr. Illinois Agr. 
 Soc. 1855, 601. 
 
 Mlmns rellTOX, Bp.C.&. GL. 1838, 18.— Bp. CA. L 1850, 276.- BitraetJ, Pr. \ 
 Boat. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 39S.— Hoy, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 309 (Wisconsin).— A'cnatc. Tr. 111. Agr. Soc. 
 i. 1855, 582.— Afaiim. J. f. O. vi. 1858, 180.— flby. Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 
 1865, 437 (Missouri). 
 
 Cat Flycafclier, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 388, no. 272. 
 
 Merle h derriere roux, D'Orb. 1. c. 
 
 Zorzal gato, CaJaa. FIG.7.— Foot of 
 
 Merle Catllird; Chat, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 167. Catbird, nat. size. 
 
 Catbird, Vulg. 
 
 Hab. — Nearly all tlie United States, and adjoining British Provinces. North 
 to the Red and Saskatchewan Rivers (latitude 54°). West to Washington, 
 Oregon, Wyoming, and Utah. South in winter to Panama. Mexico. Cuba. 
 Resident in the Southern States. Breeds throughout its range in North 
 America. 
 
 Ch. sp. S 9 Schistaceo-plumbeus, subttis dilutior ; verUce,caudd^ 
 rostro pedibusque nigris, alts nigricantibus, crisso castaneo. 
 
 $ 5: Slaty-gray, paler and more grayish-plumbeousbelow ; crown of head, 
 tail, bill aad feet black. Quills of the wing blackish, edged with the 
 body-color. Under tail-coverts rich dark chestnut or mahogany-color. 
 Length, 8^-9; extent, 11 or more; wing, 3J-3f; tail,4; bill, f; tarsus, l-lT^i,. 
 
 Young : Of a more sooty color above, with little or no distinction of a 
 black cap, and comparatively paler below, where the color has a soiled 
 brownish cast. Crissum dull rufous. 
 
 The outer edge and tip of the lateral tail-feather is sometimes decidedly 
 palerthanthe rest, indicating the space occupied by the white in Oroscoptes. 
 
 IT is not easy to account for the vulgar prejudice against this 
 bird. The contempt he inspires cannot be entirely due to 
 familiarity; for other members of the household, like the Eobin, 
 Bluebird, and Swallow, do not come under the ban. If his 
 harsh, abrupt, and discordant note were the cause, the croaking 
 
58 SOME OF THE CATBIEd's TRAITS 
 
 Grow and chattering Blackbird would share the same disgrace. 
 Yet the fact remains that the Catbird is almost always re- 
 garded unfavorably, not so much for what he does, perhaps, 
 as for what he is, oris not. To eyes polite, he seems to be " off 
 color''; in the best society, he is looked upon as un pen compromis, 
 There must be a reason for this — the world is too busy to in- 
 vent reasons for things — for there never was a popular verdict 
 without roots in some fact or principle. It is instinctive : the 
 school-boy despises a Catbird just as naturally as he stones a 
 frog; and when he thinks a thing is mean, no argument will 
 convince him to the contrary. 
 
 For myself, I think the boys are right. Like many of the 
 lower animals, they are quick to detect certain qualities, and 
 apt to like or dislike unwittingly, yet with good reason. The 
 matter with the Catbird is that he is thoroughly common-place. 
 There is a dead level of bird-life, as there is of humanity ; and 
 medioci^ity is simply despicable — hopeless and helples^, and 
 never more so than when it indulges aspirations. Yet it wears 
 well, and is a useful thing ; there must be a standard of meas- 
 ure, and a foil is often extremely convenient. The Catbird has 
 certainly a good deal to contend with. His name has a flip- 
 pant sound, without agreeable suggestiveness. His voice is 
 vehement without strength, unpleasant in its explosive quality. 
 His dress is positively ridiculous — who could hope to rise in 
 life wearing a pepper-and-salt jacket, a black velvet skull-cap, 
 and a large red patch on the seat of his pantaloons ! Add to 
 all this the possession of some very plebeian tastes, like those 
 which in another case render beer-gardens, circuses, and street- 
 shows things possible, and you will readily perceive that a hero 
 cannot be made out of a Catbird. 
 
 But to be common-place is merely to strike the balance of a 
 great number of positive qualities, no single one of which is to 
 be overlooked. It is accomplished by a sort of algebraic proc- 
 ess, in which all the terms of an equation are brought to- 
 gether on one side, which then equals zero. There is said to 
 be a great deal of human nature in mankind, and I am sure 
 there is as much bird-nature in the feathered tribe. There is 
 as much life in the kitchen as in the parlor : it is only a mat- 
 ter of a flight of stairs between them. We who happen to be 
 above know none too much of what goes on below — much 
 less, I suspect, than the basse-cour often learns of the salon and 
 the boudoir. I sometimes fancy that the Catbird knows us 
 
UNSCIENTIFIC NOTIONS OF THE CATBIRD 59 
 
 better than we do him. He is at least a civilized bird, if he 
 does hang by the eyelids on good society; if he is denied the 
 front door, the area is open to him; he may peep in at the 
 basement window, and see the way up the backstairs. His 
 eyes and ears are open ; his wits are sharp ; what he knows, 
 he knows, and will tell if he chooses. His domesticity is large ; 
 he likes us well enough to stay with us, yet he keeps his eye 
 ■on us. His is the prose of daily life, with all its petty concerns, 
 as read by the lower classes ; the poetry we are left to discover. 
 Explain him as we may, the Catbird is inseparable from 
 home and homely things; he reflects, as he is reflected in, 
 domestic life. The associations, it is true, are of an humble 
 ■sort; but they are just as strong as those which link us with 
 the trusty Eobin, the social Swallow, the delicious Bluebird, or 
 the elegant Oriole. Let it be the humble country-home of toil, 
 or the luxurious mansion where wealth is lavished on the gar- 
 den — in either case, the Catbird claims the rights of squatter 
 sovereignty. He flirts saucily across the well-worn path that 
 leads to the well, and sips the water that collects in the shallow 
 depression upon the flag-stone. Down in the tangle of the moist 
 dell, where stands the spring-house, with its cool, crisp atmos- 
 phere, redolent of buttery savor, where the trickling water is 
 perpetual, he loiters at ease, and from the heart of the green- 
 brier makes bold advances to the milkmaid who brings the 
 brimming bowls. In the pasture beyond, he waits for the boy 
 who comes whistling after the cows, and follows him home by 
 the blackberry road that lies along the zigzag fence, challeng- 
 ing the carelessly thrown stone he has learned to dodge with 
 ease. He joins the berrying parties fresh from school, soliciting 
 a game of hide-andseek, and laughs at the mishaps that never 
 fail when children try the brier patch. Along the hedge row, 
 he glides with short easy flights to gain the evergreen coppice 
 that shades a corner of the lawn, where he pauses to watch the 
 old gardener trimming the boxwood, or rolling the gravel 
 walk, or making the flower bed, wondering why some people 
 will take so much trouble when eVerything is uice enough 
 already. Ever restless and inquisitive, he makes for the well- 
 known arbor, to see what may be going on there. What he 
 discovers is certainly none of his business: the rustic seat is 
 occupied ; the old, old play is in rehearsal; and at sight of the 
 •blushing cheeks that respond to passionate words, the very 
 roses on the trellis hang their envious heads. This spectacle 
 
60 ROMANCE OP A POOR OLD CATBIRD 
 
 tickles his fancy; always ripe for mischief, he startles the loving 
 pair with his quick, shrill cry, like a burlesque of the kiss just 
 heard, and enjoys their little consternation. " It is only a Cat- 
 bird", they say reassuringly — but there are times when the 
 slightest jar is a shock, and pledges that hang in a trembling 
 balance may never be redeemed. 
 
 " Only a Catbird "meanwhile remembers business of his own, 
 and is off. The practical question of dining recurs. He means 
 to dine sumptuously, and so, like the French philosopher, place 
 himself beyond the reach of fate. But nature, in the month 
 of May, is full of combustible material, and the very atmosphere 
 is quick to carry the torch that was kindled in the arbor where 
 the lovers sat. His fate meets him in the only shape that 
 could so far restrain masculine instincts as to postpone a dinner. 
 The rest is soon told — rather it would be, could the secrets of 
 the impenetrable dark-green mass of Smilax whither the pair 
 betake themselves be revealed. The next we see of the bird, 
 he is perched on the topmost spray of yonder pear tree, with 
 quivering wings, brimful of song. He is inspired; for a time 
 at least he is lifted above the common-place ; his kinship with 
 the prince of song, with the Mockingbird himself, is vindicated. 
 He has discovered the source of the poetry of every-day life. 
 
 Genus HARPORHYNCHUS Cabanis 
 
 Chars. — Bill of indeterminate size and shape, ranging from 
 one extreme, in which it is straight and shorter than the head, 
 to the other, in which it exceeds the head in length and is bent 
 like a bow (see figs, of the several species, beyond). Feet large 
 and strong, indicating terrestrial habits; the tarsus strongly 
 scutellate anteriorly, about equaling or slightly exceeding in 
 length the middle toe with its claw. Wings and tail rounded, 
 the latter decidedly longer than the former. Eictus with well- 
 developed bristles. 
 
 Viewing only the extremes of shape of the bill, as witnessed 
 in H. rufus and such species as H. redivivus or H. crissalis, it 
 would not seem consistent with the minute subdivisions which 
 now obtain in ornithology to place all the species in one genus ; 
 and two eminent European ornithologists have already pro- 
 posed to separate them. But the gradation of form is so gentle 
 that it seems impossible to dismember the group without vio- 
 
gN THE GENUS HAKPOEHYNCHUS 61 
 
 lence. The arcuatioii of the bill proceeds 2)ari passu with its 
 elongation : the shortest bills being the straightest, and con- 
 versely. There is also a curious correlation of color with shape 
 of bill; the short-billed species being the most richly colored 
 and heavily spotted, while the bow-billed ones are very plain, 
 sometimes with no spots whatever on the under parts. 
 
 The genus is specially interesting in the present connection, 
 since it reaches its highest development in the Colorado Basin, 
 where nearly all the known species occur, some of them in 
 abundance ; while several of them are entirely confined, so far 
 as we now know, to this region. As much can be said of no 
 other genus. Harporliynchus is, in fact, the leading feature of 
 the Colorado avifauna, whether we consider the relative num- 
 ber of species there represented, or the extremely local distribu- 
 tion of some of them. The fringilline genus Pipilo offers much 
 the same case ; and there is a further singular parallelism be- 
 tween the two. Both are represented, in the United States at 
 large, by a single species, heavily and even richly colored in 
 comparison with the pale dull shades of the numerous species 
 or races of the Coloradan region: in both cases, there are 
 species restricted to this Basin; in both, rounded wings shorter 
 than the graduated tail, large strong feet, and terrestrial habits 
 are conspicuous features in comparison with their respective 
 allies. The parallel might even be pushed to the length of 
 recognizing individual species of one genus as representatives 
 of those of the other. Pipilo aberti is the counterpart of H. 
 crissalis, and several others are almost as clearly analogous. 
 
 Bronn Thraisiliei* 
 
 Harportayncbns rufns 
 
 Turdus rufllS, L. SN. i. Wth ed. 1758, 169, no. 6 ; lath ed. 1766, 293, no. 9 (Gates, i. 28).— 
 Gm. SN. i. 1788, 812, no. 9.— Lath. 10. i. 1790, 338, no. U.—Turt. SN, i. 1806, 493.— 
 Vieill. OAS. ii. 1807, 4, pi. 59.— iriJs. AO.ii. 1810. 83, pi. U.—Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 
 1824, 33.— Bj>. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 15.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831. 403.— Peab. Rep. Orn. 
 Mass. 1839, 300.— Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 102; v. 1839, 441, pi. 116.- Gerh. Naum. iii. 1853, 
 Zl.-Tlwmps. Vermont, 1853, la.—Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 288.— GaJte, J. f. O. 
 1856, 71 (Heligoland).— Guffte, Naum. 1858, 424 (same).— (Jossc, Alabama, 1859, 54, 295. 
 
 Orpheus rnfus, S. l(R. FBA. ii. 1831, 189— ifwf. Man. i. 1532, 328.— ^ad. Syn. 1839, i».—Aud. 
 BA. iii. 1841, 9, pi. lil.— Wailes. Rep. Mississip. 1854, 319.— ProMcn, Tr. Illinois Agric. 
 Soc. 1855, 601.—Putn. Pr. Essex Inst. i. 1856, 209.— r«>i)e, Pr. Essex Inst. vi. 1871, 
 115 (Minnesota). 
 
 Orphea rufa, Gould, PZS. 1834, 15. 
 
62 SYNONYMY OF HARPORHYNCHUS Rl^FUS 
 
 Mimus rufus, Graij.— Bp. C. & GL. 1838, IS.— Burnett, Pr. Bost. Soc. iv, 1851, ns.— Woodk. 
 Rep. Expl. ZuBi, 1853, 13.— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, Wi.—Hay, Pr. Phila. Acad, 
 vi. 1853, 309 (WisconBin).— A'rajisc. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, SiH.— Maxim. J. f. O. vi. 
 1858, 180.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, iZl.—Tunh. B. E. Pa.l869, 22 ; Phila. ed. 15. 
 
 Tcxostoma ^nfam, Cab. Arch. f. Nat. 1817, Bd. i. 207.— Si). CA. i. 1650, ill.— Bias. Ibis, iv. 
 1862, 66 (Heligoland). 
 
 Toxostoma rnfa, Bmiin, Zool. Gart. 1671, 15. 
 
 narporbylichns rafus. Cab. MH. i. 1850, a.—Bd. BN-4. 18;8, 353.— Srf. PZS. 1859, 3iO.—Scl. 
 Cat. AB. 1861, 8.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Coaes Sf Frent. Smiths. Rep. 
 for 1861, 1862, ilO.—Hayd. Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. xii. 1862, 163.— f'err. Proo. EsseK Inst. iii. 
 1862, liS.—Blak. Ibis, iv. 1862, 5 (Saakalchewan).— Tai/Z. Ibis, iv. 1862, IW-Slak. Ibis, 
 V. 1863,67 (Port Carlton),— ^iien, Pr. Essex Inst. iv. 18C4, 6B.—Bd. RAB. 1864, 44.— 
 Laar. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. viii. 1866, 283.- JV/c/Zmr. Pr. Essex Inst. v. 1866, 87 (Canada 
 West).— Coues, Pr. Essex Inst. v. 1868, 267,— Cobcs, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 107.— Oocp. 
 Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 296 (Upper Uismmi).— Allen, Am. Nat. Iii. 1869, 508.— Allen, Am. 
 Nat. vi. 1872, 266.— CoKcs, Key, 1872, 75.— v4!!e7t, Bnll. MCZ. iii. 1872, 173.— Afayre. B. 
 Fla. 1872, 21.— BM^. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, ZoO.-Coues, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 326, f. 65.— 
 Trippe, Pr. Bpst. Soc. xv. 1873, 23S.—Merriam, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, l.—Ridg. Am. Nat, 
 viii. 1874, 198.— Cones, BNW. 1874, 9 (seep, ^i).— Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 49"' 
 (Dakota).— Heiis/j. Rep. Om. Specs. 1874, 57 (Colorado).— £.B. tf R. NAB. i. 1874, 37, pi. 
 3, f. \.—Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 438.— HeKsi. Zool. Expl. W. ICO Merid. 1876, 154 
 (Rocky Mountains of Colorado) . 
 
 Fig. 8.— Head of Frown Thrasher, nat. size. 
 
 Antimlmus rurus, Sandev. Meth. Av. Disp. Tent. 187Q, 13 (type\ 
 
 HarporhyncliiiHTurus var. longicauda, Bd. BXA. 1858, 353 (in text).— Ridgw. Ball. Essex 
 
 Inst. V. 1873, 179 (Colorado). 
 Harporbynchus longicanaa, Stev. U. H. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 464. 
 Ferrnginons Thrush, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 333, no. 195. 
 Pox-colourefl Mock-bird, 5. ifX. l. c. 
 Ferrnginons Mocking-bird, Aud. I. o. 
 Orlve rousse, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 171. 
 Tbratber, I!rown Thrush, Brown Thrasher, Sandy Mockingbird, French Mockingbird, 
 
 Vulg. 
 
 [Some quotations of the subspecies H. LONGIKOSTKIS I happen to have at hand are :— Or- 
 pheus longiroatris, Lafr. RZ. 1838, 55 ; MZ. 1839, pi. \.— Tozostoma longirostre. Cab. Arch. f. 
 Naturg. 1847, Bd. i. iai.—Teaostoma longirostris, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 277.— Mimas longirostris, Bd. 
 Rep. Expl. GSL. 1852, 3^8— Sd. PZS. 1856, 294 (Cordova).— fforpor/ijMcSus longirostris, 
 
CHARACTERS OF HAEPORHYNCHUS RUFUS 63 
 
 Cah. MH. i. 1850, 81.— M. BNA. 1858, 352; ed. of 1860, 352, pi. 52.— ^i U. S.Mex. B. Surv. 
 ii. pt. ii. 1859, Birda, 13, pi. \i.—Scl. PZS. 1859, 339 (critical) ; 1859, 362 (Xalapa) ; 1864, 172 
 (City of Mexico) ; Cat, AB. 1861, S.—Bd. EAB. 1864, H.— Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 149 
 (Laredo, Tex.),—Harporhynchiis rufus var. longirostris, Coucs, Key, 1872, 15.— B. B, If R. 
 NAB. i. 1874, 39, pi. 3, f. 2.— Hab.— Valley of the Rio Grande and southward.] 
 
 Hab. — United States, and adjoining belt of Britisli America; north to 
 Canada, Lake Winnipeg and the Saskatchewan ; west into the mountains 
 of Colorado and Wyoming. Breeds throughout its range. Winters in the 
 Southern States. No extralimital American quotations. Accidental in 
 Europe (Heligoland, Gutke; see above). 
 
 Ch. sp. — a. RUFUS. S 9 Supra ferrugmeus, alis albo-bifas- 
 ciatis; infra ex rufo albidus; pectore later ibusque maculis brunneis 
 guttata -lineatis; gonyde recto; mandibuld ad basin flavesoente. 
 
 S 9 ■• Upper parts uniform rich rust-red, with a bronzy lustre. Concealed 
 portions of quills fuscous. Greater and median wing-coverts blackish near 
 the end, then conspicuously tipped with white. Bastard quills like the 
 coverts. Tail like the back, the lateral feathers with paler ends. Under parts 
 white, more or less strongly tinged, especially on the breast, flanks, and cris- 
 Bum, with tawny or pale cinnamon-brown, the breast and sides marked with 
 a profusion of well-defined spots of dark brown, oval in front, becoming 
 more linear posteriorly. Throat is immaculate, bordered with a necklace 
 of spots; the middle of the belly and under tail-coverts likewise unspotted. 
 Bill black, with yellow base of the lower mandible; feet pale ; iris yellow. 
 Length, about 11 inches ; extent, 12J to 14 ; wing, 3|-4i; tail, 5 or more; 
 bill, 1 ; tarsus, 1.25. 
 
 b. LONGIROSTRIS. — Prwccdenti simllis; supra rufo-brunneus, 
 alis albo-bifasciatis; infra albus, pectore lateribusque maculis ni- 
 gricantibus guttato-Uneatis; gonyde incurvato. 
 
 Similar in general to H. rufus; upper parts reddish-brown, instead of rich 
 foxy-red; under parts white, with little if any tawny tinge, the spots large, 
 very numerous, and blackish instead of brown. The wing shows dusky and 
 white bars across the ends of the median and greater coverts, as in rufus, 
 but the ends of the rectrices are scarcely or not lighter than the rest of these 
 feathers. The bill is almost entirely dark-colored. 
 
 Besides these points of coloration, which are readily appreciable, there is 
 a decided difference in the shape of the bill. In H. rufus, the bill is quite 
 straight, and only j ust about an inch long ; the gonys is straight, and 
 makes an angle with the slightly concave lower outline of the mandibular 
 rami. In S. longirostris, the bill is rather over an inch long, and some- 
 what curved ; the outline of the gonys is a little concave, making with the 
 ramus one continuous curve from base to tip of the bill. 
 
 AS in the case of the Mockingbird, I shall have but a word 
 to say respecting the Brown Thrush or Thrasher, whose 
 biography has already been several times written, before tak- 
 
•64 SYNONYMY OF HARPORHYNCIIUS" CURVIEOSTRIS 
 
 ing up the other species of the genus, which are far better rep- 
 resented la the Colorado Basin. It is scarcely, in fact, an in- 
 habitant of this region at all, only reaching, as far as we now 
 know, the extreme northeastern portion, where it has been 
 found, by Mr. J. A. Allen, in the mountains of Colorado Ter- 
 ritory, up to an altitude of 7,500 feet. The foregoing para- 
 graph indicates its general range, in every part of which it ap- 
 pears to nestle with equal readiness, while it passes the winter 
 in the southerly portions. Very singularly, the only extralim- 
 ital records I possess of this species refer to its occurrence, not 
 near our boundaries, as would be expected, but in Europe. It 
 has been found in Heligoland, that wonderful little island in the 
 North Sea, where the ornithology of the four quarters of the 
 ■world seems to come to a focus. To epitomize some other 
 points in its history, I may say that it is a delightful songster, 
 like all its tribe ; inhabits brushwood and shrubbery, spending 
 much of its time on the ground, scratching for food with all the 
 persistency of a Towhee ; feeds on insects and berries ; nests, 
 according to locality, from March to June, in brushes, vines, or 
 brier-patches ; builds a bulky structure of twigs, weed-stalks, 
 withered leaves, bark-strips, and fibrous roots, and lays from 
 four to six eggs, about an inch long by four-fifths broad, white 
 or greenish-white, marked with innumerable reddish-brown . 
 dots, usually more numerous at or around the larger end. 
 
 Curve-billed Thra§her 
 
 Harporliyncbns carTlrostrJs palmerl 
 
 Ciirtirostns. 
 
 Orpheus Curvirostris, Sw. Philos. Mag. iii. lifil. 369 (Eastern Mciico).— J/cC/ii;, Pr. Phila. 
 Acad. iv. 1848, 63 (Matamoras). 
 
 Mimus currlTostris, Gray, G. of B. 
 
 loXOStoma curvirostris, Bp. CA. i. 1850, in.—Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. 1852, 223 (Texas) — 
 Bd. Stansbury's Rep. GSL. 1852, 329. 
 
 Toxostoma carrlrostre, Sd. PZS. 1837, 212 (Orizaba). 
 
 Harporhynchiis cnrvirostrls. Cat. MH. i. 1850, il.-Bd. BNA. 18.i;8, 351 ; ed. of i860, 351, pi, 
 51.— M. U. S. Mex. B. Snrv. ii. pt. ii, 1859, Birds, 12, pi. 13.-Sd. PZS. 1859, 339 (critical)i 
 1859, 370 (Oaxaca).— Brf. RAB. i. JS64, 45.— Dress. Ibis, 2d eer. i. Ifi05, 482 (Texas).— 
 Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1S68, 149 (Laredo, Tex.).— Cojms, Am. Nat. vii. 1873 338 
 (critical).-B. B. If R. KAB. i. 1874, 41, pi. 3, f. 3 (" adjacent regions of United States 
 and Mexico, aouthward", &c.), 
 
 Fomatorbinns iiirdlnus.remm. re. 411. 
 Toxostoma velnla, »'ii^(. I8i8,183l, 528. 
 
 [Note. -Some of the foregoing United States references actually or virtually include ;7almcr; ) 
 
CHARACTERS OP H. CURVIROSTRIS AND VAR. 65 
 
 h. palmeri. 
 HarpOThynchus cnrvlrostrls, Hewm. PRRR. ». 1859, Parke's Route, 11 (Arizona,— Heer- 
 
 mann's specimen, No. 8128, Mus. Smiths., afterward became a type of var. palmeri). — 
 
 Oouea, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 63 (Arizona).— Ooiies, Key, 1872, 75. 
 Harporhynchus curvirostris uor. palmert, Ridgvi. mss.— Oou.es, Key, 1872, 351.— Ooues, 
 
 Am. Nat. vii. 187.3, 329, fig. 68.— Brewer, Pr. Bost. Soe. xvi. 1873, 108 (eggs) B. B. <V R. 
 
 NA.B. i. 1874, 43 (Tucson, Ariz.).— J/eresA. List B. Ariz. 1875, 154.— HemA. Zool. Expl. 
 
 W. 100 Merid. 1876, 156 (Arizona). 
 
 Hab. — Of the typical form, from the valley of the Rio Grande along the 
 border of the United States, to Mazatlan, and southward in Mexico. Var. 
 palmeri has only been found in Arizona. 
 
 Ch. sp. a. CUKVIROSTEIS. — Fusco-cmereus, alls cauddque . 
 fuseisj infrti albidus, maculis rotundatis fnsco-cinereis nehuloso- 
 notatus, hypoehondriis crissoque ochraceo-tinctis, alis albo bifasd- 
 dtis, Cauda albo-terminatd. 
 
 $ 9 : Above, uniform brownish-gray (exactly the color of a Mockingbird, 
 M. polj/glottiis), the wings and tail darker and purer brown. Below, dull 
 whitish, tinged with oohraoeons, especially on the flanks and crissuin, and 
 marked with rounded spots of the color of the back, most numerous and 
 blended on the breast. Throat quite white, immaculate, without maxillary 
 stripes ; lower belly and crissum mostly free from spots. No decided mark- 
 ings on the side of the head. Ends of greater and median wing-coverts 
 white, forming two decided cross-bars; tail-feathers distinctly tipped with 
 white. Bill black ; feet dark-brown. Length of cf, about 11 inches ; wing, 
 4J-4i ; tail, 4^-5 ; bill, H ; tarsus, IJ ; middle toe and claw, IJ. 2 averaging 
 rather smaller. 
 
 Fig. 9.— Head of Curve-billed Thrasher (var.); nat. size. 
 
 6. PALMERI. — Similis; faseiis alarum et apicibus rectrieum 
 albis obsoletis; infra griseo -albidus, rufo-tinctus, maculis fusco- 
 cinereis obsoletis; rostro graciliore. 
 
 Although the differences between this and the typical form are not very 
 easy to express, yet they are readily appreciable on comparison of specimens, 
 and fully warrant Mr. Eidg way's discrimination of a var. palmei-i. The upper 
 parts are quite similar ; but the under parts, instead of being whitish, with 
 decided spotting of the color of the back, are grayish, tinged with rusty, 
 especially behind, and the spotting is nebulous. The white on the ends of 
 wing-coverts and tail-feathers is reduced to a minimum or entirely suppressed. 
 The bill is slenderer and apparently more curved in all the specimens I 
 5 B C 
 
66 HABITS OF THE CURVE-BILLED THRASHER 
 
 have seen. (In the figure, the bill is rather too stoat). Average dimensions 
 of four specimens of both sexes : length, 10.75; wing, 4.33; tail, 5.00; chord 
 of culmen, 1.12 ; tarsns, 1.25 ; middle toe and claw rather more. 
 
 This form was first indicated, in 1H58, by Professor Baird, who noted the 
 peonliarities of a specimen (No. 8128 of tlie National Museum) collected near 
 Tucson, Ariz., by Dr. A. L. Heermann, whose notice is above quoted. This 
 same specimen afterward became a type of Mr. Bidgway's var. palmeri, as 
 first published by me, from his MS., in the " Key ", p. 351 (1872). 
 
 THE habitat of the true Curve-billed Thrush is stated to 
 extend to the southern border of the United States. This 
 would bring it within the area the birds of which are treated 
 in the present volume ; but it will be understood that the re- 
 marks which follow relate to the northern variety, which, so 
 far as we know, is peculiar to Arizona. It was discovered near 
 Tucson by Dr. Heermann, who has left a short note of his 
 observations, and its peculiarities were first noted by Professor 
 Baird, although it was not named or formally described as dis- 
 tinct until 1872. In 1873, I gave a short account of the bird ia 
 the "American Naturalist", as above quoted, accompanied by a 
 figure of the head (here reproduced, as are the others illustrating 
 thespeciesof this genus), drawn from specimens sent to me while 
 I was in Dakota by Lieut. 0. Bendire, United States Army. This 
 gentleman's memoranda accompanying the specimens indicated 
 that the habits of the bird are much the same as those of other 
 Thrashers ; and that it nests in cactus, mezquite, and other 
 low bushes, laying usually three eggs. Two sets of eggs which 
 he obtniaed were taken, one July 18, the other August 20. 
 They measure about 1.10 inches in length by 0.80 in breadth, 
 and are pale dull greenish- blue, speckled evenly and profusely 
 with reddish-brown dots. 
 
 Later observations, made by Mr. H. W. Henshaw in Arizona, 
 afford further insight into the life of this bird. He fonnd it 
 common in the dreary desert region about Camp Lowell, where 
 it was associated with R. bendirii and H. crissalis, and easily 
 distinguished it during life by certain peculiarities of flight. 
 It frequented the edges of the mezquite thickets, hopping 
 lightly over the ground in search of insects. It flew rapidly, 
 keeping generally close to the ground, retreating when alarmed 
 from one thicket to another, and hiding in the dense brush. 
 Sometimes, when startled, it mounted to the tops of the mez- 
 quites with quick nervous movements and continual jetting 
 of the long tail, emitting meanwhile a succession of loud cluck- 
 
CHAEACTERS OF HARPOEHYNCHUS BENDIRII 67 
 
 ing notes to indicate its anger or alarm. In its general dis- 
 position, it appeared wild and suspicious. Hundreds of the 
 nests were observed in the "cholla" cactuses ; but at the time 
 (September 1 to 10) they were empty, and only one bird in nest- 
 ing-plumage was found. " Near a water-hole, some thirty miles 
 from Camp Lowell, where is found a meagre supply of the 
 precious fluid, which, from long standing, becomes so stagnant 
 and thick with mud that the thirsty animals which pass through, 
 though suffering terribly from the effects of many miles' weary 
 travel over the burning sands, often reject it, considerable 
 nnmbers of these Thrushes were noticed in the throngs of the 
 commoner kinds, as Sparrows and White-winged Blackbirds, 
 which resort here through the day to slake their thirst. The 
 brink of the pool was often crowded with hundreds of birds 
 brought thus together from common necessity, and forgetful of 
 aught else save the urgent need which impelled them to seek 
 that spot from great distances." 
 
 Arizona Thrasher 
 
 Harporbyncbas bendlrii 
 
 Harporbf nchns bendlrei, Cou',s, Am. Nat. vU. 1873, 330, f. 69. — David Scott, Am. Nat. vii. 
 
 1873, 56.5 (diBallowB the Bpecies, upon presumptive applicability of Darwinism)..-^. B. ^ 
 
 R. NAB. iii. 1874, 500. 
 Harportaynchus bendlrl, Brem. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvi. 1873, 108 (eggs redescribed). 
 Harparb]7iictauB clnereus var. bendlrei, Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 154. 
 Harporbf ncbus clneren; var. bendierl, Hensh. Zool. Expl. w. lOO Merid. 1876, 154 (critical). 
 Bendire's Thrubb, Coiua, 1. c. 
 
 Hab, — Arizona. 
 
 Ch. sr. — 5 2 Eostro capite breviore, ad basin robusto, ad 
 apicem acuminato, gonyde subrecto; tarso digito medio cum un- 
 gue longiore. Fusco-cinereus, subtus fmco-albidws, pectore macu- 
 lis fuscis acutis, lateribus crissoque rufescentlbus; strigis max- 
 illaribtis nuUis. 
 
 $ 9 : Bill shorter than head, comparatively stout at base, very acute at tip, 
 the culmen quite convex, the gonys however only just appreciably concave. 
 Tarsus a little longer than the middle toe and claw. Third and fourth pri- 
 maries about equal and longest, fifth and sixth successively slightly shorter, 
 second equal to seventh, first equal to penultimate secondary in the 
 closed wing. Entire upper parts, including upper surfaces of wings and 
 tail, uniform dull pale grayish-brown, with narrow, faintly rusty edgings 
 of the wing-coverts and inner quills, and equally obscure whitish tipping of 
 the tail-feathers. No maxillary nor auricular streaks ; no markings about 
 the head except slight speckling on the cheeks. Under parts brownish- 
 
68 CHARACTERS OF HARPORHYNCHUS BENDIRII 
 
 white, palest (nearly white) on the belly and throat, more decidedly rusty- 
 hrowuish on the sides, flanks, and crissum, the breast alone marked with 
 nnmerons small arrow-head spots of the color of the back. Bill light colored 
 at base belew. $ : Length, about 9J ; wing, 4 ; tail, 4J ; bill (chord of cul- 
 men), i; along gape, H; tarsus, li ; middle toe and claw, IJ. ? rather 
 smaller ; wing, SJ, &c. 
 
 This species is allied to, and in some respects intermediate between, H. 
 curuirostns palmeri and H. cinereus ; Its closest relationships being decidedly 
 with the latter, though the appearance of the under parts is altogether dif- 
 ferent. It is distinguished from palmeri in being much smaller, with a much 
 
 Fig. 10.— Head of Arizona Thrasher, nat. size. 
 
 shorter and differently shaped bill, different proportions of tarsus and toes, 
 and obviously different coloration (compare measurements and description). 
 It comes much nearer S. cinereus, in spite of some decided differences both 
 of form and color. In the latter, the bill, though of nearly the same length, 
 is more curved ; the tarsus is not longer than the middle toe and claw ; the 
 third-sixth quills of the wing are about equal and longest, the second 
 being about equal to the eighth ; while the under parts are as distinctly and 
 heavily spotted as those of H. rufua itself. The two are of about the same 
 size, and in the coloration of the upper parts are much alike. While fully 
 recognizing the close relationships of H. iendirii to S. cinereus — in fact, hav- 
 ing insisted upon them from the outset, when it was assumed that the bird 
 was nearer palmeri — I am not prepared to assent to Mr. Henshaw's 
 reduction of the species to a variety of dnereua. I recognize the conscien- 
 tious care with which he has made his comparisons, and regret that I can- 
 not agree with conclusions so drawn, unlike those of Mr. D. Scott, which 
 rest upon hasty speculation. 
 
 The synonymy and characters of H. cinereus,* with a figure of the head, 
 are given in the subjoined note, to facilitate comparison. 
 
 * HARPORHYNCHUS CINEREUS. — (Saint Lucos Thrasher. 
 
 Uarporhf DCbns cinereus, Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, S98 (Cape Saint Lucaa). — Baird, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 303 (the 8ame).— Sci. Cat. AB. 1861. S.—Bd. RAB. 1864, 46.— 
 FMiot, BNA. pi. l.—Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 19.— Ooues, Key, 1872, 75.— Couea, Am. Nat. 
 »ii. 1873, 327, 331, f. 70.— B. B. Ir R. NAB. i. 1874, 40, pi. 4, f. 2. 
 
 Hab. — Lower California. 
 
 Ch. SP. — I? 2 Fusco-cinereus, infra alius, maculis parvis, distinctis, fusds ; 
 alis cauddque fuscis, iUis albo-Mfasdaiia, hoc alto-terminatd. 
 S ? '■ Upper parts uniform ashy-brown, the wings and tail similar but 
 
CHAEA.CTERS OF HAEPORHYNCHUS CINEREUS 
 
 69 
 
 THE history of this bird is short, if not also in keeping 
 with the rest of the familiar quotation. That it should 
 have been overlooked by all the earlier explorers in Arizona 
 is probably a result of its extremely local distribution ; in 
 fact, it is only known to inhabit a very restricted krea in South- 
 ern Arizona, in the vicinity of Tucson. It was discovered in 
 1872 by the zealous collector whose name it bears in recogni- 
 tion of the services he has rendered in developing the orni- 
 thology of the Southwest. In the spring of 1873, while at Port 
 Randall, Dakota, I received specimens from Lieutenant Beii- 
 
 rather purer and darker brown, the former crossed with two white bars 
 formed by the tip3 of the coverts, the latter tipped* with white. Below, dull 
 white, often tinged with rusty, especially behind, and thickly marked with 
 small, sharp, triangular spots of dark brown or blackish. These spots are 
 all perfectly distinct, and cover the lower parts excepting the throat, lower 
 belly, and crisanm. Becoming smaller anteriorly, they run up each side of 
 the throat in a maxillary series bounding the immaculate area. The sides of 
 the head are finely speckled, and the anriculars streaked. The bill is black, 
 lightening at the base below, and little if any longer than that of H. rafus, 
 though decidedly curved. Length of g about 10 inches ; wing, 4 ; tail, 4 J ; 
 bill, li ; tarsns, 1 J ; middle toe and claw, IJ. 2 averaging rather smaller. 
 
 Pio. 11.— Head of Saint Lucas Thrasher, nat. size. 
 
 Young : In a newly-fledged specimen, the upper parts are strongly tinged 
 with rnsty-brown, and this color also edges the wings and tips the tail. 
 
 The striking resemblance of this species to the Mountaiu Mockingbird, 
 (Oroscoptes montatms) has been noted. The species is immediately distin- 
 guished from any others of the United States by the sharpness of the spot- 
 ting underneath, which equals that of H. rufus itself, the small and strictly 
 triangular character of the spots, together with the grayish-brown of the 
 upper parts, and inferior dimensions. The bill is shaped much as in curvi- 
 rostris and palmeri. S. ocellaius of Mexico is even more boldly marked 
 below, but the spots are large, rounded, and black. 
 
70 HABITS OF THE ARIZONA THRASHER 
 
 dire, who had already perceived that the bird differed ia its 
 habits as well as in its physical characters from either of the 
 two species {crissalis and palmeri) with which he found it asso- 
 ciated. These were soon afterward described in the " Ameri- 
 can Naturalist", and the head figured to show the peculiar 
 shape of the bill. 
 
 The Arizona Thrasher appears to be less numerous than 
 either of its associates. Tlie only additional specimens which 
 have come to hand since the types were received are three 
 taken at Camp Lowell by Mr. Henshaw. The bird is said to 
 differ notably in its nesting habits from the Curve-billed 
 Thrasher; the latter building almost always in cactuses, while 
 Bendire's nests in trees and bushes, preferably mezquite, some- 
 times thirty feet from the ground. A nest containing two 
 fresh eggs was found July 19, 1872. The eggs are readily 
 distinguishable from those of H. palmeri. They are simply 
 grayish- white, instead of light dull green, marked with 
 numerous spots and larger blotches or dashes of two shades 
 of reddish-brown, with other markings of lilac or lavender. 
 The markings tend to aggregate about the larger end, instead 
 of being evenly distributed over the whole surface. There is 
 comparatively little inequality in the contour of the two ends ; 
 the size is about 1.00 by 0.73. A specimen measured by me 
 was only 0.96 by 0.70 ; others, according to Dr. Brewer, were 
 1.10 by 0.75. 
 
 According to the observations recorded by its discoverer, 
 and also by Mr. Henshaw, the general habits of the species 
 are not peculiar in comparison with those of its congeners. 
 
 ITuma Thrasher 
 
 Harporhyncbus rcdivivns Iccontii 
 
 Toxostoma lecontel, Law. Ann. Lye. N. Y. y. 1853, 181 (Port Yuma).— Bd. Stansbury'a 
 
 Rep. 08L. 1852, 329. 
 Harporbynchns lecontel, Bp. " OB. xxviiL ie54, 57 ; Not. Delaltrs, 39."— Bd. BNA. 1858, 350 ; 
 
 ed. of 1860, 350, pi. 50 ; U. 8. Mex. B. Snrv. U. pt. il. 18.i9, Birdu, 12, pi. 12.- Bd. RAB. 1864, 
 
 47.— Couea, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 65 (near Port Miijave, Ariz.).— Coop. Am. Nat. lit. 1869, 
 
 188, 473.- Coop. B. Gal. i. 1870, 17. 
 Harporhyncbus lecontll, Sd. PZS. 1859, 339 (critical).- Cows, Ibia, 2d aer. ii. 1866, 259. 
 Harporhyncbus redlrlvus var. lecontll, Ooaet, Key, 1872, 75. 
 Harporhyncbus redlylvus var. lecontel, Ooues, Am. Nat. vli. 1873, 328.— B. B. tr R. NAB. i. 
 
 1874, 44, pi. 4, f. a.—Hensk. List B. Ariz. 1875, 154. 
 
 le Conte'8 Thrasher, u. cc. 
 Hab. — Immediate valley of the Colorado and Gila Rivers. 
 
CHARACTERS OP H. REDIVIVUS AND VAR. 71 
 
 b. LBCONTii. — Cinereus, alls cauddque concoloribus ; infra 
 dilutior, gula albidd, strigis maxillaribus fuscis, ventre crissoque 
 sensim ochraceis. 
 
 This form, with the size and proportions substantially the same as those 
 of »-edii>i«us proper, differs very notably in the pallor of all the coloration, 
 being in fact a bleached desert race. Excepting the slight maxillary streaks, 
 there are no decided markings anywhere ; and the change from the pale 
 ash of the general under parts to the brownish-yellow of the lower belly 
 and crissum is very gradual. 
 
 The characters of the typical form are subjoined for comparison.* 
 
 * Haeporhynchus TiMDiyi-vvs.— California Uhraaher. 
 
 Harpes redlviva, Gamh. Pr. Ftaila. Acad. ii. 1845, 264 ; iii. 1846, 113 (California). 
 
 Toxostoma redlvirs, Oamb. Joum. PLila. Acad. 2d Ber. i. 1847, 42.— Bi. Stansbury's Rep. aSL. 
 1852, Sm.—Heerm. Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 1853, 264.— Oass. 111. 1855, 260, pi. i2.—/?He7iry, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855 308 ("New Mexico "). 
 
 TOXOStoma refllTlTUm, Bp. C A. i. 1850, 277.— Sci. PZS. 1857, 186 (California). 
 
 HarporhynchUS redlTlvns, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. 1848, Bd. i. SS.—Bd. BNA. 1858, 349.— Si;!. 
 PZS. 1S59, 339 (criticaD.—Xoraf. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 191 (California).— Bi. R AB. 1864, 
 iS.— Coop, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 188; iy. 1871, 757; viii. 1874, 17,— Coop. B. Gal. i. 1870, 15.— 
 Cones, Key, 1872, 75.— Coues, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 327, f. 66.— S. B. ^ii. NAB. i. 1874, 
 45, pi. 4, f. 4. 
 
 Hab. — Coast region of California. 
 
 Fia. 12.— Head of California Thrasher ; nat, size. 
 
 Ch. 8P. — $ 2 Immaoulatus, alls cauddque innotatis, rostro arcuato. OU- 
 vaeeo-fuaous, suhtus dilutior, ventre crmoque ru/eacentibas, guld albd, lateriius 
 capitis fuscis, aUo-atriatis, rostro nigra. 
 
 3 : No spots anywhere ; the wings and tail without decided barring or 
 tipping. Bill as long as the head or longer, bow-shaped, black. Wings very 
 much shorter than the tail. Above, dark oily olive-brown, the wings and tail 
 similar, but rather purer brown. Below, a paler shade of the color of the 
 upper parts, with the belly and crissum strongly rusty-brown, the throat 
 definitely whitish in marked contrast, and not bordered by decided maxillary 
 streaks. Cheeks and auriculars blackish-brown, with sharp whitish shaft 
 streaks. Length of,? , Hi ; wing, 4 or rather less ; tail, 5 or more ; bill (chord 
 of oulmen), nearly or quite 1.50 ; tarsus as long as the bill ; middle toe and 
 claw about the same. $ similar, rather smaller. 
 
72 CAPTUEE OF THE YUMA THRASHER 
 
 LE OOXTE'S Thrasher still bears off the palm for rarity, 
 even iu competition with the newly-found H. bendirii. 
 Though it has been known for about a quarter of a century, 
 only three or four specimens have come to hand. The original 
 was taken at Fort Yuma, at the junction of the Gila with the 
 Colorado. Dr. J. G. Cooper states that he secured two near 
 Port Mojave, along the route in the Colorado' Valley to the San 
 Bernardino Mountains, where, however, he found them "rather 
 common" in thickets of low bushes. He discovered an empty 
 uest built in a yucca, like that of H. redivivus. In September, 
 1865, 1 had the pleasure of meeting with the bird myself, about 
 fifteen miles east of the Colorado River, at a point a little 
 above Fort Mojave, and I managed, not without difiSculty, to 
 secure a single individual. It was in excellent plumage, and, 
 having been killed with a touch of fine shot and preserved with 
 special care, made a very line specimen. We had come through 
 the "Union Pass" of alow range of mountains, or high line df 
 bluffs, which flank the eastern bank of the river, and were ift-epar- 
 ingto make a "dry camp "in a sterile, cactus-ridden plain, which 
 stretches across toward the broken ground where Beale's Springs 
 are situated, when, in the dusk of the evening, this singular 
 whitish-looking bird caught my eye. Though I was not at the 
 moment in an enthusiastic frame of mind respecting ornithology, 
 the sight was enough to arouse what little energy a hard day's 
 march had not knocked out of me, and I started on what came 
 near being a wild-goose chase after the coveted prize. It is 
 bad enough to play the jack-rabbit among Arizona cactuses in 
 broad daylight, and to be obliged to skip about in the uncer- 
 tain glimmering of evening is discouraging in the extreme. 
 My bird had the best of it for awhile, and seemed to enjoy the 
 sport, as it fluttered from one cactus bush to another, with the 
 desultory yet rapid flight that is so confusing, and makes one 
 hesitate to risk a poor shot, in momentary expectation of getting 
 a better chance. At length, it dived into the recesses of a large 
 yucca, where it stood motionless just one instant too long. I 
 did not see it fall, and feared I had missed, till, on gaining the 
 spot, I found the body of the once sprightly and vivacious bird 
 hanging limp in a crevice of the thick fronds. As I smoothed 
 its disordered plumage, and strolled back to camp, I felt the 
 old-time glow which those who are in the secret know was not 
 entirely due to the exercise 1 had taken. 
 
CHARACTERS OF HAEPORHYNCHUS CRISSALIS 73 
 
 Crisisal Thrasher 
 
 Harporbyncbas crlssalis 
 
 ToxoStODia crissalls, Hmry, Pr. Phila Acad. x. 1858, 117 (" New Mexico "). 
 
 Harporbyncbns crlssallg, Bd. BNA. 1858, 350; atlas, 1860, pi. Si.— Henry, Pr. Phila. AcaiJ. 
 xi. 1859, Wl.—Sol. PZS. 1859, 339 (critical).— Bd. KAB. 1864, il.—Coues, Pr. Phila. 
 Acad, xviii. 1866, 65 (Arizona).— Ooop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, nS.—Ooop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 18, 
 &g.—Coues, Key, 1872, 7S.—0aues, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 370 (ue»t and eggs) ; vii. 1873, 
 388, f. ffl.—Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvi. 1873, 108 (egg).— B. B. S( R. NAB. i. 1874, 47, pi. 4, 
 > f- ^.— Yarr. tt Hmah. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, G.—Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 40 (Saint 
 George, Utah), 97 (Arizona).— ffms*. List B. Ariz. 1875, 154.— flensA. Zool. Bxpl. W. 
 100 Merid. 1876, 158. 
 
 Harporrrncbns crlssales, Bd. Ivob' Rep. Colo. R. pt. v. 1861, 6. 
 
 Bed-Tented Thrasher, b. b. ^ r. i. c. 
 
 Hab.— Arizona, New Mexico, Southern Utah, and California in the Colo- 
 rado Valley. 
 
 Oh, sp. — ^ Immaculatus, alls cauddque innotatis, rostro 
 arcuato, gracillimo, nigra. Fuseocinereus, infra dilutior, guld 
 alba strigis maxillaribus nigris, crisso castaneo, 
 
 $ Brownish-ash, with a faint olive shade, the wings and tail purer and 
 darker fuscous, without white edging or tipping. Below, a paler shade of 
 the color of the upper parts. Throat and side of the lower jaw white, 
 with sharp black maxillary strealks. Cheeks and auriculars speckled with 
 whitish. Under tail-coverts deep rich chestnut, in marked contrast 
 with the surrounding parts. Bill black, slenderer for its lengch than 
 
 Fig. 13. — Head of Crissal Thrasher ; nat. size. 
 
 that of any other species, as long as that of redirivua, arcuate. Length, 
 about 12 inches ; wing, 4 or rather less ; tail, about 6 (more or less, 
 thus absolutely longer than in any other species), its lateral feathers 1^ 
 shorter than the central ones ; bill, 1^ ; tarsus, 1^- ; middle toe and claw, 1}. 
 Belonging to the group of unspotted Thrashers, with very long arcuate 
 bills, this fine species is immediately distinguished by the abruptly chestnut 
 under tail-coverts, the contrast being fully as great as that seen in the Cat- 
 bird, Mimus carolinensis—in fact, the bird looks not very unlike a gigantic 
 faded-out Catbird. The sharp black maxillary streaks are also a strong 
 character. The bill is extremely slender, the tail at a maximum of length, 
 and the feet are notably smaller than those of 3. redivivm. 
 
74 HISTORY OF THE CEISSAL THRASHEE 
 
 IT only remaias to give some account of the Crissal Thrasher 
 to finish our notice of the interesting genus Harporhynchus, 
 I have never seen the bird alive ; but, to judge from the meagre 
 published records respecting it, its general habits are in no 
 wise peculiar, and may be passed over without further com- 
 ment. The species was not discovered until about 1858, when 
 a specimen obtained by himself near Mimbres was described 
 by Dr. T. 0. Henry, of the Army — a zealous naturalist, whose 
 untimely recall from this world's duties cut short a career which 
 opened in full promise of usefulness and honor. Shortly after- 
 ward, in 1863, a second specimen was procured by Mr. H. B. 
 MoUhausen, while associated with Dr. 0. B. R. Keanerly on 
 the natural history work of one of the Pacific Railroad surveys, 
 under command of Lieutenant Whipple; this was taken at Fort 
 Yuma. Quite recently, a specimen was taken by a different 
 person at Saint George, in Southern Utah, June 8, 1870, These 
 three extreme points give us the angles of a triangle by which 
 the distribution of the species, as far as present knowledge 
 goes, may be plotted. It will be observed that the range is a 
 little more extended than that of LeOonte's, Bendire's, or 
 Palmer's Thrasher, with all three of which the Crissal Thrasher 
 is associated in portions of Arizona ; and we are led to infer 
 that when the " topography" of the other three species is fully 
 determined, it will be found no less extensive. For there is 
 nothing peculiar in the economy or requirements of any one of 
 the four in comparison with the rest. 
 
 Though the nidiflcation of the Crissal Thrasher is. substan- 
 tially the same as that of its associates just mentioned, its egg is 
 entirely different, and unique in the genus, as far as known, in 
 being whole-colored. It measures an inch and an eighth or a 
 seventh in length by a little over four-fifths of an inch in 
 breadth, and is of a rich emerald-green color, with a shade of 
 blue, entirely free from markings — at least, such is the case in 
 all the specimens which have been examined by naturalists. 
 The nest and eggs appear to have been first collected by the 
 person who found the bird at Saint George; though the 
 earliest published account of them was a short note which I 
 communicated to the " American Naturalist" in 1872, giving 
 the results of Lieutenant Bendire's observations respecting the 
 species, made at Tucson. According to Dr. Brewer, the Saint 
 George nest was an oblong flat structure, with very slight de- 
 pression, consisting of coarse sticks loosely put together, with 
 
HISTORY OF THE CEISSAL THRASHER 75 
 
 an inner finishing of similar but finer material ; the outer por- 
 tion was a foot long by seven inches broad ; the inner nest was 
 circular, with a diameter of four and a half inches. The site of 
 this nest is not mentioned. 
 
 Duringthe latter partof March, 1872, Lieutenant Bendire took 
 no less than six nests in Southern Arizona. " The nest," he 
 writes, " is externally composed of dry sticks, some of which 
 are fully a quarter of an inch thick ; the lining consists exclu- 
 sively of dry rotten fibres of a species of wild hemp, or Asele- 
 pias ; in none of the nests did I find any roots, leaves or hair. 
 The inner diameter of the nest is about three inches, with a 
 depth of about two inches. None of the nests were more than 
 three feet from the ground. In two cases I found nests in a 
 dense bushy thicket of wild currant, twice again on willow 
 bushes, and in another instance in an ironwood bush. The 
 usual number of eggs, strange as it may appear, is only two ; 
 they are of an emerald green color, unspotted. The first set I 
 found, March 22d, contained small embryos; the third, next 
 day, was a single egg with a very large embryo; it was broken, 
 and must have been laid as early as March 10th. Prom the 
 number of nests taken it would appear that the bird is com- 
 mon, but such is by no means the case — I believe I have found 
 every nest of it on the Rillito. The Red- vented Thrush is very 
 shy, restless and quick in its movements, and hard to observe. 
 It appears to prefer damp shady localities near water-courses, 
 and confines itself principally to spots where the wild currant 
 is abundant. At present, March 27th, it appears to feed prin- 
 cipally on insects. Its flight is short — only long enough to en- 
 able the bird to reach the next clump of bushes. It seems to 
 have more frequent recourse to running than to flying, and 
 dives through the densest undergrowth with great ease and 
 rapidity." 
 
CHAPTER II,— BLUEBIRDS 
 
 Fam. SAXICOLID^ 
 
 RECOGNITION of the family SaxicoMce is purely a conven- 
 tional matter, in which most ornithologists tacitly agree to 
 follow each other upon no better ground than that of precedent. 
 The characters of the only genus with which we have here to 
 do will be found beyond under head of Sialia, no definition of 
 the whole group being attempted — none being, perhaps, prac- 
 ticable. The limitation of the group fluctuates with different 
 authors, especially on the side next to Turdidce. As usually 
 constituted, it contains about a dozen genera and upward of a 
 hundred species, which agree in possessing 10 primaries, of 
 
 which the first is very short or 
 spurious, and booted tarsi. It 
 is essentially an Old World 
 group, represented in the west- 
 ern hemisphere only by the 
 characteristic American genus 
 Sialia, with three species, and 
 by a single species of the typi- 
 cal genus Saxicola, some of the 
 
 FIG. 14.— Details of Btrnoture of Saiicoia. dctailS Of the CXtCrnal form Of 
 
 Tvhich are illustrated in fig. 14. This species, the well-known 
 Stone Chat or Wheatear of Europe, 8. cenanthe, occurs sparingly 
 in Greenland, along the North Atlantic coast of America, and 
 also in Alaska; it is generally considered as simply a straggler 
 from the Old World, but it is apparently not rare in Labrador, 
 in which country there is reason to believe it breeds. 
 
 Genus SIALIA Swainson 
 
 Chars. — Primaries 10, the 1st spurious and very short. 
 Wings pointed, the tip formed by the 2d, 3d, and 4th quills. 
 Tail much shorter than the wings, emarginate. Bill about half 
 as long as the head or less, straight, stout, wider than deep at 
 
SAXICOLID^ — SIALIA SIALIS 77 
 
 the base, compressed beyond the nostrils, notched near the tip, 
 the culmea at first straight, then gently convex at the end, gonys 
 slightly convex and ascending, commissure slightly curved 
 throughout. Nostrils overhung and nearly concealed by the 
 projecting bristly feathers of the forehead. Lores and chin 
 likewise bristly. Gape ample, the rictus cleft to below the eyes, 
 furnished with a moderately developed set of bristles reaching 
 about opposite the nostrils. Feet short, though rather stout, 
 adapted exclusively for perching (in Saxieola, and other typical 
 genera, the structure of the feet indicates terrestrial habits). 
 Tarsi not longer than the middle toe. Lateral toes of unequal 
 lengths. Claws all strongly curved. 
 
 Blue is the principal color of this beautiful genus, which con- 
 tains three species, all of thetu occurring in the Colorado region. 
 They are strictly arboricole, frequent the skirts of woods, cop- 
 pices, waysides, and weedy fields ; nest differently from the 
 Thrushes, in holes, and lay whole-colored eggs ; readily become 
 semi-domesticated, like the Swallows, House Wren, and House 
 Sparrow; feed upon insects and berries ; and have a melodious 
 warbling song. They are peculiar to America, and appear to 
 have no exact representatiV^es in the other hemisphere. 
 
 TVilson's Bluebird 
 
 Sialia stalls 
 
 MotacUla Slalls, Livn. SN. i. 1758, 1S7, no. 25 (ex Gates, et Eiw.).—Linn. SN. i. 1766, 336, 
 no. 38— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 610.— £ess. Tr. Orn. 1831, 416. 
 
 MotacUla sealls, Om. SN.i. 1788, 989, no. 38. 
 
 Ficedula salia, Schaeffer, Mus. Cm. 1789, 36, no. 122. 
 
 SjlTla Slalls, Latk. 10. ii. 1790, 522, no 44.— T. GAS. ii. 1807, 40, pla. 101, 102, 103, — mie. AG. 
 i. 1808, 56, pi. 3, f.—.—Licht. " Preis-Verz. Mox. Viig. 1830, 2"; J. f. G. 1863, 57.— 
 Gerkardt, Naum. iii. 1853, 38. — Goste, Alabama, 1859, 189. — Freyberg, Zool, Gart, xi. 
 1870, 191 (In captivity). 
 
 Saxlcola slalls, Bp. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ii. 1826, 89. 
 
 AmpellSSialU, Nuu. Man. i. 1832, 444, flg. 
 
 Slalla slalls, HaUeman, " Trego's Geog. of Penna. 1843, 77".— Bd. BNA. 1858, 222.— Barm. 
 Smitlison. Rep. for 1860, 1861, i3i.—Gu.nd. J. f. O. 1861, 324 (Cuba).— Ookcs If Prent. 
 Smiths. Rep. for 1961, 1862, i05.—Hayd. Tr. Am. Philos. Soo. xii. 1862, 159 (Upper Missouri 
 River).— Fern Pr. Essex Inst. iii. 1862, 145.— jTayA Ibis, iv. 1862, 128.— Gand. J. f. G. 
 1862, 177 (Cuba).- Boardm. Pr. Boat. Soo. ix. 1862, Vti.— Allen, Pr. Essex Inst. iv. 1864, 
 m.—Bd. Kev. AB. 1864, 62.— Dress. Ibis, i'. 1865, 475 (Texas).- Afc«w. Pr. Essex Inst. 
 V. 1866, 84 (Canada West).— taar. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vili. 1666, 282.— Base*. Pr. Pbila. 
 Acad. XX. 1863, 149 (Texas).- Coaes, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 161.— Ooaes, Pr. Essex Inst. v. 
 1868, 268.— (7o!ies, Pr. Host. Soc. xii. 1868, Vfl.— HaUeman, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 159 (claims 
 the name).— (7ooiJ. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 32 (Montana).— iViiMmam, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 390.— 
 Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 22 ; Phila. ed. \fi.—Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 115 (Minnesota).— 
 Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 260 ; iii. 1872, 174 (Kansas).— Hoidm, Pr. Bost. Soo. xv. 1872, 
 
78 SYNONYMY AND CHAKACTEES OP S. SIALIS 
 
 194 (Black Hills).— iKajfit. Pr. Boat. Soc. liv. 1873, 3SB.— Scott. Pr. Bost. Soo. XT. 1872, 
 2iJ.— JVood, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 17.3 (albino).— J/ayra.-B. Pla. 1872, 23.— Cones, Key, 1873, 
 76.— GuBi. J. f. O. 1873, 409 (Cuba).— Pardie, .4tn. Nat. vil. 1873, 693.— Trippe, Pr. 
 Bost. Soc. XT. 1873, 23i.—Ridg. Bull. Essex lost. T. 1873, 179 (Colorado) .—Jferr. Am. 
 Nat. Till. 1874, B.—Ooues, BNW. 1874, 13.— Bd. Br. ^ Ry. NAB. i. 1874, 62, %. pi. 5, 
 f. 3.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. XTli. 1875, 438. 
 
 InSClnlaSiallS, Qiebel, Vogel, 1860, 44, flg. 94. v 
 
 Hcialia SClalla, Le Maine, Ols. Canad. 1861, 202. 
 
 alalia Wilsonll, "Sm. Zool. Joum. iii. 1827, 173".— PeaS. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 316.— BurneK, 
 Pr. Bost. .Soc. It. 1851, 116.— Cabot, Naum. ii.Heftiii. 1352, 66.— 7%omp». NH. Vermont, 
 1853, 85, fig.— ffooiA. SitgreaTe's Rop. 1853, 68.— Hoy, Pr. Phlla. Aoad. tI. 1853, 313.— 
 Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. Ti. 1853. 399.— Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 583.— Prat- 
 ten, Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. 1. 1855, 603.—Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. Tiii. 1856, 290.— Bland, 
 Smitlison. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 287 (Bermuda).- Wiiiis, Smithson. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 
 212 (Nova Scotia).— Hoy, Smithson. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438.— [Chittenden,] Am. Nat. T. 
 1871, 167. 
 
 Erytbaca (Slalla) wllsonll, s. (^ R. FBA. ii. I83l, 210. 
 
 Slalia Wilsoni, Bp. C. & GL. 1838, 16.— Pmm. Pr. Ess. Inst. 1. 1856, 208.— Sci. PZS. 1856, 293 
 (Cordova).- iCTicet Pr. Po«t. Soc. vi. 1857, 233.— ilfm, J. f. O. vi. 1858, 120.— Set PZS. 
 1859, 297 (Parada).— Sci. PZS. 1859, 362 (Xalapa).— Sci. PZS. 1859, 371 (Oaiaca).- S. ^S. 
 Ibis, i. 1859, 8 (Guatemala).— Martens, J. f. O. 1859, 313 (Bermuda).- rayZ. Ibis, ii. i860, 
 110 (Honduras).- S. ^ S. Ibis, iL 1860, 29 (Guatemala) —Owen, Ibis, iii. 1861, 60 (Guate- 
 mala, breeding). 
 
 Slalla WilsODla, fFaiUt, Sep. Mississippi, 1854, 319. 
 
 Slalla azurea, Sw. Philos. Mag. i. 1827, 369.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 62 (Mexico).— Santici. 
 Mem. BoBt. Soc. i. 1869, 544 (Vera CruB). 
 
 Rubecnia carollnensis, Brisi. Cm. iii. 423. 
 
 Blue-backed Bed-breast Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 398, no. 281. 
 
 Bouge-gorge bleuede la Caroline, Bu/. "v.2i2"; PE. 390, f. l , 2, 
 
 Blane Rotta-Kebleln, Schaeff. l. u. 
 
 Blaue Banger, Oiehel, l. c. 
 
 Fauveltebleue et rousse Le Maine, 1. c. 
 
 Bluebird, Catea, Car. 1. 47, pi. 47. 
 
 Blue Redbreast, Edw. Birds, pi. 24. 
 
 Blue Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. iL 1783, 446, no. 40. 
 
 Oommon Bluebird, Eastern Bluebird, Wilson's Bluebird, American Bluebird, Red- 
 breasted Bluebird, Vulg. 
 Had. — Eastern United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia. West to the bor- 
 ders of Montana and Wyoming (Milk River, Cooper ; Black Hills, Solden) ; 
 
 and the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico. Bermudas. Cuba. 
 
 Mexico (with 5. " azurea"). South to Guatemala. Breeds throughout its 
 
 range. Winters in the Southern States. 
 
 Gh. sp. — $ Azurea, suhtus castanea, ventre albo, rostra pedi- 
 busque nigris. 2 Fusco-ccerulea, alls cauddque ccerulescentibus, 
 infra pallidi rufa, ventre albo. 
 
 $, in full plumage: Rich azure-blue (clear cobalt), the ends of the wing- 
 quills blackish ; throat, breast, and sides of the body deep chestnut ; belly 
 and criasum white or bluish-white. The blue extends around the head on 
 the sides and often fore part of the chin, so that the chestnut is frequently 
 cut off from the bill. Length, 6^-7 ; extent, 12-13 ; wing, 3}-4 ; tail, 2J-3. 
 
 g , in winter, fall, and in general when not full-plumaged : Blue of the 
 upper parts interrupted by reddish-brown edging of the feathers, or obscured 
 by a general brownish wash. White of belly more extended ; tone of the 
 other under parts paler. In many eastern specimens, the reddish-brown 
 skirting of the feathers of the back blends into a decided dorsal patch.; and 
 
DISTRIBUTION AND SONG OF THE BLUEBIRD 79 
 
 when this state, as sometimes happens, is accompanied by more than 
 ordinary extension of blue on the throat, they very closely resemble S. mexicana. 
 
 9 , in full plumage : Blue of the upper parts mixed and obscured with 
 much dull reddish-brown, becoming bright and pure, however, on the rump, 
 tail, and wings. Under parts paler and more rusty-brown, with more 
 abdominal white than in the male. Little if any smaller than the male. 
 
 Young, newly fledged : Brown, becoming blue on the wings and tail, the 
 back sharply marked with shaft-lines of whitish. Nearly all the under parts 
 closely and uniformly freckled with white and brownish. A white ring 
 round the eye; inner secondaries edged with brown. From this stage, in 
 which the sexes are indistinguishable, to the perfectly adult condition, the 
 bird changes by insensible degrees. 
 
 In Mexican-bred specimens, the bine has a slight greenish shade, approach- 
 ing that of iS. arctica, and does not ordinarily extend on the side of the bead 
 below the eyes ; the tail is rather longer. This is the basis of S, " aznrea." 
 
 LIKE the Thrasher, the Bhiebird barely reaches the coq fines 
 of the Colorado Basin, fairly within which it does not yet 
 appear to have been found. The northern limit of its distribu- 
 tion is nearly coincident with the boundary of the United 
 States, though including a portion at least of Canada and Nova 
 Scotia. The westernmost quotations I have found are those 
 of Dr. Cooper, Mr. Holden, and Mr. Eidgway, which indicate 
 its extension to the Milk Eiver in Montana, the Black Hills, 
 lying across the boundary between Dakota and Wyoming, and 
 the mountains (probably the eastern foothills) of Colorado Ter- 
 ritory. In Mexico, the species occurs together with the slight 
 modification known as 8. " azurea." It sometimes penetrates 
 to Central America; other extralimital localities assigned are 
 Cuba and the Bermudas, to which doubtless the Bahamas 
 should be added. It breeds indifferently throughout its United 
 States range, and spends the winter in great numbers in the 
 Southern States. 
 
 Tbere is no occasion to speak of the Bluebird's habits and 
 manners, familiar to every one. In the Middle States, it is one 
 of the earliest spring arrivals, with the Robins, Crackles, and 
 Pewits, before the Swallows come; it is occasionally observed 
 during warm weather in February, or even in January, and 
 may be suspected even of lingering through the winter when 
 not too severe. But it disappears in inclement weather, doubt- 
 less taking the short flight southward which brings it to a more 
 congenial climate ; yet, ready to yield to the allurements of a 
 few bright sunny days, it soon returns with its cheery, voluble 
 warbling, inseparable from the associations of spring-time, pre- 
 saging all the hopeful aspirations of the awakening year. This 
 
80 CHARACTEES OF SIALIA MEXICANA 
 
 song is melody without great power; delightful modulation 
 without exhibition of the highest art : it is sweet and charming, 
 lacking great force, yet with a touch of such nervous quality 
 that more is left to the imagination than is revealed. Like the 
 sunshine of the days when the year is young, and nature seems 
 to pause to gather strength for her intended triumphs, this melt- 
 ing music of the Bluebird is full of delicious languor and dreamy 
 voluptuousness, suggesting the possibilities of all things, ex- 
 pressing the realities of none. It is a promise and a pledge of 
 the future, like the unconscious yearning of a maiden for what 
 she knows not. 
 
 "Westeru or Mexican Bluebird 
 
 Sialia mexicana 
 
 Slalia mexicana, S. 4- R. PB A. ii. 1831, 202.— Bp. C. &GL. 183R, 16.- Oamh. Pr. Phils. Acad. iii. 
 1846, 113 (California).— GiztoJ. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 37.— Sci. PZS. 1856, 293 (Cor- 
 ioya).—Scl. PZS. 1857, 126 (California).- Brf. BNA. 18.58, 223.— Scl. PZS. 1859, 235 (Van- 
 conver).- Sc;. PZS. 1859, 362 (Xalapa).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106 (New 
 Mexico).— XaM<!i», Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 190 (California).- /fterm. PRRR. x. 1859, 
 i3.—Kenn. PRRR. x. 1859, 23.-0. If S. NHWT. 1860, 173.— SA Ives's Rep. pt. v. 1861, 
 5.—Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 63.— Ooues, Ibia, I'. 1865, 163 (Arizona).— Coaes, Pr. Phila. Acad, 
 xviii. 1866, 66 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 82 (Arizona).— 
 Brown, Ibis, iv'. 1868, 420 (Vanr.onver). —Cooy. Am. Sat. iii. 1869, 32, ISS.—Sumich. Mem. 
 Bast. Soc. i. 1869, 544 (Vera Crnz).— Coop. Pr. Cala. Acad. 1870, 75 (Colorado River).— 
 Coop. B. Oal. i. 1870, 2e.—Coop. Am. Nat. iv. 1871, 15S.— Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 
 194 (Colorado).— ^(ZeTi, Ball. MCZ. iii. 1872, 174 (Colorado).— Ooats, Key, 1872, 76.— 
 
 Aiken, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, IB.—Ooop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874. 16 Ooues. BNW. 1874, 14 ; 
 
 Trippe, ibid. 229.— Bd. Br. IfRy. NAB. i. 1874, 65, pi. 5, f. 2.—Yarr. If Hensh. Rep. Orn. 
 Specs. 1874, J.-Hmih. ibid. 9S.— Nelson, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 356.— Hensk. List B. 
 Ariz. 1875, iSi.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 161. 
 
 Slalla OCCldentallS, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 188 (Columbia River).— .4kA BA. 
 ii. 1841, 176, pi. US.—Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 5\3.— Woodh. Silgreave's Rep. 1853, 68.— 
 Hmry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 310 (New Mexico).— JVotJ. PRRR. vi. 18,57, 80. 
 
 Sylvia OCCldentallS, And. OB. .. 1839. 41, pi. 393. 
 
 Slalia cjeruleocollis, Vigors, Zool. Voy. Blossom, .1839, 18, pi. a 
 
 Western Bluebird, Mexican Bluebird, Vulg. 
 
 Hajb. — United States and Mexico, from the Eastern foothills of the Rocky 
 Mountains to the Pacific. North to Vancouver. East occasionally to Iowa. 
 
 Ch. sp. — $ Supra, cum capite toto etgula, azurea; dorso medio, 
 pectore lateribusque castaneis; ventre medio et crisso griseocceru- 
 lescentibus. 9 Griseo-azurea, dorso medio rufescente, alis, uropy- 
 gio cauddque cceruleis, pectore lateribusque griseo-rufis, guld, 
 ventre crissoque griseo-cmrulescentibus. 
 
 ^, adult: Rich azure-blue, including the head and neck all around. A 
 patch of purplish-chestnut on the middle of the back ; breast and sides rich 
 chestnut; belly and vent dull blue or bluish-gray. Bill and feet black. 
 Size of the last species. 
 
HABITS OF THE WESTERN BLUEBIRD 81 
 
 9 , and young : The changes of phimage of this species are precisely coin- 
 cident with those of the Eastern Bluebird, and therefore need not be repeated. 
 Immature birds may he recognized, at any rate in the great majority of 
 instances, by traces at least of difference in color between the middle of the 
 back and the other upper parts, and between the color of the throat and of 
 the breast. But probably very young birds iu the streaky stage could not 
 be determined with certainty if the locality were unknown. 
 
 In some adult males, the dorsal patch is much restricted, or even broken 
 into two scapular patches with continuous blue between ; and similarly the 
 chestnut of the breast sometimes divides, permitting connection of the blue 
 of the throat and belly. Specimens with li!ttle trace of the dorsal patch are 
 with some difficulty distinguished from those samples of S. sialis in which 
 there is much blue on the throat — the grayish-blue of the belly, instead of 
 pure white, being, in fact, a principal character. The two species are evi- 
 dently very closely related. 
 
 THIS is the most abundant and characteristic species of the 
 genus in the Colorado Basin. There would appear, how- 
 ever, to be some peculiarity in its local distribution, since, ac- 
 cording to both Mr. Eidgway and Mr. Henshaw, it has not been 
 seen in Utah. As I stated in the " Birds of the Northwest", 
 certain observations render it probable that, from the general 
 winter resorts of the species in Arizona and Kew Mexico, it 
 migrates northward along two routes, one the main chain of 
 the wooded Rocky Mountains, the other the Pacific slopes, the 
 Great Basin being thus passed by on either side. Such specialty 
 of movement, however, may be rather apparent than real, and 
 further observations are desirable. The species is resident in 
 most parts of the Colorado Basin, only disappearing for a short 
 time in midwinter from northerly and highly alpine localities. 
 At Carson City, in Nevada, Mr. Kidgway did not see it from 
 the early part of December until the third week in February, 
 when it became numerous. In comparing it with the Rocky 
 Mountain Bluebird, he remarks that, though the two species 
 are associated in winter, they are seldom seen together in sum- 
 mer, since the arctica retires to the higher regions to breed, 
 while the mexicana remains in the lower districts, among the cot- 
 tonwoods of the river-valleys and the scattered pines skirting 
 the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. This corresponds well with 
 my observations made at Fort Whipple, Ariz., where mexicana 
 is resident and extremely abundant, though arctica is rather 
 uncommon, and was noticed only in fall and winter. The local 
 distribution may be further elucidated from Mr. Henshaw's 
 observations : — " In Colorado, it seems to be rather uncommon 
 in the eastern part of the Territory. It was not found in June 
 6 B c 
 
82 SYNONYMY OF SIALIA ARCTICA ' 
 
 near Fort Garland in 1873, nor at Santa F6, N. Mex., in June 
 of 1874, where, however, the succeeding species was abundant. 
 About July 23, Inscription Rock, N. Mex.; appeared to be a 
 favorite locality for the species, and large numbers of both old 
 and young were congregated together in the pinon and cedar 
 trees. From here southward they were frequently seen, com- 
 monly among, the pines. At Oanip Apache, in August, I 
 found them in large flocks in the pine woods, and accompanied 
 by flocks of Warblers, Nuthatches and Titmice, to which they 
 seemed to act as leaders, the whole flock following their flight 
 from tree to tree. It apparently winters in the vicinity of 
 Camp Apache, being found here in quite large flocks in 
 November." 
 
 Arctic or Rocky i^loiintain Illiiebirtl 
 
 Sialia arctica 
 
 Erytbaca (SlaUa) arctica, & i£ R. FBA. il. 1831, 209, pi. 39 (Dorth to 64i°). 
 
 Slaila arctica, Wuu. Mao. ii. 1834, 573 ; 2(1 ed. i. 1840, fiH.—Omith. Cctmm. Joiirn. Phila. Acad, 
 vii. 1837, 193 (Columbia River).— Sp. COL. 1838. \S.~Aud. Syn. 1839. Si.— Aud. BA. ii. 
 1841, 176, pi. 136.— Garni. Pr. Phila. Acad. ill. 1846, 113.— GumJ. Joarn. Phila. Acad. i. 
 1847, 37.—McCM, Pr. Phila. Acad. v. 1851, 215 (Texas).- WooiA. Sitgreave's Rep. 1853, 
 SS.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 310 (N'ew Mexico).— Kneel. Pr. Host, Soc. vi. 1857, 
 233.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 224.— Maxim. J. f. O. 1858, Hi.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. li. 1859, 
 106 (New Mexico).— BA PRRR. x. 1859, 13, pi. 35 —Kenner. PRRK. x. 1859, 2i.—Heerm. 
 PRRR. X. 1859, 44.— Bif. Ives's Rep. pt. v. 1861, 5.—Hayd. Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xli. 1863, 
 159.— Bteij's. Ibis, v. 1863, 60 (Rocky Mountains, 49°).— Brf. Kev. AB. 1864, 64.— Dress. 
 Ibis, 1865,476 (Texas).- (7o!ies, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona).— Oo?M», Pr. Phila. Acad, xviii. 
 1866, 66 (Port- Whipple).— Bate*. Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1818, 149 (Laredo, Tex.).— 
 Coop. Am. Nat. ill. 1869, 32, 189.— Ooop. Pr. Gala, Acad. 1870, 75.— Coo;7. B. Gal. i. 1870, 
 29.— Hold, tf Aiken, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 187-2, Wi.-Alleji, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 174.— Coaes, 
 K»y, 1872, 7e.—Merriam, U. S. Geol.Surv. Terr. forl87J, 187.3, 671, 712, 713.— Aiken, Am. 
 Nat. vii. 1873, 15.— Bi^y. Bull. Essex Inst v. 1873, \19.—Oomstock, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 
 16.—Ooues, BNW. 1874, U.-Trippe. ibid. 229.— Bd. Br. If Ry. NAB. i. 1874, 67, pi. 5. 
 f. i.— Hensh.Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 40, 72, 9a.—Allen, Pr. Boat. Soc. 1871, 19.— Nelson, 
 Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 339, 343 (Utah) —Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, IM.—Hensk. Zool. 
 Eipl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 162. 
 
 SylTla arctica, Aud. OB. v. 1839, 38, pi. 393. 
 
 8alla arctica, Stevenson, V. S. Geot. Surv. Terr. 1871, 463. 
 
 Slalia macroptera, Bd Stansbury's Rep. 1852, 314, 328. 
 
 Arctic Bluebird, Bocky Hountatn Bluebird, Vulg: 
 
 Hab.— United States, and British America to Great Bear hake, from the 
 eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountaius to the Pacific. Texas. 
 
 Ch. sp.— S Azurea, infra dilutior, subvirescens, abdomine 
 sensim albo; apicibus remigum fuscis, rostro pedibusque nigris. 
 
DESCRIPTION AND DISTKIBUTION OF S. AKCTICA 83 
 
 9 Grisea, tiroptjgii), caudd alisque cwrulescentibus ; infra rufo- 
 grisea, abdomine albicante. 
 
 $, iu perfect plumage: Above rich azure-blue, lighter than in the two 
 foregoing, and with a faint greenish hue; below, paler and more decidedly 
 greenish-bine, fading insensibly into white on the belly and under tail- 
 coverts. Ends of wing-quills dusky ; bill and feet black. Larger than the 
 two foregoing species; length, 7 or more; extent, about ]3; wing, 4| ; 
 tail, 3. 
 
 2 : Of a nearly uniform indeterminate rufous-gray, lighter and more de- 
 cidedly rufous below, brightening into blue on the rump, tail and wings, 
 fading into white on the belly and under tail-coverts. Ends of the tail- 
 feathers as well as of the wing-quills fuscous ; outer one of each edged 
 with whitish. A whitish eye-riug. 
 
 Young : The changes of plumage with age as well as those with season 
 are parallel with the stages exhibited by the other species. Very young 
 biids, in the streaky stage, are distinguished by their superior size and the 
 greenish hue of the blue on the wings and tail. The inner wing-quills in 
 the specimens before me are edged and tipped with a-v hitish instead of rufous. 
 
 IX the preceding notice of 8. mexiccuia, I have already 
 alluded to some points in the distribution of this species, 
 and little remains ^o be said. It is notable as the most north- 
 erly representative of the genus, reaching latitude 64° 30', or 
 about fourteen degrees , beyond the usual range of S. sialis. 
 It would ai)pear to be also rather more decidedly migratory 
 than S. mexicana, and is extremely abundant in some regions, 
 as portions of Dakota and Montana, which the latter rarely if 
 ever reaches. It is nevertheless nuuaerous in portions of Colo- 
 rado, Utah, Nevada, and Northern Arizona and New Mexico. 
 It breeds as far south at least as Santa F6 in New Mexico; 
 winters at least as far north as Carson City, Nevada, and is 
 consequently resident in the Colorado Basin as a whole. As in 
 the case of S. mexicana, it does not seem to have any peculiar 
 habits in comparison with S. sialis. Though a good deal has 
 gone on record in both cases, the supposed discrepancies 
 may be reasonably attributed to transient circumstances of 
 observation, or the^ fluctuating standpoint of comparison as- 
 sumed. It breeds in the mountains up to aa altitude of about- 
 10,00Q feet, in holes in trees and similar nooks, just like both its 
 relatives. The eggs are of the same pale bluish color, but 
 rather larger than those of either of the other species, measur- 
 ing 0.90 to 0.95 in length by about 0.70 in breadth. 
 
CBAPTER iri.-DIPPERS 
 
 Fam. CmCJABJE 
 
 Ghabs. — Wing of 10 primaries, the 1st of which is spurious, 
 and, liiie the others, falcate ; wing as a whole short, stiff, 
 rounded, and concavo-convex, something lilie that of a Grebe, 
 or gallinaceous bird. Tail still shorter than the wing, soft, 
 square, of 12 broad, rounded feathers, almost hidden by the 
 coverts, both sets of which reach nearly or quite to the end, the 
 under coverts being especially long and full. Tarsi booted, 
 about as long as the middle toe and claw. Lateral toes equal 
 in length. Claws all strongly curved. Bill shorter than the 
 head, slender, attenuate, and compressed throughout, higher 
 than broad at the nostrils, about straight, but seeming to be 
 slightly recurved, owing to a sort of upward tilting of the supe- 
 rior mandible ; culinen at first slightly concave, then convex ; 
 commissure nearly straight, but slightly sinuous, to correspond 
 with the outline of the culmen, notched near the end ; gonys 
 convex. Nostrils linear, opening beneath a large scale partly 
 covered with feathers. No rictal vibrissse, nor any trace of 
 bristles or bristle-tipped feathers about the nostrils. Plumage 
 soft, lustreless, remarkably full and compact, waterproof. Body 
 stout, thick-set. Habits aquatic. 
 
 This is a small but well defined group, in which the general 
 characters shared by the Turdidm, Saxicolidte and Sylviidce are 
 modified to a degree, in adaptation to the singular aquatic life 
 the species lead. As generally understood, it consists of a 
 single genus, Cinclus, to which a second, found in Asia, is some- 
 times added. These birds frequent clear mountain streams of 
 ' various parts of the world, chiefly, however, of the Northern 
 Hemisphere. It would scarcely be incorrect to say that they 
 inhabit these streams; for a considerable part of their time 
 is actually spent in the water — not merely on or near it — in 
 gleaning for food beneath the surface. It is marvelous what 
 a little change of structure fits them for such an anomalous 
 mode of life — one wholly exceptional in the order to which they 
 
DIPPERS, OR WATER OUZELS 
 
 85 
 
 belong, for a parallel with which we must tura not only to the 
 water-birds, but to the lowest representatives of the natatorial 
 group, such as Loons, Grebes, Cormorants, and Penguins. In all 
 the true water-birds, the feet are paddles, or oars, and as such 
 fit instruments of progression. Those that dive but little or not 
 at all use the feet exclusively in swimming ; in others, that 
 
 travel below as well as upon the surface of the water, like 
 those just named, the wings are also brought into requisition 
 as efficient organs of locomotion. But in the Dippers, the feet 
 retain a thoroughly iusessorial character, being no more fitted 
 for swimming purposes than those of a Thrush or Sparrow; 
 and when the birds make their aquatic excursiou3, they swim 
 down, and stay below by means of their wings— in a word, they 
 
86 THE dipper's actions in the water 
 
 fly through the water. It was aa old notioa that the Dippers 
 could walk on the beds of streams, and various were the inge- 
 nious speculations to account for such a phenomenon ; for, the 
 specific gravitj^ of their bodies being less than that of water, 
 the puzzle was, how then could they stay below? The fact is, 
 that they can no more walk on the bottom of a stream than St. 
 Peter could walk on the water without some such supernatural 
 assistance as he is alleged to have received. Their flights be- 
 low the surface require as continuous effort to keep down as 
 ordinary aerial flight demands in order that a bird may stay 
 up in the air. It is the same action in an opposite direction, 
 the operation of the gravitating force being reversed. The bird 
 plunges into the water, heading up stream to stem the cur- 
 rent, and flies obliquely downward till it gains the bottom, 
 where it maintains itself by a similar action of the wings, with 
 the body held obliquely head downward. Here the feet may 
 aid it somewhat, by scratching along the ground, or even cling- 
 ing to such chance inequalities of the surface as may be grasped 
 by the toes, but in no sense can this be considered as walking. 
 The moment its exertions are relaxed, it comes to the surface 
 like a cork, and may be swept helplessly along for some dis- 
 tance by the force of the current before regaining itself. The 
 whole action may be likened to that of some of the water-bugs — 
 the Notonectes for example — which row idly about on their backs 
 with long, feathery oar-like feet, and when alarmed seem to 
 make vigorous efforts to propel themselves obliquely downward. 
 It is one of the endless instances of Nature's delight in para- 
 doxes — her magical way of putting the same thing to the most 
 diverse uses, with a touch of her cunning waud. Given a 
 brawling brook, too small, clean, and cold to suit any of the 
 water-birds she has on hand, but just the thing for a kind of 
 Thrush, if he can be made to understand it; when presto! 
 Ginclus. The odd little Thrush puts on his water-proof diving 
 apparatus, takes a "header" from the nearest green slippery 
 rock, and likes it so well that he wonders why he never did it 
 before. Divers ways of doing things were evidently open to 
 Thrushes in the beginning — and this is one of them. 
 
 But 1 have got off' the track of legitimate ornithology, I find — 
 much as the Dipper itself is sometimes carried away when the 
 current is a little too strong. There are about a dozen species, 
 including marked geographical races, of this family, the best 
 known of which is tlie Water Ouzel of Europe. This bird 
 
MACGILLIVEAY ON THE DIPPER's HABITS ' 87 
 
 has been very successfully studied by William Macgillivray, 
 whose singularly truthful narrative reflects the general econo- 
 my of the family so clearly that I shall transcribe a portion of 
 his account, especially sinca it is equally applicable, mutatis 
 mutandis, to the single species which is found in North 
 America. I quote the passages which refer more particularly 
 to the bird's actions in the water, as corroborative of what has 
 been already said with less regard to minute detail. 
 
 " The flight of the Dipper is steady, direct, and rapid, like 
 that of the Kingfisher, being effected by regularly timed and 
 quick beats of the wings, without intermissions or sailings. It 
 perches on stones or projecting crags by the sides of streams, 
 or in the water, where it may be seen frequently inclining the 
 breast downwards, and jerking up the tail, much in the manner 
 of the Wheatear and Stonechat, and still more of the Wren ; 
 its legs bent, its neck retracted, and its wings slightly drooping. 
 It plunges into the water, not dreading the force of the current, 
 dives, and makes its way beneath the surface, generally moving 
 against the stream, and often with surprising speed. It does 
 not however, immerse itself head foremost from on high like 
 the Kingfisher, the Tern, or the G-anuett ; but either walks out 
 into the water, or alights upon its surface, and then plunges 
 like an Auk or a Guillemot, slightly opening its wings, and 
 disappearing with an agility and dexterity that indicate its 
 proficiency in diving. I have seen it moving under water in 
 situations where I could observe it with certainty, and I readily 
 perceived that its actions were precisely similar to those of the 
 Divers, Mergansers, and Cormorants, which Ihave often watched 
 from an eminence, as they pursued the shoals of sand-eels along 
 the sandy shores of the Hebrides. It in fact flew, not merely 
 using the wing, from the carpal joint, but extending it con- 
 siderably, and employing its whole extent, just as if advancing 
 in the air. The general direction of the body in these circum- 
 stances is obliquely downwards ; and great force is evidently 
 used to counteract the effects of gravity, the bird finding it 
 difficult to keep itself at the bottom, and when it relaxes its 
 efforts coming to the surface like a cork. Montagu has well 
 described the appearance which it presents under such circum- 
 stances : — ' In one or two instances, when we have been able to 
 perceive it under water, it appeared to tumble about in a very 
 extraordinary manner, with its head downwards, as if picking 
 something ; and at the same time great exertion was used, both 
 
88 MACGILLIVRAY ON THE DIPPER's HABITS 
 
 by the wings and legs.' This tumbling, however, is observed 
 only when it is engaged in a strong current, and its appearance 
 is greatly magnified by the unequal refraction caused by the 
 varying inequalities of the surface of the water. When search- 
 ing for food, it does not proceed to great distances under water ; 
 but, alighting on some spot, sinks, and soon reappears in the 
 immediate neighbourhood, when it either dives again, or rises on 
 wing to drop somewhere else on the stream, or settle on a 
 stone. Often from a shelving crag or large stone it may be 
 seen making short incursions into the water, running out with 
 quiet activity, and presently bobbing up to the siirface, and 
 regaining its perch by swimming or wading. The assertion of 
 its walking in the water, on the bottom, which some persons 
 have ventured, is not made good by observation nor counte- 
 nanced by reason and the nature of things. The Dipper is by 
 no means a walking bird : even on land I have never seen it 
 move more than a few steps, which it accomplished by a kind 
 of leaping motion. Its short legs and curved claws are very 
 ill adapted for running, but admirably calculated for securing 
 a steady footing on slippery stones, whether above or beneath 
 the surface of the water. Like the Kingfisher, it often remains 
 a long time perched on a stone, but in most other respects its 
 habits are very dissimilar. . . . On being wounded the Dipper 
 commonly plunges into the water, flies beneath its surface to 
 the shore, and conceals itself among the stones or under the 
 bank. In fact, on all such occasions, if enough of life remains, 
 it is sure to hide itself so that one requires to look sharply 
 after it. In this respect it greatly resembles the Common 
 Gallinule." 
 
 The same agreeable writer speaks of the food of the European 
 Dipper as consisting of molluscs and beetles. " I have opened 
 a great number of individuals at all seasons of the year, but 
 have never found any other substances in the stomach than 
 Lymnem, Ancyli, Ooleoptera, and grains of gravel" — a diet 
 which he considers to account satisfactorily for the bird's sub- 
 aqueous excursions. He denies that there is any proof of its 
 feeding upon the ova or fry of fish, notwithstanding the asser- 
 tions of authors to that effect, which have, in many cases, led 
 to its unmerited persecution. Yet there is no doubt that it is 
 somewhat piscivorous ; for at least one instance is recorded of 
 its having been seen with a fish in its mouth. {ISaxby, " Zool- 
 ogist ", xxi, 1863, p. 8631.) 
 
SYNONYMY AND DESCRIPTION OF C. MEXICANUS 89 
 
 American Dipper 
 
 CinclUH mexicanus 
 
 GincIUS pallasll, Bp Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826; 439.— Bp. AO. ii. 1828, 173, pi. 16, f. 1 (necaucl.). 
 
 CinclU8 mi^XicailUS, Sw. Phllos. Mag. i. 1837, 308.— Sci. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— BA Rev. 
 AB. 1864, m.—Ooues, Pr. Phila, Acad, xviii. 1866, 66 (Arizona).— ? Soto. IbiH, ii^. 1866, 190 
 (Guatemala). — SaLv. Ibis, iii". 1867, 120 (monog;raphic), — Sumich, Mem. Bo.nt. Soc. i. 1869, 
 544 (Vera Qniz) .—Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 25. &g.—Ooues, Key, 1872. 77, f. W.— Allen, 
 Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 174 (Utah and Co\oT^o).—Ridgw. Bull. Easex Inst. v. 1873, 179.— 
 Merriam, U.S. Oeol. Surv. for 1872, 1873, 671, 713 (Montana).— KaiZ, Pr. Cala. Acad. 
 — . 1873, — (Unalashka).- (7oiies, BNW. 1874, 10.— Trippe, ibid. 229.— Bd. Br. {f Ry. NAB. 
 i. 1874,56, fig. f\.5,{.l.— Yarr.S;Uenah. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 6.— ffmsA. ibid. 46, 
 97.— HensA. List. B. Ariz. 1875, 154 (White Mountains).- Heresi. Zool. Expl. W. 100 
 Merid. 1876, 159. 
 
 ClnclUS mexicana, Allen. Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 396. 
 
 Hydrobata mexicana, Bd. BNA. 1858, •OS.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106 (Now 
 Mexico).— XaTttm, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 190 (California).- 0. 4- S. NHWT. 1860, 
 175.— B/a/i!sl. Ibis, v. 1861, 60 (Athabasca River).- Broara, Ibis, \v'. 1868, 420 (Vancou- 
 ver).— Coop. Am. Nat. ili. 1869, 32 (Montana).— Daii tf Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. 1869, 
 277 (Alaska).- ZJaiZ, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 600.— ^iien, Pr. BoBt. Soc. iv. 1872, 194 
 (Colorado). 
 
 CinclUS amerlranus, S. <(• R. FBA. ii. 1831, 173.— iVun. Man. i. 1832, 569.— ^ad. OB. iv. 1838, 
 493 ; V. 1839, 303, pU. 370, 435.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 86.— Tovms. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 
 1839, 153.— ^Mi. BA. ii. 1841, 182, pi. 137.— Gam6. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 114 (Cali- 
 fornia) .—Garni. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 43.— McCall, Pr. Phila. Acad. v. 1851, 216 
 (Texas).- Weerra. Journ Phila Acad. ii. 1853, ^64.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 310 
 (New Mexico).— JVraJ. PKRR. vi. 1857, SO.-Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 44. 
 
 CInelus UnlCOlOr, Bp. Zool. journ. iii. 1827, 53.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 18 
 
 GinclusmortOIli, " Towns. ^ arr. 1839, 337". 
 
 ClnclUS townsendll, "('And.') Tovms. Narr. 1839, 340 "- 
 
 ^uid TurdUS townsendii, Towns. Jouru. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153, descr. nuUS ! 
 
 American Dipper; Water Ouzel, Vulg. 
 
 Hab. — Mouo tains of Western North America from the region of the Yukon 
 into Mexico. 
 
 Oh. SP. — S 9 Bchlstaceo-plumheuH, infra dilutior, capite hrun- 
 nescente, palpebrin plerumque albis. 
 
 (? 9 , adult, insnmmer: Slaty-plumbeous, paler below, inoliuing on the 
 head to sooty-brown. Quills and tail-feathers fuscous. Eyelids usually 
 white. Bill black ; feet yellowish. Length,6or 7 ioches; extent, 10 or 11 ; 
 wing, 3i-4; tail, about 2J; bill, f ; tarsus, 1^; middle toe and claw rather 
 less. Individuals vary much in size. 
 
 ^ 2 , in winter, and the majority of not perfectly mature specimens are 
 paler below thau the above description would indicate, all the feathers of 
 the under parts being skirted with whitish. The quills of the wiug are also 
 conspicuously tipped with white. The bill is largely yellowish at the base. 
 
 Young: Below, whitish, more or less so according to age, frequently tinged 
 ■with pale cinnamon-brown. The whole under parts are sometimes over- 
 laid with the whitish ends of the feathers, shaded with the rufous pos- 
 teriorly. The throat is usually nearly white ; the bill mostly yellow. The 
 white tipping of the wing-feathers is at a maximum ; and in some cases the 
 tail-feathers are similarly marked. 
 
90 ON THE AMERICAN DIPPER 
 
 MY limited experience with the American Dipper precludes 
 my giving anything particularly to the point from original 
 observations. I never saw it alive excepting on one occasion, 
 when I noticed nothing in its habits not already known .In 
 the " Birds of the Northwest " I brought together nearly all 
 the information we possess, and would refer to that work. for 
 the particulars, especially respecting the nest and egg. It is a 
 common inhabitant of the Colorado Basin, in most suitable situa- 
 tions, though there are many eligible mountain streams which 
 it does not seem to inhabit. An occasional departure from its 
 usual habit has been noticed by Mr. Henshaw, who found a pair 
 inhabiting a small isolated pond in the White Mountains of 
 Arizona, seemingly as much at home in this quiet little sheet 
 of water as in the turbulent torrent; though be thought that, 
 in keeping with their surroundings, they had lost somewhat of 
 their usual restlessness and energy. Such choice of still water, 
 however, must not be presumed to be very unusual, since 
 the European species is well known to frequent lakes, espe- 
 cially those which have a shingly or pebbly margin. 
 
 Note. — I may here allude to some interesting experiments to ascertain the 
 specific gravity of the European Dipper, made by Dr. John Davy, and pub- 
 lished in the eleventh volume (new series) of the Edinburgh New Philo- 
 sophical Journal, p. 26.5. The specific gravity of the bird's iody alone, after 
 removal of the skin and feathers, was 1.200; in its natural state, with the 
 feathers on, 0.724. "When under water, few air-bubbles escaped from its 
 feathers, owing probably to their resisting wetting from the oil with which 
 they are pruned, thai being abundantly supplied by the large oil-gland with 
 which this bird is provided." ... " Its long bones contained a reddish 
 marrow." The specific gravity of a Wren was 0.890, which, after immersion 
 for twelve hours, had increased to 0.960. The lowest specific gravity was 
 found in the case of the Merlin-hawk — 0.570. 
 
CHAPTER IV.— OLD WORLD WARBLERS 
 
 Fam SYLVIID^ 
 
 LIKE the Saxicolidw, the Sylviidw are a large group of chiefl,y 
 Old World species, having few representatives in this coaa- 
 try. The family is not well distinguished from the Turdidm 
 and Saxicolidw, and no attempt will be made here to cover all 
 its phases by any diagnostic phrase — it is perhaps insusceptible 
 of exact definition. While there are several hundred species of 
 the Eastern Hemisphere, less than a score occur in America. 
 One of these is a typical Sylviine, a species of Phyllopneuste, 
 found in Alaska. The other representatives are the two genera 
 Begulus and Polioptila, each of which most writers now consider 
 the type of a subfamily. They agree in their extremely small 
 size (length four or five inches, less than any of the Turdidce 
 or Saxiculidce), and in possessing ten primaries (by which th^y 
 are separated from any of the Syloicolidw, or American Warb- 
 lers), deeply cleft toes (compare Troglodytidce), and straight, 
 slender bill, with bristly rictus and exposed nostrils (compare 
 Gerthiidw, Paridce, and Sittidw). The tarsi are booted in Begu- 
 lincB, scutellate in Polioptilinw. 
 
 Subfamily REGULINtE : Kinglets 
 
 Chars. — Tarsi booted, very slender, longer than the middle 
 toe and claw. Lateral toes nearly equal to each other. First 
 quill of the wing spurious, its exposed portion less than half as 
 long as the second. Wings pointed, longer than the tail, which 
 is emarginate, with acuminate feathers. Bill shorter than the 
 head, straight, slender, and typically sylviine, not hooked at 
 the end, well bristled at rictus, with the nostrils overshadowed 
 by tiny feathers. 
 
 These characters may be compared with those given beyond 
 under head of Polioptilince, to which they are antithetical. 
 There is but one genus in America, though several are recog- 
 nized by some among the Old World species. 
 
92 SYNONYMY Of REGULUS CALENDULA 
 
 Genus REGULUS Cuvier 
 
 Chaes. — To the foregoing add : Goloratiou olivriceous, paler 
 or whitish below, with red, black, or yellow, or all three of 
 these colors, ou the head of the adult. 
 
 There are only two established species in this country, both 
 of which occur in the Colorado region. They are elegant and 
 dainty little creatures, among the very smallest of our birds 
 excepting the Hummers. They inhabit woodlaud, are very agile 
 and sprightly, insectivorous, migratory, and highly musical. 
 
 Rubjr-crowned Kinglet 
 
 Resulns calendula 
 
 Motacllla caleodnla, Linn. SN. i. 1766, 337, no. i7.—Forst. Pbil. Tr. Ixii. 1772, 407, no. 32.— 
 Gm. SN. 1. pt. ii. 1788, 994, uoa. 47, 47 b.— Tun. SN. i. 1806, 613. 
 
 SflTla calendula, Zal«. 10. U. 1790, 549, no. 154.— Wa. AO.l. 1808, 83, pi. 5, f. 3. 
 
 Srlrla (Reguloides) calendula, Gray, hl. i. 1869, 2i6, no. 3068. 
 
 BegnlUS calendula, "Ztcfc. Verz. 1823".— Sp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 91.— Null, iiaa.i. 
 1832, 4li.—Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 546, pi. 195.— Sp. CGL. 1838, 19.— And. Syn. 1S39, 83.— 
 Towns. Journ. Phlla. Acad. viii. 1839. ISi.-Ifua. Man. 2d. ed. i. 1840, 50a.—Aud. BA. ii. 
 1841, 168. pi. 133.— ffoiBi. Pr. Phila. Acad. ill. 1846. 115.— Gawift. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 
 se.-iroodh. Sitgreaye'8 Rep. 1853, Sl.—Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 3\3.—Reiid, Pr. 
 Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, Z99.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 309.— Xennt'c. Tr. Illinoii 
 Agr. Soc. i. 1855, 5)j3.— Praifera, Tr. Illinois Agr. Soc. i. 1855, 603.— PmJti. Pr. Ess. Inst. 
 i. 1856, 808.- ScJ. PZS. 1857, 202 (Xalapa).- Scl. PZS. 1858. 300 (Parada).— BA BSA. 1858, 
 225.- Sd. PZS. 1859. 362(Xalapa), 371 (Oaiaoa). — S. ."r S. Ibis, 1859, 8 (Guatemala).— 
 Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad, xi. 18.)9, WS.—Xantua. Pr. Phila. Ac«d. 1859, 190.— Willi; 
 Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 282 (Nova Scotia).- A'cnmer. I'RRR. x. 1859, H.—Heerm. 
 PRRR. j>. 1859, 43,— (7. *■ S. NHWT. 1860, m.-lVheat. Ohio Agr. Rep 1860, —.—Barn. 
 Smith.i. Rep, for I860, 1861, i35. — Bd. Ives's Rep. pt. v 1861, 5.—Beinh. Ibis, iii. 1861, 
 5 (Greenland).- Ferr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. ISH2, 145.— Oouea, Pr. Phila. 4cad. 1861, 219 
 (Labrador).— Boariim, Pr. Host. .Soc. ix. 1862, 124.— Hayrf. Rep. 1862, 159. —Blakist. Ibis, 
 1863. 60.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 66.— .Srf. PZS. 1864, 172 iU-xiao).— Allen, Proc. Essex 
 Inst. Iv. 1864, Se.-Hoy. Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438.— Dress. Ibis. 1865, 476 (Texas).- 
 CoMcs, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona).— Znair. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 282.— fTczz, Pr. 
 Bost. Soc. X. 1866, 267 (Labrador).— Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver).— OoMes, Pr. 
 Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 107 (South Carolina, winter).— Bil(c/l. Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 149 
 (Laredo, Tex.) —Turiih. B. E. Pa. 1869. 22 ; Phila. ed. Xa.-Ooop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 32.— 
 Dull SfBann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. 1869, 276(AlaBka).— Coop. Pr. Cala. Acad. 1870, li.—Ooop. 
 B. Cal. i. 18711, 33 —Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 542.— DttiZ, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 600.— Par- 
 ser, Am. Nat. v. 1871, 16S.~Stev. V. S. Geol. Surv. tor 1870, 1871, 463.— Allen, Am. Nat. 
 vi. 1872, 359.— /liim.Pr. Bost. Soc. XV. 1872, 195.— Ooiics, Key, 1872, 78.— i/art. Man. 
 Brit. Birds 1872, 107 (Scotland!).— fiii^. Bull. Essex Inst. v. 1873, 179.— TVippe, Am. 
 
 Nat. Vii. 1873, 498 T ippe, Pr. Bost, Soc. xv. 1873, 234 —Me-r. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 
 
 for 1872, 1873, 67S, 712, 1\3.—Merr. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, B.— Abbott, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 364, 
 365.— ffcKs/i. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 40, 57, 72. 98. — Cones, BNW. 1874, lo.—B.B.ifR. 
 NAB. i. 1874, 75, pi. 5, f. 9.— Nelson, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 356.— Brew. Pr. Boat. 
 Soc. xvii. 1875, nB.—HensL List B. Ariz. 1875, I5.i.— fleasA. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 
 1876, 164. 
 
 Begulns calendulas, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 186.— Brew. Journ. Bost. Soc. i. 1837, 
 437.— Pea&. Rep Orn. Mass. 1839, 314. — T/wmps. NH. Vermont, 1853, Si.-Oould, PZS. 
 18.i8, 290 (Scotland !).—Co!jes If Prentiss, Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862 iOi.—McIlwr. Pr. 
 
CHARACTERS OP REGULUS CALENDULA 93 
 
 Ess. Inst. V. 1866, 8i.—Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad, xviii. 1866, 66 (Port Whipple, Ariz.).— 
 Ooues, Proo. Essex Inst. v. 1865, i6g.—Trippe, Proc. Essex Inst. vi. 1871, U5.—Mayn. B. 
 Pla. 1872, 21.—Mayn. Pr. Boat. Soc. xiv. 1872, 361.— Trippe apud Ooues, BNW. 1874, 229. 
 
 Reguloldes calendula, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 292. 
 
 Pbf Ilobasileus calendula, Oai. MH. i. 1851, 33. 
 
 Corthf lio calendula. Cab. j. f. o. i. 1853, 83. 
 
 Begulus cristatus alter vertice rubini colorls, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, 292. 
 
 Bcgulns rublneus, v. OAS. ii. 1807, 49, pis. 104, lOn. — Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 421. 
 
 Ruby-crowned Wren, Edm. Birds, pi. 254, f. 2. — Forst. 1. o. 
 
 Boitelet rubis. Buff. v. 372.— Le M. Ois. Canad. 1861, 215. 
 
 Ruby-crowned Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 413, no. 320. 
 
 Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Aud. 1. c. 
 
 Hab. — Nortb America at large. Mexico. Central America to Guatemala 
 at least. Greenland. Accidental in Earope ("Brek, B. Eur. ii. 109 "). 
 
 Ch. SP. — $ 9 Paribus semi-nudis. — Vireiitiolivaceu/i, subtus 
 sordide flaiw-albidus, uropygio etmarginibus remigum rectricumque 
 flavicantibus, alls albo-bifasciatis, orbitis albis, vertice coccineo. 
 Jun. vertice dorso concolore. 
 
 $ 5 , adult : Upper parts greenish-olive, becoming more yellowish on the 
 rump ; wings and tail dnsky, strongly edged with yellowish ; whole under 
 parts dull yellowish-white, or yellowish- or greeaish-gray (very variable in 
 tone) ; wings crossed with two whitish bars, and inner secondaries edged 
 with the same. Edges of eyelids, lores and extreme forehead hoary whitish. 
 A rich scarlet patch, partially concealed, ou the crown. This beautiful 
 ornament is apparently not gained until the second year, and there is a 
 question whether it is ever present in the female. Length, 4^- (a dozen fresh 
 specimens range from 4^';,- to 4^) ; extent, 6f to 7^ ; wing, 2-2J ; tail, If. 
 
 Young for the first year (and 2 ?) : Quite like the adult, but wanting the 
 scarlet patch. In a newly fledged specimen, procured in the Rocky Mount- 
 ains of Colorado by Major Powell, the wings and tail are as strongly edged 
 with yellowish asm the adult; but the general, plumage of the upper parts 
 is rather olive-gray than olive-green, and the under parts are sordid whitish. 
 The bill is light colored at the base, and the toes appear to have been 
 yellowish. 
 
 
 
 NE of the most remarkable things about the Euby-crowa 
 is its extraordinary powers of song. It is really surprising 
 that such a tiny creature should be capable of the strong and 
 sustained notes it utters when in full song. The lower larynx, 
 the sound-producing organ, is not much bigger than a good 
 sized pin's head, and the muscles that move it are almost 
 microscopic shreds of flesh. If the strength of the human 
 voice were in the same proportion to the size of the larynx, we 
 could converse with ease at a distance of a mile or more. The 
 Kinglet's exquisite vocalization defies description ; we can only 
 speak, in general terms, of the power, purity, aud volume of 
 the notes, their faultless modulation and long continuance. 
 
94 THE RUBY-CROWN AN ACCOMPLISHED VOCALIST 
 
 Many doubtless have listened to this music without suspecting 
 that the author was the diminutive Euby-crown, with whose 
 common-place utterance, the slender wiry"tei2)", they were 
 already familiar. Such was once the case even with Audubon, 
 who pays a heartfelt tribute to the accomplished little vocalist, 
 and says further — "When I tell j^ou that its song is fully as 
 sonorous as that of the Canary-bird, and much richer, I do not 
 come up to the truth, for it is not only as powerful and clear, 
 but mhch more varied and pleasing." 
 
 This delightful role is chiefly executed during the mating sea- 
 son, and the brief period of exaltation which precedes it ; it is 
 consequently seldom heard in regions where the bird does not 
 rear its young, except when the little performer breaks forth in 
 song on Hearing its summer resorts. Its breeding places were 
 long uncertain, or at least not clearly traced out, and it is only 
 a year or two since that its nest was discovered. But it is now 
 pretty certain that its nesting range includes the wooded por- 
 tions of the country from Northeri) New England and corres- 
 ponding latitudes northward. It is said that a nest containing 
 young was recently found in Western Xew York; though I 
 am not sure that this is an authentic case, I think it probable 
 that the Kinglet will yet be fouml to breed iti the mountains 
 at least as far south as the Middle States, if not further. 
 This seems more probable since the late discoveries of its nest- 
 ing in the Rocky Mountains, and its unquestionable residence 
 during summer in other elevated regions of the West., even of 
 New Mexico and Arizona. Mr. Henshaw speaks without reserve 
 on this score: — "The species breeds in the heavy pine and 
 spruce forests on the mountains of Colorado, and also in Arizona, 
 both in the White Mountains, and as far south as Mount Gra- 
 ham, in both which localities I saw the old leading about their 
 young, still in the nesting plumage as late as August 1. In 
 the mountains near Port Garland, Col., it was a common species 
 in June ; the pine woods at an elevation of 10,000 feet often 
 echoing with the music of its sweet, beautifully modulated 
 song. . . . June 11, while collecting on a mountain near the Eio 
 Grande, I discovered a nearly finished nest, built on a low 
 branch of a pine, which [ have little doubt Ijelonged to this 
 bird." Mr. Allen and Mr. Trippe both observed it in Colorado, 
 in summer, at an altitude of from 9 or 10,000 feet up to timber 
 line, and the flrst-namcd obtained the young in the vicinity of 
 Mount Lincoln toward the end of July. At Fort Whipple, iu 
 
MOVEMENTS OP THE RITBY-CROWN 95 
 
 Arizona, I found it extremely abundant In spring from the 
 latter part of March to near th^ middle of May, in the fall 
 from the latter part of September to November, and judged 
 that it bred in the higher mountains of the vicinity. It is un- 
 necessary to multiply quotations, all going to show a breeding 
 range throughout the mountains of the West from 9,000 feet 
 upward, thence trending eastward along the northern boundary 
 of the United States to Maine and Labrador, and probably 
 sending a spur southward along the Alleghany Mountains. 
 Northwestward it reaches to Alaska, where the bird was found 
 by Mr. W. H. Dall at Nulato. 
 
 But in most portions of the United States, the Ruby-crown 
 appears as a migrant or winter resident. Taking an inter- 
 mediate point, like the District of Columbia for example, where 
 I became familiar with the dainty little creature in my boy- 
 hood, we find that it arrives at least as early as the begin- 
 ning of April, or, in open seasons like the present (1876), a 
 week or two sooner, and remains until the second week in May. 
 It returns in the fall by the end of September, and loiters till 
 November. But it is such a brave and hardy creature that I 
 should never be surprised to find it lingering through the sea- 
 son here, as it does a little further south. For in South Carolina 
 it is one of the abundant winter birds, from October to April, 
 though most numerous in November and March, owing to the 
 recruiting of its ranks by fresh arrivals. Thence through all 
 the Southern States to Texas it is one of the commonest winter 
 birds in suitable localities. Yet a few press on through Mexico, 
 or directly across the Gulf to Central America. In the 
 Colorado Basin, which includes extremes of climatic and topo- 
 graphical conditions, from snow- japped peaks to Irtirniug 
 deserts, all the requirements of the bird are fulfilled, and there 
 it is consequently resident — gathering on the higher grounds in 
 summer, spreading over the lower in winter — migrating indeed, 
 but not in the usual sense of that term, since ascent of the 
 mountain-sides answers instead of a journey toward the pole. 
 
 Of the eggs of this Kinglet I liave nothing to say — they re- 
 main unknown ; and it is only a little while ago that I should 
 have been perforce" as silent respecting the nest. Since Dr. 
 Brewer thought he might " reasonably infer" that the nest was 
 pensile, the discovery has been made that it is not so, showing 
 the care that must be exercised in natural history inferences. 
 The nest was found by Mr. J. H. Batty, in Colorado, July 21, 
 
96 THE RUBY -crown's MANNERS 
 
 1873, ou the branch of a spruce tree, about fifteen fteet from the 
 ground. It contained, I am informed, &ve young and one egg; 
 the latter did not come under my inspection. The nest is larger 
 than might have been expected — it could hardly be got into a 
 good-sized coffee cup. It is a loosely woven mass of hair and 
 feathers, mixed with moss and some short bits of straw. The 
 nest which Mr. Henshaw believed to be that of a Kinglet was 
 " a somewhat bulky structure, very large for the size of the 
 bird, externally composed of strips of bark, and lined thickly 
 with feathers of the grouse "; it was built on a low branch of a 
 pine. 
 
 To observe the manners of the Euby-crown, one need only 
 repair, at the right season, to the nearest thicket, coppice, or 
 piece of shrubbery, such as the Titmice, Yellow-rumps and 
 other wa biers love to haunt. These are its favorite resorts, 
 especially in the fall and winter; though sometimes, in the 
 spring more particularly, it seems to be more ambitious, and 
 its slight form may be almost lost among the branchlets of the 
 taller trees, where the equally diminutive Parula is most at 
 home. We shall most likely find it not alone, but in strag- 
 gling troops, which keep up a sort of companionship with each 
 other as well as with different birds, though each individual 
 seems to be absorbed in its particular business. We hear the 
 slender wiry note, and see the little creatures skipping nimbly 
 about the smaller branches in endlessly varied attitudes, peer- 
 ing in the crevices of the bark for their minute insect food, 
 taking short nervous flights from one bough to another, twitch- 
 ing their wings as they alight, and always too busy to pay 
 attention to what may be going on around them. They appear 
 to be incessantly in motion — I know of no birds more active 
 than these — presenting the very picture of restless, puny 
 energy, making " much ado about nothing". 
 
 American Golden-crested King^let 
 
 Regnliis satrapa 
 
 Sylvia regnlns, mis. AO. i 1808, 126, pi. 8, f. 2. 
 
 BegUlUS Crl8tatus, Barlr. Trav. Pla. 1791, 291, no. 107 {afe Ooues, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875, 
 
 351).— F. GAS.' ii. 1807, 50, pi. 107.— Bp. Journ. Phl!a. Acad iv. 1824, 187.— Bp. Aqu'. 
 
 Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 91.— iVm(. Man. i. 18.t2, 4W.~AHd. OB. Ii 18:14, 476, pi. 183.— Towns. 
 
 Journ. Pbila. Acad. viii. 1839, 154. 
 Farus satrapa, " IlHger ". (Probably only a niusenm name). 
 
SYNONYMY AND CHAKACTERS OF K. CEISTATUS 97 
 
 EcjUlUS satrapn, " Liclu. Vorz. 18-23, no. 410".— Bp. CGL. 1833, 19.— AmA Syn. 1839, 83.— 
 And. B.A.. ii. 1841, 165, pi. m.—Rp. CA. i. 1850, 391.— Cabot, Naura. ii. pt. iii. 1853, 65 
 (Uike Superior).— PFbixiA. Silgr. Rep. 1853, m.—ffiy, Pr. Phiia. AoHd. vi. 18.53,313.— 
 Henry. Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. lB5i, .309.— Kraaic. Tr. Illinois Agr. Soo. i. 1855,1583 — 
 Prauen, Tr. Illinoia Agr. Soc. i. 18)5, mx—Piitn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, im.—Bddtker, 
 J. f. O. 1856, 33, pi. 1, f. 8 (egg; Libra.lor).— Scl. PZ?. 1837, 213 (Orizaba).— Afrtxi'm. J. 
 f. O. vi. 18.58, ni.—Bd. BNA. 1858. iil.— Wdlis. Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 18.59, 283 (Nova 
 SanViB,).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad xi. 1839, 106.— Sci. PZS. 1859, 233 (Vannouver).— 5d. 
 PZS. 1860, 23i(Oriziha).— (7. S( S. NHWT. 1860, 174— Co«cs S( Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 
 1861, 1862, im.—Boardm. Pr. BoBt. Soo.ix. 1862, 124.— Fcrr. Pr. Essex InBt. iii. 1862, ,146.— 
 Allen, Pr. E-s. Inst. iv. 1864, ii.—Lord, Pr. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolw. 1864, 114 (Vancou- 
 ver; breeding).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864. 65.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438.— Dress. 
 Ibi.s, 1865, 476 (Texas).— £na>r. Ann. Lye. N. V. viii. 1866, iS2.— Allen, Am. Nat. i. 1867, ■ 
 43.— BroMK, Iljls, 1868, 420 (Vanoouvei).— Coiics, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1863, Wl.—Dall If 
 Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad i. 1869, 277 (Alaska).- C7oop. Am. Njt. iii. 1869, 32 (Montana).- 
 Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 23; Phila. ed. 15. — Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 32.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. 
 ii. i871,260(Plorlda).— Tr^ppc, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, il.-Brewst. Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 306 — 
 Maj/n. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, SSL—Mayn. B. Fla. I87i, 25.— Cones, Key, 1373, 78, f. 
 19. — Aiken, Pr. Bost Soc. XV, ld73, 195 (Eastern Colorado). — Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. XV. 
 1873, 234 (Iowa).— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc.xv. 1873, 2^i. — Trippe Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 498.— 
 Ridg. BulI.E^sex In^t. V. 1873. 179 (Colorado). —^66o«, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 364.— Ooaes, 
 BN W. 1874, 16.— B. B. fy tt. NAB. i. 1874, 73, pi. 3, f. 8.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 187S, 
 438.— HrasA. List B. Ariz. 1875, 154. 
 
 Retlllus satrapa. Bnm. Smithson. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 433. 
 
 Regulns satrapa Mr. olivasccns, Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 65. 
 
 Eegulns satrapus, Coues, Vt. Phila. Acad. 1866, 66 (" Arizona ").—Mc7/wr. Pr. Ess. Inst. j. 
 1866, ao.—Coups, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 2e3.—AMott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 543.— Trippe, Pr. 
 E.ss. lost. vi. 1871, 115. 
 
 RegUlllS tricolor, Nntt. Man. i. 1832, 420.— Beca;. Journ. Boat. Soc. 1. 1837, 437.— Peab. Rep. 
 Orn. Mass i. 1839, 3[4.—Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 185,J, 399.— 2'Aomps. Vermont, 1853, 84. 
 
 ?RegulU$ amcriCanilS, Gfer/mrii*, Naum, iii, 1853,38. 
 
 Oollieil-crcstcil Warbler, Pean. AZ. ii. 1783, 414, n.331 (excl. Eur, refs.). 
 
 Fiery-crowned Wren, Peab. icThomps. 11. cc. 
 
 American Goldcu-crcsted Kinglei, And. I. c. 
 
 Roitelct liuppii, Le Moine, Ois. Cauad. 1861, 216. 
 
 Hab, — The whole of North America. South to Orizaba, Mexico. Winters 
 in most of the Uuiteil States. 
 
 Gh. SP. — $ 9 Naribus obtectis. Virenti-oUraceus, subtus sor- 
 dide flavo-aibus, alls cauduqiw fuscis flavo limbatis, illis albo-bifas- 
 eiatis; superGiliis cumfronte albidis, vertioe nigro — $ medio flam- 
 meo flavo-limbato, ? medio flavo. 
 
 $ , adult: Upper parts olive-green, more or less bright, sometimes rather 
 olive-ashy, always brightest on the rump ; under parts dull ashy-white, or 
 yellowish-white. Wings and tail dusky, strongly edged with yellowish — 
 the inner wing-qnills with whitish. On the secondaries, this yellowish edg- 
 ing stoi)S abruptly in advance of the ends of the coverts, leaving a pure 
 blackish interval in advance of the white tips of the greater coverts, which, 
 ivith the similar tips of the median coverts, form two white bars across the 
 •wings. The inner webs of the quills and tail-feathers are edged with white. 
 Superciliary line and extreme forehead hoary-whit ish. Crown black, inclos- 
 ing a large 8|iace, the middle of which is flame-colored, bordered with pure 
 yellow. The black reaches across the forehead, but behind yellow and 
 7 B 
 
98 CHAEACTEES OF EEGULUS CEISTATUS 
 
 flame-color reach the general olive of the upper parts. Or, the top of the 
 head may be described as a central bed of flame-color, bounded in front and 
 on the sides -with clear yellow, this similarly bounded by black, this again 
 in the same manner by hoary-whitish. Smaller than B. calendula. Length, 
 4 inches ; extent, 6*-7 ; wing, 2-2-^ ; tail, 1|. 
 
 9 , adult ; and young : Similar to the adult male, but the central field of 
 the crown entirely yellow, inclosed in black (no flame-color). I have never 
 seen a newly-fledged specimen ; but birds of the year, iu the fall, always 
 show black and yellow on the head, and I presume this appears with the 
 first feathering. 
 
 Fig. 16. — Golden crested Kinglet. 
 
 Specimens vary considerably in the shade of the general coloration, being 
 Sometimes quite yellowish or greenish, at other times more ashy above, 
 except on the rump, and nearly white below. Nor is this a matter of age 
 or season, for it is shown by equally perfect spring specimens. I ani 
 unable to verify a supposed more greenish hue in western specimens; in 
 point of fact, some of the richest specimens I ever saw are among those I 
 collected years ago about Washington, D. C. 
 
 UKLIKB the Eaby-crown, the Gokl crest is far from con- 
 spicuous ia the Ornis of the Colorado Basin. I find that 
 I am usually quoted as authority for its occurrence iu Arizona; 
 but I expressly stated, in my paper published iu 1SG6, that I 
 had myself never met with it there. 1 cannot now speak posi- 
 tively of the authority upon which 1 relied for including ifc 
 among the birds of that Territory, but think it was Dr. S. W. 
 Woodhouse, who speaks of it as very abundant in Texas and 
 ¥eic Mexico, the latter including Arizona at the time he wrote. 
 It is given in none of the Tacific Railroad Reports, nor in the 
 Mexican Boundary Survey, nor in Ives's Colorado River Survey, 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF GOLD-CREST 99 
 
 all of which works mentioa the other species. Mr. Henshaw 
 places it in his List of the Birds of Arizona, bat quotes 
 me. Mr. Eidgway includes it without remark in his List of 
 the Birds of Colorado Territory, where, however, neither 
 Mr. Allen nor Mr. Trippe appears to have observed it, though 
 Mr. O. E. Aiken found it. It is omitted from Mr. Henshaw's 
 List of the Birds of Utah. Mr. Eidgway found it in the West 
 Humboldt Mountains, and Dr. Cooper in the Sierra Nevada. 
 From these data, and others that might be given, its rarity in 
 the Great Basin and southward is clearly x^erceived ; yet of its 
 actual presence in portions of the region drained by the Colo- 
 rado and its tributaries there is of course no doubt. It is 
 stated not to have been found south of Fort Crook, California, 
 on the west coast. lu Mexico, it has been traced to Orizaba. 
 Details of its local distribution aside, its general range is much 
 the same as that of the Euby-crowu, including North America 
 at large. 
 
 Yet it is upon the whole a more northerly species. This is 
 witnessed both by its apparent absence from Central American 
 localities to which the other species regularly resorts in winter, 
 and by the respective limits of its breeding and wintering 
 ranges. We have no evidence, as yet, of its nesting in the 
 Eocky Mountains at large, as the Euby-crown does, for the 
 southerly observations made upon it on these and other high 
 mountains of the west seem to have been during the migra- 
 tions. In the West, it has not been ascertained to breed south 
 of the Columbia, where Nuttall states that he saw it feeding its 
 young. May 21, 1835; Dr. Cooper witnessed the same thing 
 in August at Puget Sound ; and Mr. J. K. Lord found the 
 nest and eggs on Vancouver's Island. In the East, the breeding 
 range seems to be nearly coincident with that of calendula. The 
 bird has been observed through the summer in Maine, under, 
 circumstances which left no doubt of its nesting there ; while 
 Audubon saw it engaged with its young in Labrador in August, 
 and Herr F. W. Biideker has figured the egg from an exam- 
 ple procured in the last-named country. The close parallelism 
 in the eastern breeding range of the two species should make 
 us cautious in granting that the Golden-crest is actually absent 
 from most of the Eocky Mountain region where the Euby- 
 crown breeds; for it will be remembered that the evidence, 
 though strongly presumptive, remains of a negative character. 
 On the other hand, there seems to be a decided discrepancy 
 
100 NEST, EGGS AND MANNERS OF THE GOLD-CREST 
 
 between the wintering ranges of the two; for the present 
 species winters regularly and readily in the United States at 
 large — even so far north as New England and Washington 
 Territory. 
 
 Dr. Brewer states that the nest and eggs had not been de- 
 scribed at the time of his writing; nevertheless, a few lines fur- 
 ther on he quotes Mr. Lord's account of "ai)ensile nest sus- 
 pended from the extreme end of a piue branch ", while the open- 
 ing paragraph of the article in which the statement occurs 
 gives the reference to Biideker's figure and desciii)tion of the 
 egg. The plate indicates a rather roundish egg, though the 
 two specimens figured differ noticeably in size and sha|)e ; they 
 are spoken of in the text as — "■niedliche Ideine Eierchen mit 
 lehmgelben Fleclcchen aiif weissem Orvnde", and compared with 
 those of other species illustrated on the same plate. Various 
 authors' accounts of the period at which newly fledged young 
 were observed by them render it probable that two broods are 
 annuallj' reared. 
 
 I have long been familiar with the- resorts and the sprightly 
 ways of the Golden-crest; but these scarcely call for remark 
 after what has been said about the Ruby-crown, since their hab- 
 its and manners are closely correspondent. In peering about 
 for insects and larvie that lurk in the chinks of bark, it is 
 equally tireless, and makes the same show of petty turbu- 
 lence — another " tempest in a teai)ot". The song I am not 
 sure I have ever recognized, and most aul;hors have passed 
 it over. Dr. Brewer says: — "Without having so loud or so 
 pDwt-rful a note as the Itiiby-crown, for its song will admit of 
 no comparison with the wonderful vocal powers of tliat species, 
 it yet has a quite distinctive and prolonged succession of pleas- 
 ing notes, wliich I have beard it pour forth in the midst of the 
 most inclement weather in February almost uninterruptedly, 
 and for quite an interval." 
 
 Subfamily POLIOPTILINiE : Gnatcatchers 
 
 CnARS. — Tarsi scutellate. Toes very short, the lateral only 
 abi)Ut luilf as long as the tarsus ; outer a little longer tlian the 
 inner. First quill spurious, about half as long as the second. 
 Wings rounded, not longt;r than the graduated tail, the feathers 
 
POLIOPTILA — P. C^RULEA 101 
 
 of wbich widen toward tbeir rounded ends. Bill shorter than 
 head, straight, broad and depressed at base, rapidly narrow- 
 ing to the very slender teroiiual portion, distinctly notched and 
 hooked at the end — thus muscicapine in character, llictus 
 with well developed bristles. K"ostrils entirely exposed. 
 
 This is a small group of one genus and about a dozeu species, 
 confined to America, chiefly developed in Central and South 
 America. It may not be well placed in the Sylviidcc, but is 
 better off here than among the Paridce, where it is put by some. 
 I should not be surprised if its closest relationships were with 
 the true Muscicapidce of the Old World. 
 
 Genus POLIOPTILA Sclater 
 
 Chajis. — To the foregoing add: Coloration grayish-blue, 
 white below, without red or yellow on head ; tail black, bor- 
 dered with white. 
 
 The three North American species occur in the Colorado 
 region, two of them, in fact, being characteristic of this part of 
 the country. They are diminutive birds, of great energy and 
 activity, expert in flycatching, inhabiting woodland, migratory, 
 and musical — though the ordiuary call-note is a sharp squeals;. 
 
 JBIue-gray Onatcatchcr 
 
 Folioptila ccernica 
 
 MotaclHa cserulea, L. SN. i. 1766, 317 (Edm. Glean, pi. 302). 
 Sylvia cserulea, Lat.'i. lo. ii. 1790, 540, do. lai. 
 
 CllMcirora Cienilea, ?DOrb. l)is Cuba, 1839,90.— B«a. Pr. Bost. Soc. Tii. 1860, 306 (Cuba).— 
 Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1863, 437. 
 
 Sylvnnia cjerulea, Nutt. Man. 3d sd. i. I84n, 337. 
 
 PoUoptilacserulca, Sd. PZS. 1835, n.—Xam. Pr. Phila Acad, xi 1839, 191 (California). —Burn. 
 Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 437. -Bi. Rev. AB. 1864, 74.—Dress. Ibis, 186.5, 483 (Texas).- 
 Coues, Ibi-, 1865, 538 (Arizona).- Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 66 (Arizona).— Cokcs, 
 Pr. Essex Inst. v. 1868, 268 —Crucs, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, \m.—Butrh. Pr. Phila. 
 Acad. XX. 1868, 149 (Texas).- Maj/K. B. Fla. 1872. 28.— ScoU, Pr. Bost. Sue. xv. 1872, 
 221 (yiTg\m&).— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 269.— Bremer, Am, Nat. vi. 1872, iSi.—Ridg. 
 Bull. Ess. Inst. V. 1873, 179.— ilfcrr. Am. Hat. viii. 1874, 8.— B. B. tf R. NAB. i. 1874, 78, 
 pi. 6, f .5. — 7?rcM. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. I87i, 451. — Hensk. List B. Ariz. 1875, 133. — Hens/t. 
 Ziol. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 166 (Arizona). 
 
 HotacUlacaerulra, Gm. ss.i. 1788, 992, no. 43. 
 
 CuHcirora caerutea, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 3[fi.-Gundt. J. f. 0. 1861, 407 (Cuba). 
 
 Polioplilacaepulea, .Sfci. PZS. 1839, 363 (Xalapa).—Giin«. J. f. O. 1861,324 (Cuba); 1872, 
 409 (Cuba). 
 
 Muscicapa ccerillea, Bp. Jouro. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, \'t%—Gamh. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 
 1847, 38. 
 
 CuUciVOra Cdralea, Aud. BA. i. 1840, 244, pi. 70.— Woodh. Silgreave's Itep. 1853, 61.— Henry, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 309 (New Mexico).— Pu(n. Pr. Essex Inst. i. 1836, 206. 
 
102 SYNONYMY AND CHARACTERS OF P. C^RULEA 
 
 Poliopiila coerulea, /fenry, Pr. Pbila. Acad. xi. 1859, 107 (New Mexico).— BA Ives's Ri-p. 
 
 pt. \. 18SI, 6.—Lavr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 2i2.— Brewer, Am. Nat. i. 1867, 116, 
 
 in.—Lnwr. Ann Lye. N. Y. U- lESS, 199 (Yaeatan). — riirai. BE. Pa. 1869, S8 ; Phila. 
 
 ed. 91.— CoiMs, BN W. 18';4, 17 —Hensh. Rep. Orn. Speea. 1874, 99. 
 Gnlicivoraroerulea, Gundl. J. t. 0. 1855. 471 (Cuba). 
 
 Culicisora cerulea. Hoy, Pr. Phila. Aead. vi, 1853, im.—Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1836,289. 
 Motacllla cana, Gm. ,SN. i. pt. ll. 1788,97.3, no. 116 (from BuflF. 
 
 Lath., and Pt-nn.). 
 SylTla cana, Lalh.W. ii. 1790, .^43, no. 133. 
 RegllluS griceUS Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, 291. 
 Culiciroramrxlcana, Bp CA. i. 18-50, 316 ($; TiccCaas.). 
 Pulioiitila mexicana, Scl. PZS. 1859, 363. 373 (Xalapa, Oax- 
 aca) — S. S; S Ibia, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).— Sci. PZS. 1862, 18 
 
 (SouthiTit Mexico). 
 Ficcdulapensylvanicacinerea, Briss. " Av. App. 107, no. 79". 
 Little Elue-gpfy Fly-catcher, Edw. Glean, pi. 302. 
 Figulcr gris-de-fer, Buff. " ou. v. 3 ;9 ". 
 Csrul an Warbler, Lath. Syn. H. pt. iu 1783, 49U, no. 117.- 
 
 Pe/m. AZ. ii. 178"), 4U5, no. 299. 
 FIgulep cendrt a gorge cendr,5e, Buff. " v. 319 ". ^e-,-i 
 
 firey-thpoat Warbler, Lath.. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 496, no. 128.— Fig. 17.— Head^of Blne- 
 
 Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 411, no. 315. gray Gnatcatcher (low. fig.); 
 
 Bluc-gray Flycatcher, And. l. c. of Black-capped Gnatcateher 
 
 CuUcIrorc gris dc fer, D'Orb. 1. e. (up. fig.) ; nat. size. 
 
 Hab. — United States from Atlaotio to Paoifio ; nortli to the Connecticut 
 Valley and Yreka, Cal.; soutti through Mexico and Lower California to 
 Guatemala. Bahamas. Cnha. Breeds throughout its United States range. 
 Winterd on the southern United States border and southward. 
 
 Ch. sp. — Cano-cmrulea, infra caneseenti alba, alts f urns cano 
 limhatis, eaiida nigra, reetrice externa alba, secunda albo-dimidiatd, 
 tertia albo-terminaia, orhitis albis, rostro pedibusque nigris. S 
 vertice magis cwrulescente, fronte cum striga superciliari nigra; 
 9 vertice dorso cnncolore, fronte et superciliis innotatis. 
 
 ^ , adult : Grayish-blue, bluer on the crown, hoary on the rump, the fore- 
 head black, continuous with a black superciliary line. EJjjes of eyelids 
 white, and above these a slight whitish stripe is commonly observed bordering 
 the black exteriorly. Below white, with a faint plumbeous shade, particu- 
 larly on the breast. Wings dark brown, the outer webs, especially of the 
 inner ffuills, edged with hoary, and the inner webs of most bordered with 
 •white. Tail jet-black, the outer feather entirely or mostly white, the next 
 oneabout half white, the third one tipped with white. Bill and feet black. 
 Length, 4-^-5 ; extent, 6^-7 ; wing, 2-2! ; tail about the same. 
 
 $: Like the ^ , hut duller and more gri'.yish-blue above; the head like 
 the back, and without any black. Bill usually in part light colored. 
 
 The extent of white on the tail varies somewhat; but I have seen no 
 eastern si)pciiiieiis in which the outer feather was not white in all of its 
 extent which was not covered by the under coverts. In some Arizona 
 examples, however, the black which usually exists at the base extends be- 
 yond the coverts, and iu fact there is little more white on this feather thaa 
 there is in P. plumbaa, though the black of the frontlet is intact. 
 
MIGRATIONS OF THE BLUE-GKAY GNATCATCHER 103 
 
 IN" its winter resorts among the groves of the southernmost 
 States, this tiny creature grows restless with the first breath 
 of spring, and frets till Its impatience is resolved into the 
 mysterious impulse of migration, or absorbed in the more 
 pressing duties of the mating season. Tiiose that are inclined 
 to seek a summer home in the north pass leisurely along in 
 March and April, reaching Virginia and Maryland early in the 
 latter month, and the Middle States by the first of May. They 
 seldom proceed further than this along the Atlantic coast, the 
 Connecticut Valley being the terminus of their route. They 
 have been said to reach Nova Scotia, but this appears doubt- 
 ful, though in the interior the migration is pushed to the 
 region of theGreat Lakes and borders of the British Provinces — 
 west of the Mississippi to Iowa and Nebraska, but apparently 
 not to Minnesota. Those that winter in the valleys of the Eio 
 Grande and Colorado Elvers seem to be more restricted in 
 their movements, as they are not known to penetrate the mount- 
 ainous regions to the northward much if any beyond the sources 
 of these great streams. On the Pacific slopes, the limit must 
 be fixed, so far as we know now, at latitude 42°. 
 
 In the Colorado Basin, this Gnatcatcher is sparingly but 
 generally distributed in summer, and resident, as far as the 
 whole area is concerned, though partially migratory within its 
 limits, since those individuals that repair to northerly or alpine 
 districts to breed retire in the fall to the lower warmer portions. 
 At Fort Whipple, in the spring of 18G5, 1 did not notice their 
 presence until the last week in April ; but, as I was not then 
 collecting every day, 1 may have missed them on their first ap- 
 pearance. At Washington, D. C, where they are more numer- 
 ous than I have found them to be anywhere in the West, I 
 used to note their arrival each spring for several years in the 
 early part of April. On entering the noble oak forests which 
 still surround the city, at a time when the bads, though swollen, 
 have not yet burst into the leafy canopy which later covers 
 the nakedness of the branches and gives privacy to the life of 
 numberless sylvan sprites besides the Blue-gray Gnatcatchers, 
 I seldom missed first hearing, then seeing, these wayward and 
 capricious little creatnres. Though so near the most uncertain 
 and dangerous spot in America — Washington, "Mecca of the 
 unfortunate and the tomb of ambition", the Blue-grays seem 
 to have no fears for the success of their recent pilgrimage from 
 the South, and indulge the aspirations of the day. Not content 
 
104 BEHAVIOR OF THE BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER 
 
 with the low estate of the shrubbery, which seeras best salted 
 to shelter their insignificance, they mount the tullest trees, and 
 go the rounds with all the bluster and display of assured suc- 
 cess. From the tree-tops come the shrill wiry notes, two or 
 three at a time, like izee-tzee tzee, as the birds skip nimbly from 
 twig to twig, with lowering half-spread wings and nervous 
 twitching of the whole body, in eager quest of insects and 
 larvae, now pausing a moment to [)ry more closely into a suspected 
 crevice of the bark, then darting into the air to capture a pass- 
 ing fly, and regaining their perch after almost a somersault. 
 Eestless and bustling as all its actions are at such times, there 
 is something more remarkable still in the excessive eagerness 
 betrayed, and the wonderful Slan with which they dash upon 
 their prey — as if they would crowd the business of a lifetime 
 into its early days, and seize its [)rizes with the first impetuons 
 assault. We must admire such spirit, even after we have 
 learned it is unsafe. 
 
 Days pass in this incessant activity, this iinpetuous revolt 
 from the monotonyof idleness, till other impulses are stimulated 
 with the warmth of the advancing season, and the sharp accents 
 of the voice are modulated into sweet and tender song, so low 
 as to be inaudible at any considerable distance, yet so fault- 
 lessly executed and well sustained that the tiny musician may 
 claim no mean rank in the feathered choir. A little later still- 
 we may, perchance, if our eyes are sharp, and we know just 
 where to look, discover the extremely beautiful nest which the 
 Blue gray makes for itself — a structure which cannot fail to 
 excite our wonder and admiration. Excepting the Humming- 
 bird's nest, none can comi)are with this exquisite specimen of 
 bird architecture, cunningly contrived to combine elegance 
 with comfort, artfully rendered substantial without sacrifice of 
 good taste, and ingeniously screenpd from observation by the 
 same means that are employed for its ornamentation. True to 
 its aspirations, the bird nestles high in the trees, usually at 
 least twenty yards from the ground, i)lacing the fabric among 
 slender twigs, to which it is woven, oftenest at the extremity 
 of a bough which sways with the wind. To insure the safety 
 of its contents during the motion to which it is often subjected, 
 it is built remarkably deep, and contracted at the orifice, so 
 that the cavity is somewhat purse-shaped, and the general 
 shape outside is like that of a truncated cone. It seems large for 
 the size of the bird — it is sometimes three and a half inches in 
 
NEST AND EGGS OF BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHEE 105 
 
 height, and nearly as much in width at the base, with a diameter 
 of two inches at the briin. Tlie walls are closely and warmly 
 matted or felted with the softest vegetable material, the de- 
 composed fibre of various plants, thistle-down, and like sub- 
 stances, iu some cases woven with spider's web. The structure 
 is artistically finished with stucco-work of lichens all over the 
 outside, which serves the double purpose of perfecting its 
 beauty and making it resemble a natural excrescence. In such 
 an elegant cradle, eggs are laid, to the number of four, five, or 
 even six, measuring scarcely three-filths of an inch in length 
 and less than half an inch in their greatest diameter — white 
 in color, speckled and dashed, generally over the whole surface, 
 with several shades of reddish or uiuber brown and lilao. In 
 such a secure home as this, the Blue gray Flycatcher usually 
 rears its brood unmolested ; it has little to fear except from the 
 Cowbird and from the ornithologist, against which enemies no 
 art avails. The parasitic bird might have its own excuse to 
 offer, could its motives be called in question ; the other may 
 apologize, after a fashion, by averring that even this slight 
 sketch of the Blue-gray Guatcatcher's life could not be finished 
 had the nest never been rifled. 
 
 Plumbeous Gnatcatcher 
 
 Polioptila pluinbea 
 
 Polioptila plumbea, Bd. Pr. PhUa. Acad. vii. 1858, 118.— Bd. BSA. 1858, 382 ; atlas, 1860, pi. 
 33, f. 1 (Arizona).— He«ry, Pr. Puila. Acad. 185a, 107.— Si. [voa'a Kap. pt. v. 1861, 6.— 
 Bd. Rov. AB. 186), H.— Cones, Ibis, 1865, 533 —Ooues, Pr. Pbila. Acad. 1866, 66 —Ooop. 
 Am. Nat. ill. 1869, 474, iTi.—Coop. B. Cat i. Ie70, 37, &g.— Cones, Key, 1872, 119.— B. B. 
 If It. NAB. i. 1874, 80, pi. 6, f.6.— Herlsh. List. B. Utah, 1875, 155. 
 
 lead-colored Flycatcber, Coop. l. c. 
 
 Lead-colured Gnatcatcher ; Arizona Onatcatcher, n. B. tf R. l. u. 
 
 Hab. — (Not known to occur beyond the) Valley of the Gila aad Colorado. 
 
 Ch. sp. — Similis prmcedenti sed notwo minus cwrulescente, et 
 fronte concolore; striga solum supercUiari nigra, altera breviore 
 alba; rectrice externa pogonio exteriore et apice albis. 9 capite 
 innotato. 
 
 (J , adult : Upper parts like those of P. cwndea, but duller and more gray- 
 ish ; no black on the forehead ; a short black stripe over each eye, and be- 
 low this another one of white. Outer tail-feather with the whole outer 
 
106 THE PLUMBEOUS GNATCATCHEE 
 
 web and tip white (much like the second feather of P. ccerulea) ; the next 
 two feathers tipped with white. Size of P. ccerulea. 
 
 § : Lilve the ^ ; the upper parts still duller, and frequently with a decided 
 brownish shade; no black over the eye. Only distinguished from $c(EntZca 
 by less white on the tail. 
 
 The difference between this species and P. cwrulea lies only in the less 
 amount of white on the tail and absence of black on the forehead. The 
 black on the bead is restricted to a short superciliary stripe, instead of reach- 
 ing across the forehead. The outer tail-feather has about as much white as 
 there is on the second feather of P. cw^ulea, while the next feather corre- 
 sponds to the third of ecerulea. In view of the observed variations in this 
 respect, it may fairly be questioned whether the present is anything more 
 than a local race of P. cwrulea, as would certainly seem to be the case if 
 specimens also intermediate in the character of the black on the head should 
 be forthcoming. This, however, has not been observed ; while the fact that 
 the two forms live side by sideia Arizona, each preserving its characters for 
 the most part intact, is evidence in favor of their specific difference. 
 
 DK C. B. E. KBNNERLY discovered this bird on Bill Will- 
 iams' River, Arizona, in 1854, and ic was described by Pro- 
 fessor Baird during the same year. It does not seem to be a com- 
 mon bird ; in fact, the small number of specimens acquired in 
 the interval between its discovery and the present time go to 
 show that it is less abundant in Arizona than P. ccerulea, 
 though in one sense it is the characteristic species of the Ter- 
 ritory. During my residence at Fort Whipple, I did not find it, 
 or, at any rate, did not recognize it, though 1 took specimens 
 in several other localities, lower than or south of Whipple. In 
 these places, it was seen in summer and early autumn. Dr. 
 Cooper remarks its wintering on the Colorado as high as Fort 
 Mojave. There is nothing to speak of in its habits and man- 
 ners after what has been said of its near relative. 
 
 ISlack-capped Gnatcatcher 
 
 Polioptila melaunra 
 
 Cnllcivora atriCaplUa, Larm: Ann. Lyo, N. Y. V. 1852, 124 (Texas).— Bii. Stansbury'g Rep. 
 1859, ;!28.— //cerm. Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 1833, 563. 
 
 Polioptila mclanura, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. 18S6, 168 (Texas and California). —Bi BNA. 
 1858, 383.— Brf. Pr. Phila. Acad. 16.'>9, 304 (Cape Saint Lueas).- ffewm. PRRR. i. 1859, 
 39.— M. Rev. AB. 1864, 68.— Dress. Ibis, 1865, 485 (Texas).— Ooiies, Pr. Phila. Acad. 
 1866, 66 (Arizona).- Poo;). Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 184 —Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 37, fig.- 
 Couee, Key, 1872, 79, f. 20.— B. B. If R. NAB. i. 1874, 81, pi. 6, f. l.—Hensh. List B. 
 Arte. 1875, 155. 
 
THE BLACK-CAPPED GNATCATCHER 
 
 107 
 
 Pig 18 —c till of Black 
 capped Gnatcatcher ; d, of 
 Plumbeous Guutcatcher; 
 Dat. size. 
 
 Culicivora mcxlcaiia, Cans, III. i. 1854, lOl, pi. 27 (not of Bp.). 
 Blach-hciuled (Jnatfatchcr, Oours, l.t. 
 Black-capped Gnatcalclicr, B. B. t,- R. l. c. 
 
 Hah. — Texas to Soutliern and Lower California. 
 
 Ch. SP. — Similis P. cccrulecc; sed vertice 
 nigro, potjonio externo rectricis exterioris albo- 
 limbato, apice albo. 
 
 S : Like P. cwrulea, but the whole top of the head 
 black. White of tail reduced to a miuimnra; the 
 outer web of the outer feather being usually edged 
 with white, instead of wholly white, and the tip of 
 the inner web, with the tip of the next feather, white 
 for a very slight space; no white observed on the 
 third feather. Size of the foregoing ; tarsi rather 
 louger — about 0.70. 2 : No black on the head. 
 
 The male of this species is immediately distinguished from that of either 
 of the two foregoing by having the whole top of the head black. The 
 female, however, presents someditticulty, being mainly distiiiguishaljle by the 
 miuinium amount of white on the tail, as above described, and the rather 
 louger tarsi, which are f of an inch instead of about f . 
 
 THE Black capped Gaatcatcber, first described by Mr. G. IST. 
 Lawrence in 1851, was discovered at Eiiiggold Barracks, 
 Texas, by Capt. J. P. McOown, theu of the United States Army, 
 ■who subsequently changed his allegiance to a temporary con- 
 federatiou which was declared in 1881. Various observers 
 have since met with the bird in different portions of tlie South- 
 west, till its range has been ascertained to extend from Texas 
 to California, at the latitade of San Diego, and down the pen- 
 insula to Oape Saint Lucas, including a portion of Mexico. I 
 never saw it at Fort Whipple, nor does Mr. Henshaw a[)pear to 
 have met with it in his various tours in the Southwest. Lieu- 
 tenant Bendire found it resident about Tucson, and Dr. Cooper 
 states that it remains during the winter at Fort Mojave and 
 San Diego. The published records of its habits, excluding 
 some statements that do not seem very well considered, iiidi- 
 cate nothing peculiar in comparison with those of P. ccerulea; 
 while the nest and egg^, as described by Dr. Brewer, are sub- 
 stantially the same, though some " black" markings of the lat- 
 ter are mentioned. This may be a remarkable circumstance, 
 for, according to the same author (X. Am. Ool. p. 7) " markings 
 of a jet-black color, even to the extent of blotches, spots, or 
 lines, are of very rare occurrence, if not positively unknown ". 
 
CHAPTEE v. — WEEN-TITS 
 
 Eam. CRAMMWM 
 
 THIS small group was proposed in 18G4, by Professor Baird, 
 for the accommodation of a single genus and spe ;ies not 
 readily referable to any established familv; although, as its 
 proposer suggested, the bird may belong to some recognized 
 exotic group. Its characters, which are in effect the same as 
 those of the genus Ghamcea, are given under head of the latter. 
 
 Genus CHAMiEA Gambel 
 
 Ohaes. — Form and general aspect combining features of 
 Wrens and Titmice. Plumage extraordinarily lax, soft and full. 
 Coloration simple. Tarsal scutella obsolete, or faintly indi- 
 cated. Toes coherent at base for about half the length of the 
 proximal joint of the middle one. Soles widened and padded, 
 much as in Paridce. Primaries 10, the sixth longest, the third 
 equal to the longest secondaries, the first about f as long as 
 the longest; wing thus extremely rounded, and much shorter 
 than the tail (about f as long). Tail very long, constituting 
 more than half the entire length of the bird, extremely gradu- 
 ated, with soft, narrow feathers, widening somewhat toward 
 their tips, rounded at the end, the lateral pair not two thirds 
 as long as the middle. Bill much shorter than head, straight, 
 stout, compressed-conical, not notclied, with ridged culmen, 
 naked, scaled, linear nostrils, and strongly bristled gape. 
 
 The genus may be found referable to the Troglodytidce in the 
 vicinity of Ginnicerthia. 
 
 The Wren-tit 
 
 Cbnmsca fasciata 
 
 Parns faSClatUS, Oamh. Pr. Phila. Acad. ii. 1845, 265 (Californift;. 
 
 Cbamsea fasciata, Gamb. Pr. Philn. Acad. iii. 1846, 154 (type).— (3am6. .Journ. Phila. Acad. 
 
 2d««r. i. 1847, 34, pi. 8, f. 3.— Cass. III. i. 1853, 39, p].l.—Xa7it. Pr. Philn. Acad. xi. 
 
 J8.'i9, 191.— BA RAB. i. 11)64, 76. — Coop. Am. Nat. Iii, 1869. 185.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 
 
 39, flgn.- C'OMM, Key, 1872, n.—Caop. Am. Nat. vlii. 1874, 17.— C. B. ^ E. NAB. 
 
 1874, 84, figf., pi. 6, f. 8.—Nele. Pr. Bott. Soc. xvii, 1875, 356 
 
CHARACTERS OF CHAMiEA FASCIATA 109 
 
 Cbamaca fasciata, Cab. Arch. f. Natm-g. 18)8, Bi.i,W2.—Bp. CA. i. 1850, 206.— BA B!q"A. 
 
 1858. 370.— Heem. PRRR. x. 1859, 43. 
 Chamia I'asclata, SA Stanrtury'» Kcp. GSL. 1852, 332.- .-i;JeM, Am. Nat. vi. 167a, 350, 404. 
 Orouiid Wren, Wren-tit, Grouad-tit, Ku;^. 
 
 Il.vn.— California from the Sierra Nevada to the coast, from the Sacra- 
 mento Valley to San Diego. 
 
 Ch. sp. — cJ 2 OUvaceo-fusoa, capite obscuriore, alls caiiddque 
 obsolete transfasciatis ; infra pallide cinnamomina, lateribus 
 crissoque obscurioribus, guld etpectore obsolete fusco-striatis. 
 
 Adult : Dark brown with an olive shade, the top of the head clearer and 
 somewhat streaky, the wing.s and tail purer brown, obscurely marked with 
 numerous cross-bars ; below dull cinnamon-brown, shaded with olive-brown 
 on the sides and cris.4Urn, the throat anil breast obscurely streaked with 
 du.sky ; bill and feet brown; iris white. Length about six inches; wing, 
 2i-2-i ; tail an inch longer, much graduated, the lateral feathers being au 
 inch or mure shorter than the middle ones; bill, |; tarsus, i-„- ; middle toe 
 and claw, f. First primary nearly an inch shorter than the longest one. 
 
 With a general parine appearance, this species, as indicated by tbe above 
 measurements, is of remarkable shape, quite unlike that of any other North 
 American bird. It was usually classed with the Pandas, until a separate 
 family was formed for its reception. The tail is very long, much exceeding 
 the wings, and forms rather more than half the entire length of the bird. 
 The wings are exceedingly short and rounded, the exposed portion of the 
 first primary being less than au inch in length. The plumage is remarkably 
 long, soft and lax ; the ooloratioa inoouspiciiuus, blended and diffuse. The 
 tarsal scutella tend to become fused, though a few large plates may com- 
 monly be observed in front. 
 
 THE Wren tit is one of several interesting discoveries made 
 in Oaliforuia by Dr. William G-<imbel,of Pliiladelpliia, whose 
 life lelt an example of liovv much may be- aucomplisiied in a 
 brief space of time by tbe wise use of natural gifts. He at 
 first called it a Parus, but, soon perceiving its strongly dis- 
 tinctive characters, conferred upon it the appropriate title of 
 Chaniwa {y^aij-ai, "on the ground"), in allusion to its terrestrial 
 habits. According to his accounts, which remain the most 
 accurate and pertinent of those which have thus far reached 
 me, I gather that its habits are quite Wren-like ; that it in- 
 habits shrubby and weedy places, is restless and active, expert 
 in eluding obversatiou, and clamorous in resenting intrusion 
 of its haunts, with harsh scolding notes ; that it shares, further- 
 more, the very Wren-like way of holding the tail erect at times, 
 and nervously twitching it. Ho observed its manner of search- 
 ing for its insect food by scrambling sideways about the weeds 
 and bushes; and speaks of other notes it possesses more musical 
 
110 • HABITS OF THE WREN-TIT 
 
 than its usual scolding cries — a succession of slow monotonous 
 -whistling notes prolonged with a trill. Dr. J. G. Cooper, who 
 found the bird " common everywhere west of the Sierra Nevada, 
 on dry plains and hillsides covered with chaparral ami other 
 shrubby undergrowth ", describes the nest and eggs, which he 
 discovered at San Diego during the last week of April, 1862. 
 The nest was placed in a shrub about three feet from the 
 ground, and was "composed of straws and twigs mixed with 
 feathers, firmly interwoven", lined with grass and hair; the 
 cavity was a little less than two inches wide, and about as 
 deep. '■ The eggs were 0.70 x 0.52 inch in size, and pale green- 
 ish blue" in color. 
 
 I have mj'self never seen this curious bird alive ; and I 
 hesitated to bring it into the present connection. A short 
 notice, however, of the interesting species seemed desirable, 
 and I concluded to introduce it, on the strength of its occur- 
 rence in the country about Fort Tejon, at the western edge of 
 the interior basin — particularly since there is no doubt in my 
 own mind that the bird actually inhabits a small part of the 
 Colorado water-shed. It is, however, characteristic of the 
 coast region from the Sacramento Valley to Lower California, 
 and back from the coast to the Sierra Ifevada. There is even 
 a record of its probable or possible presence in Colorado Ter- 
 ritory ; but this is so extremely doubtful that I sliall not refer 
 to it more explicitly — I have learned too much of the " growing 
 apace" of ornithological ill weeds that once take root. For all 
 we know, Ghamoea remains a singularly isolated form, so re- 
 stricted in habitat, and so widely separated from former or 
 present allies, that the wonder is how it was ever developed in 
 this place without leaving a trace of its ancestry. 
 
CHAPTEE VI.— TITMICE 
 
 Fam. PARID^ 
 
 EXCEPTING the aberrant genus Atiriparus, which perhaps 
 belongselsewhere(see beyond), the North American Paridw 
 are all very closely interrelated, and agree in the following char- 
 acters: — Bill very short and stout, straight, compressed-conoid 
 in shape, not notched nor with decurved tip; its under as well 
 as upper outline convex. Rictus without true bristles, but 
 base of the bill covered with tufts of bristly feathers directed 
 forward, entirely concealing the nostrils. Feet stout; tarsi 
 distinctly soutellate, longer than the middle toe ; toes rather 
 short, the anterior soldered together at the base fog most of 
 the length of the basal joint of the middle one. Hind toe with 
 an enlarged pad beneath, forming, with the consolidated bases 
 of the anterior toes, a broad firm sole. Wing with 10 [)rimaries, 
 of which the first is very short or spurious, scarcely or not 
 half as long as the second ; wing as a whole rounded, scarcely 
 or not longer than the tail, which latter is rounded or graduated 
 and composed of 12 narrow soft feathers, with rounded or 
 somewhat truncated tips. Plumage long, soft and loose, with- 
 out bright colors (again excepting Auriparus) or well marked 
 changes according to sex, age or season. Size small (length 
 under 7 inches). 
 
 There is really a close similarity in external form — borne out 
 to some extent in habits— between the Titmice and the Jays. 
 Thus a species of Parus is hardly distinguishable in details of 
 form from Perisoreus, and Lophophanes as closely resembles 
 Cyanurus. There will, however, be no difficulty in distinguish- 
 ing them, if only by the arbitrary criterion of size — for all the 
 Jays are much larger than any Titmice. In the assemblage of 
 upward of a hundred species which, according to conven- 
 tional usage, compose the Paridce, certain aberrant forms are 
 generally separated as subfamilies; but a large majority are 
 referable to the 
 
112 CHAEACTEKISTICS OF THE PARING 
 
 Subfamily PARING: Tkue Titmice 
 
 The familiar Cliickadee, so called from its quaint notes, which 
 are thought to resemble the syllables chicle' -ddee, stands as a 
 typical represetitative of this group. The accredited species, 
 to the )iuinl)er of about seventy, ai'e, with few excei)tions, 
 confined to the northern hemisphere, and abound iu mo-<t parts 
 of Eniope, Asia and North America. A strong family like- 
 ness runs through the whole of them, and their habits and 
 manners in most respects are much the same. The principal 
 exception to this statement is found in themethodsof nidiflcation, 
 which vary greatly — some species building in holes of frees, 
 which they excavate like woodpeckers, while others construct 
 immense purse-like pensile nests of grasses or mosses. They 
 are for the most part hardy birds, capable of enduring great 
 cold with impunity; this circumstance, which, with their omniv- 
 orous tastes, renders procuring of food of one kind or another 
 easy at all seasons, causes them to be nou-migratory, or only 
 imperfec^j' so. Their musical ability is decidedly of a low 
 order, though they have a great variety of hearty and not dis- 
 pleasing notes. They are very active, restless, energetic and 
 industrious birds, withal turbulent, self asserting, and in the 
 presence of man heedless to a degree. Among their own kind, 
 they are sociable, iu some cases almost gregarious, but are 
 accused of being tyrannical and cruel, like Jays, toward weaker 
 or more defenseless species. They are very proliflc, not only lay- 
 ing a large clutch of eggs, but often rearing more than one brood 
 annually; as a consequence, they are usually abundant wher- 
 ever found at all. They are chiefly confined to wooded country; 
 the boreal species of America, like Parus hudsonicus, haunt 
 the coniferous forests ; others, for the most part, prefer thickets, 
 shrubbery and under.growth. 
 
 The four genera to be here treated will be readily dis- 
 tinguished by the following characters. 
 
 Genus LOPHOPHANES Kaup 
 
 Chars. — Head crested. Wings and tail rounded, of about 
 equal lengths, and about as long as the body. Bill conoid-com- 
 pressed, with upper and under outlines both convex. No yel- 
 low on head nor red on wing. Plumage lax, much the same 
 at all ages and seasons. Average size of the species at a 
 
LOPHOPHANES CHARS. AND SYNS. OF L. BICOLOR 113 
 
 maximum for this group. Nests excavated in trees. Eggs 
 spotted. 
 
 There are four perfectly good American species of " Tufted 
 Titmice", only two of which are known to occur in the Colorado 
 Basin. For convenience of comparing the three western species 
 with the eastern one, the characters of the latter are subjoined.* 
 
 * liOptaoptaancs blcolor.— Tufted Tltinonse. 
 
 PaniS bicolor, L. SN. i. 1766, 340 (Gates, i. pi. 57).— Gm. SN. i. 1788, 1005.— lo*. 10. ii. 1790, 
 mi.— Tun. SN. i. 1806, &i\.— Wils. AO. i. 1808, 137, pi. 8, f. S—Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad, 
 iv. 1825, 255.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 100.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, iSS.- And. OB. i. 
 1831, 199, pi. 39 — Nutt. JMan. i. 1832, 2.36.— remm. Man. iii. 1835, 210.— Bp. C. & G. L. 
 1838, 20.— Aud. Syn. 1839, IB.- Aud.B A. ii. 1841, 143, pi. 125 (" Nova Scotia").— iJnsi. 
 
 Am. Journ. Sci. xliv. 1843, 255 (Connecticut) Gir. BLI. 1844, IB.-Read, Pr. Phila. 
 
 Acad. vi. 1853, 397 (Ohio).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. iv. 1854, 325.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad, 
 vii. 1855, 309 (? ! New Mexico).— Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agrio. Soc. i. 1855, 5Bi.—Haym. Pr. 
 Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 290 (Indiana),— Afai^n. J. f. O. vi. 1858, 118. (N. B.—Parus 
 bicolor, Fabric. Pn. Greenland. 1780, 123, is some other animal.) 
 
 lophophanes Wcolor, B^. CA. i. 1850, 828.— Cass. 111.1853, IB.— Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. ZuCi, 
 1853, 68 (Indian Territory).— ikfaiim. J. f. O. 1858, m.—Bd. BNA. 1858, 38i.— Henry, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 107.- Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 437 (Pennsylvania). — 
 Coues (f Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, ill.-Hayd, Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 
 174.— Ferr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 157.- Bii. RAB. 1864, 7B.^— Alien, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 
 B3.—Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri).- Z)ress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 485 
 (Texas).- iaioi-. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viil. 1866, 283.— Coaes, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 107 
 (South Carolina).— OoMcs, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 279 (New England).— riwTiJ. B. E. Pa. 
 1869, 23 ; Phila. ed. 21.— Gregg', Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870, — (Chemung Co. N. Y., rare).— 
 Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 5i5.— Allen, Bull. MOZ. ii. 1871, 261 (Florida) ; iii. 1872, 125 
 (Kansas).— &o«(, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 221,— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 2ei.—Mayn. B. 
 Fla. 1872, 32.— Coues, Key, 1872, 80, f. 2\.—Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 6 (resident).- ie«g'. 
 Am. Nat. vii, 1873, 200.— rriijpe, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1873, 236 (Iowa).— Mar. Am. Nat. 
 viii. 1874, 8, 86.— (7o«e», BNW. 1874, 19.— B. B. If R. NAB. i. 1874, 87, pi. 6, f. l.—Brew. 
 Pr.Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 451. 
 
 Baeoloptaus bicolor, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 91. 
 
 Farus cristataa, .Bartr. Trav. Pla. Ist Am. ed. 1791, 292. 
 
 liopbopbanes missourlensis, Bd. BNA. 1858, 384 (in text). 
 
 Toupet Titmouse, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 423, no. 334. 
 
 M^ange bicolore, Temm. 1. c. 
 
 TuRed Titmouse, Crested Titmouse, Vulg. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern United States, from Texas and Nebraska to tbe Connecti- 
 cut Vallev. 
 
 Ch. sp. — $ 9 Cinereu8,dor80 paululumolhasceiite ; infra aordide albus,lateri- 
 bus rufia ; f route nigra ; rostro nigricante, pedibus plumieia. 
 
 $ 9 : Entire upper parts ashy, the back usually with a slight olivaceous 
 shade, the wings and tail rather purer aud darker plumbeous, tbe latter 
 sometimes showing obsolete transverse bars. Sides of the head and entire 
 under parts dull whitish, washed with chestnut-brown on the sides. A 
 black frontlet at the base of the crest. Bill plumbeous-blackish ; feet plum- 
 beous. Length, 6-6| inches ; extent, 9i-10J ; wing, S-SJ ; tail about the 
 same. 
 
 Young : The crest less developed ; little if any trace of the black frontlet ; 
 sides scarcely washed with rusty. 
 8 B c 
 
114 CHARACTERS, ETC., OF LOPHOPHANES INORNATT78 
 
 Plain Titmouse 
 
 Iiophophanes liiornatns 
 
 ii 
 Parus inornatUS, damh. Pr. Phila. Acad. ii. 1845, 265; iii. 1846, 154 ; Journ. Phila. Acad, ad 
 ser. i. 1847, 35, pi. 8, f. 2 (CaUforoia). 
 
 Lophupbanes InornatUS, Bd. Stansb. Rep. GSL. 1852, 332.— Coss. 111. 1853, 19.—Heerm. 
 Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 1853, 263.— Woodk. .Sitgr. Rep. Zuni R. 1853, 69.— Bd. BSA. 1858, 
 386.— Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 191 (California).— /fceciB. PRRR. x. 1859, 42.— Sci. 
 CAB. 1861, 14.— Bd. RAB. 1864, li.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad, xviii. 1866, 79 (Port Whip- 
 ple).— Bitot, BNA. pi. 3.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 42, &g.— Aiken, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 
 1872, 195 (Colorado).— OoKcs, Key, 1872, 80, f. W.—Eidg. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 179 
 (Colorado).— B. B. *• R. NAB. i. 1874, 91, pi. 6, f. 3.—Coues, BNW. 1874, 20.— Coo;;. Am. 
 Nat. viiL 1874, Xl.—Yarr. trHensk. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, l.—Hensh. Rep. Orn, Specs. 1874, 
 40, 99.-iVei8.Pr.Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 356.— Hems*. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 167. 
 
 Tophophanes inornatus, Bd. Ives's Rep. Colorado R. pt. vi. 1861, 6. 
 
 PlalB Titmouse, (iray-tufced Titmouse, California Titmouse, Vulg. 
 
 Hab. — United States, from Western Texas and Colorado to the Pacific. 
 Ch. sp. — $ 9 Olivaceo cinereus, fronte concolore; infra cinereo- 
 albus, lateribus concoloribus ; rostro pedibusque plumbeis. 
 
 Adults: Entire upper parts duU leaden-gray, with a slight olive shade; 
 the wings and tail rather purer and darker. Below, dull ashy-whitish, with- 
 out any rusty wash on the sides. No black on the head. Extreme forehead 
 and sides of the head obscurely speckled with whitish. No decided mark- 
 ings anywhere. In size rather less than L, iicolor; length usually under 
 six inches, &c. 
 
 The young are quite like the adults. These closely resemble the young of 
 X. Mcolor ; but in the latter there are traces at least of the reddish of the 
 sides or black of the frontlet, or both ; the general coloration is purer, with 
 more distinction between the upper and under parts, and the size is rather 
 greater. The peculiar speckled appearance of the sides of the head and 
 lores of L. inornatas is not observed in L. bicolor. 
 
 THROUGHOUT the Colorado Basin, the familiar Tufted Tit- 
 mouse of the Eastern States is replaced by the " plain " 
 species, well named " inornatus'" — a peculiarly sordid bird, the 
 dull monotony of whose plumage is unrelieved by a single touch 
 of color. It inhabits not only a portion of Western Texas, the 
 whole, of jSTew Mexico, Arizona, and corresponding latitudes in 
 California, but also portions of Colorado, Utah and Nevada. 
 How far north it extends is not precisely ascertained ; but we 
 may suppose it to be distributed at least half-way across the 
 three last-named Territories, which lie in a tier together. Its 
 southern extreme, similarly, is uncertain ; but, wherever the 
 " ragged edge " of its liabitat may run, the watershed of the 
 great Colorado of the West is its home, and there it resides 
 continually. 
 
 It is another discovery which the lamented Gambel made in 
 California, where he first found it, in November, near Monte- 
 rey, among the evergreen oaks of that vicinity. Since his 
 
PRACTICAL ORNITHOLOGY IN ARIZONA 115 
 
 time, nearly all the explorers of the Southwest have also* met 
 with the bird, and recorded the impressions it left upon them — 
 among whom may be mentbned Woodhouse, Heermann, Xau- 
 tus, Cooper, Aiken, Eidgway, and Henshaw, all well known in 
 connection with the ornithology of this very interesting region. 
 Whilst living at Fort Whipple, I frequently came upon little 
 troops of these Titmice, especially in the winter-time — my note- 
 book is silent for the summer months, but I never doubted 
 their permanence in that vicinity. Nearly all of us who have 
 had anything to say about the birds speak of their fondness for 
 the tracts of country which are covered with scrubby evergreen 
 oaks; in my "Prodrome" 1 called it " emphatically an ever- 
 green oak species, eschewing the pines, and frequenting the 
 open hill-sides" — a correct statement, though not a model of 
 literary handicraft. There was, and for auglrt I know to the 
 contrary there still may be, a large patch of oaks just back of 
 the fort, where I was almost sure to find these Titmice at 
 any time during a portion of the year. This scrubby hillside, 
 by the way, was a favorite resort of mine, not so much for what 
 I expected to find there in the ornithological line, as for what 
 I very sincerely hoped not to find in the way of the aborigines — 
 for it was in full view of the fort, and much safer than the 
 ravines on either side, where I have gone more than once to 
 bring in the naked and still bleeding bodies of men killed by 
 the Apaches. This was in 1864-'65, when the worst passions 
 of both Eed and White men were inflamed by atrocities ex- 
 changed in kind, and when practical ornithology in Arizona 
 was a very precarious matter, always liable to sudden inter- 
 ruption, and altogether too spicy for comfort. In the course 
 of this volume, I shall probably indulge in some reminiscences 
 of this sort, at times when I feel in the humor, or when I for- 
 get what I ought to say about this or that bird ; for, according 
 to the simplest laws of association, my memory of many Ari- 
 zona birds — in fact, my whole notion of the lives of some of 
 them — is pervaded with local color. The recollections of a 
 decade ago make a crowded and strangely jumbled picture, in 
 which the high lights rest on many an interesting bird, while 
 the swarthy savage crouches in the shadow of the background. 
 They tell me things are better now — that the trails are seldom 
 blood-stained: in some states of the social atmosphere, a 
 thunder-shower, with leaden rain, clears up the sky ; and so it 
 proved in this case. 
 In studying the habits of Gambel's Titmouse, surnamed " the 
 
116 A NOTE ON LOPHOPHANES ATROCEISTATUS 
 
 nnaaorned ", I often desired to seize upon some salient point In 
 its character, to contrast it with its eastern relative ; but I 
 was as often disappointed. It has character enough, I wot — 
 few birds are of more positive, self-asserting, aggressive person- 
 ality than the whole family of the Titmice ; but, by the same 
 token, there is little to distinguish them from each other. In 
 a word, the inornatus is the counterpart of the bicolor; in this 
 statement, the whole story of its life is summed . 
 
 Before going on to Wollweber's Titmouse, I wish to iillude to 
 a closer ally of inornatus: I mean the Black-crested Titmouse, 
 L. atrocristatus. This bird was discovered in Texas by J. W. 
 Audubon, son of the famous ornithologist, described in 1851 by 
 Mr. Gassin, and treated at some length in the latter's " Illus- 
 trations" by Dr. S. W. Woodhouse. This naturalist there 
 speaks of tracing it westward to the headwaters of the Eio 
 San Francisco in " New Mexico " {i. e. Arizona). This state- 
 ment, however, is not repeated in his notice of the species, as 
 prepared for his article in Capt. L. Sitgreaves' Report of the 
 Expedition down the Zuui and Colorado Rivers — an omission 
 which supports the inference, drawn from other sources, that it 
 is incorrect. Kone of the recent explorers in New Mexico and 
 Arizona have found the bird ; and, so far as we now know, its 
 range is confined, in the United States, to the valley of the 
 Eio Grande. Dr. Brewer does not seem to have noticed that 
 his quotation without comment of this part of Dr. Woodhouse's 
 account is at variance with his own statement made in the pre- 
 ceding paragraph. I think it very likely that the bird really 
 does get across the mountains into the Colorado watershed ; 
 but for the present I must dismiss the case with the Scotch 
 verdict—" not proven ". So I put the Black-crest* in limbo at 
 the bottom of my page, M'hich is a convenient place to stow 
 away those species which have no business in the book at all. 
 
 ' liopliophanes atrocristatus.— Black-crested Titmouse. 
 
 Parus atrlcristatns, Caee. Pr. Phila. Acad. v. 1850, 103, pi. 2 (Texas). 
 
 Lopbophanes atrlcrlstatus, Pd. Stanab. Rep. GSL. 1852, 332.— Ons«. 111.1853, 13, pi. 3.— 
 Woodh.Sitgr. Rep. Expl. ZuBi K. 1853, 69.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 285.— Bd. Rev. 1864, 78.— 
 DreSB. Ibis, 2d ser. 1865, iBS.—Vcop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 43, fig. (not in California!;.— 
 Oouea, Key, 1872, 80, f. 23.-5. B. * R. NAB. i. 1874, 90, pi. 6, f. 2. 
 
 Black-crested Titmouse, Texas Titmouse, ViUg. 
 Hab. — Valley of the Rio Grande, and southward in Mexico. 
 
 Ch. sp. — g ^ Olivaceo-phimbeua, infra cinereo-albus, laieribm rufis, fronte 
 albidd, cristd nigrd. 
 
 $ 9 : Plumbeous, with a shade of olive, the wings and tail rather darker 
 and purer, edged with the color of the back, or a more hoary shade of the 
 
DESCRIPTION OF LOPHOPHANES WOLLWEBERI 117 
 
 Bridled Titmouse 
 
 TjOptiopliane!4 wollweberi 
 
 L«I)hopbancs WOllWCberi, Bp. CR. xii. Sept. 1850, ilS.— Westermann, Bijdr. Dierk. ili. 1851, 
 15, plate.— Bti. Stanjjb. Eep. GSL. 1852, 332.— Cass. 111. i, 1853, 19.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 
 386; ed. of 1860, pi. 53, f. \.—Scl. PZS. 1858, 299 (Parada, Mex.)i 1859, 373 (Oaxaoa).— 
 Henry. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 107 (Sew Mexiuo).— M. U. S. Mex. B. Surv. ii. pt. ii. 
 1859, Birds, 14, pi. 15, f. l.—Bd. RAB. 1864, 79.— &J. PZS. 1865, 397 (Vera Cruz).— Ookcs, 
 Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 164 (Arizona).— Coiies, Pr. Phila. Acad, xviii. 1866, 79 (Arlzoaa).- 
 Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 43.— Cokes, Key, 1872, 81, f. 23.— B. B. Sf R. NAB. i. 1874, 93, 
 pi. 6, f. H.—Hmsh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, m.—Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 168. 
 
 Parus WOllweberi, Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 309 (New Mexico). 
 
 Parus annexns, Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. y. Oct. 1850, 103, pi. 1 (Texas). 
 
 Parus galeatus, "Licht. Mus. Berol." 
 
 Luphophanes galeatus, Cai. MH. i. 1850, 90. 
 
 Ch. SP. — $ 9 Olivaceocinereus vertice concolore ; infra cinereo- 
 alhidus; lateribuset apice cristce, torque nuohali, strigdpostocularl 
 et auriculari, necnon guld, nigris; lateribus capitis, strigd super- 
 ciliari et postoculari, albis, 
 
 S S : Upper parts olivaoeous-aah, tbe wings and tail darker, edged with 
 the color of the back, or even a brighter tint, sometimes nearly as yellowish 
 as In Begulus. Under parts sordid asby-white. Crest black, with a central 
 field like the back. Whole throat black, as in species of Parus. A black 
 line runs behind the eye and curves down over the auriculars, distinguished 
 from the black of the crest and throat by the general white of the side of the 
 head and conspicuous white superciliary stripe. There is also a half-collar 
 of black on the nape, descending ou the sides of the neck, there separated 
 from the black crescent of the auriculars by a white crescent, which latter 
 is continuous with the white of the superciliary line. There is considerable 
 whitish speckling in the black of the forehead and lores. Bill blaokish- 
 ^plumbeous ; feet plumbeous. Smallest : Length, 5 inches or less ; wing, 2i 
 (2.40 to 2.6.5); tail the same ; bill, J ; tarsus, f (0.60-0.70). 
 
 Young: Chin narrowly or imperfectly black, and some of the above de- 
 scribed head-marks obscure or incomplete. 
 
 The singularly variegated markings of the head of this species at once 
 distinguish it. The several black and white streaks vary somewhat iu their 
 exact relations, and are too intricate to be fully appreciated, except upon 
 fresh or very well prepared specimens, where they will be found to be sub- 
 stantially as above described. The male and female do not appear to dif- 
 fer materially. 
 
 same. Beneath dull ashy-whitish, especially ou the breast, the abdomen 
 whiter, the sides chestnut-brown as in L. bioolor. Extreme forehead and 
 lores whitish ; entire crest glossy black. Bill blackish-plumbeous ; feet 
 plumbeous. Small : length about 5 inches ; wing, 2f ; tail the same. 
 
 I have had no opportunity of examining very young birds to see whether 
 the crest is black at all ages. From analogy, it would be expected that 
 the crest should at first be like the rest of the upper parts. 
 
 The specific name in this case should be written atrocristatus — the construc- 
 tion of the word requiring the ablativiis instrumenti, as will be evideut ou reply- 
 ing to the question, How or roilh what is the bird cristattis t Ans. JVUh black. 
 
118 HISTORY OF THE BRIDLED TITMOUSE 
 
 WOLL WEBER'S Titmouse came to us with letters of in- 
 troduction from tbree very eminent ornithologists, all 
 written in 1850, and so nearly simultaneously that it is a close 
 question of actual priority. The Prince Bonaparte named it 
 in honor of Wollweber in the issue of the " Gomptes Eendus " 
 dated September, 1850. Mr. Cassin described it as Parm an- 
 nexus in the "Proceedings" of the Philadelphia Academy for 
 October, 1850; and it must have been close upon this date 
 that Dr. Cabanis published a description under the name of 
 Loplwphanes galeatus, adopting the term from Prof. Lichtenstein's 
 museum name, Parus galeatus. For, though the whole Theil of 
 the " Museum Heineanum " which treats of the Singvogel is 
 dated 1850-1, it was published iu sheets, and not furnished 
 with an introduction until October, 1851, and the name occurs 
 on the second page of the twelfth "signature", the fourteenth 
 of which bears date January, 1851. No one, however, appears 
 to dispute Bonaparte's actual precedence in the matter. Mr. 
 Cassin figured the bird with his description. The following 
 year, 1851, Professor Westermann also gave a figure in the 
 "Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde"; for the third time it was re- 
 figured by Professor Baird, in the Mexican Boundary Survey 
 Eeport; a fifth illustration is found in 
 Dr. Cooper's work ; a sixth in my " Key " ; 
 and a seventh in the " History of Isorth 
 American Birds". The curious striping 
 of the head is a specific character which 
 immediately attracts attention, and one 
 well adapted to pictorial illustration. The 
 figure here given, reproduced from the 
 " Key", is a copy (none too good) of the 
 FIG. 19.— Head of Bridled head of that iu the Mexican Boundary 
 
 Titmouse. EcpOrt. 
 
 This elegant little species is better known stuffed than alive; 
 the Stubengelehrten and some of the '■'■ Balglcramer'" (among whom 
 it is whispered the namer of Parus galeatus is ranked by some) 
 have had it pretty much their own way. Yet the remark, made 
 by Dr. Brewer in 1874, that "Dr. Kennerly is the only one of 
 our naturalists who has mentioeed meeting the species in its 
 living form ", was not strictly correct. For one, I had become 
 familiar with the bird at Fort Whipple, Arizona, and had 
 summed my observations in a brief phrase : — " Permanent 
 resident; common, more so at least than the preceding [L. 
 
HABITS OF THE BRIDLED TITMOUSE 119 
 
 inornatus]. Usually semi-gregarious except when breeding. 
 Found in all situations ; but chiefly affects the oak thickets, 
 and the chaparral of open hillsides. Generally distributed 
 through the Territory, and extending southward into Sonora." 
 These items, published in 1866, might easily be expanded into 
 a considerable article ; but there is no real occasion for much 
 further remark. The habitat there indicated, with reference to 
 only one Territory, requires to be enlarged to include New Mexico 
 and Western Texas, as well as the table-lands of Mexico to 
 Oaxaca and Orizaba at least. The species is presented in Dr. 
 Cooper's work, without remark to indicate that it has ever been 
 found in that State (though it probably occurs on the west 
 as well as east side of the great river) ; but I find no record of 
 its presence in Colorado, Utah or Nevada. As to its habits, 
 we may premise that its nidification and oviposition continue 
 unknown ; and that in other respects it agrees so closely with 
 its congeners that shrewd and repeated observation is re- 
 quired to detect any peculiarities. I mentioned above what 
 I considered its leading speciality — gregariousness, not wit- 
 nessed to the same extent in the other species, though all the 
 Titmice are rather sociable birds. Mr. Henshaw has lately con- 
 firmed the statement; speaking ofits habits in the fall, he says: — 
 " Instead of being found in small companies or as stragglers on 
 the skirts of the large flocks of other species, it habitually moves 
 about in flocks, composed often of twenty-five, and even more, 
 of its own sppcies; its exclusiveness in this particular being 
 quite noticeable, though once or twice I have seen a few on 
 intimate terms of companionship with the other Chickadees." 
 The same excellent observer refers to what I consider another 
 trait of this species in comparison with its relatives of the same 
 genus : it does not so frequently, nor indeed habitually, descend 
 to the ground iu search of insects, acorns and other seeds. 
 Corresponding with its smaller size and more delicate organiz- 
 ation, its -voice is not so strong; the notes, though vehement 
 and unmistakably "parine", being weaker and of less volume. 
 
 Genus PARUS Linnaeus 
 
 Chars. — Head not crested. Wings and tail rounded, of ap- 
 proximately equal lengths, and about as long as the body. 
 Bill typically parine (see foregoing characters). No bright 
 colors (in the American species — the expression not applicable 
 to the genus at large); throat usually with a black patch. 
 
120 PAEUS — p. ATEICAPILLUS SEPTENTRIONALIS 
 
 Plumage lax, without decided changes with age or season. 
 Size medium. Nest excavated. Eggs spotted. 
 This genus has developed a greater number of species than 
 
 Fig. 20. — A typical Parus {P. atricapUluB). 
 
 any other of the family, and may, be considered in one sense 
 the typical expression of the whole parine group. There aref 
 five or six American species, two of which, perfectly distinct 
 from each other, inhabit the Colorado Basin. 
 
 liOiig^-tailed Chickadee 
 
 Parns atricapillas septentrionalis 
 
 Parus atrlcaplUus, in part, of some authors.— Mazm. J. f. O. vi. 1858, 119. 
 
 Paras septentrionaUS, Harris, Pr. Phlla. Acad. 11. 1845, 300 (Upper Missouri River). — Bri. 
 
 Stansb. Rep. GSL. 1852, 316— Ctosg. 111. 1853, 17, 80, pi. U.—Bd. BNA. 18158, 389.— Sc(. 
 
 Cat. AB. 1861, U.—Hayd. Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 164.— Btak. Ibis, iv. 1862, 5 
 
 (Saskatchewan).- BiuA. Ibis, v. 1863, 67 (British America).- Bd. Rev. 1864, 19.—0)Hoy, 
 
 Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, H.—Ooues, Am. 
 
 Nat. V. 1871, 369.— 51M!. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, iU.— Aiken, Pr. Bo»t. 
 
 Soc. xvi. 1872, 195 (Colorado) .-Men-. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 713. 
 lophopbanes septenrlonallB, Bd. Stansb. Rep. GSL. 1852, 332. 
 Parus atricapUlus var. septentrionalis, Alkn, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, lH.—Ooues, Key, 1872, 
 
 i\.— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 39S.—Ridg. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 179.— Coaes, BNW. 
 
 1874, 21, Wa.— Allen, Pr. Host. Soc. xvii. 1874, 49 B. B. if R. NAB. i. 1874, 99, pi. 7, f. 
 
 2.—Yarr. <& Hensh. Rep. Cm. Specs. 1874, T.—Henah. Eep. Om. Specs. 1874, 41, 72.— 
 
 Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, i^.—Nels. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 339 (Utah).- flensA. 
 
 Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 171. 
 Parus septentrionalis var. albescens, Bd. BNA. 1858, p. xxxvii.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869,299. 
 Parns albescens. Coop. Am. Nat. ill. 1869, 74. 
 
 Hab. — Eegion of the Missouri to the RocUy Mountains and south in Alpine 
 districts to New Mexico. 
 
 Ch. sp. — 3 9 Dorso ocliraceo-ciiiereo,gastrceo ochraceo-albo; alis 
 cauddquefuscis, late albo-Umbatis; lateribus capitis et colli niveis, 
 veriice, nucha guldque nigris. Cauda alts longiore. 
 
 $ 2 : Dorsal region ashy, with an oohraceous tinge, especially on the rump ; 
 under parts white, with an ochraceoiis tinge. Wings and tail fuscous, very 
 
DESCRIPTION OP LONG-TAILED CHICKADEE. 121 
 
 strongly edged, especially on the secondaries and lateral tail-feathers, with 
 hoary-white, which usually passes entirely around the ends of these feathers. 
 Sides of the head and neck snowy- white. Cap pure black and very extensive, 
 reaching to between the shoulders. Black of throat extending to the breast. 
 Bill and feet plambeous-blaok. Larger than P. ati'ioapillus, the tail decid- 
 edly longer; average general dimensions about those of the maximum of 
 P. airioapillus, and minimum length of tail about the same as the maximum 
 of that of P. atrioapillus. Length averaging at least 54 ; extent, 8| or more ; 
 wing, 2f-2| ; tail, 2^-3. 
 
 Yonng : Similar to the adult, but with the usual indications of immaturity 
 in a more sordid coloration, less extent and intensity of the black cap, &c. 
 
 The Colorado region does not, it seems, furnish us with typical atrioa- 
 p'Mus, still less with any smaller, darker-colored and shorter-tailed form to 
 correspond with the P. earolinensis of similar latitudes on the Atlantic side. 
 In this region, the Pari are mainly confined to the upper &d to mountain- 
 ous portions ; and, P. monianus aside, all the specimens I have seen are derived 
 from the prolongation southward along the mountains of the true septoitrio- 
 nalis foim. The above description is taken from New Mexican, Coloradan 
 and Utah specimens, which are among the largest, hoariest and longest- 
 tailed I have seen — quite equal in these respects to the series I procured on 
 the Upper Missouri in the winter of 1872-3. 
 
 NOTHING in my own experience with this bird, or in the 
 recorded observations of other naturalists, indicates any 
 real differences between its habits and those of its several allies. 
 While at Fort Eandall, Dakota, whei'e it is resident and 
 abundant, I thought I perceived a peculiarity in the intona- 
 tion of the two-syllabled note which is uttered at the ap- 
 proach of the breeding season ; but as I only compared the 
 sound with my recollections, the impression received may have 
 had little real foundation. 1 never saw the bird in Arizona,, 
 and do not think it has been found in this Territory ; but it 
 occurs in the mountains of New Mexico at corresponding lati- 
 tudes, and thence northward into the British Possessions. 
 
 I shall not here enter into any general account of the habits 
 of the Chickadees ; I have already outlined the family traits, 
 and almost every one who is interested in birds is capable of 
 filling in the details from his own experience. But I will repro- 
 duce a pleasant passage from Dr. Brewer's pen, to illustrate 
 how far the stout-heartedness of these small creatures may be 
 pushed under the stimulus of maternal love. I only know of 
 a parallel case in the instance of the Crossbill, as told by the 
 same author : — 
 
 " Their courage and devotion to their young is a remarkable 
 trait with the whole race, and with none more than with the 
 present species. On one occasion a Black-Cap was seen to fly 
 
122 DESCRIPTION OF PARUS MONTANUS, 
 
 into a rotteu stump near the roadside in Brookline. The 
 stump was so much decayed that its top was readily brol^en oft' 
 and the nest exposed. The mother refused to leave until forci- 
 bly taken off by the hand, and twice returned to the nest when 
 thus removed, and it was only by holding her in the hand that 
 an opportunity was given to ascertain there were seven young 
 birds in her nest. She made no complaints, uttered no outcries, 
 but resolutely and devotedly thrust herself between her nest- 
 lings and the seeming danger. When released she immediately 
 flew back to them, covered them under her sheltering wings, 
 and looked np in the face of her tormentors with a quiet and 
 resolute courage that could not be surpassed." 
 
 iTEoiintaiii Chickadee 
 
 Paras inontaiins 
 
 PaPllS montanus, Gamb. Pr. Phila. Aead. i. 1843, 259 ^Santa Pg, N. Mex.) ; iii. 1846, 155 ; 
 Jonrn. Phila. Acad. 2d ser. i. 1847, 35, pi. 8, f. l.—Oass. III. i. 1853, IS.— Woodk. Sitgr. 
 Rep. Expl. ZuHi, 1853, m.—Newi. PRRR. vi. 1857, 19.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 394 (Oregon ; 
 
 Nebraska; Texas).— Xanf. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon.Cal.) Hcerm. PRRR. 
 
 X. 1859, 42.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, W7.—Ooop. if Suck. NHWT. 1860, 194.— Bd. 
 Ives's Rep. Col. R. 1861, pt. vi. 6.—Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 82.— Ooaes, Pr. Phila. Acad. 
 XTiii. 1866, 19.—Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 75 (Montana).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 46, fig.— 
 Stev. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 464 Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 195 (Col- 
 orado).— Coiiee, Key, 1872, 81.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 174.— Jferr. U. S. Geol. Surv. 
 Terr, for 1872, 1873, 672, 712, m.—Jiidgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 187.3, 179.— Korr. tf Hmsh. 
 Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, T.-Henih. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 40, 72, 99.— Cbop. Am. Nat. 
 viii. 1874, Yl.— Cones, BNW. 1874, 22, 230.— B. B. If R. NAB. i. 1874, 95, fig. pi. 7. f. 5.— 
 Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 169. 
 
 Pccclle montanus, Coues. Pr. Phila. Acad, xviii. 1866, 79 (Arizona). 
 
 Mountain Cblckadec, Whlte-browed Clilckadec, ViUg. 
 
 H.\B. — Uoited States, from eastern slopes and foothills of the Rockj- Mount- 
 ains to the Pacific. In southerly portions, chiefly alpine districts. 
 
 Ch. sp. — S 2 Ginereus, infra cinereo-albus; alls cauddque cine- 
 reo-fuscis, albido-Umbatis; lateribus capitis et colli albidis; pileo, 
 nucha guldque nigris, strigd superciliari albd. 
 
 (? 2 '■ Upper parts ashy-gray, with scarcely a shade, and only on the rump, 
 of the ochraceous seen in most of the other species ; under parts similarly 
 grayish-white, without an ochrey tinge, the middle of the belly nearly white, 
 the rest more heavily shaded. Wings and tail with comparatively little 
 whitish edging — the tail at least with no more than that of P. carolinensw. 
 Sides of the head and neck white ; top of the head, and the throat, black. 
 A conspicuous white superciliary stripe in the black cap, usually connecting 
 with its fellow across the forehead. Length about 5 inches ; wing, 2|-2f ; 
 tail, rather less ; bill, | ; tarsus, |. 
 
DISTRIBUTION OF THE MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE 123 
 
 Young : I have never seen this species without indication at least of the 
 ■white superciliary stripe, by which it is immediately distinguished from 
 any of its congeners. 
 
 This species presents the opposite extreme of P. sepfenirionalis in the 
 general darkness of its colors, little hoary edging of the wings and tail, &o,, 
 in these respects more nearly resembling P. caroUneneis, or even P. meridio- 
 valis, as it does also in the shortness of the tail as compared with the wings. 
 The white superciliary streak is a conspicuous specific character. 
 
 THE Wbite-browed or Mountain Chickadee is a common in- 
 habitant of alpine regions in the Middle and Western 
 faunistic Provinces. It was discovered by Dr. Gambel in New 
 Mexico and Arizona, and has since been ascertained to occur 
 also in the mountains of California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, 
 Wyoming, Idaho, Montana and Oregon. I have no informa- 
 tion that it inhabits Texas, Mexico or Lower California. 
 Throughout the whole region just indicated, it is a resident 
 species ; and it is found in the mountains up to the timber- 
 line. The vast tracts of coniferous forests that clothe these 
 alpine regions with perennial verdure seem best suited to its 
 requirements. Yet it is not confined to the pine- belts ; it often 
 descends to the low country, even in the southern portions of 
 its habitat, and is then to be found among the fringes of willows 
 and cottonwoods along the streams. In saying even so little 
 as this, I have about exhausted the scanty material which the 
 bird aifords a biographer ; its nest and eggs, I think, have 
 never been seen ; its habits are in no wise peculiar. The litera- 
 ture which the little bird has occasioned consists, in about 
 equal parts, of variously couched and sometimes spun-out state- 
 ments to this effect, and of mention of the particular locali- 
 ties, all within the general area above mentioned, where differ- 
 ent observers found it more or less abundant. 
 
 Genus PSALTRIPARUS Bonaparte 
 
 Chars. — Head not crested. Wings rounded, decidedly 
 shorter than the long, graduated tail, which exceeds the 
 length of the body. Bill thoroughly parine^ No bright colors 
 (in our species) ; neither crown nor throat black. Plumage 
 lax, without decided changes according to age or season. Size 
 verysmall. Nest pensile, woven; entrance lateral. Eggs white. 
 
 This genus includes two, perhaps three, kinds of Titmice, 
 notable for their extremely diminutive stature. In bulk, they 
 scarcely equal a Polioptila, and, were it not for the length of 
 
124 PSALTRIPARUS — P. MINIMUS 
 
 the tail, would rank next to the Hummingbirds in dwarfish- 
 ness. One author has called them "fairy" Titmice, doubtlesa 
 thinking of their elfish aspect; nevertheless, they are more posi- 
 tive and substantial pygmies than those we fancy at the court 
 of Queen Mab ; while, as for the hanging castles they build,, 
 there is room enough in them for all the 'fairies that ever were 
 seen. 
 
 The species inhabiting the Colorado Basin is appreciably dif- 
 ferent from that of the Pacific coast region, though so closely 
 related that combination of the two under one specific name 
 may be required. The synonymy and characters of the origi- 
 nal species* are subjoined for comparison, especially as it 
 extends to the very border of the Colorado watershed. 
 
 There is a third species of this genus, the Black-eared Bush- 
 tit (P. melanotis), which we may expect to find in the region 
 under consideration. It has been for some years admitted to 
 the United States fauna, on the strength of its occurrence near 
 the Mexican Boundary, but I am not aware that it has actually 
 been known to cross over the border. It is supposed to have 
 been seen in Nevada by Mr. Eidgway. 
 
 ' P!>taltriparns minimas.— I.east Bnsh-tit. 
 
 Parus miDtinus, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. vil. 1837, 190 (Columbia River).— Bp, C. 
 
 & RL. 1838, W.—Aud. OB. iv. 1838, 383, pi. 353, f. 5, 8.— Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. 
 
 Tiii. 1839, 152.— Aiid. Syn. 1839, SO.— Aud. BA. ii. Ifl41, 160, pi. 130.— ffltrai. Pr. Phila. 
 
 Acad. iii. 1846, 155 (California).— GaraJ. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 36.—(?)I-teiirij, Pr. 
 
 Phila. Acad. vii. 1835, 309. 
 Poecila minimus, Bp. CA. i. 1830, 330. 
 
 Fsaltrla minima, Cass. in. 1853, W.—Heerm. Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 1853, 964.— Sci. PZS. 
 
 1857, 126 (California).— /feerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 43, 
 Psallriparns minlmns, Bp. CR. xxxvlli. 1854, 62.— Bd. BNA. 185=, 397.— XaJlI. Pr. Phila. 
 
 Acad. xi. 1859, 191 (California).- HSiiry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 107.— Coop, if Suckl. 
 
 NHWT. 1860, 193.— BA RAB.1864, U.—Ooop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 48, i^.-Coop. Am. Nat. 
 
 iv. 1871, 7S7.—00IU1S, Key, 1872, 82 Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, n.—Nels. Pr. Bost. Soc 
 
 xvii. 1875, 356 (CalUornia). 
 Psaltrlparus minimus var. minimus, B. B. if R. NAB. i. 1874, 109, fig. pi. 7, f. 9. 
 Cbestnut-crowned Titmouse, least Titmouse, least Tit, Least liush-tlt, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Pacific Coast region of the Unitud States. 
 
 Ch, .sp. — g 9 Sordldi plunibeus, infra albidus, verthe bmiinesceiite. 
 
 S 2 : Dulllead-oolor, frequently with a brownish or olivaceous shade, the 
 top of the head abruptly darker — clove-brown or hair-brosvu. Below sordid 
 whitislj, or brownish-wliite. Wings and tail dusky, with slight hoary edgings. 
 Bill aud feet black. Leugth, 4 inches or rather less ; wing scarcely or not 
 2 inches; tail, 2 inches or a little more ; bill, J; tarsus, *. 
 
 Young birds do not differ materially. There is oousiderable variation in 
 the precise shade of the body, but the species always presents the brown cap 
 appreciably diilerent in color from the rast of the upper parts. 
 
CHARACTERS OP PSALTRIPARUS PLUMBEUS 125 
 
 Pluiiibeouii Bush-tit 
 
 Psaltriparns plumbcus 
 
 I'saltria plumbca, Bd. Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1834, 118 (Colorado Chiquito, Arizona). 
 Fsaltrlparus plnmbens, Bd. BNA. 1858, 398 ; ed. of i860, pi. 33, f. 3 Eenner. PEER. x. 
 
 1839, Whipple's Route, Birds, 25, pi. 33, f. 2 [ktizone.).— Henry , Pr. Pliila. Aoad. xi. 
 
 1839, Wi.—Bd. RAB. 1864, H.—Coues, Ibis, 2d ser. I. 1865, 164 (Arizona).— Coues, Pr. 
 
 Phila. Acad, xyiii. 1866, 79 (Arizona).— Ooop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, il^.—Ooop. B. Cal. . 
 
 1870, 49, flg.— Ootlee, Key, 1872, B%— Aiken, Pr. Boet. Soo. xv. 1872, 195 (Colorado).- S«t>. 
 
 U. S. Greol. Surv. Terr, for 1871, 1872, 464 (GJreen River, Wyoming).— Ooaes, BNW. 
 
 1874, 23.— Farr. If Hensk. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1R74, 7. 
 Psaltriparus minimus var. plumbeus, Ridg. Bnll, Ess. Inst. V. 1873, 180.— a B. If R. NAB. 
 
 i. 1874, 110, pi. 7, f. 10.— Hensk Rep. Orn, Specs. 1874, 40, 99. 
 Leaden Titmouse, Plumbeous Tltmuusc, Lead-colored Titmouse, Lead-colored Busli- 
 
 titmouse, Autliors. 
 
 Hab. — Rocky Mountain region of the United States, southerly ; north to 
 Green River, Wyoming ; west to the Humboldt Mountains, Nevada. 
 
 Ch.sp. — i 9 Plumbeus, vertice coneolore,infra griseo-albus; la- 
 terihiis capitis pallide brunnescentibus; caudd alis longiore. 
 
 $ 9 : Clear plumbeous, with little or no olive or brownish shade, the top 
 of the head not different from the back. Sides of the head pale brownish. 
 Under parts as in P. minimus, but rather clearer. Tail considerably longer 
 than the wings. Eyes indifferently yellow or dark brown. Length about 
 Ai inches ; wing, 2 or rather less (l|-2i); tail, 2J-2i ; bill, J ; tarsus, f. 
 
 This species is very closely related to P. minimus, and may ultimately prove 
 to be simply a local race ; but I have seen no specimens not readily dis- 
 tinguishable. The total length is somewhat greater, owing to the greater 
 size of the tail, which sometimes exceeds that of the wings by half an inch. 
 The general coloration is clearer and purer; the crown is not different in 
 ■color from the back, and the cheeks are pale brownish in obvious contrast. 
 
 UP to the present time, no one seems to have found the nest 
 of the Plumbeous Bush-tit, though several naturalists be- 
 sides myself have collected diligently in regions where the bird 
 abounds. Not to pass over so extraordinary a specimen of bird- 
 architecture as the genus Psaltriparus has invented and success- 
 fully introduced, I shall refer to the nests of P. minimus, from 
 which those of the scarcely distinct P. plumbeus cannot be pre- 
 sumed to differ. The order of architecture is thoroughly com- 
 posite ; in its execution, the qualities of skill, ingenuity, good 
 taste and laborious perseverance are exhibited on the part of 
 the builders; while the wee creatures seem possessed of no 
 little ambition to make a monument, which, if not so lasting as 
 t)rass, is infinitely more comfortable and convenient. This nest 
 Jaelongs in the category of pensile structures, being suspended 
 
126 ARCHITECTURE OP THE BUSH-TIT 
 
 from twigs of trees or bushes, but it is not a simple cup or 
 basket, open at the top. It resembles the old-fashioned silken 
 purse (which I recall from tradition rather than by actual 
 memory) more than many of the nests called "purse-like" do, 
 the entrance being a circular orifice at the side — nothing but 
 the rings which slipped along these old purses being wanting 
 to render the simile complete. One hardly knows which to 
 admire most — the industry with which such a great feat is 
 executed, or the cunning with which so curious a fabric is 
 wrought — and no one certainly would suspect the owners of 
 the nest to be such pygmies. As Dr. Cooper says, it seems as 
 if it would take a whole flock to get up one such structure. 
 The nest measures in length from six to eight or nine inches, 
 with a diameter of three or three and a half; the general shape 
 is cylindrical, not perfectly expressed however, for the ends 
 are rounded and the top contracted. The orifice is about an 
 inch in diameter. The substance is closely woven of lichens, 
 mosses, very soft plant-fibre, orcottony vegetable matter, slender 
 spears of grass and fibrous rootlets, and lined with the down- 
 iest, softest possible material, and a great mass of feathers, 
 some of which may appear at the entrance, or be felted in the 
 substance of the walls. The weaving is usually so well executed 
 that the walls appear pretty firm and smooth from the outside; 
 while their thickness reduces the cavity about one-half. The 
 nest retains the greenish-gray color of the mosses and lichens 
 of which it is principally composed, and the whole affair 
 resembles a natural product. The reader will find, on Audu- 
 bon's plate already cited, an artistic representation of a nest 
 presented to him by Mr. JSTuttall, and as the birds are drawn 
 alongside, in spirited attitudes, the striking disparity in size is 
 illustrated. In this wonderfully elaborate structure, eggs are 
 deposited to the number of six to nine — an egg to every inch of 
 nest; they are pure white, without markings, and measure 
 scarcely or not three-fifths of an inch in length, by less than 
 half an inch in breadth — more exactly, in one instance 0.56 x 
 0.44. EggsfoundbyMr. Nuttall on the Wahlamet or Willamette 
 Eiver in Oregon, about the third week in May, were near hatch- 
 ing ; in the south, the bird builds much earlier. Dr. Cooper 
 having observed a nest near San Diego completed by the 1st of 
 March. 
 
 This bird, for aught we know to the contrary, is confined ta 
 the Pacific coast region. Dr. Brewer, indeed, quotes Dr. Gam- 
 
HABITS OP THE PLUMBEOUS BUSH-TIT 12 T 
 
 bel's authority for its abundance " both in the Kocky Mounjt- 
 ains and throughout California ". But Dr. Gambel, it will be 
 recollected, wrote some years before the Plumbeous Bush-tit 
 was discriminated from the other, and evidently overlooked 
 those slight but nice differences which are impressed upon the 
 bird in the Eocky Mountain region by some climatic or other 
 influences not yet understood. The Least Bush-tit, in fact, could 
 not be made "exceedingly abundant" in this region. The 
 habitat of each is correctly given in the technical j)ortion of 
 the work to which the biographical paragraph in question was 
 contributed. 
 
 The Plumbeous Bushtit was discovered by Dr. C. B. E. 
 Kennerly, then naturalist of Lieutenant Whipple's Surveying 
 Expedition, and afterward of the Northwest Boundary Com- 
 mission, whose early death, under very deplorable circumstances^ 
 left a gap in the ranks of western explorers. He found it on 
 the Colorado Ohiquito and Bill Williams' Eivers; and, for a 
 long time after the publication of the species by Professor 
 Baird, its range was supposed to be confined to Arizona. Mr. 
 C. B. Aiken, who has dealt very successfully with the bird- 
 fauna of Colorado, found it in that Territory; where it was 
 occasionally seen during the winter in the eastern foothills of 
 the mountains. It has been traced west to the Humboldt 
 Mountains, Nevada, where Mr. Eidgway observed it in abund- 
 ance, and north to Green Eiver, Wyoming, where Mr. James 
 Stevenson, the zealous and faithful member of Dr. Hayden's 
 Survey, secured specimens. Its southern limit is unknown ; I 
 have seen no Mexican quotations. To what extent, if at all, it 
 is migratory, I have not ascertained, but I am inclined to think 
 it is a resident species wherever found, as is certainly the case 
 within the area of the Colorado. Considering the whole coun- 
 try, from the Eocky Mountains to to the Pacific, the respective 
 ranges of the Plumbeous and Least Bush-tit are nearly com- 
 plementary, though the latter extends . further north on the 
 Pacific coast than the former is known to do in the interior. 
 
 These queer little elfs were very numerous about Port Whip- 
 ple, where I saw them all the year round, and learned as much 
 about them as any one seems to know. Though living in a 
 coniferous region, they avoided the pine forests, keeping in 
 the oak scrub of the hillsides, and the undergrowth along the 
 creek bottoms and through the numerous ravines that make 
 down the mountain sides. They endured, without apparent 
 
128 BEHAVIOR OF THE PLUMBEOUS BUSH-TIT 
 
 inconvenience, an extreme of cold which sometimes proved fatal 
 to birds of much more seeming hardihood, like Ravens for in- 
 stance ; and were as active and sprightly in the depth of winter 
 as at any other time. I used to wonder how they managed, in 
 such tiny animal furnaces, to generate heat enough to stand 
 such a climate, and speculated whether their incessant activity 
 might not have something to do with it. They always seemed 
 to me model store-houses of energy — conserved to a degree in 
 cold weather, with consumption of no more than was needed to 
 keep them a-going, and thus accumulated for the heavier draft 
 required when, in the spring, the arduous duties of nest-build- 
 ing and rearing a numerous family devolve upon them. Their 
 food at this season consists of various seeds that persist through 
 the winter; during the rest of the year, different insects con- 
 tribute to their subsistence, and foraging for the minute bugs, 
 larvae and eggs that lurk in the crevices of bark seems to be 
 their principal business. They are very industrious in this 
 pursuit, and too much absorbed in the exciting chances of the 
 «hase to pay attention to what may be going on around them. 
 They are extremely sociable — the gregarious instinct common 
 to the Titmice reaches its highest development in their case, 
 and flocks of forty or fifty — some say even of a hundred — may 
 be seen after the breeding season has passed, made up of 
 numerous families, which, soon after leaving the nest, meet 
 kindred spirits, and enter into intimate friendly relations. 
 Often, in rambling through the shrubbery, I have been sud- 
 denly surrounded by a troop of the busy birds, perhaps un- 
 noticed till the curious chirping they keep up attracted my 
 attention ; they seemed to pervade the bushes. If I stood still, 
 they came close around me, as fearless as if I were a stump, 
 ignoring me altogether. At such times, it was pleasant to see 
 the earnestness with which they conducted affairs, and the 
 energy they displayed in their own curious fashion, as if it 
 were the easiest thing in the world to work hard, and quite 
 proper to attend to serious matters with a thousand antics. 
 They are droll folk, quite innocent of dignity, superior to the 
 trammels of decorum, secure in the consciousness that their 
 wit will carry off any extravagance. I used to call them my 
 merry little philosophers — for they took the weather as it came, 
 and evidently knew how much better it is to laugh at the 
 world than cry with it. When fretted with the friction of 
 garrison-life, I have often sought their society, and amused 
 myself like another Gulliver among the Liliputians. 
 
AUKIPAEUS — SYNONYMY OP A. FLAVICEPS 129 
 
 Genus AURIPARUS Baird 
 
 Chars. — Head not crested. Wings pointed, the second quill 
 being little shorter than the third; the first spurious. Taillittle 
 rounded, decidedly shorter than- the wings. Bill not typically 
 parine — extremely acute, with straight or slightly concave 
 under outline, and barely convex culmen; longer and slenderer 
 than usual in Parincc; nostrils scarcely concealed by the imper- 
 fect ruff. Tarsi relatively shorter than in the preceding genera. 
 Bright colors on head (yellow) and wing (red). Plumage com- 
 paratively compact; sexes alike, but young very different from 
 the adult. Size very small. General form sylvicoline. Nest 
 globular, woven. Egg spotted. 
 
 This remarkable genus departs widely from ordinary parine 
 characters, and I am far from satisfied with its reference to 
 this family, suspecting that Mr. Lawrence was nearer right in 
 describing the type-species as a Conirostrum. The bill is de- 
 cidedly unlike that of any of the American genera of Paridw, 
 resembling that of some species of the sylvicoline genus JSel- 
 minthophaga, though stouter at base, in this coming still closer 
 to the form found in some exotic genera of CcBrebidw or 
 Dacnidw. Examination of the tongue in the fresh state might 
 give a clue to the true position of the genus. For the rest, the 
 character of the plumage, its changes, and the system of colora- 
 tion are peculiar as far as American Paridw are concerned. 
 
 Yellow^-heatletl Verdiii 
 
 Anriparns flaviceps 
 
 A!gitbalUS ftavifcps, Sund. "Ofvers. Svensk. Akad. Forh. vii. pt. v. 1850, 129". 
 
 Psaltria flaviceps, Scl.pzs. 1856, 37. 
 
 Paroiaes flaTlCeps, Bd. BNA. 1858, 400 ; ed. of 1860, pi. 53, f. 2.~Bd. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 
 
 1859, 304 (Cape Saint Lacas).— Bd. U. S. Mex. B. Surv. ii. pt. ii. 1859, 14, pi. 15, f. 2.— 
 
 Bd. Ives's Rep. Col. R. pt. vi. 1861, 6. 
 AegithalUS flaviceps, Hesrm. PRRR. x. 1859, Williamson's Route, Birds, 43. 
 Psaltriparns flaviceps, Sd. CAB. 1861, 13. 
 Anrlparus flaviceps, Bd. RAB. 1864, B5.—Coues, Pr. PLila. Acad, xviii. 1866, 79 (Arizona).— 
 
 Cones, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 83 (the same).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. lBm,iH.— Ooop. B. 
 
 Cal. i. 1870, 51, ig.— Coues, Key, 1872, 82.— B. B. If R. NAB. i. 1874, 112, flgs. pi. 7, 
 
 f. 1\.—Hensh. Rep. Cm. Specs. 1874, 99.—Henak. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 173. 
 Conirostrum ornatnm, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. v. 1852, 112, pi. 5, f. 1 (Texas).- Brf. Stansb. 
 
 Rep. GSL. 1852, 3Zr.—McOown, Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. 1853, 9 (Texas). 
 
 Hab. — Valley of the Eio Grande and of the Colorado (not known north to 
 Colorado or Utah). Lower California to Cape Saint Lucas. 
 
 Ch. sp. — S 5 Cinereus, alis cauddque oiscurioribus; infra 
 albidus; capiteflavo,tectricibus alarum minor ibus rubro-castaneis. 
 9 B c 
 
130 DESCRIPTION OF THE VEEDIN — ITS NEST 
 
 $ 9 : Upper parts ashy ; under parts dull whitish ; wings and tail fuscous^ 
 with hoary edgings. Whole head yellow. Lesser wing-coverts rich chest- 
 nut-red. Bill blackish-plumbeous; feet plumbeous. Length, 4 inches or 
 rather more ; wing, 2 or rather less; tail, li-2J. 
 
 Young: No yellow on head, nor chestnut on the wing. Above, brownish- 
 gray, including the head ; below, whitish. Bill pale below. 
 
 Before the young has attained the distinctive markings of the species, it is 
 an obscure object, superftcially resembling a Psaltriparits or a female Polio- 
 ptila. The generic characters, however, will suffice for its recognition. The 
 shape of the bill is peculiar. In its extreme acuteness, it resembles 
 that of a Helmintliophaga, but it is stouter at the base, and, in fact, to com- 
 pare a very small thing with a large one, looks curiously similar to the bill 
 of an Oriole (Icterus), though the culmen is a little curved. 
 
 Specimens vary much as usual in the shade of the ash, sometimes quite 
 pure, in other cases showing an olivaceous or brownish oast. The yellow of 
 the head extends further on the throat than on the crown. It is generally, 
 in adult birds, rich and pure, but is frequently found dull and greenish ; 
 again, in highly plumaged specimens, it may be intensified into rich 
 brownish-orange, like that on the head of some of the tropical conspooies of 
 Dendrceca cestiva. The chestnut on the wing often assumes a rich hfematltio 
 tint. Specimens differ to an unumial degree in the length of the tail. Thus, 
 one of two examples before me as I write has this member half an inch 
 longer than it is in the other. 
 
 I SHALL claim the reader's indulgence to present one more 
 bird supposed to belong to the numerous family of the Tit- 
 mice. Like the last species noticed, the Verdin is an architect 
 of extraordinary ability, and the history of its nidiflcation 
 should be as conspicuous an item in its biography as the nests 
 themselves are in those localities where the birds are abundant. 
 At Cape Saint Lucas, according to Mr. Xantus, Verdins are the 
 most numerous of all the birds which nest there ; and nearly 
 half of the eggs he collected in the summer of 1859 were those 
 of this kind — more than a hundred in all. The nest is de- 
 scribed as a large globular mass of twigs, lined with down and 
 feathers, having the entrance on one side, near the bottom. 
 This singular structure is suspended from the extremity of a 
 branch of some algarobia, acacia or mimosa, at a varying 
 height — sometimes only two or three feet from the ground, 
 sometimes much higher. In the Colorado and Mojave Eiver 
 Valleys, Dr. Cooper observed many nests, one of which he de- 
 scribes with particularity : — " On the lOth of March, I found a 
 pair building, first forming a wall nearly spherical in out- 
 line, out of the thorny twigs of the Algarobia (in which tree 
 the nest is usually built), then lining it with softer twigs, 
 down, leaves of plants, and feathers, covering the outside with 
 
INCOMPLETE HISTORY OF THE VEEDIN 131 
 
 thorns, till it becomes a mass as large as a man's head, or 
 9.00x5.50 inches outside, the cavity 4.50x2.70, with an open- 
 ing in one side, just large enough for the bird to enter. On 
 the 27th of March, I found the first nest containing eggs, and 
 afterwards many more. There were in all cases four eggs 
 [others say four to six], pale bine, with numerous small brown 
 spots, chiefly near the large end, though some had very few 
 spots and were much paler ; size 0.60 x 0.44 inch. In one nest 
 which I watched they hatched in about ten days, and in two 
 weeks more the young were ready to leave the nest." 
 
 I never saw the Verdin at Port Whipple, and do not think 
 it leaves the lower portions of the Territory for the mountains ; 
 nor have other observers found it in elevated portions of Ari- 
 zona or New Mexico, though it occurs in suitable places across 
 the country from the Kio Grande Valley to that of the Colo- 
 rado, and thence down the peninsula of Lower California to 
 Cape Saint Lucas. No fairly full account of its habits, except 
 as far as its nest-building is concertied, has appeared, and I 
 particularly regret my inability to complete the history of the 
 species. I bring no message from this interesting bird — only 
 gleaning here and there from those who have been before me. 
 Heermann, Kennerly and Cooper, the principal observers besides 
 Xantus, agree upon a trait that is extremely un-parine — I mean 
 the wildness they attribute to the bird. Heermann speaks of 
 certains actions, such as hanging back downward, which are 
 tit-like, yet shared by many other small birds. Cooper alludes 
 to habits " iatermediate between those of Titmice and Warb- 
 lers", a chickadee-like song, and a "triple lisping note like 
 that of tsee4u-tu^\ A sort of local migration has been noticed, 
 though the birds reside in the Colorado Valley at least as high 
 as Fort Mojave. Evidently we have much to learn of the Ver- 
 din, and much light upon its doubtful aflfioities to hope for, 
 from thoughtful study of its habits, as well as from examina- 
 tion of those portions of its structure, no hint of which can be 
 gained from inspection of stuffed specimens. 
 
CHAPTER VII.— NUTHATCHES 
 
 Fam. SITTIDiE 
 
 Chaes. — Bill subcjliadrical, tapering, compressed, slender, 
 acute, not notched, nearly or about as long as the head-; culmen 
 and commissure nearly straight; gonys long, convex, ascending. 
 Nostrils rounded, concealed by tufts of bristly feathers (as in 
 Paridce). Wings long, pointed ; primaries ten, the first of 
 which is short or spurious. Tail much shorter than the -wings, 
 nearly even, of twelve soft, broad, not " scansorial " feathers. 
 Tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw, scutellate in front. 
 Toes long, with large, strongly curved, compressed and acute 
 claws, in adaptation to scansorial habits. Hallux with its claw 
 about as long as the middle toe ; the claw as long as the digit. 
 Lateral toes of very unequal lengths. Plumage compact. 
 Body stout, depressed. Tongue horny, acnte,*barbed. Habits 
 highly scansorial ; manner of climbing peculiar. 
 
 The Nuthatches are related to the Titmice, both in physical 
 structure and general economy, but present certain peculiarities 
 probably warranting the independent family rank I have as- 
 signed to them. The bill is altogether different ^ other details 
 of structure are modified in adaptation to a particular kind of 
 climbing, which, if not entirely peculiar to these birds, is at 
 least their prime characteristic. Our other scansorial birds, 
 such as the Creepers and Woodpeckers, use the tail as a prop 
 or stay to assist in maintaining position; lor which purpose 
 the feathers are specially contrived by their rigidity and 
 strength, being pressed against the support by the action of 
 strong muscles. In the case of the Nuthatches, the tail does not 
 assist in the acts of climbing. The birds just mentioned, more- 
 over, never climb head downward ; while the Nuthatches scram- 
 ble about in every imaginable attitude, running down the 
 trunks of trees, or along the under side of the branches, with 
 the same ease with which they climb upward. When reversed 
 in position, they are still unlike the Titmice and other small 
 birds which momentarily hang suspended by their claws ; for 
 
CIIARACTEKISTICS OF NUTHATCHES 133 
 
 they appear to " hug " the tree as closely as they do in any 
 other posture. They are among the most nimble as well as 
 adroit of creepers, matching any of our birds in activity and 
 restless energy — a Woodpecker, for instance, is almost a sedate 
 bird in comparison. Though not properly gregarious, they are 
 sociable birds, and often gather in troops, with which Titmice, 
 Kinglets and various Warblers may also mix. They are con- 
 fined to woodland, and will be found oftener in high forests, 
 on the larger trees, than in the undergrowth. In their rela- 
 tions to man, these birds are heedless and familiar, as if they 
 trusted to his good williu return for the valuable services they 
 render him in destroying incalculable numbers of nOxious 
 insects — a confidence too often abused by the vulgar and ignor- 
 ant, who harbor against them the same prejudice that exists 
 against the Sapsuckers [Sphyrapicus), the innocent and industri- 
 ous Nuthatches being supposed to injure trees, when the fact 
 is, they spend the whole of their laborious lives in man's ser- 
 vice. Instances are known of some Nuthatches becoming so 
 tame, when they are appreciated and properly treated, as to 
 almost take food from the hand. Tlie voice is harsh, abrupt 
 and unmelodious — they have nothing to be called a song. Be- 
 sides insects, they feed upon various hard fruits, such as nuts 
 and acorns — whence, it is said, is derived the curious name 
 " nuthatch ", equivalent to " nut-pecker ", and perhaps altered 
 from "nut-hacker". The nidification resembles that of the 
 typical Titmice ; they nest in holes- of trees, and lay numerous 
 white, speckled eggs. The coloration is not bright. The sexes 
 are similar, or nearly so; and the young, in the first full plum- 
 age, closely resemble the adults. 
 
 The genus Sitta, to which, as the leading representative of 
 the family, the foregoing remarks apply more particularly, now 
 comprises about fourteen species of Europe, Asia and North 
 America. Australia has its peculiar genus Sittella; another, 
 Acanthisitta, is confined to New Zealand; while a disputed 
 Madagascan form, Hypherpes, is by some referred to this family. 
 No South American representatives are known. The family 
 is a rather small, as well as a somewhat isolated, group, com- 
 prising in all only some. thirty species. 
 
 Genus SITTA Linnaeus 
 
 Chaes. as above. Of the five North American spefies or 
 varieties three occur in the Colorado Basin. 
 
134 DESCRIPTION OF SITTA CAEOLINENSIS ACULEATA 
 
 ^lender-bilJed il^iithafch 
 
 ISitta carolinensis aculeata 
 
 SiUa carolinensis, i?t., of some authors. — Towns. Journ. PbLla. Acad. viii. 1839, 155. — Woodk. 
 
 Sitgr. Rep. 1853, m.~Neu>b. PRRR. vi. 1857, 79.— (?)Sd. PZ.S. 1856, 293 ; 1858, 30a; 1859, 
 
 363,373 (all Mexican qaotations). — (?) Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 544 (Vera Cruz). 
 Sltta aculeata, Cats. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 254 (California).— Sci. PZS. 1837, 126.— B<i. 
 
 BNA. 1858, 375 ; ed. of 1860, 375, pi. 33, f. X—Kenn. PRRR. x. 1859, Whipple's Route, 
 
 26, pi. 33, f. 3.—Heerm. PRRR. i. 1859, Williamson's Route, 56.— Xant. Pr. Phlla. 
 
 Acad. 1859, 191 C. ifS. NHWT. 1860, 193.— Bd. EAB. 1864, m.—Feilner, Smiths. Rep. 
 
 for 1864, 1865, 435.— (7oae», Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, li.— Brown, Ibis, 2d ser. iv. 1868, 421 
 
 (Vancouver).— Ooop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 74.— Coop. B. Gal. i. 1870, 54, ti.g».—Aikim, Pr. 
 
 Bost. Soc. XT. 1872, im.—Merr. V. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 672, 713.— 
 
 Coop. Am. Nat. viiL 1874, 17. 
 SiUa carollnensis Mr. aculeata, Coaes, Key, 1872, i3.— Allen, 'RM. MCZ. iii. 1873, 174 — 
 
 7! i^?. Bull. Essex Inst. v. 1873, ISO.— Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1874, 59.- Yarr. a Henali. 
 
 Kep. Orn. Specs. 1879, i.— Hensk. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 40, 73, WO.—Coues, BNW. 
 
 1874, 24, 230.— a B. If It. NAB. i. 1874, 117, flg. pi. 8, with fig. Z.—Hensk. Ann. List. B. 
 
 Ariz. 1875, 155.—Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Mcrid. 1876, 173. 
 
 Hab. — Wooded regions of the Middle and Western Provinces of the United 
 States, and portions of Mexico. 
 
 Ch. SP. — i 9 Gwruleoplumbea, infra alba, crisso rufo-notato, 
 alis nigricantiMis, cceruleo-plumbeo limbatis, rectricibus mediis 
 dorso concolorihus, cwteris nigris, albo-notatis ; rostro tenuissimo ; 
 S pileo, nucha et cervice atris, 9 pileoTiigricanteaut dorso concolore. 
 
 $ , adult : Upper parts, central tail-feathers and much edging of the 
 wings clear ashy-blue, the whole crown, nape and back of the neck glossy 
 black. Under parts, including sides of the neck and head to above the eyes, 
 dull white, more or less marked on the flauks and crissum with rusty-brown. 
 Wings and their coverts blackish, much edged as already said, aud with an 
 oblique bar of white on the outer webs of the primaries towards their ends ; 
 concealed bases of primaries white ; under wing-coverts mostly blackish; 
 no bold bluish and black variegation of the innermost secondaries. Tail, 
 excepting the two middle feathers, black ; each feather marked with white 
 in increasing amount, the outer web of the lateral feather being mostly 
 white. Bill blackish-plumbeous, pale at the base below, extremely slender. 
 Feet dark brown. Iris browu. Length, 5J-6 inches ; extent, 10^-11 ; wing, 
 3^ ; tail. If ; bill about J of an inch long, but only about f of an inch dee^) 
 at the base. 
 
 2 : Similar to the <^ ; but the black of the head imperfect, mixed or over- 
 laid with the color of the back, or altogether restricted to the nape. 
 
 This form, extremely similar to the eastern S. earolinenaie, differs in the 
 slenderer bill, which is only i-\ deep at the base, instead of i-jl, and in the 
 indistinctness of the markings of the inner secondaries, which, in /S. caroii- 
 nensis, are boldly variegated with blackish and ashy-blue. 
 
 I HAVE never observed the slightest difference in habits 
 between this species and its familiar eastern representative ; 
 other authors also agree that one is the counterpart of the 
 
HABITS OB' THE SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH 135 
 
 other. Sometimes I fancied the Slender-billed to be fonder of 
 pine woods ; but then I saw it chiefly in a country where the 
 Coniferw were the only extensive forests, and I knew that the 
 common White-bellied inhabited pines just as frequently, con- 
 sidering the relative numbers of these and deciduous trees in 
 most portions of the eastern United States. Mr. T. M. Trippe 
 has spoken, in my " Birds of the Northwest ", of what he con- 
 siders a decided difference in the notes of the two birds : — " The 
 common piping note is nearly the same, though in a different 
 key ; but the loud spring call is very different. It is far coarser, 
 louder, and more rapid in aculeata — so loud and rattling, in 
 fact, that I have mistaken it for the call of the Red-shafted 
 Flicker — while there is none of the soft musical tone that marks 
 the spring note of S. carolinensis.^^ This observation, however, 
 has not been corroborated by others ; for Dr. Kennerly, in styl- 
 ing the note " peculiar", evidently refers to the generic char- 
 acter of the voice of Nuthatches, while Mr. Eidgway remarks 
 that the notes " are much weaker and are uttered in a finer 
 tone, some of them being, indeed, entirely different from those 
 of S. carolinemis, though of the same general character ". In 
 this disagreement of the witnesses, I will not undertake to 
 Judge; but, in leaving the case open, I suspect that it has been 
 somewhat " worked up ". 
 
 I found the Slender-billed Nuthatches to be very common in 
 the pineries about Port Whipple, where they reside all the 
 year; and the birds seem to be distributed throughout the 
 wooded regions of the West, from the Eocky Mountains to 
 the Pacific. The northern limit is not preciselj' determined ; 
 but it is doubtless near the boundary of the United States. 
 In the mountains, the birds have been observed up to the 
 limits of arboreal vegetation. They seem to descend from the 
 more elevated regions in the autumn, bat there is no regular 
 migration. We know that the birds endure extreme cold with 
 Impunity, since they remain all winter about Colville, sometimes 
 braving a temperature of -^30° F. 
 
 I am not aware that the nests and eggs of this particular 
 variety have been described ; there is no reason to suppose 
 they will be found to differ from those of S. caroUnensis. The 
 latter nests like a Titmouse — rather, like a Woodpecker, con- 
 sidering that it regularly digs a hole for itself, both sexes 
 working assiduously till an excavation, it may be fifteen or 
 twenty inches deep, is prepared for the reception of the nest. 
 
136 SYNONYMY OF SITTA CANADENSIS 
 
 This is a rather scanty lining of an indiscriminate mass of soft 
 vegetable and animal substances. The eggs, to the number of 
 five or six, measure on an average about four-fifths of an inch 
 in length, and three-fifths in breadth. They are white, often 
 ■with a rosy or creamy hue, speckled and blotched with reddish- 
 brown and purplish or lavender shades, sometimes evenly and 
 thickly over the whole surface, oftener chiefly about the larger 
 end, where a wreath of the markings may be more or less per- 
 fectly formed. 
 
 Red-bellied ]Vuthateh 
 
 Sitta canadensis 
 
 Sltta canadensis, L. SN. i. 1766, 177, no. 2 {Brits, iii. mi, no. 2, pi. 29, f. tj.—Bocld. Tabl. 
 PE. 1783, 38.— Gm. SN. i. 1788, 441, no. 2.— Lath. 10. i. 1790, 263, no. Q.—Tiirt. SN. i. 
 1806, 271.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 9e.—Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 5S3.—Aud. OB. ii. 1634, 
 24, pi. 105.— Ornith. Oomm. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 193 (Columbia River).— B;). 0. 
 * GL. 1838, IQ.—Peah. Rep. Om. MaBa. 1839, 339.— Toams. Journ. Phila. Acad. Tiii. 1839, 
 15i.—Aud. Syn. 1839, 167.— iVKB. Man. 2d ed. i. 1840, 697.— ^?irf. BA. iv. 1842, 179, pi. 
 248.— GaroJ. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 112 (California).— Bp. CA. i. 1650, 227.— McCaH, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. v. 1851, 21.5 (Texas).— Caioe, Naum. ii. Hft. iii. 185-2, 66 (Lake Supe- 
 rior).— floy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 381 (Wisconsin).— TAowps. Vermont, 1853, 95.— 
 Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 401 (Ohio).— Xemkic. Tr. IIlinoiB Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 
 mi.-Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 313 (New Mexico).— Pmim. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 
 214.— Kneel. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 2X3.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 319.— Willia, Smiths. Rep. for 
 1858, 1859. 283 (Nova Scotia).— i/crary, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 107 (New Mexico).— 
 Coop. If Suck. NHWT. 1860, 193.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 437.— Bd. Ives's 
 Rep. Col. R. pt. vi. 1861, 6 (Port Yama).—Scl. CAB. 1861, 15.—Coues S( Prent. Smiths. 
 Kep. for 1861, 1862, i\l.—Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, lei.—Blak. Ibis, 1862, 
 5 (Saskatchewan).- Soarim. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 12S.— Verr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 
 138 (Anticosti).— Ferr. I'r. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 149.— B/a.t. Ibis, v. 1863, S7.—Bd. RAB. 
 1864, S7.—Alkn, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864 69. —Feilner, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 4-26 
 (California).— Sci. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1863, 311.— ilcllm. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, SS.—Ooues, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad, xviii. 1866, 79 (Arizona).— £awr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vlii. 1866, 283.— 
 Brown, Ibis, 2d. ser. iv. 1868, 421 (Vancouver).- Ooaes, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 279.— 
 Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 107 (South Carolina).— Ooop. Am. Nat. iii. 1669, 74.— 
 Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, SSL-Tumb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 28 ; Phila. ed. 2'\.—Coop. B. Gal. i. 
 1870, Si.-Aibott, Am. Nat.iv. 1870, Sie.-Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 117.— S(ro. U. 
 S, Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, tei.-Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 35S.—Trippe, 
 Am. Nat. vi. 1872, i7.— Coues, Key, 1872, 83, f. 27.—Hcn»h. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 73 (Col- 
 orado, breeding).— Combs, BNW. 1874, 25.— B. B. 4- iJ. NAB. i. 1874,118, pi. 8, f. 7.— 
 Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, i3B.—Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 155.— Hensli. Zool. Expl. 
 _ W. 100 Merid. 1876, 174. 
 
 Sltta raria, Bartr. Trav. Pla. Ist Am. ed. 1791, 289 
 bis.— *r««.AO. i. 1808, 40, pi. 2, f. 4.—Bp. ,7ouru. 
 Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 25, 275. 
 
 Sltta Stulta, "VieiU." 
 
 Sittelle dc Canada, " Buff- x. 209 " ; "v. 471 ". 
 
 Torchepot du Canada, Buff. PE. 623, f. 2. 
 
 Canada ^'nthatch, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 281, no. 170 (in 
 
 part; the description and figure are those of 5.- 
 Flo. 21. — Head of Canada Nuthatch. . x r .t o ■ i.von *« e-, .i 
 
 caro.znenaw). — Lath.^yn.i. 1782, pt. 2, 6ol, no. 3. 
 
 Nutbatch du Canada, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 237. 
 
 Canada Nuthatch, Rcd-bcllied Nuthatch, Vulg. 
 
 Hab. — Wo oded portions of temiierate North America. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF SITTA CANADENSIS 137 
 
 Ch. sp. — $ 2 Plumheo-ccerulea, rectricibus mediis concoloribuSf 
 lateralibus nigris albo maculatis, alis extus innotatis; infra fer- 
 ruginea; $ vertice cum lateribus capitis nigris, strigd frontali et 
 superciliari alba; S pileo dorso coneolore. 
 
 $, adult: Upper parts leaclen-blue (brigliter than in S. caroUnensis) , the 
 central tail-feathers the same ; *ings fuscous, with slight ashy edgiugs aud 
 concealed white bases of the primaries. Entire under parts rusty-brown, 
 very variable in shade, from rich fulvous to brownish-white, usually palest 
 on the throat, deepest on the sides and crissum ; tail-feathers, except the mid- 
 dle pair, black, the lateral marked with white. Whole top and sides of 
 head and neck glossy black, that of the side appearing as a broad bar 
 through the eye from bill to side of neck, cut off from that of the head by a 
 long white superciliary stripe, which meets its fellow across the forehead. 
 Bill dark plumbeous, paler below ; feet plumbeous-browu. Length, 4J-4J ; 
 extent, 8-81; wing, 2f ; tail, IJ ; bill, J. 
 
 2 : Crown like the back; lateral stripe on the head merely blackish. The 
 under parts average paler than those of the <J , but there is no constancy 
 about this. Young birds resemble the 5 . 
 
 Pennant, in the " Arctic Zoology", makes a curious mistake in treating 
 of the Canada and Black-headed Nuthatches. His first species, no. 170, 
 called " Canada " Nuthatch, consists of the references to this species and 
 the description of the other one, and the figure on plate 13 unmistakably 
 represents oarolinensis ; while under his no. 171, called " Black-headed " Nut- 
 hatch, he describes canadensis. He correctly distinguishes the two species but 
 inadvertently calls one the other. 
 
 OUR knowledge of the distribution and movements of the 
 Canada Nuthatch lacks precision. As already said, it is 
 known to inhabit wooded portions of temperate North America, 
 from one ocean to the other, and from Florida, Texas and 
 Arizona to Labrador and other portions of British America j 
 but to what extent it is migratory within this large area, and 
 in what portions it is resident, or a summer or winter visitor, 
 we are still insufficiently informed. There appears to be little 
 doubt that, unlike its relatives, it is decidedly migratory ; yet 
 authors are singularly at variance in their accounts of its move- 
 ments. Wilson speaks of its leaving for tlie Southern States 
 in October, and returning again in April. Brewer alludes to 
 a flock which he saw in Massachusetts, May 20, which ha^ 
 "evidently just arrived from the South". But Allen states 
 that it is chiefly a winter resident in Massachusetts, arriving 
 in October and departing in April. In the District of Colum- 
 bia, Coues and Prentiss say that it is a winter resident, from 
 early in October until May. Ridgway found it in the mount- 
 ains of Nevada in September and June. Such conflicting state- 
 
138 DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS OF CANADA NUTHATCH 
 
 meuts might be multiplied; and my limited experience with 
 the bird, which I have only seen during the colder part of the 
 year, and only about Washington, simply forces me to an 
 expression of opinion formed according to the balance of evi- 
 dence. I judge that the bird is on the whole a more northerly 
 species than the Garolina Kuthatch ; that, unlike the other 
 i^uthatches, the Titmice and the Creeper, all of which 
 are imijerfectly migratory, if not stationary, it migrates to a 
 considerable extent in spring and fall. There appears, further- 
 more, to be an uncertain intermediate tract, in northerly por- 
 tions of the United States, where some individuals at least are 
 resident, and north of which the bird is only seen in summer, 
 while further south it will only be found in winter, except at 
 high elevations among the mountains of the West, where alti- 
 tude answers for latitude. Its northern limit of distribution 
 has been stated to be about latitude 60° N. In the West, it 
 extends southward to the Mexican border, a specimen having 
 been obtained at Fort Yuma by Lieut. J. 0. Ives. I have 
 observed no Mexican references, nor am I aware that the bird 
 has ever been found south of the United States. 
 
 The rarity of the Canada iN'uthatch in most of the Col- 
 orado Basin may be inferred from the infrequency of the 
 original quotations referring to this section of the country — 
 most writers, in fact, refer to the Yuma example just men- 
 tioned. I never saw it myself in any portion of New Mexico 
 or Arizona, nor does Mr. Henshaw appear to have met with it 
 in either of these Territories or in Utah. He gives us, how- 
 ever, an interesting record of its breeding in the pine woods 
 about Fort Garland, Colorado, where he states it was by no 
 means rare. The nest was found in a pine stump a few feet 
 from the ground, excavated in the decayed wood to the depth 
 of five inches, and lined with bits of bark; the eggs were five 
 in number, in an advanced state of incubation. A nest which 
 Audubon found in Maine as early as April 19, before the ice 
 was all gone, was dug to a depth of about fourteen inches ; it 
 contained four eggs. The eggs I have examined in the Smith- 
 sonian collection are like those of the Carolina Nuthatch, but 
 noticeably smaller, measuring about 0.60x0.48; they are 
 white, sprinkled with reddish dots, sometimes pretty evenly 
 distributed over the whole surface, sometimes chiefly wreathed 
 about the larger end, or there confluent. The same general 
 I'-haracters obtain in the eggs of other Nuthatches. 
 
SYNONYMY AND DESCRIPTION OF SITTA PYGM^A 139 
 
 Pj'giiiy ]\"iitha«cli 
 
 Sitta pyginsea 
 
 Sitta pygniica, n^. Zool. Voy. Blosa. 1839, 29, pi. 4. f. 2 (California).— Bp. C. &. GL. 1838, 
 
 10.— And. OB. V, 1839, 63, pi. 4\5.—Aud. Syn. 1839, 168.— Garni. Pr. Phlla. Acad. ill. 1846, 
 
 112.— &Z. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Coop. <£• Suck. NHWT. 1860, 193.— Brf. Ives's Rep. 
 
 Col. K. pt. Tl. 1861, e.—Bd. RAB. 1864, 88.— Sc(. Ibis, adser. i. 1865, Sn.—Feilner, Smiths. 
 
 Rep. for 1864, 1865, 426 (habits).— Ooim«, Pr. Phila. Acad, xviii. 1866 78 (Arizona).— 
 
 Brown, Ibis, 2d gr. iv. 1868, 421 (Vancouver).— Ooop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869,74, 2i)9.—Siimick. 
 
 Mem. Best. Soc. i. 1869, 544 (Vera Craz).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 55, &g.— Aiken, Pr. Bost. 
 
 Soc. XV. 1873, 195 (Colorado).— Ooues, Key, 1872, 83.— Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 17.— 
 
 Coues, BNW. 1874, 25, 230.— B. B. ij- B. NAB. i. 1874, ISO, pi. 8.— Yiirr. ^ HcKs/i. Rep. 
 
 Orn. Specs. 1874, S.—Yarr. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 34.— Hens*. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 
 
 1876, 175. 
 Sitta pygmca. And. B A. iv. 1842, 184, pi. 250.~IVoodli. Sitgr. Rep. Zuni R. 1853, B6.—Benry, Pr. 
 
 Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 313 ; xi. 1859, 107 (New Mexico).— i\'cw6. PKRR. vi. 1859, 79. 
 Sitta pygmaea, Bp. C A. i. 1850, 227.— Bd. BNA. 1856, ?m.—Keiinerly, PRRR. x. 1859, Whipple's 
 
 Route, 26. 
 Sitta pigmsea, Coop. Am. Nat. iv. 1871 , 757. ■ 
 Sitta pusiila var. pygmsea, Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 174 (Colorado),— 7l!i<Jo-. Bull. Essex Inst. 
 
 V. 1873, 180 (Colorado).— ffensA. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 40, 73, 100. 
 Pygmy Kiitliateli, Caiil'ornian Nutliatch, Vulg. 
 
 Hab. — Uuited States from the Kooky Mouutaius to tbe Pacific. North to 
 49'^ (Vancouver, Broun). South in Mexico to Xalapa and A'era Cruz. 
 
 Ch. SP. — A 2 Plumbeo-cwrulea, pileo et nucha olivaeeo-hrunneis, 
 lateraliter obscurioribus, macula alba nuchali obsoletd ; reetricibus 
 mediis dorso concoloribus, macula magna longitudinali alba; infra 
 sordide alba, plus mimisve rufescens, crisso lateribusqve dorso vix 
 discoloribus. 
 
 3 2 : Upper parts asliy-blue, aud wings with little or no markings (as in 
 canadensis), though some of the outer primaries may he narrowly edged with 
 white. Whole top of head, nape and back of neck, with the sides of the 
 head to below the eyes, olive-brown, the lateral borders of this patch blackish, 
 andan obsolete whitish patch at the back of tlie neck. Central tail-feathers 
 like the back, but with a long white spot, and their outer webs black at the 
 base; other tail-feathers blackish, with white marks, and often also tipped 
 with the color of the back. Entire under parts ranging in different specimens 
 from a mere muddy white to smoky-brown or rich rusty, nearly or quite as 
 intense as in <S. canadensis; the flanks and crissum shaded with a duller 
 wash of the color of the back. Bill and feet dark plumbeous, the former 
 paler at base below. Iris black. Length about 4 inches, or rather less; 
 extent about 8 ; wing, 2J ; tail, li ; tarsus, ^ ; bill about i. 
 
 Y'oung : Differs from the adult much as the 2 of the foregoing species 
 differs from the $, in havingjthe top of the head like the back; the 
 under parts are usually muddy-whitish, but there is great difference in this 
 respect. The tail-feathers have constantly shown me the characteristic 
 markings of the species. 
 
140 HISTORY OF THE PYGMY NUTHATCH 
 
 While this species is indahitahly very closely related to S. j'^tsilla of the 
 Southeru States, it presents differences which I have not seen bridged over 
 by intermediate examples. The color of the head is a pure hiir-brown in 
 .s'. pusilla, in which the white nachal spot is large and distinct ; and the 
 central tail-feathers show little, if any, trace of the black and white markings 
 so conspicuous in S.pygmaia. 
 
 HERE we have the most abuadant, characteristic and geu- 
 erally distributed species of the family in the Colorado 
 Basin. The bird was originally brought to the notice of natur- 
 alists by Mr. N. A. Vigors, who received it from Monterey, 
 where it was collected during the voyage of the " Blossom ", 
 under command of Oapt. P. W. Beechey, E. K, and described 
 and figured it in the volume in which the zoological results of 
 the expedition were made known, in 1839. A few years sub- 
 sequently. Dr. Wm. Gambel spoke of its great abundance in 
 certain portions of California; and most of the western explorers 
 who followed in the wake of the sturdy pioneers of '49 have left 
 memoranda of their observations. From the southwesterly 
 regions where the species was first noticed, its known range 
 has gradually extended to the east and north, till it now includes 
 the whole of the United States from the Eocky Mountains to 
 the Pacific. In Mexico, similarly, we have had advices of its 
 presence; it has been recorded from Xalapa, and Sumichrast 
 states that it is resident in Vera Cruz up to the limit of vegeta- 
 tion on the highest peaks. Though it is strictly the western 
 representative of the Brown-headed Nuthatch, yet its range is 
 much more extended ; for the latter is almost entirelj' confluert 
 to the Southern Atlantic and Gulf States, only occasionally 
 reaching as far north as Ohio. 
 
 Within the whole area of its dispersion, the Pygmy I^ut- 
 hatch is resident, like most of its family and their allies. Some 
 pass the winter as far north as latitude 49°, although, according 
 to Mr. J. K. Lord, many proceed southward in November. I 
 found it at all seasons about Port Whipple; but in the pine forests 
 of that elevated locality it is most abundant in summer. It 
 seems to prefer the pines, especially daring the breeding sea- 
 son, and ranges up the mountains to an altitude of 8 or 10,000 
 feet, or to the timber-line ; at other times it is more generally 
 distributed through the deciduous woods of lower levels. During 
 my residence at Fort Whipple, the habits of these birds were to 
 me a study which never failed to please. If I loitered in list- 
 less mood among the magnificent pines, "the world forgetting, 
 by the world forgot," absorbed in the sensuous undercurrent 
 
LEA.DING TRAITS OF THE PYGMY NUTHATCH 141 
 
 of merely animal existence, the vivacity of these ubiquitous 
 little creatures seldom failed to break the spell of my dream, 
 and bring me back to the realities that surrounded me. If I 
 hurried breathless through the woods, in eager pursuit of some 
 feathered prize that seemed likely to escape me, how did my 
 haste in quest of a coveted thing differ from the bustling activity 
 and restless energy they displayed in their search for what 
 seemed good to them ! The naturalist is never alone; solitude 
 is not for him ; he can call nothing his own — not even his 
 thoughts, which he must be content to share with all the forms 
 of life about him, and suffer to be carried beyond his control. 
 " How singularly," I have said to myself, " how perfectly, do 
 these busy troops of birds illustrate the waste of nervous force ! 
 Will they never learn to make haste slowly "? Are they so full of 
 energy that such incessant motion becomes a pleasure — a neces- 
 sity ? And after all, what does this eager scrambling amount 
 to? They make a living by it, to be sure, and that is something ; 
 but so do some of the laziest people. Perhaps they like it ; 
 perhaps they cannot help it. That may be a flock of young 
 birds, relishing their work with the zest of enthusiasts who 
 have yet to learn the lesson that hard work teaches ; this may 
 be a lot of old ones, no longer buoyant, yet equally eager, for 
 to them work has become a painful necessity, since habit has 
 rendered idleness intolerable." 
 
 With such incessant activity as this do the Pygmy Nut- 
 hatches go about their daily avocations. With the appearance 
 of the earlier broods the different families unite, and the busy 
 throng roams through the woods, straggling from tree to ti'ee 
 with desultory flight, calling incessantly to each other as if to 
 make sure that all the company keep together. They show 
 some little preference in the matter of their hunting grounds, 
 more rarely scrambling about the trunks than among the smaller 
 branches of the trees, like the Brown-headed Nuthatches, which 
 they resemble so closely in appearance, and they habitually resort 
 to the terminal bran chlets andfoliage of the tree-tops. Theirdiet 
 is a mixed one, consisting in part of the minute insects which 
 lurk in the cracks of the bark, in part of the seeds of conifers, 
 and doubtless other small hard fruits. Their sociability is a 
 prominent trait ; indeed, they may almost be called gregarious 
 at all times excepting during the breeding season. Flocks of 
 a dozen or twenty, and even up to fifty or a hundred, are not 
 seldom seen ; and in the same company numbers of Titmice 
 and Warblers may often be found. They fire extremely noisy 
 
142 HABITS OF THE PYGMY NUTHATCH 
 
 at such times— not clamorous in fretfulness or irritation, 
 bnt with the jovial abandon of good fellowship. The notes are 
 not susceptible of description, such is the endless variety of 
 the queer chattering and whistling cries emitted, amidst which 
 the peculiar qumik of the larger Nuthatches finds no counter- 
 part. Nor are they in themselves harmonious ; yet the effect 
 of the medley is pleasing. 
 
 The nest of the Pygmy Nuthatch 1 have never found ; but 
 the nidification is now well known to agree with that of its 
 congeners, as far as the excavation of a hole is concerned. 
 Accounts differ respecting the lining of the cavity ; according 
 to some the eggs are simply deposited upon the chips and dust 
 at the bottom of the hole, while in other cases a tolerably well 
 made and consistent nest of various soft vegetable and animal 
 substances is constructed. Doubtless both these accounts are 
 correct, their variance being chargeable to the birds them- 
 selves. It is probable that, in some localities at least, two 
 broods are reared each season ; in Arizona, 1 observed the 
 earliest young on wing in June, which would leave ample time 
 for a second family. The eggs are not distinguishable with 
 certainty from those of the Canada Nuthatch, though said to 
 be somewhat smaller and more pointed. They appear to have 
 been first discovered at Fort Crook, California, by Captain 
 (then Sergeant) John Feiluer, TJ. S. A., who was not long after- 
 ward killed by Sioux in Dakota. In his notice of the species 
 above quoted, he concludes with a graphic portrayal of a little 
 scene which those who have watched the birds will recognize 
 as true to nature. ... " The pine nuts are very closely 
 searched for their seeds; when found, it alights on a limb^ 
 where, holding it with one foot, it hammers with the bill 
 until it has broken it in such parts as will enable it to eat the 
 seed. If it should happen to one to drop such a seed, two or 
 three will be seen diving after and catching it before it can 
 reach the ground ; another place will be found, and the ham- 
 mering commences afresh. The scene presented by observing 
 a party of these little birds all in a bustle and activity, engaged 
 in breaking pine nuts, and to hear their chattering and ham- 
 mering, reminds one of an immense machine shop, where all 
 the mechanics are busily engaged in the various divisions of 
 their craft." 
 
CHAPTER VIII.— CREEPERS 
 
 Fam. CERTHIIDtE 
 
 THIS is a small, well-deflaed group, of four or five genera 
 and about a dozen species, usually divided into two sub- 
 families. One of these is the Tiohodromince, represented by the 
 European Wall Creeper, Tlohodroma muraria, and some species 
 of the chiefly Australian genus Giinmcteris. The other is the 
 
 Subfamily CERTHIIN^E : TmciL Creepers 
 
 These are represented by the genus Gerthia, and one or two 
 others ; they are confined to the Old World, with the exception 
 of a single species of the typical 
 
 Genus CEETHIA Linnseus 
 
 Chars.— Adaptation to scansorial habits by the structure 
 of the tail and feet. Tail long and strong, formed of 13 rigid, 
 acuminate feathers graduated in length ; the shafts are stout, 
 curved and elastic, the points extremely acute, and the whole 
 structure of the feathers closely resembles that seen in the Wood- 
 pecker family. Tarsus scutellate, shorter than the middle toe 
 and claw ; anterior toes connate at base for the length of the 
 Ist joint of the middle one. Lateral toes unequal in length, the 
 inner being much shorter than the outer. Hind toe shorter 
 than its claw. Claws strong, much curved, very sharp, the 
 hinder one of great size ; 
 wing with 10 primaries, the 
 first not half as long as the 
 2d, which is shorter than 
 the 3d ; point of the wing 
 formed by the 3d-5th quills. 
 Bill about as long as the 
 head, extremely slender, 
 acute, curved ; nostrils ex- 
 posed, narrow, scaled. No 
 rictal vibrissse. 
 
 The general economy of the Creepers is peculiar. 
 
 Pig. 22. — Head, foot and tail-feather of the Creeper" 
 
 Their 
 
144 GENEEAL ECOKOMY OF CEEEPEES 
 
 habit of climbing is tbe most prominent trait ; the action is pre- 
 cisely similar to that of the Woodpeckers, and quite unliiie that 
 of their much nearer relatives, the Nuthatches— for the Creep- 
 ers never scramble about head downward, and never move 
 without being propped up by the stiff, elastic tail, which is 
 pressed against the support. The structure and grasping power 
 of the feet are much the same as in the Nuthatches. The bill 
 differs altogether from the stout, chisel-like instrument with 
 ■which both Woodpeckers and Nuthatches bore into wood 
 either to procure food or to construct a nesting-place, being 
 weak, slender, curved and sharp pointed. The mandibles may 
 be likened to an extremely delicate pair of forceps, which may 
 be insinuated into the narrowest crevices of the bark to pick 
 out the most minute objects — and a very efficient tool it proves, 
 as used by its skillful and indefatigable owner. The food of the 
 Creepers consists chiefly of small insects ; sometimes, it is said, 
 they feed upon particles of vegetable matter, such as lichens 
 or mosses. Their nidification is like that of the Nuthatches 
 and typical Titmice, inasmuch as they nest in holes ; but their 
 weak bill is unfit for the labor of digging into wood, and they 
 consequently occupy such natural excavations as they find in 
 decayed wood, or the deserted homes of Woodpeckers and 
 other animals. The eggs are numerous, white, speckled. The 
 birds inhabit woodland, and seem to prefer trees of large size. 
 They are not highly musical, and are generally considered 
 songless ; yet some close observers say they have heard a suc- 
 cession of modulated notes, by no means unmusical. In plum- 
 age, the sexes are alike, and the regular changes are not 
 decided; while the variegated tints, harmonizing with the 
 colors of the bark, are a great safeguard. The activity, or 
 rather the industry, of the Creepers is a strong trait; yet they 
 have none of the vivacity and turbulence of the Titmice and 
 Nuthatches, being, in fact, very sedate and almost demure 
 . birds, gliding stealthily about the trees, and likely to elude 
 observation unless narrowly watched. Our species is not regu- 
 larly migratory. All the species of the genus resemble each 
 other so closely that it is difficult to say how many there are ; 
 we have but one in the United States, believed to be identical 
 with that of Europe ; there is another species or variety in the 
 ■warmer parts of America, and several are ascribed to Asia. 
 
SYNONYMY OF CERTHIA FAMILIARIS 145 
 
 Brovrn Creeper 
 
 Certhia famlliaris 
 
 (^General rqferences) 
 
 Certhia fami Harts, i.SN.i. loth ed. 1758, llS.no.l (Fn. Sueo. 213, etc.) ; 12th ed. 1766, 184, no. 
 l.—Bi-iinn. OB. 1764, 12.— Scop. Bemerk. ed. Ganth. 1770, 53, no. 59.— Bodd. Tabl. 1783, 
 43 (PE. 681, f. l).—Gm. SN. i. 1783, 469, no. l.—Schaeff. Mua.'Orn. 1789, 41, no. 136.— 
 Lath. 10. i. 1790, 280, no. I.— Tart. SN. i. 1808, 291.— Foi, Newc. Mus. 1827, Bl.—Leas. 
 Tr. Orn. 1S31, 311.— remm. Man. i. 410 ; iii. 1835, WS.—Kaiip. Thierr. il. pt. i. 1836, 153.— 
 Bp. C. & GL. 1838, n.—Macg. Man. Br. B. i. 1840, 2li.—Siedh. StnbenT. Deuts. 1845, 
 351.— Pdssler, Naum. i. 1850, 49 (neat and egga).—Naum.'Vog. pi. 140.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 
 2M.— Gould, BE. pi. Zil.— Tobias, Naum. i. 1851, 6S.— lVentzel, J. f. O. 1853, 442.— 
 Homey. J. f. O. 1834, 3S5.— Radde, J. f. O. 1854, Si (Southern Raism}.— Vang. J. f. O. 
 1835, \eS.—MuUer, J. f. 0. 1856, 221.— Pdssler, J. f. O. 1856, 42.— u. Preen, J. f. O. 1859, 
 451.— Finsch., J. f. O. 1839, XSi.-Brdt. An. Vert. Siberia, 26.— GieS. Vog. 1860, 85, f. 
 133.— Sc/irerec/i, Amurl. 1860, 330.— Zand. Arch. Mecklenb. xv. 1861, S5.—Hintz 1. J. f. O. 
 1863, 426.— K. Bias. Beigabe J. f. O. 1863, 48.— ». Preen, J. f. 0. 1863, 'W.l.—Radde, Reisen, 
 
 1863, ^n.-Sperl. Ibis, vi. 1884, 281 (Corfu).— iVoriim, J. f. O. 1864, 365.— ». Droste, 3. t. O. 
 
 1864, iH.—Hintz I. J. f. O. 1864, 106, 184.— ffiretz /. J. f. O. 186.5, iSo.—More, Ibis, 2d ser. 
 i. 1863, \36.—Degl.-aerie, OB. i. 1867, 186.— Hratz /. J. f. O. 1867, 168.— ffoJte, J. f. O. 
 
 1868, lie.—HintzI. J. f. O. 1868, 395.— Homey. J. f. O. 1869, 172 (Eastern Siberia).— 
 E. if B. Ibis, 2d ser.vl. 1870, 198 (Ta.v]s.ey).—Sautiders, Ibis, 3d ser. i. 1871, 20a.—Fritsch, 
 J. f. 0. 1871, i89.—Rey, J. f. O. 1872, 143.— Hart. Man. Br. B. 1872, HO.-Jerdon, Ibis, 3d 
 ser. ii. 1872, 19 (Kashmir).— Tacj. J. f. O. 1872, 353 (Eastern Siberia).— Sioinft. Ibis, 3d 
 ser. IT. 1874, 152 (Hakodadi).— ffoM. B.North.&Durh. 1874,30.— DreM. BE. 1874,pt.xxix. 
 
 Certhia scandiilaca, Pallas, Zoog. R.-A. i. " 1811 " (183l), 432. 
 
 Certhlus m.ljor, C. minor, Frisch, " Vog. Teuschl. fol. B. 1817, taf. 39 ". 
 
 Certbia macroAactyla, C. bracb^dactyla, C. septentrlooalis, C. ni garbjnchos, Brehm, 
 
 VD. 1831, pp. 208-211. 
 Certhia nattereri, Bp. c. & GL. 1838, 11. 
 Certhia natereri, Bp. CA. i. 18S0, 224. 
 
 Certhia COStse, Bailly, " Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Savoie, Jan. 1852".— Sani J. f. 0. 1853, 60. 
 Certhia bracbyrbyncbus, C. parndoxa, L. Brehm, Naum. 1855, 274. 
 Certbia rufldorsalis, " Br.", Giebel, Thes. Om. i. 1872, 618. 
 Certhia hodgSOni, Brooks, " JASB. 1872, 73 " (Jide Dresser). 
 
 Motacilla SCOlopaclna, StiOm, " Trondh. Selsk. Skr. VnQ,Jide CoUett, Norg. Fagl. 1868, 16" 
 (from Dresser). 
 
 (American r^erences) 
 
 Certhia ramlliarlS, partly, of older authors.- Fiei7!. OAS. ii. 1807, lO.— Wils. AO. i. 1808, 123, 
 pi. 7, f. 1.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1821, 27.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 95.— JVkH. 
 Man. i. 1832, 583. — Ornith. Comm. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 193 (Columbia River). — 
 Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1839, 153.— Pen*. Kep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 3il.—Aud. OB. 
 V. 1839. 158, pi. 415.— Aud. Syn. 1839, ri.-Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 109, pi. 115.— Burnett, Pr. 
 Boat, Soc. iv. 1831, 116.— JVoadh. Sltgr. Rep. Zuni R. 1833, eS.-Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 
 95. — Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 209 (Sew Mexico). — Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 
 1856, m.— mUis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 18.59, 282 (Nova Scotia).— rarai. B.B. Pa. 
 
 1869, 27 ; Phila. ed. W.—Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 115.— Moyn. BE. Mass. 1870, 93.— 
 Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 359.— Coaes, Key, 1873, 84, f. 28.— Oomm, BN W. 1874, 26, 
 WO.-Nels. Pr. Bost. xvii. 1875, 343, 356 (California and XH&h).— Gentry, Life-Hiat. B. E. 
 Penna. 1876, 70 (habits). 
 
 [Certbia rufa, Banram Trav. Pla. 1st Am. cd. 1791, 289bis.— Ooiies, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1875, 347. 
 Certhia fusca, Barton, Pragm. N. H. Penna. 1799, 11. 
 Certbia americana, Bp. C. & GL. 1838, U.—NutU Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 701.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 
 
 225.— HeicA. "Hdbh. i. 1853, 265, pi. dcxv. f. 4102, 4103 ".—fiend, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 
 
 18.53, 40L.— flby, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 381.— GerA. Naum. iii. 1853, 3i.—Kennie Tr. 
 
 Illinois Agr. Soc. i. 1835, 583.— Afoitm. J. f. 0. vi. 1858, \Q5.—Bd. BNA. 1858, 372.— 
 
 10 B 
 
146 CHARACTERS OF CERTHIA FAMILIAEIS 
 
 Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 107.— 5rf. PZS. 1859, 235.— ffereTie)-. PRRR. x. 1859, 
 Whlpple'fl Route, Birds, 26.— flecrm. PRRR. Jt. 1859, Williamson'n Route, Bird.l, 42.— 
 Coop Sf Sfickl. NHWr. 1860, ISi.—Bnrn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 437.— Sc?. CAB. 
 
 1861, 15.—Boiirdm. Pr. Boat. Soo. ix. 1862, 126.— 0OMes (( Prent. .Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 
 
 1862, 410.— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, li<i.—Bd. RAB. 1864, 89.— Allen, Pr. Ess. 
 Inxt. iv. 1864, 68.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, iii.— Hamlin, Pr. Post. Soc. x. 1865, 
 80 (habits).— AfcflKir. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, m.—Coues, Pr. Phlla. Acad, xyiii. 1866, 79 
 (Arizona).— L(t*r. Ana. Lye. N.Y.Yiii. 1868, 28!.— Ooaes, Pr.Bost.Soc.xii. 1868, 108.— OoMS, 
 Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, i~9.— Bromn, Ibis, 2d ser. iv. 1868, 42 (Vancouver).- (7oop. Am. 
 Nat. iii. 1869, 2S6.— Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 543.— ^64o«, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 367.— 
 Trippe, Pr. Best. Soo. xv. 1873, 236.— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 6.—Merriam, Am. Nat. vi|j. 
 1874, 8.—lBrm. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439. 
 
 Certhiafamiliarisvar. americana, Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180 (Colorado).- B. B. SfR. 
 NAB. i. 1874, 125, figs. pi. 8, f. \\!—Hinsh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 41,73.— HmsA. ListB. 
 Ariz. 1875, 155.—Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 177. 
 
 Certhla mcxicana, Bd. BNA. 1858, 372, 923 (in part ; refers to western United States speci- 
 mens).— FeiZ/ier, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 425.— Ooo^. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, H.—Coop. 
 • B. Cal. i. 1870, 58, fig. (Not of Gloger.) 
 
 European Creeper, Fenn. AZ. ii. 178.5, 285, no. 174 (in part), 
 
 Grimpereau commun, Le M. Ois. Canad. 1861, 236. 
 
 Creeper, Tree Creeper, Brown Creeper, Common Creeper, American Creeper, Vnlg. 
 
 var. mexicana 
 
 Certbia mexicana, "Glower."— Reich. " Hdbh. i. 1853, 265, pi. dlxii. f. 3841, 3842 ••.—Scl. PZS. 
 1856, 290 (Ranches de Suapam).— Bii, BN'A. ed. of 1860, pi. 83, f. 2 Olexico).— ScZ. PZS. 
 1858, 297 (Parada).— Sci. PZS. 1859, 362 (Xalapa), 372 (Oaxaca).— Xaiii. Pr. Phila. Acad, 
 xi. 1859, 191 (California).— Srf. RAG. 1864, 90.— Salv. Ibia, 2d ser. ii. 1866, 190 (Guate- 
 mala). — Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 544 (Vera Cruz). 
 
 Certliia americana var. mexicana, (?) Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 485 (Southern Texas). 
 
 Certlila familiaris Mr. mexicana, B. B. Sf R. nab. i. 1874; 128. 
 
 Hab. — Temperate North America, in wooded regions. 
 
 Ch. sp. — S 2 Fusca, albido striata, uropygio rvfescente, infra 
 albida; alls albido variegatis, ritfo albidoque bifasciatis. 
 
 $ 9 : Tipper parts dark brown, changing to rusty-brown on the ramp, 
 everywhere streaked with ashy-white. This coloration descends to the sides 
 of the head. An obscure whitish superciliary strijje. Under parts dull 
 whitish, sometimes tinged with rusty on the flanks and crissum, Wing- 
 coverts and quills tipped with white, the inner secondaries also with white 
 shaft-lines, which, with the tips, contrast with the blackish of their outer 
 webs. Wings also twice crossed with white or tawny-white, the anterior 
 bar broad and occupying both webs of the feathers, the other only on the 
 onter webs near their ends. Tail grayish-brown, immaculate, darki-r along 
 the shaft, and at the ends of the feathers, sometimes showing obsolete trans- 
 verse bars. Bill blackish above, mostly flesh-colored or yellowish below ; 
 feet brown. Length, 5J-5|- ; extent, 7^-8 ; wing, 2|, more or less ; tail usu- 
 ally a little longer than the wing, sometimes not so, 2^ to nearly 3 inches. 
 9 averaging smaller than $ . 
 
 Of late years, the American Creeper has been very generally separated 
 from the European under the name of C. americana ; but this term, which 
 Bonaparte proposed in 1838, is anticipated by Professor Barton's /usca (1799), 
 which is in turn antedated by Bartram's rufa (1791). It appears, however, 
 that the bird is not fairly separable from C. familiaris ; the various marks 
 of distinction which have been adduced do not prove constant, and, more- 
 
DISTRIBUTION OF THE AMERICAN CREEPER 147 
 
 over, specimens from diiferent parts of North America vary among themselves 
 qnite as much as some of them do from European examples. The length of 
 the tail, by which it has been said C.familiaris is " at once separated", is a 
 particularly variable feature, having a range of variation of nearly or about 
 half an inch, and being sometimes shorter, though usually longer, than the 
 tail. Its length depends in a degree upon the age aud "wear" of the feathers, 
 which are constantly pressed against the rough bark of trees. The shades , 
 of the several brown and rusty markings, particularly those of the rump and 
 crissum, are likewise subject to much variation, not only with sex and age 
 and locality, but as a matter of individual peculiarity. The best European 
 authorities have united the several supposed species of their Creeper, and 
 generally consider ours as not diiferent. Tlie var. mexkana appears to be 
 better marked in its darker and richer coloration. This is a Central Ameri- 
 can and Mexican form, which has never been shown to occur in the United 
 States, unless the Texas record above quoted invalidates this statement ; 
 for the several Californian references to C. " mexicana" really belong to the 
 common form. 
 
 SOME insight into the Creepers' mode of life has been given 
 in sketching the leading features of the genus ; it remains 
 to be more explicit respecting the particular species which 
 inhabits the Colorado Valley as well as most other portions of 
 North America. I am not aware that the northern limit of its 
 distribution has been accurately determined. Dr. Brewer speaks 
 of its extension " to high northern latitudes", yet the authors 
 of the Fauna Boreali- Americana had nothing to say of the bird. 
 The character of the arboreal vegetation probably determines 
 its northerly dispersion, since it is strongly attached to wood- 
 land of large growth. But it is known to extend into the 
 British Provinces : Newfoundland and Lake Winnepeg are two 
 of the most northerly localities I find mentioned by writers in 
 this connection. Its distribution in the United States is general 
 in all suitable places ; there are scarcely any of our faunistic 
 lists of any considerable pretensions to completeness in which ' 
 its name does not occur. Yet it does not appear to have been 
 found in Florida by Allen, a circumstance corroborating Audu- 
 bon's statement that in some portions of that State alone he 
 had never observed it. It is a common inhabitant of suitable 
 regions throughout the Colorado water-shed. 
 
 The leading trait of the Brown Creeper is its extraordinary 
 industry — the "incomparable assiduity", as it has been well 
 styled, with which it works for a living. Like all good workers, 
 the Creeper makes no fuss about it, but just sticks to it. So 
 quietly, yet with such celerity, does it go about its business 
 that it scarcely seems to be at work, but rather to be rambling 
 
148 ACTIVE MOVEMENTS OF THE CREEPER 
 
 in an aimless way about the trunks of trees, or at most only 
 caring to see how fast it can scramble up to the top. During 
 all this time, however, the bird is on the alert in the search for 
 -insects, which it extracts from their lurking places with such 
 dexterity that its progress is scarcely arrested for a moment ; 
 and the numbers of these minute creatures .yearly destroyed 
 is simply incalculable. The Creeper is strongly attached to 
 the trunks of large trees, being seldom seen foraging on even 
 the larger branches ; and it has a great fancy for traveling 
 upward. These two traits combined result in its marked habit 
 of beginning its curious search for insects near the bottom of 
 a tree, and ascending with jerks in a straight or spiral line to 
 the top. Then, if it likes the tree, and thinks it a good place 
 to slay a while longer in, the bird launches itself into the air, 
 and drops down on wing, to begin another ascent, in prefer- 
 ence to scrambling down again, as a Woodpecker or Nuthatch 
 would do. The easy, gliding motion with which it climbs has 
 deceived one writer into stating that the Creeper does not hop 
 along like a Woodpecker ; but, in fact, the movement is exactly 
 the same in both cases. One of the English writers (Barrington, 
 Zool. 2d. ser. ix. p. 3998) describes, however, something peculiar 
 in the position of the feet during the act of climbing : — These, he 
 says, are not held parallel with each other, and near together, 
 under the belly, but widely straddled, and thrown so far forward 
 as to form with the end of the tail a surprisingly broad-based 
 isosceles triangle. So nimble is the bird, and such a sly way 
 has it of eluding observation by turning in the opposite direc- 
 tion to that in which a person moves t# look after it, thus con- 
 tinually interposing the trunk of the tree in the line of vision, 
 that it is no wonder the way it holds its feet long remained 
 unascertained. Many things conspire to screen the queer little 
 bird from any but the most patient and closest scrutiny during 
 its ordinary avocations ; and so nearly do its colors correspond 
 with the tints of the bark that it is likely to be overlooked 
 altogether. But its habits are so methodical and undeviating 
 that when one has learned them there is no diflBculty. If we 
 see a Creeper alight at the base of a tree on the side away from 
 us, we have only to stand still, and keep a sharp lookout for it 
 higher up; in a few moments, its spiral twisting will bring it 
 round to our side ; the chief point is to look high enough up, 
 for it is surprising how rapidly the bird ascends. It generally 
 makes the whole journey before dropping on wing to the base 
 
THE CKEEPEE ASLEEP — IN SOCIETY 149 
 
 of the tree again, or making off to another; sometimes, how- 
 ever, the tree seems to be not to its liliing, when, as if actuated 
 by a sudden impulse, it abandons an unprofitable search, and 
 flies to a more promising feeding ground. 
 
 In thinking about the extraordinary activity of many small 
 birds, one is tempted to ask himself the question. Do they ever 
 rest? Who ever saw a Creeper, Nuthatch, Titmouse or Gold- 
 crest motionless for any considerable length of time? Very 
 few, I suspect. In the present case of the Creeper, however, 
 Audubon has left a note of his observation, showing that even 
 this most indefatigable of insect-hunters requires its period of 
 repose: — " I have observed it when satiated," he says, " remain 
 still and silent as if asleep, and, as it were, glued to the bark, 
 for nearly an hour at a time. But whether the bird was really 
 asleep, or wished to elude us, is more than I can afflrm, though 
 I am inclined toward the latter supposition, because toward 
 night it retires to a hole, where frequently as many as a whole 
 brood repose together, as I have on several occasions wit- 
 nessed." Mr. T. Gr. Gentry has noticed the same thing: — "On 
 the outskirts of Philadelphia," he says, "stands a certain hol- 
 low birch-tree, which has afforded lodgings for a half-dozen 
 individuals of this species for several successive winters. On 
 the return of night, the birds will precipitate themselves into 
 the cavity, and closely huddle en masse, until day-break." 
 
 The Creeper differs from most of its relations in having very 
 little sociability; it seems to be too much occupied with its 
 pressing affairs to have any time for social relaxations. Though 
 it is often found with Nuthatches and Titmice, it seems that 
 the association is not sought on its own part, but is rather the 
 intrusion of the other birds, or the casual coming together of 
 species whose resorts are similar. I think it is decidedly a shy 
 and solitary bird. Audubon's remark, that the members of one 
 family usually remain together until the following spring, is 
 contrary to my experience ; but it derives some probable sup- 
 port from Mr. Gentry's abOve-quoted observation. The birds 
 that the Creeper is oftenest seen on the same tree with are 
 probably the smaller species of Woodpecker, commonly called 
 " sapsuckers ". The infestation of particular trees by insects 
 probably calls the two kinds of bird together in community 
 of interest ; though it is supposed by some that the wily little 
 Creeper takes advantage of the superior ability of Woodpeck- 
 ers to find insects, and follows in their wake to trees where it 
 
150 BEHAVIOR OF THE CREEPER TOWARDS MAN 
 
 may be sure of a feast. Yet its solitary habits are always con- 
 spicuous, and are exhibited by its choice, especially during the 
 breeding season, of the depths of the forest for its home, and 
 by the little attention it pays to other birds. At other seasons, 
 however, it betrays more familiarity, and is occasionally seen 
 in orchards, gardens, and lawns near dwelling-houses. The 
 degree of shyness or timidity it shows in the presence of man, 
 and of the pains it takes to elude observation, has been vari- 
 ously rated by authors. Dr. Brewer alludes to the current 
 statement that the Creeper, on perceiving itself to be watched, 
 moves to the opposite side of the trunk, as lacking foundation, 
 and is inclined to the opinion that the bird's movements are 
 not due to caution, but simply to restlessness, he having always 
 found them unconscious or regardless of his presence. My 
 experience goes to confirm this. While I do not mean to assert 
 that a Creeper may not be frightened, and instinctively scuttle 
 around the trunk, or iiy away, I have often stood within a few 
 feet of one of the birds, and watched its movements with per- 
 fect ease ; the course of its cork-screw journey brought it into 
 view as often as it was hidden, and the bird appeared all the 
 while to consider me of no account whatever. Dr. Brewer's 
 remark was made apropos of a statement supposed to be Dr. 
 Keunerly's. The paragraph sounded very familiar to me, and 
 I thought I had seen it before — in short, I find that Dr. K. 
 copied the statement almost word for word from Nuttall, for- 
 getting to use the customary quotation marks. 
 
 As already stated, the bird in nesting occupies natural cavi- 
 ties of the wood, or deserted Woodpeckers' holes, and similar 
 retreats, in which is deposited a lining composed of grasses, 
 lichens, or decayed wood, usually mingled with the hair of 
 quadrupeds or the feathers of birds, the whole mass having 
 little consistency. It appears to nest with equal readiness at 
 different elevations, sometimes selecting a rotten stump close 
 to the ground, at other times finding a hole at a. considerable 
 height. It is represented as a brave and devoted parent, 
 regardless of its own danger when its nest is threatened. The 
 eggs are stated to vary in number from five to eight or even 
 nine. They resemble those of the Nuthatches and most Tit- 
 mice in being white, sprinkled with reddish-brown dots, and 
 others of purplish or neutral tint; the dots being rather spar- 
 ingly distributed, though tending at times to wreathe about the 
 larger end. The Creeper being a slender-bodied bird in com- 
 
EGGS, FOOD AND SONG OP THE CREEPER 151 
 
 parison with its linear dimensions, the eggs appear rather 
 small for its size, being about 0.5.5 in length by 0.4i in breadth. 
 
 The insectivorous diet of the Creeper is occasionally varied 
 with vegetable substances. Audubon speaks of finding particles 
 of lichens in its gizzard, and Mr. Gentry affirms that he has 
 frequently seen the bird upon hemlock, spruce and birch trees, 
 feeding upon the seeds which are contained in the cones of the 
 two former, and upon the catkins of the latter. According to 
 the same writer, the following insects have been identified 
 among the contents of its stomach : — Cratonyclms oincreus, C. 
 IJertinax, Ehynchcenus pinus, Bostrichus pinus, Platynus cuprei- 
 pennis, Harpalus conipar, Formica sangioinm and F. subterranea. 
 Ants appear to be a favorite article of its diet, and are devoured 
 in such quantities that at times the body of the bird has been 
 found to smell of these creatures. 
 
 The Creeper's musical ability is not conspicuous. I have 
 never recognized its song, and most authors say nothing on 
 this score. But it seems that, besides its well-known harsh 
 call-note (more easily learned and recognized than described), 
 it has " a very distinct and varied song". This observation 
 seems to have been first made, in the case of the American bird, 
 .by Mr. William Brewster, of Cambridge, who states that he 
 has heard the birds singing, in different parts of New England, 
 from the middle of March to June. "Their notes are varied 
 and warbling and somewhat confused ; some of them are loud, 
 powerful, and surpassingly sweet, others are more feeble and 
 plaintive; their song usually ends with their accustomed cry, 
 which may be represented by creS cree-cre-ep.'" The same thing, 
 however, had been noticed in the case of the European Creeper ; 
 its song during the pairing season being, according to Pro- 
 fessor Newton, "loud and pleasing, though not often heard, 
 and pitched in a high, shrill key"- So it seems that this 
 obscure, hard-working and very practical little bird has found 
 time amidst its absorbing pursuits to cultivate some of the 
 accomplishments. 
 
CHAPTER IX. — WEEES 
 
 Fam. TROGLODYTID^ 
 
 THE composition of the Wren family at present generally 
 accepted by naturalists is such that its strict definition 
 scarcely becomes possible; for within its limits is embraced 
 much variety of form, and some of its accredited members are 
 Avith difficulty distinguished from those of certain other groups. 
 Without attempting to frame an exact diagnosis, I can never- 
 theless point out those features by which the Wrens of this 
 country at least may be recognized. The chief trouble lies in 
 the direction of the Mocking group of Thrushes ; Wrens being 
 so very much like these birds that the arbitrary criterion of 
 size is the most obvious distinction. From the Mimince, how- 
 ever, the TroglodytidoB are distinguished by the greater extent 
 of the cohesion of the anterior toes at their bases : — " The inner 
 toe is united by half its basal joint to the middle toe, sometimes 
 by the whole of this joint; and the second joint of the outer 
 toe enters wholly or partially into this union, instead of the 
 basalonly." — (Baikj).) The possession of ten primaries sei)arates 
 the Wrens from all of the large sylvicoline group of birds ; and 
 the first primary, though short, is not spurious. The scutellate 
 tarsi distinguish them from those groups, discussed in preced- 
 ing chapters, which have the tarsi booted. In comparison with 
 the Titmice and Nuthatches, we observe that in the Wrens the 
 bill is altogether different, being of a slender, lengthened, and 
 generally curved shape, showing exposed scaled nostrils. This 
 member lacks obvious rictal bristles, though the frontal 
 feathers may be bristle-tipped. The tail is variable, and with- 
 out any special attribute, unless the erected position so fre- 
 quently observed may be considered a characteristic. We thus 
 arrive at some understanding of the nature of this group ; and 
 for the practical purpose of discriminating the species with 
 which we have to deal, we may say they are lO-primaried 
 Oscinesot small size, with scutellate tarsi, short, rounded wings, 
 not peculiar tail, slender, unnotched bill, with exposed scaled 
 nostrils and no rictal vibrissse, and extensively coherent toes— a 
 
CHARACTERISTIC TRAITS OF WEENS 153 
 
 conventional expression which probably covers all the inodiflca- 
 tions of the North American species at least, to the exclusion 
 of the birds of other families. 
 
 About a hundred species and geographical races of Wrens 
 are usually recognized, and referred to some fifteen or twenty 
 genera. Nearly all of them are American, and the great 
 majority inhabit the warmer parts of this hemisphere. With 
 the exception of certain aberrant forms, by some placed in this 
 family, the group is only represented in the Old World by onei 
 or two species — the common Wood Wren of Europe, Anorthura 
 troglodytes, analogue of our Winter Wren, and a closely related 
 Japanese species, A. funiigatus, thought to be much the same 
 as the Alaskan Wren lately described by Professor Baird. The 
 habits and general economy of these birds vary to such a 
 degree that only a few leading traits can be conveniently 
 sketched. The Wrens habitually live near the ground, inhabit- 
 ing shrubbery rather than trees, the reeds of swamps or marshes, 
 the tangled brushwood of windfall country, patches of cactus, 
 piles of rocks, &c. Although not at all scansorial in the proper 
 sense, they have a good deal of the Creeper in their composi- 
 tion, and are incessantly rustling about in the intricate recesses 
 of their chosen resorts, gliding with short flights or leaping 
 impetuously. Such humility, and the evident desire for a 
 means of ready concealment, even though not always taken 
 advantage of, contrast curiously with some other traits the 
 Wrens exhibit in an exaggerated degree, and result in a singu- 
 lar compound. For the Wrens possess ahigh rate of irritability — 
 they are bold, self-asserting and aggressive, petulant to the 
 verge of fretfulness, with a certain pertness of demeanor, and 
 a singularly prying, inquisitive disposition. They are the irre- 
 pressil)le busy-bodies of feathered society, and not seldom make 
 trouble among some of the milder-mannered and better-behaved 
 members of the sylvan circle. They are noisy birds ; when 
 alarmed or displeased, they have a loud, harsh, chattering or 
 scolding note; but they are also fine songsters. Every one is 
 familiar with the bright hearty carol which the House Wren 
 trills so persistently in the spring, and the song of other species 
 is oft^n of wonderful timbre. The nidification differs in detail 
 with the several species ; but it may be said, in general terms, 
 that the Wrens build rude and bulky structures of coarse 
 materials, sometimes stowed away in holes, beneath rocks, &c., 
 in other cases hung in bushes or reeds. There is no constant 
 
154 THE GENUS CAMPYLORHYNCHUS 
 
 cliaracter of the eggs (of two closely related species, for exam- 
 ple, the eggs are in one case white, in the other dark chocolate 
 color) ; but the clutch is always numerous. The Wrens are all 
 plainly colored birds, the browns and grays being the prevail- 
 ing shades; none of our species, at least, and perhaps none of 
 the family, show red, blue, yellow, or green. The dietetic 
 regimen is insectivorous. 
 
 Species of this family abound in all parts of temperate North 
 America, and one of them also attains the higher latitudes. 
 Among them are some of the best known of our eastern birds ; 
 but in the West and Southwest there are several kinds, be- 
 longing to distinct genera, of which less is generally known. I 
 shall take occasion to treat the latter with sufficient particu- 
 larity to reflect all that has been learned of their life-history ; 
 but the more familiar species must be slighted to some extent, 
 since the limits which have been set to the present work forbid 
 the completion of biographies in every case. 
 
 Genus CAMPYLORHYNCHUS Spix 
 
 Chaks. — '-Bill stout, compressed, as long as, or longer than 
 the head, without notch or rictal bristles ; culmen and commis- 
 sure curved ; gonys nearly straight. Nostrils in the antero- 
 inferior part of nasal groove, in advance of the frontal feathers, 
 with an overhanging scale with thickened edge, as in Thryo- 
 tliorus; sometimes, as in the type, reduced to a slight ridge 
 along the upper side of the nasal groove. Lateral septum not 
 projecting below or anteriorly into the nasal cavity, but con- 
 cealed by the nasal scale. Tarsus a little longer than the middle 
 toe and claw ; claws strong, much curved, and very sharp : 
 middle toe with the basal joint adherent almost throughout. 
 Wings and tail about equal, the latter graduated; the. exterior 
 webs of lateral feathers broad. In size the largest' of the 
 family." — (Baird.) Tarsi scutellate posteriorly. 
 
 This notable genus consists of some twenty species, inhabit- 
 ing Central and South America, with a single one extending 
 into the United States. A second, found in Lower California, 
 may possibly be hereafter included in our fauna; it is noted 
 below.* These birds look quite unlike ordinary Wrens; our 
 ideas of which require to b^ considerably enlarged to include 
 the Campylorhynchi. They illustrate a peculiarity, shared by 
 
 * Csmpylorhynchus afflnls, Xani. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, Wi.—Bd. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859 
 :m.—Bi. Ecv. AB. 1864, 100,— ScL Cat. AB. 1861, ll.—F.liiot, BNA. 'pX.—Ooop. B. Cal. 
 i. 1870, 62, tg.—Coues, Key, 1872, 85.— B. B. !f R. NAB. i. 1874, 133, pi. 8, f. S. 
 
TARSAL ENVELOPE OF CAMPYLORHYNCHUS, ETC. 155 
 
 the, other two western genera, Catherpes and Salpinctes, in com- 
 parison with the more typical Troglodytes. In the latter, the 
 tail is thin, that is, the individual feathers are narrow; in the 
 western forms, these feathers are broad and rounded, and the 
 tail as a whole is consequently fan-shaped. As already stated, 
 the species are of great size for this family, and their habits are 
 in some respects peculiar. 
 
 Impressed with certaia diflferences observable between typical Wrens and 
 the three western genera, Campylorhiinohus, Salpinctes, aai Catherpes, gen- 
 erally assigned to the Troglodi/tidce, I have been led to look into the techni- 
 cal aspects of the case, with the result of becoming dissatisfied with the 
 alleged position of these forms among the Wrens. In establishing the genus 
 Catherpes as distinct from Salpiiictes, Professor Baird noted certain discrepan- 
 cies in the structure of the feet; and in 1864 (Review, p. 109), he enlarges 
 upon the remarkable structure of the tarsus of Salpinctes, which he charac- 
 terizes as " especially peculiar among all its cognate genera by having the 
 usual two continuous plates along the posterior half of the Inner and outer 
 faces of the tarsus divided transversely into seven or more smaller plates, 
 with a naked interval between them and the anterior scutellai ". This is 
 certainly a remarkable feature for a presumed thoroughly Osoine bird to 
 exhibit, since it is highly characteristic of Oscines to have the postero-lateral 
 tarsal plates continuous, meeting in a sharp ridge behind. I verify the state 
 of the case in Salpinctes as given by Professor Biird, but I iiud, to my sur- 
 jirise, that in Campylorhynchus the lateral plates, but especially the outer one, 
 are broken up into a series of conspicuous scutella ; and that Catherpes shows 
 a tendency, not so fully expressed, to similar division of the tarsal envelope. 
 If this structure really possesses the significance attributed to it by many 
 of the best writers, the question whether these birds are Wrens at all is 
 re-opened. That they possess decidedly Wren-like habits is no strong argu- 
 ment, for nothing is more fallacious than such teleological bending of 
 diverse structures to similar ends. It will be remembered that Lafresnaye, 
 and other writers of repute, have placed species of Campylorhynohus in the 
 genus PiooUiptes, which is a member of the large family Dendrocolaptidce ; 
 some of these birds have rigid acuminate Certhia-like tail-feathers, and 
 Creeper-like habits ; in others, however, the tail is soft, and among them is 
 witnessed the greatest diversity of habits. On comparing our Campylorhyn- 
 clim with a typical Dendrocolaptine (Dendrornis erythropygia), I find that the 
 bills of the two are extremely similar, and that the tarsal envelope of Den- 
 drornis is broken up posteriorly into a number of plates, of which those on 
 the inner aspect are continuous with those in front, while the postero- 
 exterior ones are a series of rounded and isolated scales. Again, in the case 
 of Salpinctes, it will be recollected that Bonaparte placed it in the genus 
 Myiothera, and considered it an Ant-thrush (Formicariidw). On examining 
 the tarsus of a species of ThamnojMlus, a typical Formicarian, I find that the 
 plates are divided behind, and the general structure is substantially the 
 same as in Salpinctes. The case of Catherpes is less clear, but it would proba- 
 bly go with Salpinctes. These points may not suffice for the summary dis- 
 missal of the genera under consideration from the Troglodytidce, but they go 
 to show that their position In that family is not assured. 
 
156 SYNONYMY AND DESCRIPTION OF CACTUS WEEN 
 
 Cactus Wren 
 
 Campylorhynchns brunncicapillns 
 
 Ficolaptes brUDDelcaplUns, Lafr. " Mag. de ZoSl. 1833, 61, pi. 47" (?" California ").—IoKr. 
 
 Ann. Lye. N. Y. v. 1853, 114 (Texas).— Bii. Stansbury'B Rep. 1852, 327.— fleerra. Journ. 
 
 Phila. Aead. ii. 1853, 263.— Ouss. 111. B. Cal. & Tex. 1854, 156, pi. 25. 
 Campylorhynchus brnnnelcaplllus, Gray, G. of B. i. 1847, 159.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 223.— Sci. 
 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 264.— BA BNA. 1858, 355.— Bd. U. S. Mex. B. Surv. ii. pt. ii. 
 
 1859, Birds, 12.— Bd. Proc. Phila. Acad. 1859, 3IH.—Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, Williamiion's 
 
 Route, Birds, 41.— B<2. Rev. AB. i. 1864, 99.— Dress. Ibis. 1865, 483 (Texas).- Cokes, Pr. 
 
 Phila. Acad. 1866, 77 (Arizona) ; 1868,83 (the same).— Siitc*er, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 
 
 149 (Laredo, Tex.).— Ooop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 183.— Coo;;. B. Cal. i. 1870, 61, figs.- (Joms, 
 
 Key, 1872, 85.— iferr. U. S. Geol. Surv. Ter. for 1872, 1873, 713 (Utah).— Kirr. if Hensk. 
 
 Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 9.— Hensk. Rep. Om. Specs. 1871, 41, 100.— B. B. 4- R. NAB. i. 
 
 1874, 132, fig. pi. 8, f. 5.— Hensk. Zool. Bxpl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 178 (Utah, &c.). 
 CampIorfDCbns brUDneicapillus, Hensk. List B. Ariz. 1875, 155. 
 Brovn-bcaded Creeper, Cass. 1. c. 
 Calirornlan Cactus-wren, Coop. I, c. 
 Cactus Wren, B. B. ^ R. l. c. 
 
 H.vB. — Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Southern Utah, Southern Nevada, and 
 portions of California. Northern Mexico. 
 
 Ch. SP. — i 9 Griseo-fuscus, albo nigroque notatus, pileo obscure 
 brunneo, immaculato ; infrh rufo-alhus, postice mfescens, guld 
 maculis magnis rotundatis nigris, reliquis partibus punctis sparsis 
 nigris ; caudd nigricante, rectrice externa albo multifasciatd, reli- 
 quis, mediis exceptis, albo unifasciatis. 
 
 $ , adult : Back grayish-brown, marked with black and white, each feather 
 having a central white field several times indented with black. Whole 
 crown of head aad nape rich dark wood-brown, immaculate. A long white 
 superciliary stripe from nostril to nape. Beneath, nearly pure white anter- 
 iorly, gradually shading behind into decided cinnamon-brown — the throat 
 and fore part of the breast marked with numerous large, crowded, rounded, 
 black spots, the rest of the under parts with small, sparse, oval or linear, black 
 spots, again enlarging somewhat on the crissum. Wings darker and more 
 fuscous-brown than the back; all the quills with a series of numerous white 
 or whitish indentations along the edge of both webs — largest and purest oii 
 the inner webs. Central tail-feathers like the wings, with numerous, more 
 or less incomplete, blackish bars ; other tail-feathers blackish, the outer 
 with several broad white bars on both webs; the rest with usually only a 
 single complete white bar near the end. Bill dark plumbeous, paler below ; 
 iris orange. Length, near 8 inches ; wing, 3 or more ; tail rather longer 
 than the wing ; bill, f ; tarsus, 1. 
 
 2 , adult : Quite like the $ , but the spots on the throat and breast rather 
 smaller, therefore less crowded, and less strongly contrasting with the sparse 
 speckling of the rest of the under parts. 
 
 Young : A newly fledged specimen before me is very similar to the adult 
 on the upper parts, but the throat is whitish with little speckling, and there 
 are scarcely any spots on the rest of the under parts, which are, however, 
 as decidedly cinnamon as those of the adults. 
 
HISTORY OP THE CACTUS WEEN 157 
 
 The points of difference between this species and the nearly allied though 
 apparently quite distinct C. affinis of Lower California (which may yet be 
 found in the Colorado Basin) are as follows : In C. affinis, the cap is reddish- 
 brown, lighter instead of darlter than tho bacli. The marliing of the back 
 is very conspicuous, in strong streaks of black and white, these two colors 
 bordering each other with little or no indentation. The under parts are 
 nearly white, with smaller markings on the throat and larger ones else- 
 where, so that these areas are scarcely contrasted in appearance. Lastly 
 and chiefly, all the lateral tail-feathers, instead of only the outer ones, are 
 crossed on both webs with numerous complete white bars. The variations 
 ■with sex and age correspond with those of C irmineicapillus. 
 
 THE history of the Brown-headed Cactus Wren begins in 
 doubt whether it is the bird which the famous French 
 ornithologist De Lafresnaye (or De La Fresnaye — it is written 
 both ways by the Baron himself) described and figured in 1833 
 under the name of Picolaptes brunneicapillus. In critically 
 reviewing the case, Professor Baird found it " quite impossible " 
 to reconcile the ascribed characters of Lafresnaye's bird with 
 the present species, and alludes to the chance that it may 
 have come from Peru, instead of California, as was supposed. 
 However, as the identification has been universally accepted, 
 we are warranted in retaining it, in the absence of proof to the 
 contrary. I almost wish that it may be shown to be necessary 
 to change the name, which becomes most inconveniently long 
 when associated with the generic term — in fact, I remember 
 but one more cumbrous appellation for a North American 
 bird. This is Synthliborhamphus wurmizuzume, a curious Greco- 
 Japanese term, which was invented for one of the North Pacific 
 species of the Auk family {Alcidce), and for which Brandt, Tem- 
 minck and myself are jointly responsible. 
 
 The English name which the " Cactus" Wren has acquired 
 indicates the nature of its customary resorts, and affords a hint 
 of its peculiar nidiflcation. As we have already seen, several 
 of the Arizona birds are architects of singular skill and taste ; 
 the Cactus Wren is one of them. In the most arid and desolate 
 regions of the Southwest, where the cacti flourish with wonder- 
 ful luxuriance, covering the impoverished tracts of volcanic 
 debris with a kind of vegetation only less surly and forbidding 
 than the very scoria, this Wren makes its home, and places its 
 nests, on every hand, in the thorny embrace of the repulsive 
 vegetation. True to the instincts and traditions of the Wren 
 family, it builds a bulky and conspicuous domicile ; and when 
 many are breeding together, the structures become as noticeable 
 
158 HISTORY OF THE CACTUS WEEN 
 
 as tbe nests whicli a colony of Marsh Wrens build in the heart of 
 the swaying reeds. But it is not a globular mass of material, 
 nor yet a cup; it is like a purse or pouch, and also peculiar iu 
 its position ; for such nests are usually pensile. In the present 
 case, the nest resembles a flattened flask — more exactly, it is 
 like the nursing-bottle, with which all mothers (and I suspect 
 some fathers) are familiar, and this is laid horizontally, on its 
 flat side, in the crotch of a cactus. It is constructed of grasses 
 and small twigs woven or matted together, and lined with 
 feathers. Including the covered waj^ or neck of the bottle 
 leading to the nest proper, the structure is some ten or twelve 
 inches long, and rather more than half as much in breadth. 
 The bird appears to be an early breeder; Dr. Cooper found it 
 preparing to build nests about San X)iego so early as the 26th 
 of February. This, however, may have been somewhat excep- 
 tional; for the nests which the same naturalist actually examined 
 in May contained eggs or newly-fledged young, and must, there- 
 fore, have been constructed in April. The eggs, from four to 
 six in number, and an inch long by two-thirds as much iu 
 breadth, are white, but so thickly flecked with small salmon- 
 colored spots that a rich cast of this tint is given to the whole 
 surface. 
 
 The first naturalist to fully identify the species as a bird of 
 the United States was Mr. George N. Lawrence, who examined 
 specimens taken in Texas by Capt. J. P. McOown, in 1851. 
 Soon afterward, it was noticed by Dr. A. L. Heermann in 
 the vicinity of Guaymas ; and that gentleman's observations 
 upon its habits were published by the Philadelphia Academy, 
 in its "Journal". In 1851, Mr. John Cassin gave a recogniz- 
 able figure of the species, referring it, as others before him had, 
 to the genus Ficolaptes, and consequently placing it on his 
 plate in a climbing attitude, which, however suitable for a Pleo- 
 laptes, is not characteristic of a Campylorhynchus, as these birds 
 have nothing substantially in common with the scansorial 
 nature of the Creepers and Nuthatches. In the mean time, 
 other observers successivaly contributed their quota to the 
 general fund of our knowledge, gradually establishing the 
 geographical distribution of the species I have given in a pre- 
 ceding paragraph, and affording farther insight into its mode 
 of life. Two of the latest items respecting its distribution, 
 given by Mr. Henshaw in a work just now issuing from the 
 Government press, are specially interesting, as they carry the 
 
GENUS SALP.NCTES — S. OBSOLETUS 159 
 
 known range into Utah and Nevada: the bird was taken in 
 1871 by Mr. Ferdinand Bischoff in the last named Territory, 
 and by Dr. H. O. Yarrow and Mr. Henshaw at Saint George, 
 Utah, during the following year. All our accounts agree sub- 
 stantially respecting the thoroughly Wren-like nature of the 
 bird. Its motions are sprightly and varied ; its temperament 
 is curiously compounded of self-assertion, petulance, inquisitive- 
 ness, and timidity ; now it skulks in the shelter of the impene- 
 trable cactus patches and other dense undergrowth, now 
 mounts the tops of the bushes to scold in a loud, harsh tone, 
 or to utter the notes of its clear and ringing song. 
 
 Genus SALPINCTES Cabanis 
 
 Chars. — Bill about as long as the head, slender, compressed, 
 straight at base, then lightly decurved, acute at tip, faintly 
 notched. Nostrils conspicuous, scaled, in a large fossa. Wing 
 longer than thetail, theexposed portion oftheflrst primary about 
 half as long as the second, which is decidedly shorter than the 
 third. Tail rounded, of twelve broad plane feathers, with rounded 
 or subtruncate ends. Feet small and weak ; tarsus longer 
 than the middle toe, scutellate posteriorly. Hind toe and claw 
 shorter than the middle one. Lateral toes of unequal lengths, 
 the outer being the longest; both very short, the tips of their 
 claws falling short of the base of the middle claw. 
 
 The special structure of the tarsal envelope, in connection 
 with the small size of the feet and peculiar relative proportions 
 of the tarsus and the several toes, readily distinguishes this 
 genus among its allies. Tt is represented, as far as now known, 
 by a single species; though a different variety has latelj' been 
 ascertained to occur on the island of Guadaloup, off the coast 
 of Lower California. 
 
 Rock Wi-eii 
 
 Salplnctes obsoletns 
 
 Troglodytes ObSOletUS, Say, Long's Exp. R. Mts. ii. 1823, 4. -AuJ. OB. iv. 183?, 443, pi. 360, 
 f. i.—Aud. Syn. 1839, ■72.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 113, pi. lie.— Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. Zufii, 
 1853, ee.—Hcerm. Journ. Phila. Acad. Ii. 1853, '263.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1835, 309 
 (New Mexico).— 2Vra)6. PRRR. vi. 1857, SO.—Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 41. 
 
 MyiOlhera Obsoleta, Bp. AO. i. 1825, 6, pi. l. f. 2.—Bp. Ano. Lye. N. Y. ii. 182P, 13.- Towns. 
 Journ. Phila. Aead. 1839, 154. 
 
 Troglodyles obsoleta, Nutt. Man. i. 1833, 435. 
 
 Troglodites Obsoletns, Omith. Oomm. Jonm. Phila. Acad. vii. 1S37, 193. 
 
 ThryOtllOrU8 ObSOlctllS, Bp. CGL. 1838, n.—Bp. " Rev. Zool. ii. 1839, 98 ". 
 
160 SYNONYMY AND DESCRIPTION OF ROCK "WREN 
 
 Salplnctes ObSOletns, Cah. Arch. f. Naturg. 1847, Bd. i. 333 (type).— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 224.— 
 £d. BNA. 1858, 357.— Bd. U. S. Max. B. Surv. ii pt. ii. 1859, Birds, IZ,— Henry, Pr. 
 Phila. Acad. 1859, 107 (New Mexico).— Sci. PZS. 1859, 371 (Oaxac«).— Xiraf. Pr. Phila. 
 Acad. 1859, 191 (California).— S. ^S. Ibis, 1860, 30 (Vera Paz).— SA Ives's Exped. pt. v. 
 1861, 6 (Colorado Riv6r.)—Hoyrf. Tr. Am. Pliilos. Soo. xii. 1862, 463.— Bd. Rev. AB. i. 
 1864, IW.—Ooues, Ibis, 1865, 164 (Arizona).— OoKes, Pr. Pliila. Acad. 1866, 77 (Arizona).— 
 Caues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 83 (Arizona).— Bii!cA.Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 149 (Texas).— 
 Brown., Ibis, 1868, 431 (yancouver).— Ooop. Am. Nat. ill. 1869, 73, 183, 397 (Upper Mis- 
 m\iri).—Ooop. B. Gal. i. 1870, 64, fig.- Coop. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1870, 75 (Colorado River).— 
 Coues, Key, 1872, So.— Allen, Ball. MCZ. iii. 1872, Hi.— Hold. Pr. Bost. 8oc. xv. 1872, 
 
 195 (Black Hills).— ilferr. U. S. (Jeol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 673 Tr'ippe, Pr. Bost. 
 
 Soc. XV. 1873, 236 (Decatar County, Iowa).— Kzd^. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180 (Colo- 
 rado).— retype, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 566 (the mme).— Allen, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 363.— 
 Ridg. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, W5.— Allen, Pr.Boat. Soc. xvii. 1874, 50 (Yellowstone River).— 
 Coues, BNW. 1874, 27, 230.— Bd. Br. SrRy. NAB. i. 1374, 135, figs. pi. 8, f. Z.—Yarr. 4" 
 Hensh. Rf>p. Orn. Specs. 1874, B.—Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 41, \00.— Nelson,, Pr. 
 Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 353 (Nevada).— Hrasi. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 179. 
 
 Balplnctus obsoletns, Stev. U. S. (Jeol. Sarv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 464. 
 
 Salplnctes obSOletUS, Merr. v. S. fleol. Sarv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 713. 
 
 Tbrjothorus latifasciatus, " Licht. PreisVerz. 1831, no. 82 ? " 
 
 Rockf MouDtain Wren, Bock Wren, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Western United States and Mexico. South to Guatemala. 
 
 Gh. sp. — S 9 FusGO-griseus, nigro et albido punctatus, obsolete 
 fusco-undulatus, urnpygio rufescente; subtus albidus posticS rufes- 
 cens, guld obsolete fusco-striata ; rectricibus mediis dorso concolori- 
 bus, fusco striatis, lateralibus fuhis, nigro -fasciatis. 
 
 $ 5 , adult : Upper parts pale brownisli-gray, minutely dotted everywhere 
 with blackish and whitish points together, and usually showing obsolete 
 wavy bars of dusky. Rump cinnamon-brown ; a whitish superciliary line ; 
 beneath, soiled white, shading behind into pale cinnamon, the throat and 
 breast obsoletely streaked, and the under tail-coverts barred, with dusky. 
 Quills of the wings rather darker than the back, with similar markings on 
 the outer webs. Middle tail-feathers like the back, with many dark bars of 
 equal width with the lighter ones; lateral tail-feathers similarly marked on 
 the outer webs, plain on the inner webs, with a broad subterminal black 
 bar on both webs and cinnaqion-^rown tips, the latter usually marbled with 
 dusky ; outer feather with several blackish and cinnamon bars on both 
 webs. Bill and feet dark horn color, the former paler at base below. 
 Length, 5i-6: wing, 2?-2i | tail, 2J-2f; bill, J-f; tarsus, i-|. 
 
 Most of the markings of this species are blended and diffuse. The shade 
 of the upper parts is quite variable, from dull grayish to a more plumbeous 
 shade, often with a faint pinkish tinge. Specimens in worn and faded plum- 
 age may altogether fail to show the peculiar dotting with black and whitish 
 usually seen ; but, in these, the crosswise dusky undulation, as well as the 
 streaks on the breast, are commonly more distinct than in fresher-feathered 
 examples. The rufous tinge of the under parts is very variable in shade ; 
 that of the rump, however, is always well marked. 
 
 STATEMENTS to the effect that the Eock Wren does not 
 occur on the Pacific side have no foundation in fact. In 
 
DISTRIBUTION OF THE EOCK WREN 161 
 
 the " History of North American Birds" (1874), it is said to be 
 "not recorded from Pacific slope"; but one such record, of 
 date 1868, is above quoted. The current eastward limitation 
 of its range must likewise be extended, since the bird has been 
 found in Iowa. Yet authors are right in regarding it as more 
 especially or chiefly an inhabitant of the great central plateau 
 and Rocky Mountains at large to the Coast ranges; and I am 
 not aware that it has ever been found on the coast of Upper 
 (California or Oregon, though it is said by Dr. Cooper to appear 
 toward the Sacramento Valley. It gains the coast further 
 south, and extends to Cape Saint Lucas. Its northern limit is 
 close by the boundary of the United States (latitude 49°). In 
 the other direction, the matter is less defiuite. I give a Mexi- 
 can quotation in a preceding paragraph, and we have the ex- 
 cellent authority of Mr. Osbert Salvin for the occurrence of the 
 bird in Guatemala. Of the movements of the bird within the 
 general area of its distribution, I am not prepared to speak with 
 desirable precision. It is migratory ; but the northern limit 
 of its wintering, and the southern limit of its summering, I 
 think remain to be ascertained. It appears to breed at large 
 in its United States range. At Fort Whipple I noticed its 
 arrival during the latter part of April, and it remains there at 
 least until April. At Fort Mojave, lower in the Territory, 
 though near the same latitude, its presence has been noted in 
 February, and the inference is that it winters there. It has 
 been found at Toquerville, Utah, after the middle of October. 
 Some of its movements may be further illustrated by the fol- 
 lowing notes of Mr. T. M. Trippe, extracted from the " Birds of 
 the Northwest": — 
 
 " The Kock Vv'ren arrives at Idaho [Springs, Clear Creek 
 County, Colorado,] about the 20th of May, and extends its range 
 up to, and a little above, timber-line. It breeds most abundantly 
 between 6,500 and 9,500 feet, rarely nesting higher than the 
 latter elevation, though found during summer from 12,000 feet 
 down to the plains. It is a constant resident of the piles of loose 
 rock which lie scattered on the mountain-sides, in which it finds 
 its food and rears its young, and to which it retreats for safety 
 on being alarmed. On its first arrival it is rather shy, but 
 soon becomes tame and even familiar, haunting piles of boul- 
 ders and small stones in the placer diggings, close to the miners' 
 cabins. It rarely ventures far from its favorite rocky retreats ; 
 but occasionally visits the road-sides to pick up flies and other 
 11 B 
 
162 HABITS AND MANNERS OF THE KOCK WEEN 
 
 insects, and sometimes hops over the roofs of cabins and mills, 
 and not infrequently chooses the ridge as a convenient place 
 from which to serenade its mate. It has a curious, rapidly 
 repeated note, that sounds like the whirring of wings ; its song 
 is very beautiful, loader and sweeter than that of the House 
 Wren, though not as varied. While singing, the bird usually 
 perches on the top of a heap of stones, and stands erect, with 
 head thrown up, like the Carolina Wren. At such times it is 
 quite timid, and if alarmed, instantly ceases the song and looks 
 anxiously around, bobbing itself up and down every little 
 while, like the Dipper, and presently creeps down into the 
 stone-heap. Late in autumn its feathers become much worn 
 from constant creeping among the rocks. In September it 
 disappears." 
 
 The Eock Wren abounds in suitable situations throughout 
 the Colorado Basin, where its vivacious behavior and loud 
 notes render it conspicuous among the other smaller plainly clad 
 species. It is found in most situations, whether wooded or 
 open, but evidently prefers rocky places, full of chinks and 
 crannies, where it creeps furtively about like a mouse, only 
 with greater agilityi or skips and flutters from stone to stone. 
 The greater portion of its habitat being still unsettled, the bird 
 thus frequenting wild and desolate places has acquired a repu- 
 tation for shyness and love of seclusion ; but there is every 
 reason to suppose that in the course of time, should the coun- 
 try ever grow populous, it will become as familiar as the House 
 Wren. In the West, Parkman's Wren, which is nothing but 
 a variety of the sociable little aedon, continues to be quite as 
 retiring and solitary a bird as the Eock Wren. In the case of 
 the latter, we already have the premonitory signs of the semi- 
 domestication of which the bird is susceptible ; it often comes 
 about the miner's or the squatter's cabin, even building its nest 
 in the chinks of the logs ; and with equal readiness haunts the 
 shrubbery of gardens in many of the western towns. It would 
 make a very desirable addition to our " household birds ". 
 
 The materials which compose the Eock Wren's nest are very 
 miscellaneous — some general term like " rubbish " would best 
 express the state of the case. Sometimes a nest is found to be 
 composed almost entirely of some single substance that hap- 
 pened readily available ; but it is oftener built of a variety of 
 materials — any that come handy — sticks, bark-strips, weeds, 
 grasses, moss, hair, wool, &c. The sites selected are quite as 
 
NESTING OF THE ROCK WREN CATHERPES 163 
 
 various ; usually the nest is built in a rift of rocks, or on the 
 ground beneath some shelving rock. The variety of the 
 Eock Wren which inhabits the island of Guadaloup, off the 
 coast of Lower California, is said to ingeniously block up the 
 entrance to its nest with an artificial wall built of pebbles, leav- 
 ing an aperture only just large enough to pass. A nest has 
 been found in the natural cavity of a clay bank ; and others, 
 as already hinted, between the logs of a cabin. As to the 
 period of laying, we are again met by great diversity, in conse- 
 quence of the wide range of the bird during the breeding 
 season. Dr. Cooper's Fort Benton nest contained nine eggs, 
 in June ; at San Diego, the same naturalist found young birds 
 in May ; in New Mexico, Mr. Henshaw took a nest containing 
 three young and one egg, June 17 ; and another, with four 
 nearly fledged young, was secured July 28, though birds of the 
 year already flying had been observed two weeks previously. 
 This indicates, of course, that at least two broods are reared ; 
 and such is doubtless the rule, in the southerly localities at any 
 rate. The eggs seem to run from four to eight or nine to a 
 clutch ; tney measure from 0.72 to 0.77 in length by 0.60 to 
 0.66 in breadth, averaging about ^x | ;. they are noticeable for 
 their rotundity, and the crystalline purity and smoothness 
 of the shell. The white ground is rather sparingly sprinkled 
 with distinct reddish-brown dots, usually massed at the large 
 end or wreathed around it. 
 
 Genus CATHERPES Baird 
 
 Chars. — In general features, even to the system of colora- 
 tion, and the tints themselves, closely resembling Sal^pinotes, 
 Tail and wings much as in that genus. Bill singularly attenu- 
 ate, about as long as the head, nearly straight in all its out- 
 lines, even the gonys being scarcely appreciably, and the cul- 
 men and gonys only slightly, deflected toward the end. There 
 appears to be some peculiarity in the direction of the axis of 
 the bill as a whole in comparison with that of the rest of the 
 skull, there being little rise of the forehead from the line of the 
 cultoien. Tarsus short, not exceeding the middle toe and claw, 
 with a tendency to subdivision of the tarsal plates behind. 
 Hind toe and claw as long as the middle one. Lateral toes of 
 unequal lengths, the tip of the claw of the outer one reaching, 
 or rather surpassing, the base of the middle claw. 
 
 As in the case of Salpinctes, this genus possesses but one 
 known species, which is separable into two geographical races. 
 
164 SYNONYMY AND CHARACTERS OF CANON WRKN 
 
 Canon Wren 
 
 Catlierpes mexicanus* conspersns 
 
 Troglodytes albifrons, 3d. Stansbury's Rep. 1852, 337. 
 
 Troglodytes mexicanilS, Heerm. Journ. Phila. Acad. 1853, 363.— Cass. 111. B. Ciil. & Tex. 
 1854, 173, pi. .30 (in part). 
 
 Catherpes meXlcanilS, Bd. BSA. 1838, 356 (in part).— STmner. P^RR. %. 1859, 36.— Jfnnl. Pr. 
 Phila. Acad. 1859, 191 (California).— Bd. Rev. AB. i.l864,|lll (in part).- ZJress, Ibis, 1865, 
 484 (Texan).- Cones, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 77 (Arizona).— Coop. B. Cal, i. 1870, 66, flgs,- 
 Aiken, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1872, 196 (Colorado, naiienl) .— Allen, full. MCZ. 1872, 175 
 (Colorado City).— ^iisTi, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 404.— Coaes, Key, 1873, 85.— Merr. U. .S. 
 Geol. Snrv. Terr, for 1872, 1873,713 (UtHh).—Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1871, 17.— Cones, BNW. 
 1874, 28. 
 
 catherpes mexicanus var. conspersus. Ridgm. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, eO'i.—Ridg. Bull. EsH, 
 Inst. V. 1873, 180 (Colorado).— Bd. Br. If Ry. NAB. i. 1674, 139, fig. pi. 8, f. i.—Yarr. S( 
 WctisA. Rep. Orn. Speca. 1874, 9.— //ensi. Rep. Om. Specs. 1874,41, 101.— HsnsA. Zool. 
 Expl. W. lUO Merid. 1876, 181. 
 
 Wblte-throated Wren, White-throated Koch Wren, Caflon Wren, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Througliont New Mexico aud Arizona, and portions of Texas, 
 Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and California. Resident. 
 
 Ch. SP. — i 2 Brunneus, anticS pallescens, posticd rufescens, 
 midique albido nigroqiw punotatus ; caudd cinnamomind, angustin- 
 sime nigrofasciaid ; guld albd ; ventre ferrugineo, obsoletd albido 
 fuscoque notato; pedibns nigris. 
 
 3 g , adult : Upper parts brown, paler and grayer anteriorly, behind shad- 
 ing insensibly into rich rnfons, everywhere dotted with small dusky and 
 whitish spots. Tail clear cinnamon-brown, crossed with numerous very 
 narrow and mostly zigzag black bars. Wing-quills dark brown, the outer 
 webs of the primaries and both webs of the inner secondaries barred with 
 the color of the back. Chin, throat, and fore breast, with the lower half 
 of the side of the head and neck, white, shading behind through ochraceous- 
 brown into rich deep ferruginous, and posteriorly obsoletely waved with 
 dusky and whitish. Bill slate color, of a pale livid hue below ; feet black; 
 
 ' The synonymy of the true mexicanva is : — ■ 
 Thryotborns mexlcauns, Sw, Zool. III. i. 1829, pi. ll. 
 
 Troglodytes mexlcanus, Lickt. " Preis-Verz. Mex. Viig. 1830, 2 "; J. f. O. 1863, 57.— Gray, G. 
 
 of B. i. 1847, 159. 
 8alplncles mexicanus, Cab. W^ieg. Arch. 1817, Bd. i. 324.— Bp. CA. i. 1850,324.- Cai. MH. 
 
 t. 1850, 78.— Sc;. PZS. 18J5, 66 ; 1857, 213 (Orizabal ; 1858, 39 (Oaxaca).- Sci. Cat. AB. 
 
 1861, 18. 
 Catherpes mexicanus, Sd. PZS. 1864, 172 (City of .Mexico).— SumicA. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 
 
 1869, 54 J (Vera Cruz). 
 Catherpes mexicanus Mr. mrxlcauus, Ridg. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 603.— Bd. Br. Ry. KAB. i. 
 
 1874, 138. 
 
 Tbryotborus guttulatos, Lafr. RZ. 1839, 99. 
 
 ? Troglodytes alblcollls, " Cm." 
 
 1 Troglodytes murarlus, Licln. " Preia-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1830, 2 "; J. f. 0. 1863, 57. 
 
 ?Certbla albifrons, airaud, Sixteen Sp.Tex. B. 1841, pi. 8 (see Ridg. Am. Nat. vii. 1873,604). 
 
 Hab. — Mexico, southward from near the border of the United States. 
 
THE HAUNTS OF THE CANON WKEN 165 
 
 eyes brown. Length about 5^ inches; extent, 7|; wing, 2,-; tail, 2^; bill, 
 I ; tarsus, J. 
 
 The numerous United States specimens of this bird I have examined diifer 
 decidedly from the Mexican form, as accurately pointed ont by Mr. Ridgway. 
 The Mexican bird is larger, with a different curve of the bill ; it is much 
 darker colored both above and below, with sharper distinction of the white 
 throat, and with the spots of the upper parts restricted to the back and 
 wings; with the black tail-bars much broader and more regular, and the 
 light markings on the outer webs of the quills mere indentations instead of 
 complete bars. 
 
 POINTS, about the Canon Wren are its fondness for the 
 resorts the name indicates, and its wonderfully impressive 
 chant. More anon of the last of these two leading traits. I 
 will first speak of its haunts, which are no less characteristic 
 of the bird than its singular utterances. It is not very long 
 since the bird was unknown as an inhabitant of the United 
 States ; and no one could have surmised how large an area in 
 this country it really occupies from the hints of its distribution 
 which our literature of ten years ago afforded. It was supposed 
 to merely reach our border, with a little extension within our 
 limits up the Colorado Valley. The fact that I had never seen 
 it at Fort Whipple supported this notion of its limited distribu- 
 tion, and in my " Prodrome V of 1866 1 gave the bird as one gen- 
 erally distributed over the southern and western portions of 
 Arizona, up to S'ort Mojave at least. I now see that its absence 
 from that locality — at any rate, its rarity, so great that it never 
 came under my observation — was due to the topographical 
 features of the place, not its geographical position. There 
 were plenty of rocks about the fort (rocks, like reptiles and 
 cactuses, are nattwal products of Arizona), just suiting the 
 wants of the Salpinctes; but this immediate vicinity lacked 
 the singular walled chasms with which many portions of the 
 Territory are scored and seamed — those reproductions on a 
 smaller scale of the Grand Carton of the Colorado itself, most 
 wonderful crack of the ground in America — and such rifts of 
 solid rock alone are entirely to the liking of the Canon Wren. 
 So it fell out that it was left for the latest ornithologists of 
 the Southwest — for Allen, Aiken, Ridgway, and Henshaw — to 
 show that the range of the bird extends from Arizona and 
 New Mexico, and portions of Texas and Southern California, 
 into Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. How much further it may 
 actually reach we do not yet know ; but there is nothing in 
 the analogies of the case to forbid the supposition that the 
 
166 THE CACTUS WREN AS A MUSIC-BOX 
 
 Oanon Wren may push northward wherever its favorite resorts 
 can be found. For it is by no means the tender, semi-tropical 
 bird we may have somewhat unconsciously supposed ; it is 
 resident in all the Territories just named ; it winters in Colorado, 
 Utah, and Nevada; and if it is ever subjected to the migratory 
 impulses which most of the Wrens feel at times, there is noth- 
 ing but the lack of suitable haunts to restrain its movements. 
 
 We remember the " rift within the lute "; in the Oanon Wren 
 we have the lute within the rift — a curious little animated 
 music-box, utterly insignificant in size and appearance, yet fit 
 to make the welkin ring with glee. This bird-uote is one of 
 the most characteristic sounds in nature ; nothing matches it 
 exactly; and its power to impress the hearer increases when, 
 as usually happens, the volume of the sound is strengthened 
 by reverberation through the deep and sinuous canon, echoed 
 from side to side of the massive perpendicular walls till it 
 gradually dies away in the distance. No technical description 
 would be likely to express the character of these notes, nor 
 explain the indelible impression they make upon one who hears 
 them for the first time amid the wild and desolate scenes to 
 which they are a fit accompaniment. The song is perfectly 
 simple ; it is merely a succession of single whistling notes, each 
 separate and distinct, beginning as high in the scale as the 
 bird can reach, and regularly descending the gamut as long as 
 the bird's breath holds out, or until it reaches the lowest note 
 the bird is capable of striking. These notes are loud, clear, 
 and of a peculiarly resonant quality ; thej- are uttered with 
 startling emphasis, and I sometimes, fancied I detected a shade 
 of derision, as if, secure in its own rocky fastnesses, the bird 
 were disposed to mock the discomforts and anxieties of a 
 journey through hostile deserts. 
 
 In its general habits, the Canon Wren displays much of the 
 nature of a Creeper; and, on closely comparing the structure 
 of its feet, much resemblance may be traced. In fact, its habits 
 recall the impression I have formed respecting those of the 
 European Wall Creeper {Tichodroma). It often flies up and 
 down the face of perpendicular cliffs, clinging to the slightest 
 inequalities of surface, or settling to sing upon the very edge 
 of the crest ; and has even been observed to cling to the roof 
 of a cave with all the facility of a Creeper, When among loose 
 bowlders, its behavior is more becoming a Wren ; it threads the 
 mazes of the rocks, like the Salpinctes, with wonderful agility, 
 
ANALYSIS OF TEOGLODYTINiE 167 
 
 in a sly and furtive way, delighting to baffle observation aud 
 re- appear unexpectedly in another place to laugh heartily at 
 the perplexity it has occasioned. But I must not represent 
 the Oaiion Wren solely in its leading character of the scoffing 
 anchoretic cave-dweller ; it sometimes displays familiar traits, 
 coming in friendly spirit about man's abode, to nest in crevices 
 of walls and buildings, or even occupy boxes put up for its 
 accommodation, like a Martin, Bluebird, or House Wren. 
 Sufficient and satisfactory details respecting its nest and eggs 
 have not yet reached me ; from what 1 can gather from the 
 published records, its economy in these matters closely resem- 
 bles that of the Rock Wren. Eggs supposed to belong to the 
 Canon Wren have been described by Dr. Brewer : they were 
 " four in number, were unusually oblong and pointed for eggs 
 of this family, and measured .80 by .60 of an inch, with a 
 crystalline-white ground, profusely covered with numerous and 
 large blotches of a reddish or cinnamon brown ". 
 
 Subfamily TROGLODYTIN^ : Typical Weens 
 
 This is a much more homogeneous group than the family at 
 large as usually constituted. The current genera of North 
 America are very closely related — so closely that their formal 
 discrimination becomes difficult. They are in fact best dis- 
 tinguished by the system of coloration, in connection with 
 certain slight details of form. Since every one of our species 
 represents a different subdivision, it will suffice to present here 
 an analysis which will serve for their recognition, and obviate 
 the necessity of diagnosis under the several heads given beyond. 
 
 All the following sections with the wings and tail more or less completely 
 barred crosswise. 
 
 A. Large. Upper parts uniform in color, without streaks or bars ; ramp 
 
 with concealed white spots. Belly unmarked; a conspicuous super- 
 ciliary stripe. 
 
 a. Tail shorter or not longer than the wings, all the feathers brown, 
 
 distinctly barred Thryothorus ( T. ludovieianus). 
 
 b. Tail decidedly longer than the wings (in our species), blackish, not 
 
 fully barred on all the feathers Thryomanbs (T. bewieki). 
 
 B. Small. Upper parts not uniform, the back being more or less distinctly 
 
 barred crosswise ; wings, tail, and flanks fully barred. 
 
 c. Tail about equal to wings, the outstretched feet reaching scarcely or 
 
 not beyoud its end Troglodytes (T. aedon). 
 
 d. Tail decidedly shorter than wings, the outstretched feet reaching 
 
 far beyond its end Anorthura (A. troglodytes). 
 
168 SYNONYMY OP THRYOTHOEUS LUDOVICIANUS 
 
 C. Small. Upper parts not uniform, the back being streaked lengtliwise ; 
 ' flanks scarcely or not barred. 
 
 e. Bill about J as long as head ; crown plain ; streaks of back confined 
 
 to interscapnlar region Tblmatodytes ( T. palustns). 
 
 f. Bill scarcely or nor | as long as head ; crown streaked, like the whole 
 
 back CisroTHORUS (C. stellaris). 
 
 Species of all these sections, excepting typical Thryothorus, 
 occur in the Colorado Basin. The synonymy of Thryothorus' 
 ludovicianus * is subjoined, together with a figure of the same 
 
 *Tbryothorn8 ladoviciaiias.— Carolina Wren. 
 
 a, ludovicianus. 
 
 MotaclUa troglodytes, var. y, Om. S»f. i. pt. ii. 1788, ggj, no. 4fiy(Buff.v. 361; PE, 730, f. 1). 
 Sylvia ludOTiClana, ia<i. 10. ii. 1790, 548, u. 150 (also based on Buffon). (ffot o/ p. 535, 
 no. 105). 
 
 Motnciiln luaovislana, Tun. SN. i. 1806, 613. 
 
 Troglodytes ludovicianus, "Licht. Verz. 1823, 35".— Bp. Joum. Thila. Acad. iv. 1824, 20.— 
 Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 93.— Nutt. Man. i. 1833, i29.—And. OB. i. 1831 , 399, pi. 78.— 
 ,Aud. Syn. 1839, 7i.—Jud. BA. ii. 1841, 116, pi. in.— Girand, BLI. 1844, 75.— JVoodk. 
 Sitgr. Rep. 1853, 67.—Gerhardt, Naum. iii. 1853, 31.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 
 313 (Whcoamn).— Read, Pr, Phila. Acad. 18.53, 399 (Ohio}.—Kennic. Tr. III. Agric. 
 Soc. i. 1855, S83.—Praucn, Tr. III. Agrio. Soc. i. 1855, S03.—Mazim. J. f. O. 1858, 110.— 
 Gosse, Alabama, 1859, S3.— Hoy, SmitliB. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (MisBOuri).— Moj/;!. B. 
 Fla. 1873, .17. 
 
 Thryothorus ludovicianus, £/>. CGL. 1838, 11.— Biirned, Pr. Boat. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— Srf. 
 Cat. AB. 1861, W.— Barnard, Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.- Coufs If Prent. Smiths. 
 Rep. for 1861, 1862, 410.— Bd. Kev. AB. 1864, 123.— ? Dress. Ibis, 1865, 484.— Law. Ann. 
 Lye. N. Y. Till. 1866,283 (Long Island).— Ooims, Pr. Bosl. Soc. xii. 1868, 108.— Allen, 
 Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1868, 523.— Tm™S. B. E. Pa. 1669,27; Phila. ed. 20 (wintering).— 
 Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1871, 19.— Oouea, Am. Nat. 1871,367.- ^i/eu, Bull. MCZ. ii. 187!, 
 266 ; iii. 1872, 125, 175 (Kansas). —Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 265.—Scoa, Pr. Bost. Soc. XV. 
 
 1872, Wl.— Coues, Key, 1872, 86, f. 29 Snom, B. Kansas, 1873, B.— Allen. Am. Nat. vii. 
 
 1873, 363.— Ridg. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 550, 605; viii. 1874, 198.— Merria7li, Am. Nat. viii. 
 
 1874, 8, 86.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 29. 
 
 Thryothorus ludovicianus var. ludovicianus, Bd. Br. ^ %. NAB. i. 1874, 142, pi. 9, f. l. 
 
 Tbrlothorus ludovicianus, Bd. BNA. 1858, .361. 
 
 Thryotorus ludovicianus, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 220. 
 
 Motacllla caroliniana, Bartr. Trav. Pla. 1st Am. ed. 1791, 291. 
 
 Certhla caroliniana, JVils. AO. ii. 1810, 61, pi. 12, f. 5.—Bp. Joum. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 28. 
 
 Troglodytes aruiidlnaceus, Vieill. OAS. ii. 1807, 55, pi. 108 {not the account of habits). 
 
 Thryothorus arundlnaceus, " Less. EZ. 1840, 263 (syn. excl.) ". 
 
 Thryothorus llttoralls, Vieill. "Nouv. Diet. d'Hlst. Nat. xxxiv. 1819, 56". 
 
 Thryolhotus louisianee, "£e»s. RZ. 1840, 263" (in part), 
 
 Troglodyte dc la Loulslane, Svff. •' v. 361"; (PE. 730, f. l).—Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783,46. 
 
 Roltclct de la lonlslane. Buff. pe. 730, f. l. 
 
 Louisiana Warbler, Lath. Syn. Suppl. ii. 244, n. 16 (not o/Syu. ii, pt. ii. 480, no. 101). 
 
 Troglodyte des Roseaux, yieill. (1807 jiec 1819). 
 
 Carolina Wren, (ireat Carolina Wren, ^K«Aor». 
 
 b. berlandieri. 
 
 Thrlothorns berlandieri, Couch. MSS.—Bd. BNA. 1858, 362; ed. of I860, pi. 83, f. 1. 
 Thryothorus berlandieri, Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 124.— Coues, Am. Nat. V. 1871, 367. 
 Thryothorus ludovicianus var. berlandieri, Coues, Key, 1872,86.— Ooucs, BNW. 1874, 29.— 
 Bd. Br. Sflty. NAB. i. 1874, 144, pi. 9, f. 2. 
 
 Hab.— Eastern United States; north to New York. "Var. ba-Iandieri, 
 Valley of the Rio Grande. 
 
THE WHITE-BELLIED WREN 
 
 169 
 
 bird, to complete an enumeration of the North American species. 
 My notices of the species must be brief, and restricted chiefly 
 to local items, since ample details of these well known birds 
 have already been [iublished in other treatises. 
 
 %^ 
 
 Fig. 33.— Carolina Wren. 
 
 \¥hite-l)ellied Wren 
 
 Thryomanes bewiclti leucogaster 
 
 «. bewicki. 
 
 Troglodytes bewlckii, Aud. OB. i. ISSl, S6, pi. 18.— Nan. Man. i. 1832, 434 ; Sd. ed. i. 1840, 
 
 489.— Au.d. Syn. 1839, 74.— Less. RZ. 1840, 264.— ^(lA BA. ii. 1841, 120, pi. llB.-froodh. 
 
 Sitg"-. Rep. 1853, 67 (Indian Terntoi-y). — 7'ri;j;;B, Pr. E<s. Inst.vi. 1871, 115 (Minnesota). 
 
 ThryothoniS bcwickli. Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 149.— Cones, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 
 
 108.— Turnb. B. E. Po. 1869, 87; Phila. ed. 20.— (7o«M, Key, 1872, 8S.—Ridg. Am. Nat. 
 
 vii. 1873, m5.—Siiow, B. Kans. 1873, fi.—Coues, BNW. 1874, 31. 
 
 ThryothoniS bcwiCkii var. beWicKli, Bd. Rev, AB. i. 1864, 126 (subg. Thryomanes).— B. B. 
 
 If R. NAB. i. 1874, 145, flg«. pi. 9, f. 3. 
 TbriOthorus bewickii, Bd. BNA. 1858, 363.—BaTnard, .Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436. 
 Thryothorus bewicki, Bp. CaL. 1838, ll.— Dress. Ibis, 1865, 484 (Texas). 
 Thryotorus bewicki, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 221. 
 Telmatodytcs bewicki, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 78. 
 Bewick's Wren, long-tailed House Wren, Authors. 
 
 b. leucogaster. (Bd.) 
 
 Thryothorus bewickii, ?Sc(. PZ5. 18.59, 372 (Oaxaca).— 6'o«cs. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 78 
 
 (Arizona).— /f«!s/i. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 101 (Arizona). 
 Thryothorus bewicki, Coves, Ibis, 1865, 161 (Arizona). 
 
170 CHARACTERS OF THE WHITE-BELLIED WREN 
 
 Thrjotboms bewUkil var. leucogaster, Bd. Rev. AB. i. 1864, 127 (not Trog. leucogastra 
 Gould, PZS. 1836, 89, which Is of a different genua).— Oomm, Key, 1872. ZS.—Yarr. I, 
 Hensk. Rep.Oro. Specs. 1874,9.— ffen«4. ihlii. 41.— B. B. If R. NAB. i. 1874, 147. 
 
 Thryotborus ' ewickll b. leucogaster, Coues, BNW. 1874, 31. 
 
 Tbry otborns bewlckl var. leucogaster, Hensk. List B. Ariz. 1875, 155 ; Expl. W. 100 M. 183. 
 
 Thrlotborus leucogaster, Coop. Am. ^at. iii. 1869, 474, 479. 
 
 Wblte-bellled Wren, Authors. 
 
 c. spilurus. 
 
 TroglOdites bewlckll, Ornith. Oomm. Joum. Phila. Acart. vii. 1837, 193. 
 
 Troglodytes bewlckli. Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. 1839, 1.54.— Garni. Pr. Phila, Acad. iii. 1846, 
 
 ll3.—lfewh. PRRR. vi. 1857, 80.—?Xant. Pr. PhiU. Acad. 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon).— 
 
 Hcerm. PRRR. x. 1859, iO.—C. If S. NH WT. 1860, 189. 
 Tbryottaorus bewickl. Brown, Ibis, 1888, 421 (Vancouver). 
 Tbryotborus bewlckli var. spllurns, Bd. Rev. AB. i. 1864, IW.—Ooues, Key, 1872, 86,— B. B. 
 
 I, R. NAB. i. 1874, \¥1.—Nels. Pr. BoBt. Sec. xvii. 187*, 357. 
 Thryotborus bewlckli c. spllurus, Coues, BNtV. 1874, 31. 
 
 Troglodytes spllurus, Vig. Zool. Voy. Blosa. 1839, 18, pi. 4. f. ].- Bp. CA. i. 1850, 222. 
 Thryotborus spllurus, Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 69, fig. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern United States, north to the Middle States and Minnesota. 
 Var. leucogaster, Southwestern United States and southward in Mexico. 
 Var. apilurus, Pacific coast of the United States and Lower California. 
 
 Ch. sp. — $ 9 Ginereo-brunneus, infra cinereo-albus; strigd 
 superciliari albd; caudd nigrioante, reotricibm mediis cinereo- . 
 multifasciatis, cceteris albo-terminatis, pogonio exteriore rectricis 
 extimw albo-fasciato. 
 
 $ 9 , adult : Above nniform clear ashy-brown. Below clear ashy-white, 
 pure white on the middle parts. A long, strong, white, superciliary stripe 
 from the nostrils to the sides of the nape, and auriculars speckled with white. 
 A number of concealed white spots on the rump, which only show on dis- 
 turbing the plumage. Quills of the wings fuscous, the inner feathers very 
 obsoletely waved with the color of the back. Two middle tail-feathers 
 closely and regularly barred with pure dark ash and black; the others 
 black, with irregular white or ashy-white tips, the outer web of the exterior 
 feather barred with white. Length, 5^-51 inches ; extent, fif; wing, 2-2J; 
 tail, 2i-2i ; bill, i ; tarsus, f . 
 
 This is the best marked of the races currentl.y quoted, in the clearer ashy- 
 brown of the upper parts, white shaded with pure ash rather than with 
 brown on the under parts, obsoleteness of the transverse marking on the 
 inner secondaries, abundance and size of the concealed white spots on the 
 rump, and length of the tail. The Pacific coast form (T. apilurus Vig.), which 
 shares this length of tail, has the bill even longer (about J) and the browner 
 coloration of typical iewicki; the spots on the rump are as numerous as in 
 the Coloradoan form. 
 
 A technical point affecting nomenclature here requires passing notice. 
 This bird is not Troglodytes leucogastra of Gould, as supposed by Professor 
 Baird, Gould's bird being the same that was afterward described as Cyphorinua 
 puaillus by Dr. Sclater (P. Z. S. 1859, 372), and consequently not even of the 
 same genus. The Cyphorinua would consequently stand as C. leucogaster 
 (Gould), and the Thryomanes remain T. iewioM leucogaster (Baird, 1864). See 
 Ibis, 1874, p. — , where the point is elucidated by Mr. Salvin. In the " Nomen- 
 clator Avium Neotropicalium " (p. 155), Gould's bird is made the type of a new 
 genus and called Uropsila leucogastra. 
 
SYNONYMY OF TROGLODYTES DOMESTICUS 171 
 
 BEWICK'S Wren, of the White-bellied variety, is a common 
 bird in the Colorado Basin. At Port Whipple, I found it 
 to be the most abundant and characteristic representative of 
 its family; it resides there during the whole year, and seems 
 as indifferent in its choice of resorts as it is in regard to the 
 changes of the seasons. There is no occasion to enlarge upon 
 its habits, since they are substantially the same as those of its 
 eastern relative, which have already been sufflciently described 
 by other writers besides myself. What I regard as probably 
 the best account we have is that contributed by Mr. Ridgway 
 to the " History of North American Birds '^ My "Birds of 
 the Northwest" contains some additional information. 
 
 Western House W^ren 
 
 Troglodytes domesticus parkmanl 
 
 a, domesticus 
 
 Motacilla domestica, Bartr. Trav. Fla. iBt Am. ed. i. 1791, 291. 
 
 Sylvia domesllca, WUb. AO. i. 1808, 129, pi. 8, f. 3.—Bp. Joum. Phila. Acad.iv. 1824, 187. 
 
 Troglodytes domestlca, Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1875, 351. 
 
 Troglodytes eedon, yieiU, OAS. ii. 1807, 53, pi. 107; " Nouv. Diet. xXTiv. 1819, 506".— Bp. 
 Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 187.— B;i. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 92.— And. OB. i. 427 : 
 V. 470 ; pi. 83.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 11.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 75.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 125, pi. 120.— 
 Hoy, Pr.- Phila. Acad. 1853, 312.— Thomps. NH. Vermont, 1853, Si.— Woodh. Sitg. Kep. 
 ZuDi, 1853, ei.— WaUe>, Rep. MisBisB. 1854, 318.— K«mic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. 1. 1855, 
 583.— Prasten, ibid. B03:—PMn. Pr. Ebb. Inst. i. 1856, idS.—Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. 
 1856, 288.— Barn. SmithB. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 437.— ferr. Pr. Ebb. Inst. iii. 1862, 149.— 
 Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 138.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438.— AfcKio. Pr. Ess. Inst. 
 , v. 1866, 88.— Coves, Pr. Boat. Soc. xii. 1868, lOa.—HiU, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 49.—Naum. 
 Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 390.—McLaugli. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 6l4.^^i6o«, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 
 540, 545.— TVippe, Pr. EsB. Inst. vi. 1871, 115.— Trippe, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1873, 236.— 
 Ridff. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 550.— B. B. {f R. NAB. i. 1874, 149, pi. 9, f. 5. 
 
 Troglodytes acdon, Peab. Rep. Om. Mass. 1839, 314.— Wm«. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 475.— Bp. CA. 
 i. 1850, 222.- GerJ. Naum. iii. 1853, S7.—Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 399.— Bd. BNA. 
 1858, 367.— Jlfaiim. J. f. O. 1858, 109.— Allen, Pr. Ebb. Inst. iv. 1864, 68.—Lawr. Ann. 
 Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 283.- CoiiM, Pr. Ebb. Inst. v. 1868, 21B.—Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 
 27 ; Phila. ed. 20.—Ooues, Key, 1872, 86.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 265.— Allen, Am. 
 Nat. vi. 1872, 265, 870, 275 — Miiyre. Pr. Boat. Soo. xiv. 1872, 360.— Allen, Am. Nat. 1873, 
 362.— Mayn. B. Pla. 1873, 39.— Brea. Pr. Boat. Soc. xvU. 187.5, 439.— Coaes, BNW.1874, 32. 
 
 Hylemattarons aedon, Cab. J. t. O. i860, 407. 
 
 Troglodytes fnlvus, Nvit. Man. i. 1832, 422. 
 
 Troglodytes furvus, Rich. " List, 1837, 11 ".—Gloger, J. f. 0. 1854, 376. 
 
 Troglodytes amerlcanus, Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 452, pi. 179.— Bp. CGL. 1838, n.— Peoi. Rep. 
 Om. Mass. 1839, 3\.6.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 75.— ^m<2. BA. ii. 1841, 123, pi. 119.— Bp. CA. i. 
 1850, 222.— Pum. Pr. Essex Inst. i. 1856, 208.— BA BNA. 1858, 368.— Ferr. Pr. Ess. Inst. 
 iii. 1862, 149.— BA Rev. AB. 1864, Ul.—Lawr. Ann Lyo. N. Y. viii. 1866, 283.— Ooues, Pr. 
 EB8. Inst. V. 1868, 278.- r«™6. B. E. Pa. 1869, 27 ; Phila. ed. 20. 
 
 Troglodytes americana, Brew, journ. Bost. Soo. 1837, 437. 
 
 Traglodytes amerlcanus, Thomps. N. H. Vermont, 1853, 85. 
 
 Hylematbrous amerlcanus, Cab. J. f. O. i860, 407. 
 
 Troglodyte »don, K 1. 1>. 1807.— ieftf. Ois. Canad. 1861, 182. 
 
 House Wren , Authors. 
 
172 CHARACTERS OF THE WESTERN' HOUSE WREN 
 
 &. parhmani 
 
 Trosloilltes TuIVUS, Omilh. Oomm, Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 193. 
 
 Troglodytes flllvns, Towns. Joara. Pbila. Aead. viii, 1839, 154. 
 
 Trogloaytes parkmanii, And. OB. v. 1839, 3W.— dud. Syn. 18.39, 75. — Tou>ns. Journ. Phila. 
 Acad. 18.39, \M.—NuU. Man. 1. 2d ed. 1840, iSX—Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 133, pi. 122. 
 
 Troglodytes parkmanni, Sfi. CA, i. 1850, -s-il.—Bd. B.>*A. 18.i8, 361.— Bd. U. S. Mex. B. 
 Surv. ii. pt. ii. 1859, 13.— Xanl. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 191.-0. (( S. NHWT. 1860, 191.— 
 Bd. Ives'B Rep. pt. v. 1861, 6.~Blakist. Ibia. iv. 1862, 5 (S.iskatchewan) ; 1863, 67.—Hayd. 
 Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, I6i.—Bd. R«v. AB. 1864, lil.— Oou.es, Ihin, 186.5, 164.— 
 Coues, Pr. Phils. Acad. 186C, 78.— Brown, Ibis, 1868, iil.—Oorp. B. Cal. i. 1870, 71, fig.- 
 Ooop. Pr. CaU. Acad. 1870, 75.—Ooop. Am. Nat. iv. 1871, 7o8.— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 187-2, 
 Z75.—Merr. V. S. Geol. Surv. 1873, 673, 713.— HM^-. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 20U. 
 
 Troglodytes parkmanl, Aiken, Pr. Bost, Soc. xv. 1872, 196. 
 
 Troglodytes parkmaniin,,SM. U. S. Gfol. Surv. for 1870, 1871, 464. 
 
 Troglodytes sedon, 5, ^fl. PBA. ». 183l,316, fig. (Rocky Mountains). 
 
 Troglodytes aedon, Heerm. PERB. x. 1859, 4l. — Holden, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 196. 
 
 Troglodytes sedontiar. parkmanni, OoMS, 'Kay, 1872, 87— Riiiy. Ball. Eh. last ..187!, 
 180.— rorr. If Hensh. Rep. Orn. Spec*. 1874, 8.— B. B. ^ H. NAB. i. 1874, \5\.— Allen 
 Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1874, 59.— Nelson, Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1875, 357. 
 
 Troglodytes aedon var. parkinanni, Coues, BNW. 1874, 3-2.— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Sppcs. 1874, 
 41. 57, 74, lOl.—Hensk. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 184. 
 
 Troglodytes aedon var. parkmani, Alleii; Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 3S2.—rrippe apud Coues, BNW. 
 1874. 231.— HiTis*. List B. Ariz. 1875, 155. 
 
 Troglodytes SylveStriS, Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 113. 
 
 Troglodytes americanus, Gamb. Joarn. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 33.—Heerm. Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 
 1853, 263.— ffCTry,Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, .309; xi. 1859, lOl.—Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 41. 
 
 Psrkniitii I. or Farkmann's Wren, Western House Wren, Autliors. 
 
 Hab. — Of the typical form, Eastern United States and British Provinces ; 
 "West to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, &c. Of var. parkmani, United States 
 from the high central plains to the Pacific. 
 
 Ch. SI\ (6. PARKMANI). — 3 2 Brunneus, uropygio vix discolore, 
 notceo, alis cawldque fuseo trannfasciatis ; infra brunneoalbidus, 
 abdomine alhieante, hypoohondriis crlssoq^ue fasoiatis. Staturd 
 T. aedonis, sed alis .cauddque longioribus. 
 
 $ 9 : Brown above, little brighter on the rump, nearly everywhere waved 
 ■with dusky, strongest on the wings and tail, but usually very appreciable 
 on the whole back as welL Below browuisli-white, becoming nearly pure 
 white on the belly, obscurely variegated with darker markings, which, on 
 the flanks and crissum, become stronger bars, alternating witli brown and 
 whitish ones. Bill blackish above, pale below ; feet brown. Length, 5 
 inches or a little more; extent, 6f ; wing, 3 or rather more; tail almost 2. 
 
 With a very close resemblance to typical aedon, this form differs appreci- 
 ably in some points of form as well as of color. The wings and tail are 
 decidedly longer, and this elongation of the wing results in a different 
 relative proportion of the first primary, the exposed portion of which in 
 aedon is about half as long as the longest primary, while the same in park- 
 mani is only about half as long as the second primary. The Colorado region 
 furnishes extreme cases of this difference, as it also does of the paleness of 
 color which characterizes the western style of House Wren. The bird has a 
 faded appeal ance in comparison with typical aedon, and the brownish of the 
 rump is little different from that of the back. 
 
CRITICAL EEMAEKS ABOUT THE HOUSE WREN 173 
 
 I derive ray name of tbe typical House Wieu, 2\ domesiicHS, as Wilson did 
 his Sylina domestica, from the Motacilla domestica o£ Baitrani, whicb antedates 
 Vieillot's name by many years. The current orthography of the latter 
 (a'don) is clearly wrong, since it is fro i ai^Jui' (th. aeiSa), -whence properly 
 aedon. Nor has the varietal designation of the Western House Wren escaped 
 maltreatment, being spelled four different ways. The bird having been 
 dedicated to Dr. George Parliman (not Parkmanu) of Boston, its name should 
 be written parkmani. The' various combinations of these two words in their 
 several shapes result in a curiously involved set of synonyms, which show 
 that the care to be expected from an author in the use of technical terms in 
 science is not always exercised. I am free to speak in the matter, having 
 been myself quite as gnilty as the rest. 
 
 Respecting the Telatlonships of Audubon's " Wood Wren ", T. amerioanus, 
 to the common House Wren, there seems to be no longer a doubt that the 
 two are identical. The authors of the " History of North American Birds ", 
 while agreeing in this view, diifer in their explanation of the ascribed char- 
 acters of the " Wood Wren ". At page 149 of the Work just mentioned, we 
 read : — " There can scarcely be any doubt that tbe T. amerioanus of Audubon 
 is nothing more thau this species [_T. aedon'] in dark, accidentally soiled 
 plumage (from charcoal of burnt trees, etc.)." At pages 151 and 152 of the same 
 work, the followingstatenient occurs ; — " Under the name of Troglodytes amen- 
 canus, or Wood Wren, Mr. Audubon figured and described as a distinct 
 species what is probably only a somewhat larger and darker form of the 
 present species [T. aedon], hardly distinct enough to be treated even as a 
 race." A specimen which came to me as a " Wood Wren", under color of 
 Andubon's personal identification, and which I retain iu my cabinet, is noth- 
 ing but a House Wren. 
 
 Before proceeding to speak of Parkman's Wren, I wish to correct an im- 
 portant error into which Dr. Brewer has fallen respBOting the distribution 
 of the common House Wren, which, he states (op. cit. p. 150), "is not ob- 
 served iu any portion of the Uuited States after the first of November ". 
 But Andnbou found his "Wood Wren" in South Carolina in winter; the 
 House Wren is marked "probably resident" in my List of the Birds' of 
 South Carolina ; and Mr. Allen found it on i of the abundant winter birds of 
 Florida, " occurring everywhere ". The fact is that the South Atlantic and 
 Gulf States are exactly the winter home of the House Wren; there may be 
 some extralimital records, indeed, but I am afraid to quote any of the sup- 
 posed references, as I have not satisfied myself that the bird ever winters 
 anywhere but in the region where Dr. Brewer states it is never seen in 
 winter. The same writer says further: — "This species does not appear to 
 be found beyond the southwestern portion of Maine and the soutljern por- 
 tions of New Hampshire and Veniiout." I understand that confirmation of 
 its alleged extension to Nova Scotia would be desirable, but of its appearance 
 in Canada there is no reasonable doubt. In the interior, it also extends to 
 the British Possessions. I have myse'f found it breeding abundantly on 
 the Red River of the North, latitude 49° N. 
 
 IN comparing the habits of Parkuiaii's Wren with those of 
 its eastern relative, we must not regard the matter from the 
 standpoint usually. assume<l. Being familiar with the ways of 
 
174 distkibutkjn of parkman's wren 
 
 the semi-domesticated House Wren, we onconscioiisly consider 
 the traits it has acquired in populous regions, and the con- 
 sequent modiflcatiou of its habits, to be natural, and are apt 
 to contrast our bird's somewhat artificial mode of life with the 
 primitive manner in which the other still lives. Making due 
 allowance for this, we find that the alleged discrepancies be- 
 tween the two birds have little foundation in fact. Nor have 
 circumstances altered the case to the extent some suppose; 
 for the behavior of these Wrens is still the same when they are 
 placed under similar conditions. Parkman's Wren accepts the 
 situation as soon as it is brought in contact with civilization, 
 as readily as the House Wren did in the beginning ; while the 
 latter remains in some places unaffected by the settlement of 
 the country. Such is the case in Florida, for instance, where 
 Mr. J. A. Allen studied its habits. " The term ' house ' wren," 
 he remarks, " usually applied to this bird, is decidedly a mis- 
 nomer, since it frequents the fields, the thickets, and even the 
 forest, as much as the vicinity of houses. In the wilds of 
 Florida, where human habitations are few, there is notliing 
 whatever in its habits to suggest this name." 
 
 The \N'estern House Wren is abundant in the Colorado Basin 
 in all suitable localities; that is, in wooded and shrubby places. 
 With reference to the region at large, the bird is resident, being 
 found in all parts at one season or another. Yet it is perfectly 
 migratory. At Fort Whipple, I noticed its arrival in that 
 elevated locality, from its winter resorts in lower portions of 
 Arizona, about the 20th of April; and it remained until October. 
 It is nearly a month later in a;)pearing in the northerly mount- 
 ainous portions of the watershed, as in Colorado Territory for 
 instance; and it there disajipears in September. Some individ- 
 uals continue their migration till they reach the northern bound- 
 ary of the United States. Its extension in the other direction 
 is less definite, and may perhaps depend upon our interpretation 
 of the geographical race which has been described from Mexico. 
 As in the case of the typical House Wren, I do not venture to 
 take into consideration any of the extralimital quotations 
 which may or may not actually refer to our species. The 
 probability is, that true parlcmani does not extend into Mexico, 
 except perhaps for a little way, and only in winter; the corre- 
 sponding resident " House" Wren of that country being what 
 is called var. aztecus. 
 
 In its nidification, Parkman's Wren agrees so closely with 
 
THE HOUSE WEEN'S NOTION OF ARCHITECTURE 175 
 
 its eastern congener that one account would do for both. We 
 have only to remember that it does not yet generally avail 
 itself of the artificial accommodations that its relative usually 
 selects, for the simple reason that there afe comparatively few 
 such resorts to be found where it lives. Nevertheless, it shows 
 the same readiness to do so whenever opportunity offers, and 
 is rapidly growing semi-domesticated in settled parts of the 
 West. The nests of both birds are remarkable for the endless 
 variety of the materials of which they are composed, the dimen- 
 sions which they sometimes attain, and the diversity of the 
 sites selected for them. The birds seem to be afflicted with an 
 insanabile construendi oaooethes (to borrow a simile from Juvenal), 
 which impels them to keep on building after they have built 
 enough for any practicable purpose. Their notion seems to be, 
 that whatever place they select, be it large or small, must be 
 completely filled with a lot of rubbish before they can feel com- 
 fortable about it. When they nest in a knot-hole, or any cavity 
 of inconsiderable dimensions, the structure is a mass of sticks 
 and other trash of reasonable bulk ; but the case is otherwise 
 when they get behind a loose weather-board, for instance, 
 where there is room enough for a dozen nests; then they never 
 know when to stop. I witnessed a curious illustration of their 
 "insane" propensities in one case where a pair found their 
 way through a knot-hole into one of those small sheds which 
 stands in the back-yard, with a well-worn path leading to the 
 house, showing its daily use. (It should be premised that a 
 wren likes to get into its retreat through the smallest possible 
 orifice; if the entrance be small enough, there cannot be too 
 much room inside; and, when the hole is unnecessarily large, 
 it is often closed up to the right size.) Having entered through 
 a nice little hole, into a dark place, the birds evidently supposed 
 it was all right inside, and began to build in a corner under 
 the roof, where the joists came together. Though annoyed by 
 frequent interruption, the indefatigable little creatures, with 
 almost painful diligence, lugged in their sticks till they had 
 made a pile that would fill a bushel, and I cannot say they 
 would not have filled the whole shed had they not been com- 
 pelled to desist; for they were voted a nuisance, and the hole 
 was stopped up. The size of the sticks they carried in was 
 enormous in comparison with their own stature ; it seemed as 
 if they could not lift them, much less drag the crooked pieces 
 through such a narrow orifice. These coarse materials, it will 
 
176 SYNONYMY OF THE WINTER WEEN 
 
 be remembered, are only the fouudation of a nest, as it were ; 
 their use in places where there is no real occasion for sncli a 
 mass of trash is evidently the remaining trace of primitive 
 habits. Inside this pile of material, there is a compact cup like 
 nest proper, of various fine soft vegetable and animal sub- 
 stances. The birds are extremly prolific, ordinarily laying six 
 or eight eggs; and they will continue to deposit more if the 
 nest be robbed — sometimes to the number of three or four 
 full clutches. The eggs themselves are too well known to 
 require description. As to the sites of the nest, it is almost 
 impossible to speak in specific terms. The old hat Audubon 
 drew has become historic; the sleeve or pocket of a coat hung 
 up in an'outiionse — a box in a chaise from which the birds 
 were often ejected, and to which they as often returned — boxes, 
 jars, or gourds set up for Martins — skull of an ox or horse — 
 nest of aTiotlier bird — are among the odd places the birds 
 have been known to fancy. lu the VVest, favorite locations 
 for Parknian's Wren are a rift in an old stump or log, or the 
 crevice between ajstrip of partially detached bark and the trunk 
 of a tree — places which give full scope for its inveterate liking 
 to fill up a canity to an unlimited extent and then barricade 
 the entrance. 
 
 "Winter Wren 
 
 Anortliura troglodytes hyemalis 
 
 HotacHIa trogloAytfS,pa.nIy, of Eome early autliorg. 
 
 Sj-lV ia troglodytes, irUa. AG. i. 1808, 139, pi. 8. I. e.—Bp. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. iv. 18«, 187.— 
 Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 18.i6, 288. 
 
 Anortbura troslodytes, Coues, Key, 1872, 87, f. 30. 
 
 Troglodytes hyemalla, ricill. "N. D. d'H. N. xxxiv. 18l9, .'514"; "EM. ii. 182:i, 470".— s.^ 
 R. PBA. ii. 1831, 318.— Bp. CGL. 1838, U.—Aud. OB. iv. 1838, 4.30, pi. 360; Syn. 1839, 
 76; BA. 11. 1811, 128, pi. Vi\.—XiiU. Man. 1. 2d ed. 1840, 481.— Gir. BLI. 1844, 72 —Bp. 
 CA. i. 1850, 222.— ffoy, Pr. Phila. Acad, vi 1853, 312.- «Md, ibid. 399.— TAorops. Ver- 
 mont, 1853, m.—Kenuir.. Tr. Ul. Agric. Soc. 1. 18.=i5, 583— ProWra, ibid, 603.— Sd. PZS. 
 1856, 290 (El Jacale, Mexico).- ifneef Pr. Boat. Soc. yi. 1857, iXi.— Maxim. J. f. O. 1858, 
 \09.— Willis, Smiths. Ri^p. for 1858, 1859, 282 (Nova Scotia).— XoTit. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 
 .1859, 191 (Port Tejoo, Cal.).— Set Cat. AB. 1860, 23.— 0. 4-5. NH WT. 1860, 191.— 
 Wlualon, Ohio Agric. Rep. I8611, 365, no. Mi.— Bam. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 437.— 
 BoiiTitn. Pr. BoHt. Soc. \x. 1802, m.-Vvrr. ibid. 138.— f'err. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 149.— 
 Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, Hi.— Hay, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438.— DrMS. Ibis, 2d. ser. i. 
 1865, 485 (San Antonio, Texas). — iaior. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 283.— Mc/hor. Pr. 
 E-B. Inst. V. 1886, Sa.— Brown, liji-, 2d. ser. iv, 1868, 421 (Vancouver).— .4Ken, " .Mem. 
 Bo»t. Soc. 1. 1868, 494".— rurnJ. B. E Pa. 186a, 27; Phila. ed. iO.— Ooop. Am. Nat. iii. 
 1869, 74, ys.-Ooop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 73, fig.— Abbolt, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 543, MS.-Trippe, 
 Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, llS.-Afayn. Pr. Best. Soc. xiv. 1872, 360; B. Pla. 1873, 40.— 
 Trippe, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, iT.—Siwa, B.Kuns. 187.1, 6.— Breto. Pr. Bost.Soc.xvii. 1875, 439. 
 
 Troglodytes btemaUs, Pcabody, -Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 316. 
 
CHARACTERS OF THE WINTER WREN 177 
 
 Troglodytes (Alior(liura) hyeilialis, Bd. BNA. 1858, 369.— Allen, Vr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 68.— 
 
 Cones, Vr. Phila. Aoacl. 1866, 78. 
 Aliordiura hyeuialis, Ooues ff PmU. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1863, ilO.—Coius, Pr. Baa. Inst. 
 
 V. 1868, 278.— CoMs, Pr. Bout. Soo. xii. 1868, 108.— Mai/n. Nat. Guide, 1870, 'M.—JUai, 
 
 Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, '261.—Trippe, Am. Nat. vii, 1873, 498. 
 Troglodytes eiiropieu^*, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1834, 18&.—Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1836. 
 
 93, UO.—ymt. Man. i. 1833, 437. 
 TrogloditeS europailis, Omiik. Comm. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 193 (Columbia River). 
 Auorlhiira (roslodytes var. Iiyemalis, Crmes, Key, 1873, 351.— Comm, BNW. 1874, 33. 
 Troglodytes jiarvulUS car. Iiyemalis, Ridgw. Bull E»s. In»t. v. 1873, 180 (Colorado). -B. B. 
 
 SfR. NAB. i. 1874, 155, pi. 9, iifrs. 9, 10. 
 Troglodytes Iiyemalis var. pacifloiis, Bd. Rev. AB. i. 1864, 145. 
 Troglodyte d'lliver, Leil. Ois. Cauad. 1861, 183. 
 Winter Wren, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — North Anierie:i at large, and portions of Mexico (Cordova, Sdater). 
 
 Oh. SP. — $ 9 Brunneus, postice magis rufescens, ohfiolete fusco- 
 fasciala, iwgoniiH e.rterioribus remk/um c.vteriorum alhido-fascia- 
 tif); infra bninneo-albida, pofstice hrnnnesceiis, ventre imo, liypo- 
 chowTriis crissoquefusco et albido undulatin; caudd alis hreviore. 
 
 r{ 2 : Aljovo brown, duller before, brighter behind, most of the back, 
 together with the tail and inner 'wing-qnills, iianded with dusky, the mark- 
 ings ob.solete on the back, where thej- are usually accompanied by whitish 
 specks, strongest on the wings and tail. Outer webs of several of the pri- 
 maries regularly barred with brownish-white, m marked contrast with the 
 outer bars of the wings. An inconsi)icuous whitish superciliary Hue. lielow 
 brownish, paler or whitish anteriorly, the lower belly, flanks, and crissum 
 heavily waved with dusky and whitish liars. Bill slender, straight, decid- 
 edly shorter than the head. Tail much .shorter than the wings. Length, 
 about 4 ; extent, (i-6J; wing, 1| ; tail, 1^ ; bill, f-J ; tarsus, middle toe, and 
 claw together, about l-J. 
 
 Fig. S4.— Winter Wren. 
 
 With a general resemblance to the House Wren, this species is immedi- 
 ately distinguished by the very short tail, beyond which the outstretched 
 feet reach considerably, the very heavy coloring of the lower hind parts, and 
 other characters. 
 
 A slight variety, pacifieus, in which the general colors are darker, and the 
 obsolete markings of the back almost inappreciable, and unaccompanied by 
 12 B 
 
178 NOTE ON THE HABITAT OF THE WINTER WEEN 
 
 whitish dots, lias been described from the Pacific coast region, aud found as 
 far east as Nevada. 
 
 Anorthura alascensis is more decidedly different, in the larger size, and 
 especially the great size and peculiar shape of the bill. It is very intimately 
 related to A. fumigatus of Japan, and appears to be more appreciably differen.t 
 from the common American form than the latter is from the European. It 
 has been thought best to exclude the references to both these forms from 
 the foregoing synonymatic list. 
 
 WINTER Wrens bold a very inconspicuous place among 
 the birds of tlie Colorado Basin, probably as much on 
 account of their actual scarcity as of their shy and retiring 
 habits. I never saw them in Arizona, and have at hand no 
 references to attest their presence fairly within the Colorado 
 watershed. It is less improper, however, to briri,g them into 
 the present connection on the strength of their known general 
 distribution than it would be to exclude them because they 
 have not yet been seen in this particular region ; especially 
 since they have been found in Colorado Territory, in Nevada, 
 in California to Fort Tejon, and iu portions of Mexico. Of 
 their movements within the present area, we remain igno- 
 rant ; that they occur in winter there is no doubt, but whether 
 any breed in the higher portions, or whether all retire north- 
 ward in spring, remains to be seen. The former supposition is 
 more probable, since the birds have been found breeding in 
 some of the Middle States, the Northern States and north- 
 ward, and such dispersion iu summer argues in the case of any 
 bird that extends across the continent a summer residence in 
 the more elevated districts of the Southwestern Territories. 
 For a general account of the distribution and habits of this 
 species I must refer the reader to the " History of North Ameri- 
 can Birds", the "Birds of the Northwest", and other earlier 
 treatises. 
 
 liOng'-billed ITIar§h IVren 
 
 Telinatodytcs palustrls 
 
 Motacilla palUStriS, Bartr. Trav. Pla. Ist Am. ed. 1791, 391. 
 
 CertUia palustris, Wila. AO. ii. lein, 58, pi. 12, f. i.—Bp. Joum. Phlla. Acad, iv, 1824, 30.— 
 
 Less. Tr. Orn. ISSi , iOO.— Lard, Pr. Roy. Arty. Inst. iv. 1864, 117. 
 Troglodytes palUStrU, Bp. Joum. Phlla Acad. iv. 1824, 30.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N, Y. ii. 1826, 
 
 93.— S. l(R. FBA. ii. 1831, 319, fig. (Int. Si").— Aud. OB. 1. 1831, 500, pi. 100,— iV«K. 
 
 Man. i. 1832, 439.— Brew. Journ. Boat. Soo. 1837, i37.—Aud. Syn. 1839, n.—Peah. Rep. 
 
 Orn.Mass. 1839, 316.— ffaK. Man. ad ed. i. lSiO,i96.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 135, pi. 123.— Gir. 
 
 BLI. 1844, 76.— ffomi. Pr. Phila. Acad. lii. 1346, 113 (California).— Jfty, Pr. Phila. Acad. 
 
 vi. 1853, ^2.— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 399.— Gto^er, J. f. O. 1854, \i~7.— Henry, 
 
SYNS. AKD CHARS. OF TELMATODYTES PALUSTEIS 179 
 
 Pr. Phila. Acaii. vii. 1855, 309 (New Mexico).— /CmKic. Tr. 111. AgrJc. Soc. i. Wr,5, 583.— 
 Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, WS.—Scl. PZS. 1856, 290 (Cordova).— xYeioS PRRR. vi. 1857, 
 BO.—Heerm. PRRK. x, 1859, 51.— Srf. Ibis, 1 1859, 8 (Guatemala).- Rci'nft. Ibia, iii. 1861, 5 
 (Greenland).— Trippn, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 115. 
 
 ThryothorUS palustris, Bp. CGL. 1838, ll.— Burnett, Pr. Bost. .?oc. iv. 1851, 116.— Tumi. 
 B. B. Pa. 1869, 87 ; Phila. ed. 20. 
 
 Cistothorus (Telmatodytcs) palustris, Bd. BNA. 1858. 364.— Coues Sj Prenl. Smiths. Rep. for 
 
 1861, 1862, 4W.—AUm. Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 83. 
 
 Cistothorus palnslris, Xantus. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, \9\.— Wheat. Ohio Agric. Hep. 1860, 
 365.— C. <VS.NHWT. 1860, 190.— Sd. CAB. 1861, 23.— HayA Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xii. 
 
 1862, 163.— Blakist. Ibis, 1862, 5 (Sankatchewan) ; 1863, 67.—Sd. PZS. 1861, 172 (City of 
 Mexico).— BA Rev. 1864, 147.— Combs, Ibis, 136.5. 161 (Arizona) ; 1866, 265.— Oo?ics,Pr. 
 Phila. Acad. 1866, 7S (Arizona).— ikfc/iic. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, %l.—LamT. Ann. Lye. N. 
 Y. viii. 1866, 1^3.— Allen. Am. Nat. i. 1867, \6\. — Conm, Pr. Ess. Inst.v. 1868, 278.— Coo;;. 
 B. Cal. i. 1870, 75, iig.— Mnyra. Nat. Guide, 1870, °ii.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 267 ; iii. 
 1873, 175— ^!ieK, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 396,— ^i/cra, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1873, 196.— Afaja. 
 B. Fla. 1873, \1.—Merr. U. S. Gaol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 673, 713.— B. B. Sf R. 
 NAB. i. 1874, 161, flga. pi. 9. t. 6.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xviii. 1875, i39.—Hensh. List B. 
 Ariz. 1875, 155. 
 
 Telmatodytcs palustrls, Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 107 (New Mexico).— Oomus, Pr. 
 
 Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 108.— Cones, Pr. Phila. Acad, xxiii. 1871, 19 Ooues, Key, 1873, 87.— 
 
 Bidg. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, ZOO.— Ridf. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180 (Colorado).— Coues, 
 
 BNW. 1874, 34. 
 Cistothorus palnstris var. paludlcola, Bd. RAB. 1864, 149 (Western United States).— B. 
 
 B. {f R. NAB. i. 1874, 161.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 185. 
 Telmatodytes palustrls uor. pallldiCOla, Yarr. /f Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 9.— Hensh. 
 
 ibid. 41, 74, 101. 
 Thryothorus arundineus, Vicill. " Nouv. Diet, d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv. 1819, 58" (not of OAS. ii. 
 
 1807, pi. 108). 
 Troglodytes arundlliacous, a.tmb. Jonm. P.'iila. Aci,d. i. 18I7, 33 (Califoraia). -Zicfrf. 
 
 " Vldensk. Meddel. for 1853, 1854, 81 " (Greenland).— JZeireA, J. f. 0. 1854, 438 (the same). 
 Thryotorus ariindinaccus, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 220. 
 Telmatodytes ariindinaceus, Cab. mh. i. 1850, 78 (type of genus). 
 .Uarsb Wren, Long-billed Marsh Wren, Salt-water Marsh Wren, Tul^r. 
 
 Hab. — Temperate North America, and Mexico; south to Guatemala; 
 accidental in Greenland. Breeds throughout its North American range; 
 winters on the southern border and southward. 
 
 Ch. SP. — S 2 Brunneus, pileo fuscescente; mterseapuUo nigro, 
 albo-striato ; infra ex brunneo albidus. 
 
 $ 2 : Above clear brown, unbarred, the middle of the back with a large 
 black patch 8harpl.y streaked with white. Crown of head usually darker 
 than the back, often quite blackish. A dull white superciliary line. "Wings 
 fuscous, the inner secondaries blackish on the outer webs, often barred or 
 indented with light brown. Tail evenly barred with fuscous and the color 
 of the back. Under parts white, usually quite pure on the belly and middle 
 line of the breast and throat, but much shaded with brown on the sides, 
 flanks, and crissum. Bill blackish above, pale below ; feet brown. Length, 
 about 5 inches; extent, 6^ ; wing, lJ-2; tail about the same; bill, ^ or more; 
 tarsus, |-|. 
 
 There is a good deal of difference in details of coloration in this species, 
 which I cannot, however, correlate satisfactorily with any special sex, age, 
 or season. Sometimes the whole crown of the head and the nape are qnite 
 blackish, continuous with the dorsal patch. This is especially observed in 
 
180 SYNONYMY OF CISTOTHORUS STELLARIS 
 
 young birds, in which, also, the white stripes on the back maybe altogether 
 wanting. Coloradan specimens in general show a tendency to shorter bill 
 and rather more barred tail and its coverts, constituting var. paludicola of 
 Baird, but the difference even in extreme cases is very slight. A specimen 
 from Provo, Utah, is curiously bleached, the upper parts being pale gray. 
 
 OF^the common Marsh Wren I shall have but a word to say, 
 respecting its presence in the Colorado Basin, as I have 
 iilreadj^ given an extended biographical notice in the " Birds of 
 the Northwest" In noting its general distribution, as above 
 given, the reader will of course supply the proviso that it 
 occurs only in suitable places throughout this range, these 
 being marshy or swampy tracts. Now, if there is anything the 
 uiatterwithmostof the Colorado Basin — especially with Arizona 
 and New Mexico — it is the scarcity of water. The Marsh Wren 
 is therefore restricted in this region, as elsewhere, to the com- 
 paratively few spots which afford the requisite conditions ; but 
 in these particular tracts it is as abundant as I have seen it 
 anywhere. 
 
 ^hort-billed Marfsih 'Wren 
 
 Cistothorns stellaris 
 
 Troglodytes StellarlS, "Licht."—Naum, VD. iii. 1823, 724 (Carolina).— Ti-ippc, Pr. Ess. Inst, 
 vi. 1671, 11.5 (Minnesota). 
 
 CiStOtborilS SleUarls, Cat. MH. i. 1850, 17.— Bd. BNA. 1858, seS.— W/ieat. Ohio Agric. Rep. 
 1860, 365.— Bam. Smith.f. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— .Sci. CAB. 1861, ii.—Hayd. Tr. 
 Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 16,3 (Loup Fork of Platte).— Co!lcs If Prent. Smiths. Rep. 
 for 1861, 1862, 410.— Sd. Rev. AB. 1864, US.— Alien, Pr. Essex Inst. iv. 1864, Si.—Lawr. 
 Ann. Lye. viii. 1866, ^W.— Allen, Am.Nat. 1867, 161— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 108.— 
 Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 279.- Sijmc*. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 545 (Orizaba).— 
 Maijn. Nat. Guide, 1870, 96.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 187l, iO.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 
 1871, 167 (Florida in winter).— Par/tcr, Am. Nat. v. 1871, 168.- Coties, Key, 187a, 86.— 
 Ridg. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, WO.-Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 536 (Iowa.).— Mayn. B. 
 Fla. 1873, 43.— Snow, B Kansas, 1873, 6.—Ooues, BNW. 1874, 36.— Bd. Br. If Ry. NAB. i. 
 
 1874, 159, pi. 9, f. 7.— r»rr. If Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 9, 41 (Provo, Utah) Brew, 
 
 Pr. Bost. Soc. xvll. 1875, m.— Hensh. Zool, Expl. W. 100 .Merid. 1876, 185 (Utah). 
 
 Tliryothorus StCllarlS, Tumh. B. B. Pa. 1869, 27; Phila. ed. 20. 
 
 Troglodytes brevlrostris, Nntt. Man. i. 1832, 436 (pagination of Mem. Amer. Acad, quoted 
 here); Mem. Amer. Acad. Sci. new series, i. "1833", 9S, &is.—Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 427, 
 pi. 175.— Bp. CGL. 1838, U.—Peai. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 3\5.—Aud. Syn. 1839, 77.—NuU. 
 
 Man, 1. 2d ed. 1840, 493, Ag.—Aud BA. ii. 1841, 138, pi. 124 Bp.CA.. i. 185J, 222.- GerA. 
 
 Naum. iii. 1853, 3T.—Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 312.— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 399.— 
 Kennic. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. 1. 1855, Sm.-Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. 1. 1856, 227. 
 
 Kbort-billed .MarsU Wreu, Kresh-watcr Marsh Wren, Authors. 
 
 The synonymy of the scarcely different 6. elegans is: — 
 
 OiStOthorus elegans, .S. SfS. Ibis, i. 1859, 8((}uatomala) ; ii. 1860, 30 (Duena<).— Bd. Rev. AB. 
 1864, Ue.-ZSalu. PZS. 1870, 182 (Veragua).— Bi Br. Sr Ry. NAB. i. 1874, 159. 
 
 Cistotborus stellaris b. elegans, Coues, bnw. 1874, 36. 
 
CHARACTERS OP SHORT-BILLED MARSH WREN 181 
 
 Hab. — Chiefly eastern province of the United States ; observed, however, 
 north to Massachusetts and JIanitoba (Coaes), and west to Nebraska (Sayden) 
 and even Utah {HensJtaw). Winters in the Southern States. Var. elegmis 
 from Mexico and Guatemala. 
 
 Oh. sp. — (? 2 Brunneus, pileo dorsoque alho et nigro striatis, 
 rostro brevissimo. 
 
 I? 9 r Upper parts brown, the crown and most of the back Idaolsish, streaked 
 with white. Below whitish, shaded with clear brown across the breast and 
 along the sides, and especially on the flanks and crissnm, the latter more or 
 less indistinctly barred with dusky (often inappreciable). A whitish line 
 over the eye. Wings and tail marked as in the last species. Upper tail- 
 coverts decidedly barred. Bill blackish above, whitish below, extremely 
 small, scarcely half as long as the head; feet brown. Length, 4J; extent, 
 6 ; wing and tail each about If ; bill, 3—?-. 
 
 The streaking of the head and that of the back are usually separated by a 
 plain nuchal interval ; but these areas often run together, the whole bird 
 above being streaked with whitish and blackish upon a brown ground. 
 The wings, tail, and entire under parts are much like those of C. palmtrh, 
 from which the species is immediately distinguished by the markings of 
 the upper parts and extremely short bill, which is less than half an inch long. 
 
 UISTTIL within a year or two, the Short-billed Marsh Wren 
 has been supposed to be entirely an eastern species, the 
 most western locality quoted being Nebraska, where Dr. Hay den 
 found the bird many years ago. One result of Mr. H. W. 
 Henshaw's observations in the West has been to ascertain its 
 occurrence in Utah. " While at Provo, Utah," says this writer, 
 " we received undoubted evidence of its existence in the marshes 
 of the river, where it lived in company with the preceding 
 [the Long-billed] species. Although no individuals were 
 actually captured, nests and eggs were seen which had been 
 secured in this locality.'' Thi.s is as satisfactory evidence as 
 if the bird itself had been secared, for — as should be mentioned 
 even in the most cursory notice of the bird — the eggs difi'er 
 from those of all its congeners in being pure white, without 
 mariiings. This record enables me to bring the species into 
 the present connection, as one of the rarities of the Coloradan 
 bird fauna. 
 
 What little information I have been able to add to the, com- 
 mon store from my observations will be found in my other 
 book ; it relates chiefly to the abundance of the bird in certain 
 interior regions, in comparison with its apparent rarity along 
 the Atlantic seaboard. 
 
CHAPTER X.— LARKS 
 
 Fam. ALAUDID^ 
 
 WITH the Larks we enter upon an entirely different group 
 of birds, having no special affinities with any of the 
 preceding families. They are strictly terrestrial, as indicated 
 by the structure of the feet ; they nest on the ground, where 
 they spend the time when not ou wing ; are usually migratorj-, 
 and more or less completely gregarious when not breeding. 
 Theirs is a mixed diet of seeds, insects, &c. The Skylark of 
 Europe, famous for its song, is a typical member of this group; 
 and others are highly musical. I have only to add to these 
 slight prcemonenda, before going into some interesting details, 
 that the unpracticed reader must be careful not to confound the 
 Larks proper with certain birds loosely called "larks"; thus 
 theTitittWcs, or Pipits, though sharing the lengthened, straight- 
 ened hind claw and elongated inner wing-quills of Alaudidie, 
 belong to an entirely different family, the MotacUlidw ; while 
 the American Field Lark is one of the Icteridce, much further 
 removed. 
 
 The Alaudido' are remarkably distinguished from other osciue Passeres 
 by the anomalous structure of the tarsal envelope. The tarsus is covered 
 with two series of soutella, oue lapping around in front, the other around 
 behind, the two meetino; aloug a groove on the inner face of the tarsus ; the 
 tarsus is consequently blunt behind as well as in front. There is a simple 
 suture of the two series of plates on the outer face of the tarsus ; the in- 
 dividual plates of each series alternate. Now in all this there is seen au 
 approach to— say rather but little departure from^-the condition of the 
 tarsus afforded by the clamatorial or non-oscine Passeres, in which the rule 
 is that the tarsus shows a single series of variously or irregularly arranged 
 plates lapping around both before and behind, to meet like a scroll along a 
 deep suture ou the inner face of the bone. Were we to take this character 
 alone into consideration we should be obliged to remove the Alaudidw from 
 the Oscines, or at any rate place them at the bottom of the series, next to 
 till' Clamaiores; yet, as we have seen, the vocal power of the birds is of a 
 very high order. As Dr. Cabanis remarked (Mus. Hein. i. 121') shortly after 
 
NUMBER OF PEIMAEIE>S IN OSCINE BIRDS 183 
 
 establishing (Oru. Notizea, ii. 327) the family upon these tarsal characters, 
 its position is " still doubtful " (wocft zwelfulhaft). In G. R. Gray's system, 
 it immediately follows his Emherh'uUv ; and, indeed, some of the Larks bear 
 no slight superficial resemblance to some of the Buntings. But in the 
 sequence of oscine families adopted in the present and other of my works 
 (which is substantially the same as that employ^ed by the best late authori- 
 ties in this country),! find no more fitting place for the family than where 
 I ventured to put it in the '"Key" — next to the MbtaciMito, and between 
 ■the foregoing set of lO-primaried families, and such 9-primaried groups as 
 the Motacillidw, SylvicoUdw, aud Fringillidw, which are to follow. These con- 
 siderations lead up to another remarkable characteristic of the Alandidm ; 
 namely, the apparently variable number of the primaries. 
 
 The number of primaries among oscine birds, whether " nine" or "ten", 
 has been rightly considered an important item in classification, ranking in 
 value with the muditioations of the tarsal envelope jast disomsed. Oiciue 
 families, and even groups of families, are conveniently distinguished by 
 this character, and as naturally as by the " booting ", or scutellation, of the 
 tarsus. In certain families, however, the distinction fails to hold. In the 
 Vireonldw, for instance, species of the same genus have indifferently " nine " 
 or " ten" primaries. Thus, Vireo pMladelphiciis and V. gilviis are two species 
 so much alike that presence or absence of a spurious " first " j)rimary be- 
 comes the readiest means of distinguishing them. Noting this remarkable 
 circumstance in 1865, Professi^r Baird was led to look m ire closely into the 
 matter. His results are summed on page 325 of the " Review of American 
 Birds" (see also p. 160) ; from which it appears that in those Vireoa which 
 seem to have only nine primaries, two little feathers, distinct in size, shape, 
 and to some extent iu position from the general series of primary coverts, 
 are found at the base of the supposed first primary ; while iu those Vireos 
 with an obvious spurious first primary, making ten in all, only one saoh 
 feather is found. " In all the families of Passeres where the existence 
 of nine prim. iiie-i is snppjsid to be ohxraeteristic," he continne-i, " I have 
 invariably found, as far as my examinations have extended, that there were 
 two of the small feathers referred to, while in those of ten primaries but 
 one conld be detected." He does not specify how far his examiuations 
 extended. 
 
 Believing thisto be an important matter, which would bear further investi- 
 gation, I have been led to look into the question, with the most satisfactory 
 results, confirming Professor Baird's observations and extending them to 
 include every one of the North American families of Oscines, excepting, per- 
 haps, Laniidw (in Collurio) and Ampelidw (iu Ampelis). With the possible 
 exception of the two genera specified, I find, on examining numerous genera 
 of all the North American families, that those ratedas 10-primaried have 
 but one of these little feathers, while all the rest have two. 
 
 In clamatorial Passeres, perhaps without exception, there are ten fully 
 developed primaries, the first of which may equal or exceed the next in 
 length. In the single North American clamatorial family Tyrannidm, I find, 
 as before, only one of these little feathers. In a "Woodpecker, remarkable 
 among picariau birds in possessing only nine fully developed primaries, the 
 first being short or spurious, there is also but one. 
 
 It seems to be conclusively proven that among the supposed 9-primaried 
 
184 NUMBER OF PEIMAEIES IN OSCINE BIRDS 
 
 birds, the additional primary, makiDg ten in all, is usually, if not always, 
 found in the second of these little quills which overlie the first fully devel- 
 oped primary ; and that it is this same little quill which, in 10-primaried 
 Osoines, in Clamatores, and probably in other birds, comes to the front and 
 constitutes the first regular primary — sometimes remaining very short, when 
 it is the so-called "spurious" quill, in other oases lengthening by imper- 
 ceptible degrees, until it may become the longest one of all. The true 
 nature of tlie other one of these two little feathers becomes an interesting 
 question : Is it also an abortive primary, as the outer certainly is, or is it one 
 of a series of coverts ? 
 
 After close examination, I fail to detect any material difference in the 
 posUion of the two ; one overlies the other, indeed, as a covert should a pri- 
 mary, but then the two are inserted side by side, both upon the upper side 
 of the sheath of the first fully developed quill. lu size and shape, the two 
 are substantially the same; both being rigid and acuminate, more like re- 
 miges than like coverts, and both being abruptly shorter than the true primary 
 coverts. So far, all the evidence favors an hypothesis that both are rudi- 
 mentary remiges. To offset this, co?or usually points the other way, as in 
 the original case of Vireo flavlfroiis, in which Professor Baird determined 
 the underlying one of the two feathers to be a supposed wanting primary 
 mainly because it was colored like the other primaries, while the overlying 
 one agreed with the coverts in this respect. But it will be obvious that 
 when, as is ofteuest the case, the primaries and their coverts are colored 
 alike, the evidence from this source fails altogether; and I find t;hat the tes- 
 timony from coloration is sometimes the other way. In Silta caroJinoisis, for 
 example, a 10-primaried bird with spurious first primary, the single remain- 
 ing little feather is white at base across both webs, like the primaries, the 
 true primary coverts being white only on the inner web. It is true that the 
 overlying one of these little feathers sometimes exactly resembles a true cov- 
 ert ; but so, also, does the other one in some cases. In morphological 
 determinatioDS, position and relation of parts are all-important, while mere 
 size, shape, and especially function, go for very little. One of the two little 
 feathers of 9-primaried birds, as we have seen, certainly corresponds to the 
 spurious or fully developed first primary of 10-primaried; why may not the 
 other be also a primary? It is not couclusive argument to the contrary that 
 the feather in question is never fully developed; nor is it an insuperable 
 objection that the function of the feather is certainly that of a covert. The 
 strongest argument against the view here very guardedly discussed is, that 
 if the feather be not a covert, then the first fully developed primary has 
 none, while the rest have one apiece. While I am far from committing my- 
 self to the implied proposition that an oscine bird possesses eleven primaries, 
 I think it proper to bring the case forward as one which will bear looking 
 into, and which will probably remain open until the exact relations between 
 a remex and a teetrix are ascertained. Should it be determined that an 
 Oscine may show traces of two su])pressed primaries, instead of only the 
 single one which certainly persists in lO-primaried birds, the fact would 
 tend to increase the value already justly set upon number of remiges as a 
 taxonomio factor. It is generally admitted, and it seems to he unciuestlona- 
 ble, that here, as in numberless other cases, reduction in number and special- 
 ization in function of parts indicates a higher grade of organization; for 
 
CHARACTERS OF ALAUDID^ EREMOPHILA 185 
 
 only the lower birds show the higher aggregate number of remiges, and in 
 none but the higher are the developed primaries ever reduced to nine. A 
 gradual reduction in the number of remiges seems to be directly correlated 
 ■with that progressive consolidation or compaction of the distal osseous 
 segments of the fore limb which reaches its climax in the wing of the most 
 highly organized birds of the present epoch. 
 
 Returning to the special subject of the present chapter after this digres- 
 sion, we have to note that the Alaudidoe, like the Vireovidw, show the varia- 
 bility of the primaries already mentioned. In our genus Eremophila, in 
 "which only nine primaries are developed, there are two of the small feath- 
 ers above mentioned. The overlying one is exactly like one of the primary 
 coverts ; the other, though not very dissimilar, more resembles an abortive 
 primary. In Alauda arvensis, where there is a minute but obvious spurious 
 quill, there is but one such feather. In Galerita oristata, with a spurious 
 quill about two-thirds of an inch long, there is likewise but one. Upon the 
 presence or apparent absence of the spurious quill, Dr. Cabauis was led to 
 divide his Alaudidm into two subfamilies; but as the case appears, the char- 
 acter is scarcely a satisfactory one. He felt some uncertainty himself, as he 
 says, after alluding to the doubtful position of the family in the system, — 
 " eienso die Eintheilimg in Siibfamilicn "■ I shall consequently present no sub- 
 di vision of the family, which may be briefly characterized as follows : — 
 
 Chabs. — structure of wiug and tarsal eavelope as already 
 fully indicated. Feet stont ; hind claw lengthened and nearly 
 straight. Inner secondaries (the so-called tertials) elongated 
 and flowing (as in MotwiUidm). Bill of variable shape, usually 
 conoid and acute, sometimes more elongated and thrush-like; 
 nostrils more or less covered, often completely concealed, by 
 tufts of antrorse feathers. No obvious rictal vibrissa. Head 
 sometimes crested or peculiarly tufted. 
 
 Eepresented in North America by a single genus and species. 
 
 Genus EREMOPHILA Boie 
 
 Chaks. — Primaries apparently only nine (no obvious spuri- 
 ous first primary). Point of the wing formed by the first three 
 developed primaries. Inner secondaries elongated. Tail of 
 medium length, nearly even, the middle pair of feathers differ- 
 ent in shape and color from the rest. Bill compressed-conoid, 
 acute, shorter than head. Nostrils completely concealed by 
 dense tufts of antrorse feathers. Head not crested, but a 
 peculiar tuft of feathers over each ear, somewhat like the so- 
 called " horns" of some Owls. Feet of ordinary alaudine char- 
 acters, as already given. Coloration peculiar in the presence 
 of yellowish tints and strong black bars on the head and breast. 
 
18t> SYNONYMY OF EEEMOPHILA ALPESTRIS 
 
 Horned Liark 
 
 Ilreinopliila alpestris 
 
 (General references) 
 
 Vlailda alpcstl'is, partly, of some early authors.— Farr. PZS. 1831, 25.— Temm. Man. i. 1820, 
 279; ill. 1635, 201.— Xnu;;, Thierr. ii. pt. i. 1836, 147.— .Wac"-. Man. Br. Orn. i. 1840, 175.— 
 Naum Naum. i. 1850, i.—Kjarb. Naum. i. 1850, ii.— Tobias, Naum. i. IS.'il, 62.— Lilj. 
 Jraum. li. Heftii. 1852, 99.—Passler, J. f. O. i. 1853, 242, ioi.—Radde, J. f. O. 1854, 60.— 
 
 Gatke, J. f. O. 1834, 70.— Homey. J. f. O. 1854, 3Si.— Midler, J. f. 0. 1856, 217 Orde, Ibis, 
 
 i. 1839, 469.— G/ofcr, J. f. O. 1860, 118 (distribution).— floM^ey, Ibis, iv. 1862, SB.- Stev. 
 Ibis, iv. 186S, \99.—Hom,y. Zool. Gart. ix. 1868, 236 ; J. f. O. 1869, Sa.—Frttsch, J. f. 0. 
 
 1871, 191 —Harting, Man. Br. B. 1872, 25. 
 Kreiuophila alpestris, Boie, Isis, 1838, 322. 
 
 OtOCOris alpestris, iJj7. "Fn. Ital. i. Uooelli, latrod. (18.32-1841) ".-B;7. CA. 1. 1830, 246.— 
 Altum, 3. f. O. 1863, \\i.— Brandt, Anim. Vert. SibSrie, H.—Degl.-Girrbe, OE. 1. 1867, 
 Zt6.— Hancock, B. North. &. Durh. 1874, 58. 
 
 OtOCOryx alpCStriS, Licht. " Nomencl. 1854, 38 ". 
 
 OtOCOryS alpestris, B/!. " CR. xxxviii. 1854, H".—HeUm. J. f. O. 1855, 181.— Sera. Ibis, iv. 
 1862, 303.— .Swm/i. PZS. 1863, 272 (China).— Co(iett, J. f. O. 1869, 393 —E. Sf R. Ibis, 2d 
 ser. vi. 1870, 195.— Sicink. PZS. 1871, 390.—Heugl. Ibis, 1872, 61 (Nova Zembla) ; J. f. O. 
 
 1872, H6.—Alst. Sf Br. Ibis, 3d ser. iii. 1873, 6i.— Dresser, BE pt. xxxiii. 1874. 
 Alauda (Pliileremos) alpestris, Radde, Keise, 1863, 1.32, pi. 3, f. 2. 
 
 Philcrcinos alpestris, Brekm, VD. 1831, 313.— Brekm, Hdbh. Stub. Hausvog. 1832, 295.— Bp, 
 
 CGL. 1838, 31.—Hartl. Syst. Verz. 1844, SO.— Zander, Arch. Meckleab. xv. 1861, 91. 
 Pllllermes alpestris, Brehm, Hdbh. stub. Hausvog. 1832, p. xvii. 
 
 Philcremiis alpestris, Gobel, j. f. o. 1870, 187. 
 
 Alanda nava, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 800, no. 32 (Siberia). (Based on PB. 65D, f. 2). 
 
 Alauda nivalis, Pallas, Zoog. R. A. i. " 18U" (1831), 519. 
 
 Philereaios rufcscens, P. striatns, C. L. Brehm, " Vogelf. 1855, 122 ". 
 
 Ceiiiturc dcPretrc ou AloiiettedeSib6ric, MotkJ. "Hist. Nat. dea Ois. v. 1778,61 (Siberia)". 
 
 Alouette de Sibcric, Buff. PB. 650, f. 2. 
 
 Schneelerche, Ji"nsc/i, "pi. 16". 
 
 Alouette a hausse-col DOir, Temm. 1. c.—Less. Man. 1828, 310. 
 (American references) 
 
 Alauda alpestris, L. SN. i. ed. 10, 1758, 166, no. 8 (from Catesby, i. 32) ; 12th ed. i. 1766, 289, 
 no. \0.—Forst. Phil. Tr. Ixii. 1772, 398, no. 20.— ffm. SN. i. 1788, 800.— £a(/i. 10. ii. 1790, 
 498, no.21.— T;irt. SN. i. 1806, iS6.— Wils. AO. i. 1808, 85, pi. 5, f. i.—Bp. Jouro. Phlla. 
 Acad. iv. 1824, 181.— Sp. Ann. Lye'. N. Y. ii. 1836, 102.— icss. Tr. Orn. 1-31, A25.—Nuu. 
 Man. i. 1833, i55.— And. OB. ii. 1834, 570, pi. 'iOQ.—Ay,d. Syn. 1839, 96.— And. BA. iii. 
 1841, 44, pi. 151.— Giraud, BLt. 1844, 95.— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 399.—Reinh. 
 J. f. O. 1854, 440 (Greenland).— P»!m. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1858, W9.— Martens. J. f. 0. 1859, 
 214 (Bermudas).— B/uraei, Smiths. Rep. for 1838, 1859, 287 (Bermudas) —Willis, ibid. 282 
 (Nova Scotia).— Gic6. Vog. 1860, 130.— Weiz, Pr. Bo«t. Soc. x. 1866, 267 (Labrador).— 
 Tumb. B. B. Pa. 1869, 28 ; Phila. ed. 21.—? Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 115. 
 
 Eremopbila alpestris, ? Allen, Mem. Bost. Snc. i. 1868, 49li.— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, ,581.— 
 Mayn. Guide, 1871, 112, (MasBaciusetts, in July).— AZie?!, Am. Nat. v. 1871, 6.—Ooues, 
 Key, 1872, 89, t.32.—Mayn. Pr. Boat. Soc. xiv. 1873, 31i.— Ooues, BNW. 1874, 37.— 
 ? Nelson, Pr. Boat Soc. xvii. 1875, 339, 345,353 (Nevada and Utah).— Breto. Pr. Bost. 
 Soc. xvii. 1875, 442. 
 
 Otocoris alpestris, McOall, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 218 (Texas).— Hoj?, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 
 aS2.— Woodk. Rep. Zufii R. 1853, S8.—Kenn. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soo. i. 1855, 584. 
 
 Olocorys alpestris, JJemi Ibis, iii. 186 1, 8 (Greenland). 
 
 Alauda virsiniaiia, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 367, no. 13 (from Catesby, etc). 
 
 Alauda cornutil, mis. AO. i. 1808, 87 (in text).— S. If R. FBA. ii. 1831, 245, f. fUB.—Tomns. 
 Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, I5i.— Maxim. Reise, i. 1839, 367. 
 
 Kremophila cornuta, Boie, lais, 1828, 322.— B<2. BNA. 185S, 403.— ? Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad, 
 xi. 1859, 107 (New Mexico).- ?X<i;K. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 191 (California).- O. S( S. 
 NHWT. 1860, 195.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 437.— (TAett Ohio. Agr. Rep. 
 
SYNONYMY OF E. ALPESTEIS AND VARS. 187 
 
 for 1860, 385.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1861, 221.— Co?ies 4- Prent.Smitha. Rep. for 
 1861, 1863, ill.— Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 126.— Ferr. Pr. Ess. last. iil. 18li2, 149.— 
 fBlak. Ibis, iv. 1862, 5; v. 186:i, m.— Allen, Pr. Essex Inst. iv. 1864, 69.— Dress. Ibis, 2rl 
 ser. 1865, 486 (Texas).— tamr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 289.— Afc/iior. Proo. Ess. Inst. 
 V. 1866, 88.— CoMes, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 280.— ^roam. Ibis, 2d ser. 1868, 431 (Vau- 
 couver).- CoMss, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 113.— f Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869,75,295,297; 
 1874, n.—? Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soo. xv. 1872, Wi.—? Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. XV. 1873, 236. 
 
 PliilercDios cornutus, Bp. CGL. 1838, 37. 
 
 Otocoris coruuta, Bp. CA, i. 1850, 246. 
 
 Otocoryx coruuta, Licht. " Nomencl. 1854, 239 ". 
 
 OtOCOrj'S coruuta, Bp. " CR. xxxvlii. 1854, 64 " 
 
 Alauda rufa, /Maxim. J. f. O. vi. 18.58, 349 (Missouri). 
 
 Otocoris rut'a, Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. i853, 382 (Wisconsin). 
 
 lark, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i. 1731, 32, pi. 32. 
 
 Shore Lark, Forst. 1. c.—Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 392, no. Hi.— Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 385, no. 19. 
 
 Hausse-col noir ou Alouette de Virginie, Buff. " Hist. Nat. Oi«. v. 55 ". 
 Aloucfte (le Virginie, Ortolan, LeM. Ois. Canad. 1861, 225. 
 Horned Lark, Sbore Lark, Authors. 
 
 h. Icucolizma 
 ? Otocoris OCCidcntaliS, JlfcOaiZ, Pr. Phila. Acad. v. 1851, 218 (Santa P6, N. Mex.).— M. 
 
 Stansbury's Rep. GSL. 1852, 318, 331. 
 Otocorjs alpcslrls, Ntwb. PRRR. vi. 1857, 88. 
 Erenioi)bila alpestris, Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 176. 
 Ercmophila COrnuta, SA PRRR. x. 1859, Beckwith's Route, Birds, 13, pi. 32.— i/ayii. Tr. 
 
 Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1872, 174.— Siro. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871,464.— 
 
 Merr. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, iSo.-Hold. Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 202. 
 Ercmopliila alpestris S. Icucolsema, 007165, BNW. 1874, 38.-001169, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 
 
 602.— Allen, P]-. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 50. 
 
 t. chrysolizma 
 Alanda coruuta, Sio. Pbilos. Mag, i. 1827, 434 (Mexico). 
 Phileremos cornutus, Bp. PZS. 1837, iii. (Mexico). 
 Eremopllila cornuta, Coues, Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 164 (Arizona).— OoKes, Pr. Phila. Acad, 
 
 xviii. 1666, 79 (the same). 
 Alauda glacialis, Licht. " Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1830, 2"; J. f 0. 1863, 56 (Mexico). 
 Alauda clirysolaeuia, Wagl. Isi«, 1831, 350 (Mexico). 
 otocoris cbrysolaema, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 246. 
 Otocorys ciirysolacma, O06. MH. i. 1851, 122. 
 Alauda chrysoliema, Scl. PZS. 1855, 66. 
 otocorys Chrysolajnia, Bp. " CR. xxxviii. 1854, 65 ".—Scl. PZS. 1856, 306 (Mexico) ; 1859, 372 
 
 (Oaxaca). 
 Ereinoptaila cbrysolsema. Set PZS. 1864, 174 (City of Mexico). 
 Ereniopbila cornuta var. cbrysolieiua, Bd. bsa. 1858, 403. 
 Eremopbila alpestris c. chrysoliema, Coues, BNW. 1874, 38, 231. 
 JTlanda minor, Giraud, IC Sp. Tex. B. 1841. 
 Eremopbila minor, Scl. Cat. AB. 1862, 126. 
 
 Alauda rufa, Aud. B. Amer. vii. 1843, 353, pi. 497.— Bi. Stansb. Rep. GSL. 1852, 331. 
 otocoris rufa, Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, Williamson's Route, Birds, 45. 
 
 Hab. — The typical form inhabits the greater part of the northern hemi- 
 sphere (Europe and Asia as well as moat of North America). Var. leueolcema 
 breeds on the plains of the United States, north of about 40°. Yaii. chrysolwma 
 breeds in the Western United States, south of about 40°, and southward 
 through Mexico. • 
 
 Ch. sp. — a. M,VESTiiis.— Notceo griseo plus minusve rufescenti- 
 vinaceo tincto. nucha tectrioibusque alarum et caudcB vegetioribus, 
 dorso sordidiore, strigis fuscis notato; gastrwo albido, lateribus 
 dorso subsimiiibiis, pelta magna pectorali nigra; strigd malari et 
 
188 CHARACTERS OF EREMOPHILA ALPESTRIS 
 
 infraoculari nigra; strigd postfrontali per lateribus pilei ductd 
 nigra; reUquis partihus laterum capitis, strigd frontali et super- 
 ciliari, necnon guld totd, alhis velfiavis; rectricibus mediis dnabus 
 remigihusque intimis dorso subsimilibus ; rectricibus later alibiis 
 omnibus nigris, extimis albido marginatis ; remigihus fuscis, 
 pogonio exteriore primarii extiini albido; rostra phtmbeo-nigricante, 
 ad basin mandibulm palUdiore; pedibiis nigris. 
 
 b. LBUCOL^MA. — Persimilis, sed coloribus dilutioribus; capite 
 vix flavicante; plagis nigris minoribus. 
 
 c. CHRYSOL^MA. — Minor, coloribiis twgetioribus; notao fere 
 einnamomino, capite flavissimo; plagis nigris extensis. 
 
 The typical form. — $ 9, adult, in breeding plumage: Upper parts in geu- 
 eral pinkish-brown, tbis pinkish or vinaceous or lilaceous tint brightest on the 
 nape, lesser wing-coverts, and tail-coverts, the rest of the upper parts being 
 duller and more grayish-brown, boldly variegated with dark-brown streaks ; 
 the middle pair of tail-feathers and several of the inner secondaries rufous- 
 brown, with darker centers. Under parts, from the breast backward, 
 white — the sides, however, strongly washed with the color of the upper parts, 
 and some mottling with the same usually extending across the lower part of 
 the breast. A large, distinct, shield-shaped, black area on the breast. Tail- 
 feathers, except the middle pair, black, the outermost edged with whitish. 
 Wing-quills, except the innermost, plain fuscous, the outer web of the first 
 primary whitish. Lesser wing-coverts usually tipped with grayish-white. 
 Peculiar head-markings as follows : — Top of head like nape ; bar across front 
 of vertex, thence extended along sides of crawn, and produced into a tuft 
 or " horn", black ; front and line over eye, also somewhat produced to form 
 part of the tuft, white or yellowish ; a broad bar, from the nostrils along the 
 lores, theuce curving below the eye and widening as it descends in front of 
 the aurioulars, black ; rest of the sides of the head and whole throat white 
 or sulphury-yellow. Bill plumbeous-blackish, bluish-plumbeous at base 
 below (sometimes there yellowish) ; feet and claws black ; iris brown. 
 Length of ,?,7-7i; extent, 13-14; wing probably always over 4—4 J-4| ; 
 tail, 24-.3; bill, from extreme base of ciilmeu, |-} ; tarsus, i—^; middle toe 
 and claw rather less ; hind claw about i — usually longer than its digit, but 
 very variable. 9 commonly smaller than the male. Length, 6f-7i ; extent, 
 12f-ll5J; wing about 4, &c. 
 
 Aside from the varietal conditions, to be presently noticed, the precise 
 shade of typical alpestris varies greatly, especially of those parts which are 
 tinged to greater or less degree with the peculiar " pinkish-brown," lilaceous 
 or cinniimon, and with the sulphury-yellow about the head. 
 
 ^ 9 , adult, in winter : As usually seen in most of the United States in 
 the fall, winter, and early spring, the birds differ from the above in a general 
 more sordid coloration of the upper parts, which may be simply grayish- 
 brown, heavily streaked with dusky, even on the crown, with little or none 
 of the "pinkish" tiatsjust mentioned ; and in the lack or restriction of the 
 black markings of the head and breast, or their being veiled with whitish 
 tips of the individual feathers; nevertheless, the sulphury tinge of the white 
 parts about the head is usually very conspicuous. 
 
HORNED LARK AND ITS VARIETIES 189 
 
 Fledglings, just from the nest, are altogether different from the adults. 
 They have the upper parts dusky, mixed with some yellowish-browu, and 
 8j)rinkled all over with whitish or light tawny dots, each feather having a 
 terminal speck. Most of the wing- and tail-feathers have rusty, tawny, or 
 whitish edging and tipping. The under parts are white, mottled with the 
 colors of the upper parts along the sides and across the back. There are no 
 traces of definite black markings about the head and breast, nor is there any 
 yellow tinge. Bill and feet pale or yellowish. This peculiar speckled stage 
 Is of brief duration ; with an early autumnal change, a dress, little if at all 
 different ffom that of the adults in winter, is acquired. 
 
 ■piG. 25.— Horned Lark. 
 
 Var. leucolwma. — Size of the foregoing. General coloration extremely 
 pale — brownish-gray, the peculiar pinkish tint of certain parts sharing the 
 general pallor. Black markings on head and breast much restricted in 
 extent, and white surroundings correspondingly increased — thus, the black 
 postfrontal bar is scarcely or not broader than the white of the forehead. 
 No yellow about the head, excepting usually a slight tinge on the chin. 
 The changes of plumage are parallel with those already given ; even the 
 nestlings show the same decided pallor. 
 
 Var. chrysolcBma. — Smaller than either of the foregoing : ^ with the wing 
 scarcely or not 4, and other dimensions to correspond ; a very small speci- 
 men before me, probably 9 > lias the wing only 3| ; in another, marked g , 
 it is3f. The "pink;sb" tinge intensified into cinnamon-brown, and pervad- 
 ing nearly all the upper parts. Yellow of the head intensified, and the 
 black markings very lieavy— the black on the crown often or usually widens 
 to occupy more than half of the cap, reducing the white frontlet to a mere 
 trace. 
 
 As I remarked in the " Birds of the Northwest ", the question of the rela- 
 tionships of our Larks is rather intricate, though we probably have an 
 ai)proximately correct solution of the difficulty. Probably no authors of 
 repute now undertake to maintain any of the supposed or alleged differences 
 between the ordinary North American bird and that of Europe and Asia. 
 (It may here be remarked parenthetically that in any event our bird is 
 to hear the name dZpestris, that having been based by Linnfeus upon the 
 " Lark " of Catesby — a new name, if any, being required for the European 
 bird.) This form is dispersed, at one or another season, over most of North 
 America, breeding far north (I have specimens from the Arctic coastj and 
 
190 HORNED LARKS OF THE COLORADO BASIN 
 
 generall}' throughout British America, and migrating into the United States 
 in the fall, to leave again in the spring. Those birds which breed in the United 
 States, in the open country between Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota and 
 the Rocky Mountains, north of about 40°, and are resident to some degree 
 on those plains, have acquired certain recognizable peculiarities which stamp 
 them as a geographical race. This form has been occasionally mentioned by 
 late writers under the name of "occidentalis ", which I observe is retained 
 in the "History of North American Birds" (ii. p. 140). But Colonel McCall's 
 description was based upon a bird from Santa Fe, New Mexico, and is there- 
 fore most probably applicable to chrijsolmma, where also belong the other spe- 
 cific names which have been imposed upon our Western Larks. A new name 
 being apparently required, I called tbis var, leucolwma in the work above 
 mentioned. Var. chri/solwma is more decidedly different in the points already 
 given. Some of the specimens before me, labeled " California ", but probably 
 either from Lower California or Mexico, are so strongly marked that, in the 
 absence of connecting links, I should give it specific rank. Many inter- 
 mediate examples are, however, forthcoming. 
 
 Specimens from the northerly portions of the Pacific coast regions are said 
 to be nearer typical alpestris, but even darker than that form, and thus still 
 further removed from either leiiooloema or ehrysolcema. 
 
 Lacking opportunity at present of reviewing the case of E. peregrina of 
 New Grauada {Scl. PZS. 1855, 160, pi. 102, Bogota), which is held to be speci- 
 fically distinct by several high authorities, I have omitted the references to 
 it, though in the "Birds of the Northwest" I added them to those of chryso- 
 Uema, judging it to be only the extreme of differentiation which the latter 
 has sustained. 
 
 The preparation of exact synonymy iu the present case has proved a mat- 
 ter of some difficulty, especially since the case has been complicated by the 
 introduction of var. leucolcema. When other clue was wanting, I have col- 
 lated the quotations mainly upon geographical considerations, not always, 
 however, satisfactory. For many of the references are actually more com- 
 prehensive than my collation would imply, since they inclnde the varieties, 
 especially var. leucolmma ; iu other cases, geographically restricted, it is still 
 uncertain which variety a writer had in view, since both may be found asso- 
 ciated at some seasons. I have been obliged to query some references, and 
 take others " upon their face'', according to the name used. 
 
 R 
 
 ESPECTING more particularly the Larks of the Colorado 
 Basin, it should be observed that the birds which breed 
 within this area are, probably without exception, referable to 
 the var. chrysolwma, eveu though the peculiarities may not always 
 be as strongly expressed as they are in those which breed fur- 
 ther south. This form is abundantly distributed in suitable 
 localities, and resident. With the fall migration, however, 
 northern-bred birds of the other variety {leucolwma) enter this 
 region, and the two may be found associated. No difference 
 in habits has been observed. 
 
CHAPTEE XL— WAGTAILS 
 
 Fam. MOTACILLID^ 
 
 Chars. — Primaries only uine (the short or spurious llrst 
 primary found in all the birds of foregoing families excepting 
 UremopJiila remaining undeveloped), the first nearly or about 
 as long as the next, and the point of the wing formed by the 
 first three, four, or five qaills, which are abruptly longer than 
 the succeeding ones; inner secondaries enlarged, lengthened, 
 and flowing, the longest one usually about equaling the first 
 primary when the wing is closed. (This construction of the 
 wing is a prime characteristic of the family,) Tail of variable, 
 but always conspicuous, length, of different shapes in the sev- 
 eral genera, but usually double-rounded, i. e., central and 
 external pairs of feathers both shorter than intermediate ones; 
 in life held tilted up, or vibrated up and down with a peculiar 
 see-saw motion (a characteristic habit of birds of this family, 
 whence comes the name Wagtail — Mota cilia — i:et(T-<iopa). Feet 
 large, in adaptation to terrestrial habits; progression ambula- 
 torial, not saltatorial; tarsus slender, lengthened, equaling or 
 exceeding the middle toe in length, of ordinary oscine charac- 
 ters as to scutellation ; inner toe cleft to the very base, outer 
 adherent to middle by its basal joint only. Hind claw length- 
 ened and straightened in most of the genera (not in Motacilla 
 itself). Bill shorter than the head, very slender, straight, 
 acute, usually notched near the tip, not furnished with 
 obvious rictal vibrissas, though feathers about its base are 
 bristle-tipped. Kostrils patent, in slight fossae. 
 
 This is a pretty well marked family, easily distinguished 
 from any of the foregoing by the development of only nine 
 primaries, and from the following 9-primaried Oscines by the 
 particular shape of the wing, in connection with ambulatorial 
 feet and slender, strictly "insectivorous" or " dentirostral" 
 bill. The birds may be considered Sylvians modified for terres- 
 trial habits. The family is characteristic of the Old World, 
 being x)oorly represented in the New, where only some eight or 
 ten of the about one hundred accredited species occur. There 
 
1 92 MOTACILLID^ ANTHIN^ AN'jfHUS 
 
 are. two groups in the family, couimouly admitted as sub- 
 families. In one of these, the Motacillince, or typical Wagtails, 
 the tail is lengthened to equal or exceed the wing, and formed 
 of narrow feathers gradually tapering to their rounded ends ; 
 only three primaries usually enter into the point of the wing; 
 
 the tarsi are longer and slenderer; 
 the lateral toes are shorter ; and the 
 sj'Stem of coloration for the most 
 part has what a painter would call 
 "breadth'', the colors being massed 
 in large areas. The hind claw in 
 „^ „ , , , , ,. „ Motacilla is of ordinary characters ; 
 
 Fig. 26.— Head and foot of Yellow •' ' 
 
 Wagtail. but in Budytes, the next most prom- 
 
 inent genus, it is lengthened and straightened. The Mota- 
 cillincc are only represented in the western hemisphere by the 
 Motacilla alba, or common White Wagtail of Europe, which 
 has occasionally been fouEd in Greenland, and by the Yellow 
 Wagtail, Budytes flava, an ubiquitous species of the Old World 
 lately ascertained to occur abundantly in Alaska. The cut of 
 this sptcies (fig. 26) will illustrate some motacilline features. 
 The other grou[) is the 
 
 Subfamily AN THIN Jj] : Pipits, oe Titlarks 
 
 In these, the tail is shorter than the wings, and composed of 
 broader feathers retaining their width to near the end ; four or 
 five primaries usually form the point of the wing ; the tarsi are 
 relatively shorter, usually about equal to the middle toe; the 
 lateral toes are longer, the points of their claws reaching 
 beyond the base of the middle claw; the hind claw is always 
 lengthened and straightened (as in the iigure beyond given 
 under head of Anihus ludovioianus) ; and the coloration is " nig- 
 gled", that is to say, broken up in streaks and spots. The 
 species of Anthince make up nearly or about half the family ; 
 they are chiefly referable to the 
 
 Genus ANTHUS Bechstein 
 
 This has been split by modern systematists into a good many 
 genera, which, however, are scarcely worth retaining except 
 as sections. Neocorys, Pediocorys, and Notiooorys are the Ameri- 
 can subdivisions, the last two belonging to South America, the 
 
SYNONYMY OF ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS 193 
 
 first one to our country. N'eooorys spraguii* should be found 
 in the Colorado Basin, but has not been, so far as I know. A 
 careful description and a full account of the habits of this inter- 
 esting bird is given in the " Birds of the Northwest", to which 
 the reader is referred. A typical Anthus, A. pratensis, is occa- 
 sionally found in Greenland (Beinh. J. f. O. 1854, 439; Ibis, 
 1861, 6) and Alaska ; another, A. cerviniis, is said to occur in 
 the Aleutian Islands (Zander, J. f. O. i. 1853, Extrah. 1854, 64). 
 With these exceptions, the following is the only known North 
 American species of Anthus : — 
 
 American Pipit, or Titlark 
 
 Antbns IndoTlclanns 
 
 Alauda Indovlcisna, Gm. SN. i. pt. ii. 1788, 793, no. 14 (from Buff. &. Lath.).— Za<&. 10. 11. 
 1790, 494, no. 9. 
 
 AntbUB ludOTlClannS, Licla. "Verz. 1823, 37 ".— Pp. CGL. 1838, ^S.—Aud. Syn. 1839, 94.— 
 Nutt. Man. 1. 2d ed. 1840, Sn.—Aud. BA. Hi. 1811, 40, pi. 150.— Gjr. BLI. 1844, 94.— Garni. 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, U4.—Gamb. Joarn. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 37.— Bp. CA. 1. 1850, 
 349.—McOaU,Pr. PhUa. Acad. v. 1851, 315 (Texas).— Soy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vl. 1853, 
 310.— Sead, Pr. Phila. Acad. vl. 1853, 3S9.—Iteinli. J. f. 0. 1854, 439 (Greenland).— /frary, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 310 (New Mexico).- .Kmn. Tr. 111. Agr. Soo. 1. 1855, 583.— 
 Pratten, Tr. 111. Agr. Soc. 1. 1855, 601.— Pwm. Pr. Ess. InBt. i. 1856, 209.—Sd. PZS. 
 1856, 293 (Mexico).— Sci. PZS. 1857 126 (Califomia).— ^Tmerf. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 
 234.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 232.— Willis, Smiths. Kep. for 1858, 1859, 281 (Nova Scotia).— 
 Bland, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 287 {Bermuda.).— Martens, J. f. O. 1859, 314 (Ber- 
 muda) .-Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 29.— S. If S. Ibis, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).— ffenry, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 106.—Xantu3, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 190.— Hecrm. PEER. x. 1859, 
 45.— O. ^S. NHWT. 1860, 176.— CoMe», Pr. Phila. Acad. 1861, 220 (Labrador ; eggs).- 
 Bam. Smithson. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 435.— Reinh. Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland).- Coues 4- 
 Frent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 405.— Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soo. xii. 1862, 159.— 
 Blasius, Ibis, 1862, 71 (Heligoland, Europe). — Slak. Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).— Verr. 
 Pr. Efts. Inst. iii. 1862, 156.—Baardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 124.—Blak. Ibis, 1863, 60.— 
 Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 153.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 58.— Dress. Ibis, 1863, 476.— 
 Coues, Ibis, 1866, 64 (Colorado Desert).— Coaes, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 67 (Arizona). — 
 Lavrr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 283.— JFefa, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1866, 267 (Labrador).— 
 Mcllw. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 85.— Alien, Mem. Bost. Soc. 1. 1868, 494.— Coues, Pr. Bost. 
 Soo. xli. 1868, 108.— Ooaes, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 268.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 
 82.— B«(c*. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 149.— Bro»n, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver).— Ttt™*. B. 
 E. Pa. 1869, 23; Phila. ed. 16.— Doll If Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. 1869, 277 (Alaska).— 
 
 'Antlins (JTeocorys) spragnll.— Mlssonrl Pipit. 
 
 Alauda spragaell, Aud. BA. vU. 1844, 334, pi. 486 (Dakota). 
 
 Otocorls sprangerJ, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 246. 
 
 Agrodoma spragnel, Bd. Stansbury's Kep. 1852, 329. 
 
 Neocorys spraguii, Scl. PZS. 1857, 5.—Blakist. Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).— BJnitsI. Ibis, 
 
 1863, 61 (Minnesota to Saskatchewan). 
 Neocorys spraguel, Bd. BNA. 1858, 234.— Allen, Am. Nat. vU. 1873, 745.— B. B. IfR. NAB. i. 
 
 1874, 175, flgs. pi. 10, f. 5.— Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvil. 1874, 50 (habits) —Ooacs, BNW. 
 
 1874, 43 (full description and account of habits). 
 Anthus spraguel, Bd. Her. AB. 1864, 155.— Coues, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 697. 
 Sprague's Missouri Lark, Missouri Skylark, Spragne'g Pipit, Authors. 
 
 13 B C 
 
194 SYNS. AND CHAES. OF ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS 
 
 Sleo. U. S. Gool. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871. 463.— Cfeop. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1870, 75.— Coop. 
 B. Cal. i. 1870, 78.— CoUM, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1871, 19.— Trtppe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 
 ns.— Alien, Bull. MCZ. li. 1871, iSI .—Alleii,, Bull. MCZ. Hi. 1872, 161, 175 (Colorado, 
 breeding).— ^;!cn, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, WS.—Harting, Man. Brit. B. 1872, 109 (Great 
 Britain ?).—jlifcc7s, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1872, 196 (Colorado, breeding).— TVippe, Pr. Best. Soo. 
 XV. 1872, Wi.—Uayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 360.— (7om«s, Key, 1872, 90, f. 34.— JIfojm. 
 B. Fla. 1873, H.—Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180.— ilferr. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, 
 for 1872, 1873, 713.— SnoM, B. Kans. 1873, i.—Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. iv. 1873, S3i.—All«n, 
 Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 50.— Coues, BNW. 1874, W.—Yarr. IfHensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 
 1874, 10.— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 41. -iS. B. If R. NAB. i. 1874, 171, flg. pi. 10, f. 
 3.—Hensk. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 187. 
 
 Alauda ludovicana, Turt. SN. 1. 1806, 482. 
 
 Antbus ludovlceanus, Bd. Ives's Rep. pt. v. 1861, 5. 
 
 AntbUS ludoriclnns, Merriam, U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 674. 
 
 Antbus ludOTlcanus, Trippe, Coues'8 BNW. 1874, 231. 
 
 Alauda rubra, Gm. SN. i. pt. ii. 1788, 794, no. 15 (from Briss., Buff., Edw., etc.).- £«(*. 10. 
 ii. 1790, 494, no. 10.— Tun. SN. i. 1806, 482. 
 
 Motacilla taudsonica, Latk. 10. ii. 1790, 503, no. 6 (no references ; orig. descr. well suiting pres- 
 ent Bpecies).- rart. SN. i. 1806, 616.— T. OAS. ii, 1807, 47.— F. Bncy. Mdth. ii. 1823, 409. 
 
 Alanda migratoria, Bartmm, Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. 1791, p. 290 bis (see Coues, Froc. Phila. 
 Acad. 1875, 346). 
 
 Antbns rnbeos, Merrem, " Ersch Grub. Encyol." 
 
 Alauda rufa, Wils. AO. v. 1812, 89, pi. 42, f. 4.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 181. 
 
 Antbus spinoletta, Bp. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. iL 1826, 90.— ^'ii«. Man. i. 1832, i50.—Omith. Cimm. 
 Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 193 (Columbia River) — Tovmt. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 
 1839, 154.— Peo6. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 317.— Thompe. NH. Vermont, 1853, 86. 
 
 Antbus aquatiCUS, S. tfR. FBA. ii. 1831, 231, pi. H.—Aud. OB. i. 183-, name on pi. 10. 
 
 Antbus piplens. Aud. OB. i. 1832, 408 ; v. 1839, 449, pi. 80.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 18. 
 
 Antbus relnbardUl, EolbuU, "Fn. Gronl. ed. Paulsen, 1846, 25". 
 
 Alanda pensllvanica, Briss. Om. 1760, App. 94, no. 13. 
 
 Antbus pensylvanlcus, TMenemmn, Rhea, ii. 1849, 171 (monographic).— ZizTider, J. f. O. i. 
 1853, Extrah. 1854, 63 (monographic). — Zander, Naumannia, iv. 1854, 13 (monographic). 
 
 Antbus pennsylranlcns, Gaetke, J. f. 0. 1856, 71 (Heligoland). 
 
 Farlouzanne, Buff. • ' Hist. Nat. des Ois. v. 38 ". 
 
 Loulslane Lark, Ltuh. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 376, no. 7 (based on Buff. v. 38). 
 
 Hudsonian Wagtail, Lath. Syn. Suppl. ii. 1801,231, no. 3. 
 
 Alouette aux Joues brunes de Pensllranie, Buff. " niet. Nat. des Ois. v. 58 ". 
 
 Hocbequeue de la bale d'Hudson,K Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 409. 
 
 lark from Pensylranla, .Eiio. " Glean, pt. ii. 185, pi. 297 ". 
 
 Bed lark, Pmn. AZ. ii. 1785, 393, no. 279 (Pennsylvania).— iofi. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 376, no. 8. 
 
 Folarpleper, Thienemann, 1. c. 
 
 Alouette plp6, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 185. 
 
 American Pipit or Titlark, Prairie Titlark, Reddish-brown Titlark, Brown lark. 
 Authors, 
 
 Hab. — The whole of North America. South to 
 Guatemala and perhaps further. Greenland. Ber- 
 mudas. Casual in Europe (Heligoland, Gatke ; and 
 see especially Harting, I. o. auprd,). No West Indian 
 quotations. 
 
 Ch. sp. — 3 2 Olivaceo-brunneus, fusoo- 
 notatus; alin fuscis, brunneo-limbatis ; caudd 
 fused, rectricibus lateralibus 1-3 ex parte 
 albis; orbitis, superciliis, partibusque infe- 
 rioribus ex toto brunneo-albidis, peetore lateri- 
 
 FIG. 27.- Bill and foot of, ,. , . . 
 
 American Pipit; nat. size, owsquc oUvuceo-brunneo stnatis. 
 $ 9 : Above, olive-brown, most of the feathers with dusky centres, giving 
 a streaked or nebulated appearance. Wings blackish-brown, the quills and 
 
NOTE ON THE TITLA.RK 195 
 
 their coverts edged with dull pale brown ; tail blackish, the central feathers 
 like the back, one to three of the lateral feathers, partly at least, white, the 
 outer often wholly white. Line over the eye, eyelids, and entire under parts 
 brownish-white, or pale oohrey- or buffy-brown (very variable in shade), 
 the aides of the throat and body and the breast spotted or streaked with 
 the color of the back. Bill blackish, pale at base below ; feet brown. 
 Length, 6J-7 ; extent, lOJ-11 ; wing, 3i-3i ; tail, 2i-3 ; bill about H ; tarsus, |. 
 I have not examined newly-fledged birds, which may be more streaky than 
 as above described. Well-feathered birds of both sexes, at all seasons, are 
 not distinguishable. The shade of the under parts is extremely uncertain , 
 varying from brownish-white to rich buffy-brown, and the amount of white 
 on the tail is equally variable. 
 
 ME. J. A. ALLEN'S discovery of the breeding of this 
 species on the highest peaks of the mountains in Colo- 
 rado is the most interesting of the recent contributions to its 
 history, and enables us to speak of the Titlark as a resident 
 bird of the region now under consideration. However, in 
 neary all of the Colorado water-shed the bird is only a winter 
 visitant; it is common and generally distributed in suitable 
 places. Its habits are too well known to require any extended 
 notice in the present connection ; I have already given the 
 results of my own observations in Labrador and other portions 
 of North America in some of my publications cited above, 
 notably the " Birds of the Northwest ". 
 
 Fig. 28.— Head and foot of Bndytea 
 flava, a typical Molacllline. 
 
CHAPTER XII. — AMERICAN WARBLERS 
 
 Fam. SYLYICOLID^ 
 
 PRIMARIES nine; rectrices twelve; scutellation of tarsi, 
 disposition of wiDg-coverts, and structure of lower larynx 
 strictly Oscine in character. It is simply impossible to define 
 the Sylvicolidw, because it is an artificial group, corresponding 
 with no natural division of birds, and consequently having no 
 natural boundaries. As customarily limited, this family — its 
 North American representatives at any rate — may be distin- 
 guished from other nine-primaried Oscines, excepting Gcerebidw, 
 by the following negations : — Inner secondaries not enlarged, 
 nor hind toe lengthened and straightened, as occurs in Motadl- 
 lidce. Bill not "flssirostral", as in HirundinidcB ; nor strongly 
 " dentirostral", — that is, hooked and toothed at end, — as in Lan- 
 iidcE and Yireonidw; nor yet typically "conirostral", as in Frin- 
 gillidce; and without the tooth or lobe near the middle of the 
 commissure which exists in the genus Pyranga of Tanagridie. 
 From the CcerebidcB,* or Honey-creepers of the warmer parts of 
 
 *In B. B. & E. Hist. N. A. B., i. p. 177, we read: — " In fact,we are of the opin- 
 ion that no violence would be done by adopting this view [the propriety of 
 uniting TanagridcB, Sylvicolidw, and Ccerebidce'], and would even include with 
 the above-mentioned families the Fringillidw also. The order of their rela- 
 tion to one another would be thus : FringilUdm, Tanagridw, Sylvicolidw, Ccere- 
 bidce; there being scarcely any break in the transition between the two ex- 
 tremes, unless there are many genera referred to the wrong family, as seems 
 very likely to be the case with many included in the Tanagridw. The/rin- 
 gilline forms of the latter family are such genera as Buarremon and Arremon, 
 they being so closely related to some ftingilline genera by so many features — 
 as rounded concave wing, lax plumage, and spizine coloration — as to be 
 scarcely separable. Either these two families are connected so perfectly by 
 intermediate forms as to be inseparable, or the term Tanagridw covers too 
 great a diversity of forms. With the same regularity that we proceed from 
 the Fringillidw to the typical forms of the Tanagridw (Pyranga, Tanagra, 
 Calliate, etc.), we pass down the scale from these to the Sylvicolidw; while 
 between many genera of the latter family, and others referred to the Cwre- 
 bidw, no diflference in external anatomy can be discovered, much less ex- 
 pressed in a description." 
 
 we 
 
RELATIONSHIPS OP SYLVICOLIDiE 197 
 
 America, the SylvicolidcB are not distinguished by any known 
 character ; and the same is the case in the relations both with 
 the FringillidcB and the Tanagridm. For, though extreme forms 
 of SylvicoUdee, Tanagridm, and Fringillidce are sufQciently 
 
 In his previous critical stadias of this group, Prof. Baird had been as 
 much perplexed. I quote some passages from Rev. A. B., pp. 160, 161 : — " The 
 SylvicoUda are essentially characterized among the Oscines with nine pri- 
 maries, by their small size, the usually slender and conical insectivorous bill, 
 shorter than the head, without angle in the gape near the base ; the toes 
 deeply cleft so as to leave the inner one free almost to its very base (except 
 in MniotiUece), etc. The shallow notch at the end of the tongue, instead of 
 a deeply fissured tip, distinguishes the family from the CwreMdce,to some of 
 which there is otherwise so great a resemblance. The absence of abrupt 
 hook and notch in both mandibles separates it ftom such of the Vireonidw 
 as have nine primaries. To the TanagridcB, through the slender-billed forms, 
 as Chloro8pingu8, Nemoaia, Chlorochrysa, etc., the relationship is very close ; 
 so much so that, by many, both families are included in one. . . . 
 
 " There is, perhaps, no family to which the relationship is closer than to the 
 Ccerebida. Of equally small size, and, to some extent, of a somewhat simi- 
 lar style of coloration, it is not to be wondered at that many species in each 
 family have been indifferently assigned to either. The genus Helmintho- 
 phaga, for instance, can scarcely be so defined as to distinguish it from Coni- 
 rostrum, exxjepting by the characters of the tongue, so rarely preserved in a 
 skin, ... I am by no means sure that some of the species even now re- 
 tained among the Sylvicolida would not be more appropriately placed iu 
 CwreiidcB, as Helminthophaga bachmani, Parula gutturalis, etc. ... To the 
 general character of the tongue in the Sylvicolidce, however, that of ' Den- 
 droiaa tigrina' forms a striking exception in its approximation to the Ccere- 
 iine character, especially that of Certhiola." And it remains to be seen 
 whether various other reputed Sylvicolines do not show similar structure of 
 the tongue, as comparatively few of the species have been examined with 
 reference to this point. 
 
 One species of the Ccerebidw is found in the United States, and has been 
 attributed, but erroneously, to the Colorado Valley : it is the following : — 
 
 Certblola baliamensls.— Babaman Honey-creeper. 
 
 Certbla flaveola, 0, Z. SS. i. 1766, 187, n. 18 (from Cates. Car. pi. 59, and Brits. Orn. iii. 
 
 620, pi. 34, f. 5 — this fig. however, is of the Martinique bird). 
 Gertbla flaveola, y, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 479, n. 18 j- (Gates. 1. o. and Penn. AZ. ii. 285, n. 175).— 
 
 Lath. 10. i. 1790, 297, n. 53. 
 Certhiola flaveola, Sp. CA. i. 1850, 402 (partly).— JJoird, BNA. 1858, 924 ; atlas to ed. of 
 
 1860, pi. 83, f. 3 (Florida).— JBry. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1859, 117 (Bahamas).— J.J!ir. J. f. O. 
 
 1361, 54 (the same).— <7o«e», Pr. Phila. Acad, xviii. 1866, 67 ("Arizona"— a blonder).— 
 
 Coues, Key, 1872, 110 (Indian Key, Fla.). 
 Certhiola bahamensls, JJeicA. "Handb.i. 1853,253" (from Catesby).— Oasipin, Pr. Phila. 
 
 Acad. 1864, iU.— Baird, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 612 (critical).- B. B. <& B. NAB. i. 1874, 
 
 428, pi. 19, f. 5 (Florida).— BensA. List. B. Ariz. 1875, 157 (error). 
 Certhiola bairdl. Cab. J. f. 0. 1865, 412 (= O. flaveola of Baird, 1858). 
 Grlmperean de Bahama, Certhla bahamensis, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 620. 
 Parns bahamlensis, Bahama Titmouse, Catet. Car. i. 1771, 59, pi. 59 (deBcr.orig.). 
 Bahama Creeper, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 285, n. 175. 
 Honey Creeper, Coues, 1. u. (1872). 
 Hab. — Bahama Islands and coast of Florida. 
 
198 CHAEACTEEISTICS OF WAEBLEES 
 
 diverse, other forms are observed to melt insensibly into each 
 other; so that, taken altogether, the supposed families are in- 
 separable. This state of the case is admitted by the best 
 authorities, who nevertheless continue to follow usage, as I do 
 in the present instance, partly for the sake of convenience, 
 partly because it is not yet clear what else to do. As I re- 
 marked some years ago, " it is probable that final critical study 
 will result in a remapping of the whole group " of these allied 
 nine-prlmaried American Oscines; and I might have added, 
 that such course is urgently demanded. 
 
 Nevertheless, it is practically an easy matter to recognize 
 any North American example of this arbitrary group — the dif- 
 ficulty is with its limitation, not within its ascribed boundaries. 
 All the " Sylvicolines" are small birds ; excepting the species of 
 Icteria, and perhaps of Siurus, none are over six inches long, 
 and the mean length is even less than this. The usual or nor- 
 mal shape of the bill is that of an elongate compressed conoid, 
 but its variations in details of configuration are great; inloteria 
 it is very stout and high, and in Setojahaga broad and flat, like a 
 Flycatcher's. The bill is usually nicked near the end, sometimes 
 not; sometimes strongly notched and hooked, though not also 
 toothed as in Vireonidw — more as in Tyrannidce. The rictus 
 is usually bristled; sometimes not ; sometimes the bristles are 
 very highly developed, much as in Tyrannidce. The wings are 
 longer than the tail, and more or less pointed, excepting in 
 Geothlypis and Icteria. The feet show some minor, though very 
 evident, modifications, in adaptation to the scausorial habits of 
 some genera, and the terrestrial habits of others. 
 
 This is the second largest family of North American birds, 
 the FringillidoB alone surpassing it in number of species. If 
 not exactly "representative", in a technical sense, of the Old 
 World Sylviidce, it may be considered to replace that family in 
 America, having much the same role in bird-economy: both 
 families abound in species and individuals ; they are small, 
 migratory, insectivorous, and everywhere take prominent part 
 in the makeup of the bird-fauna. There are upward of a hun- 
 dred species of SylvicoUdce, distributed over the whole of North 
 and Middle America, and much of South America. The centre 
 of abundance of the Setophagince, or Flycatching Warblers, is 
 in the warmer parts of America; comparatively few species 
 reach the United States, and only two or three are extensively 
 dispersed in this country. On the other hand, the Sylvicolinm 
 are more particularly birds of North America; very few of 
 
CHARACTERISTICS OF WARBLERS 199 
 
 the species are confined to Middle or South America ; and 
 Dendrwoa, the leading type of this group, is the largest, most 
 beautiful, and most attractive genus of North American birds, 
 preeminently characteristic of this country. 
 
 I shall be more particular in speaking of the several sub- 
 divisions of the family ; but I wish to bring into this sketch of 
 the Warblers at large some touches to show their family traits. 
 I said that Dendrceea was a "beautiful" genus ; and I am sure 
 that the Warblers, taken altogether, are the most attractive of 
 our birds to every lover of birds for their own sakes — to every 
 one who delights in those aesthetic emotions which the inter- 
 pretation of bird-life never fails to excite. We have just seen 
 what a problem they offer to the strict scientist ; the most de- 
 termined utilitarian will find them not beneath his notice, for 
 their good services in the interests of agriculture are immeas- 
 urable ; the naturalist derives from them never-failing gratifi- 
 cation of his sense of the beautiful, whether he regards their 
 forms, their colors, or their habits. They are prominent among 
 the birds that awaken and stimulate the enthusiasm of the 
 young ornithologist, nor do they cease to feed the ardor of 
 maturer years ; they challenge interest perpetually, and en- 
 gage attention in their endlessly varied aspects. They are the 
 universal favorites of the amateur ; every collector is keen on 
 the scent of the "rare Warbler"; emulation quickens the quest 
 of its nest and eggs; the rivalry is to discover some unrecorded 
 trait, some unrecognized plumage, some note unheard before; 
 and the specimen itself is among the treasures of every cabi- 
 net. Has any one stopped to think what our ornithology would 
 be with this life of the woodland left out ? 
 
 With few exceptions, the SylvicoUdce are clad in variegated 
 colors — always pretty and tasteful, often brilliant and strikingly 
 effective ; even when the tints are subdued, as in the oliva- 
 ceous species, there is a pleasurable harmony of color, in keep- 
 ing with shy and modest demeanor ; while some of the War- 
 blers may boast of the most exquisite and delicate of hues, 
 next after those that glitter in the sheen of iridescence. Most 
 Warblers, moreover, have several suits of color ; the sexes are 
 seldom alike, the young are different again, and so many are 
 the changes, that here is a study by itself, to recognize the same 
 bird under its color-variations. The plumage of the Warblers 
 may be used to illustrate a very broad and important truth that 
 bears upon the question of species itself. Those familiar with 
 the subject will recall the fact that very few of our Warblers 
 
200 CHARACTEKISTICS OF WARBLERS 
 
 offer any difficulty in the way of discrimination of species, 
 when in perfect plumage ; that is to say, their " specific char- 
 acters " are well marked. They are also well aware, that none of 
 our birds are more strictly and completely migratory than 
 these ; probably none of our species reside permanently in any 
 one locality. Putting this and that, together, it is easy to infer, 
 as I think we may with entire accuracy, that the integrity of 
 the species depends upon their migrations, for they are never 
 continuously subjected to modifying local influences. Migration 
 holds species true; localisation lets them slip. That the inherent 
 susceptibility to variation is not less in this family than else- 
 where, is shown by the fact that the few localized forms respond 
 as usual to modifying influences. Take the exotic races of 
 Qeothlypis trichas or Dendrceca petechia in instance. The Vireos, 
 noted for the constancy of their slight though obvious specific 
 characters, offer a parallel case. For the converse, the student 
 may be reminded of the cases of such sedentary birds as species 
 of Picus and various FringilUdcB, which " run into each other" 
 from one faunal area to another. 
 
 Musical proficiency might be reasonably presupposed in a 
 group of birds known by the delightfully suggestive name of 
 "warblers". It is quite our own fault, however, that they are 
 misnamed; we have simply perpetuated an early blunder in 
 classification, by which these birds were referred to the Old 
 World genus Sylvia. We have corrected the technical mis- 
 nomer of "Sylvia", but have been less precise in our vernacu- 
 lar. Nothing less like warbling than the songs of our " war- 
 blers" can well be imagined. Bluebirds and Wrens warble or 
 trill their lays ; Warblers, as a rule, do not. There are few 
 great singers among them all. Their voice usually is thin, sharp, 
 "unsympathetic"; the pitch is too high ; the notes are abrupt 
 and jerky ; movement is uneven and never long-sustained. The 
 song indeed has musical quality, and may affect us rather pleas- 
 antly ; but our attention is more likely to be arrested by its 
 oddity than attracted by its melody, I cannot but criticise 
 here ; yet I am ready to bear witness to the endless variety of 
 the songs of the Warblers, — probably every species has its own, 
 distinctly recognizable by the practised ear ; and much of the 
 pleasurable excitement which the study of these birds affords, 
 comes from the effort of discriminating between their wonder- 
 fully varied performances. Probably no single ornithologist 
 has learned them all — even all those to be heard in his own 
 
CHARACTERISTICS OF WARBLERS 201 
 
 vicinity ; so subtile, so fugitive, so incomprehensible are these 
 quaint snatches of song, which arouse attention only to disap- 
 point expectation, and make us feel that we can never interpret 
 the language in which these sylvan sprites tell the story of their 
 lives. But the Warblers are such a multitude, so composite, 
 that no indiscriminate comment, however guarded, can fail to 
 do injustice. There are singers among them. The voice of the 
 Summer Yellowbird is sweetly modulated. The species of the 
 genus Siuriis are splendid performers : the Golden-crown is a 
 musician of extraordinary yet long-unsuspected ability, so sed- 
 ulously does he hide his real accomplishments — one who con- 
 tinually obtrudes upon us his loud shrill chant, in accelerated 
 monotone, as if this were all that lay in his power ; yet in rare 
 moments of triumph delighting to transport us with the ex- 
 quisite vocalization which his nuptial ecstasies inspire. 
 
 More anon of the general habits of the Warblers, when I 
 come to speak of the genera and species individually ; here I 
 can do little more than witness the "various language" which 
 they speak "to him who in the love of Nature holds communion 
 with her visible forms". The Warblers have we always with us, 
 all in their own good time; they come out of the South, pass on, 
 return, and are away again, their appearance and withdrawal 
 scarcely less than a mystery; many stay with us all summer 
 long, and some brave the winters in our midst. Some of these 
 slight creatures, guided by unerring instinct, travel true to the 
 meridian in the hours of darkness, slipping past " like a thief 
 in the night", stooping at day-break from their lofty flights 
 to rest and recruit for the next stage of the journey. Others 
 pass more leisurely from tree to tree, in a ceaseless tide of 
 migration, gleaning as they go ; the hardier males, in full song 
 and plumage, lead the way for the weaker females and the 
 yearlings. With tireless industry do the Warblers befriend 
 the human racej their unconscious zeal plays due part in the 
 nice adjustment of Nature's forces, helping to bring about the 
 balance of vegetable and insect life, without which agriculture 
 would be in vain. They visit the orchard when the apple and 
 pear, the peach, plum, and cherry, are in bloom, seeming to 
 revel carelessly amid the sweet-scented and delicately- tinted 
 blossoms, but never faltering in their good work. They peer 
 into the crevices of the bark, scrutinize each leaf, and explore 
 the very heart of the buds, to detect, drag forth, and destroy 
 those tiny creatures, singly insignificant, collectively a scourge, 
 
202 ANALYSIS OF SYLVICOLID^ 
 
 which prey upou the hopes of the fruit-grower, and which, 
 if undisturbed, would bring his care to nought. Some War- 
 blers flit incessantly in the terminal foliage of the tallest trees ; 
 others hug close to the scored trunks and gnarl6d boughs of 
 the forest kings ; some peep from the thicket, the coppice, the 
 impenetrable mantle of shrubbery that decks tiny water- 
 courses, playing at hide-and-seek with all comers ; others more 
 humble still descend to the ground, where they glide with pretty 
 mincing steps and affected turning of the head this way and 
 that, their delicate flesh-tinted feet just stirring the layer of 
 withered leaves with which a past season carpeted the ground. 
 We may seek Warblers everywhere in their season ; we shall 
 find them a continual surprise ; all mood and circumstance is 
 theirs. 
 
 Naturalists have sought to divide the varied forms of the 
 Warblers into groups ; an attempt attended with no little diffi- 
 culty, so varied are the phases of bird-life here exhibited.' 
 Even the earliest writers, whose genera were usually more 
 comprehensive than our modern families are, dissociated these 
 birds in three or more different genera, Motacilla, Sylvia, Mus- 
 cicapa, and some others, vaguely perceiving how varied these 
 birds are In form and habits. Later systematists have multi- 
 plied genera, as the fashion of minute subdivision dictated, 
 though some of the newest genera, like Dendrceca, Helmintho- 
 pliaga, and Setophaga, were still allowed to contain numerous 
 species. Professor Baird's critical studies of this group gave 
 us four subfamilies, according to the schedule* which I subjoin 
 
 *BiU conical, its bristles very short, or wanting, 
 
 Sylvicolin^. Bill conical, or abont as high as wide, or even higher, 
 opposite the nostrils. Gape with short bristles, not reaching beyond the 
 nostrils, or none. Tip of bill not hooked; with or without a faint notch ; 
 commissure nearly straight. Wings long and pointed ; considerably longer 
 than the narrow, nearly even tail. Legs short and weak : tarsi not as long 
 as ihe head (except in Mniotiltece). 
 
 [Sections Mniotiltece, or Creeping Warilers (genera Mniotllta and Parula) ; 
 Vermimrece, or Swamp Warblers (genera Protonotaria, Helminthophaga, and 
 Helmintherus) ; and Sylvicolece, or Wood Warblers (genera Perissoglossa and 
 Dendroeca).'\ 
 
 GEOTHLYPiNiE. Bill mnch as in Sylvicolince, with distinct notch ; slender, 
 or stout, the culmen gently curved ; the commissure nearly straight. Legs 
 much developed : tarsi longer than the skull. Bristles of rictus short but 
 appreciable. Ground Warblers. 
 
 [Sections SeiareiB (genera Seiurus and Oporornis) and Geothlypece (genus 
 Geothlypis).'] 
 
ANALYSIS OP SYLVICOLID^ 203 
 
 for the reader's convenience. Waiving the question of absolute 
 rank in the scale of classification, we find among our North 
 American Warblers at least three strongly marked groups, into 
 which I divided our Warblers in the "Key"; and I shall ad- 
 here for the present to these divisions, which seem as natural 
 as they are convenient. They only differ from those proposed 
 by Baird in the union of his GeotMypinw with Sylvicolince. One 
 of these groups, Icteriince, is so peculiar that it has often been 
 altogether removed from the family. Another includes the 
 well-marked " Fly-catching Warblers"; the other covers the bal- 
 ance of the family. These groups, conventionally rated as sub- 
 families, may be thus distinguished : — 
 
 Analysis of subfamilies. 
 
 Sylvicolince. — ^Wings longer than tail (except in Geothlypis) ; bill conical, 
 sleudor; commissure slightly curved, with short bristles or none. Size 
 moderate. 
 
 Icteriince. — Wings shorter than tail ; bill compressed, high, very stont ; 
 commissure much curved, without any bristles ; size very large. 
 
 SetophagincB. — Wings longer than tail; bill broad, flattened ; commissure 
 slightly curved, with bristles reaching far beyond the nostrils. 
 
 Subfamily SYLVICOLINCE: Tede Waeblees 
 
 Chars. — Bill con oid-elou gate, shorter than head, about as 
 high as, or rather higher than, wide opposite the nostrils, not 
 hooked, and with but a slight notch, if any, at tip : commissure 
 straight or slightly curved ; a few rictal bristles, reaching little, 
 if any, beyond the nostrils, or none. Wings pointed, longer 
 than the narrow, nearly even tail. 
 
 This beautiful group, which comprehends the great majority 
 of the Warblers, is specially characteristic of North America, and 
 reaches its highest development in the eastern portions of the 
 continent, mainly through the preponderance of species of the 
 
 ICTBRlANiE. Bill without notch, or rictal bristles. Culmen and commis- 
 sure much curved Wings much jrounded, shorter than the tail. 
 [Sections loteriece (genus Icteria) and the exotic Teretristece.'\ 
 
 Bill depressed ; rictus with long bristles. 
 
 Setophagin(B. Dill much depressed, considerably broader than high ; the 
 tip more or less hooked, with distinct notch. Bristles lengthened, reaching 
 half way or more from the nostrils to tip of bill. FlyoatcMng Warblers. 
 
 [Genera Myiodioctes, Cardellina, and Setophaga, with their respective 
 subdivisions.] 
 
204 SYLVICOLIN^ — MNIOTILTA VAEIA 
 
 largest genus, Dendroeca. All the genera and most of the spe- 
 cies of SylvicoUnw are found in this country, mainly as migrants, 
 which appear in the spring, pass the summer, and retire for the 
 winter to Mexico, the West Indies, and Central or even South 
 America ; though some pass the inclement season within our 
 limits, and one at least is found in winter in Korthern States. 
 
 The SylvicolincB are not very well represented in the Colorado 
 Basin, where various genera are wanting, and the Dendrcecm 
 are comparatively few; the Relminthophagce, however, are pro- 
 portionally numerous. 
 
 We may rapidly note some of the characteristics according to 
 which the genera may be thrown into recognizable groups. The 
 genus Geoihlypis, in the first place, stands quite alone in the rel- 
 ative length of the wings and tail, the former being shorter than 
 the latter: it is one of the "Ground Warblers". Intimately 
 related is the genus Oporornis — so intimately, that species of the 
 two are sometimes confounded. These genera, "vith Siurus, are 
 somewhat terrestrial and aquatic ; they have lengthened, pale- 
 colored legs, and some of the species step very prettily over the 
 ground, instead of hopping, or advancing both feet together, 
 like most Passeres. There is another group, known as " Swamp 
 Warblers" or " Worm-eating Warblers", consisting of the gen- 
 era Helmintherus, Helminthophaga, and Protonotaria : in these, 
 the bill is extremely acute, and usually unnotched, and has no 
 rictal bristles. Two genera, Mniotilta* and Parula, the first of 
 
 *llInlotlIta varia. — Blacb-and-wtalte Warbler. 
 
 MotaciUa varia, L. SN. i. 1766, 333, d. 23 (Briss. iii. 529, pi. 27, f. 5 ; Sloane, ii, 309, pi. 265, f. 
 l).—Om. SN. i. 1788, 979, n. fi3.—TuH. SN. 1. 1806, 603. 
 
 NylTla Taria, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 539, n. 118.— Bp. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ii. 1826, 81.— Nutt. Man. i. 
 1832, 38*.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 83. 
 
 Certbia varia, V. OAS. ii. 1807, m.—Aud. OB. i. 1838, 452, pi. ao.—Peab. Eep. Orn. Mass. 
 1839, am.-Baym. Pr. Ptiila. Acad. viii. 1856, 288.— WUlis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 
 282 (Nova Scotia). 
 
 Mniotilta Tarla, T. "Anal. 1816, 45 ".—Bp. PZS. 1837, 118 (Guatemala).— Bp. List, 1838, 11.— 
 And. Syn. 1839, 71.— ifutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 102.— Aud. B A. ii. 1841, 105, pi. 114.— 
 Giraud,BLl. 1844, 70.— Go««e, B. Jam. 1847, 134.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 311.— i<mi!ieye, Av. 
 Cuba, 1850, 68, pi. 10, f. l.—BumeU,PT. Boat. Soc. iv. 1851, 116,— iSead, Pr. Phila. Acad, 
 vi. 1853, 401.— ffoj/, ibid. 312.— W<iodft.Sitgr. 'Eep. ZnfiiK. 1853,69.— Sci. PZS. 1855,143 
 (Bogotd).— (?M7>dI. J. f. 0. 1855, 475 (Cuba).— Prattcn, Tr. III. Agr. Soc. i. 1855, 603.— 
 Puta. Pr. E89. Inst. i. 1856, -..OS.-Brev). Pr. Bout. Soc. vi. 1856, 6.—Scl. PZS. 1856, 140 
 (Chiriqui) ; 291 (Mexico).- Bry. Pr. Host. Soo. vi. 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia).— Maxim. J. t. 
 0. vi. 1858, 108.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 235.— A. <e E. Newt. Ibis, i. 1859, 143 (St Croix).— Sci. 
 PZS. 1859, 363 (Xal ipa); 373 (Oaxaoa).— Jlfar(«n», J. f. 0. 1859, 213 (Bermudas).- Biand, 
 Smiths. Kep. for 1858, 1859, 287 (Bermudas) —iJrj/. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1859, 110 (Baha- 
 mas). -Oaf). J. f. 0. 1860, 328 (Costa B.iaD.-Bre.w. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 306 (Cuba).— 
 Bam. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861 , 435.— iowr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1861, 322 (New Gre- 
 nada).— Sci. PZS. 1861, 70 (Jamaica).— e«;id!. J. f. 0. 1861, 326 (Caba.). —AVbrecht, J. f. 
 0.1861,58 (Bahamas).— Ai6j-. J. f. 0. 1862, 193 (Jamaica).— Boardm. Pr. Bost Soc. ix. 
 1862, lU.—Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1802, 159 (Dakota).— Vm-. Pr. Ess. Inst KL 
 
SYNONYMY OF MNIOTILTA VAEIA 205 
 
 which is not known to occur in the Colorado Basin, are " Creeping 
 Warblers", showing certain slight peculiarities of the feet which 
 adapt them (at least one of them) to a mode of life quite like 
 
 1863, U6.— March, Pr. PUla. Acad. xv. 1863, 293 (.Tamaioa).-B(i. Kev. AB. 1864, 167.— 
 Scl. PZS. 1864, 172 (City of Mexico); 349 (Panama).— Aile», Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 59;- 
 Lawr. Ann. Lyo. K. T. Tui. 1865, 174 (Chiriqui).— Dresi. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 470 (Texas, 
 breeding).— ilfoJiMr. Pr. Ess. Inst. T. 1S66, S5.—Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T.viii. 1866, 9S3.— 
 Saiv. PZS. 1867, 135 (Veragna).— 2'riippe, Am. Nat. U. 1868, 171.- iinw. Ann. liyo. N. Y. 
 
 ix. 1868, 93 (Costa Eioa).— Ooues, Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1868, 269 Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 
 
 1868, 108.— Alien, Am. Nat. lit 1869, 509.— Baymond, Geol. Sarv. Indiana, 1869, 216.— 
 Tumb. B. B. Pa. 1869, 23; Phila. ed. 16.— ». Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 292 (Costa Kioa).—S. e6 S. 
 PZS. 1870, 780 (Merida).— Cope, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 395, 396, 309.— Parker, Am. Nat. v. 
 1871, WS.-Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, m.—Wyatt, Ibis, 3d ser. i. 1871, 322 (Her- 
 radura).- Ailen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 365.— Jfayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 361.— Soott, Pr. 
 
 BosfeSoo. XV. 1872,921 (West Virginia, breeding) (?«»(2l J. f. 0. 1872, 411 (Cuba).- 
 
 AlUn, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 175.— Combs, Key, 1872, 92, t.Zi.—Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 4.— 
 RUg. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 607.— THppe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, i3i.—Smrick, Bull. Ess. 
 Inst. V. 1873, — (NewBranswiok).- OoaesBNW. 1874, i5.—Merr. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 
 7, Se.—'Paokard, ibid. fni.—AlUn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 52 (Dakota).— B. S. <& B. 
 NAB. i. 1874, 180, pi. 10, f. 6.— Ames, Bull. Minnesota Acad. 1874, 55.— Brew. Pr. Bost 
 Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.— iawr. BalLTT. S. Nat Mns. 1876, 15 (Tebuantepec).- ffenerj/, Life- 
 Hist i. 1876, 91.—.Mmot, B. N. Eng. 1877, 97. 
 
 Mnlotilla varia, T. " EM. 1823, — ".— iess. Tr. Orn. 1831, 318.— F. Gal. Ois. i. 1834, 276, pi. 
 im.—Scl. PZS. 1858, 998 (Parada).— Brewster, Ann. Lyo. N. T. xi. 1875, 134. 
 
 Minotilta raria, 5. <£ S. Ibis, L 1859, 10 (Goatemala). 
 
 Miniotllta rara, (fregg, Proc. Elmira Acad. 1870. 
 
 SylTicOla Taria, Rich. " List, 1837 ".—Bry. Pr. Bost Soc. xL 1867, 91 (St Domingo). 
 
 Nectarlnia raria, Hahn, " Ausland. Vog. . . . ". 
 
 Certhia picta, Barlr. Trav. Ela. 1st ed. 1791, 289 bis (see Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1875, 347). 
 
 Certhla maculata, WUs. AO. iii. 18il, 22, pi. 19, f. 3.—Bp. Joum. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 97.— 
 Denny, PZS. 1847, 39. 
 
 Oxyglossus maculatns, 8w. Zool. Joum. iii. 1827, 357 (type of the genus). 
 
 Mniotilta borealls, NutU Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 105.— Soy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 312. 
 
 MniotUta rarla var. longlrostrls, Bd. BNA. 1858, p. xxxi, n. 167. 
 
 Ficedula domlnlceiisis varla, Figuier Tari£ de 8. Domlngne, BHas. Orn. iii. 1760, 529, n. 
 69, pL 97, £ 5. 
 
 Flguier varie de St. Domingue, Bu/. "Hist. Nat Ois. v. 305". 
 
 Black and White Creeper, Edm. "Glean, pi. 300". 
 
 Wblte-poU Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, n. 402, 293.— 
 Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 488, n. 114. 
 
 Small Black and White Bird, Sloam, "Jam. iU 309, pi. 
 965, f. 1 ". 
 
 Mnlotmevarl^, F.1.0. 
 
 Orlmperean varle, V. "Ois. Dor. ii. — , 111, pi. 74". 
 
 Creeping Warbler, Northern Creeping Warbler, «i''rv>>''»s*' 
 
 Black-and-white Warbler, Black-and-wbile creep- W*^,.^ 
 
 Ing Warbler, Black-and-white Creeper, 
 
 Authors^ 
 
 Fig. 99 Black-and-white Creeper. 
 
 Hab.— Eastern North America. West to Dakota {Sayden, Allen), but not, 
 as far as known, to the Rooky Mountains, in any portion of the United States. 
 North to the Fur Countries. South through Mexico, various West India 
 Islands, and Central America, to New Grenada at least. Not observed on the 
 Pacific side north of Mazatlan. Breeds throughout its North American range. 
 Winters from the southern border of the United States to the limit of its 
 distribution. 
 
206 THE GENUS PAEULA 
 
 that of the true Creepers. The remaining genera are " Wood 
 Warblers", chiefly represented hj I)endrceca,from which Perisso- 
 glossa and Peucedramus have been successively detached, on the 
 ground of certain peculiarities of the tongue and bill, and some 
 other features. In their special habits, song, food, and mode 
 of nesting, the Sylvicolinw differ among themselves to such a 
 degree that it is scarcely possible here to go into further details. 
 I must refer to the several histories of the species, upon which 
 we are now prepared to enter. The descriptions and biographies 
 will be confined to the species inhabiting the Colorado Basin ; 
 but I shall take note of all the North American species, giving 
 synonymy and habitat. 
 
 Oenns FAEULA Bonaparte 
 
 CblorlS, Boie, Isis, 1826, 927. (Not of M'ohr. Gen. At. 1753, 51. Type Paras americanui L.) 
 SflTlCOla, Sw. Zool. Joam. iii. 1827, 169. (Not olBumph. Mas. Calon. 1797, CO. Type Sylvia 
 
 puHlla "WiU.) 
 Farula, Bp. C. & G. L. 1838, 20. (Type Farms americanwi L.) 
 Compsotblf pis, Oab. Mns. Hein. i. 1850, 20 (same type). 
 Ficednla, Des Murs, " — , 1853, — " (fide Gray ; neo anot). 
 
 This generic name, based upon Parus americanus of Linnaeus, 
 and latterly restricted to include only species having the same 
 pattern of coloration as the bird just named, is now employed to 
 designate a group of Warblers considered by Baird to be most 
 nearly related to Mniotilta, all of which have the upper parts 
 bluish, with a yellowish patch on the back, and the under parts 
 more or less yellow. The tail-feathers have white spots, as in 
 Dendreeca. The bill is very short, quite stout, acutely conical, 
 and notched near the tip. The rictus is evidently furnished 
 with bristles, though these are few and short. The hind toe is 
 decidedly longer than its claw, and the anterior toes are rather 
 more than usually connate at the base. The tarsus is longer 
 than the middle toe and claw. The lateral claws are of un- 
 equal lengths. But the structural peculiarities are very slight, 
 and the species are easiest recognized by the pattern of colora- 
 tion and the very small size — five inches in length, or less. 
 
 If the group is considered worth retaining, its proper name 
 is uncertain. Chloris was used by Mohring in 1752 for a dif- 
 ferent group; but if his genera are to be rejected as pre-Liunsean, 
 the employ of Chloris by Boie in 1826 may require to be endorsed. 
 Sylvieola of Swainson, 1827, whether applying exclusively here 
 or not, is clearly antedated in zoology by Sylvieola of Humph- 
 reys, 1797. Parula of Bonaparte, 1838, if acceptable without 
 diagnosis, is antedated by Parulus of Spix, "Av. Bras. i. 1824, 
 
PAEULA NIGEILOEA 207 
 
 85". Cabanis, in proposing Gompsothlypis in 1850, defends it 
 on the ground that „die frtiheren Namen dieser Gruppe sind 
 bereits anderweitig vergeben" — that all the earlier names are 
 preoccupied. Baird does not see why Ghloris is not tenable. 
 
 To the species long known as the only one of the United 
 States, I recently had the pleasure of adding another, discov- 
 ered in Texas, and then new to science.* 
 
 * Parnla nigrllora,— Sennett's IVarbler. 
 
 $ Subccerulea, dorso medio virenti-flavo, alU albo-tifasciatis, pcUpebris nigris 
 immaoulatit, loris Unedqiiefrontalinigerrimia; subtiuflava,juguloaurantiaco,ab- 
 domine infimo, hypochondriis cris8oque albis. 
 
 $ adult : Upper parts of the same ashy-blue color as in P. americana, with 
 a dorsal patch of greenish-yellow exactly as in that species. Wings also ai 
 In americana, dusky, with grayish-blue outer, and whitish inner, edgings, 
 and crossed by two conspicuous white bars, across tips of greater and middle 
 coverts. Tail as in amerieana, but the white spots smaller and almost re- 
 stricted to two outer feathers on each side. Eyelids blacl£ without white 
 marks. Lores broadly and intensely black, this color extending as a narrow 
 frontal line to meet its fellow across base of culmen, and also reaching back 
 to invade the auriculars, on which it shades through dusky to the general 
 bluish. Under parts yellow as far as the middle of the belly, and a little 
 farther on the flanks, and also spreading up the sides of the jaw to involve 
 part of the mandibular and malar region ; on the fore breast deepening into 
 rich orange, but showing nothing of the orange-chestnut and blackish of 
 P. americana. Lower belly, flanks and crissam, white. Bill black above, 
 yellow below. Legs undefinable light horn color. Length (of skins, about) 
 4.50 ; wing 2.00-2.20; tail 1.80-1.90; bill from nostril 0.38-0.40 ; tarsus 0.62- 
 0.65; middle toe alone 0.40. (Extremes of three adult males.) 
 
 Habitat : — Texas, and doubtless Mexico (Hidalgo, Texas), G. B. Sennett, 
 Apr.-May, 1877, Nob. 248 (type), 343, 396. 
 
 This bird is entirely distinct from P. americana, and belongs to the piiia- 
 yumi type. From americana it is distinguished by the extension of the yellow 
 to the middle belly and flanks, absence of the decided blackish collar, lack 
 of white on eyelids, and broadly black lores involving auriculars and frontal 
 stripe. The upper parts, wings, and tail are substantially as in americana, 
 the tint of the upper parts, shape and color of the dorsal patch, and the white 
 wing-bars being the same in both. From P. inornata Baird it differs in the 
 presence of the wing-bands and color of the upper parts, imornata being a 
 deep blue species with plain wings. From pitiayumi it differs in the much 
 lighter colored upper parts, and less of the yellow below, pitiayumi having 
 a deep plumbeous-blue back and the yellow extending to the crissum. The 
 relationships are closest to P. insularis, agreeing in having the lower abdo- 
 men and flanks white, like the crissum, instead of yellow like the breast, 
 as is the case both with inornata and pitiayumi. The differences from insu- 
 laris, however, are readily expressed; the lores being decidedly black, and 
 broadly contrasting with the bluish-gray, as in pitiayumi and inornata, and 
 the wing-bands being as broad and distinct as they are in amerieana, instead 
 of narrow as in insularis, and the yellow of the throat extending on the malar 
 region, while in insularis the yellow is strictly confined between the sides 
 of the jaw. 
 
208 SYNONYMT 01' PAKOLA AMERICANA 
 
 Blue ITellow-backed. Warbler 
 
 Parnia amerlcana 
 
 P8PU8 americanus, L. SN. i. lOth ed. 1758, 190, n. 3 (Gates, i. M) ; 1-Jth ed. v.m, 341. 
 n. 4.— Gm. SN. i. 1788, 1007, n. 4 (Briss. hi. 5«Jj Buff. v. 301 ; PE. 731, f. 1).— IVirt. 
 SN. i. 1806, 633.— ioW. 10. ii. 1790, 571, u, 28. 
 
 Motncilla americana, dm. SN. i. 1788, 960, d. 75 (Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 440, u. 36).— H.r;. 
 SN. i. 1806, 590. 
 
 SylTln americana, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 530, n. 40.— Bp. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ii. 1836, 63.— Aud, 
 OB. i. 1833, 78, pi. 15.— Peo6. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, \\.—D'Or\>. Ois. Cuoa, 1839, OT.— 
 ThoTnpa. Verm. 1853, app. 24. 
 
 Sflvlcola americana, Swh. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, —.—Aud. Syn. 
 1839, b9.—Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 57, pi. 91.— Denny, PZS. 1847, 3B.— Woodli. Sitgr. Rep. 
 Znni, 1853, n.—Soy, Pr. Pliila. Acad. vi. 1853, ill— Bead, ibid. 399— Pratten, Tr. Illi- 
 nois Agr. Soo. 1855, 603. -Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 18.56, 207.— Sri. PZS. 1857, 203 (Tlacotai- 
 pam, VeraCrnz).— 3faa;. J. f. O. vi. 1858, IW.—MaHeni, J. f. 0. 1859, 213 (Bermudas).— 
 WiUis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 233 (Nova Scotia).- Biomd, ibid. 287 (Bermudas).- 
 Brew. Pr. Boat Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— ffoy, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Mis- 
 Houri).— Brj/. Pr. Best. Soo. x. 1856, 851 (Porto Rico).— Brj/. J. f. 0. 1866, 184 (the 
 same). — Ttippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 114 (Minnesota). 
 
 Parala americana, £p. CGL. 1838, 20.— eo««e, B. Jam. 1847, 154.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 310.-JJd. 
 BNA. 1838, 338.— S. d- H. Ibis, i. 1859, 10 (Guatemala).— .i. c6 JS. Newt. Ibis, i. 1859, 143 
 (St. Croix).— CteM. Pr. Phila. Acad. xii. 1860, 376 (St. Thomas Island).— Scl. PZS. 
 1861, 70 (Jamaica).- e«n<«. J. f. O. 1861, 336 (Cuba).— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 
 1861, 435.— OouM <« Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1863, 405.—Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. 
 Soc. xii. 1862, 159.— F«rr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 19-i.—Albreclit, J. f. O. 1863, 19-J 
 (Jamaica).— lf(ti-(;A, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, 293 (Jamaica).— F«rr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 
 1863, 233 (Maine).— AJI«n, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 59.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 169.— 
 Dreea. Ibis, 2d aer. i. 1865, 476 (San Antonio, Tex.). — Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. viji. 
 1866, iia.—Uellwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 85.— Brew. Am. Nai. i. 1867, 117.— 
 Tripjje, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 177.— <7ou«(. Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 161.— Coues. Pr. Bost. Soo. 
 xii. 1868, 108.— Oo<i«s, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868,369.— £nwr. Ann. Lye. N. T. ix. 1869, 
 200 (Yucatan).— 2Vrn6. B. E. Pa. 1869, 23 ; Phila. ed. W.—Oope, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 395, 
 396, 397.— Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad, ixiii. 1871, SO.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 267 
 (Florida, wintering) —Allen, Boll. MCZ. iii. 1872, 124, 175 (Kansas, &e.).— Allen, Am. 
 Nat. vi. 1873, 265.— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 221 (West Virginia, in summer).— 
 Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 196 (Colorado).- Jfaj/». Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 361.— 
 Oundl. J. f. O. 1872, 411 (Cuba).— Ook«», Key, 1872, 9i.—lHppe, Pr. Boat Soo. xv. 1873, 
 234.— fferrici. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, — (New Bmnswiok).— iSMff. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 
 1873, 180 (Colorado).- Jferr. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 86.— Packard, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 
 271.— Ctoue«, BNW. 1874, id.- Ames, Bull. Minnesota Acad. 1874, 55.— B.B.dB. NAB. 
 i. 1874, 208, flgs. pi. 10, f. 7.— Brewster, Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 1875, 134 (Virginia, probably 
 breeding).— iVeuton, Birds of Greenland, 1875!, 98 (one specimen from the Southern 
 Inspectorate in 1857).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvli. 1875, 439.— Gentry, Life-Hist. 1876, 
 94.—Lawr. BuU. Nat. Mas. no. 4, 1876, 15 (Tehuantepec).— Deone, Bull. Nuttall Club, 
 i. 1876, 21 (albiuotic).— Jfino«, B. N. Engl. 1877, 99. 
 
 Agreeably to the latest fashion, the bird will probably stand as pitiayumi 
 •vax.nigrilora; hut its probable gradation into pttiayumi through Mexican and 
 Central American specimens remains to be shown. It is thoroughly distinct 
 from P. americana. 
 
 This welcome and nnexpected addition to our fauna was made by my 
 esteemed correspondent, Mr. George B. Bennett, during his collecting tour in 
 Texas in the spring of 1877, when other novelties and many interesting 
 points were brought to light through his diligent and snooessful enterprise. 
 Mr. Sennett secured three adult males at Hidalgo, Texas, some seventy miles 
 from Fort Brown, during the months of April and May. 
 
CHARACTERS OF PARULA AMERICANA 209 
 
 Compsothlypts amerlcana, Oab. MH. i. 1850, 20.- Oundl.J. f. 0. 1855, 476 (Cuba). 
 Mnlotllta amerlcana, Gray, G. of B. i. 1843, 196.— Reinh. Ibis, iii. 1861, 6 (Greenland). 
 Motacilla eques, Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 46 (PB. 731, f. l). 
 
 MotaclUa ludOTlclana, Gm. SN. i. 178P, 983, n. 148 (Brisa. iii. 500, n. .W, pi. 26, f. 4 ; Stiff. 
 "v. 288" ; Perm. AZ. ii. 407, n. 303}.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 605.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 418. 
 SylTla ludOTlclana, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 535, n. Wn.—Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 713. 
 Sylvia torqnata, V. OAS. ii. 1807, 38, pL 99.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 18S3, 438, n. 67. 
 Tbrlotburns torqnatus, Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. xir. 1826, 194. 
 SylTla pusllla, Wils. AO. iv. ISll, 17, pi. 28, f. i.—Gosse, Alabama, 1859, 295. 
 SylTlcola pusilla, Sw. Zool. Jonrn. iii. 1827, 169 (type of the genus) ; CI. B. ii. 1837, 245. 
 Flccdula ludOTlclana, Briss. Orn. Iii. 1760, .'500, n. 53. pi. 26, f. 4. 
 Loulslane Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 480, n. 101.— Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 407, n. 303. 
 Parns frlngillarls, Flncb-Creeper, Gates. Car. i. 1771, 64, pL 64. 
 Parus Tarius, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, 292. 
 
 Creeping Titmouse, Perm. AZ. ii. 1785, 423, n. SSB.-Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii 1783, 558, n. 27. 
 TellOTf -backed Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 440, n. 36. 
 Flcednla carollnensis cinerea, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 523, n. 66. 
 FIgnler cendr6 d collier. Buff. " Hist. Nat. Ois-v. 30i" (PE. 731, f. i). 
 Flguler cendr6, de la Caroline, Buff. PE. 731, £ l. 
 
 Fanrette ik collier, T. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 438.— £e M. Ois. Canad. 1801, 201. 
 Particolored Warbler, Blue Yellow-backed Warbler, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern North America. West to Nebraska (Hayden'), and even to 
 the eastern foothills of the Rooky Mountains in Colorado (^iifcen); hence 
 probably to be hereafter detected in the Colorado Basin. North regularly to 
 British America (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, &c.) ; casually to Greenland 
 (auet. Bernhardt, Newton). South through various West India Islands and 
 Mexico to Guatemala at least. Breeds chiefly in the northerly portion of 
 its range, but perhaps in the greater part of the United States (Illinois, Vir- 
 ginia, New Jersey, &c.). Winters from Florida southward. 
 
 Oh. sp. — $ Subccerulea, dorso medio virenti-flavo, palpebris 
 albo maculatis, alls albo bifasciatis, caudd albo maculatd, loris 
 nigricantibus ; subtus alba, jugulo et pectore flavis, spatio pec- 
 torali obscuriore ; maxilla nigra, mandibuld subflavd aut albidd. 
 Long. tot. 4J-4| ; alee 2^; caudce If. ? coloribus minus vegetis; 
 juv. dorso toto virescente, etc. 
 
 $ , in spring : Upper parts clear ashy-blue, the middle of the back with a 
 triangular patch of greenish-yellow or brownish-golden. Lores dusky. A 
 white spot on each eyelid. Wings blackish, crossed on the ends of the 
 greater and middle coverts with two broad white bars ; the primaries nar- 
 rowly, the secondaries more broadly, edged externally with the color of the 
 back, and internally with white. Tail like the wings, with much edging 
 of the outer webs like the back, the middle feathers being mostly bluish; 
 at least two outer feathers on each side with large, white, squarish patches 
 on the inner web near the end, usually the third feather blotched with 
 white, and a white touch on the fourth and even the fifth feather. Chin 
 and throat yellow, rather narrowly confined, this yellow spreading over the 
 whole breast, but much of the breast spotted or tinged with orange-brown, 
 and the jugulum showing even a decided blackish collar. The coloration of 
 this part is very variable ; sometimes, in addition to the colors mentioned, 
 reddish-brown markings occur in the white along the sides, much as in the 
 Chestnut-sided Warbler. Rest of under parts white. Bill above black; 
 14 B 
 
210 SYNONYMY OF PEOTONOTAEIA CITEEA 
 
 below whitish or flesh-oolored, drying yellowish. Length, 4^4f ; extent 
 about 7f ; wing, 2^; tail, If. 
 
 2 , in spring, like the male, the upper parts less brightly bluish, some- 
 times with a slight greenish gloss, the back-patch not so well defined ; less 
 white on the tail, the white wing-bands narrower, and the dark or reddish 
 tinting of the fore breast less decided or scarcely indicated, the yellow itself 
 being more restricted. 
 
 Young of either sex in the fall have the bluish of the upper parts glossed 
 over with greenish, sometimes to such extent as to obscure the dorsal patch, 
 which is then not very different from the rest of the upper parts. White tail- 
 spots smaller, generally confined to two outer feathers on each side. White 
 wing-bands narrower. Edging of tail and wings tinged with greenish, like 
 the back. Eyelids not spotted with white. Yellow of fore under parts 
 pale, with little or no indication of the dusky across the jugulum. White 
 of the under parts tinged with yellowish posteriorly, and frequently show- 
 ing brownish touches along the sides. From the latter fact I am disposed 
 to think that the highest spring plumage of the males is not that with the 
 most golden-brown in the yellow of the breast and with the reddish along 
 the sides, but that in which the heavier coloration is condensed into the 
 blackish jugular collar, leaving the rest of the yellow intact. 
 
 Genus HELMINTH0FHA6A Cabanis 
 
 The birds of this genus are distinguished among the War- 
 blers for the acuteness and attenuation of the bill, together 
 with the straightness of its several outlines, the entire absence 
 of notch near the tip, and lack of bristles at base. The wings are 
 long !!nd pointed, in one species nearly half as long again as 
 the tail, which is even or slightly emarginate, narrow, and 
 rather short. The tarsi are longer than the middle toe. The 
 genus comprehends the "Worm-eating" or "Swamp" War- 
 blers, and is very closely related to both Frotonotaria and Hel- 
 mintherus : species of all three were formerly included in the 
 genus Vermivora or Hclinaia of authors. Frotonotaria* is 
 
 "Frotonotaria dtrea.— Protbonotary Warbler, 
 
 MotacDla cltrea, Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 44 (PE. 704, f. 8). 
 
 Mnlotllta citrca, Gray, G.of B. i. 1848, 196 (after Boddaert). 
 
 Frotonotaria cltrea, Bd. BNA. 1S58, 239.— Wieai. Ohio Agric. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 363.— 
 Oundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 324 (Cnba).— Oot«» <e Prent. Smiths. Eep. for 1861, lfjC2, 406 (Wash- 
 ington, D. C.).—Barn. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 435 (Pennsylvania).— GundZ. 
 J. f O. 1862, 178 (Cnba).— Ferr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1863, 233 (Maine).— Bd. Eev. AB 
 1864, 173.— Oo«««, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 108 (South Carolina).— (7oi(««, Pr. Ess. Inst. 
 
 V. 1868, 269 ("New England", Yerr.) Lamr. Ann. Lye. N. T. ix. 18C8, 94 (Costa 
 
 Eica); ibid. 1869, 200 (Tiicatan). -I^rnb. B.E.Pa. 1809,53; Phila. ed. 42.— d. J'rrajte. 
 
 J. 1 0. 1869, 292 (Costa Eica).— S. <« S. PZS. 1870, 780 (Merida) Gundl J. f. O. 1872, 
 
 411 (Cuba).— Uidffw. Am. Nat. viii. 1674, 199.— /Jidjw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 367 
 (Illinois, abundant).— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 4 (Neosho Falls, Kans.).- £. B. <& E. NAB. 
 i. 1874, 184, flgs., pi. 10, f. 8.— Brew. Pr.Bost. Hoc. xvii. 1875, 439 (Now England). 
 
 Frotonotaria Citriea, Ooues, Key, 1872, 93, 1 36.— Couea, BNW. 1874, 41.—Merr. Am. Nat. 
 vlii. 1874, ai.— Nelson, Ball. Nutt. Orn. Club, i. 1876, 42 (Illinois).- Jlinot, B. N. Engl. 
 
 Helminlbophaga citrea, Cab. J. f. 0. 1861, 85 (Costa Eica). fl877, 90. 
 
SYNONYMY OP HELMINTHERUS VEEMIVOEUS 211 
 
 characterized by Its much larger, less acute bill, which nearly 
 equals the head iu length, is slightly notched at the tip, and 
 has a few rictal bristles ; the tarsi are about equal to the middle 
 toe and claw ; the very long, pointed wings exceed the tail by 
 an inch, and the tail is slightly 
 graduated. The system of col- 
 oration is peculiar, resulting in 
 one of the handsomest of the 
 Warblers, the whole head and 
 under parts being intense gold- 
 en-yellow, shading on the back 
 
 through olive to bluish-ash. There Fig- ao—mrm-eating WarWer. 
 
 is but one species, inhabiting the Eastern United States, and, 
 unlike the HelmintJiophagm, nesting in holes. The genus Helmin- 
 therus* is even nearer Helminthophaga, having an entirely 
 
 Motacnia protonotarlus, Gm. SN. i. 1788,972, n. 111.— Turt. SN. 1. 1806, 598.— icss. Tr. Orn. 
 
 1831, 418. 
 SylTla protonotarlus, Zath. 10. ii. 1790, 542, n. 128.— T. OAS. ii. 1807, 27, pi. 83.— Fife. AO. iil 
 
 1811, 72, pi. 24, f. 3.—Bp. Joaru. Phlla. Acad. iv. 1824, 195.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 11. 1826, 
 
 BS.—lfutt. Man. 1. 1832, 410.— Aud. OB. i. 1832, 22 ; v. 1839, 460, pi. 3 {Bacnis on pi.). 
 8f Irlcola protonotaria, BUh. Kep. Brit Assoc. Adv. ScL for 1836, 1837, 171. 
 TermlTOra protonotarlus, Bp. CGL. 1838, il.—TVoodli. Sitgr. Eep. Zufii, 1853, n.—Say, 
 
 Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missonri). 
 Helinala protonotarlus, Aud. Syn. 1839, m.—Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 89, pL Wi.—Pratten, Tr. 
 
 Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 002. 
 nelmitheros protonotarlus. Up. CA. i. 1850, 314. 
 Helmlntbophaga protonotarlus. Cab. ME. i. 1850, 20. 
 Motacllla aurlcollis, Om. SN. 1. 1788, 984, n. 150 (Brise. iii. 508, n. 59, pi. 26, f. 1 ; Buff. v. 290 j 
 
 Perm. IL 408).— Tar*. SN. i. 1800, 606. 
 Sylvia aurlcollis. Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 536, n. 107 (Buff. v. 290).— F. Enoy.M«th. ii. 1823,447, 
 
 n.99.— i\r«M. Man. i. 1832, 380.— Pea6. Eep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 309.— 2>WMi. Am. Journ. SoL 
 
 xliv. 1843, 257 (see Uerr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 147). 
 SylTlcola aurlcollis, Nutt. "Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 431". 
 Mniotilta aurlcollis. Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 Orange-throat Warbler, Perm. AZ. ii. 1785, 408, n. 304. 
 Orange-throated Warbler , Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 481, n. 103 (" Canada"). 
 erand Fignler de Canada, Ficcdula canadensis major, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 508, u. 59, 
 Flguler Frotonotaire, Buff. " ix. 465 ",or"v. 316 ", or " vL 191 ". [pi. 26, f. 1. 
 
 Fanvette protonotalre, Sylvia protonotaria, T. K. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 211, pi. D 22, £ 2. 
 Flguler ft gorge orang^e. Buff. "v. 290". 
 
 Flguler & ventre et tctc Jaunes de la loulslane. Buff. F£. 704, C 2. 
 Fauvette a gorge orangee, T. Enoy. M6th. ii. 1823, 447. 
 
 Frothonotary Warbler, Perm. AZ. ii. 1785, 410, n. 310.— ia(A. Syn. ii. pt. IL 1783, 494, n. 123. 
 Prothonotary Warbler, Protbonotary Swamp Warbler, Golden Swamp Warbler, Auiftora. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern United States, rather southerly. North casually to Maine 
 and N«w Brunswick. West to Missouri, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas. 
 Cuba (the only West Indian record). Apparently not noted in Mexico. South 
 to Panama. Has been found breeding abundantly in Illinois and Kansas. 
 Rare or casual in all Eastern and Middle States. Not known to winter in 
 the United States. 
 
 * Uelmlntberns vermivorns.— Worm-eating: Warbler. 
 Motacllla vermlvora, Om. SN. i. 17S8, 951, n. 55 (Edw. pi. 305, &o.).— 2Vrt. SN. i. 1806, 585. 
 Sylvia vermlvora, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 544, n. 138.— TTils. AO. iil 1811, 74, pL 24, f. 4.— r 
 
212 SYNONYMY OF HELMINTHEKDS SWAINSONI 
 
 uunotched bill; it differs chiefly ia the less acuteness and 
 greater robustness of the bill, which in one species mounts high 
 
 N. D. d'H. N. 2a ed. xi. 1817,278.— F. Ency. M6th. iL 1823, 480, n. lOo.—Sp. Joura. 
 Phila. Acad. Iv. 1824, 196.— Bp. Ann. Lyo. N. T. ii. 1826, 86.-A'Mt(. Man. 1. 1832, 409.— 
 Aiid. OB. i. 1832, 177 ; v. 1839, 400, pi. 34.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Maes. 1839, 312.— Linsley, 
 " Am. Jonm. Sci. xliv. 1843, — " (Codb.). —Thompa. NH. Vermont, 1853, 83. 
 
 Dacnls YermiyoTa, Aud. "name on pi. 34". 
 
 SylTlcola rermlTora, Itich. Kep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 171. 
 
 Heliuala rermlTora, Aud. Syn. 1839, Be.—Au4. BA. ii. 1841, 86, pi. 103.— Lembeye, Av. 
 Cuba, 1850, 35, pi. 0, f. 4.—Prattm, Tr. Hlinois Agrio. Soo. for 18.54, 1855, 603.— Putn. 
 Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 227.— Brew. Pr. Best. Soo. vii. 1860, 307 (Caba). 
 
 Mniotnta vermlTora, Ch-ay, G. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 
 Hylopbilus TermlTOra, Temm. " Xabl. M6th. 36 " (quoted from Giebel). 
 
 Helmltberos TermlTOra, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 314. 
 
 Helmitberos vermivorus, Oab. US. i. 1850, W.-Qundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 476 (Cuba).- ScZ. PZS. 
 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Ca!). JfO. 1860, 328 (Costa Eica).-G«n(JJ. JfO. 1861, 326, 40a (Cnba). 
 
 lelmlthcrns TermlTorus, Bd. ENA. 1858, 252.-5. d 8. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemala).— 
 Wheat. Oliio Agr. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 363.— Barn. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 435.— Co«c» 
 t6 Prent. Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 406 (Washington, summer). — Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 
 1862, 156.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, «2.— Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 179.— iowr. Ann. Lyo. 
 viii. 1866, 284.— Siii!». PZS. 1867, 135 (Veragua).— iosMr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868,94 
 (Costa Eica).— Coites, Pr. Eaa. Inst. v. 1868, 270.— Comc«, Pr. Boat Soo. xii. 1868, 109. 
 Trtppe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 178.— ^Mot, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 576.— Jocitson, Am. Nat. iii. 
 1869, 556.— rumS. B.E. Pa. 1869,23; Phila. ed. 16.— iawr. Ann. Lyo. N. T. ix. 1869, 
 200 (Yucatan).— SumtcA. Mem. Boat. Soo.i. 1869, 546 (Orizaba).— Gre^ff, Pr. Elmira 
 Acad. 1870 (Chemung Co., N. Y.).— Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, M3.—Chmd.l. J. i. 0. 1872, 
 412 (Cuba).- &o«e, Pr. Bost. Soo. xv. 1872, 321 (West Va., breeding).— Oowes, Key, 
 1872, 93, f. 31.—Purdie, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, mi.—Mayn. B. Fla. 1873, 45 (wintering).— 
 Bidgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 368 (Illinois).— ^now, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 757.— Comm, 
 BNW. 1874, 48.— B. B. d B. NAB. i. 1874, 187, figs. pL 10, f. W.— Brewster, Ann. Lye. 
 N.Y. xi. 1875, 134 (Virginia; habits).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 43B.— Gentry, 
 Life-Hist. 1876, il.-Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 89.— Pitrdie, BnlL Nntt. Club, IL 1877, 21 
 (Conneoticnt). — Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 12 (Connecticnt). 
 
 Helmlntberns Termlvoras, v. Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 293 (Costa Eica). 
 
 Helmitlicrus migratorlns, Ba./. " Jm. de Phys. Ixviii, 1819, 417 ".—Sartl. " EZ. 1845, 342 "- 
 
 VermiTora pcnnsylvanlca, •'Sw."—Bp. List, 1838, 20.— Gcsse, B. Jam. 1847, 150.— Boy, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 21i.—Albrecht, J. f. O. 1862, 194, 201 (Jamaica).— JlfarcA, Pr. 
 Phila. Acad. 1863, 283 (Jamaica).- Boy, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri). 
 
 TermiTOra falTicaplHa, Sw. Class. Birds, ii. 1837, 245, £ 213 g. 
 
 Worm-eater Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 406, n. 300. 
 
 Figuier de Fensilvanlo, FIcedula pensllvanica, Briss. Orn. vL 1760, App. 102, n. 76. 
 
 Worm-eater, Edw. Glean, pt. ii. 200, pi. 305.— Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 499, n. 133. 
 
 Deml-fln Mangenr dc vers, Bu/. "v. 335". 
 
 Pttpit TermlTore, T. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 278.— K Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 480. 
 
 Worm-eating Warbler, Worm-eating Svamp Warbler, Authors. 
 
 Eab. — Eastern United States. West to Missouri, Kansas, and Indian Ter- 
 ritory. North regularly to the Middle States, frequently to New England in 
 the Connecticut Valley, casually to Maine. In winter, Florida, Cuba, Ja- 
 maica, Eastern Mexico, and Central America. Known to breed in most of 
 its United States range, and probably does so -throughout. 
 
 Helmlntberns swalnsoni,— Swalnson's Warbler. 
 Sylvia Bwalnsonll, Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 563, pi. 198.— Pea6. Eep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 313 (wrong). 
 SylYlcola swalnaonll, Bich. Eep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. SoL for 183C, 1837, 171. 
 Helinala swalnsonli, Aud, Syn. 1839, 66 (type of genus. South Carolina to Massachusetts- 
 wrong) .-Aitii. BA. ii. 1841, 83, pL 104.— PM(n. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 227 (wrong). 
 Helmitberus swalnsonll, Bd. BNA. 1858,252.- Aifeu, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 82 (wrong) ,- 
 
 Allen, Am. Nat iii. 1869, 576 (corrects the otiot). — Ooues, Key, 1872, 93. 
 nelmlntbopbaga ivalmoDll, Allen, Am. Nat iii. 1869, 513. 
 Vermlvora swalnsont, Bp. CGL. 1838, 2i. 
 
HELMINTH OPHAGA LEUCOBRONCHIALIS 213 
 
 on the forehead, and in the other is provided with slight rictal 
 bristles, and in the relative length of the tarsi and toes. The two 
 species commonly releried to Helmintherus are confined to the 
 Eastern United States; they are among the most simply- 
 colored of the Warblers, being plain olivaceous, with more or 
 less characteristic stripes on the head. 
 
 The genus Helminthophaga, established by Dr. (3abanis in 
 1850, is peculiarly North American, all the known species being 
 found in this country, and some of them not yet ascertained to 
 occur elsewhere. It is the second largest genus of the subfamily 
 Sylvieolince. To the six species known to the earlier writers, 
 two more were added a few years ago, and two others have 
 been just now described. It is a notable circumstance that 
 these birds scarcely occur in the West Indies, except in Cuba. 
 The two species last described, H. leucobronchialis* and H. 
 
 Hniotllta swainsoni, Oray, &. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 Helmitberos swainsoni, Cab. MH. i. 1850, W.~Bp. CA. i. 1850, 314. 
 Helmlttaerus swalnsoui, Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, ISO.—Omies, Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1868, 270 
 (wroDg).— Oowes, Pr. Best. Soo. xii. 1868, 109 (South Carolina).— Gundi. J. f. 0. 1872, 412 
 (Cuba).— Jfoj/n. B. Fla. 1873, 41.—B.B. le B. NAB.i. 1874, 190, pi. 10. f.9; iil. 1874, 
 504 (Florida). — Brew. Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1875, 451 (corrects the long-standing error). 
 Hwalnson'B ibwamp Warbler, Swalnson'g Warbler, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Only known to occur in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and 
 Cuba I distribution thus like that of H. lachmani. Has been repeatedly but 
 erroneously attributed to New England, on the authority of Dr. Brewer. 
 
 * Heliiiintbopbag^a lencobronclilalis. — Wliite-throated Warbler. 
 Uelmlnthopbaga leucobroncbiaUs, Breweter, Amer. Sportsman, t. Oct. 17, 1874, p. 33 
 (orig. descr., spec, unique, Newtonvillo, Mass., May 18, 1870). — Ooiies, BNW. 1874, 
 760. — Brew. Pr. Best. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439 (note on same specimen).— Brewster, Bull. 
 Nntt. Clnb, i. 1876, 1, pi. 1 (redescr. and Bg.).—Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 98 (copy of the 
 last).- IVo(ter, Bull. Nutt. Club, ii. 1877, 79 (3d spec, from Clifton, Delaware Co., Pa.). 
 (Note. — Of this supposed good species, no specimen is known to be now In 
 existence. The unique type was accidentally destroyed shortly after publi- 
 cation of the original description, but fortunately not before Mr. Eidgway 
 had made the drawing which illustrates Mr. Brewster's second notice. At 
 the time that the specimen was kindly sent by the owner to the Smithsonian 
 Institution for examination by Mr. Eidgway, there was living at large iu the 
 •' South Tower" an Owl of the genus Speotyto, species doubtful, which had 
 been captured at sea, somewhere near the West Indies, and was destined to 
 make history in an undesirable manner. This reckless bird of prey, in one 
 of his nocturnal explorations, discovered the pretty Warbler, and proceeded 
 to investigate the new species anatomically. He survived the dose of raw 
 cotton and arsenic, but was condemned to death by unanimous verdict 
 of the exasperated ornithologists who haunted the locality. His heart was 
 cut out with mock ceremony, bottled and sealed, and sent to Mr. Brewster as 
 a peace-offering ; and a serio-comic narrative of the whole transaction shortly 
 afterward" appeared in one of the papers by a "strictly anonymous'' author.) 
 ' (Note (2).— Since the foregoing was penned, Mr. Spencer Trotter has re- 
 corded a second specimen, as above cited.) 
 
214 HELMINTHOPHAGA LAWRENCIl — H. BACHMANI 
 
 lawrencil, * are at present known only from isolated localities, 
 and nothing can be predicated respecting their actual distribu- 
 tion, if, indeed, they be really good species. Another, H. 
 bachmani,i is extremely rare, being only known from South 
 Carolina, Georgia, and Cuba. Two, S. mrginice and H. Iticice, 
 are characteristic of the Southern Eocky Mountain region 
 and Valley of the Colorado. Two are of rather general 
 distribution in North America, H. celata being chiefly West- 
 ern, but also of irregular occurrence in the East, while H. 
 ruficapilla is chiefly Eastern, but is known to reach the Eocky 
 Mountains. H. peregrina is much like ruficapilla, but more 
 decidedly Eastern, only known to casually reach the Eocky 
 Mountains. The remaining two, H. pinus^ and JJ. chrysop- 
 
 ' Helmlnthoptaag^a la^vrencll.— Iiawrence's Warbler. 
 
 Helminthophaga lawrencil, Herrick, Proc. Acad. Nat Soi. Phila. 1874, 330, pi. 15 (desor. 
 
 ori^. New Jersey). 
 Helmlntbophaga lawrencei, Serriek, Ball. Nutt. Orn. Clab, ii. 1877, 19 (second specimen, 
 
 from Hoboken, N. J.). 
 (Note. — Closely related to H.pinua, from which it differs chiefly in having 
 the chin, throat, and fore breast black. It is curious to observe that the fore- 
 going species differs from its nearest ally, S. chrysoptera, in not having these 
 parts black. The discovery of the second specimen of lawrencii tends, of 
 course, to confirm the validity of the species ; but further information 
 respecting both of these novelties is desirable.) 
 
 t Helmintbopbag^a bacbmanl.— Bactaman's Warbler. 
 Sjivia bacbmanl, Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 483, pi. 183 (Chsrleaton, S. C). 
 SjlTicoIa bacbmanl. Rich. Sixth Ann. Eep. Brit. Aaaoc. Adv. Soi. for 1836, 1837, 172. 
 Termlvnra bacbmanl, Bp. C. &.G. L. 1838, 21. 
 Hellnaia bacbmanl, Aud. Syn. 1839, 68.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 93, pL 109.— Lemb. Av. Cuba, 
 
 1850, 36, pi. 6, f. 1 — Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Coba). 
 Mnlotllta bacbmanl, Chray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 Helmltbcros bacbmanl, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 315. 
 Helmintbopbaga bacbmanl, Cab.—Gundl. J. f. 0. iii. 1855, 475 (Cuba).— eundl. J. f. 0. 
 
 1801, 336, 409 ; 1874, 411 (Cuba).-.Bd. BNA. 1858, iSS.-Bd. Eev. AB. 1864, 17.5.- 
 
 CoTOs, Pr. Bost. .Soc. xii. 1868, 109 (South Carolina).— Cones, Key, 1873, 94.— B.B. iSiJ. 
 
 NAB. 1. 1874, 194, pi. 11, f. 3. 
 Mnlotllla bacbmannl, Oiebel, Nomencl. Av. ii. 1875, 600. 
 liacbman's Warbler, Bacbman's Swamp-Warbler, Authors. 
 [Note.— In the foregoing, "baohmani " and " bachmanii" are not distingnished.] 
 HAB.-Only knoven to occur in South Carolina, Georgia, and Cuba— .he 
 latter in winter only. 
 
 ; Hclmlnthupbaga pinns,— Blne-wlng^ed Tellow Warbler. 
 Certbla plnns, Idnn. SN. i. 1766, 187, n. 16 (diagnosis exclusively pertinent ; cites Edwards 
 
 primarily ; wrongly includes Catesby and Brisson in the synonymy).- Gm. SN. i. 
 
 1788, 470, n. 16 (same as the Liunsean species ; Bnffon and Latham also cited). 
 Sylvia pJnns, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 537, u. 11 l.—TUill. OAS. ii. 1807, 44. (Not of WiUon.) 
 Motacllla plnns. Fun. SN. i. 1806, 606. 
 Vcrmlvora plnns, Sw. Class. B. ii. 1837, 245, f. 213, h, i. 
 Helmintbopbaga pinus, Bd. BNA. 1858, 354.-S. d S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemalaj.-^o!. Cat. 
 
 1861,28,— T77iea«.OhioAgrio. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 363.— Boroard, Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 
 
 1861, 435.— Couet a Prent. Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862, 406.— Bd Eev. AB. 1864, 174 
 
 Allen, Pi. Baa. iDBt. iv. 1864, 82 (Maasaohnsetts).— iowr. Ann. Lye. N.T.viii, 1866. 
 
SYNONYMY OF HELMINTH0PHA6A PINLTS 215 
 
 tera, are exclusively Eastern, as far as we now know. The 
 genus, as a whole, is rather southerly, belonging to the United 
 
 284.— Trippe, Am. 1^8111.1868,174 Oome, Pr. Bost. Soo. xiL 1868, 109.— Ho3/m.Geol. 
 
 Snrv. Indiana, 1869, 316.— JIfaj/n. Guide, 1870, 100 (Massachusetts).— .IbiioU, Am. Nat. 
 iv. 1870, 543.— Atten, Am. Nat. vl. 1872, 265.— Cotos, Key, 1872, 9i.-AUen, Bull. MCZ. 
 iii. 1872,124, 173 (Kansas) .-Saow), B. Kans. 1873, 4.— iZidflw. Am. Nat. vll. 1873, 199.— 
 
 IVippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 234 (Iowa) Ooues,BNW. 1874,49.— iJidjio. Ann. Lyo. 
 
 N. T.x, 1874, 368 (Illinois, breediEg).—4mes, Bull. Minn. Acad. i. 1874, 50 (Mlnne- 
 
 BOta).— B. -B. <« J2. NAB. i. 1874, 195, pi. 11, tl.—Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875,439 
 
 (Cona.). —Minot, B. New Engl. 1877, 91.— Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 14 (Conn.). 
 
 Helmlntbopaga pinus, Gregg, Pr. Blmira Acad. Nat. Sci. 1870, — . 
 
 Helmintliophaga plna, Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. t. 1868,271 (S. New England).— Purdie, Am. 
 
 Nat. yii. 1873, 692 (Connecticut, breeding regularly). 
 Parus aureus alls ceraleis, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, 292 (cf. Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1875, 352). 
 Sylvia solitaria, WiU. AG. ii. 1810, 109, pi. 15, f. 4.—Y. Ency. M6tli. ii. 18i3,4S0.—Bp. Jonm. 
 
 Phila. Acad. iv. 1824,189.— Bp. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ii. 18i6, 87.— ifiitt. Man. i. 1832, 410 
 
 Aiid. OB. L 1832, 102, pi. sa.—Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 290 (Indiana). 
 TermlTora solltarla, Jard. "ed.Wils. 1832".— .Bp. CGL. 1838, 21.— D«»»j/, PZS. 1847, 38.— 
 TVoodh. Sitgr. Eep. Expl. Col. E. 1853, 72 (Indian Terr., common, hrpeding).- iJeati, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 399 (Ohio).— Bbj/, Smiths. Eep. for 1804, 1865, 438 (Misaoari). 
 SylTlCOla SOlitarla, Rich. Eep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL for 1836, 1837, 171. 
 Hellnala soUtarla, .^.ad. Syn. 1839, m.—Atid. BA. ii. 1841, 98, pi. 111.— Pro(te?i,Tr. Illinois 
 
 Agric. Soc. 1855, 602.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst i. 1856, 227 (Massachnaetts). 
 AlQiotlKa SOlitarla, Oray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 Hclmitberos solUarla, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 315. 
 Helmlthcros solltarlns, Scl. FZS. 1856, 291 (Cordova). 
 
 Helmlntbopbaga solitarla, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 20.— Kjrali. B. E. Pa. 1869, 23 ; Phila. ed. 16. 
 Pine Creeper, Edw. Glean, pt. ii. 139, pi. 277, f. 2. (Not of Oatesby.) 
 
 Figuier de la Loulsiane, Briss. Om. vi. 1760, App. 59 (based on Edwards's Pine Creeper ; 
 not the bird described in the body of his work, iii. 570, which is Catesby'a Pine 
 Creeper, nor the bird of same name in p. 500, which is Parula americana). 
 Pine Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii, 1785, 412, n. 319.— Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 483, n. 107. (Descrip- 
 tion mostly pertinent, but synonymy confused with that of D&ndrixcapiniU). 
 Figuier des Sapins, Buff. " v. 276 " [ !]. 
 
 Fauvette des Sapins, Sylvia ptnus, T. N. D. d'H. N. 2d ed. xi. 1817, 218 (description). 
 Faurette jaune aux ailes bleues, F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 450. 
 Blue-winged Yellow Warbler (or Swamp-Warbler), Authors. 
 
 [Note. — The synonymy of the Blue- winged Yellow Warbler, HelTninthophag a pinHs, is 
 curiously involved with that of the Pine-creeping Warbler, Dendrceca pinHs, but may 
 rejidily be disentangled. Wilson, in fact, understood the case, and showed that the confu- 
 sion arose from the fact that the "Pine Creeper" of Edwards and the "Pine-Creeper" of 
 Oatesby are two different birds, wrongly supposed by LinnjBus and Gmelin, as well as 
 by Brisson, Latham, and Pennant, to be the same species. Edwards, it seems, received 
 the HelminthopJiaga from Bartram, and described and figured it (pi. 277) under the style 
 of the " Pine Creeper "- Edwards's bird became the Certhm pinus of lAuuseus, whose diag- 
 nosis ("C. flava, supra olivacea, alls cseruleis fasciis duabusalhia . . . lora nigra ") is 
 exclusively pertinent. Meanwhile, Catesby described and figured the Sendrceea under iho 
 same style of "Pine-Creeper", Parus americanus lutescens (folio and pi. 61) ; his account is 
 poor and his figure bad, and they were mistaken to indicate the same bird that Edwards 
 treated of. So it fell out that the Oerthia pinus of Linnaeus and Gmelin, the Sylvia pinus 
 of Latham, and the Fine Warbler of Latham and Pennant include both birds, as far as 
 synonymy is concerned, though their descriptions all indicate the KebnintTiophaga. Bris- 
 sou's "M6sang6 d'Am6rique, Parus ajnericanus^' is based solely on Catesby, and is the 
 Dendrceca ; but, after thus handling the species in the body of his work (iii. 576), he gives 
 in the appendix (vi. 59) a certain " Eiguier de la Louisiane ", based solely on Edwards's 
 Pine Creeper (pL 277), remarking the black loral stripe, as given by Edwards, and thus 
 unmistakably indicating the JECelminthophaga. But Brisson's " Eiguier de la Louisiane ", 
 of the body of his work, ill. 500, is Parula americana. I have not been able to consult 
 Buffon ("v. 276"), and am consequently unable to say which of the two birds his 
 
216 SYNONYMY OF HELMINTHOPHAGA CHEYSOPTEEA 
 
 States more than to British America, and being well represented 
 in winter in Central America; though at least three of the 
 species, peregrina, celata, and ruficapilla, pass well beyond the 
 United States in the spring, and one of them has even occurred 
 in Greenland. The synonymy of E. chrysoptera * is subjoined. 
 
 "Figuier des SapiDs" may be; the quotation is currently assigned to the Helmintho- 
 phaga. By LinnsBua, Gmelin, and others, Catesby ia quoted " i. 40" j but on examining 
 the Edwards English-French ed. of 1771, I find that Catesby's 4tith folio and plate are 
 devoted to Ampelis eedrorum, his 61st folio and plate being the one in question, as correctly 
 cited by Brisson.] 
 
 Hab. — Eastern United States. North to Massachusetts (see Cahot, Pr. 
 Boat. Soc. vi. 386, and many authors above quoted, but presence in New 
 England denied by Dr. Brewer until 1875) and Minnesota (Ames). West 
 to Iowa, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas. South through Eastern Mex- 
 ico to Guatemala (Salvin). Not recorded from any of the West Indies. 
 
 * Helmlntliopbaga cbrysopteru.— Bine Ooldeu-winged Warbler. 
 HotacUla chrysoptera, iinji. SN. i. 1766, 333, u. 20 (based on Edw. pi. ■2m).—Bodd. Ta,hl. 
 
 PE. 1783, 44 (PE. 709, f. i).—am. SJST. i 1786, 971, u. iO.—Turt. S^f. i. 1806, 597. 
 SylTla thrysoptcra, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 541, n. 123.— F. OAS. ii. 1807, 37, pi. <3^.—WiU. 
 
 AO. ii. 1810, lis, pi. 15, f. 5.— F.Euoy. M6.h. ii. 1823, 438, u. CO.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. 
 
 iv. 1824, 19U.— Bj). AO. i. 1825, 12, pi. 1, f. S.—Bp. Ann. Lyo. N.'S. ii. 1820, m.—NuU. Man. 
 
 i. 183;J, 411.— Ami. OB. v. 1839, 154, pL 414.— Peat. Kep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 312. 
 SylTlcola chrysoptera, Ricli. Eep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Soi. for 1836, 1837, 171. 
 Vermlvora chrysoptera, " Sw."—Bp. CGL. 1838, 21.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 312.— 
 
 Read, ibid. 3m.—Kenn. Tr. IlL Agric. Soc. i. 1655, 583. 
 Helinaia chrysoptera, Aud. Syn. 1839, 61.—Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 91, pi. im.— Henry, Pr. PhiU. 
 
 Acad. vii. 1855, 309.— Pntften, Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. 1855, Wi.—Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 
 
 1856, 227.— Br«w. Pr. Host. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba). 
 Mniotnta chrysoptera, Oray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.— ffi«!i. Nomono. Av. ii. 1875, 601. 
 Helmltheros chrysoptera, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 315. 
 Helmitheros chrysopterus, Scl. FZS. 1855, 143 (Bogota). 
 Helnilnthophaga chrysoptera, Oab. MB. i. 1850, W.—Bd. BNA. 1858, ^o.— Henry, Pr. Phila. 
 
 Acad. xi. 1859, 106.— S. (t S. Ibis, ii. 1860, 397 (Choetum, Guatemala).— TVft^at Ohio 
 
 Agric. Kep. for 181.0, 1861, zm.—Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1861, 293 (N. Granada).— 
 
 Barn. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 18C1, 435.— ffundl J. f. 0. 1861. 326 (Cuba).— ffujid!. J. f. O. 
 
 1862, 177 (Cuba).— OoM««<6P)-CTi(. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 406.— id. Eev. AB. 1864, 
 
 Vli.—AUen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 82.-5. d S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— J>re«s. Ibis, I. 
 
 2d ser. 1865, 477 (Sar Antonio, Tex.).— iawr. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. viii. 1866, Wi.—Mcllwr. 
 
 Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 85 (Canada West).— Sail). PZS. 1867, 135 (Veragua).— Trij)pe, Am. 
 
 Nat. ii. 1663, Kl.—Lawr. Ann. Lye. N.Y. ix. 1808, 94 (Costa Eioa).— Ooues, Pr. Ess. Inst. 
 
 V. 1868, 271.— Cows, Pr. Best. Soc. xil 1868, 109.— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1809, yi5.—Twrnb. 
 
 B. E. Pa. 1809, 23 [ Phila. ed. 10.— ». Frantz. J. t. 0. 1869, 293.— Jfot/rv. Guide, 1870, 100.— 
 
 Salv. PZS. 1670, 182 (Veragua).— 4ii!)0«, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 543.— Cottes, Key, 1872, 94, f. 
 
 3.—0undl. J. f. 0. 1872, 411 (Cuba).— Scott, Pr. Best. Soc. xv. »i2.—Trippi, Pr. Boat. Soc. 
 
 XV. 187,'), 234.— jeidjfw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 199.— CoiMS, BNW. 1874, 49.— B. B. di B. NAB. 
 
 i. 1874, 193, flg. pi. 11, f. 2.— JJMsTM,. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. x. 1874, 308 (Illiuois).- Brew. Pr. 
 
 Best. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.— TForre/i, BulL Nutt. Orn. Club, i. 1876, 6 (full account of 
 
 nest and egga).— Gentry, Life-Hist. 1876, 98.— Jfinoi, B. N. Engl. 1877, 9l.—Merr. 
 
 Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 14 (Connecticut). 
 Helmlntbopaga chrysoptera, Oab. J. f. O. i860, 328 (CostaEica).— G^ejrcr, Pr. El. Ac. 1870, — . 
 MotaclUa flarifrons, (im. SN. i. 1788, 976, n. 126 (baaed on the Yellow-fronted Warbler of 
 
 Penn. and Lath.).— 2>ttr(. SN. i. 1806, 001. 
 Sylvia flayifrons. Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 527, n. 69. 
 
 Parus alls aurels, Bartr. Trav. F1j>. 1791, 292 (cf. Oouet, Pr. Phila. Acad. 187.5, 352). 
 GoIdcn-winged Flycatcher, i:aw. Glean, pt. ii. 189, pi. 299 (baais of M. chrysoptera L.). 
 
CHARACTERS OF IJELMINTHOPHAG^ 217 
 
 There is a, great similarity in the habits of the Helminthophagw, 
 as might be expected from their close resemblance to each 
 other in structure. They are indefatigable insect-hunters, peer- 
 ing into the crevices of bark and the interstices of leaves and 
 blossoms for the minute bugs upon which they prey, catching 
 them adroitly with their acute and attenuate bill ; but they do 
 not appear to pursue flying insects so persistently as many 
 other Sylvicolines are known to do. Their notes are few, odd, 
 and not very musical, pitched in a high key, and delivered in 
 a slender, wiry tone. 
 
 They are, without exception, migratory ; perhaps they are not 
 more delicate than other Warblers, but the special nature of 
 their food compels them to leave scenes which some other 
 species withstand without inconvenience. Their mode of nest- 
 ing is nearly uniform ; all the species, as far as certainly known, 
 build on the ground or scarcely above it, making rather coarse 
 and bulky nests, for such elegant little owners, out of grasses, 
 weeds, mosses, withered leaves, bark-strips, and the like. The 
 eggs of all are alike white, speckled with various reddish 
 shades. 
 
 The ten species may be thrown into two groups, according to 
 color — groups which correspond in a general way with geo- 
 graphical distribution, and exactly divide the genus in halves. 
 In one set of five species, uavae\^, pinus, lawrencii, clirysoptera, 
 leucobronchialis, and bachmani, the colors are highly variegated, 
 and the tail-feathers are largely blotched with white. These 
 are all exclusively Eastern. In the other five, ruficapilla, vir- 
 ginice, celata, peregrina, and lucicB, the coloration is simpler ; the 
 
 Gold-wlnged Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. it 1783, 492, n. 118. 
 
 Gold-wliig Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 403, n. 295. 
 
 Flguier aux alles dories. Buff. "v. 311". 
 
 Figuler cendre a gorge noir de PensilTanic, Flcednla pensllvanlca cinerea gutture 
 
 Iilgro, Bries. Oru. vi. 17e0, 109. 
 YeUow-ftonted Warbler, Zath. Syn. ii. pt iL 1783, 461, n. 07.— Pmn. AZ. ii. 1785, 404, n. 296. 
 
 (Basis of MotadUa flavifroTis Gm.) 
 Fanvette chpysoptire, V. EBcy.M6th.ii. 1823, 438. 
 FauTetee chrysopt^re, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 200. 
 Oolden-wlnged Warbler, Goldeu-winged Swamp War- 
 
 bier, Blue Golden-winged Warbler, Authors. 
 
 HA^^-Eastern United States and Canada (Mell- 
 v:raith). "IHova Scotia." (Auduion). Rarer in the 
 Northern States. South (not in Mexico, for all 
 that is known) to New Granada. Many Central 
 American quotations. Cuba only of the West In- 
 dies. Breeds at large in the United States ; win- Fig. 31.— Blue Golden-winged 
 ters beyond our limits. Warbler. 
 
218 ANALYSIS OP HELMINTHOPHAG^ 
 
 tail-feathers are not, or not conspicuously, blotched with white ; 
 and a mark of all but one of them is a crown-patch of color 
 different from surrounding parts. One of these is Eastern, two 
 are Western, and two are of general dispersion. The males may 
 be recognized, when in perfect plumage, by the following 
 
 Analysis of species 
 
 I. Tail-feathers conspicuously white-blotohed. Wings with white or yellow 
 on coverts. Head or breast with black. (All exclusively Eastern.) 
 
 1. Bluish-ash, below white; crown and wing-bars yellow; throat 
 
 and stripe on side of head black chrysoptera. 
 
 2. Like the last ; '• no black on throat " " leucobronchialia". 
 
 3. Olive-green ; wings and tail bluish-ash, former with white or yel- 
 
 low bars ; crown and under parts yellow ; lores black pinus. 
 
 4. Like the last; "chin, throat, and breast black" "lawrencii". 
 
 5. Olive-green, below yellow; throat, breast, and crown-patch black; 
 
 forehead yellow .bachmani, 
 
 II. Tail-feathers inconspicuously or not blotched with white. No decided 
 wing-markings. No black anywhere. 
 
 a. Crown without colored patch. Wings about half as long again as tail. 
 
 6. Tail with obscare whitish spot on outer feather; under parts 
 
 white or whitish ; upper parts olive-green, brighter behind, quite 
 ashy iu front. Chiefly Eastern . peregrina. 
 
 b. Crown with colored patch. Wings shorter. 
 
 7. Crown-patch orange-brown ; tail unmarked ; upper parts olive- 
 
 greeu ; under parts greenish-yellow, both nearly uniform. West- 
 ern and incompletely Eastern celata. 
 
 8. Crown-patch chestnut ; tail unmarked ; upper parts olive-green, 
 
 growing ashy on head ; under parts uniformly yellow. Eastern 
 and incompletely Western ruficapilla. 
 
 9. Crown-patch chestnut ; tail unmarked ; above olivaceous-ash, be- 
 
 low whitish; rump and under tail-coverts bright yellow ; breast 
 
 yellowish. Western virginke. 
 
 10. Crown-patch aod upper tail-coverts chestnut ; outer tail-feather 
 with dull white patch ; above pale cinereous, below white. 
 Western lucuB. 
 
 The females and young of Sect. II, at least, require more detailed descrip- 
 tions for their determination in some cases, especially Nos. 7, 8, and 9, which 
 resemble each other quite closely, even when in full plumage. All of them 
 are described in detail in the following pages, with special reference to the 
 characters that distinguish them from each other ; and it is believed that 
 there will be no difficulty experienced in discriminating between them, if the 
 diagnostic points which are given are sufficiently considered. 
 
CHAKACTERS OF HELMINTHOPHAGA LUCI^ 219 
 
 liucy's 'W.irbler 
 
 Helmlntlioptaaga ladse 
 
 Helmiuthophaga luclie, Ooop. Pr. Cala. Acad. Jaly, 1862, 120 (Fort Mojave, Ariz.).— 5d. 
 Rev. AB. 18615, 178.— Oomcs, Ibis, 2d ser. IL 1866, 260 (Fort Wlilpple, Ariz.).— Comss, Pr. 
 Phila. Acad. 1866, 70 (Fort Wliipple, Kviz.).—EUiot, BJfA. pi. 5.— Ooop. Am. Nat. lii. 
 1869, 476, 479.— Ooop. B. CaL 1. 1870, 84.— Ooijes, Am. Nat. vl. 1872, 493 {mpposed neat 
 and eggs) — Goues, Key, 1872, m.—Brew. Pr. Host. Soo. xvii. 1873, 107 (supposed nest 
 andegg8).—B.JJ.<«iJ.NAB.i. 1874,200, pL 11, f. 9; App. iu. 1875, 50i.—3eruh. List 
 B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Hmsh. ZooL Expl. W. 100 Merld. 1876, 190 (Arizona). 
 
 Mniotilta luciae, Gieb. NomencL Av. ii. 1875, 603. 
 
 Lucy's Warbler, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Valley of the Colorado (not yet found outside of Arizona). 
 
 Oh. sp. — (? 2 Cinerea, in/rd, alba; vertice teotricibusque can- 
 dalibus superioribus castanets. 
 
 $ 2 : Clear ashy-gray. Beneath white, with a faint tinge of buff od the 
 breast. A rich chestnut patch on the crown, and upper tail-coverts of the 
 same color. A white eye-ring. Quills and tail-feathers edged with the color 
 of the back or whitish. Lateral tail-feather with an obscure whitish patch. 
 Lining of wing white. Feet dull leaden-olive. Iris dark brown or black. 
 Length, 4J-4f ; extent, 7-7i; wing, 2^-21; tail, l|-2; tarsus, f ; bill, J-J. 
 
 Young: Newly fledged birds lack the chestnut of the crown, though that 
 of the rump is present. The throat and breast are milk-white, without the 
 oohrey tinge of the adults ; the wing-coverts are edged with pale rufous. 
 
 The chestnut upper tail-coverts, and absence of any trace of olivaceous or 
 yellowish coloration, distinguish this interesting species, the general super- 
 ficial aspect of which is quite like that of a PoUoptila. 
 
 LUCY'S Warbler is one of the later additions to this genus, 
 the known species of which have still more recently been 
 increased in number by the discovery of H. virginicB in the 
 West, and of S. leucobronchialis and H. lawrencii iu the East- 
 ern States. It illustrates the extreme of the gradation iu color 
 which the olivaceous Helminthojphagcs present, from such green- 
 ish species as the Nashville and the Orange-crowned, through 
 the partly cinereous Virginia's and Tennessee Warblers, to the 
 entirely ashy and white H. luciae, in which the upper tail-coverts 
 as well as the crown are, moreover, differently colored from the 
 rest of tlie body. 
 
 The interesting bird is one of Dr. Cooper's discoveries, having 
 been first observed by this gentleman at Fort Mojave, Arizona, 
 where it arrived one year during the latter part of March, the 
 first specimen having been secured on the 25th of that month. 
 The males appeared to have preceded the females, as no indi- 
 viduals of the latter sex were noted until about ten days after- 
 ward. The birds soon became quite numerous in the mezquite 
 
220 HABITS OV LUCY'S WAEBLEK 
 
 thickets, where they were observed to frequent the tops of the 
 trees, uttering their curious notes during their incessant pur- 
 suit of insects. In the course of the two months during which 
 they continued under Dr. Cooper's observations, six specimens 
 were secured, but their mode of nest-building was not ascer- 
 tained. 
 
 Two years subsequently, in March, 18C3, Mr. Holden secured 
 additional specimens near the 34th parallel ; and, in the spring 
 of 1865, Lucy's Warbler fell to my own lot. Whilst rambling 
 oue pleasant April iiioruiug along the little stream that flows 
 past Fort Whipple, I heard a curious note, which reminded me 
 of that of a Gnatcatcher {Polioptila), and was not long on the 
 alert before I saw one of the modest vocalists, betrayed no less 
 by the restlessness with which the bird skipped about in the 
 budding foliage than by the singularity of its voice. Not recog- 
 nizing the spe^cies, I made the usual sacrifice without delay, 
 and was overjoyed to find, as I turned the dainty bird over and 
 over in my hand, removing every trace of blood and smoothing 
 every ruffled feather, that I had taken a species new to me ; for 
 I had not then learned of Dr. Cooper's prize, and moments of 
 discovery are always moments of pardonable enthusiasm. In 
 the course of the spring, I took a few more specimens, among 
 them the first ones, I think, of the young, which differ in some 
 particulars from the adults. Thes6 Warblers, however, did 
 not appear to be very common in the field of my observations; 
 they are rather timid aud retiring birds, likely to be long over- 
 looked in the thickets and copses to which they seem so much 
 attached. They reach the vicinity of Fort Whipple, which Is 
 pretty high among the mountains, about the middle of April, 
 thus much later than the time of their appearance in lower 
 portions of the Territory, and remain until the latter part of 
 September, if not longer. They certainly breed there ; for I 
 found a newly fledged brood of young, just about to disperse, 
 early in May. This family was reared in a little clump of wil- 
 low bushes along the stream, and seemed so feeble on wing that 
 I attempted to catch one of them alive ; but the little thing was 
 too quick for me, and I shot it after giving up the chase. 
 The nest was, of course, somewhere near at hand, but I failed 
 to find it. 
 
 When penning some notes on this species, which were pub- 
 lished in 1866, I ventured to surmise that the nest would be 
 found not on the ground, but in the crotch of a bush. " Should 
 
HABITS OP Lucy's warbler 221 
 
 it prove so," Dr. Brewer recently replied, "it would in this 
 respect differ from all the other members of this well-marked 
 group"; nevertheless, on the fifth page following, in the same 
 work, Dr. Brewer describes a nest of Melminthophaga peregrina, 
 which, he says, "was built in a low clump of bushes". Some 
 uncertainty in the case continues, I regret to say, though ac- 
 counts of a nest and eggs, fully believed to be those of Lucy's 
 Warbler, and confirming my surmise of its non-terrestrial nidi- 
 fication, have been published both by Dr. Brewer and myself. 
 Writing from Tucson, Arizona, under date of May 19, 1872, 
 Lieut, (now Captain) Charles Bendire informed me by letter 
 that he had that day found a nest " of a very small warbler, 
 four inches long, which has a bright chestnut spot on the crown, 
 and the tail coverts of the same color, the other upper parts 
 cinereous, the lower parts dull white". I shortly afterward 
 published the account in the American Naturalist, and another 
 notice, based on the same data, was next year put on record 
 by Dr. Brewer, as above cited. The eggs were describeil as 
 four in number, nearly globular in shape, scarcely larger than 
 a Hummingbird's, white, with fine red spots at the larger end : 
 they contained large embryos. They were placed between the 
 bark and main wood of a dead mezquite tree, about four feet 
 from the ground. The bird described was surely no other than 
 Lucy's Warbler: the only question is, whether the nest and 
 eggs belonged to it. The ostensible evidence, however, is with- 
 out flaw, and may be accepted until rebutted, though it is against 
 the analogy of uidiflcation in this genus upon which Dr. Brewer 
 has properly dwelt. 
 
 Lucy's Warbler is thus far only known from the Territory of 
 Arizona, and its abode in winter, which we may presume to be 
 in Mexico, remains to be ascertained, as does also probably 
 its limit of distribution in other directions. It was first fig- 
 ured by Mr. D. G. Elliot on plate V of his splendid work, 
 and subsequently by the authors of the "History of North 
 American Birds", from a drawing of the head made by Mr. 
 Eidgway. The citations at the head of this article indicate 
 nearly the whole of the literature the little bird has occasioned 
 up to the date of present writing, and include only one syno- 
 nym, namely, that resulting from the reference of the species 
 to the genus Mniotilta by Professor Giebel, who, in 1875, threw 
 nearly all the Sylvicolinm together under this head, as Mr. George 
 Robert Gray had likewise done before him. 
 
222 CHARACTERS OF HELMINTIIOPHAGA VIRGINIA 
 
 Yirginia's Warbler 
 
 Helmlnttaoptaaga TlrsinlsB 
 
 Helmlntboptaaga Vlrginlte, Bd. BNA. ed. of i860 (not of 1858), Atlas, p. xi, footnote, pi. 79, 
 f. 1 (Cantonment Bnrgwyn, N. Mex.).— id. Eev. AB. 1865, Vn.—Coues, Vt. Pbila. 
 Acad, xriii. 1866, 70 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 85.— Coves, Key, 1872, 
 94.— AilfcCTi, Pr. Boat. Soo. xv. 1872, 196 (Colorado ; nest and es%s).~Bidgw. Ball. Eas. 
 Inst. T. 1873, 180.— OoMM, BNW. 1874, 51.-B..B. <« JS. NAB. i. 1874, 199, pi. 11, f.l2| 
 App. iii. SOi.—Hmsh. Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874, il.—Bemh. List B. A^'iz. 1875, 156.— 
 Hemh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Mend. 1876, 189. 
 
 Mntotilta Ttrginlae, Gieb. Nomenol. Av. ii. 1875, 608. 
 
 Virginia's Warbier, Rocky Monntain Warliicr, Audmra. 
 
 Hab.— Southern portion of the Middle Province of the United States, or 
 Southern Rocky Mountain region at large. North to Nevada, Utah, and 
 Colorado at least, where it breeds. Found (migratory ?) in New Mexico and 
 Arizona. Winter resorts unknown (probably in Mexico). 
 
 Ch. sp. — 3 plumbea, infrd. sordidd alba; tectricibus caudw su- 
 perioribus et inferioribus, necnon maeuld pectorali, fiavis ; vertice 
 castaneo. 9 sat similis, partibus flavis obscurioribus, pileo eas- 
 taneo restricto. 
 
 $, in summer: Ashy-plumbeous, alike on the back, and top and sides of 
 head. Below dull whitish, the sides shaded with ashy. Lining and edge of 
 wings white. Upper and under tail-coverts, an d isolated spot on the breast, 
 yellow, in strong contrast with all surroundings. A white ring round eye. 
 Wings and tail without yellowish edgings. Crown with a chestnut patch, 
 as in S. ruficapilla. Length, 4| ; extent, 7i ; wing, 2J-2i ; tail, 2J. 
 
 9 , in summer : Quite like the male, the yellow duller and slightly tinged 
 with greenish ; that of the breast, and the chestnut of the crown, more re- 
 stricted than in the g . 
 
 Autumnal specimens resemble the 5 most nearly ; bnt in both sexes the 
 plumbeous of the upper parts has a slight olive shade, and in birds of the 
 year the crown-patch may be wanting. 
 
 When this species was first described, from defective material, the isolated 
 yellow spot on the breast, so different from anything observed elsewhere in 
 the genus, suggested the possibility that better plumaged specimens might 
 be extensively yellow underneath, and thus like M. rufioapilla. But many 
 specimens since taken, in high spring plumage, intensify the oiiginal char- 
 acters given of the species, and separate it still more widely from H. 
 rufieapiUa. The whole upper parts are about of the shade of the head of 
 ruficapilla, and, even when most glossed with olive, are still strongly con- 
 trasted with the yellow upper tail-coverts. The under parts are as white as 
 in adult peregrina, with the yellow spot on the breast, and yellow under tail- 
 coverts, both in strong contrast. The chestnut crown and white eye-ring 
 are much as in ruficapilla, 
 
 VIRGINIA'S Warbler was discovered at Cantonment Burg- 
 wyn, iu New Mexico, by Dr. W. W. Anderson, and first 
 described, in 1860, by Professor Baird, who dedicated it to the 
 wife of the discoverer. The type-specimen remained unique 
 
HABITS OP Virginia's waebler 223 
 
 until 1864, when the present writer took a second example atFort 
 Whipple, on the 15th of August ; this was a young bird, very 
 likely bred in the vicinity. Shortly afterward, in 1869, Mr. Ridg- 
 way ascertained that the bird was abundant in the East Hum- 
 boldt and Wahsatch Mountains, where it was breeding in thick- 
 ets of scrub-oak. He found a nest containing four eggs, on the 
 9th of August, on the side of a ravine ; it was sunken in the 
 ground among the withered leaves, so that its brim was flush 
 with the surface, and measured 3J inches in diameter by 2 
 inches in depth. The material consisted of loosely interwoven 
 strips of the inner bark of the "mountain mahogany", mixed 
 with grasses, mosses and slender rootlets, and lined with the 
 fur of some small quadruped. According to Dr. Brewer's 
 measurements, the eggs were 0.64 long by 0.47 broad; the 
 groundcolor, when fresh, was rosy white, and this was "pro- 
 fusely spotted with numerous small blotches and dots of pur- 
 plish-brown and lilac, forming a crown around the larger end". 
 Mr. 0. E. Aiken shortly afterward extended the known range 
 of the species to Include the eastern foot-hills of the Kocky 
 Mountains in Colorado, where it breeds. This excellent ob- 
 server found it in various parts of the State, but especially 
 along the eastern base of the mountains, where, in its favor- 
 ite haunts, it sometimes outnumbers all the other Warblers put 
 together. It is a shy and timid species, generally darting, with 
 its sharp note of alarm, into its place of concealment when ap- 
 proached. In summer, it frequents the scrub of the hillsides, 
 at any elevation up to about 7,500 feet, but during the migra- 
 tions it is found indifferently in the pine forests and among the 
 cotton woods and willows along the streams. "The male is 
 very musical during the nesting season ", says Mr. Aiken, " utter- 
 ing his sweet ditty continually as he skips through the bushes 
 in search of his morning repast; or having satisfied his appe- 
 tite, he mounts to the top of some tree in the neighborhood of 
 bis nest, and repeats at regular intervals a song of remarkable 
 fullness for a bird of such minute proportions. ... No bird 
 with which I am acquainted conceals its nest more effectually 
 than this warbler. This is placed at the base of a tussock of 
 grass among the oak bushes, being sunk in a hollow scratched 
 in the earth, so that the rim of the nest is on a level with the 
 surface. The overhanging grass of the tussock hides all so 
 completely that the nest is only to be discovered by the most 
 careful and persistent search. About the first of June, five 
 white eggs, delicately speckled with reddish brown, are laid." 
 
224 SYNONYMY OF HELMINTHOPHAGA RUFICAPILLA 
 
 IVashTille WarWer 
 
 Helmlntlioptaaga rnficapllla 
 
 Sylvia ruflcapllla, Wile. AO. iii. 1811, 120, pL 37, f. 3 Bp. Jonni. Phila. Acad. Iv. 1884, 
 
 191.— Aud. OB. 1. 1832, 450, pi. 89. 
 
 Mnlotllta ruflcapllla, Oray, 6. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 
 Helmlntbopbaga ruflcapllla, lid. SNA. 1858, 256.— /^cl. FZS. 1858,398 (Parada).— ;ScI.FZS. 
 185^, 373 (Oaxaca).— Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 191 (CaHfornia).— ITAeafc Ohio 
 Agric. Kep. for 1860, 1801, 363.— &!. Cat. AB. 1861, 29.— Barn. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 
 iS6l,435.—Ooues aPrmt Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1863, 406.— Boordm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 
 1863, 125 (Maine, rare).— Ferr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 146 (Maine, rare).— Bio*. Ibis, v. 
 1863, 62 (Grreat Slave Lake) —Sd. Eev. AB. 1864, 175.— AJfeji, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 59 
 (Massachusetts, breeding). — Dress. Ibis, 1865, 477 (San Antonio, Tex.).— -McJZwjr. Pr. 
 Ess. Inst V. 1866, 85 (Canada West).— iawir. Ann. Lye. N.T.viii. 1866, 284.— IVipjie, 
 Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 177— Cones, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 370.— Oomm, Pr. Boat. Soc. xii. 
 1868, 109 (South Carolina). —r«rn!). B. B. Pa. 1869, 24; Phila. ed. 17.— fiMmic/i. Mem. 
 Best. Soc. i. 1869, 546 (Orizaba).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, a2.-Mayn. Guide, 1870, 99.— 
 6regg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870, p. —.—Parker, Am. Nat t. 1871, 168.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. 
 iii. 1872, 175 (Kansas ; Utah).— Cones, Key, 1873, 94.—Mayn. Pr. Bost Soc. xiv. 1872, 
 363.— Jfai/n. B. Fla. 1873, e3.—Tnppe, Pr. Bost. Soo. xv. 1873, 334.— JJidsw. Bnll. Ess. 
 Inst V. 1873 (Colorado i Utah ; Nevada) —Merr. U. S. Geol. Sarv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 
 713.— Paciird, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 271.— Ames, Bull. Minn. Acad. 1874, 56 (Minne- 
 sota).— Coijes,BNW. 1874,50.— JB.B. <£2S.]!JAB. i. 1874, 196, fig. p. 191, pi. 11, f. 7, 8.— 
 Bidgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 368.— Hensfi. Eep. Om. Specs. 1874, 41.— flen«A.List 
 B. Ariz. 1875, IX.—BrewBt. Ann. Lyo. N. T. xi. 1875, 135 (Virginia).— JfejotoM, Birds 
 Greenland, p. 99 (Godtbaab, 1835, Eiskenas, Aug. 31, 1840).— iVeis. Pr. Bost Soo. xvii. 
 187.5, 357 (California).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soo. xvii. 1875, 439.— Bensh. ZooL Expl. W. 
 100 Merid. 1876, 188.-Xowr. Bull. U. S. Nat Mus. n. 4, 1876, 15 (Tehuantepec).— 
 Minot, B. N. EogL 1877, 94.— JMerr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 14. 
 
 Helmlnthopliaga rnficapllla, vars. ruflcapllla, ocularis, guttoralls, Bidgw. apud 
 B. B. <t B. NAB. i. 1874, 191. 
 
 Sylvia rubrlcapllla, TFite. AO. vi. 1812, 15 (Index).— Bj). Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 197.— 
 Bp. Ann. Lyo. N. T. ii. 1826, m.—Nutt Man. 1. 1832, 412.— Peaft. Eep. Om. Mass. 1839, 
 3Vi—Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 81. 
 
 SylTlcola (Termlrora) rubrlcapllla, S.^B. EBA.ii.l831,220,pl. 42, up. fig. 
 
 SylTlcola rubrlcapllla, Uieh. Eep. Brit Assoc. Adv. Sci. for J836, 1837, m.—WUlis, 
 Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 282. 
 
 Termivora rnbricaplila, Bp. CGL. 1838, il.—SvM. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 4Vi.—Boy, Pr. Phila. 
 Acad. vL 1853, 312— iJcad, Pr. Phila. Acad. vL 1853, 399.— iJeinft. "Vid.Meddel. for 1853, 
 1834, 83" (Greenland).— iJeinA. J. f. 0. 1854, 439 (same).— aTenTOc. Tr. Illinois Agric. 
 Soc. 1 1855, 583.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soo. 1856, 4 (nest and eggs). 
 
 Hellnala rubrlcapllla, AvA Syn. 1839, 70.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 103, pi. 113.— (Kraud, BLI. 
 1844, 69 — Proeten, Tr. Illinois Agric. Soo. i. 1855, 603.— P«(n. Pr. Ess. Inst i. 1856, 208. 
 
 Helmltheros rubrlcapllla, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 315. 
 
 Helmltheros rubrlcaplllus, Sd. PZS. 1856, 291 (Cordova). 
 
 Helmlntbophaga rubrlcapllla, Oah. MH. i, 18.50,20— Sc2. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).—A;ten, 
 Am. Nat vi. 1873, 305. 
 
 Mnlotllta rubrlcapllla, Beinh. Ibis, iii. 1861, 6 (Greenland). 
 
 Sylvia leucogastra, Steph. " Shaw's Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 623 ". 
 
 Sylvia naBbvlllei, Yieill. Ency. M6tb. ii. 1823, 451, n. Ill (based on 'Wilson). 
 
 Sylvia mexicana, '-Solboll." [Where?] 
 
 Fanvette nasbvlllc, Y. L c. 
 
 Nasbvllle Warbler, Nasbvlllo Swamp Warbler, Nasbvllle Termlvora, Nashville Worm- 
 eater, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Temperate North America, but especially the Eastern Province. 
 North casually to Greenland (two instances, J. Reinhardt, A. Neivtmi). West 
 occasionally to Utah (Ogden, J. A. Alien), Nevada (Humboldt Mountains, 
 
( HAEACTERS OP HELMINTHOPHAGA EUFICAPILLA 225 
 
 B. Ridgway), and California (Lake Tahoe, F. Gruber; Fort Tejon, J. Xantua) ; 
 " Columbia Eiver" {auct. Audubon) ; not yet detected in intervening ground. 
 Mexico (numerous quotations). Not in West Indies or Central America? 
 Breeds from Massachusetts (and probably much farther south in the Alleghany 
 Monntaius) northward. 
 
 Oh. sp. — S flavido-oHvacea, uropygio magis flavicante, capite 
 cinereo, pileo castaneo plus minusve celato; infra ex toto flava. 
 ? sat similis, obscurior, capite aliquantulum olivascente. 
 
 $, in summer: Upper parts olive-green or yellowish-olive, clearer and 
 brighter on the rump and nppor tail-coverts. Top and sides of the head and 
 neck ashy, with a more or less veiled chestuut patch on the crown, and a 
 white ring round the eyei No superciliary stripe. Lores pale. Wings and 
 tail fuscous, edged with the color of the back. Entire under parts yellow, 
 including under wing-coverts and edge of the wing, the sides somewhat 
 shaded with olive. Length, 4i-4f ; extent, 1\ ; wing, 2i-2J ; tail, lf-2. 
 
 5 , in summer : Similar to the male. Head less purely ashy. Crown-patch 
 smaller and more hidden, if not wanting. Yellow of under parts paler, 
 whitening on the belly. 
 
 Autumnal specimens, of both sexes, though quite as yellow below as in 
 summer, have the ash of the head glossed over with olivaceous, and in birds 
 of the year the crown-patch may be entirely wanting. 
 
 This species is distinguished from any other by the rich clear yellow of the 
 under parts at all seasons. In B. celata, which is next most yellow below, 
 the color has a greenish cast; the head is little, if any, different from the 
 rest of the upper parts, and the crown-patch is orange-brown. 
 
 LONG supposed to be a bird of the Eastern Province, the 
 Nashville Warbler has gradually come to be known from 
 nearly all portions of North America, and the extensive distri- 
 bution I here attribute to the species is fully attested. Wilson 
 described it, probably for the first time, from the vicinity of 
 the city whose name it has since borne, and it was a rarity to 
 the early school ; Audubon speaks of a few specimens of his 
 from Kentucky and Louisiana ; Richardson records it from the 
 Fur Countries; and Swainson figures a specimen from Cumber- 
 land House. Nuttall speaks of it as a Southern bird, and sub- 
 sequently as occurring in Labrador. Its occurrence in Green- 
 land iu two instances, in 1835 and 1840, is attested by Eeinhardt 
 and A. Newton. In 1858, Baird gave its general distribution 
 as "Eastern North America to the Missouri". Audubon had 
 long before ascribed it to the Columbia Eiver; and though 
 such ascription may not have been confirmed by later ob- 
 servation, it is probably correct. At any rate, we have now 
 many Western records. Xantus got the bird at Port Tejon in 
 California, and Gruber soon found it at Lake Tahoe; Allen 
 15 B c 
 
226 SYNONYMY OF HELMINTHOPHAGA CELATA 
 
 observed it in Utah, considering it quite common about Ogden; 
 Eidgway noticed it in Nevada; and Henshaw has latterly 
 recorded a number of specimens from Arizona, in which Terri- 
 tory he states that it probably occurs only as a migrant, and 
 that he found it common in August and September in the vicin- 
 ity of Camp Crittenden. I have collated numerous Mexican 
 records, presented in the foregoing synonymy, but have found 
 no evidence that the bird is known at all either from Central 
 America or the West Indies. 
 
 In the greater part of the United States, it has the reputation 
 of a migratory bird ; but I suspect that it will finally be ascer- 
 tained to breed much farther south than it is now known to do, 
 particularly in the higher mountains of the West, both along 
 the Eocky Chain and in the Sierras of California; for various 
 birds, like the Kinglets and Titlarks, nestle there in latitudes 
 to which they are strangers during the breeding season in the 
 East. Most of our accounts of its nidiflcation come from the 
 ornithologists of ^ew England, and especially of Massachu- 
 setts, where the study of our birds has long been pursued with 
 unusual ardor and commensurate success. North of this lati- 
 tude, the Nashville Warbler will probably be found as a summer 
 resident wherever found at all. Several excellent accounts of 
 its habits and satisfactory descriptions of its nest and eggs 
 having already appeared, I shall not pursue the subject, the 
 purpose of this article being rather to signalize the occurrence 
 of the bird in the region now under consideration, and indicate 
 its wide dispersion in North America and Mexico, than to pre- 
 sent its history in full. 
 
 Oran^^e-croirned "Warbler 
 
 Hclmlntboptaaga celata 
 
 u. celata 
 Sylvia celata, Say. Long's Exped. E. Mts. i. 1833, 169— Bp. AO. i. 1825, 45, pi. 5, f. 2 Bp. 
 
 Ann. Lyo. N. T. iL 1826, Se.—N'ult. Man. i. 1832, il3.—Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 449, pi. 178.— 
 
 Towns. Joum. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839. 153.— Peab. Kep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 313. 
 Sylvlcola celata, JJicft. Eep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 183C, 1837, m.—Finsch, Allh.N.^t. 
 
 ill. 1872,36 (Alaska). 
 Vermivora celata, Bp. OGL. 1838, fll.—Nutt. Man. 1. 2d cd. 1840, 473.— Go7>i6. Pr. Phila. 
 
 Acad. iii. 1846, 155 0amb. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 37.— Hoj/, Pr. Phila. Acad. Ti. 
 
 1853, 313. 
 Helinnia ce\ata. And. Syn. 1839,69.-.4.«d;. BA. ii. 1841, 100, pi. 118.— Heer™. Jonru. Phila. 
 
 Acad. ii. 1833, 263.— Praiten, Tr III. Agric. Soo. i. 1855, 602. 
 Mniotllta celata. Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.— ffi«!i. Nomenc. At. il. 1875, 601. 
 nelmllheros celata, Sp. Syn. CA. i. lESO, 315. 
 Helmitheros celntus, Sol. PZS. 1857,212 (Orizaba). 
 
CHARACTERS OF HELMINTHOPHAGA CELATA 227 
 
 Helmlnthoptaaga celata, Bd. BNA. 1858, ISt.—Scl. PZS. 1838, 598 (Paroda).— Sc!. PZS. 1859, 
 aas (Vancouver) ; 373 (Oaxaoa).— Xant Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 191 (California).— 
 Bd. U. S. Mex. B. Surv. pt ii. 1859, Birds, 10.— Heerm. PEEE. x. 1859, 40.— Coop. eC- Suckl. 
 NHWT. 1869, 178.— Bd. Ives's Colo. Eep. pt. v. 1861, i.—Eayd. Tr. Amer. Philoa. See. 
 xii. 1863, 160.— 5cZ. PZS. 1863, 19 (Parada).— .Bioi. Ibis, iv. 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).- 
 Blah. Ibis, v. 1863, m.—Bd. Eev AB. 1864, 176.— iord, Pr. Hoy. Arty. Inst. iv. 1864, 
 
 115 Anen, Pr. Ess. Inst iv. 1864, 60 (Massaohnsetts).— Dress. Ibis, 3d ser. i. 1865, 477 
 
 (Texas).- Ooiics, Ibis, 3d sor. ii. 1866, 262 (Fort Yuma).— Oowes, Pr. Phila. Acad, xviii. 
 1866, 70 (Fort Wliipple).— iawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 284.— (Jottes, Pr. Bost. Soc. 
 xii. 1868, 108 (South Carolina).— OoMes, Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1868, 371.- IV%)e, Am. Nat. 
 ii.l868, 181.— Brown, Ibi?, 2d ser. iv. 1868,420 (Vancoaver).—BM(cft. Pr. Phila. Acad. 
 XX. 1868, 149 (Texas).— Ooop. Am. Nat iii. 1869, 476.— Tar«6. B. E. Pa. 1869, 53 ; Phila. 
 ed. ii.-Dall & Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. 1869, 278.— Ooop. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1870, To.— Ooop. 
 B.Cal. 1. 1870, 83, ig.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 268 (Florida) — J.!L Ball. MCZ. ui. 
 1873, 175 (Utah and Kansas).- Sfev. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 463.— CoMes, 
 
 Key, 1872, 95.— .Aiten., Pr. Best Soc. xv. 1873, 96 ^AZien, Am. Nat vi. 1872,365, 396.— 
 
 Bidgw. Am. Nat vii. 1873, 606.— Bidgw. Bull. Ess. lust v. 1873, 180 (Colorado).— 
 Mayn. B. Fla. 1873, 61.— Trippe, Pr. Boat Soc. xv. 1873, 234.— Jfsrr. TJ. S. Geol. Surv. 
 Terr, for 1873, 1873, 713.— Herrici, Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, p.— (prand Menan).— 
 Snow, B. Kans. 1873, i.-Bidgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 368.— Ooop. Am. Nat viii. 
 1874, 16.— Oou«s, BN'W. 187i,52.— Hensft. Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 41, 57, 74, 102.- Ames, 
 Bull. Minn. Acad. 1874, 56.— Brew. Pr. Best Soc. xvii. 1875, 439 (Massachusetts).- 
 Benah. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Henah. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 191.— Jbai, 
 " Forest and Stream, vi. 354 " (New Hampshire).- JBrewsfer, Bull. Nutt Club, i. 1876, 
 94 (Mesaohnsetts, for the third time).— jlfinot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 95.-Purdie, Bull. Nutt. 
 
 Club, ii. 1877, 21 (Ehode Island, in December) Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 15 
 
 (Massachusetts and Ehode Island). 
 
 HelmiDthophaga celata var. celata, B. B. <t R. NAB. i. 1874, 203, pi. 11, f. 5, 6. 
 
 Helmlntbophaga celata var. obscnra, Bidgw. apud B.B.<«iJ. NAB. i. 1874, 192. 
 
 Orange-colnred Warbler, Peabndy. 1. c. 
 
 Orange-crowned Warbler, Urange-crowned Swamp Warbler, Orange-crowned Vermi- 
 vora. Authors. 
 
 b. lutescens 
 
 Helininthophagfl celata var. lutescens, Bidgw. Am. Journ. Sci. 1873, 451.—Bidgw. Am, 
 Nat vii. 1873, 606.— B. B. d B. NAB. i. 1874, 204, pi. 11, f. 4. 
 
 Helmintbophaga celata b. lutescens, Ooues, BNW. 1874, 52. 
 Pacific Orange-crowned Warbler, S. B. dt B. 1. o. 
 
 Hab. — North America at large, but especially the Western and Middle 
 Provinces ; rare or occasional in the Eastern Province. North regularly to 
 high latitudes in British America and Alaska. South into Mexico, but not 
 recognized as West Indian or Central American. Winters from the south- 
 ern borders of the United States southward. Var. lutescens along the Pacific 
 coast, from the Yulion River to Cape Saint Lucas. 
 
 Oh. SP. — $ 2 OUvacea,uropygiomagisflavicante;infrd,sordide 
 flavo-albida ; vertice aurantiaco. 
 
 ^ 2 , in summer : Upper parts olive, duller and washed with grayish to- 
 ward and on the head, brighter and more yellowish on the rump and upper 
 tail-coverts. Beneath greenish- white, palest on the belly and throat, more 
 olive-shaded on the sides ; the color not pure, but rather streaky, and having 
 in places a grayish cast. Wings and tail edged with the color of the back ; 
 lining of the wings like the belly, and inner edges of tail-feathers whitish. 
 Orbital ring and lores yellowish. An orange-brown patch on the crown, 
 partially concealed, smaller and more hidden in the $ than in the ,} . Size 
 of ruficapilla 
 
228 HABITS OP THE OEANGE-CEOWNED WARBLER 
 
 The sexes of this species scarcely differ, and young or autumnal birds 
 are very similar to the adults, except the frequent or usual absence of the 
 orange-browD crown-spot ia birds of the year. The species is well distin- 
 guished from all its allies by the color of the crown-patch, as well as by tlie 
 general oliveness and yellowness of coloration, no part of the bird being 
 pure ashy or white. 
 
 The foregoing description is applicable more particularly to typical celata, 
 from which the Pacific-coast form differs decidedly, as pointed out by Mr. 
 Eidgway, being much more richly colored. It may be described simply as 
 olive-green above, and greenish-yellow, shaded with olive, on the sides below, 
 without any of the qualifying terms required for procision in the case of 
 typical celata. This form, lutescens, occurs in parts of the Colorado region 
 during the migrations, when it is associated with true celata, but is stated to 
 breed only farther north and more coastwise. 
 
 AS remarked by Dr. Brewer, the geographical distribution 
 of H. celata is involved in some obscurity, probably owing 
 to its irregularity of migration. The bird was unknown to 
 Wilson, but described soon after his time by Mr. Say, whose 
 zoological commentary has rendered " Long's Expedition" mem- 
 orable to ornithologists. After a few years, Nuttall spoke of it 
 as not uncommon in the orange-groves of West Florida; he may 
 or may not have had some other species in view, but we fltid 
 Allen recording celata among the winter birds of Florida, as 
 well as attesting its occurrence in Massachusetts. Thus it ap- 
 pears that Audubon's notice of its movements is probably well 
 founded, and that it was not sufficiently considered, when, in 
 1858, Baird assigned a range only from the Mississippi Eiver to 
 the Pacific. The gist of the matter would appear to be that 
 we have here a bird of very general dispersion in North Amer- 
 ica, evenly and regularly distributed in large numbers over 
 more than the western half of the continent, but of rare and 
 perhaps fitful occurrence in the Atlantic States. The extra- 
 limital records, without exception so far as I know, are Mexican. 
 The habitat of the species is thus brought into close correspond- 
 ence with that of S. ruficapilla, though the areas of greatest 
 abundance of the two species are upon opposite sides of the 
 continent. 
 
 I have myself only observed the Orange-crowned Warbler 
 in the West, where it is a common bird, at least during the 
 migrations. It is known to winter along our southwestern 
 border, as it also does in Florida. Its breeding-range appears 
 to be nearly coextensive with the whole .area of its distribution 
 in the West, where the mountain chains afford the elevation 
 that answers to increase of latitude as far as the nidification 
 
HABITS OP THE ORANGE-CEO WNED WARBLER 229 
 
 of birds is concerned. We may consider, therefore, that this 
 pretty bird, whose very name is suggestive of the topic now 
 under discussion, is virtually a summer resident as well as a 
 migrant in all the mountainous Territories of the West, nesting 
 at certain elevations that afford conditions corresponding to 
 those that it finds down to sea-level in the boreal regions to 
 which some individuals press on in the alluring spring-time. It 
 has been traced to the Yukon Eiver, along which mighty water- 
 course the lamented Keunicott found its nests, which were 
 placed on the ground, generally in clumps of low bushes. The 
 same naturalist observed its nesting about Great Slave Lake 
 in June, and both Dr. Brewer and myself have drawn up our 
 descriptions of the structure and its contained eggs from the 
 material thus furnished. The former notes certain variations 
 in architecture according to locality, uests which he examined 
 from more arctic regions being smaller and more compact, as 
 well as more homogeneous in the materials used, which were 
 chiefly stems of small plants and the finer grasses. As usual 
 in the case of ground-building birds, the nests of the Orange- 
 crown seem large for the size of the birdj they may be built 
 of fibrous bark strips outside, and fine grasses or mosses within, 
 with or without other lining, such as the fur of animals. The 
 eggs, which have been found to be four, five, or six in number, 
 measure about 0.67 in length by 0.50 in greatest diameter ; the 
 color of the shell is white, dotted all over — sometimes pro- 
 fusely, sometimes sparsely — with light reddish-brown, the mark- 
 ing being either evenly distributed over the surface, or, as is 
 oftener the case, more numerous about the larger than toward 
 the other end. 
 
 Within the limits of the Colorado Basin, which is so highly 
 diversified in its surface features and climatic conditions, the 
 Orange-crowned Warbler has the mixed character of both a 
 resident and a migratory species. In the spring, it asceads the 
 mountains to seek a congenial nesting place, even at a height 
 of 11,000 feet; it retreats in the fall from these elevated regions, 
 and becomes more generally dispersed. Ton will find it during 
 the migrations especially in the shrubbery along water-courses, 
 wliere you may recognize it by its apparently uniform yellow- 
 ishness, its sprightly, restless movements, its frequent aerial 
 forays after passing insects, and the sharp, wiry "tsip", the 
 incessant repetition of which expresses the vivacity of its 
 
230 SYNONYMY OF HELMINTHOPHAGA PEREGEINA 
 
 nature. Its nuptial song I have never heard, for I have never 
 found the bird wearing the orange-blossoms; those who have 
 been more fortunate say that the stave consists of a few sweet 
 trills, varied according to the spirit of the songster, but always 
 ending abruptly with a rising inflection. 
 
 Tennessee l^arbler 
 
 Hclmlntliopbaga percgrlna 
 
 SylTia peregrins, Wils. AO. lii. 1811, 83,pl.25, f.2.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acaiiv. 1824, 196.— 
 JBp. Ann. Lye. N.T. ii. 1826, 87, 439.— ifM«. Man. i. 1832, 412.— At«?. OB. ii. 1834, 307, 
 pi. 154. 
 
 SyMcola (Termlvora) percgrlna, /S.i«J!.rBA.ii. I831,221,pl.42. 
 
 SylTicola peregrins, Mich. Kep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 171. 
 
 Termirora peregrlna, Bp. CGL. 1838, ^l.—Ifutt Man. i. 23 od. 1840, 469.— Ho;/, Pr. Phila. 
 Acad. vi. 1853, 312 (Wisconsin). —Seuil, ibid. 399 (Ohio).— Jennio. Tr. Ml. Agrio. Soo. i. 
 1853. 583.— flbj/, Smiths. Eop. for 1864, 186.i, 438 (Missonri). 
 
 Hellnaia peregrlna, Au<2. Syn. 1839, 68.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 96, pi. 110— Pra««n, Tr. ni. 
 AgTic. Soo. 1855, 602.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba). 
 
 Mnlotnta peregrins, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.— Oo6ot, Naum. Jahrg. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 66. 
 
 Kclmltheros peregrins, Bp. CA. i. leso, 315. 
 
 nelminthophsga peregrins. Cab. MH. i. 1850, ao—Bd. BNA. 1858, 2.W.— Sci. PZS. 1859, 373 
 (Oaxaca).— S. <£- «. Ibis, ii. 1860, 31 (Ooban, V. P.).— Cab. J. f. 0. 1861, 85 (Costa Eica).— 
 Bundl J. f. 0. 1801, 326 (Cuba).- iaior. Ann. Lye. K. T. vii. 1861, 322 (Panama).— 
 Bam. Smiths. Eep, for 1860, 1861, 435.— (5««d!. J. f. 0. 1862, 177 (Cuba).— £iai. Ibis, iv. 
 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).— Ferr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 156.— Biai. Ibis, v. 1863,62.— 
 Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, Sl.—S.dS.FZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— iawir. Ann. Lye. 
 N. T. viii. 1865, 174 (Chiriqui) —Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 178.— Sain. PZS. 1867, 135 (Ve- 
 ragua).— iawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. viii. 1860, 284 (New York) ; ix. 1868, 94 (Costa Eica).— 
 Oouee, Pr. Ess. In-.t. v. 1868, 270.— Ooi/es, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii, 1868, X09.~Frlppe, Am. Nat 
 ii. 1868, 181.— ABen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 575.— IVnift. B. E. Pa. 1869, 24 ; Phila.etl.l7 — 
 V. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, 293 (Costa Eica).— Sail). PZS. 1870, 182 (Veragua).- S. i6 S. 
 PZS. 1870, 836 (Honduras).— Mitj/n. Guide, 1870, 100.— Wyatt, Ibis, 3d ser. i. 1871, 322 
 (Herradura).— Jfaj/». Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, sei.— Oov.es, Key, 1872, 95.— Gundl. 
 J. f. 0. 1872, 412 (Coba).— Berrici, Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873 (Grand Menim).—Ridgw. 
 Ball. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180 (Colorado).— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 5.— Oo«es, BNW. 1874, 
 53.— Ridr/w. Ann. Lye. N. T. x. 1874, 368 (niinois).— .B. B. a B. NAB. i. 1874, 205, pi. 11, 
 f. 10, U.-Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, Vii.—Lawr. Ball. Nat. Mns. n. 4, 1876, 15 (Te- 
 huantepee).— JlfiTJOi, B. N. Engl. 1877, 96. 
 
 Helminthopaga peregrins, (?re(;jr,Pr.Elmira Acad. 1870, —. 
 
 Sylvls tenensssel, T. EM.ii. 1823,452, n.ll4. 
 
 SylTlcola mlssuriensis, Maxim. J. f. 0. vi. 1858, 117. 
 
 Fanrette du tenenss^e, Y. 1. c. 
 
 Tennessee Swamp Warbler, Tennessee Warbler, Tennessee Vermlyora, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Chiefly Esratera North America. West to the Upper Missouri (J. Gf. 
 Bell, auct. Audubon) and Colorado (El Paso County, C. E. Aiken, aucl. Bidg- 
 way). Cuba. Mexico. South to Colombia. Breeds in the northern tier of 
 States, and northward to high latitudes. 
 
 Ch. sp. — $ , adultus, nnpt. temp., suprd, flavo-olivacea posiicd 
 vegetior, imtici cinerea; subtus ex toto alhida ; Venice innotata; 
 Cauda brevissimd, vix MpolUcari; alls longissimis, 9 et juv. 
 
CHARACTERS OP HELMINTHOPHAGA PEREGRINA 231 
 
 vegetiores, supra flavo-olivascentes, subtus virenti-albidce. Long, 
 tot. 4J-4|, alw 2|, caudcB l|-2. 
 
 ^, adult: Upper parts yellowish-olive, brightest posteriorly ; on the fore 
 parts and head changing to pure ash, without any greenish tint whatever. 
 No crown-patch of any different color. Lores, eye-ring, or frequently a decided 
 superciliary stripe, whitish. Entire under parts dull white, scarcely or not 
 tinged with yellowish. Wings and tail dusky, strongly edged with the color 
 of the back, the outer tail-feathers frequently with an obscure whitish spot. 
 Bill and feet dark. Length, 4i-4|; wing about 2f, long and pointed, the 
 first quill as long as the next, and little difference between the first three or 
 four quills. Tail extremely short, only two inches or less; such comparative 
 lengths of wing and tail probably always serving to identify the species. 
 
 2 , adult : Quite like the male, but the ashy of the head less pure and clear, 
 and the whole under parts more or less tinged with greenish-yellow. 
 
 Yonng : Entire upper parts strongly and uniformly yellowish-olive, like 
 the back of the adult male, or even greener, this color also tinging the eye- ■ 
 ring and superciliary stripe. Whole under parts like those of the adult 
 female, or even more decidedly greenish-yellow, leaving only the belly and 
 criesnm whitish. In such case, the species more closely resembles some 
 others than the adults do ; but the short tail, long wings, and absence of 
 crown-patch, are distinctive. 
 
 THE Tennessee Warbler is scarcely entitled to a place here. 
 Yet its westward dispersion is wider than is generally 
 known or supposed, and there is no question that it reaches the 
 Eocky Mountains of Colorado. There is an old record of the 
 finding of the bird on the Upper Missouri by Mr. J. G. Bell, 
 the famous taxidermist of New York, who accompanied Audu- 
 bon up the river; and the Prinz Maximilian von Neu Wied 
 described it from the same region under the name of " Sylvicola 
 missuriensis". I have myself only found it along the eastern 
 border of Dakota, where, however, it is extremely abundant 
 during the migration, which is concluded in that latitude during 
 the fore part of June. It is one of the numerous Eq,stern birds 
 first discovered in Colorado by Mr. C. E. Aiken, who took it in 
 El Paso County of that State, along with such decidedly East- 
 ern species as Wilson's Bluebird, the Blue Yellow-backed 
 Warbler, the Indigo-bird, Baltimore Oriole, Carolina Wood- 
 pecker, and the Dusky Duck {Anas obscura). No one else ap- 
 pears to have met with it so far west, nor has it yet been found 
 fairly within the watershed of the Colorado. I consider it one 
 of the less abundant Warblers of the Atlantic States ; it is cer- 
 tainly much more numerous in the Valley of the Mississippi, its 
 main belt of migration both in spring and fall. It is one of the 
 three Helminthophagce which proceed far beyond the United 
 
232 THE GENUS PEUCEDEAMOS 
 
 States to breed, though it occasionally nests in the Northern 
 States. In the opposite direction, it extends in winter to South 
 America. For an account of its habits, I must refer to other 
 treatises, though I may add that nothing 1 have read upon 
 the subject indicates that the bird differs in any notable respect 
 from others of the same genus. 
 
 Genus FEUCEDRAMUS Coues 
 
 Pencedramus, Ooues apud Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. " 1875" (= 1876), 202. (Type 
 Sylvia olivacea Giraud.) 
 
 Chars. — General aspect of Dendrceca. Tongue much as in 
 that genus, but larger, with revolute edges, cleft tip, and lacin- 
 iate for some distance from the end. Wings elongated, half as 
 long again as the tail (in Dendrceca but little longer than the 
 tail), reaching, when folded, nearly to the end of the tail. Tail 
 emarginate. Tarsus no longer than the middle toe and claw. 
 Hallux little if any longer than its claw. Bill little shorter 
 than tarsus (averaging little over half the tarsus in Dendrceca), 
 attenuate, notably depressed, yet very little widened at base. 
 Culmen rather concave than convex in most of its length, the 
 under outline almost perfectly straight from extreme base to 
 tip. Nasal fossae very large, with a highly developed nasal 
 scale. Kictalvibrissae few and short. Plumage without streaks. 
 
 The form of the bill is peculiar, lacking entirely the Parine 
 aspect of that of Dendrceca; it somewhat resembles that of 
 Siurus. The relationships of P. olivaceus appear to be with the 
 Jamaican Sylvicola eoa of Gosse. Certain Certhia-like peculiari- 
 ties of habits have been noted by Mr. Henshaw. Professor 
 Baird long ago called attention to the characters of this form 
 in the following terms : — "The bill in this species is quite pecu- 
 liarly slender and depressed, and the culmen is straighter than 
 in any other Dendroica. The nostrils, too, are much more linear, 
 and the wings unusually long. In these respects, as well as in 
 pattern of coloration, it forms a very strongly marked section 
 among the Dendroicas, even if not entitled to consideration as 
 a separate genus." The ostensible date of the establishment 
 of the genus is 1875, but the actual issue of the work in which 
 it was characterized was delayed until the latter part of 1876 ; 
 the first appearance of the name (without characterization) was 
 in 1875 in Mr. Henshaw's other publication below cited. The 
 genus, as far as known, embraces a single species. 
 
CHARACTERS OF PEUCKDKAMUS OLIVACEUS 233 
 
 The Olive TVarMer 
 
 Pencedramns oUvacens 
 
 SylTla oliracea, Gir. Sixt. Sp. Tex. B. 1841, 29, pi. 7, f. 2.— So!. PZS. 1855, 60 (commentary). 
 
 Sylvlcola olivacea, Bd. Stansb. Rep. GSL. 1852, 328.— Cass. III. 1355, 283, pi. 48. 
 
 Rhlmamphus ollraceus, ScLFIi. 1856,291 (Mexico). 
 
 Dcndroica ollvaeea, Bd. BNA. 1858, 305.— Sci. PZS. 18C8, 295 (Cordova) ; 298 (Oaxaca) —Bd. 
 Rev. AB. 1863, 205.— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1674, 258, pi. 14, f. i.—Bemh. Amer. Sportsman, 
 V. Feb. 20, 1875, 328 (first actual Introduction to U. S. fauna). 
 
 Uendroeca oliTacea, Sd. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— &I. Cat. AB. 1861, 31.— Sals. Ibis, 2d ser. 
 ii. 1866, 191 (Guatemala).- iSujid. Oefv. K. Vet.-Aljad. rorh. iii. 1869, iW.—Ooues, Key, 
 1872, 99. 
 
 Mnlotllta olivacea, ffray, Handlist, i. 1869, 240, d. 3479.— ffieft. Nomenol. Av. 1875, 604. 
 
 Pencedramus oliraceus, Ooues apudSensh. Zool. Expl. W. lOOMeiid. "1875" (= 1876), 
 202 (type of genus). 
 
 Peucedramns olivacea, Hmsh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156 (Arizona). 
 
 Sylvia tsenlata, Dubus, " Bull. Acad. Brux. xlv. 1847, 104 " ; Revue Zoologique, 1848, 245. 
 
 Mnlotllta tienlata, dray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 
 SylTlcoIa tsenlata, Bp. C A. 1. 1850, 309. 
 
 Olive Warbler, OUye-liacked Warbler, Oliye-headed Warbler, Orange-breasted War- 
 bler, Authors. 
 
 Hab.— Mexico. North to "Texas" (Girowd) and Arizona (Kens/iaw). South 
 to Guatemala. 
 
 Ch. sp. — 3 Gapite et collo aurantio-brunneis, fascia lata nigra 
 per latera capitis ducta; alls albo bifasciatis, specula albo ad ba- 
 seos primariorum, 
 
 S : Upper parts ashy, more or less olivaceous, changing to greenish on 
 the nape. Head and neck all around orange-brown or intense safifron-yellow, 
 with a broad black bar on the side of the head through the eyes. Wings 
 blackish, the inner webs of all the quills edged with white, the outer webs 
 of most of the primaries with whitish, and the outer webs of the secondaries 
 with greenish ; most of the primaries also marked with white on the outer 
 webs at base, forming a conspicuous spot (only seen elsewhere in D. cceruks- 
 eens, which is altogether different in other characters). Tail like the wings, 
 with greenish edging of most of the feathers, the two outer ones on each 
 side mostly or wholly white. Belly and sides whitish, tinged with olive or 
 brownish. Length, about 4f ; wing, 3.00; tail, 2i-2J; bill, 4; tarsus, f. 
 
 The female is described as having the saffron color much clearer yellowish, 
 and shaded with olive-green on the crown ; the black bar replaced by whit- 
 ish, excepting a dusky patch on the auriculars. The very young bird does 
 not appear to be known. 
 
 THE present is one of the "sixteen species" described and 
 figured as new in 1841 by J, P. Giraud, and by him attrib- 
 uted to Texas. Doubt has been often expressed with reference 
 to the ascribed habitat of these birds, the presumption being 
 that some, if not all, of them actually came from contiguous 
 Mexican territory. But it is well to bear in mind that their 
 describer's declaration of their origin was unwavering to the 
 last, and that his statement is gradually being borne out by the 
 rediscovery of his species within our limits; while the Texan 
 
234 HABITS OP THE OLIVE WAEBLEE 
 
 side of the Valley of the Lower Eio Grande has afforded vari- 
 ous species,* the existence of which in this region long remained 
 unsuspected. Mr. Cassin redescribed and figured the species 
 in 1855, since which time it has been generally enumerated 
 among the birds of the United States; but, so far as I am 
 aware, the first unequivocal testimony of its presence over our 
 border has only been very recently afforded, by Mr. H. W. Hen- 
 shaw, who took specimens in Arizona, and gave us our first 
 information of the habits of the bird. The distribution of the 
 species had meanwhile been traced southward through Mexico 
 to Guatemala. The Baron Dubus, an ornithologist of Belgium, 
 had examined a specimen from some portion of Mexico, and in 
 1847 had described it as a new species under the name of Syl- 
 via tceniata. Baird had noted the bird from Popocatepetl and 
 the alpine region of Orizaba, whence specimens reached the 
 Smithsonian through Prof. F. E. Sumichrast, the well-known 
 collector; while Sclater and Salvin had left records of the occur- 
 rence of the species in Cordova, Oaxaca, Xalapa, and Vera Paz. 
 Mr. Henshaw's narrative of his experiences with the bird is as 
 follows: — " During a three days' visit to Mount Graham, Au- 
 gust 1 to 4, the species was not detected; .... Returning 
 here September 19, many of the species found in August in 
 abundance had migrated south, and were either entirely want- 
 ing or represented by individuals from farther north, while the 
 woods, the silence of which was often unbroken for long inter- 
 vals by the note of a single bird, would now and then, as if by 
 magic, be filled with hundreds of feathered migrants, who in 
 noisy companies were proceeding on their way south. The day 
 after establishing our camp here, Mr. Eutter, of the party, 
 brought in a fine specimen of this warbler, which he stated he 
 had shot from among a flock of Audubon's Warblers and Snow- 
 
 * Dr. James C. Merrill, Assistant Surgeon United States Army, lately ibnnd 
 at Fort Brown, Texas, the following interesting species, all, with the excep- 
 tion of the Grebe, new to the fauna of the United States: — Molotltrus omens, 
 Nyctldromus aliicollis, Pj/rrhophaina riefferi, Amazilia cerviniventris, Parra 
 gymnostoma, and Fodiceps dominious. (See Boll. Nutt. Ornith. Club, i. n. 4, 
 Not. 1876, p. 88, and ii. n. 1, Jan. 1877, p. 26.) That the ornithological re- 
 sources of our southern border are not yet exhausted may also be inferred 
 irom the fact that Mr. Hensbaw alone added about a dozen species to the 
 fauna of Arizona. Still later, Mr. George B. Sennett collected a Pigeon 
 (Leptoptila albifrons) new to our fauna, near Fort Brown, Texas, as recoided 
 by me, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii. n. 3, for July, 1877, p. 82 ; besides the new 
 Parula described on a preceding page, and a variety of Myiarokua not before 
 recognized as an inhabitant of the United States. 
 
THE GENUS DENDRCECA 235 
 
 birds, which he had started from the ground while walking in 
 the pine woods. With the rest, it had apparently been feeding 
 upon the ground, and had flown up to a low branch of a pine, 
 where it sat and began to give forth a very beautiful song, 
 which he described as consisting of detached, melodious, whist 
 ling notes. During the next few days, I confined my collecting- 
 trips to the spruce woods, and though I watched eagerly for 
 this to me strange warbler, I did not see it until the last day of 
 my stay in the locality, when I heard a few strange Vireo-like 
 notes coming from some thick pines, and, hurrying to the spot, 
 soon had the satisfaction of seeing one of these warblers on 
 the low limbs of a huge pine, where it was moving quickly over 
 the large branches, its manner and whole appearance remind- 
 ing me instantly of the Pine Creeper [Dendroica piwds). A few 
 moments later, a second specimen was shot from the top of a 
 tall pine, where it was actively creeping about. As all the 
 warblers present here at this time were migrants, we may rea- 
 sonably infer that, with the others, this species was en route 
 from some locality to the north, and perhaps it may be found to 
 be a rare inhabitant of the high pine region throughout Arizona 
 and New Mexico." 
 
 Genus DENDECECA Qray 
 
 MotaciUa and Sylvia, in part, of early authors. 
 
 SylTicola of Swavnson, in part, and of many authors. — Qray, List of G. of B. 2d ed. 1841, 32. 
 
 Not of Humphreys. 
 Dendrolca, Qray, List of G. of B. 1841, App. sep. titled and paged, 1842, 8 (type MotadUa, 
 
 coronata Ij.).—Bd. NAB. 1858, 263. 
 Dendr(Bca, " Agassiz" .—Sund. Oefv. K. Veten8k.-Akad.rorh. iii. 1809, 605 (monographic). 
 Dendrieca, Elliot, Introd. to Ulust. BNA. 18—, — . 
 Rimampbus, Bafinesque, "Am. MoDthly Mag. iv. 1818, 39 ; Joarn. de Fhys. Ixxxviii, 1819, 
 
 417". (Type J2. cifrinus, supposed to be D. ^estiva. Name not available.) 
 Rhlmampbus, Hartl. Bevne Zoologiqne, 1845, 342. 
 Bhimanphus, Gray, " 1848 ".—Cab. Mns. Hein. L 1850, 19. 
 
 Chars. — Bill variable in shape, usually conico-atteuuate, more 
 or less depressed at base, compressed from the middle ; notched 
 near the tip, not showing the extreme acuteness of that of Hel- 
 mintherus, Helminthophaga, and Protonotaria. Eictus with ob- 
 vious bristles, which are not evident in the true " worm-eating" 
 Warblers. Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw (it is 
 shorter, or not longer, in Mniotilta). Hind toe little if any 
 longer than its claw (decidedly longer in Mniotilta and Parula). 
 Wings much longer than tail, pointed, 1st and 2d primaries 
 longest. Tail moderate, with rather broad feathers, nearly even, 
 but varying to slightly rounded, or with slight central emargi- 
 nation. Pattern of coloration indeterminate. Tail always with 
 white blotches (except in cestiva and its immediate allies, where 
 
236 THE GENUS DENDECECA 
 
 the inner webs are yellow ), never plain olivaceous. Crown never 
 with lateral black stripes, nor under parts uniformly streaked 
 with blackish on a pale ground, nor back with a yellow patch, nor 
 whole head yellow. Length usually 5 or 6 inches ; rarely under 
 and perhaps never over these dimensions. Nest in trees or 
 bushes, with rare exceptions. Eggs white, spotted. 
 
 It is not easy to frame a definition of this genus covering all 
 its modifications, yet introducing no term inapplicable to any 
 species; but the foregoing expressions considered collectively, 
 however arbitrary or trivial some of them may seem to be, 
 may serve to distinguish any Dendroeca from its allies of other 
 genera; and, if so, the diagnosis is exclusively pertinent to 
 group as conventionally accepted. The coloration of these 
 birds, though indeterminate in most respects, is nevertheless 
 a good clue to the genus ; for the tail of every Bendrceca is 
 blotched with white, excepting J>. (estiva and its allies, in 
 which it is bright yellow on the inner webs; and though sev- 
 eral of the Worm-eating Warblers have white-blotched tails, 
 these birds are easily distinguished by the acute, unnotched, 
 and scarcely or not bristled bill ; while the Oreeiring Warblers, 
 Mniotilta and Parula, with white-spotted tail-feathers, have 
 differently proportioned feet. No Dendrceca shows the special 
 color-pattern which Mniotilta, Parula, Protonotaria, Siurus, 
 Oporornis, and Geothlypis respectively exhibit; nor does any 
 one of them present such a development of the rictal bristles 
 as that seen in the group of Fly-catching Warblers, where, 
 moreover, the bill is usually wider and more depressed at the 
 base than it is in Dendrceca, 
 
 The names this genus has borne have been frequently 
 changed. The earlier-described species were usually called 
 Motacilla or Sylvia, the ineligibility of which names is too obvi- 
 ous to require comment. Next Sylvieola came into vogue ; but 
 this, as instituted by Swainson, belongs more particularly to 
 the group afterward called Parula, and, in any event, is untena- 
 ble, being long antedated by Sylvieola in conchology. The 
 family name Sylvicolidce, however, is still generally derived from 
 this source, though Gray calls the family Mniotiltidce, after 
 Vieillot's genus Mniotilla or Mniotilta, and Cooper has lately 
 named it Dendrcecidw. Gray, in 1842, proposed the term Den- 
 droica, Baird's adoption of which fixed it so firmly in our no- 
 menclature, that a generation of American ornithologists have 
 grown up who probably never think of using any other term. 
 As far as I can see into the devices of nomenclature, it should 
 
D. MONTANA — HELMINTHOPHAGA (?) CARBON ATA 237 
 
 be retained in its emended form Dendrceca; the word being from 
 the Greek SevSpov, a tree, and some one of the many words that 
 group about ohem, I inhabit, and olxo^, a house — signifying a 
 tree-tenant, or one who is at home in the trees, as all our Wood- 
 warblers are, excepting perhaps D. palmarum. 
 
 For, as Baird showed in 1858, the only choice is between 
 Dendrceca, and Bimamphws of Eaflnesque, which latter, in the 
 forms of Rhimamphus or Bhimanphus, has been used by Hart- 
 laub and Cabanis. Eaflnesque's description of the type of his 
 genus, B. citrinus, from the Ohio, has been supposed to indicate 
 the Summer Warbler, D. wstiva, and he doubtless had that 
 species in the distorted perspective of his mental vision ; but 
 the description of his "Citron Open-bill", as he called it, is that 
 of an imaginary if not altogether impossible bird, so faulty as 
 to render the name unavailable for the purposes of science. 
 
 Dendrceca is the largest North American genus of birds, con- 
 taining some thirty-five reputed species, nearly thirty of which 
 are doubtless valid. No fewer than twenty-five of these have 
 latterly been ascribed to North America; but two of them, 
 "montatia"* and "carbonata",t are not now substantiated by 
 
 'Dendroeca montana.— Blae JMoantain Warbler. 
 
 SylTin montana, WUs. AU. t. 1813, 113, pL 44, f. 3 (Bine Mountains of FeDnsylvania).— 
 
 Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 736 (after Wilson).—!^. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 451, n. 110 (from 
 
 Wilaon).— .Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 199,~! f Aud. OB. t. 1839, 294, pi. 434, f. 3 
 
 ("California"). 
 SjlTlcola montana, Jard."ei. Wils. 1B32, —".—? t And. Syn. 1839, 62.— iVitW. Man. i. 2d 
 
 ed. 1840, 442.—? f Aud. BA. ii. 18*1, 69, pi. 98.— Sp. CA. i. 1850, 308. 
 Mnlotilta montana, Gray, G. of B. i. 1S48, 196.— Oiebel, Nomeno. Av. ii. 1875, 604. 
 Dcndroica montana, £d. BNA. 1858, 378 (after Wilaon).— Bd. Kev. AB. 1865, 190 (after 
 
 Wilson).— B. B. a B. NAB. i. 1874, 271 (after Wilson). 
 Dcndroeca montana, Sund. Oefv. K. Tet.-Akad. Forb. iii. 1869, 613. 
 SflTla tigrina, f YiHlt. OAS. ii. 1807, 34, pi. 94 (see nnder tigrina beyond, p. 245).— B^). 
 
 Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 82 (after Wilson).— iV««. Man. i. 1832, 393 (after Wilson). 
 SylTlcola tigrina, JEicft. Eep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 171 (ref to Wilson).— Bj). 
 
 CGL. 1838, 23. 
 Fanrette des Hontagneti Bleues, F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 451. 
 Blue Mouiltaiu WarMcr of Wilson, Huttall, mid Saird ; wheUier of Audubon? 
 
 Hab. — " Blue Mountains of Pennsylvania.'' 
 
 t Helminthopbaga (?) carboiiata.— Carbonated TVarbler. 
 BylTia carbonata, Aud. OB. 1. 1831, 308, pi. eo.—Nutt. Man. i. 1833, 405. 
 Sylvlcola carbonata, Eich. Bep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 172. 
 Hellnaia carbonata, Aud. Syu. 1839, 68.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 95, pi. 103. 
 TrrmiTOra carbonata, Bp. CGL. 1838, 21. 
 Helmlthcros carbonata, Bp. C A. i. 18S0, 315. 
 
 Hniotilta carbonata, Qray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.— Giebel, Nomenc. At. ii. 1875, 600. 
 Dcndroica carbonata, Bd. BNA. 1858, 287.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 207. 
 Dcndroeca carbonata, Sund. Oefv. K. Tetensk.-Akad. Forb. iii. 1869, 618. 
 Perissoglosaa carbonata, B. B. tf- R. NAB. i. 1874, 214. 
 Carbonated Swamp Warbler, Aud. 1. c. 
 DuBkr Warbler, Nutt. 1. c. 
 
 Hab.— " Kentucky." 
 
238 GENERAL TRAITS OF WARBLERS 
 
 known specimens, and "carbonata", moreover, may belong to 
 another genus ; while one, olivacea, only lately ascertained to 
 occur within our borders, has been made the type of a separate 
 genus. This leaves twenty-two valid United States species, as 
 given in my "Key" in 1872, there having been no additions 
 since that date to the genus Dendrceca itself, though several 
 other Warblers have in the mean time been discovered and de- 
 scribed. Dendrceca tigrina, made by Baird the type of a distinct 
 genus Perissoglossa in 1865, 1 still retain in this genus, pending 
 the question whether other Warblers may not share its sup- 
 posed peculiarities. The principal extralimital species of the 
 genus are the Cuban D. pityopMla, the Jamaican D. pharetra, 
 the Porto Eican D. adelaidm, and the several species or races 
 related to J), mstiva. 
 
 The beauty and variety of the genus are displayed to best 
 advantage in the woodland of the Eastern United States, where 
 the numerous species are conspicuous ornaments of the forest 
 scene. In most portions of the United States, the Wood- 
 warblers are migratory birds, coming with great regularity iu 
 the spring, each in its own time, abounding for a season, and 
 then passing on to reappear in even greater profusion during 
 the autumn. It is scarcely possible, however, to speak of them 
 collectively in other than very general terms, such is the diflfer- 
 ence they present not only in their movements, but in the minor 
 details of their habits and traits of character. To the regular 
 periodicity of their movements may be ascribed in some mea- 
 sure the constancy of their specific characters, since none of 
 them are long subjected to the modifying influences of particu- 
 lar localities. Some species, like dominica, are quite southerly 
 in their distribution ; a few, like discolor and pin'os, breed south- 
 erly as well as farther north, and are as well known at large 
 during the breeding season as at any other time. Most of them, 
 however, push the spring migration to higher latitudes, scarcely 
 resting content south of the latitude of Massachusetts, unless 
 it be that they are satisfied to nestle upon the higher eleva- 
 tions of the Alleghanies. Few remain with us during the 
 winter, and these only linger along our southern border; but 
 the hardy and resolute Yellow-rumps are an exception to this 
 statement, as they abound over at least the southern half of 
 the United States throughout the most inclement seasons. The 
 rest find more congenial winter homes beyond our border; some 
 in the West Indies, others again in Mexico, and yet others in 
 
GENERAL TRAITS OF WARBLERS 239 
 
 Central and even South America. Some of the Warblers that 
 push farthest north in spring are also those that penetrate farth- 
 est into South America, it being not at all a question of balan- 
 cing a far-north spring migration with a less extended return 
 movement in the fall. The passage of the Warblers keeps the 
 collectors busy, and thousands, doubtless, of these delicate and 
 attractive birds meet their fate each year in this way. The 
 great variability in color, according to age, sex, or season, which 
 nearly all the species display, no less than their real beauty, 
 encourages the acquisition of large suites of specimens, and 
 stimulates the collector to rival his fellows in the possession of 
 the most highly plumaged spring males, or in the discovery of 
 some of those indifferently feathered females and young which 
 sometimes puzzle the most expert ornithologists ; and almost 
 every local collection may boast its Warbler prize. In the 
 breeding season, especially in New England and other northerly 
 portions of the United States, the riper and more thoughtful 
 naturalist, less avaricious of mere possession, finds ample scope 
 for the exercise of his craft in his leisurely studies of the 
 habits of Warblers and his diligent search for their nests. Nor 
 was it long since that the nest and eggs of many of the com- 
 monest species were rarities or even novelties, so slowly did we 
 acquire our knowledge of this kind ; and even now so much 
 remains to be ascertained, that the field may be considered open 
 to the diligence and ability of whoso may will to enter it. 
 
 Only a single species of Dendrceca — the familiar and ubiqui- 
 tous Summer Warbler — ranges regularly across the continent, 
 though each side occasionally receives a straggler from the 
 other, like D, eoronata and JD. townsendi. The abundance of 
 the genus in the East contrasts sharply with its poverty in the 
 West. Audubon's Warbler is the most numerously and widely 
 diffused species, corresponding to the Tellow-rump of the East. 
 D. nigrescens, which may perhaps be considered to represent 
 D. ccerulescens, is another com mon species. The Eastern D. virens 
 is the type and only representative of a little subgroup, which, 
 in the West, furnishes no fewer than three species; though chry- 
 soparia can hardly be called Western, as it only reaches Texas, 
 D. occidentalis and D. townsendi being the representatives of 
 the virens group in other parts of the West. Finally, the East- 
 ern D. dominica is replaced in the Southwest by the lately dis- 
 covered Grace's Warbler. 
 
 In drawing comparisons between the Eastern and Western 
 
240 
 
 DENDECECA VIRENS 
 
 representation of Dendroeca, how ever, we should not forget that 
 several Eastern species, properly speaking, are not so exclu- 
 sively restricted as has long been supposed. The recent thor- 
 ough ransacking of the mountains of Colorado, by several 
 well-trained ornithologists, has shown that various species 
 reach across the Plains to the Eocky Mountains, and even pen- 
 etrate their fastnesses — not as mere stragglers, but as regular 
 migrants. Such species are 2). striata, D. coerulea, D. black- 
 burnim, and D. maculosa, which I shall consequently include in 
 the main text of the present work, as reaching the confines of 
 the Colorado watershed. 
 
 Fig, 32. — Black-throated Green Warbler, natural size. 
 
 The North American species of Dendroeca which are not 
 known to come within such limit are the following: — 
 
 Dendroeca virens.— Black-throated Green W^arbler. 
 
 Motaoliia virens, 6m. SX. i. 1788, 985, n. 1541 (Edw. pi. 300, <Ac.).—Turt. SN. i. 1806, 607. 
 
 Sylvia Tlrens, Lath. ID. ii. 1790, 537, n. m.—VieiU. OAS. ii. 1807, 33, pi. 92.— TTiZs. AC. ii. 1810, 
 127, pi. 17, f. 3.— r. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, nH.—Steph. Gen. Zool. i. 1817, 740.— y. 
 Ency. M6tli. ii. 1823, 440, n. 13.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 192.— Bp. Ann. Lye. 
 N.T. 11.1826, 80.— A^mM. Man. i. 1832, 376, flg.— £tcM. "Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1830, 2"; 
 J. f. O. 1863, 61.—Atul. OB. iv. 1838, 70, pi. -JSS.—Feab. Eep. Orn. Masa. 1839, 308.— 
 Thomps. Vermont, 1853, i\.—Gatke, "Naum. 1858, 423 " (Heligoland, Europe). 
 
 SylTlcola vircns, Rich. Eep. Brit Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, VK.—Bp. CGL. 1838, 22.— 
 Aud.Syn. 1839,55— 4MdBA.ii. 1841.42, pi. 84.— Gir. BLI. 1844, 57.— Bj). CA. i. 1850, 
 307.— TTood/i. Eep. Zaiii E. 1853, 70 (Texas and Indian Terr.).— Hoy, Pr. Pbila. Acad. 
 Ti. J853, riO.^Bead, Pr. Phila. Acad. 18.j3, 398.— Beinft. " Vid. Med. for 1853, 1854. 72, 
 81 ".—Heinh. J. t. 0. 1854, 426 (Greenland).— iicnntc. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 
 583.— B«io. Pr. Boat. Soc. 1856, 6.—Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 207.— Brj/. Pr. Bost. 
 Soc. vi. 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia).— TFiiiis, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 282 (Nova 
 Scotia).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— Hoy, Smiths. Eep. f t 1864, 1865, 
 438.— Trippe, Pr. Ess. lust. vi. 1871, 114. 
 
D. CHRY80PAEIA — D. CCEEULESCENS 241 
 
 Unlottlta Tlrens, Qray, G. of B. i. 1818, 190.— Cte6o«, Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1853, 65.— Kneel. Pr. 
 Boat. Soc. vi. 1857, 234.— 2Semft. Ibis, iiL 1861, 5 (Greenland). 
 
 Rhimanpbus virens, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 19. 
 
 Ehimanipliiis vlrecs, OuncU. .J. f. 0. 1855, 474 (Caba).— iSd. PZS. 1856, 391 (Mexico). 
 
 Dendrolca vircns, £d. B. N. A. 1858, 267.— Sci. PZS. 1858, 295 (Cordova).- So!. PZS. 1859, 
 373 (Oaxaea).— S. <t S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Gnatemala) —OuruU. J. f. 0. 1861, 326 (Cuba).— 
 Sam. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Lawr. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. vii. 1861, 293 (New 
 Grauada).—CoMe«<6ProftJ. Smiths. Kep. for 1861, 1862, 407.— Boordm.Pr. Boat. Soc. 
 ix. 1862, 125.— Ferr. Pr. Ess. Inst iii. 1862, 146— AUen, Pr. Eas. Inst. iT. 1864, 61.— 
 Hd. Eev. AB. 1865, 182.— ioior. Ann. Lyo. N. T. yiii. 1866, 284.— IWppe, Am. Nat. ii. 
 1868, 173.— Tiirnft. B. E. Pa. 1869, 24; Phila. ed. n.—Saym. Cox's Snrv. Indiana, 1869, 
 in.—Sumich. Mem. Boat. Soc. i. 1869, 546 (Tera Crnz).— ». Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, 293 
 (Costa Eica).—(?tmdi. J. f. 0. 1873, 413 (Cuba).— £..B.<«ie. NAB. i. 1874, 261, pi. 12, f. 
 i.—Brewst Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. 1875, 135.— Brew. Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439. 
 
 Dendroeca Tircns, Set PZS. 1839, 363 (Xalapa).— A'. <6 S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— Sd. 
 Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 89 (critical). — Dress, ibid. 477 (San Antonio).— Jlfcliwr. Pr. Ess. 
 Inst. V. 18B6, eS.—Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 94 (Costa Eica) .—Ookcs, Pr. Boat. Soc. 
 xii. 1868, 110.— Cotte»,Pr.Eaa. Inst. V. 1868, 272.— Alien, Am. Nat iii. 1869, 509.— Sund. 
 Oefv. K. Tet.Alsad. Forh. iii. 1869, 611.— Salt). PZS. 1870, 182 (Voragna).— Cope, Am. 
 Nat. iv. 1870, 395, 396, 399.— OotMS, Key, 1872, 97, f. 39.—Mayn. Pr. Boat. Soc. xiv. 1872, 
 363.—Trippe, Am. Nat. vi. 1873, 47, iB.—Serrich, BulL Ess. Inst. v. 1873, —.-Trippe, 
 Pr. Bost. Soc. XV. 1873, 234.— aoj««, BNW. 1874, 54.— Lamr. Baa Nat. Mus. n. 4, 1876, 
 15 (Tehuantepeo).— Genfrj^, Life-Hist 1876, 102.— Jfinot, B. N. EngL 1877, 117.— Jferr. 
 Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 15, 
 
 DendroBca 1 ,«.<««. Ibis, ii. 1860, -213 =viren> ? . 
 
 Black-tbroated Green Flycatcher, Edw. Gl. ii. 190, pi. 300. 
 
 Flguier a gorge nuir de PensllTanle, Flcedala pensllvanlca gutture nigro, BHes. 
 Om. vi. 1760, App. 104, n. 77. 
 
 Flgnler a craratte nolr, Buff. "v. 298"- 
 
 ereen Warbler, PKnn. AZ. iL 1785, 404, n. 297.— iotA. Syn. ii. pt ii 1783, 484, n. 108. 
 
 Parus Tiridis gutture nlgro, Bart Irav. Fla. 1791, 292. 
 
 Faurettc d cravate noire, 7. EM. IL 1823, 440.— i>e Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 196. 
 
 Black-tbroated Green Warbler, Authors. 
 
 Hab.— Eastern Province of the United States and temperate British Amer- 
 ica. West only to the edge of the Plains (Missouri, Kansas, Indian Territory,, 
 and Texas). North casaally to Greenland. South to Panama. Migratory 
 only in most parts of the United States. Breeds from the higher portions- 
 of the Middle States, and fromNew England, northward. Winters inMexico,. 
 Central America, and also in Cuba (alone of the West Indies). Aceidentai 
 in Europe (Heligoland, Gatke, as above cited). 
 
 Dendroeca chrysoparia. — Ooldcn-chceked Warbler. 
 
 DendriBca chry soparla, S. <i 8. PZS. i860, 298 (Gnatemala ; not of PZS. 1862; m.—S.ttS. 
 
 Ibis, ii. 1860, 273 (Vera Paz, Guatemala).- Scl. Ibis, i. 2d aer. 1865, 89 (critical).- Dress. 
 
 Ibis, 1865, 477 (Medina Eiver, Texas). 
 Dendrolca cbrysoparela, Bcf. Eev. AB. i. 1865, 183, 267.— £. B. & il. N. A. B. i. 1874, 260, pi. 
 
 12, f. 6. 
 Dendreeca cbrysoparcia, Sund. Oefv. K Vet.-Akad. Eorh. iii. 1869, 610.— C«ep. B. CaLi. 
 
 1870, 193, flg.— Dimes, Key, 1872, 98. 
 MniotUta cbrysopareia, Qray, H.-L. i 1869, 241, n. 3494.— Cieft. Nomeno. Av.ii. 1875i 60t. 
 
 Hab. — Texas to Gnatemala. 
 
 Dcndrceca coernlescens.— Black-tliroated Bine Warbler. 
 
 UotaciUa canadensis, X. SN. i. 1766, 336, n. 42 (from Biiss. iii. 527, pi. 27, f. 6, and Edw. v. 
 pi. 252, f. 1— Not the bird of same name on p. 334, which is D. coronoto).—.Bodd. 
 Tabl. PE. 1783, 43 (PE. 685, f. 2).— Gm. SN. 1. 1788, 991. n. 42 (same bases, with addi- 
 tion of Black-throated Wariler of Penn. and Lath.) Xurt SN. i. 1806, 611. 
 
 16 B 
 
242 DENDECECA CCEEULESCENS 
 
 Sylvia canadensis, iofft. 10. ii. noo, 53P, n. in.-WiU. AO. ii. isio, lis, pi. 15, f. 7.— By. 
 
 Jonm. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, m.—Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, Si.—Nutt. Man. i. 1833, 
 
 3Sa.—Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 309, pla. 148, 155.— Peo6. Eep. On. Mass. 1839, 311.— r/io«ipii. 
 
 Vermont, 1853, 83. 
 Fbrllopnenste canadensis, Sole, Isis, 1838, 321. 
 SylTlcola canadensis, JSicft. Eep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 172.— Bjj. CGL. 1838, 
 
 23.— jlBiJ. Syn. 1839, 61.— Attd. BA. ii. 1841, 63, pi. 95.— Gfir. ELI. 1S44, 56.— Oosse, B. 
 
 Jam. 1847, 160.— Dennj/, PZS. 1847,38.— Bp.CA.i. 1850, 308.— TFoodfi. Sitgr. Eep. ZuSi 
 
 and Colo. E. 1853, n.—Iiead, Pr. Pliila, Aod. Ti. 1853, 399.— ffoj/, ibid. 311.— .ffenrj/, 
 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 309.— .ffenn. Tr. IlL Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 583.— Pratten, ibid. 
 
 602.— Ptitn. Pr. Ess. Inst-i. 1856, Wl.—SaiU, PZS. 1857, 231 (San Domingo).— TFfflis, 
 
 Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 282 (Nova Scotia).— Bry. Pr. Boat. Soc. vii. 1859, 110 
 
 {Bahamas). —Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. vii. 1660, 307 (Cnba).— A!6rM7je, J. t. 0. 1861, 53 
 
 (Bahamas).- B03/, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 438.— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. xi. 1867, 91 
 
 (San Domingo).— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 114. 
 Mnlotllta canadensis. Gray, G.olB. i. 1848, 196.— ^7>«e!.Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857,234. 
 Bhlmampbns canadensis, Oumll. J. i. O. 1855, 473 {Cab!i).—Oundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 408 (Cuba). 
 Dendrolca canadensis, Bd. BNA. 1858, 271.— fl«iri/,Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106.— ffundi. 
 
 J. f. O. 1861, 326 (Cuba).- Bara. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Ooaes <i Prent. 
 
 Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862,407.— Ferr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 146.— Boardm. Pr. Bost. 
 
 Soc. ix. 1862, 125.— JlforcA, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, Sm.—AUen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 
 
 m.—Lawr. Anil. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, Wi.—Prippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 172. 
 DendriBca canadensis, Scl. PZS. 1861, 70 (Jamaica).— A!6recM, J. f. 0. 1862, 193 (Jamaica).— 
 
 Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. j. 1865; 478 (Texas).- jlfcliwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 85.— Trippe, Am. 
 
 Nat. vi. 1872, 47.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 235. 
 Hotacilla csernlescens, 6m. SN. i. 1788, 960, u. 74 (Buff. v. 164 ; Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 440, 
 
 n. 35).— Tart SN. L 1806, 590.— Less. Tr. Orn. L 1831, 419. 
 Sylvia cserulescens, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 651.— F. Enoy. M6th. ii. 1823, 432, u. 44.— 
 
 D'Orb. Ois. Cnha, 1839, 63, pi. 9, f. 1, 2 (Cuba). 
 Dendrolca c^nilcscens, Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 186 —Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 413 (Cuba).— B. B. 
 
 a B. NAB. i. 1874, 254, pi. 12, £ 10, 11.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 187.5, 439. 
 Dendroeca Cieralescens, Sund. Oefv. K. Vec.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 610.— Cows, Key, 1872, 
 
 99.—Mayn. Pr. Bost Soc. xiv. 1872, 363.— Mayn. B. Fla. 1873, 54.— Jferr. Am. Nat. viii. 
 
 1874, 87.—Oentry, Life-Hist 1876, 105.— Jbn«», Bull. Nntt. Club, i. 1876, 11 (breeding).— 
 
 Minot, E. N. Engl. 1877, 115.— Merr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 15. 
 Sylvia cocrulescens, Latti. 10. ii. 1790, 520, u. 39 —F. OAS. ii. 1807, 25, pi. 80.— F. N. D. 
 
 d H. N. xi. 1817, 168. 
 Dendroeca coernlescens, Cones, Pr. Bost. Soo. xii. 1868, 110.— Ooues, Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1868, 
 
 272.— Cope, Am. Nat iv. 1870, 395, 399.-CoMs, BNW. 1874, 55. 
 Dendrolca ciErulescens, Tumi. B. E. Pa. 1869, 24 ; Phila. ed. 17. 
 Mnlotllta coerulescens, 6te6. Nomeno. Av. ii. 1875, 602. 
 Sylvia pusllla, WiU. AO. t. 1812, lOO, pi. 43, f. 4 ( $ . Not of same work, iv. 1811, 17, pi. 28, 
 
 f. 3, which is Parula amerimna).—Bp. Journ. Pbila. Acad. iv. 1824, 197. 
 Sylvicola pusllla, Dermy, PZS. 1847, 38. 
 
 Sylvia leucoptera, WUs. "Index, and 2d ed. (Hall's ed.) ii.390" (9 renamed). 
 Sylvia palustris, Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 722 ( ? renamed). 
 Sylvia macropos, Yieill. Enoy.M6th.ii. 1823, 451, n. 112 (9 renamed). 
 Unlotllta macropus, Gray, G. of. B. i. 1848, 196. 
 Sylvia sphagnosa, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 199 ( 9 renamed).— Bp. Ann. Lye. 
 
 N. Y. ii. 1826, 85.—Nutt Man. i. 1832, 406.— Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 279. 
 Tlreo sphagnosa, "Jardine ". (See Brewer's 12mo. ed. of Wilson, Boston, 1840, 393.) 
 Sylvicola paunosa, Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 162 ( 9 ).—Gosse, HI. B. Jam. 1849, pL 37. 
 Mnlotllta pannosa, eraj/, G. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 Dendroeca pannosa, Scl I'ZS. 1861, ll.—Alireeht, J. f. 0. 1868, 193. 
 Blue Flycatcher, Edw. Gl. pl. 252, f. l (= M. canadensis Linn. p. 336). 
 Petit Flguier cendr6 de Canada, FIcedula canadensis clnerea minor, Briss. Orn. iii. 
 
 1760, 527, pl. 27, f. 6 (= M. canadensis L. p. 336). 
 Flgnler cendr^ du Canada, Buff. PE. 685, f. 2. 
 
 Plgnler blcn, Buff. "v. 304 ", or " ix. 446 " (PE. 685, f. S) (= M. eanadentis Linn. p. 336). 
 Panvette bleuatre de 8. Oomlngue, Buff. " Hist Nat Ois. v. 164 " (= m. coeruUseens Gm.) 
 
DENBECECA CASTANEA 243 
 
 Blnc-grey Wnrbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. iL 1783, 440, n. 35 (= M. ecemUseens Gm.). 
 
 Black-throated Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. 1783, 487, n. 113.— Poms. AZ. u. 1785, 399, n. 285. 
 
 Fauvctte bleudtre, V. 1. c. 1817. 
 
 Ffinvctte dcs pins mariScageax, T. EM:, ii. 1833, 4Sl ($). 
 
 Bec-fln bleuatre, D'Orb. 1. c. 
 
 Olive Warbler, Qosse, 1. c. ( 9 ). 
 
 Black-throated Bine Warbler, Canadian Warbler, Pine-swamp Warbler, Authors. 
 
 Note.— Thoagli so extensive, the synonymy of this species is perfectly plain. Tliers 
 were two early sources of n.ames, both referring to the Black-throated Blue rf*. One of 
 these was Edwards's " Blue Flycatcher ", which became M. canadensis L., anct. ; the other 
 was Buflfon's "Fauvette blen^tre de St. Domingae", which raadeJl/'. ccerulescens Gm., auct. 
 It is required to adopt the latter and later name, because there is another, prior, M. cana- 
 d&nsis L. := coronata. The very differently-colored olivaceous $ did not appear till 
 ■Wilson, who called it S. pjcsitta, a name he had, however, already given to the Parula. 
 Perceiving this double employ, several authors hastened to propose names ; whence Uucop- 
 tera of Wilson's "Index*', palustris Steph., macropos V., and sphagnosa Bp. — all mere 
 renames ; G-osse, however, discovered and named the $ pannosa independently. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern Province of North America, including most of British 
 America ; its United States range closely coincident with that of D. virma. 
 (Accredited to the Upper Missouri by Audubon.) Breeds from New England, 
 and doubtless from higher portions of the Middle States, northward. Mi- 
 gratory in most of the United States. Winters in Southern Florida {Mayn- 
 ard), and in various of the West India Islands (Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, 
 and San Domingo); no Mexican nor Central American record, the winter 
 range being thus very different from that of D. mrens. 
 
 Dendrceca castanea,— Bay-breasted ^f arbler. 
 
 Sylvia castanea, WUs. AO. ii. 1810, 97, pi. 14, f. 4.— 5(ep?!. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 714.— r. Eucy. 
 
 M^th. ii. 1833, 45-2, n. Mi.—Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, K9.—Bp. Ann. Lye. TS. Y. 
 
 ii. 1826, m.—Wutt Man. L 1833, ZSi.—Aud. OB. 1. 1832, 358, pi. m.—Peab. Eep. Orn. Mass. 
 
 1839, 309. 
 SylTlcola rastanea, Blch. Eep. Brit Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 172 —Bp. CGL. 1838, 
 
 22.— Aud. Syn. 1839, S3.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 34, pL 80.— JSp. CA. i. 1850, 30S.— Hoj/, Pr. 
 
 Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 311.— iJerecJ, ibid. 398.— PmiJOT, Tr. 111. Agric. Soo. i. 1855,601.- 
 
 Puin. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, Wl.—Eoy, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri). 
 Mniotllta castanea, ffroj/, G. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 Rhlmanphus castaneus. Cab. HH. i. 1850, 19. 
 Dendrolca castanea, Bd. BNA. 1858, 276.— S. <es. Ibis, i. 1859,11 (Guatemala).— Cass. Pr. 
 
 Phila. Acad. xii. 1860, 193 (Isthmus of Darion).— Para. Smitlia. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 
 
 436.— OotMS (& Prent. Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862, 407.— Boordm. Pr. Best. Soc. ix. 1862, 
 
 125.— Terr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, U^.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 62.— Pd Eev. 
 
 AB. 1865, 189.— iowr. Ann. Lye. N. X. viii. 1866, 284.- IVipjje, Am. STat. ii. 1868,173, 
 
 179 Tumb. B. B. Pa. 1869, 25 ; Phil.t. ed. 18.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 192.— P. B. 
 
 dt R. NAB. i. 1874, 251, pi. 13, f. 4, 5.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439. 
 Dendroeca castanea, Lawr. Ann. Lye. vii. 1861, 322 (New Granada).— S. <« S. PZS. 1864, 347 
 
 fPanama).— JfcIIwir. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 86.— Cones, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 272.— 
 
 Ooues, Pr. Bost. Soo. xiL 1868, 110.— A(!««, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, SlS.-Sund. Oefv. K. 
 
 Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, ei4.—Mayn. Guide, 1870.103.— TTj/afi, Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1871, 
 
 322 (Naranjo).— Jfoyre. Pr. Bost. Soo. xiv. 1872, 36i.— Brew. Ibis, 3d eer. ii. 1872, 
 
 334 (migrations).- Ooues, Key, 1872, 101.— Ooues, BNW. 1874, 61.- (?e»«rj/. Life Hist. 
 
 i. 1876, 117.— Lowr. Bull. Nat Mus. n. 4, 1876, 15 (Tehuantepec).- Jfinot, B. N. Engl. 
 
 1877, 108.— Jferr. Trans. Conn. Acad. Iv. 1877, 16. 
 SylTia antumnalls, WUs. AO. iii. 1811, 65, pi. 23, f. 3.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 633.— F. 
 
 Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 448, n. 102.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 195.— Bp. Ann. Lyo. 
 
 N. T. ii. 1826, ei.—S'utt. Man. i. 1832, 390.— A«<J. OB. i. 1832, 449, pi. 88.— Peoft. Eep. 
 
 Orn. Mass. 1839, 310 —Lawr. Ann. Lyo. N. T. v. 1852, 223. 
 
244 DENDECECA PENNSYLVANICA 
 
 Fauvette it poltrlne ronge&trc, Y. EM. li. 1933, 45-2. 
 FauTCtte d'automne, Y. Eucy. M6th. li 1823, 448. 
 Fanvette a gorge bale, ieJfoin«,Oi8.Cana(l. 1861,205. 
 Bay-breasted Warbler, Anlumnal Warbler, Authors. 
 
 Hab.— Closely correspondent to that of D. striata, but less extensive. 
 Eastern Province of North America ; north to Hudson's Bay (not Alaska nor 
 Greenland) ; west only to the edge of the Plains. Migratory only in nearly 
 all of the United States. Breeds from Northern New England northward. 
 Winters in Central and northernmost South America (no other extraliniital 
 record). 
 
 Dendroeca pennsylvanlcar— Chestnut-sided Warbler. 
 
 HotaclUa pensylvanlca, L. STS. i. 1766, 333, n. 19 (Edw.pl.301).— Titrt. SN. i. 1806,596. 
 
 SylTls pensyKanlCB, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 540, n. ISO. 
 
 Dendrolca pensylvanlca, Parker, Am. Nnt. >. 1871, 
 lea.— Packard, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, m.— Stark, 
 Am. Nat. viii, 1874, 756 (breeding in West Vir- 
 ginia). 
 
 Dendroeca pensylvanlca, .Eid(;ji;.Am.Nat.Tii.l873,199. _ 
 
 Motacllla pensllvanlca, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 971, n. 19. ^^ 
 
 Sylvia pennsylvanlca, WOs. AO. ii. 1810, 99, pi. 14, f. ; 
 5.— JBp. Joorn. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 189. 
 
 Mulotllta pennsylvanlca, Gray, G.otB. i. 1848, 196.— 
 Cahot, Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 66 (Lake Supe- 
 rior). Kg. 33. — Cliestnnt-sided Warbler. 
 
 Dendrolca pennsylvanlca, Bd. BNA. 1858, 279.— Bam. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— 
 Oorus di Prent. Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1868, iW.—Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1882,125.— 
 Yerr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862,147.— Sayd. Eep. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 161 
 (Platte Eivor).— Ailerc, Pr. Ess. Inst.iv. 1864, 63.— Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 191.— ioicr. Ann. 
 Lyo. N. Y. viii. 1866, HM.—Irippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 173.— ». Frantz. J. t. 0. 1869, 293 
 (Costa Eica).— i(Ytrji6. B. E. Pa. 1869, 25 ; Phila. od. 18.— B. B. a S. NAB. i. 1874, 245, pi. 
 13, f. 7, S.—Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439. 
 
 Dendroecn pennsylvanlca, S. £ S. Ibis, ii, 1860, 273 (Cobau).— iawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. vil 1861, 
 322 (New Grannda).- 5. <« S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Pa,w,mn).—Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 
 1866, m.—Salv. PZS. 1867, 136 (Veragna).- ia»r. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 94 (Costa 
 Eica).— Oo«M, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 110 — Ooues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 273.— town-. 
 Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1869, 200 (Yucatan).— «o!b. PZS. 1870, 182 (Veragaa).— S. <t S. PZS. 
 1870, 836 (Honduras),— Oo««», Key, 1872, 101, f. n.— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, iii.— Allen, 
 Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872 (Kansas).— ifai/n. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 366 — Tnppe, Pr. Bost. 
 Soc. XV. 1873, 235.— OoKM, BNW. 1874, 62 — Gentry, Lifi-Hist. i. 1876, liO.—Mmot, B. K. 
 Engl. 1877, 106. —Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877. 17. 
 
 Sylvlcola pennsylvanlca, Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 114 (Minnesota). 
 
 Motacllla Icterocephala, Z. SN. i. 1766, 334, „. 25 (Briss. iii. 517) —ffm. SN. 1. 1788, 980, n. 
 25.— T«rt. SN. i. 1806, 603. 
 
 Sylvia Icterocephala, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 538, n. 113.— F. OAS. ii. 1807, 31, pi. 90.— r. N. D. 
 d'H. N. xi. 1817, iSS.—Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 622.- F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 441, n. 80.- 
 Bjj.Ann.Lyc.N.Y.ii. 1826, 80.— A«d. OB. i. 1832, 306, pi. 59.— ^m«. Man. i, 1832, 380.— 
 Peab. Eep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 309.— Thompa. Vermont, 1853, 82. 
 
 Sylvlcola Icterocephala, Bieh. Eep. Brit Assoc, for 1836, 1837, 172.— Bp. CGL. 1838. 22.— 
 And. Syn. 1839, Si.-Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 35, pi. 81— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 308.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. 
 Acad.vl. 1853. 30.— iZerad, ibid. 398.— .KcnnicTr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 583.—Pratten, 
 ibid. 602.— Pm(». Pr. Ees. Inst. i. 1856, 207.— Br<™. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1856, e.—Bry. 
 Pr. Best. Soc. vi. 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia).— Bry. Pf. Bost. Soc. vii. 1859, 110 (Bahamas).— 
 WUlia, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 882 (NovaSootia).— iiZbreoA/, J. f. 0. 1861, 153(Baha- 
 mas).- Hoy, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1P63, 438 (Missouri). 
 Dendroeca Icterocephala, Scl. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).-Oaii. J. f. 0.1860,328 (Costa Eica).— 
 
 Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Eorh. iii. 1869, 612.— Oope, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 395, 396. 
 Dendrolca Icterocepbala, Scl. PZS. 1869, 374 (Oaxaca). 
 
DENDECECA TIGEINA 245 
 
 Mnlotllta Icterocephala, Gieb. Nomono. Av. ii. 1875, 603. 
 
 Bed-tbroatod Flycatcher, JSdw. Gl. ii. 193, pi. 30l {=M.pensylvanieaI-:,. 
 
 Bed-tbroated Warbler, Lath. S.yn. ii. pt. ii. nS3, 490, n. 116 (after Edwards; 
 
 Flgnler a poltrlne rouge. Buff. "v. 308 ". 
 
 Flguier ii tes'e Jaune de Canada, Ficcdula canadensis Icterocephalos, Briss Om. iii. 
 
 1760, 517, n. 64, pi. 27, f. 3 (desOT. orig. = M. icterocephala L.). 
 Flguier a t*tc Jaune de Canada, Buff. "v. 299 ". 
 Figuler A teste Jaune de Fcnsilvanle, Flcedula pensilranlca Icterocepbalos, Briss. 
 
 OrD. vi. 1760, App. 105 (after Edwards). 
 Quebec Warbler, Pam. AZ. ii. 1785, 408, n. 305.— Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 484, n. 109. 
 Yellow-crowned Warbler, Steph. 1. o. nee auet. 
 
 Faurette a tele Jaune, Y. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 233.— Y. Ency. M6tli. ii. 1823, 441. 
 FauTette anx cdt^s cbatalnes, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 306. 
 Obestnut-sided Warbler, Authors. 
 
 Note. — There are two iDdependent early sources of names here. One is the Edwirds's 
 " Red-throated flycatcher ", pi. 301, which became M. pensylvanica L., anct. The other is 
 Erissou's "Figuier k teste jaune de Canada", which became M. icterocephala L., auct. 
 Note that the bird may have received the epithet " Bloody-sided " from some ; but that, 
 nevertheless, the " Bloody-sided "Warbler " of Latham and Pennant is quite another bird, 
 to wit, Sylvia ruficnpUla Lath. 1790, a "West Indian variety of D. petechia of the D. cestiva 
 group; and that it is the "Quebec "Warbler" of Pennant and Latham that = ictero- 
 cephala L. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern Province, United States and Canada. West only to the edge 
 of the Plains, and scarcely north of the United States. Breeds abundantly 
 in New England, and doubtless also in the Middle States. "Winters entirely 
 extralimital. South in portions of Mexico (Xalapa, Oaxaca, Sclater, though 
 it is stated in Hist. NAB. i. 345, that it is not recorded from Mexico); 
 Honduras, Costa Kica, and Guatemala to Panama, and probably farther. 
 Bahamas alooe of the "West Indies. 
 
 Dendroeca tigrlna.— Cape May Warbler. 
 
 Motacllln tigrlna, Om. SN. i. 1788, 985, n. 153 (Edw. pi. 257, &o.).-?rijr«. SN. L 1806, 606. 
 Sylvia tigrlna, ia(7i. 10. ii. 1790, 537, n. 110.— F. OAS, ii. 1807, 34, pi. 94 (Baird makes 
 
 this=mo7itana "Wils. ; but V. quotes himself as = %rinaGm.).— F". N. D. d'H. N. 
 
 xi. 1817, Zf^.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 738.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 428, n. 30 (quotes 
 
 Edw., Buff., and Briss., and his own OAS. ii. 34, pi. 94). 
 Mnlotllta tigrlna. Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 Sylvicola tigrlna, Bry. Pr. Best. Sec. xi. 1867, 91 (San Domingo). 
 Dendrolca tigrlna, Bd. BNA. 1858, 286.— Oundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 326 {Cnha.).—Barn. Smiths. 
 
 Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Comcs <£ Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 408 Boardm. Pr. 
 
 Best. Sue. ix. 18B2, 125 —Yerr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, I51.—March, Pr. Phila. Acad. 
 
 XV. 1863, 293 (Jamaica).— Alion, Pr. Es". Inst. iv. 1864, ei.-Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 
 
 viii. 1866, ia4.—'J}rippe, Am. Kat. ii. 1E6S, 175.— Turnft. B. E. Pa. 1869, 25 ; Phila. od. 18.— 
 
 Orton, Am. Nat. iv. 1871, 714. 
 Dendrieca tigrlna, Scl. PZS. 1861, 71 (Jamaica).— AiSrec^e, J. f. O. 1862, 193 (Jamaica).- 
 
 Mellvir. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. ie66, 86 (C.^n.ada West).- S«9id. Oefv. K. Tet.-Akad. Korh. 
 
 iii. 1869, 616.— (Joiics, Key, 1872, 102 —Mayn. B. Fla. 1873, 55.— Gentry, Lifo-Hist. i. 
 
 1876, 127.— Jfisrr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 17. 
 Ferlssoglossa tigrlna, Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 181.— CoMes, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 274.— Oowcs, 
 
 Pr. Best Sou. xii. 1868, W^.— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, bli.-Mayn. Pr. Best. Soc. xiv. 
 
 1872, 368.— GiiikB. J. f. 0. 1872, 412 (Cnba).-B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 212, pi. 12, f. 1, 2.— 
 
 Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.— ilfinot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 102. 
 SjlTla maritlma, Wils. AO. vi. 1812, 99, pi. 54, f. 3 {d).—Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 739.— 
 
 Bp. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, iOO.—Bp. AO. i. 1825, 33, pi. 3, f. 3.—Bp. Ann. Lyo. 
 
 N. Y. ii. 1826, 79.— A«d OB. v. 1839, 156, pi. 414.— if«tt. Man. 1. 1832,371.— D' Or!). Ois. 
 
 Cuba, 1839, 70, pi. 10. 
 
246 DENDRGECA DISCOLOR 
 
 SylTlcolB maritima, Jari. " ed. Wils. 1833 ".— Bp. CGL. 1838, 23.— ^ud. Syn. 1839, 56.— ffuft. 
 
 Man. i. 2cl ed. 1840, 424.— .4.«d. BA. ii. 1841, 44, pL 85.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 307.— flbj/, Pr. 
 
 PliilxAcad. Ti. 1853, 311 (Wisconsin).- JJead, ibid. 398.— Pu«n. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 
 
 207.— irais, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 18.59, 282 (Nova Scotia).- JBrj/. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 
 
 1859, 110 (Bahamas).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Caha).— AiSrccAi, J. f. 0. 1861, 
 
 53 (Bahamas). 
 Certhlola mnritlma, Qome, B. Jam. 1847, m.—Gosse, Til. B. Jam. 1849, pi. 17. 
 Mlllotilta maritima. Gray, G.of B. i. 1848,196.— OuSof, Nanm. ii. Heftiii. 1852, 66 (Lake 
 
 Superior). 
 Rblm»mpliii8 marltimns, GuncLl J.f.0. 1855,474(Cuba).-ffMn(«. J.f.0. 1861, •109(Ciiba). 
 Dendroeca maritima, A. <t E. Newt. Ibis, i. 1859, 144 (St. Crnix). 
 Spotted Tellow Flycatcher, Edw. Gl. 101, pi. 257. 
 Spotted Yellow Warbler, ia(A. Syn. ii.pt.ii. 1783, 482, n. 106. 
 Spotted Warbler, Penn. AZ. il. 1785, 407, n. 302. 
 Fignier brun de Canada, FIcedula canadensis fusca, Sriss. Orn. iii. 1760, 515, n. G3, pi. 
 
 27, f. 4 (after Edwards, pi. 257). 
 I'ignier tacbet£ de Janne, Buff. "Hist. Ifat. Ois. v. 293". 
 Fauvette ttgree, Y. TS. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 238.— T. Ency. M6th. ii. 1323, 428. 
 Bec-fln a Jones rousses, D'Orh. 1. «. 
 Spotted Creeper, Gosse, 1. o. 
 
 Fauvette du Cape May, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 208. 
 Cape May Warbler, Cape May Wood Warbler, Authors. 
 
 Note. — All the synonymy flows in one stream from Edw. pi. 257, nntil it receives the 
 
 tributary ■maritima "Wils V. OAS. pi. 94, has befn referred to "montana Wils.", but 
 
 wrongly, I think, thongh at least one author, NutruU, 1832, called the "Blue Mountain 
 Warbler " " S. tigrina Lath." Note that Latham's var. A. of his " Spotted Yellow War- 
 bler " is altogether another bird, namely, Siurus ncevius, q. v. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern ProTinco, United States and temperate British America. 
 Nortti to Hudson's Bay and Lake Winipeg. Only known west to the Missis- 
 sippi. A rather rare migrant Id most of the United States, breeding from 
 Northern New England northward. Winters in varions West India Islands. 
 Resident in Jamaica. No Mexican nor Central American record. 
 
 Dendroeca discolor. — Prairie Warbler. 
 
 Sylvia discolor, Y. OAS. ii. 1807, 37, pi. 98.— T. N". D. d'H.N. xi. 1817, 191.— Steph. Gen. 
 Zool. X. 1817, 716.— y. Ency. M6th. ii. ISA 445, n. 92.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 
 82.— iess. Tr. Orn. 1831, il8.—lfutt. Man. i. 1832, "294" (i. e. m4).—Aud. OB. i. 1831, 
 76, pi. 14.— Brew. Joum. Bost. Soc. i. 1837, 436 (Massachusetts).— PeaS. Eep. Crn. 
 Mass. 1839, 311. 
 
 SylTlcola discolor, Jard. " ed. Wils. 1832 ".—Bich. Eep. Brit, Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1830, 
 1837, m.—Bp. CGL. 1838, 23 — J.«d. Syn. 1839, B%—Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 68, pi. 97.— 
 Gosse, B. Jam. -1847, 159.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 308.— jffoj/, Pr. Phila, Acad. vi. 1853, 311 
 (Wisconsin).- 2fea(J, ibid, 399.— PraKen, Tr.IlI. Agrio. Soc. i 1855, 602.— Brow. Pr. 
 BoBt Soc. 1856, 6 (Massachusetts).- Piifn. Pr.Ess. Inst. L 1856, 207.— Bland, Smiths. 
 Eep. for 1858, 1859, 287 (Bermuda).— Brj/. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1859, 110 (Bahamas).— 
 Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 {Cab^). —Albrecht, J. f. O. 1861, 53 (Bahamas).— 
 Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. x. 1866, 251(PortoEico).—Brj/. J. £0. 1860,184 (the same).— Brj/. 
 Pr. Bost. Soc. xi 1867, 91 (San Domingo). 
 
 Mniotllta discolor. Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 
 iihimampbns discolor, Gundl. J. f. o. 1855, 474 (Cub.i). 
 
 Dendroica discolor, Bd. BNA. 1858, 290.— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 336 (Cuba.).—Barn. Smiths. 
 Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Ooues i£ Prent Smiths. Eep. for 1861. 1863, 408.— ifarcA,Pr. 
 Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, 293 (Jamaica).— Alien, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 64 (Massachu- 
 setts).- Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 213.— iotor. Ann. Lye. N. T. viii. 1866, 23i.—Trippe, Am. 
 Nat. ii. 1868, ns.—Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869. 25 ; Phila. ed. IS.—GwidL J. f. 0. 1872, 416 
 (Cuba).— Pociard, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 371.— i?.B.<£ iJ.NAB.i. 1874,276,pl.l4,f.9.— 
 Brcw. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 410. 
 
DENDEGECA DOMINICA 247 
 
 Dendroeca discolor, A. a B. Newt. Ibis, i. 1859, 144 (St. Croix).— &Z. PZS. 1861, 71 
 (Jamaica).— 4J6recA«, J. f. 0. 1862, 194 (Jamaica) .—Oomm, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 18(18, 274.— 
 Ooues, Pr. Boat. Soo. xli. 1868, 110 (South Carolina).- /SitntJ. Ocfv. K. Vet.-A]£aiJ. 
 Forli.i!i. 1869, 6X5.— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 507, 578.— J.i!en, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, i68 
 (Florida, resident).— t'oite*, Key, 1872, WZ.—AUen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 125 (Kansas).— 
 Mayn. B. Ha. 1873, m.—Merr. Am. Nat. Tiii. 1874, 87.— Oottes, BN W. 1874, &.— Gentry, 
 
 Life-Hist i. 1876, IW.—BaiUy, Bull. Nutt. Club, i 1870, 25 Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 
 
 105.— J/err. Trans. Conn. Acad. 1877, 17. 
 
 Sylvia mlnuta, WUa. AO. ilL 1811, 87, pL 25, f.4.— By. Ann.LyaN. Y.ii.1826,86.— Sowe, 
 Alabama, 1859, 295. 
 
 Phyllopnenste miiinta, Boie, Isis, 1828, 321. 
 
 SylTlcola mlnuta, Dmny, PZS. 1847, 38. 
 
 Fauvette discolor, T. L o. 1817. 
 
 Particoloured Warbler, Steph,. L o. 
 
 Fauvette discolore, v. Bncy. M^tb. ii. 1823, 445. 
 
 Ked-backcd Warbler, Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 159. 
 
 Prairie Warbler, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern United States. North to Southern New England ; west to 
 Kansas. Breeds throughout its United States range. Winters in Florida, 
 and more numerously in most of the West India Islands. No extralimital 
 continental record. 
 
 Dendroeca dominlca.— Tellow-Tbroated Warbler. 
 
 a. dottiinica 
 JlotacUla dominlca, iwin. SN. i. 1766, 334, n. 26 (Briss. iii. 520, n. 65, pi. 27, f. 3; Sloane, 
 
 Jam. ii. 310) (Jamaica and San Domingo). — Gm, SN. i. 1788, 980, n. 'i&.—Turt SN. i. 
 
 1806, 603. 
 Sylvia dominlca. Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 538, n. 114.— F. N. D. d'H. N. xt 1817, 223 (made a var. of 
 
 tnaculosa). — Stepk. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 612. 
 Unlotllta dominlca, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 197.— <Me6. Nomenc. Av. iL 1875, 602. 
 Dendrolca dominlca, £d. Eev. AB. 1865, 209 (Colim.a, S!.e.).—Sumich. Mem. Boat. Soo. i. 
 
 1869, 547 {Onzaha,). —Bidgw. Am. Nat. viL 1873, 606.— GuniU. J. f. 0. 1872, 415 (Cuba).- 
 
 B. S. db B. NAB. i. 1874, 240, pi. 14, f. 6. 
 Dendrolca dominlca var. dominlca, Bidgw. Am. Not vii. 187.3, 607.— B. JB. <& B. NAB. i. 
 
 1874, 241, pi. 14, f. 6. 
 Dondroeca dominlca, 0(mes, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 270 (qncations its ocourronoo in New 
 
 England ; refers to Linsley, Am. Journ. Sci. xliv. 1843, 258). — Coues, Pr. Boat Soc. 
 
 xii. 1868, 109 (South Carolina).— Sund. Gefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Porh. iii. 1869, 6U.—Liwr. 
 
 Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ix. 1869, 200 (Yucatan).— Allm, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 268 (Florida, in 
 
 ■winter).— 5cott, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1872, 222('We8t Virginia).— Oowes, Key, 1873, 103.— 
 
 Ooues, Am. Natvii. 1873, HH.—Allen, Am. Not. vii. 1873, Ses.-Mayn. B. Fla. 18*3, 60.— 
 
 Ooues, BNW. 1874, 66, 233.— Merriam, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 7, 8.— Brews*. Bull. Nutt. 
 
 Club, ii. 1877, 102 (boat biography).— JfcCaMtei/, Bull. U. S. GeoL Surv. iii. 1877, 661 
 
 (Texas).— ikferr. Trana. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 17 (Connecticut, several inat-nncea) 
 
 Brewst. BalL Nutt Club, iiL 1878, 43. 
 Motacllla supcrclllosa, Bodd. Tabl. PB. 1783, 43 (pi. 686, f. 1). 
 Mnlotilta sapcrclllosa. Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 Dendrolca supercUlosa, Bd. BNA. 1858, 289.— UTwafon, Ohio Agric. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 
 
 374 (Ohio, quite common). — Gundl. J. f. O. 1861, 336 ICuha).— Cones i£ Frent. Smiths. 
 
 Eep. for 1861, 1862, 408 (Washington, caaual.)- JfarcA, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, 293 
 
 (Jamaic.^).— Bit^/m. Cox's Surv. Indiana, 1809, 217 (Indiana, common).— Scl. PZS. 
 
 1869, 374 (Oaxaca).— Turnft. B. E. Pa. 1869, 53; Philii. ed. 42.— Snow, B.Kans. 1873,5. 
 Dendroeca superclUosa, Set PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Sc!. PZS. 1802, 368 (Mexico).— S. d S. 
 
 Ibis, ii, I860, 274 (Dueflas) —Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 478 (San Antonio, Tex.). 
 Molacllla pensUls, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 960, n. 76 (from Buffon and Latham).— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 
 
 590.— X-MS. Tr. Orn. 1831, 418. 
 Matacilla peusilis, Ledru, " Voyage, ii. 1810.— .Knoa;, Hist Aco. St Thomas, 1852, p. — ". 
 Sylvia pensills, ia(A. 10. ii. 1790, 520,n.41.— F.OAS.ii. 1807, 11, pi. 72.— F. N.D.d'H.N. 
 
 xi. 1817, m.—Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 629.— F. Ency. M6lb. ii. 1823, 427, n. 26.— Bp. 
 
 Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826,79.— 2Vk«. Man. i. 1832, 37i.—Aud. OB. i. 1831, 434, pi. 85 
 
 D'Orb. Ola. Cuba, 1839, 65.— JSaym. Pr. Pbila. Acad. viii. 1856, 280 (Indiana). 
 
248 DENDRCECA DOMINICA 
 
 By iTlCOla peii8lll8,iS«;A. Eep. Brit. Assocfor 1836, 1837, 172.— Bp. C&L. 1838, m.—Aud. Syu. 
 
 1839, 33.—Aud. B. Am. ii 1841, 32, pi. 79.— Go»«e, B. Jam. 1847, 156.— Denny, PZS. 1847, 
 
 38.— Gome, 111. B. Jam. 1849, pi. 32.— JTp. CA.i.l£30, 307.— Later. Ann. Lye. N.Y. vl. 
 
 1833, 8 ( LoDg laUmA).— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 398 (Ohio).— SoiK, PZS. 1857, 231 
 
 (SanDomiugo).— Brew. Pr. Boat Soo. vii. 1860,307 (Caba). —Albrecht, J. tO. 1863, 201 
 
 (Jamaica).— Bry. Pr. Boat. Soo. xL 1867,91 (San Domingo). 
 Rblmanphus penslUs, Cab. MH. i. 18S0, 19. 
 Rhlmampbns pensllis, OundL J. t O. 1855, 474 (Cuba).- Set PZS. 1856, 291 (Mexloo).- 
 
 Oundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 408 (Cuba). 
 SylTlcola penstllls, Pratten, Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 601. 
 Dendroica pensllis, Sd. PZS. 1858, 295 (Cordova). 
 MotaciUa flavlcoUiS, dm. SN. 1. 1788, 959, n. 71 (from Catesby, Brisson, &c.).— Kir(. SN. i. 
 
 1806, 589. 
 Sylvia flarlcollis. Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 518, n. 35.— T. OAS. ii. 1807, 45.— TTtte. AO.ii. 1810,04, 
 
 pi. 12, f. 6.— y. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 19l.-Steph.Geu. ZooL x. 1817, 679.— F. Bccy. 
 
 M6th. ii. J823, 453, n. 118.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 188. 
 SylTlcola flaTicoUiS, H<n/, Pi-. Phila. Acad. vL 1853, 310 (Wisconsin). 
 Figuler cendre de B. Dominie, Ficedula dominicensls cincrea, JJrus. Om. iiL 1760, 
 
 520, n. 65, pL 27, f. 3 (basis of M. dominica L.). 
 COQ-Jaune, Buff. "Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 165"; PE. 636, £ 1 (basis of M. suparcilioga Bodd. 
 
 and of M.pensilii 6m.). 
 M^sange grlsc de la Caroline, Earns carollnensis grlseus, Bries. Om. i;i. 1760, 563, n. 
 
 10 (:i b.asis of M. JlavicoUis Gm.). 
 Yellow-throated Creeper, rarus amerlcanns gntture Inleo, Cotes. Car. L 1771, 62, pi. 62 
 
 (a basis of Jlf. jUtvicollifi Gm.). 
 Tellow-throat Warbler, Penn. A. Z. ii. 1785, 400, n. 286. 
 fellow-throated Warbler, Latli. Syn. ii. pfe iL 1783, 437, n. 31. 
 BMsange grlse a gorge Janne, Buff. "v. 454". 
 Pensile Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii 1783, 441, n. 37 (= Cou-jaune, BufiF. v. 165; PE. 686, 1. 
 
 1. A basis of Jf. jpen*ilw Gm.). 
 Parns griccus gutture luteo, Bartr. Trav, 1791, 292. 
 Jamaica Warbler and 8t, Domingo Warbler, Turton, IL co. 
 Jamaica Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 485, n. 110. 
 Pauvette grlse ft cou Janne, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 191. 
 Panvelte a cou Janne, F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1623, 427. 
 
 Fanvette grlse a gorge Janne, Y. OAS. ii. 1807, 45.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 453. 
 Bcc-fln a gorge Janne, D'Orb. 1. c. 
 
 Yellow-throated Warbler, Yellow-throated Gray Warbler, Yellow-throated Wood- 
 warbler, Avthcyra. 
 
 b. aUnlora 
 
 Uendroicu dominica var. albllora, Bidgw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 606 —B. B. a R. NAB. 1. 1874, 
 241, pi. 14, f. 7. 
 
 Note. — There are three sources of the four old names of this species. The first binomial, 
 M.dowAnica L., is i-om Brisson's " Figuier cendr6 de S. Domingue", after Sloane. Tho 
 second, M. supereiliosa B-dd., and the third, M.pensUisGm., are both from the " Cou-jaune" 
 of Buffon, PE. 686. £1— the ''Pensile "Warbler "of Latham. The fourth, JIf. Jlcivicollis Gm., 
 is Catesby's " Yellow-throated Creeper ". 
 
 We have no recognized la'e names for the bird, excepting aJbilora of Ridgw.iy, which 
 may stand as a geographical race. Probably tho record of the bird from the Mississippi 
 Valley all belongs to albiiora ; bat it is not eaay to discriminate. Texas specimens I have 
 lately examined have the superciliary stripe entirely white, and such seems to he tho 
 character of the birds from the western portions of the range of the species. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern United States, rather southerly. North regularly to Ohio, 
 XllinoiB, Indiana, being common in the Ohio Valley ( Whcaton et al); rarely 
 east of the AUeghanies, even in corresponding latitudes. Washington, D. C, 
 rare {Coues 4" Prenties); West Virginia (^W. D. Scott); Pennsylvania {Turn- 
 bull); New Jeisey (Auduhon); New York (DeiCa//). Connecticut (c/. Coues, 
 
DENDRCECA KIETLANDI — D. PALMAEUM 249 
 
 Pr. Essex Inst. v. 270; Coiies, BNW. 66; and especially Merriam, Tr. Conn. 
 Acad. iv. 17). West to Kansas (^Snow) and Texas (McCauley.) Breeds in its 
 United States range at large. Winters in Florida, Mexico (Xalapa, Cordova, 
 Colima), Central America, Guatemala, Yucatan, and various West India 
 Islands (Cuba, San Domingo, Jamaica, where probably resident). Replaced 
 in Porto Rico by D. adelaidce, and in the Southern Middle Province of the 
 United States by D. graoicB. 
 
 It should be added, that Mr. Ridgway restricts the range of true dominica 
 to the Atlantic States as far north as Washington in summer, and in winter 
 to Cuba, San Domingo, and Jamaica, assigning to his var.ofWZora the follow- 
 ing habitat : — " In summer, the Mississippi region of the United States, north 
 to Lake Erie ; common in South Illinois. In winter, and possibly all the 
 year, In Mexico, south to Guatemala, Yucatan on the Atlantic, and Colima 
 on the Pacific side." 
 
 Dendroeca kirtlandi.— Kirtland's Warbler. 
 
 SflTlcOla kirtlandil, Bd. Ann. Lyo. N. T. v. 1852, 216, pi. 6 (Cleveland, Ohio, May, 1851, J. 
 
 P. Kittlani). —Ziuihold, J. f. 0. 1854, 355 (copies descr.) .—Oass. 111. i. ISiS 278, pi. 47 
 
 (from the original). 
 Dendroica Uirtlandll, £d BNA. 1858, 286.— Ifftcttf. Ohio Agric. Eep. for 1860. 1861, 374 
 
 (ref. to the orig. spec, and to another from same locality, and to a possible third 
 
 from Kacine, Wis.). — Bd. Kev. AB. 1865, 206 (notices a second specimen from sea 
 
 near Bahamas, in Coll. S. Cabot, and report of third and fourth specimens in 
 
 " Ohio Farmer" for Jnne 9, 1860). 
 Dendroeca klrtlandl, Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Atad. Toih. iii. 1869, sn.—Langdon, Cat. B. 
 
 Cincinnati, 1877, 6. 
 Oendrocca kirtlandll, Oouea, Key, 1372, 104. 
 Dendroica kirtlandl, B. B. <& B. NAB. i. 1874, 273. pi. 14, f. 5. 
 Mniotilta kirtlandl, Qieb. Nomenc. Av. ii. 1875, 603. 
 Klrtland's Warbler, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Of the known specimens, four in number, three were taken in Ohio 
 and one at sea between the Bahamas and Cuba. Supposed to have been seen 
 in Wisconsin (Racine, Hoy). 
 
 Dendroeca palmarnm.— Tellow Red-poll Warbler, 
 
 a. palmarum 
 Motacllla palmarum, &m. SS. i. 1788, 951, n. 53 (San Domingo; based on the Bimbele on 
 
 Jausse Linotte, Buffi v. 330, and Falm Warbler of Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 498, n. 131).— £i««. 
 
 Tr. Orn. 1831, 418. 
 Sylvia palmarum, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 544, n. 136.— F. GAS. iL 1807, 21, pL 73.— F. N. D. d'H. N. 
 
 xi. 1817, 168.— Sfepft. Gen. Zool. x. 1617, 607.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1623, 431, n. 42 —£p. 
 
 AG. ii. — , — ,pl. 10, f. 2.— Bp. Journ. Phil.1. Acad. v. 1825, 29 (Florida).- i(p. Ann. 
 
 Lyo. N. T. ii. 1826, 78.— Z)'0r6. Gis. Cuba, 1839, 61, pi. 8. 
 Sylvlcola palmarum, Eicti. Eep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Soi. for 1836, 1837, 172 (= Bp. AG. pi. 
 
 10, f. 2).— Salle, PZS. 1857, 231 (San Domingo).— Bry. Pr. Bost Soc. vii. 1859, 110 (Bivha- 
 
 maa). —Albrecht, J. f. G. 1861, 53 (Bahamas).— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. xL 1807, 91 (San 
 
 Domingo). 
 Unlotllta palmarum. Gray, G. of B. 1. 1848, 196 (= Gm., and Bp. AG. pi. 10, f. 2). 
 Dendroica palmarum, Bd. BNA. 1858, 288.— Barn. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 4J6.—6M>idJ. 
 
 J. £ G. 1661, 326 (Cuba).— Cows d Prent, Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862, iOB.—Boardm,. Pr. 
 
 Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 123.— Ferr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iiL 1862, Ul.—AUen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 
 
 ei.—Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 207.— iawr. Ann. Lye. N". Y. viii. 1866, HSi.—Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 
 
 1868, m.—7}urnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 25 ; Phila. ed. IS.—Gundl. J. f. G. 1872, 415 (Cuba).— 
 
 B. B. <£ B. NAB. i. 1874, 273, pi. 14, f. 8.— Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. xvii. 1875, 440. 
 
250 DENDRCECA PALMARUM 
 
 DCDdroeca palmnrnm, Scl PZS. 1861, 71 (Jamaica,).— Atbrecht, J. f. 0. 1802, 193 (Jamaica). 
 
 Blak. lAs, V. 1S63, C\.—Mallwr. Pr. Ess. lust. v. 1866, 86.— Ooues, Pr. Bost. Soo. xii. 1868, 
 
 109 (South Carolina, in winter).— Cotjes, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 274.— Sund. Oefv. K. 
 
 Vet.-Aknd. Forh. iii. 18C9, 016.- Oomm, Pr. Philii. Aoad. xxiii. 1871, 21 — Ocmes, Key, 
 
 187J, lOi.— Allen, Ball. MCZ. ii. 1871, 208 (Florida, wintering).— Jfaj/Ti. Guide, 1870, 
 
 104.— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soo. xiv. 1872, 36ii.—Mayn. B. Fla. 1873, 52 — Ooues, BNW. 
 
 1874, 61.— Gentry, Life-Hist. i. 1876, 132.— Jlinot, B. K Engl. 1877, 122.—Merr. Tr. Conn. 
 
 Acad. iv. 1877, IS. 
 Sylvia petecbla, WUs. AO. vi. 1812, 19, pi. 28, f. 4.—Jlp. Journ. Phila. Acad. Iv. 1824, 198.— 
 
 Bp. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ii. 1826, Si.—lfutt. Man. i. 1832, 364.— Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 259, 360, pis. 
 
 103, 164.— Fmb. Eep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 307.— McCuUoch, Joom. Bost. Soc. iv. 1844, 406 
 
 (habits i makes it a Seiurus}.—Thomps. NH. Vermont, 1853, 80. 
 SylTlCOlapetecbla, S.c6Je.FBA.ii.l831, 215, j>\. 4L—Aud. Syn. 1839,58.— .^tMj.BA.iL 1841, 
 
 55,pl.90.— Hoj/.Pr.Phila. Acad. 1853, 310.— Pufn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 207.— TTtliM, 
 
 Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 282.— Hoy, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missouri).— 
 
 Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 114. 
 Pbyllopneuste petechia, Soie, Isis, 1B28, 321. 
 Mnlulllta petec Jia, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196 (= Wils. pi. 28, f. 4). 
 SylTlcola peteches, Pratten, Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 18.">5, 602. 
 
 SylTlsola ruflcapillft, Bp. C(JL. 1838, aa.—Bp. CA. i. 1850, 307. (Not Mot. ruficapaia Gm.) 
 B^ilmanipbus ruflcaplllus, Oundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 473 (Cuba) ; 1861, 408 (same). 
 Bimhele ou Fansse linote, Buff. "v. 330". 
 
 Palm Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 498, n. 133 (cites BimbeU of Button). 
 PauTette bimbel^ 7- N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 168.— F. EM. IL 1823, 421. 
 Bec-lln bimble, DOrb. L c. 
 
 Fanvette A tfcte rouge, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 195. 
 leUow Bed-poll Warbler (not of Edw.), Palm Warbler, Authors. 
 
 b. kypochrysea 
 
 Dendroeca palmarum hypochryscn, Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Club, i. 1876, 84. 
 
 If OTE (1).— The " Yellow Eed-poll " of Edwards, pi. 256, f. 2, basis of M. petechia L., and 
 wrongly ascribed to Pennsylvania by the early authors, is the "West Indian conspecies of 
 D. tBstiva, as any one may be satisfied by a glance at the figure. Being ascribed to Penn- 
 sylvania, it was not unnaturally mistaken for the present species by some who never saw 
 Edwards's plate, and never read Brisson's elaborate description ; for the terms of the Lin- 
 n£ean diagnosis make it equally applicable to the present species. Wilson transferred the 
 D&me petechia, wiih Edwards's English name, to this species, and many have followed him, 
 the "YeUow Eed-poll" of late and current vernacular being thus applied to the present 
 species. — The first tenable name iBjpalmaruW/ Gm., based on the Bimbelu of Buifon, which 
 became the " Palm "Warbler " of Latham. — Bonaparte called the bird ruficapilla in 1838 
 and 1850; but the original ruficapilla Gm., Lath., after Ficedtda martinicana Brissou, was 
 another West Indian cestiva-like bird, which Latham and Pennant called the Bloody- 
 sided Warbler.— My index-slips include many West Indian citations of " petechia", but I 
 am afraid to use them, as I cannot tell now wbether they refer to true petechia or to pal- 
 marum, which latter occurs in the West Indies. 
 
 Note (2). — A recent paper by Mr. Itidgway, " On Geographical Variation in Bendroeca 
 pahnarum ", < Bull. Nutt. Club, i. 1876, pp. 81-87, separates the species iuto two subspecies, 
 B. palmarum subs, palmarum and B. palmarum subs, hypochrysea. The range of the 
 former is given as follows : — " Miseissiiipi Valley during the migrations; breeding in the 
 interior of British America, wintering in the Gulf States, from Texas to Western and 
 Southern Florida, and West Indies (Cuba, .Tamaica, Santo Domingo, and Bahamas). Css- 
 ual in certain Atlantic Stales (but not in New England ?)." The new variety is assigned 
 as follows: — '' Atlantic States, from East Florida (in winter) to Nova Scotia. Breeding in 
 Maine and nurthward and wintering in the South Atlantic States ; apparently not found 
 at all In the West Indies, nor in Southern and Western Florida ! " It being scarcely or 
 not practicable to rearrange the synonymy of the species in conformity with the subspe- 
 cific distinction hero drawn, I have left all the prior names and references under tho 
 original, and have formed no opinion respecting the merits of the case as presented by 
 Mr. Eidgway. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern Province of the United States and temperate British Amer- 
 ica. West only to the Lower Missouri and Texas. North to Labrador, Hud- 
 
DENDEOECA PINtS 251 
 
 son's Bay, Forts Simpson and Eesolution, &o., breeding only beyond the 
 United States, as far as known, excepting Maine. Migrates early in the 
 spring and late in the fall, being observed in New England at both seasons 
 with the snow, April and November, and winters abundantly in the South- 
 ern States, from the Carolinas to Texas, as well as in various West India 
 Islands, as Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and San Domingo. No extralimital 
 continental records. 
 
 Dendroeca pinAs.— Pine-creeping; \FarbIlei-. 
 
 Sylvia pinus, Wils. AO. iiL 1611, 25, pi. 19, f. 4 {teteia to Catesby. Not of any earlier 
 writer, which =; Helminthopkaga pinils). — Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 737 (in part. 
 Synonymy mixed with that of Helminthophaga pinus and Farula wmericana!) — Y. 
 Enoy. M6th. ii.l8a3, 464, n. 163 (cites Wilson) .—By . Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 
 Wi.—Bp. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ii. 1826, Hl.—NiM. Man. i. 18^3, 387.— Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 
 232, pi. 111.— Peoii. Eep. Orn. Masj. 1839, 310.— Miomjjs. N. H. Vermont, 1853, 82. 
 
 IhTlothurus? pinus, SUph. Shaw's Gren. Zool. xir. 1826, 194 (in part). 
 
 Sflvlcola pinus, Jard. "od. Wils. 1832 ".—iJicA. Kep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836, 1837, 172.— Bj). 
 CGL. 1838, 22.— Aad. Syn. 1839, 54.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841,37, pi. 82.— TToodA. Sitgr. Expl. 
 Colo. E. 1853, 70 (Texasl.-flby, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 311 (Wisconsin).- S«mi<;. 
 Tr. 111. Agric. Soo. 1855, 583 (Illinois).— Pratea, ibid. 602 —Puln. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 
 
 207 Jones, " Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 59" (Bermuda).- Jfartens, J. f. O. 1859, 312 (the 
 
 same). — Bland, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1H59, 287 (the same). — Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst vi. 
 1871,114 (Minnesota?). 
 
 MnlotiUa pious, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196 (not of Gieb. Nomeno. Av. ii, 1875, 605). 
 
 Bliimampiius pinus, £j>.GA.i. 1850,311. 
 
 Dendroica pinus, Bd. BNA. 1858, 277 (not of 6'o«e», Pr. Phila. Acad. 1861, 220 ("Labra- 
 dor "), — D. striata).— Coues (t Prent. Eep. Smiths. Inst, for 1861, 1862, 407 (Washing- 
 ton, D. C. ; breeding, not wintering).— Baraarii, Eep. Smiths. Inst for 1860, 1861, 
 436.— Terr. Pr. Ess. Inst iii. 1862, 156 (Maine).— Aiiere, Pr. Ess. Inst iv. 1S64, C2.—Bd. 
 Eev. AB. 1865, 190.— iawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, Wi.— Bryant " Pr. Bost. Soo. 
 1867, 67 ( Veragua) ".—Trippe, Am. Nat ii. 1868, 110.— Tumi. B. E. Pa. Iij09,25 ; Phila. 
 ed. 18. — Q-regg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870, p. — . — Ridgvi. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. x. 1874, 368 
 (Illinois).— U.S. <eie. NAB. i. 1874, 268, pi. 13, f. 6.— Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. 1875, 440.— 
 Brewst. Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. 1875, 136 (Yirginia, breeding). 
 
 Denar(Eca pinus, Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1866, 86 (Canada W<)8t).— Ooiws, Pr. Bost Soi. 
 xii. 1868, 109 (South Carolina, resident).— Oojje, Am. Nat iv. 1870, 396.— Alfeji, Bull. 
 
 MCZ. ii. 1871, 268 (riorid.a, resident) Ooues, Key, 1872, 104.— 5rott, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 
 
 1872, 222 —Mayn. Pr. Bost Soc. xiv. 1672, 366 (Maine and New Hampshire).- Jf«rr, 
 Am. Nat viii. 1874, 7, 8, m.—Couea, BNW. 1874, W.-Qentry, Life-Hist 1876, 135.— 
 Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, liO.—Merr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 18. 
 
 DendrcBCa plnil, Ooues, Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1868, 272.— Jfayn. B. Ela. 1873, 48. 
 
 Sylvia vigorsii, Aud. OB. i. 1832, 153, pi. 30. 
 
 Vlrco vigorsii, Ifutt. M.an. i. 1832, 318. 
 
 Pinc-Crceper, Parus amerlciinus lutesccns, Gates. Car. i. 1771, 61, pi. 61 (not the Pine 
 Creejper of Edwards). 
 
 Me'sange d'Amerique, Parus ameWcanus, Briss. Orn, iii. 1760, .576, n. 15 (cites Catesby). 
 
 Fauvette des Saplns, T. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 464. 
 
 Fauvette des Pins, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 192. 
 
 V.Igor's Vlreo, Ifutt. 1. c. 
 
 Pine-creeping Warbler of Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern Province, United States, Canada, and New Brunswick, but 
 not known to reach Labrador, as wrongly recorded by me in Pr. Phila. Acad. 
 Ifi61,220. ("North to Massachusetts", B. B. if- JJ. Hist. NAB. i. 268 ; but " to 
 New Brunswick", lid. ibid. 270.) West only tj the Lower Missouri aud 
 Kacsas, &c., thus strictly confined to the Eastern Province, like palmarum 
 and some others. Breeds throughout its United States range, and winters 
 in the Southern States, having no extralimital record whatever, excepting 
 Bermudas (Jones) and Bahamas (Bryant). 
 
252 SYNONYMY OF DENDECECA ESTIVA 
 
 Summer Tellowbird 
 
 Dendroeca scstlva 
 
 MotacUla canadensis, Bodd. Tabl. P. E. 1783, 4 (PE. 58, f. 2). (=Jf. astiva Gra. Not Jf. 
 candemis Linn. sp. 27, nnr sp. 42 ; nor M. canademnt Bodd. p. 24.) 
 
 Motacllla lestlva, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 996, n. W^.—Turt. SN. i. Ifl06, 615.— iai«. Tr. Orn. 1831, 418. 
 
 SylTla »!Stlva, L<Uh. 10. ii. 1790, 551, n. 157. -T. OAS. ii. 1807, 35, pi. 95.— F. N. D. d'H. N. 
 xi. 1817, 225.— S«epft. Gon. Zool. x. 1817, 750.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 429, n. M.-Bp. 
 Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ii. 1826, Si— Fox, Newo. Mas. 1827, lU.—Aud. OB. i. 1831, 476, pi. 93.— 
 Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 370, fig.— PeaS. Ecp. Om. Mass. 1839, ZOl.—Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 
 81, flg.— Hbym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 290. 
 
 SylTiCOla cestlva, S. (t B. FBA. ii. 1831, 211.— Bjj. CGL. 1838, 'Xi.—Aud. Syn. 1839, 58 — 
 Nutt. Man. i. 2d od. 1840, 417, fig —And. BA. ii. 1841, 50, pi. 88.— ffir. BLI. 1844, 58 — 
 Burnett, Pr. Boat. Soo. iv. 1851, 116.— TToodft. Sitgr. Kep. Zani, 1853, -O—Boy, Pr. 
 
 Pliila. Acad. vi. 1833, iVi.—Bead, ibid. 398 Smry, Pr. Pliila. Acad. Tii. 1855, 309.— 
 
 Emnlc. Tr. 111. Agrio. Soo. i. 1853, 583.— Praften, ibid. 602.— Puin. Pr. Ess. Inst, 
 i. 1856, 207.— JSrj^. Pr. Bost. Soo. vi. 1857, 116.— Jfajcvm. J. f. O. vi. 1858, VH.— VUlu, 
 
 Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 282 ? Brew. Pr. Bost. Soo. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).- Hoy, 
 
 Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, im.—Finseh, PZS. 1870, 564 (Trinidad).- rri^ipe, Pr. Ess. 
 Inst. vi. 1871, 114. 
 
 MniotlUa eestlva, Qray, G.of B. i. 1848, 196.— CaJot, Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1852, &&.— Kneel. 
 Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 234. 
 
 Bblmanptaus festirns, Gab. MH. i. 1850, 19. 
 
 Rblmampbus iestlrns, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 311.—? Gundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 472 (Cuba).- Srf. PZS. 
 1855, 143 (BogotA). —Scl. PZS. 1856, 141 (Chiriqai).- Scl. PZS. 1857, 202 (Xalapa).— ? Cab. 
 J. f. 0. 1860, 326 (Cuba). 
 
 Dendroica astlva, Bd. BNA. 1858, 282.— Bd. TJ. S. Mex. B. Snrv. ii. pt. ii. Birds, 10.— 
 Seerm. PEEE. i. 1859, iO.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Aoiid. xi. 1859, lOe.—Xant. ibid. 191.— 
 Brew. Pr. Bost. Soo. vii. 1859, 21 (nests).— «. d S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Gnatemala).— (7. d S. 
 NHWT. 1860, 181.— Co»». Pr. Phila. Acad. xii. 1860, 191, 192 (Isthmns of Uar.en).- 
 Barn. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, i.iO.—Coues d Frent. Smiths. Eep. for 1361, 1862, 408.— 
 Blak. Ibis, iv. 1862, A.—Boardm. Pr. Boat. Soc. ix. 1862, 125.— Ferr. ibid. 137.— Ferr. 
 Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, lAl.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. It. 1864, ei.—Baird, Eev. AB. 1865, 
 195. — Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y". viii, 1865, 174 (Chiriqni) ; 179 (Nicaragua) — Lawr. Ann. 
 Lyo. N. T. viii. 1866, iei.—Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 112.— Butch. Pr. Phila. Acid. xx. 
 1868, 149.— Coop. Ann. Nat. iii. 1869, 296 —Tumi. B. E. Pa. 1869,25 ; Phila. od. 18.— 
 V. Franiz. J. f. 0. 1869, 293 (CostaEica).- Dali d Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. 1869, — .— 
 DaU, Ann. Nat.iv. 1870, 600.— Stev. IT. S. Geol. Snrv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 463.—IioMen, 
 Pr. Bost. Soo. XT. 1872, I91.—Bidg. Ball. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180.— Jfcrr. TJ. S. Geol. 
 
 Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 673, 705, 713 Packard, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 271.— B B. dB. 
 
 NAB. i. 1874, 222, pL 14, f. 1.— Forr. d Hensh. Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 10.— Farr. ibid. 
 3i.—Hensh. ibid. 41, 58, 74, W2.—Semh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soo. 
 xvli. 1875, 439.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 192. 
 
 Dendroeca aistlva, Scl. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).- Laio/-. Ann. Lye. N.T. vii. 1861, 322 (New 
 fcranada).- .B(a*. Ibip, v. 1863, 63.— Scl. PZS. 1864, 172.— S. d S. PZS. 1864, 347 
 (Panam.i).- Taj/Ior, ibid. vi. 1864, 81 (Trinidad).— Oo«e», Ibis, i. 2d ser. 1865, 159.— 
 2)rcs». ibid. 478.— Coue*, Pr. Phila. Acad, xviii. 1806, 69.—McIlwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 
 1866, m.—Salv. PZS. 1867, 136 (Voragna).— CoMM, Pr. Bost. Soo. xii. 1868, 109.— Comm, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, B3.— Brown, Ibis, 23 ser. iv. 1868, 420 (Vancouver).- OoiMs, Pr. 
 Ess. Inst. V. 1868, 273.— inuir. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 94 (Costa Eica).— iaior. Ann. 
 Lye. N. Y. ix. 1869, SOO (Yncatan).- S. dS. PZS. 1869, 251 (Venezuela).— Sand. Oefv. 
 E. Vet.-Akad. Fiirh. iii. 1869, 606.— S. d S. PZS. 1870, 836 (Honduras).- SaZi). PZS. 1870, 
 183 (Veragna).— TTya!!, Ibis, 3d der. i. 1871, 322 (Ocaila).- (7oMe«, Key, 1872, 97.— 
 All^n, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 26.'), 345, 396.— Mayn. Pr. Bost, Soo. xiv. 1873, 3C6.— Scott, 
 
 Pr. Bost. Soo. XV. 1872, 222 Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soo. xv. 1873, S35.— Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. 
 
 xvii. 1874, 52.— Coi«s, BS"W. 1874, 54, 232.— Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 16.— Nelson, Pr. 
 
 Bost. Soc. xvii. 187.5, 339, 346, 357 Oentry, Life-Dist. 1876, 99.— Minot, B. N. Engl. 
 
 1877, 103.— Merr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 15. 
 
SYNONYMY OP DENDRCECA ESTIVA 253 
 
 Sylvia oestira, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153. 
 
 Fignler tachete. Buff. " Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 235'' (abasia of Jf. cestiva Gm.). (Ada't.) 
 Flguler de Canada, Bm/. PE. 58, f. a (same as Figuier tachete of Buff.). (Adult.) 
 Ficedula canadensis, Briss. Orn. iii. 17C0, 492, n. 51, pi, 26 t. 3 (first basis of M. cestiva Gm.). 
 Sylvia carollnensls, Lath, 10. ii. 1790, 551, n. 158 (based oa PE. 58, 1. 1).—Steph. Gen. Zool. 
 
 X. 1817, 752. 
 Motacilla carollncnsls, Turt. SN. i. 1806, 615 (same as Litham's bird). 
 Mnlotilta carollneusls, Oray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 Flguler de la Caroline, Buff. PE. 58, f. l (basis of S. earoUnensis Lath.). 
 Figuier de la Caroline, Ficedula earoUnensis, Briss. iii. 1760, 486, n. 48 (C.irolina; 
 
 quotes Catea. 63 ; but also givea "West Indian locilitiee). 
 Olive Warbler, Perm. AZ. it. 1785, 409, n. 307 (based on PE. 58, f. 1).—St£ph. Gen. Zool. i. 
 
 1817, 732. 
 Telloir-poll Warbler, Perm. AZ. ii. 1785, 402, u. Wfl.—Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 515, n. 148 
 (based on PE. 58. flgs. 1 and 2). 
 
 Tellow Titmouse, Parns earoUnensis luteus. Gates. Car. i. 1771, 63, pi. G3. 
 Parus luteus, Barlr. Trav. Fla. lat Am. ed. 1791, 292. 
 
 Sylvia flava, Yiein. OAS. ii. 1807, 31, pi. 89. -F. N. D. d'H. N. 2d od. xi. 1817, 195.— F. Ency. 
 M6th. ii. 18.13, 435, n. 125.— £e««. Tr. Om. 1831, 418 (=r. OAS. pi. 89). 
 
 Sylvia cltrlnella, Vils. AO. ii. 1810, ill, pi. 15, f. 5.—Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 
 100.— TToff!. Isia, 1831, Sm.—Bruhin, Zool. Gait. 1871, 18. 
 
 Motacilla rubiginosa. Pall. Zoog. B.-A. i. 1811 (1831), 496 (Kodiak) 
 
 Bhimamptaus citrinus, "? Baf. .Journ. de Phys. Ixxxviii. 1819, 417 " 
 
 Sylvia chlldrenil, A.v,d. OB. i. 1831, ISO, pi. 35. 
 
 Sylvia cbildreni, NuU. Man. i. 1832, 370. 
 
 Syivicola cillldrenll. Rich. Bep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 172. 
 
 Sylvia rntlibonla, Aud. OB. i. 1831, 333, pi. 63. 
 
 Syivicola rathbonia, Rwh. Rep. 1837, 173.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 23.— J>r«K. Man. i. 2d cd. 1840, 
 447. 
 
 Syivicola rathbonlt, Aud. Syn. 1839, iS.-Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 53, pi. 89. 
 
 Mnlotilta rathbonla, C^a^.G.ofB.l. 1848, 196. 
 
 Rhimamphns rathbonla, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 311. 
 
 Bhimampbus cbryseolus, Bp. "BulL Soc. Linn. Caen. ii. 1831, 32 (Cayenne) ". 
 
 Sylvia trochilus, Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 406.— Pea!). Eep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 312. 
 
 Citron Open-bill, ? Raf. " Am. Month. Mag. iv. 1818, 39 "- 
 
 Citron Warbler, Sw. <t Rich, FBA. il. 1831, 211. 
 
 Children's Warbler, Bathbone's Warbler, Aud. 11. cc. 
 
 lellow Wren, or Willow Wren, Nuttall, 1. c.—Peab. 1. c. 
 
 Fauvctte tachet^e de rougeAtre, Y. 1. c. 1817 and 1823. 
 
 Fauvctte Jaune, Y. Eocy. M6th. ii. 1833, 453.— ie Maine, Oia. Canad. 1861, 198. 
 
 Summer Warbler, Summer Tellowblrd, Golden Warbler, Yellow Warbler, Tcllow- 
 poU Warbler, Blue-eyed Tellow Warbler, Authors. 
 
 [N'ote. — In the foregoing synonymy, the different modes of writing cestiva or aestira are not 
 preserved. — All the above quotations are believed to be strictly applicable to the ordinary 
 North American bird, exclusive of its several West Indian conspeciea or varieties — The 
 Motacilla petechia Linn. SN". i. 334, n. 30, is based on Ficedula pensUvanica erythrocephalos 
 Briss. iii. 483, and TelloTV Ked-polo Bdw. pi. 256, f. 2, »nd quoted from "Pennsylvania"; 
 the references, however, and the descriptions of the authors cited, indicate clearly thit it 
 is one of the West Indian red-capped conspecies of D. cestiva — neither JD. cestiva itself, nor 
 B. palmarum, though the name has been used in cunnection with both these species. — The 
 names ruficapilla, albicoUis, aud chloroleuca of Gmelin, all indicate birds like B. cesHva, but 
 are apparently rather referable to some of the West Indian forms. " Bloody .sided " War- 
 bler is one of the epithets of Dendroeca pennsylvanioa or icterocephala, the Cheatnut-sided 
 "Warbler of authora ; but the Bloody-sided "Warbler of Pennant and Latham, based on 
 Ficedula ntartinicana of Bciss. iii. 490, pi. 23, f. 4 (— Mot. ruficapUla of Gmelin), is one of 
 the West Indian Warblers like D. (Estiva.— The /S^i»ia/a»aof Vieillot seems to be unques- 
 tionably D. cestiva. — In addition to the synonyms given, the curious reader, if he be so 
 minded, may look among the older names for a MotacUla or Sylvia trochilus var. 0, a 
 supposed variety of the Willow "Wren or Yellow Wren of Europe, for a long time quoted 
 
254 CHARACTERS OP DENDROECA ESTIVA 
 
 a'so from America, and supposed to inhabit this ooantry. Examine, for instance, Mota- 
 cilia trochilus 0, acredula, L. SN. i. 338, n. 49 0; Sylvia troohilua, 0. Lath. 10. ii. 5150, n. 155 
 ; Sylvia acredula, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 744 ; in all of which places Catesby's pi. 63 and 
 Edwards's pi. 278, f. 2, are cited, and the bird is ascribed to North Ameiica. Yieillot dis- 
 cusses this matter in connection with a bird described by him as the " Fauvette naine ". 
 Sylvia pnmilla, OAS. ii. pi. 100, or the "Pouillot nain ", S. pwmUia, TS. D. d'H. N. xi. 239, 
 where it is referred to trochilus var. of Lath., and Ency. M6th. ii. 467, where the female is 
 said to be figured by Edwards, pi. 278, f. 2, and where reference is made to the " Figuier 
 bran et jaune " of Bufibn, v. 295; but I cannot make out what his pumilia is, nor has any 
 one identified it, so far as I Itnow. The whole matter hinges on Edw. pi. 278, f. 2 ; and as 
 this is not recognizable, the case is dubious, probably beyond determination. It is unne- 
 cessary to add that no such bird occurs in this country ; but so much of the composition of 
 the species as includes American references is doabtless more or less excluslTcIy pertinent 
 to Dendrceca ceativa. The ascribing of the Willow Wren to this conntry Lasted until 
 within thirty or forty years, such species being given for instance in Nuttall's work of 
 1832 and Peabody's of 1839. — Boddaert has a MntaciUa canadensis, which is this species, 
 being based upon PE. 58, f. 2 ; but the name is twice anticipated by Motacilla canadensis 
 of Linnaeus, for two different species of the same genus.] 
 
 Oh. sp. — i Flava, dorso flavo-virente, gastrwo aurantio-brun- 
 neo striata; remigibus rectricibusque fuscis, extus et intus flavo- 
 Imbatis; rostro plumbeo; 9 et juv. infra innotata. 
 
 g , adult : Golden-yellow ; the back with a greenish tinge resulting io rich 
 yellow-olive, the rump more j ellowish ; the middle of the back sometimes 
 obsoletely streaked with darker. Crown like the under parts, in high plnm- 
 age often tinged with orange-brown. Breast and sides, and sometimes moat 
 of the under parts, streaked with orange-brown. Quills and tail-feathera 
 dusky, edged on both webs with yellow, the yellow occupying most of the 
 inner webs of the tail-feathers. Bill plumbeous. Feet pale brown. Length, 
 4|-5 ; extent, 7i^-7f ; wing, SJ; tail, 2. 
 
 9 , adult : Like the $ ; yellow-olive of upper parts extending on the crown ; 
 streaks below obsolete or entirely wanting. General coloration paler than 
 in the $. 
 
 Young : Like the 2 , but still more dully colored. Upper parts, including 
 crown, pale olive, with an ochroy instead of clear yellow shade ; below oehrey- 
 white or dull pale yellowish. Edgings of wings and tail dull yellowish. 
 
 I have not seen, perhaps, the very youngest stage of this species ; at any 
 rate, I have seen no streaked specimens. The fledglings of comparatively 
 few of our Warblers, even the commonest, have been described. But as far 
 as known, all, with probably the exception of the present species, are 
 streaked or spotted at first like very young Thrushes. 
 
 The North American Golden Warbler is well distinguished from its several 
 West Indian and South American allies. It appears to be somewhat the 
 smallest, with shortest tarsus — scarcely two-thirds of au inch. In the $ of 
 D. vieilloti, the head all around is orange-brown ; and, in D. eapitalis, of the 
 Barbadoes, the whole crown is of this color, sharply defined. D. petechia, of 
 various West Indian Islands, is most nearly related ; it is larger ; the tarsi 
 are longer ; the win;; is more rounded ; the yellow-olive of the back extends 
 with little more mixture of yellow on the nape, rump, and wing marginings: 
 the yellow edgings of the tail are narrower. In any plumage, D. wstiva in 
 distinguished from all the other North American species by the yellow edging 
 instead of white blotching of the tail-feathers. 
 
EXTEALIMITAL ALLIES OP DENDECECA -ESTIVA 255 
 
 The synonymy of these and the several other extralimital species related 
 to D. (BStiva is subjoined.' 
 
 * DendreeCK petecbla (L.). [Jamaica.! 
 MotaciUa petechia, L. SN. L 1766, 334, n. 30. (Based on Edw. pi. 256, f. 2, and Briss. iii. 504 ; 
 
 erroneonaly ascribed to Pennsylvania. Edwards's fig. shows clearly that the bird 
 
 meant is not Dendrosca palmarum, bat one of the " Golden Warblers " allied to D. 
 
 cestiva.)—em. SN. i. 1788, 983, u. 30 (same).— 2Vtr«. SN. i. 1806, 605.— ie«». Tr. Orn. 
 
 1831, 418. 
 SylTla petecbla, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 535, n. 103.— V. OAS. ii. 1807, 32, pi. n.-Steph. Gen. Zool. 
 
 X. 1817, 733.— Tmli. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, USS.—TuiU. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 443. 
 Dendroeca petechia, 8d. PZS. 1861, 71 (Jamaica).-Sc!. Cat AB. 1862, 32. 
 Dendrolca petechia, JUarch, Fr. Fhila. Acad. 1863, 292 (Jamaica).— .Sd. Bev.AB. 1865, 199 
 
 (Jamaica).— B. B. a B. NAB. i. 1874, 216. 
 Dendrceca petechia e) Jamalcensis, Sund. Oefv. K. Yet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 607. 
 SylTicola sestiva, Oosse, B. Jam. 1847, 157. 
 
 lellOW Bed-poll, Edw. Gl. 99, pi. 256, f. 2 (basis of M. petechia L.). 
 FIguler a teste rouge de PensllTanic, Ficedula pensilranlca erythrocephalos, Brisa. 
 
 Orn. iii. 1760, 488, n. 49 (after Edwards, pi. 256, f. 2). 
 Figuier a t6te rouge de FensflTanie, Buff, "v.286". 
 FauTctte a tfcte rouge de Pensylvanle, Y. OAS. Lc. 
 Bed-beaded Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 479, u. W.—Steph. Gen. Zool. i. 1817, 733 
 
 (mixed with D. palmarum). 
 Bed-head Warbler, Penn. AZ. iL 1785, 401, n. 289. 
 
 Dendrceca petecliia gnndlacbl (Bd.). [Cuba and Bahamas.] 
 1 MotaciUa alblcollls, Om. SN. i. 1788, 983, n. 147. (Based on Briss. iii. 494, n. 52, pi. 26, f. 
 
 5.)—Turt. SN. i. 1806, 605. 
 t SylTla alblcollls. Lath. 10. iL 1790, 535, n. 104 (= Gm. 983). 
 1 SylTla alblcolls, T. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 921. 
 Dendrolca alblcollls, Oass. Pr. Phila Acad. 1860, 192 (Cnba).— iowor. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1860, 
 
 18 (Cuba,). —Albrecht, J. £ 0. 1861, 205 iCaba,). —Gundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 3-.;6 (Cuba). 
 SylTla sestlya, Lembeye, " Av. Cuba, 1850, 31, not the figure ". 
 Bblmamphus lesllyns, 0undl.J.t.O.l86l,i(n (Cuba). 
 Dendrolca gundlacbl, Bd. Bev. AB. 1865, 197 (Cuba). 
 Dendrolca petechia var. gundlachl, B. B. <£ B. NAB. i. 1874, 216. 
 Dendroeca petechia d) cubana, Sund. Oefv. K. Yet-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 608. 
 ? FIguler de S. Domlngue, Ficedula domlnlcensis, Brisa. Orn. iii. 1760, 494, n. 52, pi. 26, £ 5. 
 
 (Basis of If. albicoUis Gm.) 
 1 FIguler tl gorge blanche, Buff. " v. 287 " (= Briss. iii. 494). 
 ? St.. Domingo Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. a 1783, 479, n. 100 (= Briss. iii. 494). 
 ? MotaciUa chloroleuca, Om. SN. 1 1788, 984, n. 149. (Based on Briss. iii. 496, n. 53, pi. 26, 
 
 £ i.)—Tu.rt. SN. i. 1806, 606. 
 ? SylTla chloroleuta, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 536, n. 106 (Gm. 984).— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 734. 
 1 SylTla chroroleuca, Y. N. D. d'H. N. xi. I817, 195. 
 ? Petit Figuier de S, Domlngue, Ficedula dominlcensis minor, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 
 
 496, n. 53, pi. 26, £ 2. 
 t FIguler Tert et blanc, Buff. "v. S89 " (= Briss. iii. 496). 
 ? fireen and White Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. iL 1783, 480, n. 102 (= Briss. iiL 496). 
 
 Dendrceca petecliia raficapllla (Bd.). [Porto Bico, etc.] 
 
 Chlorls erythachorldes, FeuiUie, "Jonm. Obs. Phys. iii. 1725, 413" (others quote "0. 
 eritachoides'^). 
 
 MotaciUa ruflcaplUa,' Om. SN. i. 1788, 971, u. 106 (based on Briss. iiL 490, pi. 22, £ 4, Mar- 
 tinique).— Tart. SN. 1806, 597. 
 
 SylTla ruflcaplUa, LatL 10. ii. 1790, 540, n. 119 (= Gm. 971).— StepA. Shaw's Gen. Zool. *. 
 1817, 699. 
 
 FIguler de la Martinique, Ficedula martlnlcanai Brits. Om. iii. 1760, 490, n. 50, pL 22, 
 £ 4 (based on Fenill6e). 
 
 Fisruler i tete rousse, Buff. " v. 306 "- 
 
256 EXTRALIMITAL ALLIES OF DENDECECA ESTIVA 
 
 THERE is DO occasion to enlarge upon the history of a bird 
 so well known as the Summer Warbler has become by 
 means of the many excellent biographies which previous writers 
 have furnished. The bird is common in the Colorado Basin, as 
 in most other parts of North America, and breeds in all suita- 
 
 Fanrette & tfete ronsse, T. N. D. d'H. N. 1. c. 
 
 BlOOdf-Side Warbler, Zath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 489, n. 115 (= Briss. and Buff, as above).— 
 
 Perm. AZ. ii. 1785, 405, n. HIB.—Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 699. (Not of Tnrton.) 
 Uendroeca sestlra, A. <£ B. Newt. " Ibis, i. 1859, 143 (St. Croix) ". 
 Dendroica petechia, Cass. Ft. Phila. Acad. 1860, 193, 376 (St. Thomas). 
 
 Dendroica , £d. Eev. AB. 1865, 201 (St. Oroix and St. Thomas). 
 
 Deadrceca petechia b) cruclana, Swid. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fiirh. iii. 1869, 608. 
 Dendrceca petechia a) bartholemica, Sund. Oefv. K.Vet.-AIiad.Forh.iiL 1869, 607. 
 Dendroica petechia var. ruflcapllla, B.B.dB. NAB. i. 1874, 317 (Porto Rico, St Thomas, 
 
 St. Croix, and St. Bartholomew). 
 
 Dendrceca capitalis, Lawr. [Barbadoes.] 
 
 Dendrceca , Bd. Eev. AB. in text of p. 202 (spec, from Barbadoes). 
 
 Dendroica capitalis, Lawr. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 359.— B. B. a B. NAB. i. 1874, 317. 
 Dendrceca petechia c) barbadensls, Sund. Oefv. E. Vet.-Akad. Forh. ilL 1869, G08. 
 
 Dendrceca vielllotl, Cass. [New Granada.] 
 Dendroica eribtachorldes, Bd. BNA. 1858, 383 (not " Ohloris erythachorides reniU6e"). 
 Dendroica vielllotl, Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. May, 1860, 193 (Panama and Carthagena).— £d. 
 
 Kev. AB. 1864, 203.— B. B. a B. NAB. i. 1874, 317. 
 Dendrceca Tlelllotl, Sd. Cat. AB. 1863, 33 (includes vara, bryanii and ruflgula). 
 Bhimamphus ruflceps, Cab. J. t. 0. for Sept 1860, pub. Jan. 1861, 336 (includes var. bryanii). 
 f Hnlottlta ruflceps, GUb. Nomenc. Av. ii. 1875, 606 (includes other vars.). 
 Dendrceca petechia 1) panamcnsis ?, Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 609. (^id 
 
 D. petechia g) ■peruviana? ; h) cequatorialis? ; Id. ibid. ?) 
 
 Dendrceca Tieilloti rufignla, Bd. (Panama.] 
 
 ?8y)Tla ruflcapllla, Yieill. Nouv. Diet d'Hist Nat xL 1817, 328.— Fieiii. Ency. M6th. 11. 
 1823, 442, n. 82.— Fieil!. Gal. Ois. 1. 1834, 868, pi. 164. (" L'Amfiriqne." Not of Latham, 
 though Feui]16e, and Briss. iii. 490, are quoted. The description clearly indicates 
 one of the birds with the whole head red, bnt which of the varieties of modem 
 authors may not be determinable. Baird makes it the basis of his D. rufigula, 
 queried as West Indian, but really from the Isthmus of Panama.) * 
 
 ?Rblmamphu8 ruflcapllla, Bp. CA.i. 1850, 311 (=Vieill.). 
 
 Dendroica ruflgula, Bd. Bev. AB. 1865, 204 (loc. ignot.). 
 
 Dendroica vielllotl var. ruflgula, £.£.ie if. NAB. 1.1874, 217 (Panama). 
 
 Dendrceca vielllotl bryantl, Bidgw. [Mexico.] 
 Dendroica vlelllotll var. bryanti, Bidgw. Am. Nat vii. 1873, 606. 
 Dendroica vielllotl var. bryanti, B. B. <e 2J. NAB. i. 1874, 318 (Mexico and Yucatan). 
 
 Dendrceca aureola, {Gmild) Bd. [Galapagoes ] 
 Sylvia anreila, OovM, " Voy. Beagle, 1841, 86, pi. 28". 
 Hnlotllta aureola, Qray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 Sylvlcola aureola, Bp. GA.i. 1850, 309. 
 
 Dendroica anreola, Bd. Eev. AB.i. 1865, 194.— B.B.<eiJ NAB. i. 1874, 217. 
 Dendrceca petechia f) gallapagensls, Sund. Oefv.K.Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869,608. 
 
 Dendrceca eoa, (Qosse) Bd. [Jamaica.] 
 
 Sylvlcola eoa, Oosse, B. Jam. 1847, 158 Oosie, 111. B. Jam. 1849, pi. 34.— Bp. CA. L 1850, 309. 
 
 Hnlotllta eoa, Gray, G. of B. 1.1848, 196. 
 
 Dendroica eoa, Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 195.— B. B. a B. NAB. i. 1874, 218. 
 
 Dendrceca eoa, Sund. Oefv. E. Vet-Akad. Fiirh. iii. 1869, 609. 
 
HABITS OF THE SUMMER WAEBLER 257 
 
 ble places within this area, but probably withdraws entirely in 
 the fall. In the mountains about Port Whipple, Arizona, I 
 noted its arrival one year on the 25th of April, and saw it not 
 after the second week in September of either of the autumns 1 
 passed in that locality. Though the bird is so generally dis- 
 tributed at all altitudes, you would scarcely look for it in the 
 pine woods of the higher mountains; for it loves the less sombre 
 verdure of ravine, hillside, and watercourse, and its brilliant 
 yellow plumage is oftenest seen glancing through the cotton- 
 woods and willows that fringe the streams, even far out on the 
 dreary plains ; while the sprightly and agreeable song which 
 accompanies its movements at frequent intervals has all the 
 pleasurable associations that are awakened at the sound of a 
 familiar voice — never so attractive as when unexpectedly heard 
 in a far-away place. 
 
 A bird so widely distributed as the Summer Warbler is, might 
 be presumed to modify its habits somewhat according to the 
 diverse conditions of its environment. But the present, like 
 other Warblers, is so regular in its periodical movements that 
 it bears little or no local impress, — the reverse, I have no doubt, 
 of the case with the several insular races into which the species 
 has been converted in the West Indies. Its habits are every- 
 where substantially the same, whatever little changes, particu- 
 larly in the location and construction of the nest, may be 
 required- to meet special conditions. With us, the Summer 
 Warbler is well known to be a confiding bird, rather attracted 
 than repelled by man's presence, fond of nesting in our orchards, 
 gardens, and lawns, even our crowded streets ; and the nest, as 
 a rule, is placed rather low do wn, in some hedge, thicket, or other 
 shrubbery. In the arctic regions, where the bird has been found 
 to be abundant, the nest is said to be usually placed in the low 
 willow bushes of those latitudes. The nest and eggs are too 
 well known to require description ; but Mr. Henshaw has left a 
 memorandum that the eggs he took in the West were all pure 
 white in the ground color, lacking the slight greenish shade 
 observed in those laid in the Eastern States. 
 
 This Warbler has long been known as one of the birds most 
 frequently victimized by the Cow Bunting, and has become cel- 
 ebrated for the resolution with which it refuses to incubate the 
 alien egg, as well as for the sagacity and determination it dis- 
 plays in making shift to avoid the hateful imposition, even to 
 the length of sacrificing its own eggs and giving up its nest. 
 17 B 
 
258 SYNONYMY AND CHAES. OF D. OCCIDENTALIS 
 
 It frequently constructs a two-story nest, leaving the Bunting's 
 egg in the cellar ; and at least one instance is recorded of the 
 repetition of this laborious and disagreeable work, resulting in 
 a three-story nest some seven inches deep, with a Cowbird's egg 
 in each of the two lower compartments. 
 
 Hermit "Warbler 
 
 Dendr«eca occldentallfs 
 
 SylTla OCCidentnllS, Towns. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 190 (Colambia Birer) ; Tiii. 1839, 
 
 ViX—Avd. OB. V. 1839, 55, p). 395, f. 3, 4. 
 SjlTlcOla OCCldentalls, Bp. C&L. 1838, ^.—Aud. &jd. 1839, iO.—Nutt. Man. 1. 4d ed. 1840, 
 
 iiS.—Aud. BA. iL 1841, CO, pi. 93.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 308. 
 llnlotUta occldentalls, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 Dendroica occldentalis, Bd. BNA. 1858, 268.— Coop. <e 8wk. NHWT. 1860, 178.— Bd. Eev. 
 
 AB. 1865, 183.— B. B. <t B. NAB. i. 1874, 266, pi 12, f. 5.—Hmih. ListB. Ariz. 1875, 156.— 
 
 Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 201. 
 Dendrteca occldentaUs, Corns, Ibis, 2d ser. i. 186S, 163 { Arizona,). —Sel ibid. 89 (oritical) 
 
 Salv. Ibis, 2d ser. ii. 1866, 191 (Gnatemala).— Oo!«», Pr. Phila. Aead. xviii 1866, 69 (Port 
 
 Whipple).— Sand. OefT.K.Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 611.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 92.— 
 
 Ooues, Key, 1872, 97.— Coop. Am. Nat. Tlii. 1674, 16. 
 Dendroeca perldentalls, Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 480. 
 Dendr(Eca ctarysoparla, Scl. PZS. 1862, 19 (L& Parada). (Not of PZS. 1860, 398.)— iScZ. Cat. 
 
 AB. 1862, 358 (La Parada). 
 Dendroeca nlvelTentTls, Salv. FZS. 1863, 187, pL 24, f. 2 (San (reronimo, Guatemala). 
 Hermit Warbler, Western Warbler, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — In the United States, Kocky Mountains to the Pacific. South 
 through Mexico to Guatemala. 
 
 Ch. sp. — ^ Suprd, cinerea, oUvaceo tincta, nigro striata, infrh 
 alba ; capite flavo, nigro notato, jugulo et guld nigris. 
 
 $ , adult : Above ashy-gray, tinged with olive, especially on the rnmp, and 
 closely streaked with black ; below wh ite. Top and sides of head rich yellow, 
 the former with transverse black markings. Central line of chin, throat, and 
 jugnlum black, ending on the breast with a sharp convex outline, contrasted 
 with the adjoining white. Wings and tail as in virens. Bill black. Length, 
 4f-5 ; extent, 7J ; wing, 2i-2f ; tail, 24-2i ; tarsus, J-^ ; bill, f . 
 
 9 , adult : This sex, unknown to me, is described as similar to the male, 
 but darker gray above, with the yellow of the head less extended, and the 
 throat whitish, spotted with dusky. 
 
 Young: Upper parts olivaceous-ash, and the yellow of the top of the 
 head overlaid with olive. Sides of the head pretty clear yellow, fading 
 gradually into the white of the throat. No black on the throat. White of 
 the under parts faintly brownish-tinged, and sides with obsolete streaks. 
 
 There is every gradation between the stages above described. The very 
 earliest plumage is probably still unknown. In a September specimen of 
 mine, taken at Fort Whipple in 186'1, the dusky olive extends over all the 
 upper parts, tinging the ashy of the lower back, and reaching on the crown 
 nearly to the bill, where it gradually lightens by admixture of yellow; the 
 sides of the head are clear yellow, soiled with some olivaceous : chin and 
 
HABITS OF THE HEKMIT WARBLER 259 
 
 throat the same, fading oa the breast into the dnll white of the other under 
 parts ; sides with obsolete streaks, and a slight grayish-olive wash. There 
 is no black whatever about the head or throat, and the blackish streaks of 
 the back are obsolete. The wings are twice barred with the conspicuous 
 white tips of the greater and median wing-coverts. 
 
 On the technical questions involved in the consideration of D. chrysoparia 
 and X). niveiventria, see especially Ibis, 1865, 87. 
 
 MY own experience with this Warbler in the field is limited 
 to the summary shooting of one, before I knew what it 
 was, in some thick scrub-oak bushes near Port Whipple, Arizona, 
 September 3, 1864. In the same Territory, Mr, Henshaw lately 
 collected a series of specimens during August and September, 
 finding the birds in such close association with Townsend's 
 Warblers, and so similar in habits and general appearance, that 
 it was impossible to distinguish the two species at the distance 
 at which they were usually seen. The bird appears to be only 
 a migrant in the Colorado Basin : it passes into Mexico in the 
 fall, along with various other Warblers, and proceeds in some 
 cases at least as far south as Guatemala, always showing an 
 attachment to high pine-clad regions, like those of the far north, 
 where it was originally discovered many years since by Nuttall 
 and To wnsend. There is no evidence that it breeds in the south- 
 erly portion of our territory; but this lack of positive evidence 
 to such effect does not prevent my surmise that it will, sooner 
 or later, be shown to inhabit the higher pine belts of the Colo- 
 rado watershed, where it is now only known as a migrant. We 
 have very little information respecting its habits ; in fact, noth- 
 ing beyond our knowledge of its geographical distribution and 
 general movements has been added to the memoranda which 
 its discoverers left us. Mr. Townsend shot his birds, a pair, on 
 the 28th of May, 1835, near Fort Vancouver, whilst they were 
 fluttering through the depths of the pine woods in search of in- 
 sects ; he saw them hanging from the twigs like Titmice, and 
 thought that their notes resembled those of the Black-throated 
 Blue Warbler. Mr. Nuttall's notice is more extended, and fur- 
 nished the basis of the name " Hermit " Warbler, given in con- 
 sequence of what he calls the " eremitic predilection " of the 
 bird. He observed it with difficulty in the tops of the pine 
 trees, where it searches for its food, and where, he had no doubt, 
 the nest would also be found. "Its song", he continues, "fre- 
 quently heard from the same place, at very regular intervals, 
 for an hour or two at a time, is a soft, moody, faint, and monot- 
 
260 SYNONYMY AND CHARS. OF D. TOWNSENDI 
 
 onous note, apparently delivered chiefly when the bird is at rest 
 on some lofty twig, and within convenient hearing of its mate 
 and only companion of the wilderness." 
 
 Dr. George Suckley later confirmed these accounts of the in- 
 accessible nature of the bird's favorite haunts, he having found 
 it difficult to reach them with fine shot in the tops of the lofty 
 fir-trees, where they spent most of their time. All these reports 
 indicate that the anchorites were in their summer homes, and 
 inform us of at least one portion of the country in which they 
 do breed, though we must be slow to assert that they may not 
 also breed elsewhere under different conditions. My specimen, 
 as I distinctly remember, was hopping about in a bush close to 
 the ground, showing that the habits of the species are not the 
 same at all seasons of the year. 
 
 Townscnd's "Warbler 
 
 Dendrcecn townsendl 
 
 Sylvia townsendl, "iVu«.", Town*. Jonrn. Phila.Acaa.vii. 1837, 191 (Columbia EiverJ.— 
 
 Aud. OB. V. 1839, 36, pi. 393, f. 1. 
 SylTlcola townsendl, Bp. OGL. 1838, 23.— Aud. Sj-n. 1839, 59.— Nutt. Man. i. Sd ed. 1840, 446.— 
 
 Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 59, pi. 92.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 308. 
 Dendroica townsendl, &J. PZS. 1858, 395, 298; 1859, 374 (Oazaca).— £. B. <£ B. KAB.i.l874, 265, 
 
 pi. 12, t i.-Hmsh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Jlensft. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 200. 
 Dendrceca townsendl, Oouee, Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 163 (Arizona).- /9cl. Ibis, 1. 3<l ser. 1865, 89 
 
 (critical).- «und. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 610. 
 SylTla townsendl!, Towm. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153. 
 Hnlotilta townsendll, Gray,G. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 Dcndrolca townsendll, Bd. BNA. 1858, 269.-5. a S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemala) Coop, a 
 
 Suckl. NH WT. 1860, 119.— Bi. Eev. AB. 1865, ISS.-Turnb. B. E. Penn. 1869, 53, flg. ; 
 
 Pbila. ed. 42 (FennsylTania). 
 Dendroeca townsendll. Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 91, &e.—Ooucs, Kej, 1872, m.—Coop. Am. Kat. 
 
 vili. 1874, 16. 
 KylTlcola townsendll, Fintch, Abb. Kat. iii. 1872, 35 (Alaska). 
 
 SylTla melanocausta, "Jjicht", "Brandt, Ic. Ined. Eosso-As. pi. i. f. 5, ? " (flde Finech). 
 Townsend's Wood-Warbler, lownsend's Warbler, Autlwrs. 
 
 Hab. — Rooky Mountains to the Pacific, from Alaska to Guatemala. (A 
 stray specimou taken near Philadelphia.) 
 
 Ch. sp. — cj Supra flavoviridis, nigra striata; infra anticd 
 fiava, posticd alba, jugulo pectore laterihusque nigra striatis, lateri- 
 bus capitis nigris flava circumcinctis. 9 jugulo Jiavo intertincto 
 (et auricularibus viridibus ?), 
 
 $ , adult : Entire upper parts yellowish-olive, rather darker than in virens, 
 everywhere streaked with black, especially on the crown, where the black 
 usually predominates; no hidden yellow on the crown. Sides of the head 
 bright yellow, enclosing a large black patch, constituted by the lores and or- 
 bital and auricular region , in which the yellow eyelids appear. Chin, throat, 
 breast, and sides part way, yellow, the jugulum black ; the sides of the 
 
HABITS OF TOWNSEND's WARBLEE 261 
 
 breast and of the body streaked with black. Under wlng-ooverts, bell}', 
 flanks, and crissum white, the two latter slightly shaded and streaked with 
 dusky. Wings crossed with two white bands, that of the median coverts 
 broadest. Wings and tail fuscous, the former with pale edgings, the latter 
 having two or three outer feathers largely blotched with white. Bill and 
 feet blackish horn-color. Length, about 5 ; extent, 7^-8 ; wing, 2^-2 J ; tail, 2. 
 
 $: Like the $, but the black of the jagulum mixed with yellow (and 
 that on the sides of the head mixed with or replaced by olive ?). 
 
 Young : Shade of the upper parts slight brownish, and the black streaks 
 slight, obsolete, or wanting. The dark patch on the side of the head oliva- 
 ceous, like the back. No continuous black on the jugulum. 
 
 Autumnal adults show various gradations between the characters of the 
 old and young. The species is very closely related to D. virens, of which it 
 is the Western representative. Adult males are readily distinguished by the 
 darker greenisli upper parts, conspicuously streaked, especially on the head, 
 with black ; the black cheeks and anriculars ; black of jugulum not reaching 
 anteriorly to the bill, and the surrounding yellow spreading on the breast 
 back of the black. Young birds are i ot so easily discriminated, however ; 
 but there are usually traces at least of the black streaks on the upper parts : 
 there is no concealed yellow on the crown ; the yellow of the under parts, 
 quite OS bright as in the adult, extends far along the breast, behind that 
 part where it veils the black. 
 
 The fledgling state of this species is unknown, and some of the characters 
 ascribed to the female should be attested by further material. 
 
 TOWNSEND'S Warbler is another species respecting which 
 onr knowledge is limited, and does not include any infor- 
 mation respecting the nest or eggs. It is one of the many dis- 
 coveries made during Nuttall and Townsend's journey to the 
 Pacific — an adventurous and toilsome pilgrimage for the pur- 
 poses of science, fraught with interest to all lovers of nature, and 
 greatly redounding to the advantage of botany and ornithology. 
 The gist of their notices, which long remained our only source 
 of information, is that they found the bird migrating through 
 the coniferous forests of the Columbia Eiver region. This ob- 
 servation long remained unverified ; but we have late advices 
 of the bird from Alaska, as far north at least as Sitka. The 
 full extent of its breeding range is not yet ascertained ; but I 
 have no doubt that the pine belts of the mountains of the 
 West, from the latitudes even of New Mexico and Arizona, will 
 in the end be found to shelter these birds in summer. During 
 September, they are commonly seen migrating through the Col- 
 orado region, and in some situations have been observed in 
 considerable numbers. They press on through Mexico, and find 
 a winter home, in some cases at least, as far south as Guate- 
 mala. There is no conclusive evidence that any of them remain 
 
262 HABITS OF TOWNSENd's WARBLER 
 
 with US through the winter. Dr. Brewer, indeed, says that Dr. 
 Cooper saw one at Sboalwater Bay in December; but on turning 
 to both of Dr. Cooper's works in which this species is men- 
 tioned, I find that he only saw at Shoalwater what he " supposed 
 to be this species ", and did not secure the specimen. The same 
 gentleman's statement that he shot two specimens in November, 
 1855, in Santa Clara County, California, furnishes, so far as I 
 am aware, the record of the latest lingering of the species over 
 our border. All of Mr. Henshaw's Arizona specimens were 
 taken in September, during the migration. Mr. C. E. Aiken's 
 Colorado examples were procured in August and September. 
 The extralimital records, from Mexico and Central America, 
 relate, probably without exception, to occurrences in winter or 
 during the migration. We have consequently in this species a 
 bird which occupies the United States in summer from Colorado 
 to Sitka, breeding in an unascertained portion of such extent 
 of country from the Eocky Mountains to the Pacific, and which 
 late in the fall entirely withdraws from the United States to 
 winter in Mexico and Central America. The date of its return 
 in spring over our border is not known. I have already indi- 
 cated what I presume to be its actual breeding range. In the 
 summer, it is confined to the pine regions, at high elevations in 
 southerly districts, but down to sea-level in the farther north. 
 During the migrations, it is much more generally dispersed ; 
 for Dr. Cooper has observed it among low willows and other 
 bushes. 
 
 In tracing its distribution and migrations, we should not over- 
 look the unexpected occurrence of this bird, in one exceptional 
 instance, near Philadelphia, as attested by the Eev, Dr. W. P. 
 Turnbull, in his elegant little treatise upon the Birds of East 
 Pennsylvania and New Jersey. A fuU-plumaged male was shot 
 in Chester County, near the Brandywine, on the 12th of May, 
 1868, and preserved in his collection. 
 
 Mr. Henshaw has left more copious notes than any other 
 writer whom I have consulted in the preparation of this article — 
 for I never saw the bird alive, and have nothing of my own to 
 contribute to its history. He found these Warblers numerous at 
 Mount Graham, in Arizona, during the mouth of September, 
 though he experienced some difficulty in securing specimens, as 
 the birds kept in the tops of the tallest trees, where only occa- 
 sional glimpses rewarded the perseverance with which he 
 endeavored to mark them as they dashed out after insects, or 
 
SYNONYMY AND CHAKACTEKS OP D. NIGRESCENS 263 
 
 flew from tree to tree in their ceaseless migratory course. At 
 this time and place, they were not among pines, but in forests 
 of spruce and fir, and their flights seemed to be regulated some- 
 what by the presence or absence of these kinds of conifers. 
 Their motions were extremely rapid ; a moment spent in thread- 
 ing the mazes of the interlaced branches, — a few hurried sweeps 
 about the ends of the limbs, and they were off to the next tree 
 to repeat such actions till lost sight of in the density of the 
 forest. Their only note at this season was the chipping sound 
 which many Warblers utter. The writer concludes with the re- 
 mark, that though he obtained no evidence that the birds breed 
 in Arizona, he saw no reason why the mountain fastnesses 
 of that Territory should not offer a congenial summer home. 
 
 Bflack-tliroated Gray "Warbler 
 
 Dendroeca nlgrescens 
 
 SylTla nlgrescens, Towns. Jonrn. Phlla. Acad. vii. 1837, 191 (Columbia Eiyer) ; viii. 183D, 
 
 153.— roams. Narr. 1839, Sil.—Aml. OB. v. 1839, 57, pi. 395. 
 VermiTora nigrescens, Bp. CGL. 1838, il.—2futt Man. L 2d ed. 1840, 471. 
 SylTlCOla nigrescens, Aud. Syn. 1S39, m.—Aud. BA. IL 1841, 62, pi. 9t.—Bp. CA. i. 1850, 308. 
 MnlotiUa nigrescens, Gray, G.otB. i. 1848, 196. 
 Bliimanphiis nigrescens. Cab. MH. i. 1850, 20. 
 Dendroica nigrescens, £d. BN'A. 1858, 270.— &;. PZS. 1858, 295, 298 (Oaxaca).— Scl PZS. 1859, 
 
 374 (Oaxaoa).— ffmrj/, Pr. Pliila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106 (New Mexico).- Beiaro. PEEB. x. 
 
 1859, 40.— a <« S. NHWT. 1860, 180.— Bd. Ives'sEep. Colo.pt. tL 1861, i.—Bd. liev. 
 
 AB. 1865, 186.— Sumich. Mem. Boat. Soo. i. 1869, 547 (Oiizaba,).— Aiken, Pr. Boat Soo. 
 
 XV. 1872, 197 (Colorafio).- £. B. a B. NAB. i. 1874, 258, pi. 12, f. 8. 
 Dendrceca nigrescens, Sd. Gat. 1862, 30 (Oaxaca).— aoM««, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona).- Ooucs, 
 
 Pr. Phila. Acad, xviii. 1866, 69 (Arizona).— Sm?mJ. Opfv. K. Tet.-Akad. Foih. iii. 1869, 
 
 610.— OoiMS, Ke.y, 1872, 98.— Coop. Am. Nat. Tiii. 1874, 10.- Ooue*, BNW. 1874, 55, 232.— 
 
 nets. Pr. Boat. Soo. xvii. 1875, 357 (Cuba). 
 ? Sylvia palpebralis, Ornith. Oomm. Jonm. Phila. Acad. viL 1B37, 193 (descr. nnlia). 
 1 Sf iTicola tristis, Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 472 (acarceiy identifiable). 
 Sylvia lialseli, Gir. 16 Sp. Tex. B. 1841, fol. 11, pi. 3, f. 1 ( 9 ). 
 Sylvicola nigricans, Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 309 (New Mexico). 
 Black-throated Gray [or Grey] Warbler, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Rocky MouutaiDS to the Pacific, United States; and south into 
 Mexico in winter. Not yet recorded north of the United States. Breeds in 
 suitable places throughout its United States range. Winters extralimital. 
 
 Cn. SP. — ^ Supra cceruleocinerea, dor so medio nigra striato ; 
 capite toto et jugulo nigris, maculd ante oculum Jlavd, strigis post- 
 oculari et maxillari albis; infrh alba, lateribus nigro striatis. 
 
 3 , adult : Above bluish-ash, the interscapular region, and usually also the 
 upper tail-coverts, streaked with black. Below, from the breast, pure white, 
 the sides streaked with black. Entire head, with chin and throat, black ; 
 a sharply-defined yeUow spot before the eye, a broad white stripe behind the 
 eye, and a long white maxillary stripe widening behind from the corner of 
 
264 HABITS OF BLACK-THBOATED GRAT WAEBLER 
 
 the bill to the side of the neck. Wings fuscoas, with much whitish edging, 
 and crossed with two broad white bars on the ends of the greater and median 
 coverts. Tail like the wings, the three lateral feathers mostly white, except 
 on the outer webs, the fourth with a white blotch. Bill and feet black. 
 Size of the last. 
 
 9 : Like the male, but the black of the crown mixed with the ashy of the 
 back, and that of the throat veiled with white tips of the feathers. 
 
 Young : Like the 9 , but the crown almost entirely like the back, and the 
 black of the throat still more hidden. Back not streaked. Less white on 
 the tail. Bill not entirely black. 
 
 This species varies bnt little, and chiefly in the intensity and purity of the 
 black of the fore parts. Autumnal specimens of either sex are found in 
 every stage between the extremes above described. In very immature birds, 
 the back has sometimes a slight brownish cast. The curious little yellow 
 spot appears at a very early age ; I have never seen it wanting. The fledg- 
 ling stage I have not seen, nor does it appear to be known. 
 
 H 
 
 ERE is the third Dendrceca discovered by the indefatiga- 
 ble travellers of whom mention has been made in speaking 
 of the two preceding species. Townsend 
 gives it as abundant in the forests of the 
 Columbia, where he says that it remains 
 until very late in the fall, and builds a 
 nest of fibrous green moss suspended be- 
 tween two small twigs among the upper 
 branches of the oak. Nuttall states that 
 rg. 34.— Black-throated Gray it is sccu to arrive in the same region early 
 Warbler. .^^ May, and infers that it breeds there 
 
 from the character of the notes that he heard it utter. " On 
 the 23d of May," he continues, " I had the satisfaction of heark- 
 ening to the delicate but monotonous song of this bird, as he 
 busily and intently searched every leafy bough and expanding 
 bud for larvse and insects in a spreading oak, from whence he 
 delivered his solitary note. Sometimes he remained a minute 
 or two stationary, but more generally continued his quest for 
 X)rey. His song, at short and regular intervals, seemed like 
 H shee H shay t shaitshee, varying the feeble sound very little, and 
 with the concluding note somewhat slenderly and plaintively 
 raised." 
 
 It was a good many years before we heard of this Warbler 
 again. Meanwhile, the systematists were busy with its name, 
 much as usual, bandying the bird about from one genus to 
 another, but adding nothing whatever to our real knowledge. 
 Drs. Cooper and Suckley met with it in the original locality, or 
 at least in the same general area, and the latter notes that it 
 
HABITS OF BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER 265 
 
 generally arrives from the south early in April, is commonly 
 found in oak forests, and is rather abundant in the vicinity of 
 Fort Steilacoom. Dr. Cooper saw a pair at Puget Sound which 
 seemed to have a nest, but he did not succeed in finding it. 
 About the time that these observations were made, we had 
 sudden word of the species from a distant point in Mexico ; for 
 M. A. Boucard secured specimens in Oaxaca, Mexico, as Dr. 
 Sclater soon recorded. To this very day these advices remain 
 the northernmost and about the most southerly we have; for 
 the Black-throated Gray has never been traced north of the 
 region in which it was originally discovered, nor yet through 
 Mexico into Central America. Prof. F. Sumichrast has, how- 
 ever, taken it in Orizaba ; and there is much reason to suppose 
 that its actual range is not less extensive than that of either 
 occidentalis or townsendi. As to its longitudinal dispersion, we 
 simply note its spread in suitable forest-clad country from the 
 eastern bases of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and 
 may next endeavor to trace its movements withiu this area from 
 the rather fragmentary indicia we command. 
 
 In California, the late Dr. A. L. Heermann took a few speci- 
 mens near Sacramento City, and also on the mountain range 
 between the Calaveras and Mokelumne Rivers, during the au- 
 tumnal migration of 1852, when the bird was found gleaning 
 its insect food in the upper branches of oak trees, and had notes 
 which the observer likened to those of a locust. In the same 
 State, the birds appeared to Dr. Cooper to reach San Diego 
 about the 20th of April, in small flocks, migrating northward, 
 and were not seen after this month. Dr. Suckley's remark of 
 their coming so much farther north in the beginning of the 
 same month is somewhat at variance with the experiences of 
 others, and I suspect he may have meant to say May, not April. 
 During their passage across California, according to Dr. Cooper, 
 the birds haunt low bushes along the coast; but afterward, 
 he says, they take to the deciduous oaks when the leaves begin 
 to grow, eariy in May, at which time the birds reach the Colum- 
 bia River. This record of migration squares as to date with 
 what is known of the movements of the species iu other longi- 
 tudes ; but the supposed absence of the bird from California 
 after April must be cautiously regarded. 
 
 For we have plenty of evidence that the Black- throated Gray 
 nestles all through the mountains of corresponding latitudes 
 east of California. And first for my own observations, made 
 
266 HABITS OF BLACK-THROATED GEAY WARBLER 
 
 at Fort Whipple during two seasous. 1 found the bird common 
 there in the pine forests, and especially numerous during the 
 migrations ; but it was also seen through the summer, and un- 
 questionably breeds in that locality. It was first observed about 
 the 20th of April, and did not entirely disappear until toward 
 October. I generally saw it skipping with great agility through 
 the tops of lofty pines, at such height that I could scarcely tell 
 what bird it was until some well-directed shot, perhaps after a 
 tedious poking about with the gun held almost vertically upon 
 my shoulder, brought my victim dropping by stages from one 
 limb to another, and then with a long whirl through the clear 
 space between the lower branches to the ground, sometimes at 
 my very feet. My later spring specimens were some of them 
 in full nuptial attire, and the queer scraping notes which I sup- 
 posed to come from this species not seldom descended from the 
 leafy canopy where the endless chirpings of the Nuthatches, 
 Titmice, and other little birds were mingled with the rappings 
 of the Woodpeckers and the harsh, sudden outcries of the 
 rowdyish Jays. 
 
 In the autumn, these Warblers appeared, of course, in larger 
 numbers, their ranks being recruited by new comers from the 
 north, en route to Mexico, land of the mezquite and of " war's 
 revolution"; and at the same season they were also more gener- 
 ally dispersed over the country, on the hillsides clad with scrub 
 oak, and even along the willow-fringed mountain-streams. Mr. 
 Henshaw's observations, very recently made at corresponding 
 latitudes in New Mexico, agree with mine. He found the 
 birds in June in the vicinity of Santa F6, New Mexico, where 
 they frequented the growths of pinones and cedars that cov- 
 ered the dry foot-hills. The males were then in worn plum- 
 age, as if already breeding — an indication confirmed by the 
 non-appearance of the females, who were no doubt too assid- 
 uous in their housekeeping to come much in the collector's 
 way. Mr. Eidgway had already found these birds in the East 
 Humboldt Mountains of Nevada, under precisely similar con- 
 ditions ; there they were abundant in pinon and cedar thickets, 
 where they certainly had bred, for he saw families of young 
 following their parents in July and August. In Colorado, says 
 Mr. Aiken, the birds are rather rare migrants, a few probably 
 remaining to breed ; they frequent mesas and foot-hills covered 
 with low scrubby pinon, making their appearance about the first 
 of May, when the males precede the females by a few days, and 
 
SYNONYMY OP DENDRCECA CffiRULEA 267 
 
 are heard at frequent intervals to rehearse their curious love- 
 songs as they wage their war of extermination against insects 
 on every leaf and limb. 
 
 From such data as these, representing nearly all that is posi- 
 tively known respecting this bird, it is not dilflcult to make out 
 its movements and mode of life — to see how, entering our ter- 
 ritory from the south in April, it disperses to breed over all the 
 coniferous regions of the West, at the higher altitudes only in 
 the south, but down to the general level of the country in re- 
 gions farther north ; how it returns to its winter home, trooping 
 through the whole country irrespective, in a great measure, of 
 the kind of forest vegetation it may encounter; how diligently 
 it forages for its insect prey, and with what repetition the emo- 
 tions of the nuptial hours are expressed. Such are traits that 
 nearly all Warblers share ; but the observant ornithologist finds 
 ample room to enlarge his experiences and increase his sources 
 of thoughtful pleasure in noting those nice points which, like 
 the touches of color upon the plumage, stamp an individuality 
 upon each member of this attractive group of birds. 
 
 Coerulean "Warbler 
 
 Dendrceca coernlea 
 
 Sylvia caernlea, WOs. " AO. ii. isio, I4i, pi. 17, f. 5 ". 
 
 SylTlCOla cserulea, "Sw."—Jard. "ed. WiU. 1833,— ".—Bp.CGL. 1838, 23.— JJp.CA.i. 1850, 
 
 308.— flby. Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri). 
 Rhlmamplins csernleus, Scl. PZS. 1857, 18 (BogoU) ; 1858, 64 (EioNapo).— CFund!. J. f. 0. 1862, 
 
 177 (Cuba). 
 Dendroica ciePUlca, Bd. BNA. 1858, Wa.—QundL J. f. 0. 1861, 326 (Cuba).— Bam. Smiths. 
 
 Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Bd Rev. AB. 1865, 191 Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 176.— Br«w. 
 
 Am. Nat. vi. 1872,483.— GfMMdi. J. f. 0.1872, 414 (Cuba).— B. B. <eS. NAB.i. 1874, 235, 
 
 pi. 13, f. 10,11 Breio. Pr. Boat Soo. xvii. 1875, 451 (denied to New England) .—HctwA. 
 
 Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 106 (Denver, Colo.). 
 Dendrceca carnlea, Scl. Cat. AB. 1862, 31.— S. <fi S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— Comm, Pr, Esa. 
 
 Inst. v. 1868, il4.—Sund. Oetv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fiirh. iii. 1869, 614.— S. <« S. PZS. 1870, 836 
 
 (Honduras).- Soii). PZS. 1870, 183 (Veragua).— ^Ifew, Am.Natv. 1871, 6.— Alkn, Am. 
 
 Nat. vi. 1872, 265.— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soo. xv. 1872, 222.— Ooucs, Key, 1872, 99.— Bidgw. 
 
 Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 199.— Gentry, Life-Hiat. i. 1870, 108.— JTinot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 114.— 
 
 Purdie, Bull. Nntt. Club, ii. 1877, 21 (Connecticut).- Iferr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 15 
 
 (Connecticut, two instances). 
 Dendrceca csernla, Trippe, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1873, 2 15. 
 Sylvia cterulea, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 193.— Licht. "Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 
 
 1830, 2" ; J. f. 0. 1803, 3^.—Thomps. N. H. Vermont, 1853, 82. 
 SylvlCOla ctsrulea, Rich. Eep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 172.— Aitd. Syn. 1839, 56.— 
 
 And. BA. ii. 1841, 45, pi. 80.- TFoodA. Sitgr. Eep. Zuni, 1853, 10.— Boy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 
 
 vi. 1653, 311 (Wisconsin).- flenn/, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 309.— JVfn. Pr. Ess. Inst. 
 
 1. 1856, 207 (wrongly attributed to Massachusetts). — Willis, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 
 
 282 (Nova Scotia ; doubtful). 
 Mnlotllta coerulea, Gieib. Nomenc. Av. ii. 187ii, 601. 
 
268 CHARACTERS OF DENDRCECA CCERULEA 
 
 Dendroica CcerDles, Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106.— Terr. Pr. Ess. Inst iiL 1862, 156.— 
 
 Ihimb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 25 ; Phila. ed. If.—Senih. Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 58 (Denver, Colo.). 
 Dendrceca ccerulea, Lawr. Ann. Lyo. N. T. vii. isei, 323 (New Granada).— JfcllMr. Pr. Ess. 
 
 Inot. v. 1866, 86 (Hamilton, C. W.).—Coue8, Pr. Bost. Soo. xiL 1868, IW.—Lawr. Ann. 
 
 Lyo. N. Y. ix. 1869, 200.— Ooti««, BN W. 1874, 56, 233 Jouy, Field and Forest, ili. n. 3, 
 
 Sept. 1877, 51 CWiwhington, D. C). 
 SylTla rara, WOt. iii.lBll, 119.pl. 27, £ 2.— StepA. Gen. ZooLx. 1817, 657.— F.Ency.Mfeth. ii. 
 
 1823, 448.— Bp. Joorn. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 197.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 
 
 en.— Num. Man. t 1832, 393.— .A«(J. OB. L 1832,258, pL 49.— Breio. Joom. Bost Soc. 
 
 i. 1837, 436 (Massachusetts — wrong). 
 PbjUopnenste rara, Buk, Isis, 1828, 321. 
 FermiTora rara, Jard. " ed. Wils. 1838 ". 
 Mniotilta rara, Gray, G. of B.i 1848, 196. 
 SylTla azurea, StepA. Shaw's GZ. x. 1817, 653.— Bp. Am. Orn. iL 1828, 27, pi. 11, f.2.— Bp. 
 
 Ann. Lyo. N. T. li. 1826, 85.— ifuH. Man. i. 1832, 407.— .^.ud OB. L 1832, 255, pi. 48.— 
 
 Tovmg. Joorn. Phila. Acad. viiL 1839, 153 (Oregon ? !). 
 Hjpothimis azurea, Boie, Isis, 1828, 318. 
 Sylrla bifasciata. Say, Long's Exp. B. Mts. L 1823, 170. 
 SflTia popDlorum, T. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 449, n. 104. (After Wilson.) 
 Fanvette berylle, V. Ency. M6th. a 1823, 448. 
 FauTette des Peapliers, V. Eooy. Mfith. iL 1823, 449. 
 FauTCtte blenatre, Le Maine, Ois. Oanad. 1861, 192. 
 Ccerulean, Cseralean, or Cemlean Warbler or Wood-Warbler, Aznre Warbler, Blnc- 
 
 green Warbler, White-tbroated Blue Warbler, Authors. 
 [Note. — Ocendea and caendea are not distingnished ; neither are coerulea and coerulea. — 
 Xote that the " Gaemlean Warbler " (MoUKiUa or Sylvia e.) of authors before Wilson is 
 Polioptila, not D&ndrceca. — See p. 101.] 
 
 Hab. — Eastern North America to the Rocky Mountains in the latitude of 
 Colorado, and to the Lower Missouri. Rare in the Atlantic States ; authen- 
 tic as a bird of New England (Connecticut, Linaley, Am. Journ. Sci. xliv. 
 1843, — ; Purdie, Men-iam, U. ss. cc.). Canada West (McHwraith). Cuba 
 (Gundlach) ; no other West Indian record. In winter, Central and portions 
 of South America. No Mexican record. 
 
 Ch. sp. — 3 Gcerulea, dorso medio nigra striata; infra alba, 
 pectore lateribusque fusoa-cceruleo striatis, strigd superciliari alba, 
 alis alba bifasdatis, rectricibus lateralibus alba notatis. 9 vires- 
 cens, infra sardide Jlavo-albida, alis cauddque sicut in mare. 
 
 g , adult : Entire upper parts sky-blue, the middle of i.he back streaked 
 with black ; the crown usually richer and also with dark markings. Below 
 pure white, streaked across the breast and along the sides with dusky blue — 
 the breast-streaks inclining to form a short bar, sometimes interrupted in 
 the middle. Auriculars dusky ; edges of eyelids and superciliary line white. 
 Wings blackish, much edged externally with the color of the back, the inner 
 webs of all the quills, the outer webs of the inner secondaries, and two broad 
 bars across the tips of the greater and median coverts, white. Tail black, 
 with much exterior edging of the color of the back, all the feathers, except 
 the middle pair, with small, white, subterminal (pots on the inner webs. 
 Length, 4-4^ ; wing, 2J ; tail, 2 or less. 
 
 $ , adult : Quite different. Upper parts dull greenish, with more or less 
 grayish-blue shade, the greenish brightest and purest on the crown. Eye- 
 lids, line over eye, and entire under parts whitish, more or less strongly over- 
 cast with dull greenish-yellow. Wings and tail dusky, the exterior edgings 
 of the color of the back; the bars, spots, and interior edgings white, as in 
 
DISTRIBUTION OP THE CCEBULEAN WAEBLEE 269 
 
 the $ . The female is curiously similar to the same sex of D. OKrulescens, 
 but in the latter the tail-spots are different ; there are no white wing-bars, 
 but instead there is a small whitish spot at the base of the outer primaries. 
 The autumnal plumage of the adults is said to diifer in no wise from that 
 of the spring. Young males are said to be much like the adult females, but 
 less uniformly greenish-blue above and purer white below, with evident 
 blackish stripes on the interscapulars and sides of the head. The young 
 female resembles the adult of that sex, but is still greener above, with little 
 or no blue, and quite buffy-yellowish below. When in full dress, this is a 
 very pretty bird, there being something peculiarly tasteful and artistic in 
 the simple contrast of the snowy- white with the delicate azure- blue, without 
 any " warm " color. 
 
 HAVnTG left in the "Birds of the Northwest" a sketch of 
 the general geographical distribution of this species, I 
 resume the subject chiefly to enter into detail respecting the 
 western limits of its dispersion, which are wider than is com- 
 monly supposed, or than is indicated by Dr. Brewer's latest 
 contribution to its history. It will be remembered that not long 
 after Wilson's original notice of the bird, Thomas Say described 
 it under the name of Sylvia bifasciata in Major Long's Expedi- 
 tion to the Eocky Mountains, and such hint of its westward 
 extension has very recently been verified by Mr. Henshaw, who 
 saw a Warbler, "unquestionably of this species", on the 17th 
 of May, whilst he was collecting in the vicinity of Denver, Col- 
 orado. The bird had not previously been recognized from west 
 of the Plains. Woodhonse, however, gave it as breeding in 
 abundance in the Indian Territory, and Allen as common about 
 Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. These are the principal Western 
 records. For though it is true that Audubon assigns it to the 
 "Columbia Eiver" on Townsendian authority, there is probably 
 some mistake about this — at any rate, I continue to discredit 
 the statement. The Mississippi Valley, in a broad sense, seems 
 to be the bird's main area of distribution, where only is it at all 
 abundant. In the Atlantic watershed, it is certainly one of our 
 rarer species, though apparently of general dispersion ; but 
 there is now no doubt that it enters New England. Audubon, 
 indeed, ascribes it to Nova Scotia, and it would not be likely to 
 reach that island without passing by New England. Audubon 
 says explicitly, " the northeastern point at which I have known 
 it to be procured is the neighborhood of Pictou, Nova Scotia"; 
 but gives no authority nor any circumstances of observation. 
 So long ago as 1837, Dr. Brewer gave ^'Sylvia rara" as a bird 
 of Massachusetts, and for many years the species has been 
 
270 DISTRIBUTION OP THE CffiRULEAN WARBLER 
 
 currently attributed to New England, by myself as well as by 
 others. Nearly all the later citations to such effect, however, 
 have rested upon the appearance of the name in F. W. Put- 
 nam's List of the Birds of Essex County, Mass., published in 
 1856 ; but Dr. Brewer " recently ascertained by careful enquiry " 
 that the species Mr. Putnam had in view was the Black-throated 
 Blue Warbler, D. ccerulescens. This left the bird without au- 
 thentic Massachusetts record, and caused Dr. Brewer, ignoring 
 his 1837 announcement, to deny the bird to New England in 
 1875. In 1874, in the "Birds of the Northwest ", I simply que- 
 ried the occurrence of the species in that part of the country, 
 considering that Linsley's Connecticut record of 1843 needed 
 confirmation, though my other sources of information, such as 
 Lawrence's New York List of 1866, left me in no real doubt of 
 its presence in the Connecticut Valley — a fact fully confirmed 
 by Mr. Purdie's and Mr. Merriam's respective records above 
 cited. The only authoritative record I know of the occurrence 
 of the bird north of our boundary is that above cited, fur- 
 nished by Mr. Mcllwraith, of Hamiltou, Canada West. In the 
 Middle States, the Ccerulean Warbler is certainly rare ; it is so 
 given by Dr. TnrnbuU for Pennsylvania, and Dr. Prentiss and 
 I never saw it alive in the District of Columbia ; though it has 
 been got in this place on more than one occasion, the last being 
 an instance of which I am informed by Mr. L. P. Jouy, of Wash- 
 ington, who happens into my study with the information, by a 
 curious coincidence, as I pen this very article (October 16, 1877), 
 and who published the case in the number of " Field and Forest" 
 above cited, which appeared a few days afterward. 
 
 The Ccerulean Warbler entirely withdraws from the Uuited 
 States in the fall. It is singular that we have no Mexican 
 record, and that our only West Indian one is from Cuba. For 
 aught that we know to the contrary, the bird makes for Central 
 America, and winters in Yucatan, Guatemala, the Isthmus, and 
 New Granada, even pushing as far in South America as the 
 Eio Napo. 
 
 Good fresh observations respecting the nest, eggs, and breed- 
 ing habits of the Ccerulean Warbler are wanted, as the present 
 generation of ornithologists knows nothing of these matters 
 but what it has inherited from the last one. 
 
SYNONYMY OP DENDROECA AUDUBONI 271 
 
 Audubon's Warlbler 
 
 Dendroeca andnbonl 
 
 Sylvia andnbonl, Towns. Joarn. PMla. Acad. vii. 1837, 191 (Colombia Eiver) ; vlii. 1839, 153. 
 SflTlcola andnbonl, Bp. CGL. 1838, il.—Aud. Syn. 1839, S3.—Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 
 
 m.—Oamb. Pr. Phila. Acad, iil.1846, 155.— Gamb. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 37.— 
 
 Bp. CA. L 1850, 307. 
 Mnlotllta andnbonl, Oray, G. of B. 1.1848, 196. 
 Dendroica andnbonl, Sal PZS. 1858, 295, 298 (Oaxaca).— Xan«. Fr. Fhila. Acad. xi. 1859. 
 
 191.— Hold. (8 Aiken, Pr. Boat. Soo. xv. 1872, 197.— B. S.aH. NAB. i. 1874, 229, pi. 13, 
 
 f. l.—Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, ISS.-Hmeh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Mend. 1876, 174. 
 Dendroeca andnbonl, Sol. PZS. i860, 250 (Orizaba).- £!. <£ S. Ibis, ii. 1860, 273 (Guatemala).— 
 
 Sd. PZS. 1864, 172 (City of Mexico).— CtotMW, Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 163 (Arizona).— Cottos, 
 
 Pr. Pliila. Acad. 1868, 83 (Arizona).- BroiOTi, Ibis, 2d ser. iv. 1868, 420 (Tancoaver).- 
 
 Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. FSrh. iii. 1869, 613.— ]}rippe apud Oojies, BNW. 1874, 232 
 
 Nds. Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii 1875, 357.— ft-oz«w. Bull. Nutt. Clnb, a 1877, 27 (Cambridge 
 
 Mass. I). 
 SflTla andubonll, Aud. OB. t. 1839, 52, pi 395. 
 
 SylTlcola andnbonil, Aud. BA. ii. 184l, 26, pi. n.—Woodh. Sitgr. Hep. ZnSi, 1833, 71. 
 Dendroica andubonll, Bd. BNA. 1858, 273.- £d. XJ. S. Mex. B. Surv. ii. pt. iL 1859, Birds, 
 
 lO.—Kenn. PEER. x. 18.19, 24.— Heerm. ibid. S9.—Coop. <£• Suck. NHWT. i. 1860, 181.— 
 
 Hayd. Tr. Amer. Pliilos. Soc. xii. 1862, ISO.— Bd. Eev. AB. i. 1865, 188.— Coop. Am. 
 
 Nat. iii. 1869, 33.— Steo. IT. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 463.— Merr. U. S.Geol. 
 
 Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 675, 713. 
 Dendrceca andnbonil, Corns, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1866, 69.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 88, 4g.— 
 
 Ooues, Key, 1872, 100,— Ooues, BNW. 1874, 53 Coop. Am. Nat. vlii. 1874, 16.—Tarr. 
 
 a Rensh. Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 10.— Sensh ibid. 41, 58, 75, 10S.—Nels. Pr. Bost. Soc. 
 
 xvii. 1875, 343. 
 Dendroica andnbonls, Bd. Ives's Eep. Colo. E. pt. vi. 1861, 5. 
 
 Dendroica coronata var. andnbonl [!], Bidgw. Ball. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, ISO (Colorado). 
 Andubon's Warbler, Western Tellow-rump, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — From the easternmost bases and outlying foot-hills of the Rooky 
 Mountains to the Pacific, United States and British Columbia ; probably also 
 to Alaska. South in winter through Mexico to Guatemala. Accidental in 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Ch. sp. — (? Garuleo-einerea, dorso nigra striata ; vertice medio, 
 uropygio, guld et lateribus pectoris, flavis; peetore nigra, ab- 
 damine albo, lateribus nigra-striatis ; 9 brunnea-cinerea, pectare 
 nigra maculato. 
 
 $ , adult, In summer : Upper parts clear bluish-ash, streaked with black. 
 A central longitudinal spot on the crown, the rump, throat, and a patch on 
 each side of the breast, rich yellow. Sides of the head little darker than the 
 upper parts ; eyelids uarrowly white, but no decided superciliary white 
 stripe. The ash of the upper parts extending far around the sides of the 
 neck. .Tngulum and breast in high plumage pure black, though usually 
 mixed with some grayish skirting of the feathers, or invaded by white from 
 behind, or even touched with yellow here and there. Belly and under tail- 
 coverts white, the sides streaked with black. Wings blackish, with gray or 
 white edging, especially on the inner quills ; the median wing-coverts tipped, 
 the greater ones edged and tipped, with white, forming a great white blotch. 
 Tail like the wings, the outer webs narrowly edged with gray or white, tho 
 
272 CHARACTERS OF DENDRCECA AUDUBONI 
 
 inner webs of all the lateral feathers with large white blotches. Bill and 
 feet black. One of the larger species. Length, &J-5f ; extent, Sf-QJ; wing, 
 31-3; tail,2i. 
 
 9, in summer: Generally similar to the $. Upper parts duller and 
 browner slate-color, with less heavy dorsal streaks ; crown-spot and other 
 yellow parts paler ; breast not continuously black, but variegated with black, 
 white, and the color of the back. Sides only obsoletely streaked. Eyelids 
 scarcely white, and cheeks hardly different from the back. White of wing- 
 coverts mostly restricted to two bars ; white tail-spots smaller 
 
 Both sexes in autumn and winter, and young : Upper parts quite brown, 
 with obscure black marking. Yellow crown-spot concealed or wanting ; yel- 
 low of throat, rump, and sides of breast paler and restricted. Under parts 
 whitish, shaded on the sides, and usually across the breast, with a dilute tint of 
 the color of the back, the breast and sides obsoletely streaked with darker. 
 White of wing-coverts obscured with brownish. 
 
 Very young : No yellow anywhere. Everywhere streaked ; above with 
 blackish and brownish ash, below with dusky and whitish. Wings and tail 
 much as in the autumnal plumage of the adult. 
 
 The full breeding dress of this species is worn but a short time. The 
 spring moult is usually not completed until some time in May, as early 
 May and all April specimens show more or loss evident traces of the dull 
 brown winter plumage, mixed with the clear slate-color. September and 
 October specimens are much the same. The early streaked condition is very 
 brief, the distinctive marking of the species soon appearing. 
 
 In comparing this species with D. coronata, its Eastern representative, the 
 very marked character of restricted yellow throat, in contrast with the 
 more extensively white throat of D. eoronata, has drawn attention from other 
 equally good characters. In D. coronata, in full plumage, the whole sides of 
 the head are pure black, bounded above by a white superciliary line ; whereas 
 this part is little darker than tho back in audutoni, and there is no white line. 
 The breast of D. coronata does not appear to be ever continuously black, nor 
 do the two white bars on the wings fuse completely into a large white patch. 
 Younger and autumnal or winter specimens are more similar, but the dis- 
 tinctive yellow throat of auduboni shows at least in traces at a very early 
 age, and is always distinctive. In the very earliest streaky stage, the two 
 species are indistinguishable. 
 
 ALL things considered, we may fairly regard Audubon's 
 Warbler as the most characteristic species of the genus 
 Dendrcecia in the West. Not that it is more specially indicative 
 of the fauna from the Eocky Mountains to the Pacific than 
 D. townsendi, D. occidentalis, and D. nigrescens respectively 
 are ; but that it is much more abundant and more equably dif- 
 fused over the country than any one of the three other species 
 just mentioned are known to be. It almost entirely replaces the 
 Tellow-rump Warbler or Myrtle-bird in this region, and in fact 
 forms its exact Western representative, being equally common 
 and no less conspicuous among the small insectivorous birds 
 
DISTRIBUTION OF AUDUBON's WARBLER 273 
 
 which throng the forests and thickets of the entire West. It 
 is a fourth species of Dendrceca discovered by Nuttall and 
 Townsend, completing their additions to our knowledge of the 
 varied exhibitions of bird-life which compose this extensive 
 genus. Their original accounts of the bird are not entirely con- 
 sistent, nor as satisfactory in other respects as could be desired, 
 but we have gradually come into possession of the materials 
 for a tolerably complete biography. 
 
 Not the least interesting point in the history of Audubon's 
 Warbler is its recent occurrence on the side of the continent 
 where it does not properly belong, Mr. A. M. Frazar has this 
 year published a note of his capture of a specimen at Gam- 
 bridge, Mass., on the 15th of November, 1876. As he says 
 that it was a fine male specimen, with the yellow of the throat 
 very plainly marked, there is no reason to doubt the accuracy 
 of his identification ; and we may match the case with that of 
 the Townsend's Warbler which lately wandered into Pennsylva- 
 nia. This estray aside, Audubon's Warbler has never been 
 known to come eastward beyond the line of arboreal vegetation 
 which marks the easternmost foot-hills and outlying elevations 
 of the Eocky Mountains. As soon as we fairly enter the wooded 
 tracts, as distinguished from those slight fringes of trees that 
 straggle along the water courses, we are pretty sure to find 
 Audubon's Warbler, and we may find it anywhere, so we be in 
 the woods at the right season, thence to the Pacific. The north- 
 ern limit of its distribution is a little uncertain. The bird is 
 known to enter British Columbia, and I have myself observed 
 it on the headwaters of the Saskatchewan, on the northern 
 border of Montana. Though we have as yet no Alaskan record, 
 we should be slow to Infer that it does not reach at least part 
 way through that country — as far as the Pacific fauna proper 
 extends. D. coronata is found there, Alaska being doubtless 
 the region whence come those straggling Yellow-rumps that oc- 
 casionally turn np in the Pacific region. D. auduboni is no less 
 hardy a bird than its Eastern analogue, and its northwestern 
 reistriction, wherever the line may actually be drawn, is infer- 
 ably determined by the topographical rather than climatic con- 
 ditions, which are well known to carry the Eastern Province 
 proper to the very shores of the Pacific in the higher latitudes. 
 In the opposite direction, Audubon's Warbler is known to pen- 
 etrate through Mexico and to reach various portions of Central 
 America, where again, as at the far North, it greets its Eastern 
 18 B o 
 
274 DISTRIBUTION OF ADDUBON'S WAEBLER 
 
 cousin ; for Mr. Albert Salvia found both Eastern and Western 
 Yellow-rumps together, at San Geronimo, in November, 1859. 
 
 As to the local and seasonal movements of Audubon's War- 
 bler within the extensive area thus sketched : The bird is migra- 
 tory, like all the rest of our Warblers, and the "tidal wave" 
 passes twice a year, bearing the vast majority of individuals 
 north iu spring and south in autumn. The extent of the spring 
 movement seems to be sufBcient to bring all those that entered 
 Mexico the previous fall back into the United States ; at any 
 rate, if some linger to breed in even the most elevated portions 
 of Mexico, the fact has not become known to us. The body of 
 birds thus thronging over our border takes upon itself two 
 movements: one of these, the ordinary to-and-fro migration, 
 spreads the species in latitude, until the limits of its geograph- 
 ical range are attained ; the other is an up-and-down movement, 
 equally obvious and decided, though of course less extensive, 
 which carries the species into suitable breeding grounds, at the 
 higher elevations of the lower latitudes. Thus a breeding 
 range is secured which is almost coextensive, geographically 
 speaking, with the entire United States range of the species, 
 yet entirely dependent upon topographical features of the coun- 
 try; for while at the North the birds may breed anywhere, down 
 to sea-level, at the South their nesting-grounds are found only 
 along certain lines or in certain spots that attain sufBcient ele- 
 vation. There is nothing peculiar in this ; in fact, it is the rule 
 equally applicable to various other migratory birds. The case 
 of I>. auduboni, however, is notable among the Warblers, as that 
 of D. coronata also is, in that the winter range of the species is 
 unusually extensive ; for only a part, perhaps only a small pro- 
 portion, of the individuals composing the species withdraw 
 from the United States in the fall. How far north the bird may 
 be enabled by the hardiness of its constitution to endure the 
 rigors of winter is not fully known, for ornithologists are neither 
 numerous nor active at this season in the Eocky Mountains. 
 But the bird has been seen in Washington Territory in March, 
 which is long before any general migration of birds occurs in 
 that latitude ; and the probability is that the lower levels and 
 sheltered situations generally may harbor numbers of the birds 
 in winter, even toward the northern extremes of their habitat, 
 just as the Eastern Yellow rumps are sometimes seen in Massa- 
 chusetts at the same season. However this may be, it is certain 
 that the lower portions of the Colorado Basin, and of the coun- 
 
DISTRIBUTION OV AUDUBON'S WARBLER 275 
 
 try generally at corresponding latitudes in the Pacific water- 
 sheds, are witness of the birds through the winter. In such lat- 
 itudes, the species, as a species, is resident ; but it by no means 
 follows that the indi^^iduals which we see there in the winter 
 are those that were bred in the vicinity, lu the nature of the 
 case, the question is not likely to be decided ; but the probabil- 
 ity is, to judge from analogy, that the winter representatives 
 of the species in E"ew Mexico, Arizona, and Southern California 
 consist mainly of Northern-born birds which have migrated 
 southward, and that Mexico and Guatemala are supplied from 
 more southerly broods, that may have been raised in the very 
 latitudes where others of the species pass the winter. Should 
 such be the case, we see clearly that the migratory impulse is 
 carried out in all cases, even though Audubon's Warblers may 
 be found in certain areas at all seasons of the year. I think, 
 however, that we are all unconsciously apt to be biassed 
 respecting the general subject of the migrations of birds, by too 
 close reliance upon the north-south lines of movement, to the 
 extent of underrating the lateral and the up-and-down ranges 
 of species, which are particularly noticeable in countries much 
 diversified by mountains. For instance, the Black Snowbird is 
 commonly supposed to come from the i^orth in the fall, and so 
 it certainly does ; but its sudden appearances, dependent upon 
 changes of the weather, remained unaccountable till it was 
 learned that the bird breeds in the mountains even as far south 
 as Virginia and North Carolina, and flies up and down, accord- 
 ing to exigencies of the weather. 
 
 The general statements I have made respecting the move- 
 ments of Audubon's Warbler are gathered from sources too 
 numerous to be spread in full upon this record ; but I shall re- 
 count some of the more prominent observations which are at 
 our service. In Colorado State, according to Mr. T. M. Trippe, 
 Audubon's Warbler is abundant, migratory, and breeds from 
 an altitude of 9,000 or 9,500 feet up to timber-line. It reaches 
 Idaho from the South about the middle of May, goes higher up 
 to breed, and rears its young during the latter part of June and 
 in July, in the dense spruce forests of the mountain-sides, 
 whence it begins to descend in August, becomes common in 
 the lower parts of the country in September, and disappears by 
 October. In the same State, Mr. Aiken says this Warbler is a 
 common summer resident, particularly numerous during the 
 migrations, when it is dispersed over the whole country from 
 
276 HABITS OF Audubon's waeblee 
 
 the stunted pines of the timber-line to the deciduous trees and 
 bushes bordering the streams of the Plains, but during the 
 breeding season restricted to an altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 feet, 
 where they rear their young in the fastnesses of the pines and 
 aspens. He found it as early as April 16, but it does not be- 
 come numerous till some time afterward. Henshaw saw it about 
 Denver early in May, and found it tolerably common on the 
 pine-clad mountains of Southern Colorado from about 9,000 feet 
 upward. The birds had paired by the 1st of June, and a fin- 
 ished but still empty nest was discovered a week later on the 
 top of a small spruce some thirty feet high. This nest was 
 composed of bark strips firmly and neatly woven, with a lining 
 of fine grasses ; it was four inches in diameter and an inch deep. 
 In Arizona, the same diligent and observing naturalist ascer- 
 tained that these Warblers breed in the White Mountains, 
 where he took young just from the nest on the 12th of July, 
 even so far south as Mount Graham, where the young birds 
 were just beginning their new plumage on the Ist of August. 
 At Fort Whipple, in the same Territory, I found these Warblers 
 to be extremely abundant — as much so" as I ever saw Yellow- 
 rumps in the East — during both the vernal and the autumnal 
 migrations. I thought then that they bred in the neighboring 
 mountains at higher elevations, and am now satisfied that such 
 is the case. I used to find them while they were on the move 
 in almost any situation, but they were specially conspicuous by 
 reason of their numbers and their activity in the cottonwood 
 trees and mixed undergrowth along the various mountain 
 streams from the 20th of April to the 10th of May, and again 
 during the month of October. They were also seen occasionally 
 during the winter, even at this elevation, and Dr. Cooper attests 
 their presence in numbers at the same season along the Colo- 
 rado River, at Fort Mojave. The experience of the last named 
 with the birds in California accords with what has gone before. 
 He obtained newly-fledged birds at Lake Tahoe in September, 
 and considers it probable that they breed throughout the 
 higher ranges of the Sierra Nevada. At Santa Cruz, latitude 
 37°, and down to sea-level, the birds did not appear until the 
 end of September ; some winter there ; about the 20th of March, 
 the dull plain garb is quickly exchanged for the gay vernal 
 attire, and the birds are off by the middle of April. Great 
 numbers, he says, winter in various portions of Southern Cali- 
 fornia, where they flutter and chirp among the weeds of the 
 
HABITS or Audubon's warbler 277 
 
 plains as well as in the woods. They retire toward the north 
 in April, none being seen after May, even in the Coast Eange 
 south of San Francisco, though they reappear in September. 
 According to Heermann, they winter in California as far north 
 as Sacramento, and Cooper is inclined to believe that some re- 
 main, in mild winters, in the Columbia Eiver region. In Nevada, 
 Eidgway states this beautiful Warbler inhabits chiefly the pine 
 forests of the higher mountain-ranges during the summer, but 
 also frequents the cedar and pinon woods of the desert mount- 
 ains, descending thence to the lower portions of the country, 
 where it haunts the shrubbery of the water-courses, precisely 
 after the manner of the Eastern Yellow-rump. In Montana, at 
 latitude 49°, and at an elevation of about 4,500 feet, I found 
 Audubon's Warblers abundant, and evidently at their birth- 
 place, as the time was August, and before any migration had 
 begun. 
 
 But it is needless to multiply quotations further. The only 
 nest of Audubon's Warbler I have ever seen is the one in the 
 National Museum, transmitted from Vancouver by the late Mr. 
 J. Hepburn, who affirms that the structure may be placed indif- 
 ferently in the upper branches of trees or in bushes only a few 
 feet from the ground ; and that the eggs, to the number of four, 
 are white, with red markings, chiefly about the larger end. 
 The nest just spoken of was built in the crotch formed by three 
 forks of an oblique stem, its shape consequently being obliquely 
 conical. The exterior of the nest is composed of rather coarse 
 strips of fibrous bark and weeds variously intertwined, the main 
 substance consisting of fine grasses, mosses, and rootlets, 
 mixed with some large feathers and bits of string, these mis- 
 cellaneous materials being closely matted or felted ; and the 
 interior is finished off with an abundant lining of horse-hairs. 
 
 The general habits of Audubon's Warbler indicate no traits 
 of character that are not shared by its very well-known Eastern 
 relative, the familiar Yellow-rump. In some parts of thecountry, 
 as in Eastern Colorado, and also in Guatemala, the two species 
 are found together, behaving exactly alike. Mr. Salvin noticed 
 them thus associated at San Geronimo, where they congregated 
 on the ground, and got most of their food in this way. One 
 difference, however, between the two birds has been attested 
 by independent observers. Mr. Trippe likens their ordinary 
 chirping note to one of the sounds uttered by the Barn Swal- 
 low, while Mr. Eidgway speaks of their feeble ^wW as some- 
 
278 SYNONYMY OF DENDKCECA COEONATA 
 
 thing quite unlilce the load, sharp 'cM^' of the Eastern Yellow- 
 rump. The full song of the bird has never, to my present 
 recollection, greeted my ears; Mr. Trippe, who has heard it, 
 calls it "a simple little carol", and Nuttall says it is like that 
 of the Summer Warbler, but superior in style of execution. 
 
 Yellow-rumpcd TVarbler 
 
 Dendroecn coronata 
 
 MotaciUa coroDUta, L. SN. i. 1766, 333, a. 21 (Edw. pi. 298).— Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 44, 
 pi. 709, f. 1 (FauveUe ombree de la L<misiane).—Gm. SN. i. 1788, 974, n. 21 (Briss.Bnff. 
 Edw. Penn. and Lath.).— rUrt. SN. i. 1806, 599. 
 
 Sylvia coronata, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 538, n. 115.— F. OAS. ii. 1807, 24, pis. 78, 19.— Wile. AO. ii. 
 1810, 138, pi. 17, f. 4 i ii. 356, pi. 45, f. 3.—T. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 178.— yStepA. Gen. Zool. 
 X. 1817, 636.— T. Ency. M6lh. IL 1823, 426, n.25.— JTp. Jouru. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 
 19a.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, n.—IAcht. "Preis-Verz. Mex. Yog. 1830, 2" 
 (J. f. O. 1863, 57) — ies«. Tr. Orn. 1831, ilS.-Nutt M.in. i. 1832, 361.— jiud. OB. ii. 
 1834, 303, pi. ISi.—D'Orl. Ois. Cuba, 1839, 60.— Peaii. Eep. Orn. Moss. 1839, 307.— 
 Ihomps. Vermont, 1853, HO.—Gieb. Vog. 1860, 56, f. UO.— T7ew, Pr. Boat. Soo. x. 
 1866,267 (Labrador). 
 
 SflTicola coronata, S. <i B. FBA. ii. 1831, 216.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 22.— Viflr. ZooL Voy. Bloss. 
 1839, lS.—Aud. Syn. 1839, bl.-Nutt. Man. L2d ed. 1840, 411.— ilttd. BA. ii. 1841,23,pl. 
 le.-Ooaae, B. Jam. 1847, 155 —Denny, PZS. 1847, 38 —Bp. CA. i. 1850, 307.—Bumett, Pr. 
 Best. Soo. iv. 1851, 116— fiby,Pr. Phila. Acad. vL 1853, 310.— JJead, ibid. 398.— TTooiJA. 
 Sitgr. Eep. ZuSii K. 1853, 71.— JJeinA. J. f. 0. 18.54, 439 (Greenland).— Henry, Pr. Phila. 
 Acad. vii. 1855, 309.— Bry. Pr. Boat Soo. 1855, 142 (Massacbnsctts, in January).— 
 Kennic. Tr. III. Agric. Soo. i. 1855, 583.— Protten, ibid. mi.—Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 
 
 207.— Sa.K, PZS. 1857, 231 (San Domingo) —Jfaxim. J. f. O, vi. 1858, 114 Bry. Pr. 
 
 Best Soc. vii. 1859, 110 (Bahamas).- Jforfcns, J. f. O. 1859, 213 (Bermudas).— TTiiJis, 
 Smiths. Eep. for 185^, 1859, 282 (Nova Scotia) —Bland, ibid. 287 (Bermudas).- Brew. 
 Pr. Best Soc. vii. 1860, 306 [Cnba,).—Alhrecht, J. t. 0. 1861, 52 (Bahamas).- J.i!)r«!Ae, J. f. 
 0. 1862, 194, 201 (Jamaica,).— Hoj/, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 437 (Western Missouri).- 
 Bry. J. f. 0. 1806, 184 (Porto Eico).— Bry. Pr. Bost Soo. x. 1866, 251 (the same).— 
 Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. xL 1867, 91 (San Domingo).— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 114. 
 
 MnlOtllta coronata, Gray, G. of B. L 1848, 196.— Coiiof, Naum. ii. Heft iiL 1852, m.— Kneel. 
 Pr. Bost Soo. vi. 1857, 234.— BeinA. Ibis, iii. 1861, 5 (Greenland). 
 
 Bhlmanpbns coronatns, Oai>. MH. i. 1850, 19. 
 
 Rhlmampbus coronatus, Oundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 473 ; 1861, 408 (Cuba).— <s:cZ. PZS. 1856, 291 
 (Cordova). 
 
 Scndrolca corona a, Gray, List of G. of B., App., 1842, i.—Bd. BNA. 1858, S72.— &I. PZS. 
 1858, 295 (Cordova).— S. d S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemala).- flenry, Pr. Phila. Acad, 
 xi. 1859, 106.-0. a S. NHWT. 1860, 187 (Washington Territory).— Barn. Smiths. 
 Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Com«s <6 Prent Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862, 407 (Washington, 
 D. C.J wintering). — Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 125 (Maine, breeding).— Terr. 
 Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 147.— Haj/d. Tr. Amer. Philos. Socxll. 1862, 160 (Dakota).— 
 March, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, 292 (Jamaica, breeding).— A!!e», Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 
 1864, 62.— Sd. Eev. AB. 1865, 187.— iowr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 'i&4.— Butch. 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 149 (Laredo, Tex.).— IVippe. Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 171.— Do!! 
 <£ Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. 1869, 278 (Alaska, breeding) —v. Frantz. J. t. O. 1869, 
 293 (Costa Eica).— Kt™!). B. E. Pa. 1869, 24 ; Phila. ed. Vl.—Ahbott, Am. Nat iv. 1870, 
 543.— Doll, ibid. 600.— Paricr, Am. Nat v. 1871, 168— Brcm Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 
 4 (nesting; Maine).— Gund!. J. f. 0. 1872, 413 (Cnb.i).—J.ite«, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 1872, 
 196 (Colorado).— iJidffw. Boll. Ess. Inst v. 1873, 180 (ColorQdo).-B. B. <t R. NAB. i. 
 1S74, 227, pi. 12, f. 9, 12 — ffCTwTi. Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874,58 (Co'orado).— Brew. Pr. Bost 
 Soc. xvii. 1875, iW.—Hemh. ZooL Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 193. 
 
 Dendroica coronatug, Oundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 326 (Cuba). 
 
SYNONYMY OF DENDECECA COEONATA 279 
 
 Dendroeca ooronata, Sal PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— iawr. Aud. Lye N. T. viil 1863, 6 (New 
 GrouadW-— -BW. Ibis, v. 1863, 62.— «.<««. PZS. 1864, 347 (Psmama,).— Dress. Ibis, 2d 
 Ber.i._1865, 478 (Texas).— JfcZIwi-. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1S66, SS.—Srown, Ibis, 2d ser. iv. 
 1868, 420 (Vancoaver).— Oo«e«, Pr. Boat. Soc. xii. 1868, 109.— Onues, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 
 161.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 272.— iciwr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 94 (Costa 
 Eica).— Sitjjd. Oefv.K.Tet.-Akad. Forh. iii. IkSd, 613.— Cope, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 395, 
 3S6.— Coop B. Cal. L 1870, 89, flgs.— «. <« 8. PZS. 1870, 836 (Honduras).- CoMM, Pr. 
 Phila. Acad, xxiii. 1871, iO.—Mayn. Pr. Best. Soc. xiv. 1872, 363.— Trippe, Am. Nat. 
 •vi. 1872, il.—AlUn, Am. Nat. vi. 1873, 265, 3a9.—Furdie, Am. Nat. vii. 1S73, 693.— 
 Mayn. B. Ela. 1873, 51.— Frippe, Pr. Host. Soc. xv. 1873, '135.~Merr. Am. Nat viii. 1874, 
 7, 8.— 0<m«s, BNW. 1874, 51.—Trippe, ibid. 232 (Colorado, abundant).- ffentrj/, Life- 
 Hist. i. 1876, 109.— Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 124.- Merr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 16. 
 
 FIguler conronne d'or, JSm/. "Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 312". 
 
 Fanvette couronn(^e d'or, Y. Ency. M6tta. ii. 1823, 426. 
 
 Flguier ccndr^ tacbet^ de Pensilranie, Ficedula pensllvanica cinerca nsevla, Sriss. 
 Orn. vi. 1760, App. p. 110, n. 81 (Edw. pi. 298) (first basis of Mot. eoronata (im.). 
 
 Oolden-crowned Flycatcher, Edw. Gl. pi. 298 (sole basis of Motadlla eoronata Linn.). 
 
 eolden-CTOWned Warbler, jDa«ft. Syn. il. pt. ii. 1783, 486, n. 111.— Pcnn. AZ. ii. 1785, 403, n. 294. 
 
 Motacllla canadensis, L. SN. i. 1766, 334, d. 27 (based on Briss. iii. 524, pi. 27, f. 1 ; nee L. 
 SN. p. 336, n. 42, which is Dendroeca coerulescensi. 
 
 Motacllla cincta, Gm, SN. i. 1788, 980, n. 27 (= M. eatMderma L. n. 27 + Belted Warbler, 
 Penn. & Lath.).— ia(A. 10. ii. 1790, 539, n. 116.— TurL SN. i. 1806, 604. 
 
 FIguler a celntnre, Bv,ff. " Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 303 ". 
 
 Flgnler cendr^ de Canada, Ficednla canadensis cinerea, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 524, u. 67, 
 pL 27, f. 1 (basis of Mot. canadensis Linn. n. 27, nee n. 42). 
 
 Belted Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 408, n. 306.— iafft. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 487, n. 112. 
 
 Mesange de Tirglnle, Paras vlrglnlanus, Briss. Orn. iiL 1760, 575, n. 14 (quotes Eleiu, 74, 
 n. 8, and Catesby, 58). 
 
 Parus vlrglnlanus, i. SN. i. 1766, 342, n. 9 (Catesby and Briss.).— Gm. SN. i. 1788, 1010, 
 n. 9.-Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 567, n. 15.— Turt SN. i 1806, i!S.—Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 60. 
 
 lusclnla uropygio luUso, Klein, "Av. 74, n.8". 
 
 Virginian Titmouse, Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1785, 546, n. li.-Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 423, n. 325. 
 
 Tellow-rump, Parus nropygeo luteo, CaUsby, Car. i. 1771, 58, pi. 58 (not Yellow-rumped 
 TTarftierof Lath, and Penn., which is 2). mac«to«a). (Basis of Parus mrfifiTiiaazw Linn.) 
 
 Mesange A, crouplon Jaune, £«/. " Hist Nat Ois. v. 453 ". 
 
 FauTCtte a croupion Jaune, Y. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 180.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 444. 
 
 Motacllla nmbria, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 959, u. 70 (Buff. v. 162 ; PE. 709, f. 1, &.e.).—Turt SN. i. 
 1806, 589. 
 
 NylTla umbria, Laih. 10. ii. 1790, 518, n. 34. 
 
 FauTCtte ombrie de la Louisiane, £tt/. "HistNat Ois. v. 162". 
 
 Fauyette tacbet^e de la Loulslane, Buf. PE. 709, f. 1. 
 
 Dusky Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 410, n. 309. 
 
 Cmbrosc Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 437, n. 30 (PE. 709, f. 1). 
 
 Motacllla plnguls, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 973, n. 115 (based onBuffi Penn. anaL.ith.).— Turfc SN. i. 
 1806,598. 
 
 SylTla pinguis, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 543, n. 132. 
 
 Flguier grasset. Buff. " Hist Nat Ois. v. 319 ". 
 
 erasset Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 411, n. 3U.—La(h. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1873, 496, n. 127. 
 
 FIguler du Hisslsslpl, PE. 731, f. 2 (generally assigned to DeindrtecapeMnsylvomica). 
 
 SylTla flavopygia, Y. OAS. ii. 1807, 47 (usually wrongly quoted as "xanthopygia". 
 = Parus virginianm L. Gm.). 
 
 SylTla xanthorboa, Y. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 180 (after Catesby). 
 
 SylTla xantboroa, Yidll. Ency. M£th. ii. 1823, 444, n. 87. 
 
 Faruii cedrus, uropygio flaTO, Bartr. Trav. Fla. Ist Am. ed. 1791, 292. 
 
 Bec-fln couronne, D'Orb. 1. c. 
 
 FaUTCtte couronn^e, Y. OAS. ii. 1807, 24.— ie Maine, Ois. Canad. 1361, 190. 
 
 Yellow-crowned Warbler, Yellow-crowned Wood Warbler, Yellow-rumped Warbler, 
 Yellow-rump, Myrtle-bird, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — North America, but chiefly the Eastern Province. In the North- 
 west, extends across the continent ; thenco some individuals straggle south- 
 
280 HISTORY OP DENDECECA COEONATA 
 
 ward along the Pacific side to Washington, and probably Oregon and Cali- 
 fornia. North to the Arctic coast ; Greenland. West to the Eocky Mountains 
 in the latitude of Colorado, where common. West in the Missouri region 
 into Dakota, and nearly across that Territory in the Mouse Eiver area. 
 South into Mexico and Central America and various of the West India 
 Islands. Breeds mostly north of the United States, but also in Northern 
 New England ; and also in Jamaica. Winters anywhere in the United States 
 from the latitude of Southern New England southward, and also in the sub- 
 tropical and tropical countries just mentioned. 
 
 Ch. sp. — 3 Similis prcecedenti ; lateribiis capitis nigris, super- 
 ciliis albis ; guld alba / pectore nigro alboque iniermixto ; alis 
 albo bifasciatis. 
 
 $ : Like the last species, excepting in the following points : — Throat white. 
 Breast black, mixed with white. Sides of the head definitely pure black ; 
 edges of eyelids, and long, narrow superciliary line, white Wings crossed 
 with two broad white bars, which, however, do not fuse into one white 
 patch, owing to narrowness or deficiency of white edging along the outer 
 webs of the great coverts. Size of the last. 
 
 The seasonal sexual changes nf plumage, and those dependent upon age, 
 are precisely parallel with those of D. auiuboni. 
 
 A sketch of the literary vicissitudes which the YeUow-rumped Warbler has 
 suffered may not unprofitably occupy some of the space which would other- 
 wise be given up to an account of its habits, already familiar to most per- 
 sons, especially as I am not aware that the intricate history of the matter 
 has ever been fully brought out, though the bare names coronata, canadensis, 
 virginianus, uml>ria,pingui8, cincta,flavopygia, and xanlhorhoa are all currently 
 and properly quoted in the present connection. We are too much in the habit 
 of unconsciously supposing that when we have once "hunted down" a Latin 
 binomial name we have got at the root of the matter; when, in fact, pinning 
 a Gmelinian or even a Linnsean name, in many cases, should be but the pre- 
 liminary to determining the actual basis of the species. Gmflin, in particu- 
 lar, was a turbid stream, generally several removes from the fountain-head ; 
 while Linnsens himself seems to have known comparatively little of birds 
 other than of his own country, and his accounts are for the most part at 
 second hand. In the cases of very many North American birds, known in 
 the last century, the real authors of species were Catesby, Edwards, Brissou, 
 Buffon, Latham, and Pennant, who are too often ignored, because they had 
 the misfortune to write before 1766, or failed to accent the shibboleth of sci- 
 ence; Linnaeus was the original describer of very few of our birds, and 
 Qmelin perhaps not of a single one. The state of the case is very well illus- 
 trated in the instance of Dendrcsca corovata. The synonymatic digest of the 
 whole matter, as given above, looks singularly involved ; but the bird is one 
 of such marked characters that it is not difficult, exercibing due care, to 
 make it perfectly plain. 
 
 To begin with the Motaeilla coronata Linn., which has come down to us 
 through a chain of genera, — Sylvia, Sylvicola, Mniotilta, Ehimanphus or Ehi- 
 mamphus, and Dendroica or Dendrceca : This was based solely upon Edwards's 
 plate 298 of the "Golden-crowned Flycatcher", which became Buffon's 
 "Figuier couronn^ d'or", and the "Golden-crowned Warbler" of Pennant 
 
HISTORY OP DBNDECECA CORONATA 281 
 
 and Latham, being also described meanwhile by Brisson (who, by the way, 
 was one of the very best ornithologists of the last century) as the "Figuier 
 cendr6 tachet^ de Pensilvanie", otherwise Ficedula pensilvanica oinerea ncevia. 
 This set of names, tberefoie, go and all hang together upon Edwards's plate. 
 
 LinniBus again got hold or the Yellow-rump under me name and style of 
 " Figuier cendr6 de Canada ", Ficedula canadensis cinerea, originally described 
 by Brisson from a specimen or specimens sent by Gantier from Canada to 
 the E6aumur Museum. Brisson's description is very particular, as usual, 
 and his bird is also figured. This plate and description are the basis of Mo- 
 tadlla canadensis Linn., species n. 27, p. 334. It is necessary to specify this 
 page and number of Linnaeus, for he has on p. 336, n. 42, another Motadlla 
 canadensis, based on Ficedula canadensis dnerea minor of Brisson, iii. p. 527, pi. 
 27, f. 6; this last being altogether a different bird, namely, the Black- 
 throated Blue Warbler, Dendrceca canadensis or ccerulescens of modern authors.* 
 
 Linnaeus, for the third time, brought up against the Yellow-rump in the 
 shape of Catesby's Parus uropygeo luteo, Angllcft, Yellow-rumped Titmouse, 
 figured on his plate 58 ; and this time he named it Parus virginianus, follow- 
 ing Brisson, who, in 1760, described it very fully under the same name in 
 Latin, and under the name of "M^sange de Virginie" in French. Brisson 
 quotes Catesby, and also Klein, — the latter under the name I have above 
 placed in quotation-marks, not having examined the book in this connection. 
 At Bufifon's hands, Catesby's bird became the Misange d. croupion jaune, a 
 translation of Catesby's name ; in Pennant's and Latham's works, it was ren- 
 dered as the Virginian Titmouse, a simple version of Brisson's uamr Gme- 
 lin simply kept up with the procession at this point, while poor Turton came 
 straggling after. A little later, Vieillot, in the Oiseaux de I'Am^rique Sep- 
 tentrionale, perceiving that the bird was no Parus, placed it in the genus 
 Sylvia; but, as if to pay himself for his sagacity, presumed to change the 
 Parus virginianus into Sylvia flavopygia, rendering " yellow rump" into such 
 wretched bastard Latin that his commentators have generally quoted it 
 xanthopygia. Vieillot himself seems to have become displeased with the 
 name he had bestowed, for he changed it to xanihorhoa in 1817, in the Nouv. 
 Diet., and to xanihoroa in the Encyclop^die M^thodique. This concludes 
 a third set of names, traceable to Catesby's "Yellow-rump"; but before I 
 have done with this part of the subject, I should account for the Yellow- 
 rumped Warbler of Pennant and Latham. For, as must be particularly 
 notid, the "Yellow-rump" of Pennant and Latham is a very diiferont 
 bird, to wit: the Yellotv-rumped Flycatcher of Edwards's pi. 255; the 
 
 * Besides this double employ of Motacilla canadeTisis by Linnajus, Boddaert, in 17B3, used 
 the same term twice, in differeut connections, both different from Linn^eos's use of the 
 terms. On p. 4 of the Tableau, Boddaert names a Motacilla canadensis, basing it upon 
 PE. 58, f. 2, -which is Dendroeca cestiva. On p. 24 of the same work, Boddaert names another 
 MotaciUa canadensis, based primarily upon PB. 398, f. 2 (which is Siurus auricapiUris), with 
 some of the synonjms of Dendrceca added (M. eamadensis Linn., sp. n. 27, and Edw. Gl. 
 252), Boddaert having evidently confounded the Golden-crowned riyoatcher of Edwards 
 and the Golden-crowned "Warbler of Pennant and Latham with the Golden-crowned 
 Thrush of Edwards. Therefore :— 
 
 MoUicilla canadensis Linn. (sp. 27) = Dendrceca coronata. 
 
 Motacilla canadensis Linn. (sp. 42) = Dendrceca ccBrulescens. 
 
 Motacilla canadensis Bodd. (p. 4 — PE. 58, f. 2) = Dendrceca cestiva. 
 
 MotaciUa canadensis Bodd. (p. 24 — PE. 398, f. 2) = Siurus auricapiUus, mixed with some 
 synonyms of Dendrceca coronata. 
 
282 HISTORY OF DENDRCECA COEONATA 
 
 Floediila pensilvanica noevia of Brisson, iii. p. 503, n. 56; the "Figuier h t§te 
 cendr6e " of Buffon ; the Dendrwca maculosa, or Black-and-yellow Warbler, 
 of modern aathoH. 
 
 A bird which is foand in Linneeas is generally reproduced in Gmelin under 
 the same name; but Motaoilla canadensis, Linn. sp. 37, above fully «xplained, 
 disappears with that single author — to be more precise, it reappears, but 
 nnder a different title. For we find it again in the Motacilla cincta of Gmelin. 
 Gmelin does not, indeed, quote M. canadensis; but be numbers his cincta 
 "27", and bases it primarily on Brisson's pi. 27, f. 1. Now, Brisson, in de- 
 scribing the yellow spots which exist, one on each side of the breast of D. 
 coronata, spoke of them as if they formed a band or belt across the breast, — 
 "eutre le ventre & la poitrine est une bande transversale jaune", says he; 
 and ont of this expression comes the "Figuier k ceinture" of the Count de 
 Baffon, and the Belted Warbler of Latham and Pennant, M. cincta Gm. This 
 fourth set of names are to be bundled together with the Motacilla canadensis 
 Linn., sp. iil, and bung upon the peg of Brisson (iii. 524, pi. 27, f. 1). 
 
 Besides operating upon the three Linnoean names, coronata, virginianus, and 
 canadensis {^cincta), we have discussed, Gmelin stumbled twice more upon 
 the Yellow-rump, giving us our fifth and sixth Latin binomials, umhria and 
 pinguis. In the Planches Enlumin^es, there is tigared, at pi. 709, f. 1, a bird 
 called on the plate "Fauvette tachet^e de la Louisiane", and in Bnffon's 
 text " Fauvette ombr^e de la Louisiane ", which is recognized as a Yellow- 
 rnmp at first glance; the same was called the " Dusky Warbler" by Pennant, 
 and the "Umbrose Warbler" by Latham. This became Gmelin's Motacilla 
 umhria ; and all these names go with PE. 709, f. 1. For the sixth time (and, 
 so far as I know, the last for the eighteenth century), the unhappy Yellow- 
 rump comes upon the stage as Motacilla pinguis— the "Fat Warbler". This 
 name is based upon the " Figuier grasset " of Bnffon, rendered by Pennant 
 and Latham as the " Grasset Warbler". There is no plate that I know of to 
 refer to in this case, and the descriptions are not as satisfactory as could be 
 wished ; bnt there is no reasonable doubt of the species. For though La- 
 tham, for instance, describes the "throat and fore part of the neck pale 
 rufous", yet the rest of his account is sufficiently pertinent, and the mention 
 of "a spot of yellow on the head" and the "yellow rump" fixes the bird 
 he had in view as the Yellow-rump in some obscure imperfect plumage in 
 which the yellow on the sides of the breast was not present or not noticed. 
 It is said to be from " Louisiana ", a term which at that date, it will be re- 
 membered, covered most of the United States west of the Mississippi. 
 
 There is yet another representation of the Yellow-rump, as I take it, 
 though not usually quoted in this connection. I refer to PI. Enlnm. 731, f. 2, 
 called " Figuier du Mississipi " on the plate. This has been generally quoted, 
 following LinnsBus, Gmelin, and Latham, as pertaining to the Chestnut-sided 
 Warbler (Quebec Warbler of Pennant and Latham), M. ioterocephala, but the 
 plate certainly resembles D, coronata more nearly, whatever may be said of 
 the descriptions that go with it. 
 
 I trust that I have made it clear how the various specific names above 
 cited — coronata, canadensis, virginianus, cincta, umbria, pinguis, and Jlavopygia 
 or " xanthopygia" , with xantliorlioa oi "xanthoroa" — came to be applied to one 
 and the same species ; how canadensis No. 42 differs from canadensis No. 27 of 
 LinnjBUS ; and how the Yellow-rumped Flycatcher or Warbler of Edwards, 
 
DISTRIBUTION OP YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER 283 
 
 Latham, and Pennant differs from the Yellow-rump of anthors ; and have 
 accounted for the large numher of polynomial Latin, French, and English 
 names that the same bird has received. The state of the case is nothing 
 unusual; for though the number of names is perhaps in excess, yet this is 
 offset by the possibility of determining them all. The reader may imagine 
 how inextricable would have been the confusion had the bird been some 
 plainly-marked species closely resembling several others. 
 
 WHAT little I have here to say of the Myrtle-bird relates 
 chiefly to its extensive dispersioa in the West beyond 
 the recognized limits of the Eastern 
 Province, of which the bird has been 
 generally supposed characteristic. It 
 is not remarkable that it should have 
 been found iu some cases on the 
 Pacific side, seeing that it extends 
 northwestward obliquely across Brit- 
 ish America into Alaska, where it 
 breeds, and whence some individuals ^'o- ss.-Yeiiow-rumped warbier. 
 pass south, reaching Washington Territory and doubtless yet 
 other regions along the Pacific side. The westward trend of 
 the species in the United States may correspond nearly with 
 the oblique lay of the Coteau de Missouri in Dakota; thus 
 the birds are common at the proper season in the Eed Eiver 
 Valley, and thence in the same watershed nearly across Dakota, 
 along the parallel of 49°,; but directly west of this, in the Mis 
 souri watershed, and even in that of the Saskatchewan, they 
 are not known to occur ; and in the Eocky Mountains at 49°, 
 2). auduhoni is the species, not D. coronata. 
 
 The common and regular occurrence of the Yellow-rump in 
 the main chain of the Eocky Mountains is a fact of compara- 
 tively recent recognition, fully attested by such observers as 
 Trippe, Aiken, and Henshaw. Thus, the first named of these 
 ornithologists speaks in the "Birds of the Northwest " of the 
 abundance of Myrtle-birds about Idaho and Colorado, where 
 they appear during the latter part of April, go as high as 8,500 or 
 9,000 feet, and disappear about the 10th of May, passing north. 
 Mr. Henshaw has recorded the capture of several specimens at 
 Denver, Colorado, where in early May the birds were noticed 
 with Audubon's Warblers, the two species associating so inti- 
 mately that they were sometimes heard singing in the same tree. 
 
 I have iu another bird-book noted the singular distribution 
 of this species according to season, without special reference 
 
284 SYNONYMY OP DENDECECA BLAOKBUENI^ 
 
 to its geographical dispersion at large. It is a hardy bird, capa- 
 ble of enduring the rigors of winter almost everywhere in the 
 United States; nevertheless, numbers press on to the south, 
 reaching Central America along with the tenderest and most 
 susceptible species of the family, while others are taking the 
 weather as it comes in the Middle States, and even portions of 
 New England. The breeding range Is no less curious. Ordina- 
 rily, no Myrtle-birds nestle anywhere in the United States south 
 of Northern New England ; yet some at least of those that 
 winter in the West Indies do not migrate at the vernal crisis of 
 the year, but rear their young on the spot, as Mr. March has 
 recorded from Jamaica, in the paper above cited. 
 
 For accounts of the general habits of this species, reference 
 may be made to other treatises, as the necessary limits of the 
 ]jresent work forbid me to be as full as I should like to be in 
 the cases of those species which are scarcely entitled to any 
 place in this volume. 
 
 Blackburnian Warbler 
 
 Deudroeca blacbbnrnlffi 
 
 t Filler orang^, Buff. " v. 313". 
 
 f Figuler stranger, Buff. PE. 58, f. 3. 
 
 1 MotaciUa fusca, Mmi. Syst. Nat. Snppl. 1776, 175 (from Baffon). 
 
 ? Fanrette orang^e, T. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 206 ; Eocy. M6th. iL 1823, 459. 
 
 ? Motacnia aarautia, Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 4 (PE. 58, f. 3) (Figv.ier orange Buff. "v. 313" ; 
 
 Figuier etranger. Dame on PE. 58, f. 3). 
 ? MniotiUa anrantia. Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196. , 
 
 J Urange-beaaed Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 492, n. 119. 
 
 ?Motacina chrjsocepbala, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 971, n. 107 (Guiana) (based on the foregoing), 
 f Sylvia Cbrysocepbala, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 541, n. 124 (same as the foregoing).— F. N. D. d'H. 
 
 N. xi. 1817, 206 Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 700.— F. Ency. M6ih. IL 1823, 459, n. 143. 
 
 ? By iTlcola cbrysocepbala, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 309. 
 
 ? Grcy-PoU Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 461, n. ee.—Penn. AZ. ii. 173.^ 402, n. 291. 
 
 ?Fanvette a t4te grise, F. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 224 ; Ency. M6th.il. 1823, 412. 
 
 J Moiacilla ineana, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 976, n. 125 (New York. Grey-Poll Warb'er of Ponn. sod 
 
 Lath ).—Turt. SN. i. 1806, 601. 
 ? Sylvia Ineana, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 527, n. <i8 —Tieill. N. D. d'H. N. xl 1817, 224.— Stepft. 
 
 Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 628.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 442, n. 81. 
 iMniotllta Ineana, Gray. G. of B. 1. 1848, 196. 
 
 Hotacllla blackburnlK, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 977, n. 127 Turt. SN. i. 1806, 601. 
 
 Sylvia blackboTnlas, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 527, n. 70 F. OAS. ii. 1807, 36. pi. SB.— Wits. AO. lii. 
 
 1811, 64, pi. 23, f. 3.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 627.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 432, n. 43.— 
 
 Bp. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 193 —Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 80.— JV««. Man. i. 
 
 1832, 31».-A.ud. OB. IL 1834, 208 ; V. 1839, 73, pis. 135, 399.— Pca6. Eep. Oin. Mass. 
 
 1839, 308.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 82. 
 Sylvia blackbnrni, F. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 168. 
 Sylvlcola blackbnrnlo;, Jard. " ed. Wila. 1832 ".—Rich. Kep. Brit Assoc, fur 1830, 1837, 172.— 
 
 Bp. CGL. 183* ii.—Aud. Syn. 1839, 57.— At«J. BA. ii. 1841, 48, pi. BT.-Bp. CA. i. 1850, 
 
 307—Biiy, Ft. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853. 310.— iScod, ibid. 398.— Sci. PZS. 1854, 111 (Qui- 
 
 3oa).—£ennic. Tr. III. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 583.— Pu(». Pr. Ess. Inst. 1. 1636, i07.—£ry. 
 
 Pr. Boat. Soc. vii. 1859, 110 (Bahamas).— TFaJis, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859,282 (Nova 
 
 Sootia,). —Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1861, 52 (Bahamas) Boy, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1805, 438 
 
 (Missouri). 
 
SYNONYMY OF DENDEffiCA BLACKBUENI^ 285 
 
 SylTlcola blackburnia, Prattm, Tr. 111. Agrio. Soo. i. 1855, 603. 
 
 Hnlotilta blackburnlie. Gray, G.of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 
 Bhlmanphus blackburnlie, Oab. ME. i. 1830, 19. 
 
 Bblmampbus blackbnrnlie, Sd. PZS. 1855, 143 (Bogotd) ; 1838, 64 (Bio Kapo). 
 
 DenarolCii blackbnrnlie, Bd. BN^A. 1858, an.—S. <t S. Ibis, i. 1839, 11 (GaatemaH).— Scl. 
 PZS. 1860, 84 (Ecuador).— ScI. PZS. 1860, — ( Pallatanga).— Born. SmithB. Eep. for 1860, 
 1861, 436.— Oot«e» d Prent Smiths. Ejp. for 1861, 1868, —.—Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 
 m.—Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soo. ix. 1862, l^.—AUen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 62.— Bd. Eev. 
 AB. 1865, 189.— iffiwr. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. viii. 1866, 284.— IWpi>e, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 179 — 
 V. Frantz. J. t. 0. 1869, 903 (Costa Eica).— Turaii. B. E. Pa. 1869, 34 ; Phlla. ei. n.—Merr. 
 IT. S. Geol. Sarv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 713.— £. B. <t B. NAB. 1. 1874, 237, pi. 13, f. 2, 3. 
 
 Donarffica blackburnlie, Sd. PZS. 1839, 363 (Xalapa).— OaS. J. f. 0. 1860, 328 (Costa Eloa).— 
 ioMr. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. vii. 1862, 468 (New Granada).— Bio*. Ibis, 1863, 68 (Hudson's 
 Bis)— Dress. Ibis, 9d ser. i. 1865, 478 (Texas).- JfelZwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 85.— Saiv. 
 PZS. 1867, 136 (Veragaa).— iowr. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ix. 1866, 94 (Costa Eioa).— Ooucj, 
 Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 272.— Ooues, Pr. Bost. Soc. liL 1868, IW.— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 
 5^^.—Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 611.— Cojje, Am. Nat.iv. 1870, 395, 396.— 
 3. <t a. PZS. 1870, — (Uerida) —Salv. PZS. 1870, 183 (Veragaa).- TTj/oK, Ibis, 1871, 322 
 (Columba).— Aifen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 265.— Saio. Ibis, 3d ser. ii. 1872, 314 (Chontales).- 
 llayn. Pr. Bost Soo. xiv. 1872, 363.— Oomcj, Key, 1872, VM.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 
 124, 166, 175 (Kansas and Utah).— Triple, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 233.— (7oMe«, BNW. 
 1874, 59.— Gentry, Life-Hist. i. 1876, 112.— MiMot, B.N. Engl. 1877, 112.— Jferr. Trans. 
 Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 16. , Bull. Nutt. Club, iii. 1878, — (Fort Bayard, N. M.). 
 
 Sylvia parus, WiU. AO. v. I8I2, in, pi. 44, f. S.—Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817,727.— K Ency. 
 M6th. ii. 1823, 449, n. 106.— Bp. Joarn. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 200.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 
 ii. 1826, S-i.—lfuU. Man. i. 1832, 392.— And. OB. ii. 1834, 205, pi. 134.— Pea6. Eep. Orn. 
 Mass. 1839, 310.— Thompt. Vermont, 1853, App. 23. 
 
 8f Irlcola parus, Bp. CGL. 1838, 9St.—Aud. Syn. 1839, E5. -And. BA. ii. 1841, 40, pi. S3.— LivM. 
 Am. Journ. Sci. xliv. 1843, •351.-Bp. CA. i. 1850, 311.— ? f Beinh. J. f. 0. 1834, 426 (Green- 
 land).- Kennio. Tr. 111. Agric. Soo. i. 1855, 590.— Brj;. Pr. Bost. Soo. 1853, 142 (Massachu- 
 setts, in January).- P«{n. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 226.— Wiiiis, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 
 1859, 282 (Nova Scotia,).— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 170. 
 
 Mniotilta parus, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.—? ; Beinh. Ibis, iiL 1861, 6 (Greenland). 
 
 Bblmampbus parus, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 311. 
 
 8f iTia melanorboa, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist Nat xL 1817, 160 (Mart jtiiquc) ; Ency. Muth. 
 ii. 1823, 444, n. 88. 
 
 Mntotllta melanorboa. Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 197. 
 
 Blackburnian Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 412, n. 3n.-Lath. Syn. ii. pt iL Ilea, 461, n. 67. 
 
 Traquet Blackburn, Y. 1. c. 1807. 
 
 Faurette Blackburn, Y. 1. c. 1823. 
 
 Fanvette A crouplon nolr, Y. 11. cc. 1817 and 1823. 
 
 Faurette Hemlock, Y. 1. c. 1823 (= parus Wilson). 
 
 Faurette blackburnian, Y. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 168.— ie Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 199. 
 
 Faurette d'automne, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 207 (= parus And.). 
 
 Hemlock Warbler, Orange-tbroated Warbler, Authars. 
 
 Note.— It may be worth while to look into the synonymy of the Blackburnian Warbler, 
 part of it being very problematical. The earliest conjectured name of the bird is the 
 "Figuier orangfi" of Baffon, figured on PL Enlum. 53, f. 3, under the name of "Figuier 
 stranger", and said to be from " Gniana". This is the solo basis of no less than three 
 binomial names— JfotociKa/twca Miiller, 1776, M. aurantia Bodd., 1783, and M. ckrysacephala 
 Gm., 1788, and also became the ''Orange-headed "Warbler" of Latham. The PI. Enlum. is 
 not clearly referable to the present species, nor are the descriptions identifiable with cer- 
 tainty. Miillei's runs as follows :— „55. Der Fliigelfleck, Motacilla fusca. Sie iat oben 
 braun, hat einen gelben Wirbel, und gelbe Augenringe. Die Brui-t ist roth, der Bauch 
 gelb,und dieFliigel sindmiteinemweissen Flecken gezeichnet, Bnfibn." Latham says: — 
 " Bill black: top and sides of the head, fore part and sides of the neck, fine orange : over 
 the eye a brown band ; beneath the eye a second, but paler : the upper parts of the body 
 and quills reddish brown: wing coverts black and white: breast and belly pale yellow: 
 tail black, edged with pale yellow : legs yellow." These terms are so discordant with 
 
286 HISTORY OF DENDECECA BLACKBDRNI^ 
 
 the characters of Z>. blackbumiee, as to lead qb to sappose that an entirely different bird 
 may have been in view; and at any rate the names in question may be passed over. The 
 PI. Enlam., however, thoagh not well colored, can hardly be anything else than the Black- 
 bnrnian 'Warbler, and it may become necessary to call the species Dendrceea cmrantia, 
 after Boddaert, who distinctly bases the name on this plate, while Miiller's earlier account 
 simply refers to Buffon without specially indicating what bird of BnfFon's is meant. 
 
 The next candidate for recognition in this connection is the "Grey-poll "Warbler" of 
 Pennant and of Latham, which became Motacilkt incana Gm. Latham's description is : — 
 " Head, sides of the neck, and npper tail coverts, of a fine grey : wing coverts crossed with 
 two white bars: primaries and tail dusky, edged with grey: throat orange: chin and 
 breast of a fine yellow : belly of a whitish ash-colonr. Inhabits New York." This is mnch 
 nearer the mark, and in fact agrees pretty well with some imperfect plnmage of the pres- 
 ent species ; bat as it is scarcely diagnostic (some points seem to indicate Dendrceea macit- 
 2o5a), it may also be passed over, in favor of the " Blackbni-nian Warbler" of the same 
 authors, which became MotacUla blackbumice Gm. This bird was likewise sent from 
 " New York ", and was named after Mrs. Blackburn. 
 
 The fifth name to be noticed is the ''Hemlock Warbler", Sylviaparus of Wilson, Nut- 
 tall, Audubon, and others, from "Pennsylvania". This species endured for many years — 
 in fact, until Baird in 1858 showed that it was a Blackburnian Warbler. One may be satis- 
 fied of the accuracy of this determination, by referring to Wilson's original description, 
 which perfectly accords with the incomplete dress of D. blackbumice. The reference by 
 Audubon of the Autumnal Warbler, Sylvia autwmnalis, to this species, is clearly an error. 
 
 In 1817, Vieillot gave a sixth name to the species, Sylvia melanorhoa, described from 
 "Martinique" in the Nouv. Diet. ; and in the Ency. M6th. the species reappears, along 
 with the four previous designations, chrysocephala, incaria, blackbumice, anA pants. The 
 bird is here attributed to "L*Am6riqae m^ridionale", which removes the chief objec- 
 tion to the name, for the species is not known from the West Indian locality first ascribed ; 
 the description is tolerably pertinent, fitting about as well as that of Pennant and Latham's 
 "Grey-poll Warbler" for example, and may be held, in absence of evidence to the con- 
 trary, to indicate some incomplete dress of the Blackburnian Warbler. 
 
 Stephens is said to have called this species Sylvia lateralis, in the x. voL of his Cent, of 
 Shaw's Gen. Zool., 1817, 659 ; but on turning to this place, I find that the '* Sylvia lateralis " 
 is there described after Latham, from "Now South Wales", and does not agree in any 
 particular with the characters of the present species. 
 
 The reference of the species to various genera, whereby additional synonyms are 
 created, is a matter of course, requiring no comment. 
 
 Hab. — Chiefly the Eastern ProTince. West, however, to Utah {Allen) 
 and New Mexico (F. Stephens). South in winter through Eastern Mexico and 
 Central and South America to Ecuador. Bahamas {Bryant). Breeds in the 
 northern portions of its United States range and northward in the British 
 Provinces; doubtless, also, in elevated tracts of the Middle States. Winters 
 extralimital. A Sylvicola ^'parus" is attributed to Greenland by Reinhardt, 
 7. c. (Frederikahaab, Oct. 16, 1845, Holboll). 
 
 Ch. sp. — S Nigra^ albido varia; vertice medio^ strigd superci- 
 liari^ laterihus colli, guld et pectore flammeis ; reliquis partihus 
 inferiorihus ex flavo albidiSy laterihus nigro striatls; alis candd- 
 que dorso concoloribus, illis specula magno albo, rectricibus late- 
 ralibus magnd ex parte albis, 9 Supra brunneo-olivacea, albido 
 nigroque varia^ guld aurantiacd, alis albo bifasciatis, 
 
 (J, adult, in spring: Entire upper parts, including the wings and tail, 
 black, the back varied with whitish, the wings with a large white specu- 
 lum on the coverts and much white edging of the coverts, the lateral tail- 
 feathers largely white, only a shaft- line, with clubbed extremity, being left 
 
CHARACTERS OF DENDRCECA BLACKBDRNI^ 287 
 
 blackish on the outer two or three pairs. Spot on fore part of crown, eye- 
 lids, line over eye spreading into a large spot behind the auriculars, with 
 chin, throat, and fore breast, intense orange or flame color. Sides of head 
 black in an irregular patch, usually confluent with the black streaks on the 
 side of the breast, isolating the orange of the sides of the head from that of 
 the throat, and circumscribing the orange patch below the eye. Under parts 
 from the breast white, more or less tinged with orange or yellow, the whole 
 sides streaked with black. Bill and feet dark. Length about 5| ; extent, 
 8i; wing, 2i; tail, 2. 
 
 $ , adult, in spring : Similar to the male in the pattern and distribution 
 of the colors ; upper parts brownish-olive, streaked with black ; the fiery 
 orange of the male not so intense, or merely yellow, that on the crown ob- 
 scure or obsolete. White speculum of the wing resolved into two white 
 bars. Sides of the head like the back, instead of black as in the male, and 
 the lateral streaks duller and more blended. 
 
 $ and 9 ( adult, in autumn, are sufficiently similar to the respective sexes 
 in spring, but the coloration is toned down, the fiery colors of the male being 
 less intense, and the black of the back being much mixed with olivaceous, 
 bringing about a close resemblance to the spring female ; while the female is 
 duller still, and more impurely colored. 
 
 Young : Early autumnal birds of the year of this species are very obscure 
 looking, showing no sign of the rich coloration of the adults. Above, like 
 the adult $ , but still browner, with more obsolete dnsky streaking. Usually 
 indication of the crown spot in a lightening of the part. Sides of the head 
 like the crown, cutting off a superciliary stripe and the eyelids, which are 
 ochrey white. Whole under parts white, tinged, especially on the throat 
 and breast, with yellowish, the sides with obsolete streaking. Indication of 
 the peculiar pattern of the adults, though without their actual coloration, 
 together with the extent of white on the tail-feathers, will usually suffice for 
 the determination of the species, before any orange appears on the throat, 
 after which there can be no difficulty. 
 
 A POINT of special interest in the present coDneclion is the 
 authentic record furnished by Allen of the occurrence of 
 the Blackburnian Warbler in Utah, where a few specimens were 
 secured in the spring of 1871, as he has recorded in the valu- 
 able paper above cited. This is, with one exception, the 
 westernmost advice we have of the Blackburnian Warbler, 
 previously supposed to be confined strictly to the Eastern 
 Province, and one which brings the bird fairly into our present 
 geographical perspective; but just as these pages go to press, 
 I learn from advance sheets of a forthcoming number of the 
 Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, that the Black- 
 burnian Warbler has been found at Fort Bayard, New Mexico. 
 It is a well-known and abundant species, into the natural 
 history of which I do not propose to enter here. 
 
288 SYNONYMY OF DENDECECA STRIATA 
 
 Black-poll TVarbler 
 
 Bendrseca striata 
 
 Mnsclcapa striata, Forst Philos. Trans. IxiL 1772, 406, 4-38, n. 31 (Severn Eiver).— (Jm. S. N. 
 i. 1788, 930, n. 7 (from Forster ; qaotea also MiJK. IlL pL 15, A. B.).—Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 
 481, n. 56 (from Forster ; qui>teB alao Striped Flycatcher, Penn. A. Z. 11 390, and Lath. 
 SjD. ii. pt. i. 349).— Turt. Sif. i. 1806, 571 Steph. Gen. ZooL x. 1817, 370. 
 
 UotsclUa striata, Gm. SX. 1. 1788, 97fi, u. 194 (Black-poU Warbler, Penn. & Lath ).— Purt. 
 SN. i. 1806, 600. 
 
 Sylvia striata, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 527, n. 67.— V. GAS. ii. 1807, 22, pis. 75, IS.-WOe. AO. iv. 
 1811, 40, pi. 30, f. 3 ; vi. 1812, 101, pi. 54, f. S.—SUph. Gen. Zool. 1. 1817, 645.— F. N. D. d'H. 
 N. xi. 1817, 219 and 222.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 441, n. 77, and 464, n. 167.— Bp. Journ. 
 
 Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 199.— Bp. Ann. Lyo. N. X. ii. 182ii, 81.— Nutt. Man. L 1332, 383 
 
 Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 201, pi. Va.—Peab. Eep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 3m.—Thomps. Vermont, 
 1853, App. 22. 
 
 Sf Irlcola striata, S. ^ R. FBA. ii. 1831, 218.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 22.— AmA Syn. 1839, 53.— Aud. 
 BA. ii. 1841, 28, pL 78 —hp. CA. i. 1850, 308.-BMi-n««, Pr. Best. Sociv. 1851, 116.— JToy, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853,311.— JfeocJ, ibid. 399.— iZeiTift, J. f.0. 1854,437 (Greenland).— 
 
 Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 309 Keimic. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. L 1855, 5S3.-Prattm, 
 
 ibid. 001.— Puin. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 207.-7(71/. Pr. Boat. Soc. vL 1857, 116 (Nova 
 Scotia).— Maxim. J. f. 0.1858, 113.— WiiJw, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 282.— Bry. Pr. 
 Bost. Soc. vii. 1859, 110 (Bahamas).— B/ew. Pr. Boat. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cnba).— 
 Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1861, 52 {Ba.ha.ma»).— Hoy, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missoori). 
 
 Mnlotllta striata, Oray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.— Cabot, Nanm. ii. Heft iii. 1882, 66.-.Kn«I. 
 Pr. Bost Soc. vL 1857, ^M.—Beinh. Ibis, lii. 1861, 6 (Greenland). 
 
 Bhimanphus strlalus, Cab. MH. 1 1850, 20. 
 
 Bbimamphns strlatns, Sd. PZS. 1855, 143 (Bogoti). —Gundl. J. f. O. 1855, 475 (Cnba).— 
 Chundl J. f. 0. 1861, 409 (Cuba). 
 
 Dendroica striata, Bd. BNA. Ir58, wo.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106.— Ootw*, Pr. 
 Phila. Acad. 1861, 220 (Labrador).— JBarn. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 4m.—Blak. Ibis, 
 iv. 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).- flaj/d. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xil. 1882, 161.— Boardm. Pr. 
 Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 125.— Coues <i Prent. Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862, 408.— Ferr. Pr. Ess. 
 Inst iiL 1862, 147.— Aiten, Pr. Ess. Inst iv. 1864, 63.— Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 192.— JDoior. 
 Ann. Lye. N. T. viii. 1866, 284.— Brejo. Am. Nat i. 1867, 120.— IWppe, Am. Nat ii. 1869, 
 na.—Tamb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 25 ; Phila. ed. 18.— Dall <« Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. 1869, 
 278 (Alaska).- DoH, Am. Nat iv. 1870, 600 (Alaska).— (Jundi. J. f. 0. 1672, 414 (Cuba).— 
 Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. xiv. 1872, 43^.— Packard, Am. Nat vilL 1874, 'Jll.—Henah. Eep. 
 Orn. Specs. 1874, 59 (Colorado).— flcn»ft. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1873, 198 (same). 
 
 Dendroica striatus, Qundl. J. £ 0. 1861, 326 (Cnba). 
 
 Dendroeca striata, Blak. Ibis, v. 1863, 63 —Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1866, SS.—Oouet, Pr. Ess. 
 Inst V. 1868, 273.-SB7!d. Oefv. K. Tet-Akad. Fiirh. 1869, 614.— & a S. PZS. 1870, 7B0 
 (Merjda).- IHppe, Am. Nat vi. 1872, 48.— Oo«««, Key, 1872, 100, f. 42, pL 2, f. 15, 16.— 
 Mayn. Pr. Bost Soc. xiv. 1872, 366.—Trippe, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 1873, 235.— Snow, Am. 
 Nat viiL 1874, 757.— Ootms, BNW. 1874, 60.— B. B. c6 JJ. NAB. 1. 1874, 248, pi. 13, f. 9.— 
 Gentry, Life-Hist 1. 1876, 114.— Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 110.— Merr. Trans. Conn. 
 Acad. iv. 1877, 16. 
 
 Dendroica pinus [err.!], Couee, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1861, 
 220 (Labrador). 
 
 Dendr<eca atrlcapUla, Landb. "Arch. f. Naturg. 1864, 
 56 (Chile) ".—Scl. PZS. 1867, 337 (Chile). 
 
 Striped Flycatcher, Forjt 1. c.—Lath. Syn. ii. pt i. 
 1783,349, n. 46 —Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 390, n. 277. 
 
 Black-poll Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 460, u. 
 65.— Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 401, n. 290. 
 
 FauTette strlee, Fanvelte tailor, F. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 
 1817, 219 and 222; and Ency. M6th. IL 1823, 464 
 and 441. 
 
 Pauvette mjie, Le Home, Ois. Canad. 1801, 189. ^°- 3«. -Black-poll Warbler. 
 
 Note— This bird was first described in 1772 by Forster as the " Striped Flycatcher ", 
 
 Muaaeapa ttriata. Next it was described as a separate species, the ''Black-poll War- 
 bler ", by Pennant and Latham, their bird becoming Motacilla striata of Gmelin, it being 
 
CHARACTERS OF DENDRCECA STRIATA 289 
 
 a mere coincidence that the same speciflo name, striata, was bestowed upon the two birds, 
 supposed to belong to different genera, bat which are the same species. Yieillot very 
 onrionsly retains both under the genus Sylvia, in the Hout. Diet 1817, and the Ency. M6th. 
 1823, having in each of these works a Sylvia striata in two places, thongh one he calls in 
 French "Fauvette stride", and the other "Fan vette tailor". Even in Gray, G. of B. 
 1848, the name striata is similarly duplicated under MniotUta. 
 
 Hab. — North America, exoeptinjj the Westera and most of the Middle 
 Province. North to the Arctic Ocean and Greenland. Northwest to Alaska, 
 in the Yukou region. West to Nebraska and Colorado. Sonth to New Gran- 
 ada and perhaps to Chili (c/. D. atricapilla, I, «, c). Cnba and Bahamas only 
 of the West Indies. No Mexican quotations. Breeds from Northern New 
 England northward. Winters beyond the United States. Migrates late in 
 the spring, bringing up the rear-guard of the Warbler hosts. 
 
 Oh. SP. — S Olicacea, nigra striata, pileonigro; infra alba, late- 
 raliter nigra striata a rastro adcaudam; alisfuscis, albo bifas- 
 oiatis, Cauda fused, reetridbus lateralibus alba notatis ; pedibus 
 pallidis. 9 suprci virescens, undique nigra striata ; infra virenti- 
 albida, fusea striata. 
 
 $ , adult : Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts grayish-olive, heavily streaked 
 with black ; whole crown pure glossy black. Below pure white ; a double 
 series of black streaks starts from the extreme chin, and diverges to pass 
 one on each side to the tail, the streaks being confluent anteriorly, discrete 
 posteriorly. Side of bead above the chain of streaks pure white, inclnding 
 lower eyelid. Wings dusky, the primaries with mnch greenish edging, the 
 inner secondaries with whitish edging, the greater and median coverts tipped 
 with white, forming two cross-bars. Tail like the wings, with rather small 
 white spots at the ends of the inner webs of two or three outer feathers. 
 Upper mandible brownish- black ; lower mandible with the feet flesh-colored 
 or yellowish. Length, SJ-Sf ; extent, 9-9J; wing, 2i-S2|; tail, 2J. 
 
 9 : Entire upper parts, including the crown, greenish-olive, with dusky 
 streaks; below white, much tinged with greenish-yellow, especially anteri- 
 orly, the streaks dusky and not so sharp as those of the male, but still very 
 evident. Bars and edgings of the wings greenish-white. Tail as in the 
 male. Rather smaller than the male on an average. 
 
 Young : Similar to the adult 9 , but brighter and more greenish -olive above, 
 the streakings few and chiefly confined to the middle of the back ; below 
 more or less completely tinged with greenish-yellow, the streaking obsolete, or 
 entirely wanting. Under tail-coverts usually pure white. These autumnal 
 birds bear an extraordinary resemblance to those of D. castanea (though the 
 adults are so very different), the upper parts being, in fact, the same in both. 
 But young castanea generally shows traces of the chestnut, or at least a buflEy 
 shade, quite different from the clear greenish-olive of striata, this tint being 
 strongest on the flanks and under tail-coverts, just where striata is the most 
 purely white. Moreover, castanea shows no streaks below, traces at least of 
 which are usually observable in striata. 
 
 The still earlier plumage of the bird when just from the nest is different 
 again, for this species, like many other Sylvicolidce, Turdid<e, &c., has at first 
 a transient streaky or speckled plumage. In this condition, the upper parts 
 are grayish, the lower white, the whole body marked with blackish in the 
 form of a terminal spot or bar on each feather. 
 19 B 
 
290 SYNONYMY OP DENDECECA MACULOSA 
 
 DURING the vernal migrations, vast numbers of the Black- 
 polls enter the United States from their winter home in 
 South America, sometimes as early as February, and pass leis- 
 urely northward till some of them gain the uttermost Arctic 
 regions, while others, presumably later comers, are advised by 
 the progress of the season to nestle even short of the northern 
 border of our country. None are known as yet to come from 
 Mexico — a circumstance long favoring the general impression 
 that the species was a thoroughly Eastern one. Nevertheless, 
 we have ascertained that some of these birds advance west of the 
 Plains, along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, for they 
 have been found in May near Denver, Colorado, by Mr. H. W. 
 Henshaw, hovering about the rather debatable border-land of 
 the " Birds of the Colorado Valley ". 
 
 Black-and-yelloir TWarbler 
 
 Dendrcecn maculosa 
 
 Hotacllla maculosa, Om. SN. i 1788, 984, n. 151 (Brisa. iii. 502, n. 56 j Penn. ii. 400, n. 288).— 
 Turt. SN. i. 1806, 606. 
 
 Sylvia maculosa. Lath. 10. li. 1790, 536, n. 108.— F. OAS.ii.l807,3.3,pl.93.— F. N. D. d'H. 
 N. xi. 1817, 223.— S(q)/i. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 715.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 427, d. 39.- 
 Bp. Ann. Lyo. N. T. ii. 1826, 78.— .4^Md. OB.i. 1831, 260; ii. 1834, 145; v. 1839,458; pis. 
 50, 123.- ATutt. Man. i. 1832, 370.— Pcab. Eep. Om. Mass. 1839,308.— D'OrS. Oi3.Cuba, 
 1839, 72 —Thompa. Vermont, 1853, 81.— floj/m. Pr. Phila. Acad. Till. 1856, 290. 
 
 SylTiCOla maculosa, S. <t B. PBA. ii. 1831, 213, pi. 40.— .Bp. CGL. 1838, 22.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 
 61.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 65, pi. 96.— Denny, P2S. 1847, 38.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 307.— Hoy, Pr. 
 Pliila. Acad. vi. 1853, 310.— ^ad, ibid. 398.— .ffennic. Tr. 111. AgricSoci. 1855, 5t3.— 
 JPratten, ibid. 602.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. L 1856, 207.— Iffflw, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 
 282.— Bj^.Pr. Bost. Soo.vii.1859, 110 (Bahamas).- JSreio. Pr.Bost Soc. vii. 1860,307 
 (Cnba).— AIJrecM, X f. 0. 1861, 53 (Bahamas).- flb?/, Smiths. Kep. for 1864, 1865, 438. 
 
 Hnlotllta maculosa, Oray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.— Coftot, Xanm. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 66.— 
 Kneel. Pr. Bost. Soc. -ri. 1857, 234. 
 
 Bblmanphus macnlosus. Cab. MH. i. 1850, 20. 
 
 Bblmampbus maculosns, Oundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 474 (Cnba). 
 
 Dendroica maculosa, £d. BI^A. 1858, 284.— ,$. <£ S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemala) -Gundl. 
 J. f. O. 1861, 326 (Cuba).— Bam. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436.—Coues d Prent. 
 Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862, 408.— Ferr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 147 {Anticoati).— Allen, 
 Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 63.— Bd. Eev. AB. 1865,206.— iow. Ann. Lye. N.TJ.viii. 1866, 
 iM.—Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, ISO.— Scl. PZ3. 1869, 374 (Oaxaca).— I\*rn6. B. E. Pa. 
 1869, 25 ; Phila. ed. 18.— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 415 (Cuba).— Packard, Am. Xat. viii. 1874, 
 271.— B. B.aR. KAB. 1. 1874, 232, pi. 14, f. 2.— flcTisA. Eep. Om. Specs. 1874, 58 (Den- 
 ver, Colo.).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xviL 1875, 439.— flnwft. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 
 1875, 196 (Denver, Colo.). 
 
 Dendroeca maculosa, Sd. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xal.^pa).— iaior. Ann. Lyo. N. T. vii. 1861, 322 
 (New Granada).— ScL PZS. 1862, 19 (Sonthern Mexico).- Bto*. Ibis, v. 1863, 63 (British 
 America).— Ferr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1863, 234.— S. <e S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— Dress. 
 Ibis, adser. i. 1865, 478 (Texas).— Jfc/Jwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, »6.—C(mes, Pr. E3S. Inst. 
 v. 1868, 273.— Ooucs, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 110.-««nd. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1869, 
 615.— Cope, Am. Nat. Iv. 1870, 395, 396, mS.-Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soo. xiv. 1872, 367 (Maine, 
 breeding).— Jfaj/n. B. Fla. 1873, 56 —Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. it. 1873, fl35.—Snow, Am. 
 Nat viii. 1874, 757— Oomm, BNW. 1874, 62.— Gentry, Life-Hist 1. 1876, 123.— 2ft»io«, B. 
 N. EngL 1877, 126.— Jferr. Trans. Conn. Acad. Iv. 1877, 17.— Brewrt. Bull. NuttaU Club, 
 a 1877, 1 (full biography). 
 
CHARACTERS OF DENDRCECA MACULOSA 291 
 
 SylTla magnolia, Wils. AO. iii.l811, 63, pi. 23.— Stepfi. Gen. ZooL x. 1817, 604.— Bp. Jonm. 
 
 Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 194. 
 Tellow-rnmped Flycatcber, Edw. pi. 355. 
 Figuier a tfte cenaree, B«/. "Ois. v. 291". 
 Flgnier tacbet^ de Pensllranle, Ficednia pensilvanlca nseTla, Briss. Orn. iiL 502, d. 56 
 
 (quotes Edw. pi. 255). 
 Tellow-rumped Warbler, Latli. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 
 
 481, n. 104. 
 Tellow-rump Warbler, Pmn. AZ. ii. 400, n. 288 
 
 (a basis of Jlf. macuiosa Gm. ; not to be con- 
 
 foanded witli Yellow-rump of modem writers, 
 
 which is V.coronata). — Sw.tSEich. ITBA.l. c. 
 Fanrette A tSte cendree, T. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817 
 
 223 J Enoy. M6th. ii. 1823, 427. 
 Spotted Warbler, Peab. 1. c.—Nutt. 1. c. 
 Bec-fln ik the cendree. 7)' Or6.l.c. 
 Black-and-rellow Warbler, Authors. Fig. 37.— Blaok-and-yellow Warbler. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern Province of North America. North to Labrador, Hadson's 
 Bay, Great Slave Lake, &c. South through Eastern Mexico and Central 
 America to Nevf Granada. West to the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Cuba 
 and the Bahamas. Breeds from New England northward, and probably 
 farther south in elevated portions of the United States. Winters extralimital. 
 
 Ch. sp. — S 9 Dorso nigra, pltts minusve oUvaceo Undo ; tiro- 
 pygiojiavo; vertice cinereo ; lateribus capitis cum f route angus 
 tissimh nigris, palpebris et strigd postoculari albis ; gastroBo flavo, 
 crisso albo, pectore lateribusque nigra striatis ; alis cauddque ni- 
 gricantibus, illis specula alba, rectricibus inaculis albis quadratis. 
 
 .-' 9 , in spring: Back black, usually quite pure and uninterrupted in the 
 $ , more or less mixed with olive in the 2 ! rump yellow ; upper tail-coverts 
 black, often skirted with olive or ashy. Whole crown of bead clear ash ; 
 Bides of head black, including a very narrow frontlet; the eyelids and a 
 stripe behind the eye, between the ash and black, white. Entire under parts 
 rich yellow, excepting the white crissnm, hes.vily streaked with black across 
 the breast and along the sides, the streaks on the breast so thick as to form a, 
 nearly continuous black border to the immaculate yellow throat. Wings 
 fuscous, with white lining, white edging of the inner webs of all the quills, 
 of the outer webs of the inner secondaries, and with a large white patch 
 formed by the tips of the median coverts and tips and outer edges of the 
 greater coverts. Tail blackish, with square white spots on the middle of 
 the inner webs of all the feathers excepting the middle pair. Bill blackish ; 
 feet dark. Length, 4i-5 ; extent, 7-7i ; wing, 2i-2i ; tail, 2-2J. 
 
 Young: Upper parts ashy-olive, becoming grayer on the head ; rump as 
 yellow as in the adnlt. No decided head-markings ; a whitish ring round the 
 eye. Below yellow, generally continuous, but sometimes incomplete, being 
 partially replaced by gray; black streaks wanting or few, and confined 
 chiefly to the sides. Wings with two whitish bars. Tail-spots as in the adult. 
 
 While the sexes of the adnlt of this beautiful species are quite similar, 
 differing mainly in the less extent and purity of the black on the back, the 
 young are quite different ; but may always be recognized by the yellow 
 rump, in connection with the extensively or completely yellow under parts, 
 and small, square, white tail-spots remote from the ends of the feathers. 
 
292 CHAEACTEES OF DENDECECA GEACI^ 
 
 WITH the name of this pretty species, the list of Eastern- 
 Province Warblers which reach westward to the con- 
 fines of the Colorado Basin closes. The bird was not long 
 since added to the fauna of Kansas by Prof. P. H. Snow, who 
 has been foremost in filling out the recognized category of the 
 birds of that State ; and about the same time, Mr. H. W. Hen- 
 shaw found the Black-and-yellow Warbler near Denver, Colo- 
 rado, where, on the 17th of May, 1873, he picked a male in full 
 plumage out of a flock of Audubon's Warblers, in the company 
 of which it was migrating. The occurrence may have been 
 wholly fortuitous, as Mr. Henshaw has surmised; but we have 
 learned of the appearance of so many Eastern birds along the 
 foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, that we should 
 be slow to deny that the present species may not pass that way 
 regularly each year. 
 
 Grace's Warbler 
 
 I>endroeca Eraclae 
 
 a. gracuE 
 
 Oendrolca grMiie, Ooues, MSS.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 210 (Fort WTiipple, Ariz.).— Onop. 
 
 B. Cal. i. 1870, 563, &g.~Eidgw. Am. Nat vii. 1873, 608.— B. B. d M. NAB. i. 1874, 243, 
 
 pL 14, f. M.—Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.—Henth. Zool. Eipl.W. 100 Merid. 1876, 197. 
 Dendroeca grade, Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad, xviii. 1880, ffi.—Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Aiad. Torh. 
 
 1869, 611.— Coop. Am. Nat. lii. 1869, 479.— Oovea, Key, 1872, 103.—? Salv. Ibis, iii. 3d ser. 
 
 1873,428 (Gaatemala— decoro?). 
 Dendrieca gracte, Elliot. Illnst. BNA. i. pi. vi. 
 Mnlotllta graclx, Qiebel, NomencL At. 1875, 603. 
 
 b. decora 
 
 Dendrolca graclte var. decora, Bidgw. Am. Nat. yii. 1873, 608.— £. B. tt B. NAB. i. 1874, 220. 
 
 Ch. sp. — $ 9 Gcsruleo-cinerea, dorso et vertice nigro notatis, 
 loris nigris, superciliis et macula suboculari, cum guld et pectore, 
 Jlavis; abdomine crissoque albis, lateribus corporis et colli nigro 
 striatis ; alls albo bifasdatis, rectricibus lateralibus magnd ex 
 parte albis ; rostra pedibusque nigris. 
 
 $ , adult : Entire upper parts ashy-gray, with a slaty-bine tinge ; the 
 middle of the back streaked with black, the upper tail-coverts less conspic- 
 uously so marked ; the crown with crowded black arrow-heads, especially 
 anteriorly and laterally, the tendency of these markings being to form a liae 
 along the side of the crown, meeting its fellow on the forehead. A broad 
 superciliary line of yellow, confluent with its fellow on the extreme front, 
 changing to white behind the eye. Lores blackish ; sides of liead otherwise 
 like the back, enclosing a crescentio yellow spot below the eye ; edges of eye- 
 lids yellow. Chin, throat, and fore breast bright yellow, bordered with 
 blackish streaks ; the yellow of the throat separate from that under the eye 
 or on the lores. Under parts from the breast white, the sides shaded' with 
 
HABITS OF geace's wakbler 293 
 
 the color of the back, and streaked with black in continuation of the chain 
 of shorter streaks along the side of the neck. Wings dusky, with very nar- 
 row whitish edging, and crossed with two white bars along the ends of the 
 greater and median coverts. Tail like the wings ; the lateral feather mostly 
 white, excepting the outer web ; the next two or three with white blotches, 
 decreasing in size. Eyes, bill, and feet black ; soles dirty yellowish. Length, 
 4iV5i ; extent about 8 ; wing, 2f ; tail, 2i. 
 
 $ , in autumn : Color of the upper parts obscured with a shade of brown- 
 ish-olive, the dorsal streaks obscure. The head-markings as in summer, and 
 the yellow parts quite as bright. 
 
 $ : Quite similar to the male, and in fact scarcely distinguishable from the 
 male in autumn, though the yellow is not quite so strong. 
 
 Young : The slate-gray of th« upper parts much shaded with brownish- 
 olive, the black streaks wanting on the back, those on the crown obsolete. 
 Yellow much as in the adult but paler, and not bordered along the sides of 
 the neck with black streaks. The black lores are poorly defined. The wing- 
 bars are grayish or obsolete. The white of the under parts has an ochrey 
 tinge, and the lateral streaks are not so heavy in color nor so well defined. 
 
 Since this species was originally described, a slight variety {decora) has 
 been noted from Honduras, in which the superciliary stripe is wholly yellow 
 and does not pass beyond the eye, and there are some other slight charac- 
 ters. Among United States species, the present is most like D. dominica, but 
 this is much larger, with a much longer and stouter bill, the long white su- 
 perciliary line prolonged to the side of the neck, where it enlarges into a 
 spot, and the sides of the head and neck broadly black, isolating the white 
 lower eyelid, and otherwise different. 
 
 GRACE'S Warbler is to me a bird of particular and not 
 unpardonable interest, being the only species of this 
 beautiful genus that it has fallen to my lot to discover, and 
 bearing the name of one for whom my affection and respect 
 keep pace with my appreciation of true loveliness of character. 
 
 It is one of the latest additions to the long and varied list of 
 Wood- Warblers, and the only species with which the genus has 
 been enriched during the last ten or twelve years — a near rela- 
 tive of Adelaide's Warbler* from Porto Eico, described at the 
 same time by Professor Baird, and next most closely related to 
 the very old species now usually called Dendrceca dominica. 
 
 In my original notice of this bird, I referred to certain speci- 
 mens collected by Mr. 0. Wood, at Belize, British Honduras, 
 
 * A near relative of D. graciw is the following Porto Eican species, described 
 at the same time by Baird : — 
 
 Dendrceca adelaldse. 
 Dendroica adelaldee, Sd. Eev. AB. 1865, 212. 
 Mniotilta adelaidee, Gray, Handlist, i. 1869, 241. n. 3.100. 
 Sendroeca adelaldie, Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, CIS. 
 Dendroica graclse var. adelaidse, S. B. <e R. NAB. i. 1874, 820. 
 Mniotilta adelaldse, OieM, Nomencl. Av. 1875, 599. 
 
294 HABITS OF grace's waebler 
 
 where it was said to be common. These specimens, however, 
 were afterward described as representing a different variety, to 
 which the name decora was applied by Mr. Robert Ridgway. 
 
 While journeying through New Mexico, era route to Fort 
 Whipple, Arizona, in July, 1864, I found Grace's Warbler on 
 the summit of Whipple's Pass of the Eocky Mountains, not far 
 from the old site of Fort Wingate, and secured the first speci- 
 men on the second of the month just named. I saw no more 
 of the bird — though it certainly must live in the pine-clad San 
 Francisco Mountains which I traversed — till the following 
 spring, when I ascertained that it was the most abundant bird 
 of its kind, excepting Audubon's Warbler, in the pineries in 
 the midst of which Fort Whipple is located. I have not yet 
 learned of its occurrence anywhere beyond New Mexico and 
 Arizona, nor indeed outside of the pine belt that indicates a 
 certain elevation of the surface in these Territories ; but as it 
 is a migratory bird, and has never been found in the United 
 States in winter, there is no doubt that it retires to Mexico in 
 the fall, to return in the spring. The extent of its movements, 
 however, remains to be ascertained. I secured a fine large suite 
 of specimens at Port Whipple, illustrating the variations of 
 the plumage under the different conditions of sex, age, and 
 season, and latterly my friend Henshaw has taken many more. 
 His were all procured in the White Mountains of Arizona, at 
 and near Camp Apache, excepting one which he took at Inscrip- 
 tion Eock, New Mexico, which is within an easy day's march of 
 the spot where my original specimen was procured. During 
 two seasons he found it to be one of the commonest of the 
 summer Warblers in the White Mountains, where the young 
 birds just from the nest were observed during the second week 
 in July. His observations confirm my own in regard to the 
 pine-loving character of the birds ; he found them almost inva- 
 riably in coniferous forests, passing swiftly along the smaller 
 branches of these tall trees, or darting into the air to capture 
 passing insects ; and even in August, when various families had 
 united into small flocks, and were lingering in company with 
 other insectivorous birds, before their departure for the South, 
 their preference for their native pines was still evident. 
 
 In the spring of 1865, I noted the arrival of these Warblers 
 in the vicinity of Fort Whipple on the 20th of April, and they 
 continually fell under my observation from this date until the 
 third week in September, about which time I suppose they left 
 
HABITS OP geace's waeblee 295 
 
 for the South. They pair ofif very soon after their arrival, by 
 the beginning of May, and I think they mast, in some cases at 
 least, rear two broods during the summer, as I found newly 
 fledged birds during the middle of August. I never discovered 
 their nest, but have no doubt it will be found high up in the 
 pine-trees, to which the birds are so much attached. They 
 keep not only among tall pines, but even in the upper portions 
 of these magnificent trees, some of which grow to such height 
 that it is a fair gunshot range to their lower limbs, let alone the 
 canopy of foliage that .stretches to the sunlight out of the lower 
 shade it casts itself, affording the happiest hunting-ground to 
 these nimble and industrious birds. They are seen coursing 
 among the branchlets, skipping at apparent random through 
 the endless intricacies of the foliage, hovering momentarily 
 about the terminal bunches of needles, and then dashing far 
 out into clear space, to capture the passing insect with a dex- 
 terous twist and turn. So the season passes, till the young are 
 on wing, when the different families, still with bonds unbroken, 
 ramble at leisure through the woods, the young birds timid and 
 feeble at first, venturing shorter flights than their parents, who 
 seem absorbed in solicitude for their welfare, and attend them 
 most sedulously, till they are quite able to shift for themselves. 
 They are quick to learn ; it is not long before, gaining full con- 
 fidence, they loose their family ties ; different broods meet in 
 undistinguished companies, and all go trooping down the mount- 
 ain-sides, or off to the southward, when first the pine-trees sigh 
 and whisper to each other that they hear the threatening mur- 
 mur of oncoming storms. 
 
 During the whole summer, these Warblers have no other note 
 than that thin and wiry chirping which so many species of this 
 grou[» utter. Earlier in the season, when the males would seek 
 their fates, they sing right heartily, and with a strength and 
 clearness one would scarce expect to hear from musicians of 
 such puny size. The song opens with two or three slurred, 
 whistling notes, continued for a few moments with a clear, thin 
 chirrup that I know not how to express in words. They have 
 also another song, which always reminded me of that which is 
 so constantly heard from the Eedstart during the same climac- 
 teric period of its life. 
 
 I await with impatience the discovery of the nest and eggs of 
 my sister's Warbler, and the determination of its winter home, 
 that the history of the pretty bird may be completed. 
 
296 THE GENUS SIUEUS 
 
 The only species of Dendrceca not taken into account in the foregoing pages 
 are the two following : — 
 Dendrceca pbaretra. 
 
 SylTlcola pbaretra, Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 163.— Goese, lUaat. B. Jam. 1848, pi. 2S.—Bp. 
 
 CA. i. 1850, 309.— OsJurn, " Zoologist, p. 6660 ". 
 Mnlotilta pbaretra, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, m.—Giebel, NomeDcl. Av. 1875, 605. 
 Dendrceca pbaretra, Sd. PZS. i. 1861, 71.— Sci. Cat. AB. 1862, 3X.—Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.- 
 
 Akad. Forh. Hi. 1869, 617. 
 Dendroica pbaretra, Bd. Kev. AB. 1865, 192.— B. B. d R. NAB. i. 1874, 220. 
 
 Hab. — Jamaica. 
 
 Dendrceca pltyopblla. 
 
 By iTicola pltyopblla, Gundl. Ann. Lye. K. Y. vi. Oct. 1855, 160. 
 
 Bhimampbns pityopbllns, Gundl. J. f. 0. 1857, 240. 
 
 Dendroica pltyopblla, Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 208.— B. B. d B. NAB. i. 1874, 221. 
 
 Dendrceca pltyopblla, Sund. Oefv. K. Vet-Akad. Forh. ili. 1869, 612. 
 
 Mnlotilta pltyopblla. Gray, Handlist, i. 1869, 241, n.am.—Giebd, Nomencl. A.V. 1875,606. 
 
 Hab. — Cuba. 
 
 Genus SIUEUS Swainson 
 
 SeiUrns, Sw. Zool. Jonm. iiL 1827, 171. (Type 
 
 Motacilla aurocapUla L.) 
 Slums, Strkkl. "Syn. 1841, —".—Ooues, Boll. 
 
 Nutt Club, ii. 1877, 29 (nomenclatBre). 
 Sejnrus, Sclnrns, Sennras, Senlrus, of Some. 
 Enlcoclchla, Gray, "1840"; List G. of B, 
 
 1841, 31. 
 Henlcocicbla, " Agaas."—Oab. M. H. i. 1850, 15. 
 Exocboclcbla, Tan der Soev. " Zool. 1856 ". Fig. 38.— Golden-crowned Accentor. 
 
 Ghaes. — In general form, scarcely distinguishable from Den- 
 drceca; larger in size, different in pattern of coloration, in 
 habits, gait, and nidiflcation. Bill ordinary. Eictal bristles 
 short but evident. Wings pointed, much longer than tail. 
 Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw. Tail nearly even, 
 with rather acute feathers, and long, copious under coverts. 
 Size larger than in Dendrceca. Neither wings nor tail parti- 
 colored. Above olivaceous, with or without head-markings, 
 otherwise uniform ; below white, buffy, or yellowish, profusely 
 streaked. Legs slender, i)ale-colored. Habits terrestrial to 
 some extent ; nest on the ground ; eggs white, spotted. Vocal 
 powers preeminent. Gait ambulatorial, not saltatorial, and 
 some other traits decidedly Motacilline. 
 
 This genus has held its position in the system by very uncer- 
 tain tenure, having been referred to various families, as the 
 TurdidcB, MotacillidcB, and Sylvieolidce. It is difficult to see how 
 it differs in any important particular of structure from such a 
 Sylvicoline genus as Dendrceca for instance, and it seems much 
 better located here than among the Wagtails, notwithstanding 
 the fact that it resembles these birds in many points of its econ- 
 
SYNONYMY OF SlUKUS AURICAPILLUS 297 
 
 omy. The number of primaries (nine) excludes it from the 
 TurdidcB. The geuus is probably definable by the characters I 
 have given, and I continue to endorse Baird's reference of it to 
 the SylviooUdai, considering it to be a terrestrial type of Warbler. 
 The original name of the genus, written Seiilrus by Swainson, 
 rendered Syurus by some and amended as Siurus by others, has 
 been discarded by some on account of its identity in sound, 
 though not in orthography or etymology, with Sciurus, a mam- 
 malian genus, But I see no necessity for this. There are only 
 three well-determined species, all of them Korth American, and 
 two of them occurring in the Colorado Basin. 
 
 Crolden-crowraed Accentor 
 
 Sinrns anricapillns 
 
 MotaciUa aurocapllln, L. SN. i. 1:66, 334, n. 29 (Briss. iii. 504 ; Edw. 91, pi. 252).— Gm. SN. i. 
 1788, 983, n. Z9.—Turt. SN. i. 1806, 605. 
 
 Turdus aurocaplUns, XatA. 10. i. 1790, 323. n. 6.—Wils. AO.iii. 1810,88,pI.14,f.2.— Stepft. 
 Geu. Zool. X. 1817, 199.— F. Enoy. M6th. ii. 1883, 641, u. 14.— Bp. Joarn. Phila. Acad, 
 iv. 1824, 35.—Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 355 ; 2d ed. i. 1840, 40i.~Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 2.";3 ; v. 1839, 
 447, pi. 143.— P«o&. Eep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 306.— Towtw. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 
 153 (Northwestern United StaXce). —Thomps. Vermont, 1853, SO.— Read, Pr. Phila. 
 Acad. Ti. 1853, 398.— Ffflis, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 281 iNova Scotia).— Gossc, 
 Alabama, 1859, 335. 
 
 Sf iTla anrocapllla, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 35.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 18i6, 77. 
 
 Selurus aurocaplUus, Sw. Zool. Journ. iii. 1827, 171 , Phil. Mag. i. 1827, 369 ; Isis, 1830 1154.— 
 A'.<£-i2.EEA.ii.l831, 227.- Bp. CGL. 1838,21.—At«i.Sjn.l839,93.— J.m(2.BA. iii. 1841, 
 35, pi. US.-Gw. BLI. 1844, 92.-Goese, B. Jam. 1847, iSa.—Hoy, Pr. Phih. Acad. vi. 1853, 
 310 (Wisconsin).— ffenrac. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 583.— Pratten, ibid. 601.— Salte, 
 PZS. 1857, 231 (San Domingo).— .Mosim. J. f. 0. 1858, 177.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 260.— Barn. 
 Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 435.— Oows d Prmt. Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862, 407.— 
 Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 125 (Maine).— Ferr.ibid. 137 ( Anticosti).- Ffrr. Pr. Ess. 
 Inst. iii. 186-3, U6.—Hayd. Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, leo.—Blak. Ibis, v. 1863, 62.— 
 March, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, 294 (Jamaica).— Aifon, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 61.— Bd. 
 Eev. AB. 1803, 214, 266.— ioMjr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1860, Wt.—Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst v. 
 1866, 85 (Canada Westl.-Bi-y.Pr. Bost. Soc. xi. 1867, 01 (San Domingo).— iarar. Ann. 
 Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 94 (Costa Rica).— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, K2.—Couei, Pr. Bost. 
 Soc. xii. 1868, 110.— CoK6«, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, ill.— Jackson, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 55p.— 
 Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 24; Phila. ed. n.—v.Frantz.J.t O. 1869, 293 (Costa Eica).— 
 
 Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 547 (Orizaba) Dall i£ Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. 1869, 
 
 268 (Alaska).- IVippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 115.— Aifen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 269 
 ( Florida, wintering) ; ill. 1872, 175 (Kansas).— Cones, Key, 1872, 105, f. i5.—Mayn. B. 
 
 Ela. 1872, la.—Attm, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, Z69.—Mayn. Ft. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872,358 
 
 Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 416 (Cuba),— Packard, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 211.— IngersoU, ibid. 
 2ia.— Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874,52 (Dakota).— (7o«e«,BNW. 1874, 70.— B.B. <£B. 
 NAB. 1. 1874, 280, flg. pi. 14, f. 11.— Brcwj. Pr. Bost Soc. xvii. 1875, HO.— Gentry, Life- 
 Hist. i. 1876, 138.— Jlfinoi, B. N. EngL 1877, 84. 
 
 Sclnrus aurocapillns, D'Orb. Ois. Cuba. 1839, 55.— Denny, PZS. 1847, 38.— Pu«ji. Pr. Ess. 
 Inst i. 1856, 209.— Hoy, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 437.— ZWppc, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 
 1873, 834. 
 
 Slurus aurocapmns, A. aD. Newt. Ibis, i. 1859, 142 (St Croix). -/& a S. Ibis, i. 1859,9 
 ((ruatemala). 
 
 Enlcoclchla anrocapilla, Gray, List G. of B. 1841, 31. 
 
 Enlcoclchla anrocapiUus, Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 306 (Cuba). 
 
 Henlcocichla aurocapiUa, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 15.— Gundl. J. f. O. 1855, 471 (Cuba).- Ca6. 
 J. f. 0. 1861, 84 (Costa Eica).— ffurad!. ibid. 336, 407 (Cuba).— iawr. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. viii. 
 1865, 117 (.Nioaiagaa). —Salv. PZS. 1870, 183 (Veragua). 
 
298 CHARACTERS OF SIUEUS AURIC APILLUS 
 
 Tardus aurlcapillus, XicAC. "Prei8-Verz.M6x.Vog. 1830, 2"; J. f. 0. 1863, 57. 
 
 Accentor auricapillus, Bu:h. Eep. Brit Assoc. Adv. Soi. for 1836, 1837, 172. 
 
 Selurus auricapillus, iSm. Class. B. ii. 1837, 847.— Jljj. CA. i. 1850,306.— Xrouw. Ann. Lj-o. 
 
 N. r. in. 186!), 200 (Yucatan).— ffoues, Pr.Pliila. Aoad. 1875, 349. 
 Slurus auricapillns, Moore, PZS. 18159, 55 <Omoa).— Oo«««, Ball Nntt. Club, li. 1877, 31 
 
 (correction of nomenclature).— jlfen-. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 20. 
 Henlcoclchla auricapllla, Sd. PZS. 1856, 293 (Mexico).— Sri. PZS. 1861, 70 (Jamaica).— 
 
 Albrecht, J. t. 0. 1862. 192 (Jamaica).—*. £ 8. PZS. 1870, 836 (Honduras). 
 Tnrdus cltreus, MiUl. SN. Snppl. 1776, 141 (fide Casein, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1664 ; said to be 
 
 based on PE. 398, f. 2). 
 Uotacilla canadensis, Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 24 (PB. 398, f. 2). (In part. The original 
 
 quotation of PE. is this species, aud so is the quotation of Edw. pi. 252; but tho 
 
 other references are to Dendroeca coronata). 
 Inrdus minimus, Bartr. Trav. Ha. 1st Am. ed. 1791, 290 bis. (Not of authors.) 
 Tnrdus coronatus, T. OAS. ii. 1807, 8, pi. 64.— Lees. Tr. Orn. 1831, 418. 
 Anthus coronatus, Berhardt, Naum. iii. 1853, 38. 
 Figuier a teste d'or de Pcnsilyanle, FIcedula pensllTanlca auro-capllla, Briss. Orn. 
 
 iii. 1760, 504, n. 57. 
 Golden-crowned Thrusb, Edw. CrL 91, pi. 252.— Pe7u>. AZ. iL 1785, 339, n. 203.— i/dth. Syn. 
 
 ii. pt. i. 1783, 21, D. 6. 
 Grlvelette de 8. Domlngue, Buff. " Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. 317 ". 
 Petite Grire de St, Domlngue, Buff. PE. 398, f. 2 (basis oSMot canadensis Bodd.). 
 Grire couronnfce, T. 1. c. 1817.— ie Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 174. 
 Grlve grivelette, T. 1. o. 1823. 
 Land Klck-up, Ooase, B. Jam. 1847, 152. 
 Golden-crowned Accentor, Golden-crowned Wagtail, Orange-crowned Accentor, Oren- 
 
 blrd, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern North America to the Rocky Mountaios (Denver, Colorado), 
 the Yellowstone, aud Alaska. South through the whole West Indies and 
 Mexico (even at Mazatlan) and Central America. Breeds iudiffereutly in its 
 North American range. Winters from the Bermudas and Florida south ward. 
 
 Ch. sp. — i 9 Virenti-olivaceus, infra alba fusco striata; ver- 
 tice aurantiaco-brunneo, nigro bistrigato j pedibus pallidd incar- 
 natis. Long. tot. 5^0^ ; alee 3 ; caudcB 2J. 
 
 g 9, adult: Entire upper parts, including the wings and tail, uniform 
 bright olive-green, without markings. Top of head with black lateral 
 striped, bounding a golden-brown or dull orange space. A white ring round 
 eye ; no white superciliary stripe. Under parts white, thickly spotted with 
 dusky on tho breast, the spots lengthening into streaks on the sides ; a nar- 
 row I'lack maxillary line; under wing-coverts tinged with yellow. Legs 
 flesh-colored. Length about G inches ; wing, 3 ; tail, 2J. 
 
 This species exhibits a remarkable constancy of coloration with age, sex, 
 and season. The sexes are indistinguishable, and the young are scarcely to 
 be told from the adults. Fall specimens are ordinarily quite as clearly col- 
 ored as those of the spring ; and the orange-brown crown-spot, though it 
 may be more or less bright, is acquired by the young with their first fuU 
 feathering. There is doubtless a very early streaky stage. 
 
 AOCOEDING to our present information, tbe Golden- 
 crowned Accentor claims place bere solely upon the 
 strength of its observed occurrence at the base of the Eocky 
 Mountains of Colorado, near Denver. It is more especially an 
 Eastern species, though it reaches Alaska, and has been taken 
 
SYNONYMY OP SIUEUS MOTACILLA 299 
 
 OQ the west coast of Mexico. Oar knowledge of its natural 
 history has, strange to say in the case of so very common and 
 widely diffused a bird, only very lately been completed by the 
 discovery of its wonderful vocal powers, made independently 
 by Mr. John Burroughs, as well known to naturalists by his 
 delightful sketches of bird-life as he is to others by his essays 
 in the field of general literature, and by Mr. George A. Board- 
 man, whose name is inseparably connected with the culture of 
 American ornithology. 
 
 Aquatic Accentor 
 
 Slarns nieTlns* 
 
 MotacUIa DEevlal, Sodd. Tablenu PE. 1783, 47 (pi. 752, f. 1). 
 
 Siurus naevlUS, Coues, Bull. Nutt. Club, ii. 1877, 39.—Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 20. 
 
 * The third species of this genus has the following synonymy : — 
 Siarns motacilla.— liarge-bllled Accentor, 
 
 Tardus motacUla, Y. OAS. ii. 1807, O, pi. 63 (Kentucky; accurate description and recog- 
 nizable figure) .-Stepft. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 197.— F. N. D. d'H. N. xx. 1818, 234.— T. 
 Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 64:), n. 20. 
 
 Seiurns motadlla, Bp. CA. i. 18S0, 306. 
 
 Siurus motaciUa, Ocrues, BulL Nutt. Club, ii. 1877, 33.— Men. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 
 20 (Conuecticnt). 
 
 HeDicoclchla motaciUa, Cab. J. f. 0. 1857, 240 (Cuba).- ffundi. J. f. 0. 1861, 326 (Cuba). 
 
 Turdns Indorlclanus, Aud. OB. 1. 1832, 99, pi. 19 (afterward united it with tioveboracensis). 
 
 Seinrus ludOTlCianus, Bp. CGL. 1838, il.—Bd. BNA. 1858, 262 ; ed. of 1860, pi. 80, f. 2.— 
 Barn. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 435 (Chester County, Fa.).— Coues d Prent. Smiths. 
 Eep. for 1861, 1862, 407 (Washington, D. C, common in spring).— Bd. Ebv. AB. 1865, 
 217 (Colima, &a.).—lMwr. Ann. Lye. N. T. viii. 1866, 234 (New York).— Coueo, Pr. Ess. 
 Inst. V. 1868, 271 (Southern New England).— 2W;)j)e, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 183.— Co«es, Pr. 
 Bost. Soo. xii. 1868, 110 (South Carolina).— iaiw, Ann. Lye. N. T. ix. 1808, 94 (Costa 
 Eica).— ». Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 203 (Costa Eica).— Alien, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 512, 577 
 (Massachusetts).— 2^r»i6. B. E. Pa. 1869, 24 p Phila. ed. Vl — Gundl. J. f. O. 1873, 417 
 (Cuba).— OoKe«, Key, 1872, t06, pi. 2, f. ».—S<soU, Pr. Bost. Soo. xv. 1872, 222 (West 
 Virginia).— CoMM, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, iii.—Purdie, Am. Nat. vii. 1B73, 693.— Snow, B. 
 Kans. 1873, —.—IngersoU, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 238.— (7o««», BN W. 1874, 72.— i3. B. a It. 
 NAB. i. 1874, 287, figs. pi. 14, f. 13.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440 (New Eng- 
 land).— ffoiery, Life-Hist. i. 1876, 145.— Jlfijwt, B. N. Engl. 1877, 63. 
 
 Slurus ludOTicianns, Scl PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa); 373 (Oaxaca).— S.<«5.Ibis,ii.l860,2;3 
 (Guatemala). 
 
 Seinrus ludOTici nns, Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 234 (Iowa). 
 
 HeDlcoclclila ludoviclana, Scl.Cat. AB. 1861, 25 (Orizaba).— Sc!. PZS. 1861, 70 (Jamaica).- 
 Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1862, 192 (Jamaica).— Sa!». PZS. 1870, 183 (Veragna). 
 
 Henicoclcbla major, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 16 (Xalapa).— Caii. J. f. 0. 1857, 240 (Cuba). 
 
 Enicocicbla major. Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 306 (Cuba). 
 
 Grire bochequeue, 7. OAS. I. c.,andEM.l. c. 
 
 Warbler Tbrnsb, Steph. L o. ' 
 
 Louisiana Water Ibrusb, large-billed Water Tbrush, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern United States. North to Massachusetts and Michigan. 
 West to Kansas, the Indian Territory, and Texas. South through Mexico 
 (the eastern portion at least) and Central America. Cuba and Jamaica. 
 Breeds in its United States range at large. Winters extralimital. Abun- 
 dant in many of the Southern and Western States. Bare toward the north- 
 ern limits cf its range. 
 
300 SYNONYMY OP SIUEUS N^VIUS 
 
 MotacUla noveboracensis, am. SN. i. 1788, 958, n. e9 (primarily based on FE. 752, f. 1 = 
 
 mevia Bodd.).— ie*». Tr. OrD. 1831, 418. 
 Sylyla noveboracensis, Laih. 10. iL 1790, 518, n. 33.— T. OAS. iL 1807, 36, pL 82.— iStepft. Gen. 
 
 Zool. X. 1817, 631.— Bp. Add. Lye. N. Y. iL 1326, 77. 
 Tardus (Seinrns) noveboraconis, Nutt. Man. i. 1632, 353 (in part. Not Turius ntnebarar 
 
 cenais of Gm. and Latli., whieh is Scolecophagua ferruginews.) 
 Turdns noyeboracensls, Peab. Rep. Oro. Mass. 1839, 306.— Thomps. Termont, 1853, 79.— 
 
 Bead, Pr. Phila. Aead. vi. 1853, 398. 
 Selurns noveboracensis, Bp. CGL. 1838, 21.— Go«««, B. Jam. 1847, 151 ; III. pL 33.— Bp. CA. i. 
 
 1850, iWi.—Rara. Naam. ii, 1832, 53 (Gnba).— fiby, Pr. Phila. Acad. vl. 1853, 310.— Ken- 
 
 aic.Tr. 111. Agrio. Soc. i. I'^Sj, 583.— Jfaxim. J. f. 0. 1858, Ui.-MarUna, S.tO. 1859 
 
 313 (Berinnda) —Bland, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 387 (Bsrmudaa).— Ca»«. Pr. Phila. 
 
 Acad. xii. 1860, 91 (Isthmna of Darien).— .Bam. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 4J5 
 
 Lawr. Add. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1861, 322 (New GraD.^da). — Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. 
 
 xii. 1862, 160.— Ferr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 146.— Boardm. Pr. Best. Soc. ix. 1(^63, 125.— 
 
 Blak. Ibis, It. 1863, 4 (Saskatchewan) ; v. 1863, 6i.— March, Pr. Phila. Acad. xy. 1663, 
 
 294 (Jamaica).— £d. Kot. AB. 1865, ilo.—Laim: Aon. Lye. N. Y. vili. 1866, iSi.—Bry. 
 
 Pr. Bost. Soc. xi. 1867, 91 iSan Domingo).— Triple, Am. Nat. ii. 1866, 182 Coua, Pr. 
 
 Bost. Soe. xii. 1868, llO.—Lawr. Ann. Lye N. Y. Ix. 1868, 94 (Costa Rica).— iawr. Ann. 
 
 Lyo. N. T. Ix. 1869, 200 (Yaeatan).— B. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, 293 (Costa Rica).— rKraii. 
 
 B. E. Pa. 1869, 24; Phila. cd. Vt.—Ooues, Key, 1872, 106.— ewndi. J. f. 0. 1872, 416 
 
 (Cnb!i,).— Scotf, Pr, Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 222.— Jfayn. Pr. Bost. Soo. xlv. 1872, 358.— Jfoyn. 
 
 B. Fla. 1873, 14.— Purdie, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 692 —Coues, BN W^. 1874, 71.— B. B. <t B. 
 
 NAB. i. Ih74, 283, pi. 14, f. 12.—? Allen, Pr. Bost. Soo. xvii. 1874, 52 (Dakota).— Breio. 
 
 Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.— flensft. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Bejwft. ZooL ExpL W. 
 
 100 Merid. 1876, 204.— Jlfinot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 81. 
 Slums noveboracensis, S. <£ 5. Ibis, i. 18.'>9, 10 (Gaatomala).— A. d: E. Newt ibid. 142 (St. 
 
 Croix).— Soi. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— AIIe», Pr. Ess. Inst It. 1861, 61.— Dress. Ibis, 
 
 2d ser. i. 1865, 477 (Texas). 
 Selnrus noveboracensis, Sensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 59 (Colorado). 
 Selurns noveboracensis, Oentry, Life-Hist. i. 1876, 142. 
 Enicoclcbla noveboracensis. Gray.— Kneel. Pr. Bost. Soc. vL 1837, 233.— Brew. Pr. Bost. 
 
 Soo. vii. 1860, 306 (Onba). 
 Henlcoclcbla noveboracensis. Cab. "Schomb. Guiana, iii. 1848, 666".— Cab. MH. 1850, 16 
 
 Oundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 471 (Cuba) Cab. J. f. O. 1860, 324 (Costa Rioa) Scl. PZS. 1861, 
 
 70 (Jamaica).— G«ndi. J. f. O. 1661, 326, 407 {Ca\>&). —Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1862, 192 
 
 (Jamaica).— S. <« S. PZS. 1864, 346 (Panama).- S. d S. PZS. 1868, 627 (Venezuela).— 
 
 S. as. PZS. 1869, 251 (Yenezaela).- A'. <6S. PZS. 1870, 836 (Honduras).— Soio. PZS. 
 
 1870, 183 (Veragua). 
 Motacllla noveboracensis, Turt. SN. i. 1806, 589. 
 Turdus (Selnras) noveboracensis, NiUt. Man. i 2d ed. I84'j, 403 (in part). 
 Selurus noveboracensis. And. Syn. 1839, 93.— Aud. BA. iii. 1841, 37, pL 49 (in part) — 
 
 Oir. BhI. 1844, 93.— Pratten, Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1853, eOl.—McIlwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 
 
 1866, es.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad, xviii. 1866,71 (Arizona).— Oou<!«, Pr. Ess. Inst y. 
 
 1668, Hi.— Coop. Am. N.it. iii. 1809, 33. 
 Selurns noveboracensis, Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst i. 1656, 209. 
 Motacilla tigrlna, var. 0. 6m. SN. i. 1788, 985, n. 153 (I. (based on Briss. iii. 513). 
 Motaclla tlgrlna, 2, Turt. SN. i. 1806, — . 
 Sylvia tlgrlna, var. 3, Lath. 10. iL 1790, 537, n. 110 0. (= Gm.). 
 Flguler brun de S. Oomlngue, Flcedula Dominicensls fusca, Briss. Orn. iii, 1760, 513, 
 
 n. 62, pi. 38, f. 5 (obviously this species ; basis of Mot. tigrina var. 0. of Gm.). 
 Spotted Tellow Warbler, var. A., Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 463, var. A. 
 Motacilla fluvlatllls, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. 1791, 391. 
 Turdns aquaticus, Wiis. AO. iiL 1811, 66, pi. 23, f. 5.—Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 183.— Aud. 
 
 OB. v. 1839, 284, pi. 433, f. l.-JSaiim. Pr. Phila. Acad. viiL 1856, 389. 
 Selurns aquatlcus, S. <£• R. FBA. ii. 1831, 229, pL 43.—Sw. Class. B. iL 1837, 247. 
 Tardus aquatius, Bp. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 34. 
 Sylvia antboidcs, T. N. D. d'H. N. x. 1817, 208.— F, Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 421, n. 19.— Less. 
 
 Tr. Orn. 1831, 418. 
 
CHAEACTEES OP SIUEUS N^VIUS 301 
 
 Turdus motacilla, Bp. Journ. PMla. Acad. iv. 1824, 3j (adopts Yieillot's name foi this 
 species) . 
 
 Selnrus tennirostrls, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1. 1827, 369. 
 
 Sclnrns tenvirostrlg, Oamb. Fr. Fhila. Acad. i. 1843, 261 (Colorado Biver). 
 
 Sciurus snlfurascens, D'Ori. Ois. Cuba, 1839, 57, pi. 6. 
 
 Selurus gulphurascens, Bp. CA. l. isso, 3D6. 
 
 Enlcocicbla sulpburascens, "Oray"- 
 
 Henlcocicbla sulpburascens, Oundl. J. f. O. 1835, 471 (Caba) Oundi. J. f. 0. 1861, 407 
 
 (Cuba). 
 
 AntbuB Ihermlnlerl, fLtss. Bov. Zool. 1839, lOl. 
 
 Selurus gossll, Bp. CA. i. 1830, 306 (Jamaica). 
 
 Faurette tacbet^e de la Loulsiane, Buf. "Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 161"; PS. 732, f. 1 (basis of 
 Boddaert's and Gmelia's names). 
 
 New York Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 409, n. 308.— ia«A. Syn. 11. pt. 11. 1783, 436, n. 29. 
 
 Faurette brune, T. OAS. 1. u. 
 
 FauTette plpl, Y. 1. o. 1817 and 1823. 
 
 Grlre de roulsseaux on Hochequeue, Le Moine, Ois. Canad, 1861, 173. 
 
 Bessy Klck-np, River Pink, Ooase, B. Jam. 1847, 151. 
 
 New Tork or Aquatic Tbrnsb, Water Tbrusb, Aquatic Wood-wagtail, Aquatic Ac- 
 centor, Small-billed Water Thrush, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — ^North America at large. Mexico, West Indies, Central America and 
 mnch of Soutli America. "Winters from Florida and the Gnlf coast south- 
 ward. Breeds in the greater part, if not the whole, of its North American 
 range. 
 
 Ch. sp. — (J 9 OUvaceofuscus, alis cauddque eoncoloribus ; infrd, 
 albido-sulphurascens, undique oUvaceo-fusco utriatus; striga super- 
 ciliari hrunneoalbido ; rostro pedihusque obscuris. 
 
 2 $ : Uniform dark olive-brown, the wings and tail similar, unmarked; 
 below very pale sulphury-yellow, everywhere, except perhaps on the middle 
 of the belly, thickly speckled or streaked with dark olive-brown, the mark- 
 ings smallest on the throat, largest on the eidep. A long dull whitish super- 
 ciliary line. Bill and feet dark. Length, 5^-6 ; extent, 8}-9i ; wing, 2J-3 ; 
 tail, 2J; bill not over J along the culmen. 
 
 The sexes do not differ appreciably, and the youngest birds examined are 
 not notably different from the adult ; but I have not seen the newly-fledged 
 bird. The shade of the upper parts varies from a decidedly olivaceous-brown 
 to a purer, darker bistre-browu, and that of the under parts from sulphur- 
 yellow to nearly white; but it is never of the bufly-white of S. motamlla. 
 The streaking varies in amount and intensity, but always has the sharp dis- 
 tinct character of the species in comparison with S. motacilla, and is rarely 
 if ever absent from the throat. I have seen no bill over half an inob long, 
 and this member lacks the peculiar shape, as well as size, characteristic of 
 S. motacilla. 
 
 The earliest feathering has only lately been described, and it proves to be 
 streaky, as might have been anticipated. Mr. Eidgway speaks of a very 
 young bird as being sooty-blackish, with each feather of the upper parts 
 with terminal bar of ochraceous ; the wing-coverts tipped with the same, 
 forming two bars; the streaks below as in the adult, but broader and not so 
 sharply defined. 
 
 It should be noted that Motacilla novehoracensis of Gm., the name currently 
 
302 HISTORY OF THE WATER THRUSH 
 
 adopted, is the same as M. nccria Badd. (X783), both being based upon PI. 
 Enlum. 752, f. 1, which represents the Fauvette taoheUe de la Louisiane of 
 Buffon, afterward the New York Warbler of Pennant and Latham. It is a 
 cnrieuH faet, that Gmelin in another place made Siurus nmvius out to be a va- 
 riety of the Cape May Warbler, Dendrosca tigrina : for the Motadlla tigrina 
 var. (3. of Gmelin, and the Sylvia tigrina var. /3. of Latham, are both based 
 exclusively upon the Ficedula dominicensis fmca of Brisson, which is obvi- 
 ously this Siurus. Vieillot, in 1807, noticed the circumstance, which later 
 authors seem to have overlooked, and correctly allocated the synonymy. — 
 The Motadlla fusoeaoena of Gmelin has been queried as a synonym of this 
 species; it is based upon Ficedula jamaicenaia Briss. iii. 512, n. 61 ; but Bris- 
 son's account cannot be made to square with the characters of Siurus nceeius. 
 The remaining references above given, though so numerous, do not call for 
 special remark, excepting Audubon's accounts, which, it should be remem- 
 bered, include both this species and S. motadlla, as he united the two, having 
 previously described Turdua ludovicioMua as distinct. These and other tech- 
 nical points are discussed in my paper above cited, on "Corrections of Xomen- 
 clature in the Genus Siurua". 
 
 MATERIAL for the life-history of the Water Thrush has 
 gradually accumulated, until we now possess knowledge 
 enough of the subject for a more complete biography than has 
 hitherto appeared. The latest article, that from the long-accua- 
 tomed pen of Dr. Brewer, is much the best, though the many 
 items there given are perhaps none too closely knit into conse- 
 quent narrative. As Dr. Brewer justly remarks, all that the 
 earlier authors have left us respecting the habits of this bird 
 must be taken cum grano; for it was a good while before the 
 Louisiana or Large-billed Water Thrush was fairly recognized, 
 and much that Wilson, Nuttall, and Audubon have to say of 
 the Water Thrush refers either to the other species, or to both 
 species indiscriminately. Audubon indeed capped the confu- 
 sion by reuniting the two species which he bad formerly distin- 
 guished with sufficient precision, Wilson pertinently describes 
 the aquatic habits and Motacilline actions of the true Water 
 Thrush as observed in Pennsylvania ; but the rest of his notice 
 seems to point to the Large-billed bird. Nuttall's and Audu- 
 bon's whole accounts parallel Wilson's in this regard ; and none 
 of these authors seem to speak of the vocalization, nidification, 
 and breeding habits of the real Water Thrush, but rather of 
 the Louisiana species. Sir John Richardson must have had 
 the present species in exclusive view, as the other is not found 
 about Oarltou House ; and Swainson's plate is unmistakable. 
 Mr. Philip Henry Gosse gives us one of his delightful and char- 
 acteristic sketches, undoubtedly referring to the present species, 
 
DISTRIBUTION OP THE WATER THRUSH 303 
 
 under the names of " Eiver Pink " and " Bessy Kick-up". These 
 notices, including, of course. Dr. Brewer's last and best one, are 
 among the principal accounts we have; for if the long synony- 
 matic list I present with this article be analyzed, it will be found 
 to consist largely of the compilations of name-peddlers, other- 
 wise known as systematists, taxonomists, and philosophers, who 
 describe and redescribe with insufllcient knowledge of what 
 their predecessors have done, and in whose hands natural his- 
 tory becomes not unlike a kaleidoscopic tube, where names, like 
 colored bits of glass, leap into fantastic shapes at the touch of 
 the pen-point. Few indeed of the namers of the many species 
 that have sprung up like mushrooms in the fertile compost-heap 
 of synonymy knew anything of the Water Thrush except as a 
 museum object; and, as if there were not names enough already, 
 several of the French ornithologists, with characteristic viva- 
 city, bestowed a number more. Wilson knew the bird he called 
 Turdus aquaticus, and so doubtless did Bartram when he called 
 it Motacilla fluviatilis. Among the earlier notices, we have 
 several from independent original sources; such are that of 
 Pennant's "New York Warbler", and Buffon's "Fauvette 
 tachet^e de la Louisiane", and Brisson's "Figuier bruii de S. 
 Domiiigue"; and Buffon's bird, figured on the Planche Enlu- 
 min6e 752, afforded the very first technical name of the species, 
 that bestowed in 1783 by the cataloguer Boddaert. 
 
 Very many of the numerous citations I have compiled, how- 
 ever, are those I give to certify the recognized geographical 
 distribution of the species, as vouchers for its occurrence in the 
 widely separated localities which, when duly collated, enable 
 us to map its dispersion and trace its movements. This is 
 always an important subject, and one which, I think, more than 
 justifies the bibliographical matter which may seem to the gen- 
 eral reader to so heavily handicap the present volume, but which 
 is the real ballast of the book if not the most valuable part of 
 the cargo which I bring. By such researches I have traced the 
 spread of the Water Thrush over all of North America, there 
 being few small areas and no large ones whence I have not 
 gathered reports of its presence — througli Mexico and Central 
 America — among nearly all of the West Indies — and for a con- 
 siderable distance into South America. Its latitudinal disper- 
 sion is from Brazil to the Arctic Ocean ; in longitude, it reaches 
 across the northern half of the Western Hemisphere, and per- 
 haps of the southern portion also; though I believe that our 
 
304 MIGRATIONS OF THE WATER THRUSH 
 
 South American records to date do not attest its presence on 
 the western side of South America. In the greater part of 
 North America, it is of general and common occurrence, and 
 the same is the case in the West Indies, Eastern Mexico, and 
 Central America. It is not so frequent, perhaps less regular 
 in its appearances, and, at any rate, not so commonly observed, 
 in the Middle and Western Provinces of North America, as it 
 is in the Eastern ; but we may remember that the observers are 
 there far fewer. This is a migratory species, of course ; for no 
 small insectivorous bird covers such an extent of country as I 
 have indicated at all seasons of the year. In this matter of its 
 movements we may note, first, that it is not accredited with any 
 extralimital record of breeding, so far as I can now recall ; but 
 I speak guardedly here, as the record is voluminous, and among 
 the many notices extant there may be some indicating that cer- 
 tain individuals do not perform the extensive migrations re- 
 quired for their presence within the bird's recognized breeding 
 range in North America. As to its nesting in the southern 
 portions of the United States, we must put oat of court such 
 testimony as is vitiated by references to 8. ludovicianus ; and 
 this aside, there is no evidence that I know of to prove that 
 the bird nestles south of about the latitude of Washington, 
 D. 0. There I have myself found the Water Thrush through 
 the summer, under circumstances that leave no doubt of its 
 breeding. Almost directly north of such latitude, accounts of 
 its summer residence and nidification begin to multiply, and its 
 nesting thence to the Arctic regions is established. 
 
 As will have been inferred already, the winter resorts of the 
 Water Thrush are for the most part beyond our limits ; yet the 
 fact that many individuals linger through the year in the South- 
 ern States is well attested. In Illinois, for example, where 
 8. motacilla breeds in abundance, the Water Thrush is only 
 known as a migrant and as a partial winter resident. Accord- 
 ing to Mr. Eidgway, they reappear from the north in August, 
 and many linger in the sheltered forests of the river-bottoms, 
 where he has heard them singing in December and January. 
 The period and duration of the vernal and autumnal movements 
 are not easily determined in the case of a bird that gets over so 
 much ground; but the months of April and September appear 
 to be those when the migrations are at their height. 1 may 
 give some isolated data bearing on this subject. In Jamaica, 
 Mr. March found Water Thrushes from early in August to the 
 
NEST AND EGGS OP THE WATER THRUSH 305 
 
 end of March. Henshaw saw tbe birds in Colorado in the mid- 
 dle of May, and in Arizona late in August. May is the month 
 in which their arrival has been noted for the Middle States and 
 New England, and also for the Saskatchewan region. Could 
 all the data we have be verified and digested, we should prob- 
 ably find that the Water Thrush is a bird of rapid and not of 
 the most regular migration, likely to appear at such times and 
 places that it becomes difficult to reconcile the seemingly con- 
 flicting testimony we possess. 
 
 June is the height of the breeding season with this bird. 
 During this month, egg-laden nests have been found so far apart 
 as are Maine and Alaska — early in the month in the New Eng- 
 land locality just mentioned, and later on the Yukon Eiver. 
 Doubtless only one brood is reared in the higher latitudes to 
 which the birds resort ; the case may also be the same in other 
 localities, and probably is so, considering how soon — by the 
 fore part of August — these birds reappear in places where they 
 are not known to breed, as in Illinois and Jamaica. In the few 
 instances which have come to the knowledge of naturalists, the 
 Water Thrush's nest was built on the ground or its equiva- 
 lent. The Alaskan nests to which I have alluded were placed 
 by the river bank, at the foot of willow-bushes, one of them 
 beneath a small pile of drift-wood, and contained four to six 
 eggs. These and other Arctic nests, as preserved in the Smith- 
 sonian Institution, are about four inches across by two-thirds 
 as much in depth; they are composed chiefly of moss, com- 
 pactly matted and mixed with little sticks and straws, one of 
 them having also a large amount of circularly-woven fibrous 
 material in a state of disintegration. A nest found in Maine 
 by Prof. A. E. Verrill, and described with particularity by Dr. 
 Brewer, was built in an excavation in the side of a decayed log, 
 which overarched the structure somewhat as the domed por- 
 tion of the nest of the Golden-crowned Thrush covers the main 
 part of the structure. It was a beautiful fabric, built chiefly 
 of green Hypnum mosses, with which a few withered leaves and 
 plant-stems were mixed, having a compact inner portion or 
 lining of the fruit-stems of the same Sypnum, and showing a 
 number of slender black rootlets intertwined around the outer 
 circumference. It was flatter and shallower than the nests I 
 have seen, being four and a half inches across, bat only one and 
 a half high, with a cavity half an inch less in depth. "This 
 nest contained five eggs, the brilliant white ground of which, 
 20 B 
 
306 SONG OF THE WATER THRUSH 
 
 with their delicately shaded spots of reddish browu, contrasted 
 with the bright green of the mossy exterior, and set oflf to ad- 
 vantage by the conspicuous and unique lining, produce a very 
 beautiful effect." 
 
 The numerous eggs I have examined — all, however, after they 
 had been emptied of their contents — measure from three-fourths 
 to four-fifths of an inch in length by a little more or less than 
 two-thirds of an inch in breadth — more exactly, two selected 
 specimens give respectively the measurements 0.75x0.58 and 
 0.82 X 0.60. The ground-color of the shell is brilliant crystal- 
 white ; this is marked all over, but in most cases more thickly 
 at and around the larger end than elsewhere, with small spots 
 of reddish, of quite dark brown, and of lilac or lavender — 
 sometimes all the spots being dots and mere points ; sometimes 
 many of them being larger, and more or less confluent to en- 
 wreathe the greater end of the egg. Occasionally the other end, 
 or even some considerable part of the egg, is nearly free from 
 markings, but the shell, as a rule, is pretty thoroughly speckled. 
 
 The singing of birds is inseparably associated with the power 
 and the desire to bring forth, as the involuntary and uncontrol- 
 lable expression of emotions that are never stayed except 
 through gratification. Surcease of passion is the fountain brim- 
 ming over, when the stream of life flows downward like the 
 loosened brook forever, and the babbling of the waters makes 
 unconscious melody. I never heard the singing of this Water 
 Thrush, nor do I find it carefully described ; but it is likened, 
 with good reason, to the song of the Louisiana, and this is so 
 melodious, so loud and yet so mellow, as when once heard to 
 slowly be forgotten. Both Audubon and Nuttall have expressed 
 their admiration of this Philomel's performance, which the 
 latter says is even heard at night, when the sweet incessant 
 warbling greets the ear "like the dulcet lay of some fairy vis- 
 ion". Ic was long before we found out that the Golden-crown 
 sings also, for the harsh crescendo ditty of this bird is scarcely 
 to be called a song; and when the vocal powers of the humbler 
 Water Thrush receive full recognition, we shall doubtless know 
 the three birds for a trio scarcely rivalled by the Wood Thrush 
 and the Hermit and the Veery. Mr. Boardman calls the Water 
 Thrush one of our liveliest singers, beginning with a sudden, 
 almost startling burst of melody, that rings as clear as if the 
 joyous bird had found a long-lost mate, and then keeps falling 
 till the slightest breath of air may blow the rest away. Its 
 secrecy in singing lends a charm to the performance, for though 
 
MANNERS OF THE WATEE THRUSH 307 
 
 the notes are sonnded loud and fearlessly, the bird dislikes in- 
 trusion; and it sings best far away from prying eyes, amidst 
 the dark recesses of the swamp. 
 
 Should you force your way, — perhaps by paddling in a light 
 canoe beneath the overhanging mysteries of the dank morass, — 
 perhaps by clambering among the fallen logs that jut from 
 treacherous black depths of ooze and slime — you may even catch 
 a glimpse of this coy songster as he dashes onward into yet 
 more secret fastness of his watery and seldom sun lit home. 
 His song is still now; silence broods, or else a sharp short note 
 of anger and anxiety betrays the presence of the timid bird, too 
 restless and too nervous in his vague alarm to hide in safety, 
 but rather dallying with danger as he leaps and balances on 
 log, moss-heap, or branchlet. But this is only when he feels 
 the cares and full responsibilities of home and family. Later in 
 the season, when these things are off his mind, he is quite 
 another fellow, who will meet you more than half-way should 
 you chance to find him then, with a wondering, perhaps, yet 
 with a confident and quite familiar, air of easy unconcern. 
 Anywhere by the water's edge — in the dSbris of the wide- 
 stretched river-bottom, in the flowery tangle of the brook, 
 around the margins of the little pools that dot the surface where 
 tall oaks and hickories make pleasant shade — there rambles the 
 Water Thrush. Watch him now, and see how prettily he walks, 
 rustling among the fallen leaves where he threads his way like 
 a mouse, or wading even up to his knees in the shallow minia- 
 ture lakes, like a Sandpiper by the sea-shore, all intent in quest 
 of the aquatic insects, worms, and tiny molluscs and crustace- 
 ans that form his varied food.* But as he rambles on in this 
 gliding course, the mincing steps are constantly arrested, and 
 the dainty stroller poises in a curious way to see-saw on his legs, 
 quite like a Titlark or a Spotted Sandpiper. All of his genus 
 share this gait, quite different from the hopping movement with 
 which the SylvicoUdm in general progress — but see ! he catches 
 sight of us, and quite breaks off the thread of such reflections as 
 he casts his bright brown eye upon us with a coquettish turning 
 sideways of the head. Let the pretty picture be — we leave him 
 to resume in peace his morning's walk, bidding good-speed. 
 
 * Gosse has foand the stomach to contain " water-insects and shells ". Gen- 
 try has ohserved the beetles Platynus cupripennis, Harpalus pennsylvanicus, 
 and Cratonychus pertinax, the Nenropterons larviB of Agrion and Phryganea, 
 both larvae and imagos of various Noctaid and Tineid moths, and the Dip- 
 terous Culex tceniorhytwhus. 
 
308 GEOTHLYPIS — OPOROENIS AGILIS 
 
 Genus GEOTHLYPIS Cabanis 
 
 Trichas, Sw. Zool. Jonrn. iii. April-Jaly, 1827, 167 (not of Gloger, March, 1827, = Crmigtr 
 
 Temin.,/ide Cabanis). Type 2^r(i«« (WcAos L. 
 Oeotblfpls, Oah. "Arch. f. Natnrg. 1847, Bd. i. 316, 349". Same type.— .Bd. BNA. 1858, 
 
 240.— Bd. Kev. AB. 1865, 219 (review of genns; nine species).— iJHjio. Am. Jonm. 
 
 Sci. 1872, 457 (monographic ; five species and twelve varieties) — Salv. Ibis, 1872, 
 
 147 (eight species and three yarieties). 
 
 Chaes. — Bill of ordinary Sylvicoline characters ; rictal bris- 
 tles very slight. Wings remarkably short and much rounded, 
 scarcely or not longer than the rounded tail. Legs stout ; tarsi 
 longer than the middle toe. Of medium and rather small size 
 for this family. Coloration olivaceous above, with yellon- below. 
 Tail without white spots. Legs pale-colored. Habits somewhat 
 terrestrial. Nest on the ground or near it. 
 
 This genus affords a considerable number of species more or 
 less resembling the common Maryland Yellow-throat, chiefly of 
 the warmer parts of America — three of them, however, are 
 North American, and two occur in the Colorado watershed. 
 They are well distinguished from other Warblers by the extreme 
 shortness of the wings, which are scarcely or not longer than 
 the head, and by the size of the pale-colored legs, which indi- 
 cates somewhat terrestrial habits. Our species are familiar 
 inhabitants of the shrubbery, ordinarily keeping near the 
 ground, where the nest is usually placed. 
 
 Oporornis is the most closely related genus, distinguished 
 mainly by the greater length of the pointed wings, which are 
 much longer than the tail. This type is represented by only 
 two known species, neither of which occurs in the region under 
 consideration.* 
 
 'Oporornis agtlls.— Connecticut Warbler. 
 
 Sylvia agllls, WiU. AO. v. 1813, 64, pi. 39, f. i.-Steph. (Jen. Zool. x. 1817, 732.— V. Bncy. 
 
 M6th. ii 1823, 448, n. 101.— Bp. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 199.— Bp. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. 
 
 ii. 1826, 84.— AMd. OB. ii. 1834, 227, pi. 138. 
 SllTia agllls, Oahot, Fr. Bost. Soc. ii. 1845, 63. 
 Tricbas agllls, Nutt. Man. 1. 2d ed. 1840, iSi.—Boy, Proo. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 312 (Wis- 
 
 consin).- JJ«ii(J, ibid. 399 (Ohio).— £e»n. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 583. 
 SylTlCOla aglllg, Jard. "ed. Wils. 1832 ".— 2JicR. Kep. Bost Assoc. Adv. Soi. for 1836, 1837, 
 
 Vli.—Avd. Syn. 1839, 63.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 71, pi. 99.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. 1. 1856, 226. 
 OporornlS agllls, Bd. BNA. 1858, 246 ; ed. of I860, pL 79, f. %— Wheat. Ohio Agrlo. Eep. for 
 
 1860, 1861, 363.— £am. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 435.— Oot«s it Prent. ibid, for 1861, 
 
 1862, 406.— Aifen, Pr. Ess. Inst. Iv. 1864, Si.—Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 218.— iowr. Ann. Lye. 
 
 N.T.viii. 1866,283.— OoMM, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 269.— Cows, Pr. Bost Soc. xii. 1868, 
 
 110 (SonthCarolina).— SRrijjpe, Am.Natii. 186S, 174.— Alien, Am. Kat Iii. 1869, 574.— 
 
 Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 23 ; Phila. ed. 16.— Ooues, Key, 1872, 106.— Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. 
 
 XT. 1872, 3.— Pitrdte, Am. Nat vii. 1873, 693.— JB. B. A B. NAB. I. 1874, 290, fig. pi. 15, 
 
GEOTHLYPIS TEICHAS OPOEOENIS FOEMOSA 309 
 
 Maryland Yellow-throat 
 
 Geotblypls trlcbas 
 
 Tnrdns trlcbas, L. SN. i. 1766, 293, d. 7 (Edw. v. 56, pL237,f.2i Brisa. iii 506 ; Petiv.Gaz. 
 pi. 6, f. 1).— ffTM. SN. i. 1788, 811, n. l.—Lees. Tr. Orn. 1831, 418. 
 
 f. 1, 9.— Ames, Boll. Minn. Acad. 1. 1874, 55.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.— 
 Gentry, Life-Hist. 1876, Ul.—Minot, B. K. Engl. 1877, 88.— Jferr. Trans. Conn. Acad, 
 iv. 1877, 21. 
 
 Geotblypls aglUs, Gregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870, — (p. 7 of the reprint). 
 
 Seinrus (Oporornis) agilis, iJidpw. Ann. Lyo.N.T.x. 1874, 369 (Illinois). 
 
 ? Trlcbas tepbrocotls, Nutt. Man. 1. 2d ed. 1340, 463 (Chester County, Pa.). 
 
 ? Geotblypls tepbrocotls, Bam. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 435 (Chester Connty, Pa. ; same). 
 
 J Oporornis rarlus, Blak. Ibis, v. 1863, 61 (Mackenzie Eirer JW). 
 
 FauTette agile, K 1. c 1823. 
 
 Connectlcnt Warbler, Connecticut Wood-warbler, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern Province of the United States. (The geographical distri- 
 bution of this species is very imperfectly known. We have no extralimital 
 citations that I know of, nor any -winter record whatever ; nor has the bird 
 ever been foand breeding.) 
 
 Oporornis formosa. — Kentachy Warbler. 
 
 Sylvia formosa, Waa. AO.iii. 1811, 85, pi. 25, f. 3.— .StepA. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 683.— T. Ency. 
 M6th. iL 1823, 450, n. 108.— Bp. Jonrn. Phila. 
 Acad. iv. 1824, W7.—Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 
 M.—Aud. OB. 1. 1831, 196, pi. 3g.—Nutt Man. i. 
 1832, 399.— Storer, Pr. Bost. Soc. i. 1841, 29.— Gie6. 
 Vog. 1860, 51, f. 103. 
 
 SylTlcola formosa, Jard. " ed. Wils. 1832 ".— JJicA. Kep. 
 Brit Assoc, for 1836, 1837, 172.— Bp. List, 1838, 
 S3.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acid. vi. 1853, 311 (Wis- 
 consin). — Read, ibid. 399. — Maxim. J. f. 0. vi. 
 1858, 113. 
 
 Mnlotllta formosa, Oray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 
 Trlcbas (Sylvlcola) formosa. Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 
 
 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri). ^"^- 39.-Kentncky -Warbler. 
 
 Mylodloctes formosns, And. Syn. 1839, 50.—Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 19, pi. H.—Lemb. " At. Cuba, 
 1850, 37 ".—Oundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 326 (Cuba). 
 
 Mylodloctes formosa, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 315. 
 
 Myodloctes formosa, Pratten, Tr. Illinois Agric. Soo. 1855, 601. 
 
 Sylvanla formosa, Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. Zufii, 1853, 70. 
 
 Myloctonns formosus, Oundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 472 (Cuba). 
 
 Setopbaga formosa. Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba). 
 
 Oporornis formosus, Bd. BNA. 1858, 247.— Wheat. Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 363.— 
 Bam. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 435 (Pennsylvania).— Cows <£ Prent Smiths. Rep. 
 for 1861, 1862, 406 (Washington, breeding).— iiKW. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii 1862, 468 (New 
 
 Granada).— Dr«««. Ibis, 2d ser. 1. 1865, 477 (Tex.-is).— Bd Rev. AB. 1865,218 Lamr. 
 
 Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 284.— Salu. PZS. 1867, 136 (Ver.igna).— IWppe, Am. Nat ii. 
 1868, 181.— iowr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.ix. 1868,94 (Costa Rica). —Oo«««, Pr. Bost Soc. xli. 
 1868, 110 (South Carolina).— J). Franlz. J. f. 0. 1869, 293 (Costa Rica).— fur jii). B. E. Pa. 
 1869,23; PhUa. ed. 16.— (JuTuJ!. J. f. O. 1878, 417 (Cuba).— Cows, Key, 1872, 106, f. 46.— 
 AUen, Am. Nat vi. 1872, 265 —Scott, Pr. Bost Soo. xv. 1872, 222 (West Virginia, breed- 
 ing).— 4.Zfeji, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 125, 175 (Kansas).- Cows, BNW. 1874, 73.— B. B. d: B. 
 NAB. i 1874, 293, pL 15, f. 3.— Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. xvii. 1875, 451 (New England).— 
 
 Fisher, Am. Nat x. 1875, 573 (New York, breeding).— Genfrj/, Lile-Hist i. 1876, 149 
 
 Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad, iv. 1877, 22 (Connecticut). 
 
310 SYNONYMY OF GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS 
 
 SylTln tricbns. Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 519, n. 36.— F. OAS. U. 1807, 28, pis. 85, 86. -F. N.D.d'H. 
 N. xi. 1817, 2i9.—SUph. Gen. ZooL x. 1817, 682.— F. Ency. M61J1. ii. 1823, 443, n. 85.— 
 £p. AuD. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 84.—NuU. Man. i 1832, 401.— Aud. OB. i. 1832, 120 ; v. 
 1839, 463, pi. aa.— D'Orft. Ois. Cuba, 1839, 67.— P«a6. Eep. Om. Maaa. 1839, 311.— 
 Towns. Joam. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, S3.— Gosse, Ala- 
 bama, 1359, 295. 
 
 Sj-lTla trlcbas var. 0. Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 519, n. 36 ,8 (=PE. 709, f. 2; Orange-thighed War- 
 bler Ponn.). 
 
 Geotblfpig trlchas, Cab. MH.i. 1850, ie.—Oimdl. J. f. O. 1855, 472 (Cuba).— Bd. BNA. 1858, 
 241.— .Bd. IT. S. Hex. B. Surv. ii. pt. ii. 1859, Birds, 10.— S. d S. Ibis, i. 1859, 10 (Guate- 
 mala).— &I. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa); 373 (Oaxiioa).-Xan«. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi.l859, 
 191 (California).— JffeMra, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106 (New Mexico).- Coop. (e/SucJfc. 
 NHWT. 1860, m.—Barn. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1801, 435.— ffundJ. J. f. O. 1861, 326 
 (Cuba).— Ca6. J. f 0. 1861, 84 (Costa Eica).—/Sci. PZS. 1861, 70 (Jamaica).- ScJ. Cat. 
 
 AB. 1861, 267 Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 160.— £oardm. Pr. Bost. Soo. ix. 
 
 1862, 124.— Ferr. ibid. 137 (Anticosti).- Ferr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, U6.—Albrccht, 
 J. f. 0. 1862, 192 (Jamaica).— afarcA, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, 293 (Jamaica).— iord, Pr. 
 Eoy. Arty. Inst. iv. 1864, lis.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inat. iv. 1864, 59.— Bd. Eev.AB.1865, 
 220.— Z>re«s. Ibis, i. 2d snr. 1865, 476 (Texas).- Cbucs, ibid. 163 (Arizona).- Ooues, Pr. 
 Phila. Acad. xvliL 1860, 69 (Fort Whipple).— iowr. Ann. Lye. N. T. viii. 1866, 283.— 
 
 Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1866, 83.— Brown, Ibis, 2d ser. iv. 1868, 420 (Vancouver) 
 
 Coues, Pr. Bost Soc. xii. 1868, no.—Ooues, Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1868, W9.—Trippe, Am. Nat 
 ii. 1868, ne.—Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. ix. 1868, 94 (Costa Eica).— iowr. Ann. Lye. N. T. 
 ix. 1869, 200 (Yucatan), —v. Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 293 (Costa Eica).— Coop. Am. Nat iii. 
 1869, 296.— r«™6. B. E. Pa. 1809, 23 ; Phila. ed. 16.— S. it S. PZS. 1870, 836 (Honduras).— 
 Ooop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 95, figs.- Co«««, Pr. Phila. Acad, xxiii. 1871, 20.— Sleo. U. S. Gool. 
 Snrv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 463.— Aiien, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 269; Ui. 1872, 175.— Ailcn, 
 Am. Nat vi. 1872, 265.— Coueg, Key, 1872, 107, f. n.—Salv. Ibis, 3d ser. ii. 1872, 149 
 (monographic).— (jM«di. J. f. 0. 1872, 417 (Cuba).— Jfoj/n. Pr. Bost Soc. xiv. 1872, 362.— 
 ScoU, Pr. Bost Spc. xt. 1872, 222.— AiAm, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 1872, 197.— Cones, Key, 1872, 
 107, f il.—Bidgw. Am. Nat vii. 1872, 550.— Jlferr. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 
 674, 113.— THppe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 23i.—Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Inst v. 1873, 180.— 
 Allen, Pr. Bost Soo. xvii. 1874,52 (Dakota;.- Comm, BNW. 1874, 74.— Jferr. Am. Nat. 
 viii. 1874, 7, 8, 87.-Poci. Am. Nat viiL 1874, 271.— B. B. a Ii. NAB. 1. 1874, 297, flgs. pi. 
 
 15, f. 7, 8.— rarr. <« HeiMft. Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874,10 JffensA. ibid. 43, 59, 103.— ffensA. 
 
 List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Brew. Pr. Bost Soo. xvii. 1875, UO.—Hcnah. Zool. Expl W. 100 
 Merid. 1876, liOi.—Gentry Life-Hist i. 1876, 152.— Jlfino*, B. N. Engl. 1877, 85. 
 
 eeothlypls trlcbls, Merr. TJ. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 705. 
 
 HoCacllla tricbias, Ihirt. SN. i. 1806, 590. 
 
 Regulus peregrlnug, Bartr. Trav. Fla. lat Am. ed. 1791, 292. 
 
 SylTia mar; landica, Wils. AO. i 1808, 88, pi. 6, f. l ; ii. 1809, 163, pi. 18, f. 4.—Bp. Joum. 
 Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 186.— Gfeft. Vog. 1800, 57, f. 111. 
 
 Trlcbas marylandlca, JTaa. Man.i. 1840, 454, flg.—ffir. BLI. 1844, ei.—ffam!). Journ. Phila. 
 Acad. i. 1847, 37.— Cosse, B. Jam. 1817, US.-Boy, Pr. Phila. Acad, vi ia53, 311. -Read, 
 ibid. 399.— Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soo. i. 1855, 583.— .Bt^. Pr. Bost Soc. vi 1857, 116 
 (Nova Scotia).— Bry. Pr. Bost Soc. vii. 1859, 110 (Bahamas).- £rew. Pr. Bost See. vii. 
 1860, 309 {Caba). -AOreeht, J. f. O. 1861, 52 (Bahamas).— flbj/, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 
 1865, 438. 
 
 Trlcbas marylandicus, Oamb. Pr. Phila. Acad, iii 1846, 155 (California). 
 
 Oporornls formosa, S. <t S. Ibis, i 1859, 10 (Guatemala).- &i. PZS. 1862, 19 (Playa Vicente, 
 Mexico).— «. it S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— Com*, Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1868, 269 (New 
 England). 
 
 Fanvette du Kentucky, F. I.e. 1823. 
 
 Kentucky Warbler, Kentucky Flycatcblngr Warbler, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern Province of the United States, especially in the Valley ot 
 the Mississippi. North to the Connecticat Valley. West to Kansas and the 
 Indian Territory. South through Mexico and Central America. Cuba. 
 Breeds throughout its United States range. Winters extralimital. 
 
CHARACTERS OF GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS 311 
 
 Triclias marllandica, Jip. CGL. 1838, iO.—Aud. Syn. 1839, 65.— Aud. BA. it 1841, 78, pi. 
 
 im.—Bp. C A. i. 1850, 310.— Henry, Pr. Phila, Acad. tU. 1855, 309 (New Mexico).— Pu«b. 
 
 Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 207.— &!. PZS. 1856, 29S (Mexico).— 3f(mm. J. £0.1858, 118.— 
 
 Wais, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, SSa (NovaSootla).— IVtjjpe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vL 1871, 1 14. 
 Tricbas marilandicus, ffray, G. of B. L 1848, 197.— WoodA. Sitgr. Sep. Zn&i, 1853, 71. 
 Begnlus? mystaceus, StepTi. Shaw's Gen. Zool. xlii. pt ii. 18^6, 333. 
 Irlchas personatus, Sw. Zool Jonm. iiL 1827, 167 ; Philoa. Mag. i. 1827, 433 ; Isis, 1830, 1153 ; 
 
 Isis, 1834, 785; Class. B. ii. 1837, HI.— Tig. ZooL Voy. Bloas. 1839, 18.— D«my, PZS. 
 
 1847, 38.—Pratten, Tr. Illinois Agrio. Soc. i. 1855, 602. 
 Trlchas brachidactylns, Sw. Aniin. in Menag. 1838, 295. —Gray, G. of B. L 1848, 197. 
 Sylvia roscoe, Aud. OB. 1. 1832, 124, pL 24.— Peab. P^ep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 313. 
 Trlchas roscoe, l^^utt Man. L 2d ed. 1840, 457. 
 Trichas delafleldil, fieenn. PBBB. x. 1859, 40 (not of Authors). 
 Maryland Yellow-throat, Mdw. Gl. v. 56, pi. 237.— A.nd o£ Authors. 
 AtIb marylandica, gnttare luteo, Fetiv. " Gaz. pi. 6, £ 1 ". 
 Flguler de Mariland, Flcedula marllandica, Bries. Orn. lit 1760, 506, n. 38. 
 Figuler aux Joues noires. Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. v. 292. 
 Faurette aux Jones noires, T. 1. c. 
 Yellow-breast Warbler, Perm. AZ. ii. 1785, 399, n. 283. 
 
 Yellow-breasted Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 438, n. 32 ; also, var. A, p. 439. 
 Orange-tbigtaed Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 399, n. 284 (PE. 709, £ 2). 
 Fanyette ^ poltrine Jaune de Louisiane, Buff. "v. 162" (PE. 709, £ 2). 
 Fsnyette trichas, T. L c.—Le Maine, Ois. Canod. 1861, 193. 
 Bec-fln trichas, D'Or&.l.u. 
 Biacli-cheelied Yellow-throat, Gosee, I.c. 
 Black-maslied Oronnd Warbler, B.B.itB.\.e. 
 
 Hab. — The United States at large, and south through Mexico and Central 
 America. Several of the West Indies, as Cuba, Jamaica, and the Bahamas. 
 Breeds throughout its Uuitod States range, and winters from our southern 
 border southward. 
 
 Ch. sp. — S Olivaeeus, f route lateribusque capitis nigris, cano 
 postice limbatis ; guld, pectore, tectricibusque inferioribus alaribus 
 et caudalibus flams. 9 capite innotato. 
 
 $, in summer: Upper parts rich olive, inclining to grayish on the head, 
 brightest on the rump. Wings and tail brown, edged with the color of the 
 back. Chin, throat, and breast, with under wing- and tail-coverts, rich yel- 
 low. Middle under parts dull whitish, shaded on the sides. A broad black 
 mask on the front and sides of the head, bordered behin d by hoary-ash. Bill 
 black; feet flesh-colored. Length, 4f-5; extent, GJ-Cf ; wing, 2; tail rather 
 more. 
 
 $ , in summer : Similar to the male ; rather smaller ; yellow of the under 
 parts paler and more restricted ; no black or ashy markings on head, but 
 crown usually with some concealed reddish-brown. Otherwise top and sides 
 of head like back, with some obscure whitishuess about the lores and orbits. 
 
 Young : Similar to the adult female, but the olive of the upper parts with 
 much of a brownish tinge, the yellow parts buflfy, and, in fact, most of the 
 under parts quite buffy. 
 
 The adults, in fall and winter, are similar to each other, except in the 
 purer and stronger yellow of the male, as at that season the pecubar black 
 and ashy markings of the head are wanting. Both sexes then resemble the 
 autumnal plumage of the young in the browner shade of the olive and 
 bn£Bness of the under parts. 
 
312 SYNONYMY OP GEOTHLYPI& MACGILLIVEAYI 
 
 ABUNDANT as the Maryland Yellow-throat is in the East, 
 it is scarcely less so in suitable places in the Colorado 
 Basin, though much of that country is too dry and open to 
 be inviting. It is one of the few Warblers that range indiffer- 
 ently across the continent. la Arizona, 
 I found it occasionally about Port 
 Whipple, where it arrives early in 
 April and remains until October, when 
 it either goes south, or elsewhere seeks 
 less elevated places. Henshaw found 
 it in the thickets of the lowlands in 
 Fig. 40.— Maryland YeUow- various parts of Colorado and Utah, 
 throat. jjjj^ more seldom in Arizona ; difier- 
 
 ent observers have left their records of its presence in other 
 portions of the same general area. There is no occasion 
 to enlarge upon its habits, as these are much the same under 
 all the varying circumstances in which we find that the bird 
 places itself, and have been repeatedly described with sufficient 
 particularity. 
 
 Hacgillirray's Warbler 
 
 Oeotblypls macgllllTrayl 
 
 SylTla macginirrayl, A.ud. OB. v. 1839, 75, pi. 399, f. 4, 5. 
 
 Trlchag macslUlrrayl, And. Syn. 1839, 64 Aud. BA. IL 1841, 74, pL 100.— 6raj/, G.of B. 
 
 i. 1848, 197.— Bp. C A, 1. 1850, 310.— Moraim. J. f. 0. 1858, 118. 
 
 eeothlfpls macgilllrrayi, Bd. BNA. 1858, 244 , ed. of 1860, pL 99, f. i.—Bd. U. S. Hex. B. 
 Sarv. ii. pt. il Birds, 1839, W.—Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 191 (Calirornia).— flenrj/, 
 ibid. 106 (New Mexico).— CooiJ. <e Smh. NHWT. 1860, 17;.— Ca6. J. f. 0. 1861, 84 (Costa 
 Eica).— OottM, Ibis, 2d ser. L 1865, 163 (Arizona).— B«. Rev. AB. 1865, 227.— Oomm, Pr. 
 Phila. Acad, xviii. 1866, 70 (Fort Whipple).— Brown, Ibis, 2d ser. iv. 1868, 420 ( Vanoou- 
 ver).- idMjr. Aon. Lye. N. T. ix. 1868, 94 (Costa Eica).— ». Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 894 
 (Costa Eioa).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 32, 299.— (7oop. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1870, 75.— Coop. 
 K Cal. i. 1870, 96.— Ste». V. S. GeoL Sorr. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 463.— Oom««, Key, 1872, 
 WT.—Salv. Ibis, 3d ser. li. 1872, 149 (monographic). — Jferr. U. S. Geol. Sarv. Terr, for 
 1872, 1873, ta.—Ooop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, W.—Trippe apud Coues, BNW. 1874, 232.— 
 B. B. a B. NAB. L 1874, 303, pi. 15, f. 4, 5.—Eensh. Eep. Om. Specs. 1874, 59, 75, 103.— 
 Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— fl«i»ft. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 205. 
 
 eeothlypis macgllllTrayil, 5. <6 S. Ibis, i. 1859, 10 (Guatemala).- Aiien, Pr. Best. Soc. xv. 
 1873, 197. 
 
 eeottalypig macglUlvrall, Sd. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 373 (Oaxoca). 
 
 Oeotblypls mcGilllTrayi, Coop. Am. Nat iii. 1869, 477. 
 
 fieotblypis pblladelphla var. macglllTrayl, AlUn, BulL MCZ. iii. Jnly, 1873, 175 (Colo- 
 rado).- JJidgrw). Am. Jonrn. Sci. Dec. 1872, iS^.—Bidgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180.— 
 AUen, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 52 (Dakota).— Tarr. <t Hensh. Eep. Om. Specs. 1874, 
 10.— Ben«A. ibid. ii.—Ndmn, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 330, 357 (Utah and California). 
 
 Oeotblypis pblladelpbia b. macgllllyrayi, Couea, BNW. 1874, 75. 
 
 Sylvia tolmoei, Towns. Jonm. Phila. Acad. viiL 1839, 149 (read April 2, 1839) ; also, pp. 153, 
 159 (read Sept 10, 1839 ; the toI. for 1839 not pnb. till 1840). 
 
 Tricbas tolmlel. Towns. Narr. 1839, 343.— Seerm. Jonrn. Phila. Aoad. IL 1853, W3.— Henry, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. vil. 1855, 309. 
 
SyNONYMY OF GEOTHLYPIS PHILADELPHIA 313 
 
 Tricbas tolmsel, Nutt. Man. i. Sd od. 1840, 460. 
 Trichas tolmleil, Heerm. PBRB. x. 1S59, 40. 
 SylTla TCgeta, Licht. "Mas. Berol." ((/. J.f.0. 1861,84). 
 Trlchas regeta, Bp. CA. 1.1850, 310. 
 
 UcOllllTraj's Warbler, UcGllllTray's Gronud Warbler, Tolmle's eround Warbler, 
 Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Middle and Western Provinces of the United States, and British 
 Columbia. East to the limit of arboreal vegetation along the Rocky Mount- 
 ains. South in winter through Mexico to Central America (Guatemala .and 
 Costa Bica). Breeds throughout its United States range. 
 
 Ch. sp. — S 9 OUvaceus, infrd, Jlavus ; capite et collo cano- 
 plumbeis, palpebris albis. 
 
 $ 9 : Upper parts, including exposed surfaces of wings and tail, clear olive- 
 green ; below bright yellow, shaded with olive on the sides. Head and neck 
 all aronnd, and throat and fore breast clear ashy, the eyelids white, and the 
 loral region usually dusky, the throat with blackish centres to the featters, 
 veiled by their gray skirting. Upper mandible blackish ; under mandible 
 and feet flesh-colored or pale yellowish. Length, 5J ; extent, 7|-8 ; wing 
 and tail each about 2^. 
 
 Unlike the species of the G. triohas group, the sexes in the present case .are 
 nearly alike, the chief difference between the adnlts being in the paler and 
 more hoary ash of the throat of the 9 > without any of the conct aled bl.ack. 
 In autumn, both sexes have the head more or less glossed with an extension 
 of the olive of the back. 
 
 This bird differs chiefly from G. Philadelphia," its Eastern representative, 
 
 *GeotbIypl8 ptalladelpliia,— Monrnliis Warbler. 
 
 SylTla pblladelphla, Wils. AO. ii. 1810, 101, pL 14, f. 6.—Y. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 449, n. 
 105.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 189.— iSp. Add. Lye. N.Y. ii. 1826, SS.—Nutt. 
 Man. i. 1832, 40i.— Brew. Journ. Bost. Soc. i. 1837, 436.— And. OB. v. 1839, IS.—Peab. 
 Eep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 312.— Thomps. N. H. Vermont, 1853, App. 23. 
 
 Tricbas pbiladelphla. Jard. "ed. Wilf. 1632".— Jeic7i. Eep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1836, 1837, 
 MZ.—Bp. CGL. 1838, 20 (includes Oporornis agUia).—Aud. Syn. 1839, 65.— And. BA. 
 ii. 1841, 76, pi. 101.— IfM«(. Man. i. 1840, 459.— Sir. BLI. 1844, 65.— Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 
 197.— Bp. CA. i. 1650, ZW.— Cabot, Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 66 (Lake Superior).— ffoj/, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 312 (Wi8con8in).-iJciiift. Ted. Meddel. for 1853, 1854, 73 
 (Greenland).- JJeinft. J. f. O. 1854, 427 (Greenland).— £^mnic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. 
 1. 1855, 583.— PM«n. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 226.— ijeijift. Ibis, iii. 1861, 6 (Gieenland).— 
 Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 114. 
 
 Tricbas pblladelpbica, mnis. Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 282 (Nov.i Scotia).— flbj/. Smiths. 
 Kep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri). 
 
 OeotblyplS pblladelpbla, Bd. BNA. 1858, 243; ed. of 18C0, pi. 79, f. 3.— WTicat. Ohio Agric. 
 Eep. for 1860, 1861, 373.— iaiin". Ann. Lyo. N. T. vii. 1861, 322 (New Granada).-^Scl. 
 Cat. AB. 1861, 27 (Orizaba).— Aiic», Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 59 (Massachusetts).— Sd. 
 Eev. AB. 1865, 226.— Drfss. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 476 (Texas).— Hamlin, Eep. Sec'y 
 Maine Board Agric. 1865 (WaterviUe, Me., breeding).— JlfcIIwr. Pr. Ess. Inst v. 
 1866, 85 (Canada TVeat).— ioMr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 283.— Lawr. Ann. Lyo. 
 
 N. T. ii. 1868, 94 (Costa Bica) Goues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 269.— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 
 
 1868, 175.— PuteA. Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 149 (Laredo, Tex.).— C/o«e», Pr. Bost. Soc. 
 xii. 1868, 110 (South Carolina).— «. Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 294 (Costa Eica).— 2V™6. B. 
 E. Pa. 1869, 23; Phila. ed. 16.—Mayn. Guide, 1870, 99 (Massachusetts).- TTj/aW, 
 Ibis, 3d ser. i. 1871, 322 (Ooana).— Koyn. Pr. Bost Soc. xiv. 1872, 362 (New Hamp- 
 shire and Maine).— AJfen, BulL MCZ. iii. 1872, 126 (Kansas).- Sail). Ibis, 3d ser. ii. 
 1872, 149 (monographic) —Ooues, Key, 1872, Wl.-Bidgw. Am. Journ. Sci. 1872, 459.— 
 
314 HABITS OP MACGILLIVEAy's WARBLER 
 
 in having white eyelids, and in never showing a decided black patch on the 
 breast, which is conspicaons in highly plumaged males of the other form. 
 Whether we are to regard it as a good species or as a geographical race, 
 seems to have settled into a matter of individual preference in nomenclatare. 
 
 IN the United States, the two species or varieties of the 
 Mourning Warbler are separated by a considerable inter- 
 val — that of the treeless Plains, where neither occurs. The 
 same is the case, for aught we have learned to the contrary, 
 throughout Mexico, where the philadelpJiia has not been found. 
 In Central America, however, the two come together, and both 
 are recorded from Costa Kica. Throughout the wooded and 
 watered regions of the West, from the eastern slopes of the 
 Bockies quite to the Pacific, and north at least to British Co- 
 lumbia, Macgillivray's Warbler is sometimes as common as the 
 Maryland Yellow-throat is in the East, and decidedly outnum- 
 bers the latter in its own region. It appears to breed fairly 
 over the whole of this great extent of country, wherever suita- 
 able shrubbery and underbrush grow. I think it has liot been 
 shown to winter over our border, although it may very possibly 
 do so in the warmer parts of Southern California, as suggested 
 by Dr. Cooper, and in corresponding localities in Arizona and 
 New Mexico. It has been traced through Mexico to Costa Eica 
 and Guatemala, where Mr. Salvin found that it was a common 
 bird in certain districts. I observed its arrival about Fort 
 Whipple, where it is a not very common summer resident, during 
 the latter part of April, and occasionally noticed it until late in 
 September. Henshaw has seen it in the same Territory and in 
 each of the three neighboring ones, and found that any patch 
 of shrubbery or tangled growth of bushes may be selected as 
 a summer home by one or more pairs, from the lower valleys 
 up to an altitude of about 9,000 feet. In Eastern Colorado, 
 
 Ridgw. Am. Nat vli. 1873, 199.—Ooues, BN W. 18T4, K.—B. B. A R. NAB. i. 1874, 301, 
 pi. 15, f. 6.— Brew. Pr. Boat. Soo. xvlL 1875, iiO.— Gentry, Llfe-Hist. L 1876, lS^.—Mlnot, 
 B. N. Engl. 1877, m.—iterr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 23. 
 
 Faomte petlt-denil, V. L c. 1823. 
 
 Mourning Warbler, Hournlng Oronnd-warbler, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern Province of the United States and British America, casually 
 to Greenland. West to Kansas, Missouri, and Dakota. South to Costa Rica 
 and New Granada, but no Mexican nor West Indian quotations. No United 
 States wintering record. Breeds in the northern portions of its habitat, as 
 New England, and very abundantly in Minnesota and Eastern Dakota. 
 Common in the Mississippi Valley, but rare along the Atlantic States. (See 
 "Birds of the Northwest", p. 75, for other items.) 
 
HABITS OP macgillivbay's waebler 315 
 
 Tiippe noted its arrival in May, and its disappearance in Sep- 
 tember or even in August; it is tliere common, he states, up to 
 about tiie altitude just given, and closely resembles the Mourn- 
 ing Warbler in its habits. 
 
 I am myself not very familiar with the traits of this species, 
 excepting one, namely, its timidity and love of seclusion during 
 the breeding season, for I have never seen it under other cir- 
 cumstances, and its shyness stands greatly in the way of close 
 acquaintance. I usually had to wait when I wanted to secure 
 a specimen until the bird had recovered from the first alarm, 
 which sent it into the closest cover; then, watching narrowly, 
 I might see it again, creeping furtively about to get a better 
 look at the cause of the trouble, and perhaps to scold about it. 
 I do not remember to have ever seen a Macgillivray's Warbler 
 more than a few feet from the ground, nor elsewhere than in 
 thick brush ; but the Mourning Warbler, which 1 once closely 
 studied in June, along the Ked Eiver of the North, where it was 
 breeding abundantly, has a habit of clambering up quite high 
 trees to forage and sing while its mate is nestling below. I 
 scarcely think, however, that there is any material difference in 
 the habits of the two species. As to the song of Macgillivray's 
 Warbler, I have nothing to say, for if I ever heard it, I have 
 forgotten what it is like, and I am writing far away from any 
 chance of refreshing my memory, linearly all that has ever been 
 said on this score, however, lies before me on the table as I 
 write. Townsend, who discovered the bird on the Golumbia 
 Eiver, says it warbles a very sprightly and pleasant little song, 
 raising its head until its bill is almost vertical, swelling its 
 throat in the manner of its relatives. Nuttall, whose ear for 
 bird music was certainly unlike any one's else, is more elaborate 
 in his description. He speaks of a " loud snapping clink " which 
 is uttered when the bird is skulking off, shy and jealous ; he 
 likens another note to the "hurried rattling sound of Turdus 
 aurocapillus "; another male " called out at intervals vish visktyu, 
 changing to vitvitvitvityu"', another still "had a call of visM 
 visht, visht e visht Vsheic " — and so forth. One late writer alludes 
 to a "complete loss of musical power" that Macgillivray's 
 Warbler has suffered iu comparison with the Mourning Warbler; 
 another likens its notes to those of the Maryland Yellow-throat ; 
 and another writes of its "sweet notes" and of the "warbling 
 melody" occasionally poured forth, "almost unrivalled in sweet- 
 ness by that of any other of the forest songsters". Evidently 
 
316 THE GENUS ICTEEIA 
 
 the differences of musical critics are as hard to reconcile in some 
 cases as in certain others with which we are all familiar ; but 
 I have no doubt the bird sings very well indeed. 
 
 Many nests of this bird have come to the notice of natural- 
 ists. They are usually built on the ground in close covert, 
 though said to be sometimes placed in a bush a foot or so high — 
 in one instance, given by Nuttall, "near the ground, in the dead 
 mossy limbs of a fallen oak, and further partly hidden by a long 
 tuft of Usnea". The shape differs much according to the situ- 
 ation, the ground-built specimens being quite broad and flattish, 
 not more than half as high as wide, with a shallow cavity, and 
 quite uniformly thick walls. Those placed in bushes were more 
 cup-like. Some have been described as consisting almost en- 
 tirely of mosses ; others, among them one I examined, are built of 
 various soft, fibrous materials, especially bark-strips and frayed- 
 out plant-stems, with finegrasses, mostly circularly arranged, and 
 lined with slender rootlets. The eggs, four or five in number, 
 are white, doubtless with a flesh-tint when fresh, and are vari- 
 ously blotched, in a wholly irregular manner, with very dark 
 brown, almost blackish ; and further spotted and smirched with 
 several shades of lighter, more reddish-brown, together with the 
 usual shell-markinga of undeflnable neutral tint. Some of the 
 blotches, especially the darker ones, are remarkably large; and 
 the whole aspect of the egg is different from that usually seen 
 in this family, where fine speckling with reddish is the rule. 
 The eggs I describe were collected by Mr. Kidgway in Nevada, 
 and I presume there is no question of their identification. The 
 extremes measure 0,70x0.50 and 0.65x0.52. As the bird ranges 
 so widely in the breeding season, the period of laying must vary; 
 but June appears to be the usual time. We are not informed 
 whether more than one brood may be reared by the same pair 
 during a summer. Fully fledged birds have been seen by the 
 21st of July. 
 
 Genus ICTEEIA Vieillot 
 
 lct«T\a,yieiU, 0A.S. i. 1807, pp. iii. aDd 85. (Type Muicica/pa viridu Gm.) 
 Jcteria. Oab. MH. i. 1850, 63, and some other German writers. 
 Feterla, Hoy, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1853, 309. (Typographical error.) 
 
 Ohaes. — Bill stout, high at tbe base (higher than broad at 
 nostrils), thence compressed ; unnotched, unbristled, with much 
 curved culmen and commissure. Frontal feathers reaching the 
 nostrils, which are subcircular and scaled. Wings much 
 rounded, shorter or not longer than the graduated tail. Tarsus 
 
THE GENUS ICTEEIA 317 
 
 partly booted, longer than middle toe; feet stout. Inner toe 
 cleft to the degree usually seen in this family. Of largest size 
 for this family. Form stout. Coloration simple, chiefly olive, 
 yellow and white. Nest in bushes. Eggs white, spotted. 
 
 This is a genus which was usually assigned to the neighbor- 
 hood of the Vireos and Shrikes until Baird referred it to 
 SijlvicolidcB, and some of the leading systematists retain it in 
 the former association. The structure of the wing and foot, 
 however, is rather Sylvicollne than Vireonine, and may serve 
 to turn the balance in favor of the present assignment. There is 
 no very closely related North American genus; but Granatellus,* 
 from the warmer parts of America, and the Cuban Teretristis, 
 are near extralimital allies. 
 
 Only one species of Icteria can be regarded as established 
 among the several indicated by authors; and as the habits of 
 the two recognized races are the same, a sketch of the genus 
 may include those notices that will enable me to confine the 
 account of the Western race to its specialties. 
 
 Chats being abundant birds, conspicuous for their bright col- 
 oring and the singularity of their 
 habits, they early attracted atten- 
 tion. Catesby may have been 
 the first to give a detailed ac- 
 count, with a figure; though I do 'fj5v\N\^< 
 not suppose that earlier reference %v^^^. 
 to the Eastern species is not to 
 
 be found. His notice is the basis, fig. 41.— TeUoV-breasted Chat, natural 
 
 wholly or in part, of many sub- ^'^®" 
 
 sequent ones, and is especially noteworthy in the fact that 
 upon it is primarily grounded the original Linnsean name of 
 the bird, Turdtis virens, the latter half of this term having 
 been lately and, I think, properly revived by Baird, though 
 the specific name viridis, from Gmelin's Museicapa viridis, has 
 been oftener employed. Bartram and Wilson both bestowed 
 generic and specific names of their own ; and Vieillot renamed 
 the bird in 1807, inventing the two terms of his new designa- 
 tion. In later times, there have been other and less unques- 
 tionable names; for the Mexican bird was renamed by both 
 Lichtenstein and Bonaparte. It is somewhat uncertain to 
 which race of the species these names apply; but it is most 
 probable that they indicate simply the resident Mexican indi- 
 
 'for monograpliio sketch, cf. Sd. Bev. AB. 1S65, 830 ,- Sd. PZS. 1864, C07. , 
 
318 HABITS OF CHATS 
 
 viduals of true virens, rather than the grayer and longer- 
 tailed form later called longicauda by Lawrence. 
 
 The common Chat is a migratory bird of general diffusion 
 daring the movement and in the breeding season throughout 
 the Eastern United States, as far north at least as Massachu- 
 setts and Dakota, though it is not abundant north of the Mid- 
 dle States. Wherever Chats may be found, they are of this 
 species, excepting in the Middle and Western Provinces. No 
 Chats are known in the West Indies; but the birds migrate in 
 the fall beyond our limits, through Mexico and into Central 
 America. On their return, they reach the Middle districts 
 usually the latter part of April, and complete their migration 
 by the early part of the month following ; they remain until 
 about the middle of September, when, after rearing their one 
 or two broods, they betake themselves away. It is difficult to 
 observe their arrival with precision, unless the collector is care- 
 fully on the watch for them, for they come furtively, and for 
 some little time keep most sedulously concealed in their favor- 
 ite retreats amidst dense shrubbery. Such period of conceal- 
 ment probably corresponds to the interval between the arrival 
 of the males and the following after of their more dilatory 
 mates, which may be several days or even a week. Their man- 
 ner of migration is somewhat uncertain ; we do not know that 
 they ever make long-continued flights overhead, and rather pre- 
 sume that they come skulking through the bushes. But the 
 fact that their ordinary flight is wayward, desultory, and never 
 long-continued, is no proof that the emergency of the migration 
 does not develop different and much better sustained powers 
 pf the wing. 
 
 However this may be, no sooner is the ardor of occasion stim- 
 ulated by the presence of the females than the gay and gaudy 
 Chats develop those eccentricities that make them famous. 
 They grow too restless to abide the covert they have chosen 
 for their home, and are seen incessantly in motion, flitting With 
 jerky movement from one bush and brier-patch to another, 
 giving vent to long-pent emotions in the oddest notes imagina- 
 ble. Such a medley of whistling, chuckling, barking, and mew- 
 ing sounds proceeds from no other bird, unless itl)e the Mocking- 
 bird itself, to whom all possibilities of song are open. During 
 such performances, the Chats seem sedulous to keep concealed, 
 displaying ingenuity and perversity in thwarting our best efforts 
 to catch them at their tricks. The notes, in all their infinite 
 
HABITS OP CHATS 819 
 
 variety, come now from this and now from that spot in the 
 bnshes, shifting from point to point as we peer eagerly into the 
 tangled underbrash to catch a glimpse of the tantalizing musi- 
 cian. Such restlessness, and all this variation in the rendering, 
 have much the eflfect of ventriloquism, and we have not seldom 
 to acknowledge that the Chat has fairly beaten us. But his 
 coloring is brilliant; he has, moreover, a fancy to return again 
 to some particular spot already chosen as his stage ; so that if 
 we discover it, and keep so still as not to cause the bird anxiety, 
 nor yet to rouse his ire, we shall most likely see him take his 
 stand again to swell his golden throat afresh with the fantasy 
 of song. 
 
 His nuptial song, I should observe, is something very different 
 from the medley of sounds, not all of which are pleasing, that 
 are heard when each Chat, as one performer in the orchestra, 
 first tunes his curious pipe. Such prelude, after several days' 
 essay, is changed into the rich, voluminous ode with which the 
 bird inaugurates a new order of events, in bursts of almost 
 startling eloquence and fervor. For the nesting-place is fixed 
 upon, the fabric hastens to completion ; and the exultant bird, 
 no longer constrained to the lowliness of the coverts, mounts 
 buoyantly from bough to bough of some tall sentinel that 
 guards the leafy undergrowth, to sound his exultation from the 
 very tree-top. Yet once more : the nest now bears its precious 
 burden ; the brooding bird assumes her patient place, and 
 presses down her golden breast upon her hopes. Then this 
 strange bird goes fairly wild with joy ; he spurns the ground, 
 the favorite singing-post no longer bids him welcome, he rises 
 on the wing, and in mid-air above the nest, with fluttering pin- 
 ions, down-stretched legs, and open beak, he poises, hovers, and 
 performs a thousand antics in the sheer abandon of his 
 eccentricity. 
 
 Such are the Chat's most characteristic actions during the 
 heyday of his life ; and when we see him cutting such capers, 
 we may be sure the nest is not far off. It is one of the birds- 
 nests most easily found — as easily as a Catbird's or a Thrasher's. 
 Tou can hardly miss it if you go carefully through the brier- 
 patch or blackberry field, the tangle of smilax and grape-vine, 
 or the old pasture grown up to oak bnshes. It is a rather bulky 
 and decidedly primitive affair, set in the bush so low yon may 
 usually look down into it, and made up of withered leaves, 
 bark-strips, rootlets, and hay — not unlike a Catbird's, — smaller 
 
320 WESTERN YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT 
 
 and deeper than a Thrasher's, and perhaps more compact than 
 either of these. Besides, yoa may know it by the eggs, which 
 are more globular, brilliantly white or pink-blushed, prettily 
 speckled all over with rich reddish-brown and some neutral-tint 
 spots, and measuring about nine-tenths of an inch long by two- 
 thirds in diameter— the Catbird's eggs are emerald-green, while 
 the Thrasher's are elongated and speckled in a different way. 
 The eggs are commonly four or five in number; the young are 
 said to hatch in eleven or twelve days, and to remain in the 
 nest only about as many more. Such a nest and eggs as I have 
 described may be found during the latter part of May and in 
 June, in the Middle districts ; somewhat earlier and at subse- 
 quent intervals during the rest of the summer, at least in the 
 more southerly regions the bird inhabits. In Pennsylvania, 
 and thence northward, one brood each season is the rule, 
 perhaps without exception. 
 
 Notwithstanding its vivacity and ardor, the Chat seems 
 rather a delicately organized bird, susceptible to cold ; and it 
 consequently leaves us rather early in the fall. As to its food, 
 we remark that it is insectivorous, like all of its family, but 
 that it feeds much upon small soft fruits, such as strawberries, 
 blackberries, and huckleberries. Several stomachs of the bird 
 which were examined by Mr. Gentry with reference to this 
 matter contained coleopterous insects of numerous kinds, 
 butterflies and moths with their larvae, spiders, ants, and other 
 insects. 
 
 The 'Western ITellow-bireasted Chat 
 
 Icterla vlrens lonelcanda 
 
 a. virens 
 
 lurdns virens, Z. SN. i. n5S, loth ed. 171, n. 16 (Catesby, i. 50). 
 
 Icterla Tirens, Bd. Eev. AB..1865, 228.— ioior. Ann. Lyo. N. T. ix. 1868, 93 (Costs, Riea).— 
 Sumich. Mem. Boat Soo. L 1869, 54 (Vera Crnz).— j>. Franti. J. f. O. 1869, 294 (Costa 
 Eica).— LfMor. Ann. Lyo. N. T. ix. 1869, 200 (Tncatan).— l^rnS. B. E. Pa. 1869, 23; 
 Phn». ei \6.—iAnen, Ball. MCZ. iii. 1812, 175.— Oouw, Key, 1872, 108, f. ^i.— Scott, 
 Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1872, iSa.— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 265.— Purdie, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 
 692, WX—Eidgw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, W%.— Allen, Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1874, 52 (Dakota 
 and Montana).— Co««», BNW. 1874,77.— B. B. A B. NAB. i. 1874, 307, fig. pi. 15, f. 12.— 
 
 Brew. Pr. Boat. Soc xvii. 1875, 440.— e«n(ry, Life-Hiat. L 1876, 160 Minot, B. N. BngL 
 
 1877, 132.-Jirerr. Tr. Conn. Acad. 1877, 24. 
 
 Huscicapa VlriaiS, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 936, n. 35 (Briss. and Catea.).— jDatA. 10. ii. 1790, 482, n. 
 58. -Xurt. SN. i. 1808, 574.— S(epft. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 356. 
 
 Icterla TiridlS, Bp. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. Iv. 1823, 252.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 69.- 
 
 Nutt. Man. L 1832, 299.-A«(!. OB. iL 1834, 223; v. 1839, 433; pi. 137 Bp. PZS. 1837, 
 
 111 (Mexico).— £p. CGL. 1838, 25.— Peoi. Bep. Orn. Maaa. 1839, 297 (occaaional).— Aud. 
 Syn. 1839, Wi.—miU. Man. 2d ed. 1840, 339.— Aud. BA. iv. 1842, 160, pL 244.- Glir. BLL 
 1844, 162.— £p. CA. 1. 1850, 331.— jB«ad, ibid. 397 (Ohio).—? WoodA. Sitgr. Kep. Znfli, 
 
SYNONYMY OF I. VIEENS LONGICAUDA 321 
 
 1853, 13.—Etnnic. Tr. Illinoia Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 582.— Praten, ibid. 603.— Maxim. 
 
 J. f. O. 1858, 172.— Bd. BN\. 1858, 248.— Ooii. J. f. O. 1800, 403 (Costa Eicaj.—BorK. 
 
 SmitliB. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 435.— Coues a Prent. Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1863, 406.— Aifon, 
 
 Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 59.— 5ri. PZS. 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).— ffoj/. Smiths. Eep. for 
 
 1864, 1865, 437.— ioMir. Ann. Lye. N. T. viii. 1806, 285.— Coues, Pr. Boat. Soc. xiL 1868, 
 
 110.— (7ot«s, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 270.— Jiwison, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 490.— Coop. Am. 
 
 Nat. iii. 1869, 295, 477, 479 (Dakota).— Atiott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 540.— S. d S. PZS. 
 
 1870, 836 (Honduras).- JWppo, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1873, 234. 
 Jcterla viridis, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 63. 
 
 Peterla riridis, Soy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 309 (Wisconsin). 
 Garrulus australls, Bartr. Tr.iv. Pla^ lat Am, ed. 1791. 990. 
 Uotacilla trocbilus, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. 1791, 302 (nee auct). 
 ICteria dumlcola, V. OAS. i. 1807, 85, pi. 55.— F. Ency. M6th. ii 1823, 7tl2.— 7. GaL Ois. i. 
 
 1834, 119, pi. 85. 
 
 luteus, "Sparrm," (fide Gray). 
 
 Plpra paly glotta, WUs. AO. i 1808, 90, pi. 6, f. l.—Bp. Jonra. Phila. Acad. iv. 1825, 951. 
 
 Tanagra auricollls, Licht. '• Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1830, 9 " ; J. £ 0. 1863, 57. 
 
 ICterla auricollls, Bp. C A. L 1850, 331.— fp. Compt. Eend. 1854, 380, 382. 
 
 Icterla velasauezl, Bp. PZS. 1837, 117 (Guatemala).— Bp. CA. i. 1830, 331.— Sc!. PZS. 1856, 
 
 298 (Mexico).— Scl. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa), 375 (Oaxaca).— 5. d S. Ibia, i. 1859, 12 
 
 (Guatemala). 
 Merle rerd de la Caroline, Buff. "Hiat. Nat. Ois. iii. 396". 
 Turdns pectorc luteo, Klein. " Av.69,n.26". 
 Merida Tirldis carolinensls, JBriss. Om. iL 1760, .315, n. 55. 
 
 Yellow-breasted Chat, Uenantbe americana pectore luteo, Cates. Car. i. 1771, 50, pi. 50. 
 Chattering Flycatcher, Penn. AZ. ii. 1765, 385, n. 266.— ioift. Syn. iL pt, i. 1783, 350, u. 48. 
 Ict6rle dumlcole, Y. 1. c. 
 Chat, Tellow-breasted Chat, Tellow-breasted Icterla, Authors. —Lyman, Pr. Boat. Soc. 
 
 1851, 67 (New England, breeding). 
 
 b. longicauda 
 
 Icterla Tirldis, Towns. Joum. Pbila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153 (Northwestern United States).— 
 Qamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1847, 157 (California).— &am&. Jonm. Pbila. Acad. 1. 1847, 
 
 44 (California) Heerm. Jonrn. Phila. Acad, ii 1853, 269 (California).— flenry, Pr. 
 
 Phila. Acad, vii 1855, 313 (New Mexico).— fletirj/, Pr. Phila. Acad, xi 1859, 106 (New 
 Mexico). 
 
 Icterla TClasquezil, Bd. Stausb. Eep. GSL. 1859, 328 (California). 
 
 Icterla longicauda, Lawr. Ann. Lyo. N. T. vi. J853, 4 (California).— ifeicS. PEER, vi 1857, 
 81.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 24!) ; ed. of 1860, pL 34, £ 2.— Xiuit Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 191 (Cali- 
 fornia).— Bd. U. S. Mex B. Surv. ii pt ii 1859, Birds, 10.— Heerm. PERE. x. 1859, 55.— 
 Sa. Cat. AB. 1861, ii.—Sayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii 1862, 160.— Bd Eev. AB. 1865, 
 230.— Coties, Ibia, 2d ser. i 1865, 163.— Co«««, Pr. Phila. Acad, xviii 1866, ^l.— Coues, Pr. 
 Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 83.— Coop. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1870, 75.— Coop. B. Cal. i 1870, 98.— 
 
 Finsch, Abhand. Bremen, 1870, 331 (Mazatlan) Coop. Am. Nat. iii 1869, 479.— Aitoi, 
 
 Pr. Boat Soc. 1872, WT.-Merr. U. S. Geol. Snrv. Terr. &r 1872, 1873, 674, 713. 
 
 Icterla vlrens ran longicauda, Coues, Key, 1872, 108.— a B. <£B. NAB. i. 1874, 309 
 
 Tarr. <t BemTi. Eep. Om. Specs. 1874, W.—Hensh. ibid. 1874, 49, 103.— flw^sft. Liat B. 
 Ariz. 1875, IX.—Bensh. Zool. Expi W. 100 Merid. 1876, 206. 
 
 Icterla Tirens b. longicauda, Coues, BNW. 1874, 77. 
 
 Hab. — Middle and Western Provinces of the United States ; Lower Cali- 
 fornia, and Western Mexico. 
 
 Ch. sp. — $ 2 Oriseo-oHvacea, infra flavo et albo dimidiata ; 
 hris nigris, strigd maxillari et superciliari, necnon palpebris, 
 albis; rostro nigro-plumbeo. 
 
 3 ? : Entire upper parts, including exposed surfaces of the wings and 
 tail, grayish-olive. Quills of the wings and tail f nscons. Fore half of body 
 21 B 
 
322 THE WESTERN LONG-TAILED CHAT 
 
 below, inclading lining of the wings, rich yellow ; hinder half white, shaded 
 with gray on the sides. Loral region black ; a sharp maxillary line, another 
 from nostril over the eye, and the under eyelid, white. Bill blackish-plum- 
 beous ; feet plumbeous. Length, 7J or more ; extent about 10 ; wing, 3 ; 
 tall, si. 
 
 There is very little difference with sex, age, or season in this bird, except- 
 ing in the purity and Intensity of the tints. The yellow of the breast is 
 sometimes heightened to orange, or may show golden as usual, with stains 
 of intense orange here and there. Immature specimens have the under man- 
 dible light plumbeous or plumbeous-white. In very young birds, the yellow 
 may a))pear only as slashing in the white, and the peculiar markings of the 
 side of the head are defective. 
 
 This form, in Its typical manifestation, such as is presented in the Colo- 
 radan region, is decidedly different from true virens in the shade of the upper 
 parts— quite grayish instead of pure olive-green. But in both cases the 
 shade is liable to variation. In the dullest colored Coloradan birds there 
 is scarcely a tinge of olive in the gray of the upper parts. The yellow of 
 the breast is as rich, however, as that of the Eastern representatives. As 
 in the cases of so many other birds from the same region, the tall averages 
 longer than that of Eastern representatives of the same species. 
 
 THE best examples of the Western or Long-tailed Chat come 
 from the arid regions of the Great Basin, and the Colorado 
 watershed in general, the bird being there usually duller colored 
 than it is about the confines of its range. Birds more or less 
 properly referable to this form, however, occur throughout the 
 Middle and Western Provinces of the United States, and also 
 in Western Mexico, though the ordinary Mexican bird is rather 
 I. virens. Owing to the remarkable surface-irregularities of the 
 region this race inhabits, its movements can scarcely be traced 
 with the precision we have acquired in noting the passages of 
 the Eastern relative, and can only say in general terms that the 
 movements of the two are correspondent. We hear of arrivals 
 in Southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico by the 
 middle or latter part of April ; of nests within a month subse- 
 quently; and of departures in September. Such dates corre- 
 spond with my observations at Fort Whipple, and may be used 
 for calculation. In these latitudes, it ascends mountains prob- 
 ably not higher than about 9,000 feet, and is generally distrib- 
 uted at all lower levels. It is said, doubtless rightly, to extend 
 to the Columbia and Upper Missouri region, but it is certainly 
 less abundant in the northerly portions of its range than in the 
 latitudes of Colorado, Utah, .Nevada, and southward. Our in- 
 formation respecting its dispersion in winter is deficient ; one 
 author ascribes a winter range extending to the vicinity of 
 Sacramento, California, but it may be doubted that any of these 
 
THE GENUS MYIODIOCTES 323 
 
 birds winter much if any over our Mexican border. The full 
 extent of their dispersion in Western Mexico remains to be 
 ascertained, our advices from that country, excepting Lower 
 California, being altogether insufficient. I saw nothing during 
 my acquaintance with the bird to indicate any peculiarity of 
 character or habits in comparison with its Eastern congener, 
 and the experience of others is to the same effect. 
 
 Genus MYIODIOCTES Audubon 
 
 Wilsonia, Bp. CGL. 1838, 23. (Preoocnpied in botany ; nsed also in entomology.) 
 MylOdlOCtes, Aud. Syn. 1839, 48. (Type MotaeiUa mitrata Gm.)— JS(J. BNA. 1858, 291.— Bi. 
 
 Eev. AB. 1865, 238.— B. B. <£ Ji. NAB. i. 1874, 313. 
 MylOCtonus, Cab. MH. 1. 1850, 18. (Same type.) 
 
 Chaes. — Bill Muscicapine, though with the lateral outlines 
 a little concave, broad and depressed at the base, with many 
 obvious rictal bristles reaching decidedly beyond the nostrils; 
 culmen and commissure nearly straight. Wings pointed, as in 
 most SylvicolidcB, longer than the tail, the 1st quill longer than 
 the 5th, the 3d equalling or exceeding the 4th. Tail narrow, 
 even or little rounded. Middle toe without claw about three- 
 fifths as long as the tarsus. Coloration indeterminate. Tail 
 unmarked, or with white blotches as in Dendrceca. No red or 
 flame-color ; always yellow below. 
 
 This genus comprehends three or four species, well distin- 
 guished by the development of the rictal bristles and the 
 depressed shape of the bill, though the Muscicapine characters 
 are not pushed to the extreme seen in Setophaga. The tail is 
 narrow, lacking the fan-shaped contour of that of Setophaga, 
 and the feet are stouter, with longer toes. In Gardellina, a near 
 ally, the bill is narrow and conoidal, somewhat Parine in appear- 
 ance, with curved culmen. In Basileuterus, and in fact in all 
 the extralimital forms of the Flycatching Warblers, the wing 
 is rounded, with the 1st quill shorter than the 5th. 
 
 All the recognized species of Myiodiwtes are natives of the 
 United States; only one, however, is known to occur in the 
 Colorado Valley. The others are as follows : — 
 
 Ilylodioctes canadensis.— Canadian Flycatching Warbler. 
 
 MuSCicapa canadensis, L. SN. i. 1766, 327, n. 13 (Briss. ii. 406, pi. 39, f. 4).—Gm. SN. i. 1788, 
 937,n.l3.— T«r«. SN. 1. 1806, 575.— iotft. 10. ii.l790,484,n.65.— WiJs. AO. iii. 1811, 100, 
 pL 26, f. 2.— Stepft. Gen. Zool. 2C 1817, 350.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 810.— Bp. Joam. 
 Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, VIB.—Aud. OR ii. 1834, 17, pi. 103.— Brew. Jonm. Boet Soo. i. 
 1837, 436.— Pcoi. Eep. Orn. Mass. 1839, Wl.-Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 77. 
 
 Setopbaga canadensis, "Sw."—Jard. "ed. Wils. 1832 ".— ieicA. Eep. Brit Assoc, for 1836, 
 1837, —.-Oray, " G. of B."— Cabot, Nanm. ii. Heft ii\ 1852, 66— Hoy, Pr. PhUa. Acad, 
 vi. 1853. 309. 
 
324 SYNONYMY OF MYIODIOCTES CANADENSIS 
 
 Ufiodloctes canadensis, A.wl. Syn. 1839, 49.— J.t«J. BA. ii. 1841, 14, pi. 72.-M. PZS.1854, 
 111 (Quyos).— «<!l. PZS. 1853, 143 (BogoU).— Putn. Pr. Eas. Inst. i. 185G, 206 (Maesaclin- 
 
 setts, in summer).— Brj/. Pr. Boat. Soo. vi. 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia) Sci. PZS. 1838, 
 
 64 (EioNapo); 451 (Ecuador).— BiJ. BNA. 1858, Wi.—S.dS. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guate- 
 mala).— Wiiiis, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1839, 2e2 (Nova Scotia).— Bam. Smiths. Hep. for 
 1860, 1861, iSS.—Ooues & Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, i09.— Terr. Pr. Eas. Inst, 
 iii. 1862, UT.—Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soo. ix. ie62, 123.— Lnwr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1862, 
 468 (New Granada).— BZdi. Ibis. v. 1863, 63 (Saskatchewan).— Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 
 1865,478 (Texas).— Bd. Kev. AB. 1865, 839.— Jfcfiwir. Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1866, 86.- iffwr. 
 Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 283.— iawr. Ann! Lye. N. T. ix. 1868, 95 (Costa Eica).— 
 
 IHppe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 176.— Coites, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 111 Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. 
 
 V. 1868, 274.— J). Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 294 (Costa Eica).— r«TO6. B. E. Pa. 1869, 261 ; Phila. 
 ed. IS.— Cope, Am. Nat iv. 1870, 395, 3S6.—Mayn. Guide, 1870, W5.—Mayn. Pr. Bost. 
 Soo. xiv. 1872, 369.— Cows, Key, 1872, 109, f. 51.— Packard, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 271.— 
 B. B. d B. NAB. i. 1874, 320, pi. 16, f. 6.— Cones, BNA. 1874, 80 —Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. 
 xvii. 1875, 440. -Gentry, Life-Hist. L 1876, 169.— Mi»o«, B. N. Engl. 1877, 127. 
 
 Eutblypis canadensis. Cab. MH. i. 18.^0, 18 (not type).— Cab. J. £ 0. 1863, 326 (CostaEica).— 
 Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst iv. 1864, 65. 
 
 Sylvia pardalina, Bp. Joum. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 179.— 
 Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, IS.-Nuit. Man. i. 1832, 
 STi.—Linsley, Am. Joum. Sci. xliv. 1843, 256.— 
 Thomps. Vermont, 1853, App. 23. 
 
 SylTicola pardalina, Bp. CGL. 1838, ^.—Read, Pr. 
 Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 398.— -Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. 
 vi. 1856, 5 (nest and eggs). 
 
 Myiodloctes pardalina, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 313. 
 
 Myodloctes pardalina, Pratten, Tr. Illiaois Agrlc. Soc. 
 1855, 601. 
 
 Uascicapa bonapartli. And. OB. i. 1831, 27, pi. 5 (young). 
 
 Setophaga bonapartli, Sw. a Rich. En. Bor. Am. il. 
 
 1831, 225, pi. iT.-Bich. Eep. Brit Assoc, for 1836, ^l°- 42— Canadian Elycatching 
 1837, 172. Warbler, natural size. 
 
 Wllsonia bonapartli, Bp. CGL. 1838, 23. 
 
 Mylodloctes bonapartli, Aud. Syn. 1839, i9.—Aud. BA. iL 1841, 17, pi. 73.— B<J. BNA. 
 1858, 295. 
 
 SylTanla bonapartli, Nutt. Man. i. 2i ed. 1840, 332. 
 
 Setophaga nigro-cincta, Lafres. Eev. Zoo). 1843, 392 ; 1844, 79. 
 
 flobe-moncbe cendrc do Canada, Musclcapa canadensis clncrea, BrUs. Orn. ii. 1760, 406, 
 n. 25, pi. 39, f. 4 (descr.orig.; Canada). 
 
 Canada Flycatcber, Lath. Syn. Ii. pt i. 1783, 354, n. 5.— Perm. AZ. il. 1785, 388, n. 273. 
 
 Honcberolle du Canada, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 163. 
 
 Canadian Flycatcblng Warbler, Bonaparte's Flycatcbing Warbler, Spotted Fly- 
 catcher, Authors. 
 
 Hab.— EaBtern North America .iDd the British Provinces. West only to 
 the edge of the Plains. South through Mexico and Central America to 
 Ecuador. No West Indian record. Breeds from the Middle States occasion- 
 ally, from the Northern States regularly, northward ; its precise limits not 
 ascertained, but perhaps coinciding with limit of trees (lat. 54° N., Richard- 
 sort). Winters entirely beyond the United States. Abundant in the Atlantic 
 States during the migrations. 
 
 Mylodloctes mltratns.- Hooded Flycatcbing Warbler. 
 
 Hotacllla mltrata, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 977, n. 123 (Briss. iii. 578 ; Buff. v. 452, PE. 666, f. 2, &o.).— 
 
 Turt. SN. i. 1E03, 601 Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 41S. 
 
 Sylvia mltrata. Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 528, n. 71.- r. OAS. ii. It07, 23, pi. 77.— F. Nonv.Dict 
 
 d'Hist. Nat xi. 1817, 803.- .Bp. Joum. Phila. Acad. iv. IE84, 178.— Pp. Ann. Lye. N. T. 
 
 ii. If 28, 79.— iVutt. Man. i. 1832, 373 Aud. OB. ii, 1834, 68, pi. 60. 
 
SYNONYMY OF MYIODIOCTES MITEATUS 325 
 
 Setophaga mitrata, Jard. "ed. Wils. 1832".— Gray, '"t. of B."— Etcft. Eep. Brit. Assoc. 
 
 Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 172.— D'Ori). Ois. Cuba, 1839, 89.— Boj/, Pr. Phlla. Aoad.Ti. 
 
 1833, 309 (Wisconsin).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vil. 18C0, 307 (Cuba). 
 Wilsonla mitrata, .Bp. CGL. 1838, S3.— A!!e», Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 83(Masaach^setts).— 
 A^fen, Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1868,516.— J ifoji, Bali. MCZ. ia 1S73, 175 (Kansas).— Scott, 
 
 Pr. Bost. Soc. XT. 1872, 223 (West Virginia, breeding). 
 Sjlrania mitrata, Nutt. JIan.i.3ded. 1840,333.— TToodft. Sitgr.Eep. Zufii, 1853, 69.— iJeaiJ, 
 
 Pr. PMia. Acad. vi. 1853, 397. 
 Hylodloctes mitrata, Aui. BA. ii. 1841, 12, pi. 71.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 315. 
 MfiOdlOCteS mitratus, Aud. Syn. 1839, 48.— Sir. BLL 1844, 47.— 5c;. PZS. 1856, 291 (Cor- 
 
 dora).- Bd. BNA. 1858, 292.— & 0: S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—)). Martens, J. f. O. 
 
 1859, 212 (Bermudas).— Btond, Smiths. Eep. for 18S8, 1859, 287 (Bermudas) Taylor, 
 
 Ibis, ii. 1860, 110 (Honduras).— Gfiindi. J. f. O. 1861, 326 (Cuba).- Bar». Smiths. Eep. 
 
 for 1860, 1861, 436 (Pennsylvania).— Wheat. Ohio Agrio. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 364.— S. c« S. 
 
 PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— SomMcto, Om. and OoL N. E. 245 (Connecticut).- Sam. Cat. 
 
 B. Mass. 1864,7 (Massachusetts?).- Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, iW.— Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 
 
 478 (San Antonio).— iawr. Ann. Lye. If. T. viii. 1866, iH.—TH.ppe, Am. Nat. iL 1868, 
 
 Via.—Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xa 1868, 110.— Comcs, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 275.— iawr. Ann. 
 
 lye. N. Y. ix. 1869, 200 (Tnoatan).- 2^to!i. B. E. Pa. 1869, 26 ; Phila. ed. 19.— SmkiwA. 
 
 Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 547 (Orizaba).— J.66o(f, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 543.— Cope, ibid. 
 
 395 — OoiMS, Key, 1873, 109, f. 49.—6undl. J. f. 0. 1872, 419 (Cuba).— Pitrdie, Am. Nat. 
 
 viL1873, 692.- Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 5.— IVippc, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 235 (Iowa).— 
 
 Ooues, BNW. 1874, 78.— B. B. <6 B. NAB. L 1874, 314, pi. 15, f. 10, 11.— Brew. Pr. Bost. 
 
 Soc. xvii. 1875, 440 (Connecticut).— G«)i(r!/, Life-Hist. i. 1876, 165.— JMcrr. Tr. Conn. 
 
 Acad. i. 1877, 25 (Connecticut ; abundant). 
 Hf odloctes mitrata, Prattm, Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 601. 
 Mfliaioctes mltratus, Sdl. PZS. 1858, 358 (Honduras). 
 Mflodioctes mitralns, Cope, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 395. 
 Mf ioctonns mltratus, Oab. MH. i. 1850, 18 (type).— eund!. J. !. 0. 1855, 472 (Cuba) Oundl. 
 
 J. f. O. 1861, 407 (Cuba). 
 Sjlvlcola mitrata, Uaxim. J. f. 0. 1858, 113. 
 Muscicapa cncuUata, Wils. AO. iii. ISll, lOl, pi. 26, f. 3.—Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 
 
 1834, 177. 
 Mnscicapa plleata, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 399 (= Sylvia mitrata Lath.). 
 Hnsclcapa selbyil, Aud. " OB. i. 1831, 46, pi. 9 "- 
 Husclcapa selbll, Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 296. 
 
 Hooded Titmouse, Fams cucuUo nlgro, Oateshy, Car. i. 1771, 60, pi. 60. 
 Mesange & collier de la Caroline, Farus earolinensis torquatus, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760 
 
 578, n. 16. 
 Gobe-monche, de la louislane, naTne on PE. 666, 
 
 f 2 (basis of jlfofc mitrata var. p. Gm.). 
 CSobe-mouche cltrln de la Louisiana, Buf. " Hist. 
 
 Nat. Ois. iv. 538" (PE.606, £2). 
 Hooded Warbler, Femi. AZ. ii. 1785, 400, n. 287.- 
 
 Lath. Syn. IL pt. ii. 1733, 463, n. 68. 
 Setophaga mitre, D'Orb. 1. c. 
 Fanvette mitr^e, V. 11. cc. — Le Moijie, Ois. Canad. 
 
 1861, 189. 
 Hooded Fly catching Warbler, Aud. I. c. 
 Hooded or Mitred Warbler, Selby's Sylvan Fly- 
 catcher, Mitred Sylvan Flycatcher, Nutt. ^'°- ^.-Hooded Flyoatching War- 
 
 jl_ gg_ bier, natural size. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern United States, rather southerly; north regularly to the 
 Middle States and the Connecticut Valley {Linslen, Am. Journ. Sci. 1843, 
 257 ; Merriam, 1. c.) and casually to ? Massachusetts {Samuels, I. c). West to 
 Kansas. Bermudas, Cuba, Jamaica. Eastern Mexico aud Centnil America. 
 Breeds at large in its United States range. Winters extralimital. 
 
326 SYNONYMY OF MYIODIOCTES PUSILLUiS 
 
 ''Slylodloctes? mlnntns.— Small-beaded Flycatetaer." 
 
 Mnsclcapa mlnuta, WUs. AO. vi. 1812, 62, pL 50, f. 5.—Bp. Jouro. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 
 
 179 NuU. Man. i. 1832, 296.— A«4. OB. y. 1839, 291, pL 434, £ 2.— .lud. Syn. 1839, 44 
 
 Fcab. Kep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 290 (Mass-achusetts, aunt. Brewer).— Aijd. BA. i. 1840, 
 238, pL 67.— Pitto. Pr. Eas. Inst. i. 1856, 226. 
 
 BylTla mlnnta, Bp. Joam. Fbila. Acad. iv. 1824, 197. 
 
 Wllsonia mlnnta, Bp. OGrL. 1838, ^.—±lUn, Fr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, «i.—Aam, Am. Nat iii. 
 1869, 577. 
 
 Metopbaga mlnuta. Rich. Eep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, Mi.— Soy, Pr. Phila. 
 Acad. 1853, 309 (Wisconsin). 
 
 My iodloctes mlnntns, Bd. BNA. 1858, 293.— 5iJ. Eev. AB. 1865, iil.—Twmb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 
 53 ; PMIa. ed. 42.— B. B. a M. NAB. i. 1874, 316.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soo. xvii. 1875, 440. 
 
 Mnsclcapa or Mylodloctes " mlnuta ", Omies, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 275, 
 
 Sj'lvanla pumllia, Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 334. 
 
 Small-beaded Fly catcber of Wilson and Audubon. 
 
 Small-beaded Sylvan Flycatcber, Nwit. 1. c. 1832. 
 
 Hab. — "Eastern United States." — The above synonymy is nearly all mere 
 compilation, the several authors, excepting Wilson, Nattall, and Audubon, 
 not claiming to knovr the species. The existence of any such bird is doubt- 
 ful, and its reference to Myiodioetes by Baird and others is wholly conjectural. 
 Bonaparte first put it here, i. e., in his genus Wilsonia, but in 1850 queerly 
 identified it with Empidonax flaviventris of Baird. The history of the bird 
 begins with a misunderstanding between Wilson and Audubon, and the whole 
 record from that day to this is a tissue of surmises. 
 
 l¥ilsoii's Green Black-capped Flycatching^ 
 "WarMer 
 
 Hylodloctes pusUIas 
 
 Husclcapa pnsllla, Wils. AO. iii. 1811, 103, pi. 26, f. 4.—Sp. Joum. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 179, 
 iTl.—Ihomps, Vermont, 1853, App. 2a.— Henry, Pr. Phils. Acad. vil. 1855, 308 (New 
 Mexico).- WUlis, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 18.i9. 281 (Nova Scotia). 
 
 Wllsonia pusUla, Bp. CGL. 1838, W.—AUen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 64.— .iJfen, Bull. MCZ. 
 iii 1872, nb.—AUen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 346, 348. 
 
 Sylvanla pnsllla, Nutt Man. i. 2a ed. 1840,335.— (?om6.Pr. Phila. Acad, lit 1847, 156 (Cali- 
 fornia).— 6am&. Joam. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 38. 
 
 Hylodloctes pnsllla, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 315. 
 
 Myloctonns pusillus, Oab. MH. i. 1850, 18. 
 
 Hylodloctes pnslUns, Sd. PZS. 1856, 291.— Bd. BNA, 1858, 293.— Bd. V. S. Mex. B. Snrv. ii. 
 pt. ii. 1859, Birds, W.—Heerm. PEEK. x. 1859, 39.— Xonfc Pr. PhiU. Acad. xi. 1859, 191 
 (California).- &Z.PZS.1859, 363 (Xalapa). — « <« «. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemala).— Ooop. 
 <e Suok. NHWT. 1860, ISi.— Wheat. Ohio Agric. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 364.— Oaft. J. f. 0. 
 1860, 325 (Costa Eica).— Bora. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Terr. Pr. Ess. Inst, 
 iii. 1862, Wl.—Oouea <£ Prent. Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862, 409.— BteJfc. Ibis, v. 1863, 63 
 (Mackenzie Kiver).— iord, Pr. Koy. Arty. Inst iv. 1864, 115.— Bd. Eev. AB. 1565, 
 
 240.— Ooues, Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 163.— Dress, ibid. 478 (Texas) Lawr. Ann. Lye. 
 
 N. T. viii. 1866, 285.— Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 71 (Port Whipple).— Jlfcltor. Pr. 
 
 Ess. Iu8t V. 1866, 86.— rripjjc, Am. Nat ii. 1868, 170, 175 Oouea, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 
 
 83.— OoMes, Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1868, 274.— iauir. Ann. Lye. N. T. ix. 1868, 95 (Co-ta 
 Eica).— OoM«s, Pr. Bost Soc. xii. 1868, 111 (South Carolina).— Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acid. 
 1868, 83 (Arizona).- ButcA. Pr. PhUa. Acad. xx. 1868, 149 (Texas).— DoB d Barm. Tr. 
 Chicago Acad. i. 1869, 278 (Ahiska).— ». Frantz. J. 1. 0. 1869, 294 (Costa E ea).—nirnh. 
 B. E. Pa. 1869, 26; Phila. ed. 19.— &i. PZS. 1869, 374 (Oaxaca).— Coop. Am. Nat iii. 
 1869, 480.— Coop. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1870, 75.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 101.— Salv. PZS. It70, 183 
 (Teragua) — Stev. tr. S. (JeoL Sarv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, i63.—Mayn. Pr. Bost Soc. xiv. 
 1872, 36».—Aikm, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 1872, 197.— J^jiscA, Abh. Nat ill. 1872, 36.— Cones, 
 Key, 1872, 109, t iO.—Salv. Ibis, 3a ser. iii. 1873, .334 (San Domingo).— Ridgw. Am. Nat. 
 
CHARACTERS OF MYIODIOCTES PUSILLUS 327 
 
 vli. 1873, 60e.—Merr. XJ. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 675, 713.— Ooop. Am. Nat. 
 
 viii. 1874, 16.—Couee, BNW. 1874, 79, iaa.— B. B. & B. NAB. i. 1874, 317, pi. 16, f. 3, 4.— 
 
 Tarr. i& Hensh. Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874, W.—Sensh. ibid. 4-3, 103 Benah. List B. Ariz. 
 
 1875, im.— Nelson, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 343, 3S7.-Brew. ibid. 440.-ffen6A. Zool. 
 
 Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, Wl.— Gentry, Life-Hist. i 1876, 167.—Mmot, B. N. Engl. 
 
 1877, 129. 
 Mjiidloctes pnsiUus, Sel. FZS. 18S8, 399 (Parada). 
 MotaclIIa pileolnta, Fan. ZBA. i. 1831. 497. 
 Mf ioAloctes puslUas var. pileolatns, Bidgw. Am. Jonrn. Sci. 1873, 4S7.—Bidgw. Am. Nnt. 
 
 Tii. 1873, m8.—Coues, Am. Nat. Tii. 1873, 417.— B. B. d R. NAB. i. 1874, 319. 
 SflTia wllsonll, Bp.Soxira. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 119.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 86.— 
 
 Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 438.— fotCTM. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153. 
 Setopbaga wilsonll, Jard. "ed. Wils. 1832 ".—Oa6o«, Naam. ii. Heft iiL 1852*66.— Hoj/, 
 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 309.— Boy, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 437. 
 Husclcapa wilsonil, Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 148, pi. 124.— Pea6. Eep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 297. 
 Hf iodloctes wilsonil, Aud. Syn. 1839, SO.- Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 21, pL 75.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. 
 
 1. 1856, 206.— Wi!;is, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 282. 
 Sylvanla wilsonll, Woodh. Sitgr. Eep. ZnSi E. 1853, 69. 
 
 Abrornis atrlcapilla I, Blyth, Ibis, 1870, 169, from " China " (see Finsch, PZS. Deo. 7, 1875). 
 SylTlft petasodcs, > Licht. " Preis-Verz. 1830 " (others quote S. petesoda). 
 Green Black-capt Warbler, Nuti. 1. c. 
 
 Wilson's Ureen Black-capped Flycatcblng Warbler, Oouea, 1. c. 1874. 
 Green Black-capped Flycatcher, or Flycatcblng Warbler, Wilson's Flycatcblng War- 
 bler, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — The whole of North America, Mexico, and Central America, in suit- 
 able localities. No West Indian record. Breeds probably from the latitude 
 of Massachusetts northward, and in the higher mountains of the West as far 
 south at least as Colorado, if not farther. Winters extralimital. 
 
 "Vai-pileolatus from the moist Pacific slopes, and quotations of "pusillus" 
 from this region are referable to it. Bonaparte first noticed the brighter 
 coloration of the western race (Compt. Rend. 1854, — ). 
 
 Ch. sp. — S Olivaceus, infrd, flavus ; fronte superciliisque cum 
 laferibus capitis flavis, pileo nitente-atro ; 9 pileo dor bo concolore. 
 
 $ , adult : Upper parts, including exposed edgings of the wings and tail, 
 bright yellowish-olive ; under parts, including front aud sides of the head 
 and superciliary line, rich yellow, somewhat shaded with olive. A squarish, 
 glossy blue-black patch on the crown. Wings and tail plain fuscous, with 
 greenish edgings, unmarked with other color. Upper mandible dark; 
 under mandible and feet pale. Length, 4f ; extent, 7 ; wing, 2-2^ : tall, 2. 
 
 2 , and young : Exactly like the male, except in lacking the black cap, the 
 crown being colored like the back. 
 
 There is very little variation in this species, according to age or season, 
 though the adult summer birds are the more richly colored. Western speci- 
 mens are frequently of a brighter yellow, almost orange, on the fore parts 
 below and on the head, constituting var. pileolatus. This latter is not con- 
 fined to the Pacific coast region ; the brightest specimen before me, in the 
 large series examined, among which are Mr. Ridgway's typos of pileolatus, 
 being from New Mexico. My Arizona specimens are precisely like Pennsyl- 
 vania ones. 
 
 SO far as my knowledge of the record enables me to say, this 
 pretty bird was discovered in the extreme northwestern 
 corner of America by the celebrated traveller and naturalist 
 Pallas, whose description was printed in the "Zoographia" in 
 
328 HABITS OF Wilson's blackcap 
 
 1811, but not published till 1831. He called it Motaeilla pileo- 
 lata; bat Wilson, in 1811, published it as a new species under 
 the style of Miiscicapa pusilla, the specific portion of which 
 name will stand, for Bonaparte's alteration to wilsonii is not 
 required after the removal of the species from the genus in 
 which Wilson wrongly placed it. 
 
 It is a rather common bird of passage through the Eastern 
 portions of the United States, and decidedly more abundant in 
 the West, in all wooded regions from the 
 Eocky Mountains to the Pacific. Its com- 
 parative numbers on the different sides of 
 the continent help to an understanding of 
 the apparent absence from the West Indies 
 of a bird so widely distributed. For, from 
 FiG!^4.-wii8on'8 Green its Winter home in Central America, where 
 Biaok-oapped Fiycatching it is represented to be very numerous, it 
 Warbler, natural size. uiigratcs through Mcxico and perhaps 
 across the Gulf, the greater number of individuals passing 
 straight north, while but a small proportion spread easterly 
 along the Atlantic States. In the Mississippi Yalley and 
 eastward, it is not known to stop to breed short of the latitude 
 of Massachusetts, and I think that its nesting even so far south 
 as this is not positively determined, but rather inferred from 
 the presence of the bird in August, as recorded by Mr. Allen. 
 In Maine, however, it is noted without question as a summer 
 resident by no less conservative an ornithologist than Dr. 
 Brewer, whose aim latterly has been to present a list of New 
 England birds from which all logical induction as well as all 
 error should be rigidly excluded. But I am not aware that the 
 nest has been found even in Northern New England, nor indeed 
 anywhere in the United States, unless the Nuttall's advices from 
 Oregon be considered satisfactory. The bird passes through 
 chiefly during the month of May in the spring, and in Septem- 
 ber and October of the following migratory season. It proceeds 
 as far at least as Labrador, where it was found breeding by 
 Audubon, as it also was in Newfoundland, and whence it begins 
 to migrate during the latter part of August, according to the 
 same authority. Audubon's description of a Labrador nest, 
 and Nuttall's notice of one he found in Oregon, are still our 
 only sources of information respecting the nidification of the 
 bird. The former's nest was placed at the end of a small hori- 
 zontal branch of a dwarf fir, in the dense terminal foliage, three 
 feet or so from the ground, in the centre of one of the thickets 
 
HABITS OF Wilson's blackcap 329 
 
 of these trees so common in Labrador. It was composed of dry 
 moss and delicate pine twigs "agglutinated" together and to 
 the support from which it was suspended, and was lined with 
 " extremely fine and transparent fibres". It measured not over 
 3J inches in greatest diameter, with a depth of not more than 
 1^ inches. The eggs were four, "dull white, sprinkled with 
 reddish and brown dots towards the larger end, where the mark- 
 ings form a circle, leaving the extremity plain". Nuttall's 
 Oregon nest, which contained four fresh eggs on the 16th of 
 May, though fully-fledged young had already been observed, 
 was laid on a bunch of Usnea on the branch of a small service- 
 bush, and was built chiefly of Sypnum moss, with a lining of 
 slender grasses. It will be observed that these accounts do not 
 tally well, leaving room for conjecture whether both, if either, 
 really refer to the present species. Dr. Brewer mentions, but 
 does not describe, a nest obtained on the Yukon Eiver, May 20, 
 containing four eggs, ranging from 0.60 to 0.63 in length by 0.45 
 to 0.49 in breadth, pure white in ground-color, finely sprinkled 
 round the larger end with brownish-red and lilac; and sur- 
 mises by logical induction, from what premises I know not, that 
 this bird builds upon the ground. 
 
 The case of Blackcap's migrations and nestlings is very dif- 
 ferent in the West, where range after range of lofty mountains 
 invites a southerly summer residence, in the selection of which 
 altitude answers to latitude. The bird certainly breeds in the 
 mountains of Colorado, and probably does so in those of New 
 Mexico, Arizona, and corresponding portions of California. For 
 Mr. J. A. Allen found it in summer in the first-mentioned State, 
 in alpine and subalpine districts, from an altitude of about 
 8,000 feet to beyond timber-line, "evidently breeding", though 
 he failed to discover its nest. In the dwarfed willows and other 
 shrubs that extend above the limit of trees, it was found to be 
 the most numerous by far of all the small insectivorous birds; 
 and the alpine character thus exhibited by the species accords 
 completely with the known facts of its summer distribution 
 elsewhere. In Nevada or Utah, Mr. Eidgway found the bird 
 common "during the summer" in the canons of the higher 
 ranges; and in September it was one of the most abundant of 
 the Sylvicolidm in the East Humboldt Mountains and in Euby 
 Valley, without regard to altitude. In the mountains of Ari- 
 zona, at the altitude of Fort Whipple, I found it to be a common 
 summer resident, arriving early in May and remaining through 
 part of September; but I was no more fortunate than Allen 
 
330 THE GENUS CAEDELLINA 
 
 and the rest have been in the search for its nest. Mr. Henshaw 
 has a paragraph in his late work confirmatory of the probable 
 breeding of the Blackcap in Arizona : — " That some remain in 
 Arizona to breed, retiring for this purpose to the summits of 
 the high mountain ranges, seeias quite probable ; for I have 
 met with individuals early in August which could hardly at 
 this date have made their way from very far north, while, by the 
 middle of this month, the species abounds everywhere, being 
 much more widely diffused and in greater numbers than it ever 
 is in the East." Finally, I may refer to a note given by Dr. 
 Cooper, who observed the arrival of the birds at Santa Cruz 
 about the 20th of April, and saw them " apparently gathering 
 materials for nests" about the same time. Farther north, near 
 and beyond the boundary of the United States, the breeding- 
 range of the bird drops down to sea-level, as it does in North- 
 ern New England. 
 
 There is nothing to show that the Blackcap ever winters over 
 our border, notwithstanding the great lengths to which it 
 pushes its spring migration. It will be remembered that it 
 belongs to an essentially semi-tropical group of birds, compara- 
 tively few of which enter the United States at all. Its extra- 
 limital range has been already mentioned. 
 
 Though the distribution and movements of the species are 
 thus satisfactorily made out, its special habits or distinctive 
 traits, if it have any, do not appear to have been very carefully 
 studied by any one. — Since penning the last sentence, I have 
 looked over a dozen or more of the fragmentary notices we 
 possess, without finding anything to justify transcription ; and 
 my own observations serve me with nothing particularly to 
 
 the point. 
 
 Genus CARDELLIN A Subus 
 
 GardeUina, " Duius, Maq. Orn. 1850, — ■'.— Bp. CA. 1. 1850, 312. (Type O.amieta Dabns 
 
 = Musoicapa rubrifrona Giraud.)— Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 263. 
 Ergatlcus, Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 264. (As subgenas of OardeUirM; type Setophaga ratra Sw.) 
 
 Chars. — "Bill Parineinappearance, much shorter than head, 
 high at base, and the culmen considerably decurved through- 
 out; the commissure curved and somewhat angulated in the 
 middle. Eictal bristles stiff, but not very long, hardly reaching 
 half way from the nostrils to tip of bill, which exhibits scarcely 
 any trace of notch. Wings long and pointed ; the 2d, 3d, and 
 4th quills nearly equal and longest ; the 1st a little longer than 
 the 5th. The tail is shorter than the wings, nearly even, a very 
 little rounded. Feet small ; tarsi short, the scutellar divisions 
 
CAKDELLINA EUBKA C. EUBRIFEONS 331 
 
 indistinct externallj^ ; the middle toe without claw little more 
 than half the tarsus." — Baird, I. c. 
 
 I copy the diagnosis of this genus from Baird, whose critical 
 studies of this group furnish very nice discriminations between 
 the several sections of the Flycatching Warblers. As restricted 
 by him, the genus contains but two species, for one of which he 
 proposed a new subgenus, Urgaticus. The latter, the Vermilion 
 Flycatcher, GardelUna {Urgaticus) rubra* has been attributed 
 to Texas since 1841, but is not positively known to have ever 
 occurred over our border; it inhabits Mexico, and may yet 
 be detected in Southern Arizona or New Mexico, as well as, 
 more probably, in Southern Texas. It is a beautiful bird, of 
 carmine-red color all over, with silvery-white ear-tufts. The 
 type of the genus, G. rubrifrons, is one of the many interesting 
 additions to our fauna lately made by Mr. Henshaw. 
 
 Red-faced "Warbler 
 
 Cardelllna rubrifrons 
 
 Mnscicapa rubrifrons, <Kr. Sixt. Sp. Tex. B. 1841, pi. 7, f. 1. 
 
 Setopbaga rubrifrons, Bd. Stansb. Bep. GSL. 1852, 329. 
 
 Cardelllna rubrifrons, Set PZS. 1855, 66.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 306.— M. PZS. 1858, 299 
 
 (Parada).— Sci. PZS. 1859, 374 (Oaxaca).— ^cJ. Cat. AB. 1861, 37.— .B<J. Rev. AB. 1865, 
 
 26i.—Salv. Ibis, 2d ser. ii. 1866, 192 (Gnatemala).— HomA. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 
 
 1876,211 (Arizona). 
 Baslleuterus rubrifrons, ? Scl PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa). 
 Cardelllna rubrifrons, Salv. Ibis, 3d ser. iv. 1874, 99 (Guatemala) Hmsh. List B. Ariz. 
 
 187.5, 156 (Arizona). 
 Cardelllna amlcta, DiOus, " Esq. Orn. 1850, pi. 25 ".— JBp. CA. 1.1850, 312. 
 Parus erytbropls, ImM. " Mus. Berol." • 
 
 Hab. — From Soathern ArizoDa through Mexico to Guatemala. 
 
 On. SP. — S 9 Ginerea ; nucha, uropygio, partibusque inferiori- 
 bus albis, plus minusve rosaceotinctis ; capite rubra, cucuUo nigra; 
 alis cauddque fusco griseis, albida limbatis, alis alba fasciatis. 
 
 S 9 : Upper parts ash, the wings and tail rather darker, and edged with 
 ashy- white ; a broader and whiter bar across the ends of the median coverts. 
 Below from the breast, white, more or less shaded with ashy on the sides, 
 and tinged with rosy. Rump and a nuchal patch white, or rosy-white. 
 
 'Cardelllna (Ergatlcns) rubra. —Vermilion Flyeatcbcr. 
 
 Setopbaga rubra, Sw. Philos. Mag. i. 1827, 363 ; Isis, 1834, 784.— Bp. PZS. 1837, iii (Guate- 
 
 mala).— .Bd. Stansb. Eep. GCI.. 1852, 329.— &i. PZS. 1855, 65. 
 Cardelllna rubra, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 312.— Oass. 111. i. 1854, 265, pi. 43.— &I. PZS. 1856, 292 
 
 (El Jaoale) ; 1858, 299 (Paroda) ; 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 1859, 374 (Oaxaca).— Bd BNA. 
 
 1858, 296.— ScJ. Cat. AB. 1861, 38.— Sci. PZS. 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).— Bd. Eev. AB. 
 
 1865, 264 (type of subg. Ergatims). 
 Baslleuterus ruber. Cab. MH. i. 1850, 18. 
 
 Sylvia minlata, Lafr. " Mag. de Zool. 1836, pi. 54 " (not Setophaga miniata of Swainson). 
 Wbite-cbeeked Titmouse, Parus leucotis, Gir. 16 Sp. Tex. Birds, 1841, not paged, folio 17, 
 
 pi. 4, f. l.—Leib, Pr. Phila. Acad. i. 1842, 140 (identifies it with Setophaga rubra Sw.). 
 Sylvia argyrotls, "lUiger". 
 Vermilion Flycatcber, Cais. I. c — Bd I. c. 
 
332 HABITS OP THE RED-FACED WAEBLER 
 
 Whole head, throat, sides of the neck, and fore breast bright red, with a 
 broad black cap extending down on the sides of the head, involving the eyes 
 and ears, ending in a point below the anricnlars. The border of this cap is 
 squarely transverse against the red of the forehead from eye to eye ; behind 
 it, the red reaches up the sides of neck, but not across the back of the neck, 
 the white nuchal area there meeting the ashy of the back. Bill and feet 
 dark. — In the highest summer plumage, the red is rich and carmine in hue, 
 the cap glossy-black; the under parts are much tinged with rosy ; the rump 
 is snowy- white. Less richly feathered specimens have the head plain red, 
 the cap sooty-black. There is much difference in the character of the white 
 on the nape.— Length, 5; wing, 2f ; tail, 2^; tarsus, J; bill, i, quite differ- 
 ent in shape from that of Setophaga, being of a Parine contour, stout at 
 base, with high arched ridge. 
 
 Young, newly fledged : Ash of the upper parts much shaded with brown, 
 and white of the under parts the same. Bump snowy-white, as in the adult, 
 but the nuchal patch obscure or inappreciable. Wings and tail as in the 
 adult, but with browner edgings. Black cap restricted to top of head, and 
 of a dull sooty cast. Red parts of the adult, including those parts of the 
 side of the head which are occupied in the adult with the extension of the 
 black cap, dull grayish-brown, tinged or irregularly slashed with red, espe- 
 cially on the forehead and throat. Bill light brown ; feet pale, 
 
 THIS is another one of Mr. J. P. Giraud's " Sixteen Species" 
 alleged to have been procured in Texas. Since the time 
 of its original description, in 1841, it has become well known as 
 a bird of Mexico and of parts of Central America ; but its 
 occurrence in the United States has only very recently been 
 confirmed, when the bird was rediscovered by Mr. Henshaw, 
 not in Texas indeed, but in Southern Arizona. This assiduous 
 ornithologist secured, in 1874, a fine large nuite of specimeus 
 illustrating the adult plumages of both sexes, and also that of 
 the young ; while his field-notes furnish most of the information 
 we possess respecting the habits of the bird. 
 
 As he remarks, its occurrence in Arizona is not surprising, 
 as the species is a common inhabitant of the mountains of 
 Mexico, doubtless following the trend of the ranges northward 
 into our territory. He found his birds at two points in Arizona, 
 about a hundred miles apart, — near Camp Apache and on 
 Mount Graham ; and he anticipates their occurrence through- 
 out the higher districts of Southern Arizona as far north as 
 the White Mountains at least. His Camp Apache specimens 
 include some in the nestling plumage, indicating that they 
 were reared in the vicinity. The extracts from his notebooks 
 that he prints in his final (quarto) report are as follows: — 
 
 "July 1,* 1874. — While collecting in the early evening in the 
 * Misprint for July 12, as the author informs me verbally. 
 
HABITS OP THE RED-FACED WARBLER 333 
 
 pine woods, a few angry chirps coming from the thick foliage 
 of a spruce attracted my attention, and in a moment a robin 
 flew out in hot haste closely followed by a small bird, which 
 after a short chase returned, and with a few satisfied chirps 
 called together several youn§;, whose presence I for the first time 
 was thus made aware of. The old bird immediately began to 
 search for food, moving like a Chickadee over the limbs, flying 
 out now and then for a short distance to snap up an insect, 
 which was instantly given to one or the other of several young 
 that, with beseeching notes and cries, followed the old one about 
 as it moved from one part of the tree to another. Soon per- 
 ceiving that the birds were entire strangers to me, I shot first 
 the old bird, which proved to be a male, and then two of the 
 young, when the female appeared on the scene, and led away 
 the two remaining members of the brood in safety. The fol- 
 lowing day a careful search revealed but two more individuals, 
 both adult. 
 
 "Just [half] a month later, on visiting Mount Graham, I not 
 only saw the species again, but it proved to be a common bird 
 of this locality, flocks of ten or fifteen being not unusual among 
 the pines and spruces ; it frequented these trees almost exclu- 
 sively, only rarely being seen on the bushes that fringed the 
 streams. Its habits are a rather strange compound, now resem- 
 bling those of Warblers, again recalling the Eedstarts, but more 
 often perhaps bringing to mind the less graceful motions of the 
 familiar Titmice. Their favorite hunting places appeared to 
 be the extremities of the limbs of the spruces, over the branches 
 of which they passed with quick motion, and a peculiar and 
 constant sidewise jerk of the tail. 
 
 " When thus engaged, especially when high overhead, they 
 might easily be passed by, as a busy group of Titmice intent 
 only on satisfying their hunger. They appear to obtain most 
 of their food from the branches, seizing the insects when at 
 rest ; but they are abundantly able to take their prey on the 
 wing, and accomplish this much after the style of the Redstarts. 
 Their disposition seems to prompt them to sociability with other 
 species, and occasionally I found them accompanying the Au- 
 dubon's Warblers, and imitating them in their short flights 
 from tree to tree, occasionally paying flying visits to the fallen 
 logs and even to the ground. Save in being rather louder and 
 harsher, their chirps resemble the notes of the Tellow-rump 
 Warblers." 
 
334 THE GENUS SETOPHAGA 
 
 The bird thus introduced by Mr. Heushaw with some partic- 
 ularity to American ornithologists as one of their newest acqui- 
 sitions, is left as found to my readers, — some one of whom, 
 perhaps, may hereafter have his own story to tell of its nest, 
 its eggs, and its nuptial song. 
 
 Genus SETOPHAGA Swainson 
 
 Setophaga, Sw. Zool. Jonm. iii. Dee. 1827, 360. (Type Muscicapa rutusiUa L,)—Bi. BNA. 
 
 1858, 297.— Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 053. 
 Cetophaga, "ie»». 1828", ;!de Gray. 
 Erf throsoma, Sw. 183-, ftde Gisty. 
 Sylvanla, Nutt. Man. Ofd. i. Isted. 1832, 290. (Type Muscicapa rutieiUa L,, bnt inclodes 
 
 species of Myiodioctes an& Foliopiila.) 
 Euttalypis, Cab. MH. L 1850, 18. (Type Sylvia lachrymosa Licht.) 
 Myioborns, Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 237, 257. (Separate snbgeDua.) 
 
 Chaes. — Bill thoroughly Muscicapine in its depression and 
 breadth at base, where it is wider than high, the straightness 
 of both superior and lateral outlines, and the development of 
 the rictal bristles, which reach far beyond the nostrils. Wings 
 pointed, not shorter than the tail, the 2d, 3d, and 4th quills 
 nearly equal and longest, the 1st intermediate between the 4th 
 and 5th. Tail rather long and fan-shaped, with broad flat 
 feathers, widening at their ends. Feet slender, with long tarsi 
 indistinctly scutellate externally, and short toes, the middle one 
 without its claw being about half as long as the tarsus. Col- 
 oration indeterminate. Habits arboricole and Muscicapine. 
 
 The genus Setophaga, based by Swainson, in 1827, on Musci- 
 capa rutieilla, has been made to cover considerable variety in 
 form among the numerous species of Flycatching Warblers of 
 subtropical and tropical America, where the genus is best rep- 
 resented. The foregoing diagnosis is drawn up from S. ruti- 
 eilla, and may require some little modification in order to its 
 applicability even to S. picta. All the extralimital species, as 
 pointed out by Baird, differ in the shorter and more rounded 
 wing and other characters ; and he has combined them all into 
 a separate subgenus, Myioborus, excepting S. lachrymosa, for 
 which Oabanis had already proposed the name Euthlypis. 
 
 8. rutieilla is the only species in which the sexes are decidedly 
 dissimilar in color ; even in 8. picta, the nearest ally, the sexes 
 are substantially alike ; and in all the rest of the group, in which 
 the coloration is very various, there is no substantial difference 
 between the sexes. Species of Setophaga (including Myioborus 
 and Euthlypis), to the number of twelve or more, are recognized 
 by late authors. 8. rutieiUa is the only one that is generally 
 
SYNONYMY OP SETOPHAGA PICTA 335 
 
 distributed in this country. 8. picta reaches just over our 
 border. A third, S. miniata, has been ascribed to Texas, as 
 have also two species of the allied genus Basileuterus, B. culici- 
 varus and B. belli; the synonymy of which three species is 
 subjoined, as any of them may be hereafter found in the region 
 under present consideration : — 
 
 Setopbaga mlnlata. 
 
 Setopbaga mlnlata, Sw. "Fhiloe. Mug. i. 1827, 368"; Is'b, 1&14, 784; Anim. Menag. 1838, 
 
 393. (Not of LafresDaye.)— ScI. PZS. 185C, 292 (Cordovft); 1838, 299 (Oaxaea).— Sd. 
 
 BNA. 1858, 299; Atlas, 1860, pi. 58, f. l.—Sd. PZS. 1859, 303 (Xalapa).— Scl. Cat AB. 
 
 1861, 37.— «rf. PZS. 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).— £d. Kev. AB. 1865, 259.— B. B. d: R. 
 
 NAB. i. 1874, 322. 
 Musclcapa vulnerata, Wagler, Zeis, 1831, 520. 
 Setopbaga TUlnerata, "Gray".— Cab. MH. i. 1850, 18.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 313.— .Bd. Eep. 
 
 Great Salt Lake, 1852, 329 (" Texas "). 
 Setopbaga castanea, Leas. Sev. Zool. 1839, 42. 
 Musclcapa derbamll, Oiraud, Sixt. Sp. Tex. B. 1841, notpivged, folio 13, pi. 3, f. 8 (named for 
 
 C. H.De Rham; printed dcrhamii, amended in MS. in copy examined to De-rhamii; 
 
 named Derahm's Flycatcher on plate). (See Sd. PZS. 1855, 65.) 
 
 Hab. — Mexico. " Texas " ( Giraiid). 
 Basllenterns calldvorns. 
 
 SjlTla cnliclTora, IJicht. " Preis-Verz. Mex. Tog. 1830, n. 78 " ; J. f. 0. 1863, 57. 
 Basllentcrua cuUcItopus, Oai. Mas. Hein. i. 1850, n.—Bi. Eev. AB. 1865, 245.— B. B. a B. 
 NAB. i. 1874, 312. 
 
 Basllenterns cnllclTora, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 313. 
 
 Mnsclcapa brasleril, Oiraud. Sixt. Sp. B. Tex. 1841, not paged, folio 25, pi. 6, f. 2.—Sd. PZS. 
 
 1855, 66. 
 Basllenterns braslerl, Sd. PZS. 1856, 292 (Oaxaca) ; 1859, 374 (Oax,ioa).— S. a S. Ibis, 1860, 
 
 274 (Gnatemala.)- /Srf. Cat. AB. 1861, 34. 
 
 Hab. — Mexico and Central America. "Texas" (Giraud). 
 
 Basllenterns belli. 
 
 Musclcapa belli, Oiraud, Sixt. Sp. Tex. B. 1841, not paged, folio 15, pi. 4, f. 2.—Sd. PZS. 
 
 1855, 65. 
 Setopbaga belli, Bd. Bep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 329 (" Texas "). 
 Basllenterus belli, Sd. PZS. 1855, 65— Scl. PZS. 1859, 374 (Oaxaca).— Sc!. <£■ Salv. Ibis, 
 
 1860, 31 (Guatemala).- Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 250.— B. B. a B. NAB. i. 1874, 313. 
 Basllenterns bellll, Sd. Cat. AB. 1861, 35 (Oriz.aba). 
 Sylvia chrysophrys, lAiKt. " Mas. Berol." 
 Mylodioctes cbrysophrys, Idcht "Nomencl. 32". 
 Basllenterns cbrysopbrys, Bp.CA.i. 1850, 314.— &IPZS. 1857, 802 (Xalapa). 
 
 Hab. — Mexico and Guatemala. " Texas" (Giraud). 
 
 Painted Flycatcher 
 
 Setopbaga plcta 
 
 Setopbaga plcta, Sw. "Zool.111. 2d8er.i. 1829,pl. 3"; Anim. Menag. 1838, 293.— Bp. C A. i. 
 1850, 312.— Eaup, PZS. 1851, 50,— Bd. Stansb. Eep. GSL. 1852, 3W.—Sd. PZS. 1855, 66.— 
 Sd. PZS. 1856, 892 (Hondnras).— Srf. PZS. 1858, 299.— Bd BNA. 1858, 298 ; ed. of 1860, 
 pi. 76, f. 2.— Bd. U. S. Mex. B. Surv. ii. pt ii. 1859, Birds, 11 (Nnevo Leon).— 5. d S. 
 Ibis, i. 1859, 12 (Guatemala).— Taj/l Ibis, ii. 1860, 110 (Honduras).- 5d. Cat. AB. 1861, 
 36.— Bd. Eev. AB. 1. 1865, 256.— &!. PZS. 1869, 314.— Ooues, Key, 1872, 110.— iJid^w. 
 Am. Nat. vi. 1872,436.— OotM«, Am. Nat vii. 1873, 325 (Arizona).— HeTisR. Eep. Orn. 
 Specs. 1874, 104 (Arizona).— B. B. a B. NAB. iii. 1874, App. 507.— flcns/i. List B. Ariz. 
 1875, 156.— JBeJwA. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 209. 
 
336 CHARACTERS OF SETOPHAGA PICTA. 
 
 Wblte Shouldered Flycatcber, Mnsclcapa lencomns, Qir. Sixt. Sp. Tex. B. 1841, not paged, 
 
 folio 23, pi. 6, f. 1. (See Sd. PZS. 1855, 66.) 
 Hnsclcapa tricolor, lAeht. " Mas. Berol.' 
 Painted Fly-snapper, layl. I. a 
 Painted Flycatcher, AwOiors. 
 
 Hab. — Mexico and Central America. North into Arizona. 
 
 Ch. sp. — i ? Nigra, pectore medio et abdomine coccineis; pal- 
 pebris, specula alari rectricibusgue lateralibus albis. 
 
 g 9 : Lustrous black ; middle of the breast and belly rich carmine-red ; 
 eyelids, a large patch on the wings formed by the greater and middle coverts, 
 broad edging of inner secondaries, edging of inner webs of primaries toward 
 the base, lining of wings, nearly all the outer tail-feather, and a diminishing 
 space on the next two or three, together with the crissnm, white. Bill and 
 feet black. Length, 5 inches ; wing and tail, each 2J ; tarsus, f ; bill, J-|. 
 
 The 2 is not particularly different from the $ , though rather less richly 
 colored. In poor plumages, the black is not so lustrous, the red of the belly 
 less extensive and of a more bricky-red tone, while the white of the wings 
 and tail is more restricted. I have not seen the very young bird. It is 
 described by Henshaw as follows :— " Upper parts dull black, only slightly 
 lustrous ; white nearly as in the adult, vie, a spot on the lower eye lid, a 
 patch on the wing, iucluding the greater and middle coverts, the outer edge 
 of first primary only, the outer edges of the secondaries, the inside of wings, 
 axillars, crissnm, tibise, outer tail feathers except at base, and a diminishing 
 space on the second and third, white." 
 
 ALTHOUGH the Painted Flycatcher was included among 
 the birds of this country by Baird in the Pacific Eailroad 
 Eeport, and also in that of the Mexican Boundary, this was 
 done on the strength of its occurrence in New Leon, Mexico, 
 close to our border, where the bird was Ibund by Lieut. D. N. 
 Couch, with many others of special interest to American orni- 
 thologists. It will undoubtedly be found in the lower valley of 
 the Kio Grande j but it has not yet been taken over our border, 
 excepting in Arizona, where it was discovered by Lieut. Charles 
 Bendire, United States Army, near Tucson, April 4, 1872, as 
 first recorded by Mr. Eidgway in the "American Naturalist" 
 for July, 1872, p. 436, and as noted by me about the same time 
 in the "Key", p. 110. As I shortly afterward said, in the peri- 
 odical just mentioned (June, 1873, p. 325), the same observer 
 saw it again about the middle of September, 1872, when it ap- 
 peared to be retiring into Mexico from its presumed summer 
 home in the mountain fastnesses of the Territory. 
 
 During the two following years, in 1873 and 1874, Mr. Hen- 
 shaw found it common in different portions of Southern Arizona, 
 where it unquestionably breeds, as he secured specimens in 
 July, August, and September. This ornithologist has left 
 
HABITS OF THE PAINTED FLYCATCHEE 337 
 
 US the following notes respecting the distribution and habits 
 of the bird— one which, though long since entered upon the 
 scientific records, has only just now found a biographer : — 
 
 "This beautiful flycatcher has as yet been observed in our 
 territory only in the southeastern portion of Arizona, where it 
 is diffused over a considerable extent of country as a summer 
 resident. It appears not to inhabit the high mountains nor the 
 extreme lowlands, but to occupy an intermediate position, and 
 to find the rocky hills covered with a sparse growth of oak most 
 congenial to its habits. Of its breeding habits, nothing is 
 known ; though that it rears its young in such localities as 
 above mentioned there can be no doubt, since I have taken the 
 young birds in the first plumage, and still under charge of the 
 parents, at Eock Canon, July 21, and again of the same age at 
 Camp Crittenden, August 29. During the latter part of Au- 
 gust they appear to become more numerous ; this being due to 
 their more general distribution at the close of the nesting sea- 
 son. By the latter part of September, very few remain ; and 
 probably the species winters far to the southward. 
 
 "Their motions are an almost exact reflection of those of 
 the common Eedstart, which they so much resemble in form. 
 With half shut wings and outspread tail, they pass rapidly 
 along the limbs of trees, now and then making a sudden dart 
 for a passing fly, which secured they again alight and resume 
 their search. They are constantly in motion, and rarely remain 
 in the same tree many moments. It not unfrequently may be 
 seen clinging to the trunk of a tree while it seizes a grub or 
 minute insect which its sharp eyes have detected hidden in the 
 bark." 
 
 For the rest, we may hope that the nesting and singing of 
 the bird may be brought to our notice by the same person who 
 is to tell us of those particulars in the case of Gardellina rubri- 
 frons, which breeds in the same region. 
 
 The Redstart 
 
 Setopbagra rntlcllla 
 
 Motacnia rutlcUIS., L. SN. i. 1758, 10th ed. 186, n. 15 (Gates, i. 67, etc.). 
 
 Hnsclcapa rnticUla, L. SN. i, 1768, 326 n. 10.— Bodd. Tabl. 1783, 33 (pi. 566).— Gm. SN. 1. 
 1788, 935, n. 10.— ia(ft. 10. il. 1790, 473, n. HS.—Furt. SJT. i. 1806, 574.— r. OAS. i. 1807, 66, 
 pis. 35, 36.— Wils. AO. i. 1808, 103, pi. 6, f. 6 ; T. 119, pi. 45, f. %—Steph. Shaw's (}Z. xi. 1817, 
 362.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 1~0.—Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 68.— And. OB. 
 1. 1831, 202j v. 1839, 428, pi. iO.—Atid. Syn. 1839, U.—Avd. BA. i. 1840, 240, pi. 6e.—PeaJ>. 
 Eep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 296.— D'Ori. Ois. Cuba, 1839, 87.— ©ir. BLI. 1844, 45.— Denny, 
 PZS. 1847, 3S.—Thomps. Vermont, 1853, App. il.—Prattm Tr. HI. Agrio. Soc. i. 1855, 
 600.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 206.— TTiiJw, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 281 (Nova 
 Scotia).— Gosse, Alabama, 1859, 2i.—Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 114. 
 22 B 
 
338 SYNONYMY OP SETOPHAGA KUTECILLA 
 
 Musclcapa (Sylvania) rntictlla, Nutt. Man.i.'1832,291,flg. (type of genus). 
 
 Setophaga rutlcilla, Sw. Zool. Joura. iii. 1827, 360 ; Isis, 1830, 1156.— & a R. FBA. ii. 1831, 
 223.— £p. PZS. 1837, 118 (Guatemala).— By. CGL. 1838,24.— JV««. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 
 327.— ffosse. B. Jam. 1847, 16i.—Bp. CA. i. 1850, SU.—Oabot, Naum. li. Heft iii. 1852, 66.— 
 Soy, Pr. Philn. Acad. vi. 1853, 309.— iJmd, ibid. 397.— WoodA. Sitgr. Eep. Znfii E. 1853, 
 -,5.—Sd. PZS. 1854, 111 (QniJoB).— /Sc!. PZS. 1855, 144 (BoeoW.— Qundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 472 
 (Cuba).— Sc(. PZS. 1856, 289 (Mexico).— ffoj^m. Pr. Phila. Acad. viiL 1856, W9.—Bry. 
 Pr. Bost. Soc. vi.l857, 116 (Nova Bcoiia). —Kned. Pr. Bost Soc. vi. 1857, 234.— Sa!!i, PZS. 
 1857, 231 (San Domingo).— Jlf aorim. J. f. O. 1858, 186.— £<J. BNA. 1858, 297.— Bry. Pr. 
 Bost. Soc. vii. 1859, 111 (Bahamas).— 5ci. PZS. 1859, 374 (Oaxaca).— S. a S. Ibis, i 1B59, 
 12 (Guatemala).— A. (6 .B.JVeMjt Ibis, i. 1859, 144 (Saint Croix).— Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. 
 vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).- <7a!>. J. f. 0. 1860, 325 (Costa Eica).— Sc!. PZS. 1860, 84 (Ecuador) j 
 
 292 (Esmeraldas).- &!. PZS. 1861, 72 (Jamaica).— AidrecAt J. f. 0. 1661, 53 (Bahamas) 
 
 6undl. J. f. 0. 1861, 326 (Cuba).- Barn. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— iarar. Ann. 
 
 Lye. N. Y. viL 1861, 322 (New Granada).- ffayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 161 
 
 Btot.Ibis, Iv. 1862, 4 (Sa«katchew.in).—Cott«« (6 Prmt. Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862,409.— 
 Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 125.— Fcrr. ibid. 137 (Anticosti) .—Ferr. Pr. Ess. Inst. 
 iii. 1862, IVl.—AlJrrecht, J. f. 0. 1862, 194 (Jamaica).- Btoi. Ibis, v. 1863, 63 (British 
 America).— Jfarcft, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, 293 (Jamaica).— Taj/i. Ibis, vi. 1864, 81 
 (Trinidad).— iowr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1864, 97 (Sombrero).— Srf. PZS. 1864, 172 
 (City of Mexico).— «. <« S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— Alien, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 65.— 
 Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 256.— Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 479 (Texas).— JTo^, Smiths. Eep. 
 for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missouri).- Ztttor. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1865, 174 (Chiriqui).— iaior. 
 Ann. Lyo. N. Y. viii 1866, 285.— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. x. 1866, 251 (Porto Eico) ; J. i. 0. 
 1866, 184 (Porto B.iao).—Mcnwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, m.—Bry. Pr Bost. Soc. xL 1867, 
 91 (San Domingo). -5(ri». PZS. 1867, 136 (Veragua).— iazw. Ann. Lyo. N.Y. ix. 1866, 
 96 (Costa Eica).— Oo«c», Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1868, 375.— Ciwes, Pr. Bost Soc. xiL 1868, 
 111.— IHppe, Am. Nat ii. 1868, 180.— Cooj). Am. Nat iii. 1869, 33 (Dakota).— Ooo^i. ibid. 
 295.— Bjrai). B. E. Pa. 1869,26; Phila. ed. 19.— d. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, 294 (Costa 
 Eica).— JY'TMcft, PZS. 1870, 564 (Trinidad).— S. a S. PZS. 1870, 780 (Merida).— Sa!». 
 PZS. 1870, 183 (Veragua).— A6bo«i, Am. N.it iv. 1870, 538.— Coop. Am. Nat iv. 1870, 
 395, 396, 399.— VyaU, Ibis, 3d ser. i. 1871, 323 (Colombia).— Stec. IT. S. GeoL Snrv. Terr, 
 for 1870, 1871, 463.— CouM, Key, 1872, 110.— Scott, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 1872, 223.— Jfayn. 
 Pr. Bost Soc. xiv. 1872, 369.— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 285.— Aiken, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 
 1872, 197 (Colorado).— GuTwZi. J. f. 0. 1872, 419 (Cuba).- Aifen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 175 
 (Kansas, Colorado, Utah) .—Jlferr.tr. S. Geol. Snrv. Terr. forl872, 1873, 713.— BiiJ^. 
 Ball. Ess. Inst v. 1873, ISO.—Trippe, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 1873, 235.— Oo«cs. BNW. 1874, 
 81, 232.— A!!e«, Pr. Bost Soc. xvii. 1874, 53 (Dakota).— Kerr. Am. Nat viii. 1874, 87.— 
 Packard, ibid. 271.— B. B. a B. NAB. L 1874, 322, figs. pi. 16, f. 1, 5.— Tarr. a Hensh. 
 Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 11 (Dtah).— BcmsA. ibid. 42, 75 —Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. xvli. 
 
 1875, 440.— BeMA. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1676, W9.— Gentry, Life-Hist i. 1876, 172 
 
 Minot, B. N. EngL 1877, 130.— Iferr. Tr. Conn. Aead. i. 1877, 27. 
 
 Setopbaga rutlcella, Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agrio. Soc. i. for 1854, 1855, 682. 
 
 MotacUIa flaricauda, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 997, n. 172 (Edw. pi. 257).— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 615 ( ?). 
 
 Bnticllla amerlcana, Bartr. Trav. Ela. 1st Am. ed. 1791,292. 
 
 Musctcapa flaveola, "Pr.Paulv. Wiint." 
 
 Small American Redstart, Edw. pi. 80. 
 
 Small Black and Orange coloured Bird, Sloane, " Jam. 312, n. 50 ". 
 
 Bed-Start, Bnticllla amerlcana, Ootes. Car. 1. 1771, 67, pi. 67. 
 
 eobe-moucbc d'Am^rlqne, Musclcapa amerlcana, BrUs. ii. 1760, 383, n. 14. 
 
 Petit nolr-aurore, Buff. " iv. 546 ". (PE. 566, f. 1, 2.) 
 
 Oobe-mouche d'Am6rlque, Buff. PE. 566, 1. 1, 2. 
 
 Black-beaded Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 427, n. 18.— Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 398, n. 282. 
 
 Tellow-falled Flycatcher, Bdw. pi. 257 (?). 
 
 Tellow-tail Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 406, n. 301. 
 
 Moucberolle dortf, T. OAS. 1. o. 
 
 Oobe-mouche nolr et anrore, D'Orb.\.c. 
 
 American Flycatcher, Steph. I o. 
 
 1 Sylvia rnsselcauda, T. OAS. ii. 1807, 17, pi. 71.— F. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 266.— Steph Gen. 
 Zool. X 1817, 675. 
 
CHARACTERS OP SETOPHAGJA RUTICILLA 339 
 
 ? Sylvia russicanda, T. Eooy. M6th. ii. 1833, 470, n. 191. 
 
 ? Setopbaga russeicauda, Gray, Handlist, i. 1869, S43, n. 3517. 
 
 1 PauTctte a queue rousse, Y. OAS. 1. o. 
 
 Bougc-queue des Etats-Vnis, F. 11. cc. 1617 and 1833. 
 
 Beddish-tailed Warbler, Steph. 1. o. 
 
 Redstart, American Bedstart, Redstart Flrcatcber, Authors. 
 
 [Note.— The Mguier noir etjaune dc Cayenne, PE. 391, f. 8 (= Flguier noir, Bnff. v. 314 = 
 Bufous and Black Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 493, n. 121 = Motacilla multicolor, Gm . SN. 
 i. 972, n. 109), seems to be near the present species.] 
 
 H\B. — The greater part of temperate North America, especially the East- 
 ern Province. North to Fort Simpson. West to Utah. South through 
 Mexico and Central America, and in South America to Ecuador. Most of 
 the West India Islands. Breeds in most of its United States and all of its 
 British American range. Winters extralimital. 
 
 Ch. sp. — S Nigra, abdomine crissoque albis, lateribus rubra- 
 aurantiacis, alls cauddque rubroaurantio dimidiatis. 9 Olivacea, 
 capite cinerascente, infrh alba, lateribus, alls cauddque flavo 
 notatis. 
 
 S , adult : Lustrous blue-black, the belly, flauks, and crissum white. Sides 
 of the body and lining of -wings rich flame-color, which also often tinges 
 the breast quite across. Basal portions of all the wing-quills, excepting the 
 innermost secondaries, the same rich reddish-orange, brightest on the outer 
 webs, where it forms a conspicuous exposed spot, paler and more extensive 
 on the inner webs. All the lateral tail-feathers similarly colored for half or 
 more of their length, the orange meeting the black abruptly with transverse 
 outline. Bill and feet black. Length, 5-5i; extent, 7|-8; wing, 2J-2|; 
 tail the same ; bill, I ; tarsus, f . 
 
 9 , adult : The black of the male replaced on the upper parts with olive, 
 growing more ashy on the head, on the wings with fuscous, and below with 
 white. Sides rich yellow where the male is orange, the color often tinging 
 the breast across. Orange markings of the wings and tail of the male re- 
 placed by clear yellow. Lores dusky ; eyelids and slight stripe from nostrils 
 to eye whitish. Rather smaller than the male, about equal to the lesser sev- 
 eral dimensions above given. 
 
 i , young : Like the female, but the upper parts more brownish, the tail 
 quite black, and the yellow of the sides brighter. Males changing in the 
 spring to their final plumage are irregularly patched with black in the gen- 
 eral olivaceous and white. 
 
 WHILE the diffierent plumages of this lovely bird are well 
 known, the progress and periods of the changes which 
 the male undergoes remain matters for more precise determina- 
 tion. The female does not change materially in color with the 
 successive moults. The plumage of the young just from the 
 nest is not known. Discrepant statements of authors begin 
 with the first full autumnal feathering. Audubon states that 
 the first year is spent in the garb of the female, the black mot- 
 tling and the vermilion tints not appearing until toward the 
 
340 DIFFERENT PLUMAGES OF THE REDSTART 
 
 second autumn ; that the brilliancy of the perfect dress is 
 acquired the second year; but that they breed and sing the 
 first spring after hatching, just like the full-dress males. Nut- 
 tall says that three years are required to perfect the change, 
 probably basing his remark on Wilson's more detailed observa- 
 tions. The last-named author describes the young males of a 
 year old as almost exactly like the females, but differing in 
 some particulars which he specifies, and adds: — "on the third 
 season, they receive their complete colors ; and, as males of 
 the second year, in nearly the dress of the female, are often seen 
 in the woods, having the same notes as the full-plumaged 
 males, . . . "&c. In another place, bespeaks of finding "both 
 parents of the same nest in the same dress nearly ". Baird and 
 Ridgway, on the other hand, while agreeing that the male is 
 not full-dressed "until about the third year", distinguish the 
 sexes from the very first autumn. 
 
 It is doubtless true, that all the individuals of this species do 
 not go through the successive changes at exactly the same 
 periods ; but, aside from individual perturbations of the pro- 
 cess, the following seems to be the usual course of events : — A 
 male hatched in June, say of 1877, leaves the nest in a plum- 
 age unknown to us. With the first fall moult of 1877, he appears 
 in the garb of the female. At the first spring change, of 1878, 
 he acquires an intensity of coloration that distinguishes him 
 from the female, but has as yet no black or vermilion ; he breeds 
 in this dress at a year old. In the second autumn, of 1878, 
 black appears with the fall change, the tail becoming black. 
 In the spring of 1879, being then not quite two years old, he 
 comes to us in a patchy garb, pure black feathers being inter- 
 spersed among the brown, olive, or slaty of the general plum- 
 age, and the former yellow being heightened to orange. He 
 breeds again in this dress ; the autumnal plumage of the same 
 year, 1879, is not materially different ; and the spring of 1880, 
 his second spring, when he is nearly three years old, gives him 
 the full black, white, and orange attire. Such, at any rate, is 
 the inference from the facts, that each vernal migration em- 
 braces three sets of males : those substantially like the female, 
 without any black or orange ; those like the female, but irreg- 
 ularly patched with pure black, and with heightened yellow ; 
 and those in perfect dress. It does not appear, therefore, that 
 the male gets any pure black until he is a little over a year old, 
 nor that, like the Bobolink, he has a transitory wedding dress. 
 
BEHAVIOR OF THE REDSTART 341 
 
 to be pat on and off each year ; but that the change is pro- 
 gressive from the first, and completed toward the end of the 
 third year. 
 
 The Eedstart shines among the birds that throng the woods 
 in spring, when his transparent beauty flashes like a lambent 
 tongue of flame at play amidst the tender pale green foliage of 
 the trees. The brilliant little meteor glances here and there in 
 seeming sport, with most exuberant vivacity, as if delighted to 
 display in every action of his tiny body the fuU effect of color- 
 contrast, shifting every moment into novel combinations with 
 the cool shade of the background, himself the foremost figure 
 of an animated picture. But with all this grace and elegance, 
 this revelry and waywardness, when color plays the pleasing 
 part of a continual surprise, the Eedstart has an eye to busi- 
 ness, and incessantly pursues the gauzy creatures that furnish 
 food to him and all his kind. You may know him even in his 
 early incompleted dress, and never fail to recognize his less con- 
 spicuous mate, by several characteristic traits. In their un ceas- 
 ing forays on the insect world, they have a fashion of skipping 
 rapidly along the larger horizontal boughs of trees, with lowered 
 bead and drooping wings, and with incessant sidewise flirting 
 of the fan-shaped tail, that best displays its pretty parti-color- 
 ation, the attitude and action being exactly those you have 
 observed in the poultry-yard, when the sultan of the harem 
 pursues a reluctant fugitive. These headstrong raids along the 
 limbs are changed at intervals, when still more buoyant and 
 more dexterous action absorbs the ceaseless stream of the Ked- 
 start's energy ; without a moment's pause, the birds shoot out, 
 to this side 6v to that, and capture insects on the wing in the 
 most spirited manner; they dart in zigzag, generally downward, 
 while the repeated clicking of their mandibles, as turn after 
 turn is executed at seeming random, yet with admirable precis- 
 ion, tells with what success these dashing guerillas wage their 
 warfare. Such raids are made right through the ranks of the 
 airy little insects that swarm in the sunbeams, and at every 
 descent into their midst not one, but many, of the midges meet 
 their fate; the Flycatcher regains his foothold with marvellous 
 celerity, and races as before along the limb, with many a twitter 
 of delight, till he is lost to view. 
 
 The Eedstart's notes are very curious ; though scarcely de- 
 scribable, they are easily learned, and not likely to be forgotten 
 after they have been heard a few times ; and indeed one may 
 
342 SINGING OP THE REDSTART 
 
 listen to them without the slightest difficulty, so incessantly are 
 they uttered during the breeding season. The actions I have 
 endeavored to portray are invariably accompanied by these 
 queer sounds in the intervals between the side-raids after flying 
 insects. They are rather feeble notes to come from so sprightly 
 and energetic a performer, though delivered with much anima- 
 tion and endless repetition. Wilson rendered their ordinary 
 song by the syllables weese, weese, weese, and alludes to several 
 variations of this twitter his ear had learned to distinguish. 
 "Many of these tones," says Nnttall, "as they are mere trills 
 of harmony cannot be recalled by any words. Their song on 
 their first arrival is however nearly uniform, and greatly resem- 
 bles the Hsh Hsh tshee, tslid, tshe, tslie tshea, or Hsh Hsh Hsh HsMtshee 
 of the summer Tellow-bird {Sylvia wstiva), uttered in a piercing 
 and rather slender tone ; now and then also agreeably varied 
 with a somewhat plaintive flowing Hshe HsliS Hsche, or a more 
 agreeable Hsldt 'tshit aHshee, given almost in the tones of the 
 Common Yellow-bird (Fringilla tristis). I have likewise heard 
 individuals warble out a variety of sweet, and tender, trilling, 
 rather loud and shrill notes, so superior to the ordinary lay of 
 incubation, that the performer would scarcely be supposed the 
 same bird. On some occasions the male also, when angry or 
 alarmed, utters a loud and snapping chirp." It is probably to 
 such notes as these last that Wilson alludes in rendering the 
 sound by sic, sic, saic. Audubon attempts to indicate the 
 sounds in still a different way : I quote the whole paragraph, 
 which gives a pleasing glimpse of the bird again. "It keeps 
 in perpetual motion," he says, "hunting along the branches 
 sidewise, jumping to either side in search of insects and larvae, 
 opening its beautiful tail at every movement which it makes, 
 then closing it, and flirting it from side to side, just allowing 
 the transparent beauty of the feathers to be seen for a moment. 
 The wings are observed gently drooping during these motions, 
 and its pleasing notes, which resemble the sounds of teetee-whee, 
 teetee-ichee, are then emitted. Should it observe an insect on 
 the wing, it immediately flies in pursuit of it, either mounts into 
 the air in its wake, or comes towards the ground spirally and 
 in many zig-zags. The insect secured, the lovely Eedstart reas- 
 cends, perches, and sings a different note, equally clear, and 
 which may be expressed by the syllables wizz, wizz, wizz. 
 While following insects on the wing, it keeps its bill constantly 
 open, snapping as if it procured several of them on the same 
 excursion. It is frequently observed balancing itself in the air, 
 
FOOD OP THE REDSTART 343 
 
 opposite the extremity of a bunch of leaves, and darting into 
 the midst of them after the insects there concealed." Gentry 
 likens the song of the Eedstart to that of the Black-and-white 
 Creeper, less prolonged and in a sharper key, and expresses it 
 by the syllables tsi-tsi-tsiwS, the last ending very abruptly. 
 
 The writer last mentioned seems to be the only one who has 
 examined the menu of the Eedstart in detail. He states that 
 he has found the bird feeding at times on fallow ground, and 
 in small bushes as well as among the branches of trees. This 
 novel fact of somewhat terrestrial proclivities on the part of 
 the Eedstart is also attested by a recent writer, Mr. H. D. Minot, 
 who observes that the female obtains much of the food for her 
 young from the ground. Mr. Gentry alludes to the immense 
 numbers of beetles destroyed at first, and to subsequent change 
 of the bill of fare to various other orders of insects, following 
 with the results of his actual examination of the contents of 
 the stomach.* Audubon speaks of its inability to capture 
 wasps, and has drawn his beautiful plate to represent the in- 
 effectual attempts of a Eedstart to seize a wasp which defied 
 the bird by protruding its sting. 
 
 Belonging as it does to a semi-tropical group of Warblers, 
 the Eedstart would be supposed neither to linger with us during 
 the winter, nor to be among the earlier spring arrivals of the 
 country at large. I have no information of the bird as an in- 
 habitant of any part of the United States in winter ; on the 
 contrary, at that season it is present in tropical America as far 
 
 ""We have detected the remains ot Bhynclicenus pini, Bostriulms pini, Cra- 
 tonyehus cinereus, 0. pertinax, Platynus cupripennis, Harpalus compar, Donacia 
 confluenta, Chrysomela ccBruleipennis, among coleoptera; Formica sanguinea, 
 F. subterranea, Apis mellifica, Selandria rosce, S. viti, Megachile centunctilaris, 
 several Helicii and Andrerus, among hymenoptera ; Musca domeslica, Syrpliua 
 otscurtia, Calex tceniorhynchus, Stomoxys caldtrans, Tdbanus lineola, Tipula fer- 
 ruginea, among diptera; Aphis rosce, A. mali, and other ApUidce, t\ie> small 
 spiders that infest the bark, leaves, and flowers of plants ; Tegenaria domes- 
 iica, Epeira diadema, and mature forms of the lepidoptera Harrisina Ameri- 
 cana, Lithosia miniata, Spilosoma Virginica, Penthina pomonella, Orgya leuco- 
 stigma, many of the Noctuidce, Tortricidce, Lyccenidce, and lineidai, with the 
 larvsB of Anisopteryx veriiata, Eufltchia ribearia, Pieris rapes, Colias philodlce, 
 Pieris hrasaicoB, Utetheisa bella, Eudryas grata, Catocolce, cutworms of the genua 
 Agrotis, and others," — yet no hint of indigestion ! We must admit that the 
 Redstart is not only a good hunter, but a voracious and indiscriminate 
 feeder, lilse some other beauties we may know of. Dr. Brewer attests another 
 curious parallel between this bird and other reigning beUes : — "Even when 
 lamenting the loss of a part of her brood, and flying round with cries of 
 distress, the sight of passing insects is a temptation not to be resisted, 
 and the parent bird will stop her lamentations to catch small flies.'' 
 
344 MOVEMENTS OP THE REDSTART 
 
 south even as Ecuador. From such resorts it moves probably 
 in February, as we hear of its reaching our southern border 
 at the beginning of the following month. It does not become 
 generally distributed in this country, howtver, until some time 
 in April, becoming numerous in the Middle districts after the 
 middle of this month, reaching New England and our northern 
 border about the first week in May, and then soon gaining the 
 limits of its northward migration. Its movements are quite 
 regular, and at the height of the season the bird is too abun- 
 dant in all suitable localities to be overlooked. The return 
 movement is rather early, all the birds, as a rule, passing through 
 the Middle districts during the month of September. It is not 
 so common a bird, apparently, in the West as the East, and 
 the nature of the Eocky Mountain region either interferes with 
 the orderly north and south movement, or else obscures our 
 recognition of the periods of migration. It is well known to 
 occur westward into the Middle Province, but has not been 
 observed in the Pacific slopes. North, its range is probably 
 nearly coincident with the limit of large trees ; such extreme 
 of distribution does not seem to be gained until the latter part 
 of May, and its coming must be immediately followed by pairing 
 and nesting, as the eggs have been found at Fort Eesolution by 
 the middle of June. While I was collecting at Pembina, on the 
 Eed Eiver of the North, latitude 49°, during the whole month 
 of June the Eedstarts were very abundant in the heavy timber 
 of the river-bottom, in full song, pairing and nesting, and at 
 the height of their sexual irritability. I never saw it in Ari- 
 zona, nor have the later students of the ornithology of that 
 Territory found it, though we have advices of its occasional 
 appearance in New Mexico, and of its presence in considerable 
 numbers in Colorado and Utah, where it unquestionably breeds 
 at the higher elevations. 
 
 In general, the breeding range may be given as rather more 
 than the northern half of the United States, and all that por- 
 tion of British America which falls within the limits of its 
 migration. It builds a neat, even an elegant nest, usually in 
 an upright crotch formed by several small twigs, like the Least 
 Flycatcher for instance, at an elevation of from five to twenty 
 or more feet from the ground. Nests which I have examined 
 varied greatly, as most birds' nests do, in the materials of which 
 they were composed, though sufficiently similar to preserve 
 their character of small compact structures, with neatly turned 
 brim and deep cavity, about two and a half inches across out- 
 
NEST AND EGGS OF THE EEDSTAET 345 
 
 side, and the same in height. The material is chiefly fine and 
 soft, such as plaut-down and perfectly disintegrated vegetable 
 fibre, and the nests built of such substances are exquisitely 
 soft and homogeneous. There is usually, however, a consider- 
 able mixture of coarser fibrous material, such as bark-strips, 
 with a lining of fine grasses, rootlets, in some cases hair, in 
 others pine-needles. 
 
 A rather curious nest, taken at Eacine, Wisconsin, by Dr. P. 
 E. Hoy, and now preserved in the National Museum, is attached 
 entirely to one side of an upright fork, and setting away from 
 the support altogether, excepting a small part of its circum- 
 ference, which reaches down into the crotch. Another remark- 
 able nest, taken in Massachusetts by Mr. George O. Welch, and 
 described by Dr. Brewer, is a reconstruction of one begun by 
 a pair of Summer Warblers, and either abandoned by the origin- 
 ators, or from which they had been driven away. The Eedstarts 
 built upon this basis, constructing a nest of their own. The 
 base was composed of the downy covering of the under side of 
 fern-leaves, with a few herbaceous stems and leaves; within 
 this was built an entirely distinct nest, composed of long slen- 
 der strips of bark, pine-needles, and grass-stems. In a third nest, 
 found by the same writer in Hingham, Mass., the more usual 
 bark-strips were replaced by hempen fibres, thistledown, bits 
 of newspaper, and other matters. This nest was in a tree stand- 
 ing in an open space near a. dwelling-house ; another was in a 
 swampy thicket, five feet from the ground ; one of the northern 
 nests Dr. Brewer notices was built in low willow-bushes. 
 
 The Eedstart appears to lay usually only four eggs, this being 
 the number in most of the nests I have seen ; but five are often 
 found. The ground-color of the shell is white, and this is quite 
 thickly sprinkled over, but especially spotted at and around 
 the larger end, with usual shades of brown, lilac, and purplish. 
 They have been likened to those of the Summer Warbler, and 
 there is probably nothing about them, or the nest either, that 
 enables one to distinguish them with certainty from those of 
 some other Sylvicolines. My measurements of several speci- 
 mens at the Smithsonian give the range of variation in size from 
 0.60 X 0.49 to 0.70 x 0.51. Dr. Brewer's indicate rather smaller 
 samples ; he states that they vary in length from 0.55 to 0.68 
 of an inch, and in breadth from 0.45 to 0.53. Mr. Minot says 
 that the "four or five eggs of each set usually average .65 X -50 
 of an inch" — a statement that exactly bears out my mea- 
 surements, and is possibly deduced from them. 
 
346 UNCERTAIN SYLVICOLID^, ETC. 
 
 ADDENDUM TO CHAPTER XII. 
 
 The foregoing pages, in which the Sylvicolidce are treated, acconnt for very 
 nearly all the species, real or nominal, of this family, which have been 
 attributed by authors to North America. There remain, however, a few 
 names, alleged or supposed to belong to SylvicoUdce, which I have not been 
 able to identify, or which indicate species wrongly ascribed to North America. 
 These are as follows : — 
 
 MotacUla semltorcinata, Gm. SN. i. 17S8, 972, n. 118.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 598. 
 
 SflTia semitorqaata, Zath. 10. ii. 1790, 542, n. 129.— F. OAS. ii. 1807, 43.— Steph. Gen. Zool. 
 
 X. 1817, 594. 
 Sylvia semi-torqaata, T. N. D. d'H. N. xL 1817, 181.— F. Enoy. M6th. IL 1823, 445, n. 91. 
 Mnlotilta semitorquata, Gray, G. of B. L 1848, 197. 
 Figuier a demi-collier, Buf. "v. 316". 
 Half-collar Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 494, n. 124. 
 
 Hair-coUared Warbler, Perm. AZ. Ii. 1785, 410, n. 311.— Sleph. Sen. ZooL x. 1817, 594. 
 FauTette a demi-colUer, Y. 11 cc. 
 
 Hab. — " Louisiana.'' 
 
 iUotaclUa fulva, Gm. SN.'L 1783, 973, n. 113.— Tart SN. i. 1806, 598. 
 
 SylTla fulva, Zath. 10. iL 1790, 542, n. 130.— F. OAS. iL 1807, 46.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 
 
 726.-7. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 188.— F. Bncy. M6th.ii. 1823, 447, n. 98. 
 Mnlotilta fnlya, ff ray, G. of B. i. 1848, 197. 
 Figuier & gorge jaune, Buf. "v. 317". 
 
 Orange-bellied Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt iL 1743, 495, n. 125.— Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 410, n. 312. 
 Fanvette a gorge Jaane, F. L c. 
 
 Hab. — " Louisiana." Possibly young or autumhal Geothlypia trkhas. 
 
 Motacilla fnsca, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 973, n. 114.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 598. 
 
 SylTla fnsca, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 543, o. 131. 
 
 SylTla grisel colUs, F. OAS. ii. 1807, 29, pi. 87.— F. BT. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 187.— StepA. Gen. 
 
 Zool. X. 1817, 685.— F. Ency. M6th. iL 182J, 447, n. 97. 
 Mnlotilta fusca, Gray, G. of B. L 1848, 197. 
 Flgnler brun-ollTe, Buff. "v. 318". 
 
 OllTe-brown Warbler, Lath. Syn. iL pt ii. 1783, 495, n. 126.— Penn. AZ. iL 1785, 411, n. 313. 
 Fanvette a gorge grise, F. 11. oc. 
 Grey-throated Warbler, Steph. L c. (Not of earlier anthors, whiob is Mot. cana Gm. = 
 
 Polioptila ccervlea.) 
 
 Hab. — " Louisiana." Vieillot says his griseieollis is the same as fusoa of 
 earlier authors, and assigns San Domingo and Porto Rico as habitat, besides 
 " Louisiana ". 
 
 Fanrette verdStre de la Louislane, Buff. "v. 162". 
 
 Black-cap Warbler var. C, Lath. Syn, ii. pt ii. 17a3, 417, n. 5. 
 
 SylTla atricapllla, i. Lath. 10. iL 1790, 509, n. 8. 
 
 SylTla Tirescens, F. OAS. iL 1607, 42.— Steph. Gen. Zool. i. 1817, 650. 
 
 SylTla Tiridicans, F. Ency. M6th. iL 1823, 435, n. 56. 
 
 Greenish Warbler, Steph. 1. c. 
 
 FaoTClte TCrdatrc, F. Enoy. M6th.iL 1823, 435. 
 
 "BiU dusky : top of the head blackish : hind part of neck deep ash-colour: 
 sides and back pale brown, with a tinge of green : wings and tail blackish, 
 edged with brownish green : above the eye a streak of white : throat white : 
 under parts of the body gray. Inhabits Louisiana." 
 
UNCERTAIN SYLVICOLID^, ETC. 347 
 
 Sylvia pnmllla, F. OAS. ii. 1807, 39, pL 100— F. N. D. d'H. H!. xl. 1817, 239 (referred to -S. 
 
 trochilus var. Lath.).— F. Enoy. M6th. li. 1823, 467, n. 175 (ref. to Edw. pL 278, f. 2). 
 Mnlotllta pumila, Oray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196 (= V. OAS. pi. 100). 
 SylTlcoIa pumila, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 308. 
 Fanrette nalne, F. l. c. 1807. 
 Fouillot naln, F. 11. cc. 1817 and 1823. 
 
 Hab. — North America. — See anted., p. 254, note. 
 
 Sylvia bicolor, F. OAS. ii 1807, 31, pi. 90 bia.—Y. N. D. d'H. K. xi. 1817, 16^.—Steph. Gen. 
 
 Zool. X. 1817, 665.— F. Enoy. M6tli. ii. 1823, 431, n. 41. 
 Mniutllta bicolor, Oray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 Fanrette bicolor, F. 1. c. 1817. 
 Fauvette bicolore, F. 1. c. 1823. 
 Blcoloured Warbler, Steph. I. c. 
 
 Hab. — North America. Description indicates a bird like Dendraica ccerulea 
 or Polioptila cmrulea. 
 
 MotaclUa sequinoctlalls, Gm. SK i. 1788, 972. 
 
 Sylvia jectuinoctialis. Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 542, 127.— F. OAS. ii.l807,26,pl.81.— SteiiA. Gen. 
 
 Zool. X. 1817, 606.— F. N. D. d'H. N. xl. 1817, 205.— F. Enoy. M6th. ii. 1823, 458, n. 141. 
 Tricbas sequlnoctialis, Oray, G. of B. i. 1848, 197.— i?p. OA. i. 1850, 310. 
 GeothlypiB aequinoctialis, Oa3>. MH. i. 1850, W.—Sd. Cat. AB. 1861, 21.— Taylor, "Ibis, 
 
 1864, 81 " (Trinidad).— B(J. Kev. AB. 1865, 2H.—B. B. a B. NAB. i. 1874, 296. 
 Sylvia delafleldil, Towns, Journ. Fbila. Acad. vii. 1839, 153 (" California " or " Oregon ").— 
 
 Aud. OB. V. 1839, 307. 
 Tricbas dclalleldii. And. Syn. 1839, 65 ("Nortliern California").— A«d. BA. li. 1841, 81, pi. 
 
 Wi.—Oray, G. of B. i. 1848, 197. 
 Tricbas dclafleldi, Bp. C A. i. 1850, 310 ("California"). 
 Quid Tricbas delafleldil, Beerm. Jonm. Phila. Acad. ii. 1853, 263; PEEE. i. 1859, 40? 
 
 (G. tricRas?). 
 Oeotblypis velatus, Bd. BNA. 1858, 243. 
 Fignier olive de Cayenne, Buff. "v. 315"; PE.685,f.l. 
 Equatorial Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 493, n. 122. 
 Fauvettc olive, F. 11. co. 
 
 Hab. — Cayenne, Trinidad, &c. Ascribed to North America by Vieillot and 
 others. 
 
 Sylvia velata, F. OAS. ii. 1807, 22, pi. 74.— F. N. D. d'H. N. xL 1817, 232.— F. Enoy. M6tli. ii. 
 
 1823, 434, n. 54. 
 Tricbas velata, Sw. Class. B. ii. 1837, 247.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 310.— Burm. " Sjst. TJebers. 
 
 iiL 1856,115". 
 Tricbas vclatus, Oray, G. of B. i. 1848, 197. 
 
 Oeotblypis vclatus, Oal>. MH. i. 1850, 16.-Sa. Cat. AB. 1861, 27.— -Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 223. 
 Geothlypis sequinoctlalis var. velata, B.B.aii. NAB. i. 1874, 296. 
 Tauagra canicnpilia, Sw. " Zool. 111. iii. 18— , pi. 174 ". 
 Sylvia canicapilla, Pr.afaa;. "Beitiil. 18— , 701" (Brazil). 
 Tricbas caniicapiUa, Lesson, EZ. iiL 1840, 134. 
 Fauvctte voil^e, F. IL cc 
 Hab. — Brazil. Ascribed to North America by Vieillot. 
 
 Aegltbina leacoptera. 
 
 Sylvia Icncoptera, F. OAS. il. 1807, 28, pi. 84. 
 Aegitbina leucoptera, Y.—Bp. CA. i. 1850, 311. 
 Mniotilta leucoptera, ffraj/, G.ofB.i.1848,196. 
 
 Not American, and not a Sylvicoline. 
 
CHAPTEE XIII TANAGEES 
 
 Fam. TANAGHID^ 
 
 TANAGEES are amongst the most characteristic birds of the 
 Western Hemisphere, being strictly confined to America, 
 like their near relatives the SylvicolidcB — like the Icteridce, an- 
 other Oscine family — like the Olamatorial family Tyrannidce, or 
 the Picarian tribe of the Hummingbirds, Trochilidce. Though 
 poorly represented in North America, by only a single genus, 
 Pyranga, they abound in species and individuals in the warmer 
 parts of both continents. More than three hundred species are 
 recognized by late authorities, and these are ranged under some 
 sixty or seventy of the genera of modern systematists, or sched- 
 nle-draugliters. These birds are famed for the beauty and 
 variety of their coloration, being among those most frequently 
 exhibited in the show-cases of the bird-stuffers and milliners, 
 as well as on the head-wear of fashionable ladies, who have 
 degenerated into walking advertisements of wretched taxi- 
 dermy in their rage for barbaric ornamentation of their persons. 
 The style used to be to wear plumes selected either for their 
 beauty of coloration or their gracefulness of shape ; but the 
 itch of savagery has broken out with aggravated symptoms, to 
 be appeased with nothing short of an ornithological museum. I 
 once counted the feathers of no fewer than fifteen different 
 kinds of birds on the dress of an Indian squaw ; but then her 
 alleged husband had one necklace of grizzly-bear claws and 
 another of human finger-tips; and circumstances alter cases, 
 yoa know. It seemed to me less singular than the case of 
 another woman whom I examined with some care shortly after- 
 ward, on whose bosom rested a gilt tipped tiger'sclaw, from 
 whose ears depended two claws of the same animal, in whoso 
 hair nestled the greater part of the external anatomy of the 
 bird known as the sbitepoke, and to whose loins a live poodle- 
 dog was tied by a long blue string. Such a toilet, I think, 
 would be still more effective with the rouge and lily-white in 
 streaks instead of layers, and a fish-bone through the nose. 
 348 
 
EUPHONIA ELEGANTISSIMA 349 
 
 It is not that Tanagers are not highly ornamental, but that 
 they are sometimes out of place. — I have already remarked 
 (p. 196) upon the intimacy of relationship between these birds 
 and the Sylvicolidw and FringilUdcB, and I know of no charac- 
 ters whereby a family Tanagridce can be distinguished from 
 these and one or two other recognized families of nine-prima- 
 ried Oscines. Tanagers ordinarily lack the truly conic shape 
 of the bill and angulation of the commissure so often seen in 
 FringillidcB ; but in both families the form of bill is endlessly 
 varied. The bill is usually stouter and more conoidal than it 
 is in the Sylvicolidw, but the exceptions to any such assumed 
 rule are too numerous to warrant its recogition as a means of 
 diagnosis. The wings, tail, and feet offer nothing distinctive ; 
 there are nine primaries, twelve rectrices, and a thoroughly 
 Oscine structure of the tarsal envelope in both of the reputed 
 families, while the proportionate lengths and details of shape 
 of these members are distinctive of neither group. 
 
 The North American representative of the family, Pyranga, is 
 easily distinguished from any other genus of this country, how- 
 ever the case may be inside its own family ranks. 
 
 A beautiful Tanager of the genus Evfphonia has been ascribed 
 to the United States, but on insufficient evidence of its actual 
 occurrence over our border. It was originally described by the 
 Prince Bonaparte as a bird of Mexico, and shortly afterward 
 figured by J. P. Giraud as one of his sixteen new species of 
 birds of "Texas". We are likely to hear of it again, however, 
 at any moment, as an inhabitant of the valley of the Lower 
 Eio Grande or that of the Lower Colorado.* 
 
 'Eiiptaonla elegautlsslnia.— Coelestial Tanager. 
 
 Plpra elegantlsslma, Bp. PZS. 1837, lia (Mexico). 
 
 Gaptaonia elegantlBSlma, dray, "G. of B — , App. 17".— Oass. Pr. Phila. Acad. iv. 1848, 
 
 90 (Xalapa).— Sc!. "CoDtr. Oro. 1851, 93".— Bd. Eep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 330.— Scl. 
 
 PZS. 1855, m.—Sa. PZS. 1856, 272 (synonyma, &B.).—Scl. PZS. 1858, 303 (La Parada),— 
 
 Bd. BNA. 1858, 304; ed. of 1860, Atlas, pi. 71, f.— .— 5rf. PZS. 1859, 364, 378.— S. <8 S. 
 
 Ibis, 1859, 16 — Oo6. J. f. 0. 1860, 331 (Costa Eioa).— ScJ. Cat. AB. 1861, 56.—L(mr. Ann. 
 
 Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 98 (Costa Elca).— ^ci. PZS. 1870, 185 (Veragna) .—Orton, Am. Nat. 
 
 iv. 1871, 714. 
 Enphona elegantlsslma, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 232.- <K«d. Nomencl. At. 1874, 135. 
 Gnphonla ccelestls, Less. Eev. Zool. 1839, a.—Buhus, "Esq. Ornith. 1850, pi. 14" (others 
 
 quote "pi. 8"). 
 Azure-capped Manakin, Plpra salerlcalata, Giraud, Sixt. Sp. Tex. B. 1841, not paged, 
 
 folio 21, n. 10. pi. 5, f. 2. 
 
 Hab. — Mexico and Central America. Said to have occurred in Southern 
 Texas and near San Francisco, Cal. 
 
350 THE GENUS PTEANGA 
 
 Genus PYRANGA VieiUot 
 
 Tanagra, in part, of early antbore. 
 
 Flraoga, YieOXot, OAS. i. 1807, p. iv.—6ray, Handlist, ii. 1870, 60, n. 1731. 
 
 Pyranga, YieiOot, "Analyse, 1816, 32".— F. Gal. Ois. i. 1834, 111.— Sd. PZS. 1856, 123.— 
 
 Bd. BNA. 1858, 300.— JB. B. <£ R. NAB. i. 1874, 438. 
 Phcenisoma, Sw. Class. B. ii. 1837, 384. 
 Fbsenisoma, Bp. 
 Phoenlcosoma, Odb. " Arch. f. Ifaturg. xiii. 1847, 316 " ; Mas. Hein. i. 1850, 24. 
 
 Ohaes. — Bill stout, turgid, conoidal, usually notched at the 
 tip, and with one or more denticulations of the cutting edge of 
 the upper mandible near the middle of the commissure. Eictal 
 bristles well developed. Nostrils basal, the frontal antiae 
 reaching them. Wings lengthened and pointed, the first four 
 feathers subequal and longest. Tail moderate in length, shorter 
 than the wings, slightly forked, but nearly even. Tarsus not 
 longer than the middle toe ; lateral toes about equal, the outer 
 coherent with the middle by nearly all of the length of its basal 
 joint. Sexes more or less unlike in color ; red usually prevail- 
 ing in the male sex. Habits migratory, insectivorous, arboreal ; 
 voice not musical. Eggs spotted (as far as known). 
 
 Pour species of this beautiful genus inhabit the United States, 
 three of them representingas many of the sectionsinto which the 
 genus is divisible according to pattern of coloration. Numerous 
 others are found in the warmer parts of America. These birds 
 have been specially studied of late by Mr. Robert Ridgway,* who 
 has analyzed their characters — more particularly those of the 
 group which includes P. cestiva — with his usual discrimination. 
 
 One of the best known of these birds is the Scarlet Tanager, 
 Pyrangarubra,^ whose encrimsoned body, contrasting with wings 
 
 * On the Uniformly Bed Species of Pyranga, with Description of a New North 
 American Species or Variety [_cooperi']. <^ Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 
 1869, pp. 129-133. See also the excellent schedule of the whole genus, by 
 the same talented writer, in the History of North American Birds, vol. i. pp. 
 432, 435 (1874). 
 
 f Pyranga rabra. — Scarlet Tanager. 
 
 Tanagra rubra, X. SN. L 1766, 314, n. 3 (from Oardirudis eanadenaia Briss. iii. 48, pi 2, £ 5).— 
 Bodd. TabL PE. 1783, 10, pi. 156, f. l.—Qm. SN. 1. pt ii. 1788, 889, n. 3.— Lath. 10. i. 1790, 
 420, n. 3.—Turt. SN. i. 1806, 645.— TFi!». AO. ii. 1810, 42, pi. 11, 1 3, 4.—Bp. Journ. Phila. 
 Acad. iv. 1824, 53.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii 1826, 105.— fox, Newo. Mus. 1827, 158.— 
 Less. Tr. Oro. 1831, 465.— iVu((. Man. i. 1832, 465.— Atid. OB. It. 1838, 388, pi. 354, f. 3. 4.— 
 Peab. Hep. Om. Mass. 1839, 31S. —Tliompa. Vermont, 1853, App. M.—Eead, Pr. Phila. 
 Acad. vi. 1853. 400. 
 
 Pyranga rubra, 7. "OAS. i. 1807, p. iv. pi. l, f. 12 (head)".— a <« JJ. FBA. ii. 1831, 873, 
 fig.— Jord. ed. Wils. i 1832, 192.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 35.—D'Orb. Ois. Cuba, 1839, IS.-Aud. 
 Syn. 1839, 136.- And. B. Amer. iii. 1841, 226, pi. 209.— Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 235.— (Kr. 
 BLL 1844, 135.— Bp.CA. 1.1850, 241.— mio(2ft.Eep. Zufii E. 1853, SZ.—Hoy.PT. Phila. 
 Acad. vi. 1853, 383 (Wisconsin).— Jennie. Tr. riinois Agric. Soo, 1. 1855, 585.— Protten, 
 ibid. 603.— Sd. PZS. 1855, 156 (Bogota) ; 1856, 123 (synonymy, &o.).— Patn. Pr. Ess. 
 Inst 1 1856, S12.— Baj/m. Pr. Phila. Acad. viiL 1856, 292 (Indiana).— Jfo»im. J. f. 0. vi. 
 1858, 270.— Srf. PZS. 1858, 73 (Rio Napo, Ecuador) .-.Bd. BNA. 1858, 30.— Willis, 
 
SYNONYMY OP PYEANGA RUBRA 351 
 
 and tail as black as night, makes him only too conspicuous an 
 object, the never-failing bait to the greed of the mere collector 
 
 Smiihs. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 283 (Nova Scotia).— ilfarteM, J. f. 0. 1859, 215 (Bermudas).— 
 Brew. Pr. Best Soo. vii. 1860, 307 (Cnba),— Barn. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861,436.- 
 Lamr. Ann. Lyo.N.T. vii. 1861, 331 (New Gtanaaa).— Guncii. J. f.O. 1861, 3-28.— &!. 
 CAB. 1862, 80 (Bogota).— Ffrr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, liS.—Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1862, 197 
 (Jamaica).— Tayl. Ibis, iv. 1862, 128 (Plodda).— Boardm. Pr. Bost Soc. ix. 1862, 125 
 (Maine).— Jlfarcft, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, 296 (Jamaica).— -Sc! PZS. 1864, 350 
 (Panama).— Aifen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, eS.—Hoy, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 438 
 (Jlissouri).- Z>re«s. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 479 (El Paso, Tex ).—Mcnwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 
 1866, 86 (Canada West).— iaior. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 286; ix. 1868, 99 (Costa 
 Eica).— (7o«M, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 275.— Cows, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 113 (South 
 Carolina).— Jacisom, Am. Nat ii. 1868, 490.— Sumicft. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 550 (Vera 
 Cruz).— ^). Frantz. J. 1.0. 1869, 229 (Costa Eica). —rurnft. B.B.Pa. 1869, 26; Phila. ed. 
 19.— Salv. PZS. 1870, 1S7 (Veragua).— Brttftin, Zool. Gart. 1871, 17 (Wisconsin).— 
 XHppe, Pr. Ess, Inst. vi. 1871, 117 (Minnesota).— Safe. Ibis, 3d ser. ii. 1872, 316 (Chon- 
 tales).- e«nd;. J. f. 0. 1872, 421 (Caba,).—Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 370.— 5co((, 
 Pr. Bost Soo. XV. 1872, Za.—Coues, Key, 1872, lil.— Allen, Ball. MCZ. iii. 1872, 175 
 (Eastern Kansas).— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 3.—Tnppe, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 1873, 235.— 
 Packard, Am. Nat viii. 1874, 271.— Oottes, BNW. 1874, 82.— i?. B. a B. NAB. i. 1874, 
 435, pi. 20, f. 7, 8.— Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. xvii. 1875, 441.— Gentry, Life-Hist. i. 1876, 177.- 
 Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 27.— Jfinot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 134. 
 
 Flranga rubra, Gray, Handlist, ii. 1870, 60, n. 6835. 
 
 Pyrouga rubra, Bruhin, Zool. Gart xii. 1872, 221. 
 
 Ftaoenlsoma rubra, Sw. Class. B. ii. 1837, 284. 
 
 Fhoenicosoma rubra, Cab. MH. i. 1850, %i.—Gundl. J. f. 0. 185.5, 477; 1861, 409 (Cuba). 
 
 Fboenlcosoma rubrum, Gwb. Nomeuc. Av. ilL 1876, 110. 
 
 f Tanagra ollvacea, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 889, n. 6 (in part, perhaps. Based on the Olivet ot 
 BufiF. iv. 269, and the Olive Tanager of Lath. Syn. ii. pt i. 218, u. 4, and Penn. AZ. ii. 
 1785, 369, n. 238. " Cayenne and New York "). 
 
 Pyranga erytbromelas, Y. N. D. d'H. N. 2d ed. xxviii. 1819, 293. 
 
 Pyranga etytbromelas, V. Ency.M6th.ji. 1823,800. 
 
 Cardinal de Canada, Cardlnalls canadensis, Briat. Om. iii. 1760, 48, pi. 2, f. 5 (sole basis 
 of Tanogra nebra L.). 
 
 Tangara du Canada, Buff. "vii. 350"; PE. 156, f. l.—Less. Man. 1. 1828, 164. [Compare 
 PE.127,f.l.] 
 
 Scarlet Sparrow, Edw. pi. 343. 
 
 Ked Tanager, Lath. Syn. ii. pt i. 1783, 217, n. 3. 
 
 Canada Tanager, Perm. AZ. ii. 178.5, 369, n. 237. 
 
 ? OUtc Tanager, Lath. Syn. ii. pt i. 1783, 218, n. 4.— Pmn. AZ. ii. 1765, 369, n. 238. (" New 
 York." A basis of 2". olivacea Gm. ; may be 9 of this or T. ceativa.) 
 
 Fyranga rouge et nolr, T. 1. c. 1823.— D'Orft. 1. c. 
 
 Scarlet Black-winged Tanager, 5. <£B. 1. c. 
 
 Scarlet Tanager or Black-winged Bed-bird, Aud. \. o. 
 
 Tangara ecarlate, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 278. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern Province of North America, strictly. United States anil 
 adjoining border of the British Provinces (hake Huron, lat. 49° N. — not 59°, 
 as misprinted in my BNW.). West to the borders of the Plains (Kansas 
 and Indian Territory; El Paso, Heermann). Cuba. Jamaica. Mexico. Cen- 
 tral America and South America to Ecuador. Breeds throughout its United 
 States range. Winters extralimital. Not common north of Massachusetts. 
 
 Note. — There is a bitch in the nomenclature of our two Eastern Tanagers, if we must 
 take Linnsens at 1758. He applied the name rubra to each of them in 1766, calling the 
 Scarlet Tanager Tanagra rubra on p. 314, and the Summer Eedbird Mu.scieapa rubra on 
 p. 326. This would leave the term rubra as it stands now, for the Scarlet Tanager ; but 
 he had before called the Summer Eedbird Fringilla rubra, in 1758, p. 181. In strictness, 
 therefore, the name rubra should stand in place of cestiva, for the Summer Redbird. But 
 this is a case in which it seems desirable to relax the stringency of a rule which, if hero 
 put in force, would result in a confusing cbange of nomenclature. 
 
352 SYNONYMY OF PYRANGA ^ESTIVA 
 
 and dealer in bird-skins. I hold this bird in particular, almost 
 superstitious, recollection, as the very first of all the feathered 
 tribe to stir within me those emotions that have never ceased 
 to stimulate and gratify my love for birds. More years have 
 passed than I care to remember since a little child was strolling 
 through an orchard one bright morning in June, filled with 
 mute wonder at beauties felt, but neither questioned nor under- 
 stood. A shout from an older companion — "There goes a 
 Scarlet Tanager!" — and the child was straining eager, wistful 
 eyes after something that had flashed upon his senses for a mo- 
 ment as if from another world, it seemed so bright, so beauti- 
 ful, so strange. "What is a Scarlet Tanager?" mused the 
 child, whose consciousness had flown with the wonderful appa- 
 rition on wings of ecstasy; but the bees hummed on, the scent 
 of flowers floated by, the sunbeam passed across the green- 
 sward, and there was no reply — nothing but the echo of a mute 
 appeal to Nature, stirring the very depths with an inward thrill. 
 That night the vision came again in dreamland, where the 
 strangest things are truest and known the best; the child 
 was startled by a ball of fire, and fanned to rest again by a 
 sable wing. The wax was soft then, and the impress grew in- 
 delible. Nor would I blur it if I could — not though the flight 
 of years has borne sad answers to reiterated questionings — not 
 though the wings of hope are tipped with lead and brush 
 the very earth, instead of soaring in scented sunlight. . . . 
 
 The Summer Eedbird, Fyranga wstiva, though chiefly East- 
 ern in its distribution within the United States, is represented 
 in the Colorado Basin by a variety recently discriminated by 
 Mr. Eidgway ; and the same region affords two other species of 
 this brilliant genus, the histories of which I hope to give with 
 precision and sufficient detail. 
 
 IVesteria Smmsner Redbird 
 
 Pyranga sestlva cooperl 
 
 a. cettiva 
 
 Fringilla rnbra !, L. SN. i. 10th ed. 1758, 181, n. 13 (from Gates, i. 56). 
 
 Mnsclcapa rubra, L. SN. i. 12th ed. 1766, 326, n. 8 (Gates, i. 56 j Edw. 63, pi. 239, f. 2 ; Briss. 
 
 li. 432). 
 Tanagra Eestiva [or aestlva], Gm. sir. i. 1788, 889, n. iS.—Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 422, n. I.—Turt 
 
 SN. i. 1806, 5i5.— was. AO. i. 95, pi. 6, f. 3.—Bp. Jonm. Phila. Acad. 1824, 53.— Bp. Ann. 
 
 Lye. N. T. li. 1826, 105 — ImM. " Preis-Verz. Mex. Viig. 1830, 2 " j J. f. 0. 1863, 56.— Nutt. 
 
 Man. i. 1832, 469 — A.ud. OB. i. 1831, 232 ; v. 1839, 518 ; pi. 44.— Bead, Pr. Phila. Acad. 
 
 Ti. 1853, iOO.—Gosse, Alabama, 1859, 36. 
 
SYNONYMY OF PYEANGA iESTlVA 353 
 
 Fyranga eestira [or aestlva], T. IT. D.d'H. :S. aded. xxviil. 1819, 291; Enoy. M6th. ii. 
 1823, 799.— Bp. PZS. 1837, 117 (Guatemala).— Bp. C&L. 1838, 35.—VOrb. Ois. Cuba, 
 1839, 76.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 136.— Aud. BA. iii. 1841, 222, pL Wi.—IAnsley, Am. .Toum. Sci. 
 xllT. 1843, 2C1 (Conneoticut).— Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. iv. 1848, 90 (Xalapa).— Bj). CA. 
 i. 1850, 241 (includes hepatica,).— Burnett, Pr. Eost. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— Wailea, Eep. 
 Missis. 1854, 319.— fici. PZS. 1855, 150 (Bogot&). —Eennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 18.')5, 
 Sei.-Prattm, ibid. 605.- P«««. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 224 —Sd. PZS. 1856, 123 (syno- 
 nymy, &o.) ; 142 (Chiriqui) ; 303 (Cordova) ; 1858, 73 (Ecuador) ; 3,58 (Honduras) ; 1859, 
 364 (Xalapa) ; 377 (Oaxaca).— id. BNA. 1858, 301.— S. <« S. Ibis, i. 1859, 15 (Guate- 
 mala).— Maj-«e»is, J. f. O. 1859, 215 (Bermudas).- &!. PZS. 1860, 65 (Pallatanga) ; 293 
 (Eamereldas).- Taj/Ior, Ibis, ii. 1860, 111 (Honduras).- Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. xii. 18ii0, 
 140 (Isthmus D»rien).— BreM. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 {Caba). —Qundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 
 328 (Cuba).— iowr. Ann. Lye. N. X. vii. 1861, 207 (New Granada).— Sci. CAB. 1861, 
 80,— Sorn. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436 (Pennsylvania).— (7o«es <6Pr«it Smiths. 
 Eep. for 1861, 1862, 409.— &i. PZS. 1864, 350 (Panama).— AZfen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 
 83.— Koy, Smiths. Eep. tor 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri).- Z)ress. Ibis, gd ser. i. 1865, 479 
 (San Antonio) —Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. viii. 1865, 175 (Chiriqui) ; viii. 1866, 286 (New 
 Tori).— Sci. PZS. 1867, 139 (Veragua) ; 278 (Mosquito Coast).— ioMir. Ann. Lye. N. X. 
 ix. 1868, 99 (Costa Eica).— Oomcs, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 18C8, 113 (South Carolina).— OoMes, 
 Pr. Esa Inst. v. 1868, 275 (New England).— Bwicft. Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 149 
 (Laredo, Tex.).— Aiten, Am. Nat. iii. 1669, 5^8.—lt^dgw. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 130 
 
 (oritioal; "N. to Nova Sootia").—r. Prante. J. f. 0. 1869, 299 (Costa Eica) Turnb. 
 
 B. E. Pa. 1869, 26 ; Phila. ed. 19.— Cooi». Am. Nat iii. 1869, 478 —Sumich. Mom. Bost. 
 Soc. i. 1869, 548 (Vera Cruz) —Mayn. Guide, 1870, 109 (Massachusetts).- S, c6 ,5f. PZS. 
 1870, 836 (Honduras).- Salt;. PZS. 1870, 187 (Veragua).- A66o«, Am. Nat. iv. 1870. 
 536.— Allen, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 56.— Oowcs, Pr. Phila. Acad, xxiii. 1871, 21 (North Caro- 
 Una).— TTyatt, Ibis, 3d ser. i. 1871, 326 (Colombia).— G«nd!. J.f.O. 1872,421 (Cuba).— 
 Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, WS.—Balv. Ibis, 3d ser. ii. 1872, 316 (Chontales).— Ooi«s, 
 Key, 1872, lll,flg. 52", pi. 2, f. 19, 20.— S«ow, B. Kans. 1873, 5— JJidgw. Am. Nat. vii. 
 1873, 199 ; viii. 1874, iOl.—Merr. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, ei.-Coues, BN"W. 1874, S2.—Merr. 
 Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 27 (Connecticut and Ehode Island).— McGauley, Bull. U. S. 
 Geol. Surv. iii. 1877, 662 (Wolf and Canadian Elvers, Texas).— Jfinot, B. N. Engl. 
 1877, 136. 
 
 Pyranga aestlva var. aestlya, B. B. <e B. NAB. xvli. 1875, 441, pi. 20, f. 5, 6. 
 
 Piranga sestlva, Gray, Handlist, ii. 1870, 60, n. 6836. 
 
 Pboenisoma aestlva, Sw. Class. B. ii. 1837, 284.— Cos. J. f. 0. 1860, 329 (Costa Elca). 
 
 Pboenlcosoma aestlva, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. 1850, iS.—Gundl. J. f 0. 1855, 477 (Cuba) i 1861, 
 409 (Cuba). 
 
 Phoenlcosoma aestlvum, G%!i. Nomencl. Av. iii. 1876, 109. 
 
 Tanagra rndis, Sparrm. "Mus. Carls. 178-, pi. 94". 
 
 Tanagra coccinea, Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 46 (name based on PE. 741). 
 
 Pyranga coccinea. Gray, "G. of B. IL 184-, 363". 
 
 Loxla virglnica, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 849, n.,58 (based on the Yellow-bellied Grosbeak of Lath, 
 and Penn., male changing).- X)a«(isn, Tr. Cm. 11. 1800, 383.— 2Y«rt. SN. i. 1806, 518. 
 
 Tanagra mlsslssipensls, 6m. SN. i. 1788,889, n. 23 (based on Buff. "iv. 252"; PE. 741).— 
 Shirt. SN. i. 1806, 5i5.—Licht. " Verz. Doubl.,30 ".— BreArtj, Edbh. Stub. u. Hausvog. 
 1832, 392. 
 
 Pyranga mlssislpenslft, Maxim. J. f. 0. 1858, 272. 
 
 Tanagra varlegata. Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 421, n. 6 (male changing). 
 
 Merula marilandlca, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, 290 bis. 
 
 1 Pyranga livlda, Sw. " Philos. Mag. i. 1627, 438, n. 70 " [fide Gray and Cabanis). 
 
 Summer Bedbira, Edw. "Gl.— , CO, chap. 29, pi. 239, f. 2 ".—And of authors. 
 
 Summer Red-bird, Musclcapa rubra, Oatesby, Car. i. 1771, 56, pi. 56. 
 
 Gobe-moncbe rouge de la Caroline, Musclcapa Carollnensls rubra, Briss. Cm. ii. 1760, 
 432. (Quotes Fringilla rubra Klein. At. 97, n. 9.) 
 
 Tangara dn MIssissipl, Buff. "iv. 252"; or, "v. 63"; or, "vii. 353" (PE.741). 
 
 MIsslsslpi Tanager, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. i. 1783, 218, n. 5. 
 
 Summer Tanager, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 369, n. 236. 
 
 Yellow-bellied erosbenll. Lath. Syn.ii.pt. 1. 1783, 125, n.aa.— Pen». AZ.ii. 1785, 351, n.215. 
 
 Variegated Tanager, Lath. Syn. ii. pt 1. 1783, 219, n. 5, pi. 46. 
 ■i3 B 
 
354 CHAKACTEES OP PIBANGA ESTIVA COOPEEI 
 
 Red Bird, Carver, Trav. ed. of 1796, 315. 
 Fyranga rouge, T. 1. e.—DOrb. 1. o. 
 Hlsslsslpimerle, Brehm, 1. c. 
 Tangara Termlllon, Le Koine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 380. 
 
 Hab.— Eastern Province of the United States. West only to Kansas, the 
 Indian Territory, and Texas, being replaced beyond by var. cooperi. North 
 regularly to the Connecticut Valley {lAnsley, Merriam), casually to Massa- 
 chusetts (Jillson, as quoted by various authors), and even Nova Scotia (auct. 
 Eidgway, spec, in Nat. Mna). Cuba. Jamaica. Eastern Mexico. Central 
 America, and South America to Ecuador and Pern. Breeds throughout its 
 United States range. Winters wholly extralimital. 
 
 6. cooperi 
 Pyranga festiva, ? Woodh. Eep. Zafli K. 1853, 82 (probaUy, in part at least).—? Henry, Pr. 
 
 Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 312 (New Mexico) ; xi. 1859, 106 (Neir Mexico).— Oooj). Pr. Cal. 
 
 Acad. 1861, 162 (Arizona).— Ctoues, Ibis, 2d ser. L 1865, 159 (Sew Mexico).— Ones, Pr. 
 
 Cal. Acad, xviii. 1866, 71 (Arizona, in part). 
 Pyranga hepatlca, Oouee, Pr. Phila. Acad, xvili. 1866, 71 (excl. syns. In part. Intended 
 
 for true hepatica, but wrongly inclades the type-apecimena of var. cooperi). 
 Pyranga cooperi, Eidgw. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 130, fig. (New Mexico and Southern 
 
 Eocky Mountains).- Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 142. 
 Plranga cooperi, Qray, Haudlist, ii. 1870, 61, n. 6847. 
 Pyranga sestira var. cooperil, Coues, Key, 1872, liL fig. S2 li. 
 Pyranga iestlya b. cooperi, Couea, BNW. 1874, 82. 
 Pyranga xstira var. cooperi, B. B. <t B. NAB. i. 1874, 444, pi. 20, f. 1, 2.—Hensh. Eep. Orn. 
 
 Specs. 1874, 60 (Colorado) ; 108 (Arizona).— ffnwA. List B. Ariz. 1875, 151.— Hensh. 
 
 Zool. ExpL W. 100 Merid. " 1875 " = 1876, 239, pis. 2 (d') and 3(9). 
 
 Hab. — Southern portion of the Middle Province of the United States, and 
 southward through Western Mexico. 
 
 Ch. sp. — S Rubra, dorso aliquanfulum obscuriore, remigibus 
 intus fuscis. 9 Flavo-olivaeea, subtus ochraceo-flava, remigibus 
 intus fusois. f, 9 Major P. cestivd, rostro rohustiore, alis cauda- 
 que longioribus. 
 
 <J , adult : Red, more rosy or more vermilion according to age, season, or 
 vigor, paler below than above, the back rather darker than the head. Tail- 
 feathers about like the back. Inner webs of the wing-qnills and ends of 
 the longer ones fuscous. Eather larger than typical cestiva, the wings and 
 tail longer, the bill rather larger and inclining to be of a darker color. 
 Length, 8-8i; extent, 13-13i ; wing about 4; tail about 3f ; bill, J-|; 
 tarsus, f . 
 
 9 , adult : Yellowish-olive above, bufly-yellow below ; tail nearly like the 
 back ; wings fuscous, edged with the color of the back. Eather less than 
 the male. 
 
 The young male resembles the female. Males changing are irregularly 
 patched with the colors of the two sexes. 
 
 This form is extremely near true (estiva, and some of the diagnoses which 
 have been prepared seem to rather force the distinguishing marks. These 
 consist in the rather superior size, seen chiefly in the dimensions of length 
 and extent, the tail being on an average abont half an inch longer than that 
 of P. ceattva, and the wing differing not quite so much. The bill is rather 
 larger, and especially longer, nearly or quite equalling the length of the 
 tarsus, instead of decidedly less. Specimens from Texas and Middle Mexico 
 are conceded to be intermediate. 
 
SYNONYMY OF PYRANGA HEPATICA 355 
 
 COOPEE'S Tanager h.ad been noticed by several observers 
 who considered it identical with the common Summer 
 Kedbird, before its peculiarities were pointed out by Mr. Eidg- 
 way. The basis of bis original description was a pair of adult 
 birds, male and female, which I collected on the Eio Grande, 
 near Albuquerque, in June, 1864 : and from the same specimens 
 thehaudsome plates which illustrate Mr. Henshaw's report above 
 quoted were prepared. Dr. Cooper had previously found the 
 bird to be "quite common" at Fort Mojave after the latter part 
 of April, among the tall cottonwoods along the Colorado Eiver. 
 It has also been noticed in Arizona by Mr. Henshaw, who found 
 it on the Gila Eiver, and among the San Francisco Mountains. 
 The bird unquestionably breeds in Arizona and New Mexico, 
 and in fact these Territories represent nearly its northern limit ; 
 Mr. Henshaw, however, records a specimen procured at Denver, 
 Colorado. Southward, the bird is said to extend along the west 
 coast of Mexico to Colima. The notes that we possess respect- 
 ing its habits are fragmentary ; and, as far as they go, indicate 
 no difference in such regard from the ordinary Summer 
 Eedbird. 
 
 The Hepatic Tanager 
 
 Pyranga taepatica 
 
 Pyranga hepatica, Sw. "Philos. Mag. i. 1837, 438, n. 71 ".—Sd. PZS. 1856, 124 (synonymy, 
 &o.) ; 1857, 213 (Orizaba) ; 1858, 303 (Parada) ; 1859, 364 (Xalapa) ; 377 (Oaxaca).— 
 Bd. BNA. 1858, 303 i atlas to ed. of 1860, pi. —.-Eenn. PEEK. x. 1859, Whipple's Eoate, 
 Birds, 30, pi. 31 (San Francisco Mountains, Arizona). — Hetiry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 
 106 (New Mexico).— S. <e 8. Ibis, 1859, 15 (Guatemala).— &?. PZS. 1864, 173 (City of 
 Mexico). — Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple, Arizona. In part ; in* 
 eludes coopen).—Salv. PZS. 1867, 139 {Yeiignsi,). —Bidgw. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1869, 132 
 (monographic).- Ooop. B. Cal. 1. 1870, 144, &ga.— Ooues, Key, 1872, 112, fig. S3.— Brew. 
 Pr. Best Soc. xvi. 1873, 108 (eggs!).— B.B. <« iJ. NAB. i. 1874, 440, pi. 20, f. 9, 10 ; iii. 
 1874, 508 (eggs !). — Senth. Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 108 (Southern Arizona) — Sensh. 
 List B. Ariz. 1875, 157.— iSensA. Zool. ExpL W. 100 Merid. " 1875 " = 1876, 237. 
 
 Piranga bepatlca, Gray, Handlist, ii. 1870, 60, n. 6838. 
 
 Phoentcosoma hepatica, Cab. Mns. Hein. i. 1850, 25. 
 
 Ftaoenlcosoma hepaticum, Qieb. Nomencl. At. iii. 1876, 110. 
 
 Fyranga azarse, Woodh. Eep. ZuQl E. 1853, 82 (San Francisco Monntaina, Arizona; first 
 introduced to U. S. fauna. Not of authors). 
 
 Tanagra dentata, LicM. "Mus. Berol." 
 
 IlTer-colored Tanager, Coop. 1. c. 
 
 Hepatic Tanager, Coves, 1. c. 
 
 Hab. — Southern Eocky Mountain region of the United States (New Mexico 
 and Arizona). Southward through Mexico to Guatemala. 
 
 Ch. sp. — S 9 Bostro nigro-plumbeo, tomio maxillari dentato. 
 S Dorso griseo-fuseo rubricato, pileo brunneo-rubro, alls caudd- 
 que fusds mbro-limbatis ; infra rubra, laleribus obscurioribus. 
 
356 CHARACTERS OF PYRANGA HEPATICA 
 
 ? Oriseo olivacea, alls eauddque fusds, pileo, uropygio, margini- 
 husque alarum et caudce flavicantibus ; infra flavicans, lateraliter 
 obsmirior. 
 
 S, adult: Upper parts brownish-asby, intimately mixed witb dull red; 
 top of the bead, upper tail-coverts, and edgings of the wings and tail 
 
 brighter brownish-red. Inner webs 
 and ends of the wing-quills dusky; 
 tail-feathers throughout decidedly 
 tinged with red. Sides of the head 
 like the back; edges of eyelids ted. 
 Below bright red, the sides and flanks 
 shaded with the color of the back, 
 many feathers often also with ashy 
 Fig. 45.-Hepatio Tanager, nat. size. gfeirting. Bill and feet blackish-plum- 
 beous, the cutting edge of the upper mandible furnished with a tooth more 
 prominent than in most species. Length about 8 inches ; wing, 4 ; tail, 3J ; 
 bill, f ; tarsus, f . 
 
 9 , adult : Bill and feet as in the g . Upper parts greenish-olive, with an 
 ashy-gray tinge, the crown and rump clearer and more yellowish-olive. Sides 
 of the head like the back. Beneath yellow, clear and nearly pure medially, 
 shaded on the sides with the color of the back, sometimes brightening almost 
 into orange on the throat. Qnills and tail fuscous, with olivaceous-yellow 
 edgings, the former darker than the latter. 
 
 Young g : Like the 5 ; in males changing, the characters of the two sexes 
 are confused. 
 
 Very young : There is an earlier streaky stage, before the assumption of a 
 plumage like that of the female. The upper parts are grayish-brown with 
 an olive tinge, the lower parts grayish- white with a yellowish shade, both 
 everywhere streaked with dusky. Wings and tail like those of the adult $ , 
 but the former with oohraceous bands across the ends of the greater and 
 middle coverts. 
 
 DURING Capt. L. Sitgreaves's expedition down the Zuni and 
 Colorado Eivers — an excursion well known to ornitholo- 
 gists through the important article on birds which forms part 
 of the published report — Dr. S. W. Woodhouse observed this 
 beautiful Tanager In the San Francisco Mountains, and secured 
 a fuU-plumaged male, adding to the then recognized fauna of 
 the United States a species long before described by Mr. Swain- 
 son as a bird of Mexico. In 1858, Baird recorded a second 
 specimen from Fort Thorn, New Mexico; and, in 1866, 1 wrote 
 of the bird as a summer resident in the vicinity of Fort Whip- 
 ple, Arizona, where it arrives during the latter part of April. 
 In 1874, Dr. Brewer spoke of Woodhouse's original as the only 
 specimen known at that time to have been found within the 
 limits of the United States, adding, by a still more curious lapse, 
 
HABITS OF THE HEPATIC TANAGEE 357 
 
 that the species "probably" extends into the mountainous por- 
 tions of the United States. 
 
 Meanwhile, however, in 1873, Mr. Henshaw had been busy 
 with birds in Arizona, and had taken a female specimen at 
 Camp Apache, Arizona, as noted by Mr. Eidgway in the appen- 
 dix of the work last mentioned. There this Tanager was not 
 rare; perhaps half a dozen individuals were seen in the course 
 of one afternoon, in a grove of oaks that skirted some pine 
 woods. The birds were very shy, and seemed to be gleaning 
 insects amidst the foliage of the oaks. The following year, 
 when Mr. Henshaw was again upon the spot, he made the Tan- 
 ager out to be an abundant inhabitant of the pineries, and his 
 observations represent nearly all that we know of its habits. 
 At the date of his enquiries into its mode of life, July 12, it was 
 doubtless nesting; but he was not successful, after a long 
 search, in discovering the nest, though he carefully watched 
 the birds as they moved about the tops of the pines in their 
 search for insects, occasionally sallying out to capture them on 
 the wing. He heard no song, nor indeed any notes whatever, 
 excepting the call-note of both sexes, resembling a repetition 
 of the syllables chucic, chuclc. On the 21st of the same month, 
 young just from the nest were taken, in oak woods near Eock 
 Canon; and the Tanagers were seen at short intervals along his 
 line of travel from Camp Apache to Camp Crittenden, near the 
 Mexican line, during the rest of July and the whole of August. 
 These Tanagers showed affectionate solicitude for their unfor- 
 tunate brood; after an angry remonstrance against his sum- 
 mary proceedings, during which they flew close to him amongst 
 the lower branches, they led the survivors tenderly away to a 
 place of safety. Some old nests which Mr. Henshaw found at 
 Eock Canon closely resembled those of the Scarlet Tanager in 
 their situation and structure, being composed mainly of coarse 
 rfeotlets and dried plant-stems, with lining of similar but finer 
 materials; and the rather slight unsubstantial fabrics were 
 placed at the end of low horizontal branches of oaks. During 
 the latter part of August, the birds seemed to leave the pine 
 woods and to become more generally dispersed, some among 
 the deciduous trees along the streams, but the majority amidst 
 groves of oaks. They all appeared to have left for the South 
 by the end of September; but Mr. Henshaw had improved the 
 occasion by securing some twenty specimens. 
 
 The known range of the Hepatic Tanager in the United 
 
358 SYNONYMY OF PYEANGA LUDOVICIANA 
 
 States is thus limited to a small portion of our Western terri- 
 tory, in the Colorado Basin, and near the Mexican boundary 
 line. In the opposite direction, the record I have compiled 
 shows that the bird has been found as far south as Guatemala, 
 and in various Mexican localities, as Orizaba, Xalapa, Oaxaca, 
 and elsewhere. 
 
 In the Boston Societ.y's "Proceedings" for May 21, 1873, p. 
 108, Dr. Brewer describes two eggs from Captain Bendire's 
 collection, attributed to Pyranga hepatica. These are noted as 
 being of "an oblong oval shape, rounded and nearly equal at 
 either end", one measuring 1.02 by 0.67, the other 0.95 by 0.70; 
 the ground-color pale light green ; in one case sparingly marked 
 all over with distinct and conspicuous blotches of purplish- 
 brown, in the other instance covered with finer dottings of the 
 same color, so numerous as to obscure the green. So runs the 
 ostensible record; but in the Appendix to the "History of 
 North American Birds" (iii. 1874, 508), the resemblance of these 
 eggs, as well as of the nest, to those of P. wstiva is noted ; and, 
 as no skins of the parent were preserved, it is not improbable 
 that the specimens may have really appertained to P. cooperi, 
 and have been wrongly identified as those of P. hepatica. 
 
 Crimson-headed Taraager 
 
 Pyranga IndoTlciana 
 
 Taaagra IndorlciaDa, Wils. A.O. iii. 1811, 27, pi. 20, f. l.— Bp. Journ.Phila. Acad. iT.1824, 
 54 (critical).— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1H26, 105 (subg. Pyranga).— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 
 471. — Omith. Oomm. Joum. Phila. Acad, vil 1837, 193 (Columbia River).— .^Md. OB. 
 It. 1838, 385 ; v. 1839, 90 1 pi. 354, figs. 1, 2, 400, f. i.— Towns. Jonm. Phila. Acad. viii. 
 1839, 1S4. 
 
 Frranga Indoriciana, Rich. Eep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1830, 1837, m.—Bp. PZS. 
 1837, 116 ((Jaatemala).— Bj). CGL. 1838, 35.—Aud. Syn. 1839, 131.— Aud. BA. iii. 1841, 
 231, pi. ilO.—Bp. CA. i. 1850, 241.— Sc!. PZS. 1856, 124 (synonymy, &c.) ; 1857, 213 
 (Orizaba) ; 1859, 377 (Oaxaca).— .Bd. BNA. 1858, 303.— Xon(. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 
 191.— S. c6 S. Ibis, i. 1859, 15 (Guatemala).— Beerm. PEEK. x. 1859, Si.— Coop. <& Suckl. 
 NHWT. 1860, l^.—Bayd. Tr. Amer. Philoa. Soc. xii. 1862, 161.— Scl. PZS. 1862, 19 
 (Parada).— OoMes, Pr. Phila. Acad, xviii. 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple) ; 1868, 83 —Brovm, 
 Ibis, 2a ser. iv. 1868, 420 (Vancover).— Ooop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 33.— Sumich. Mem. 
 Bost. Soc. i. 18C9, 550 (Vera OTuz).—Ooop. B. Oal. 1. 1870, 145, &g.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. 
 iii. 1872, 175.- OoM«s, K6.y, 1872, lli.—Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 198.— Jfwr. V. S. 
 Gedl Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 678, 712, lU.-Ooop. Am. Nat. yiii. 1874, n.—Oomstock, 
 Am. Nat. viii. 1674, le.-Ooties, BNW. 1674, 83, 232.— B. B. a B. NAB. ii. 1874, 437, pi. 
 20, f. 3, 4.—Yarr. <6 Semh. Eep. Om. Specs. 1874, IZ.Senah. Eep. Om. Specs. 1874, 43, 
 60, 78, lOT.-NeU. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvli. 1875, 357 (California).— flensft. List B. Ariz. 1875, 
 151.Sensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 235. 
 
 Plranga ludovlciana, Gray, Handlist, ii. 1870, 60, n. 6839. 
 
 Phoenlcosoma Indoylclanum, (?ic6. Nomencl. Av. iii. 1876, 110. 
 
 Pjranga erytbropls, Yieill. N. D. d'H. N. 2d ed. ixviii. 1819, 291.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 
 1823, 799. 
 
CHARACTERS OF PYRANGA LUDOVICIANA 359 
 
 Tanagra Columbians, Jard. " ed. "Wils. i. 317 " (fide Sol.). 
 
 Tanagra columblanns, Brewer's ed. Wils. 12mo. Boston, 1840, p. 207, &g. 93. 
 
 Louisiana Tanager, Auci. 
 
 Pyranga a face rouge, F. 1. o. 1823. 
 
 Hab. — Upper Missouri region and eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mount- 
 ains to the Pacific. South through Mexico to Guatemala. Scarcely observed 
 north of the United States (Vancouver, Brown). Breeds in its United States 
 range. Winters extralimital. 
 
 Ch. sp. — S Flava; dorso medio, caudd alisque nigris, alis 
 flavo bifasciatis ; capiterubro. 9 Olivacea, infra flava lateraliter 
 obscurior, caudd alisque fusois olivaceo-Umbatis, alis albo-notatis. 
 
 $ , adult : Middle of the back, wings, and tail black, the wings crossed 
 by two yellow or yellowish-white bars on the ends of the greater and middle 
 coverts, and the inner secondaries marked with white or yellowish. Head all 
 around scarlet or even crimson, the color extending diluted on the breast. 
 Other parts bright yellow, generally purest on the rump. Iris brown ; bill 
 horn-color ; legs livid bluish. Length about 7 inches ; wing, 3^4 ; tail, 
 2i-3i; bi]l,f ; tarsus, |. 
 
 $ , adult : Above olive, darker and somewhat ashy-shaded on the middle 
 of the back, clearer and brighter on the rump and crown. Below greenish- 
 yellow, shaded with olive on the sides. Wings and tail fuscous, with edg- 
 ings of the color of the upper parts, the greater and median coverts tipped 
 with white or yellowish, and the inner secondaries edged with the same. 
 Averaging rather less than the $ . The bird lacks the buffy shades charac- 
 teristic of the $ of the P. (estiva group, besides being decidedly smaller. 
 The general coloration, iu its clear olive and yellow, is exactly that of P. 
 ruira 9 , from which it is distinguished by the conspicuous white or yellow 
 markings on the wings, ro trace of which occurs in P. rubra, though the 
 latter not seldom has red bars across the ends of the coverts. 
 
 The S at first resembles the 9 , and in the progress toward maturity every 
 possible gradation between the two is presented. The distinctive dark dorsal 
 area, and traces at least of the red of the head, soon appear. In a usual 
 condition of incomplete dress, the black of the back ia mixed with gray or 
 olive, the yellow of the back of the neck is obscured, that of the under parts 
 is shaded with olive, and the head is only partly red. The adult 9 differs 
 less ; but some dull summer specimens are found with the back quite gray, 
 and the pale yellowish of the under parts overlaid with gray. It does not 
 appear that the 9 ever acquires a trace of red on the head. 
 
 LONG before Nuttall and Townsend's journey to the Colum- 
 bia had contributed so many new species of birds to the 
 respective publications of these authors and of Audubon, the 
 still more venturesome and memorable travels of Lewis and 
 Clarke had resulted in enriching Wilson's Ornithology with 
 three remarkable novelties — Clarke's Crow, Lewis's Wood- 
 pecker, and the Louisiana Tanager. These birds, Wilson says, 
 "were discovered in the remote regions of Louisiana"; that is, 
 
360 DISTRIBUTION OP CRIMSON-HEADED TANAGER 
 
 "the extensiTO plains or prairies of the Missouri, botweeu the 
 Osage and the Mandan nations", and were given a "distin- 
 guished place" in his work, ''both as being, until now, alto- 
 gether unknown to naturalists, and as natives of what is, or at 
 least will be, and that at no distant period, part of the western 
 territory of the United States". Wilson seems to have handled 
 three specimens of the Tanager, one of which has gone on record 
 as "Peale's Museum, No. C236". With the mutations of poli- 
 tics, and the shifting of political boundaries, the name of the 
 Louisiana Tanager, like that of some other animals called ludo- 
 viciana, has become inappropriate ; but in maps of the period, 
 the letters "Louisiana" stretched clear across the present 
 northern bouudary of the United States into British America. 
 
 Wilson had no information to the point, respecting the habits 
 of this Tanager, nor does the locality in which Lewis and Clarke 
 discovered it appear to be known with precision. It was prob- 
 ably farther west than Wilson indicated ; for the bird is not 
 known to extend eastward beyond the extreme foot-hills of the 
 Eocky Mountains, being a woodland inhabitant to which the 
 prairie stretches offer a barrier not likely to be surpassed. 
 While connected with Lieutenant (now General) G. K. Warren's 
 Exploration, Dr. F. V. Hayden took the bird in the Black Hills 
 of Dakota and at Laramie Peak ; these points representing its 
 easternmost extension, for all that we know to the contrary. 
 Westward it stretches to the Pacific, at least iu all suitable 
 localities ; but its attachment to mountainous tracts is wit- 
 nessed in its apparent absence from large areas within the gen- 
 eral limits of its distribution. It has not been ascertaiiied to 
 penetrate much, if any, beyond the northern borders of the 
 United States ; but in the other direction it extends through 
 Mexico, in suitable tracts of country, and into Central America, 
 where Mr. Salvia has found it at elevations of some five 
 thousand feet. 
 
 It is migratory, like all the other Tanagers of this country, 
 and withdraws altogether from our territory in the autumn, 
 probably during the latter part of September and early in the 
 following month, to reenter the United States in the month of 
 April. Its summer home or breeding range is coextensive with 
 the whole of our country, as far as latitude alone is concerned, 
 and its winter resorts include a considerable portion of Mexico, 
 as well as of regions farther south. I do not know whether or 
 not any of the birds nestle in Mexico, but presume that some 
 
DISTRIBUTION OP CRIMSON-HEADED TANAGEE 361 
 
 may do so, in higher or northerly portions at least. The gen- 
 eral tide of the spring migration, however, brings the species 
 over our border, and distributes the individuals composing it 
 from the mountainous portions of New Mexico and Arizona to 
 latitude 49° north at least, if not a little farther in slightly ele- 
 vated districts near the Pacific coast. 
 
 We had no news of this Tanager for a long while after Wilson 
 figured and described it from the "frail remains" that Lewis 
 and Clarke furnished him. In editing Wilson's work, Sir 
 William Jardine found it "impossible to decide the generic 
 station of this bird"; and thought it probable that British col- 
 lections possessed no example of the rare species. In fact, the 
 first additional specimens known to naturalists appear to have 
 been those brought in by Nuttall and Townsend; while the 
 accounts which these naturalists gave are nearly the whole basis 
 of Audubon's article upon the subject. In later times, Drs. 
 Cooper and Suckley came to be our principal authorities on the 
 habits and distribution of the species ; their observations were 
 published in full in the twelfth volume of the Pacific Railroad 
 Eeports, or the "Natural History of Washington Territory", 
 and the first-named of these authors also gave a supplement- 
 ary notice in the "Ornithology of California". I extracted 
 the gist of these accounts for the "Birds of the Northwest", 
 having very little information of my own to offer, and would 
 refer to that publication for the details in question. 
 
 The records just mentioned, to which that left by the late Mr. 
 J. K. Lord, from observations in the extreme Northwest, may be 
 added, represent nearly all the written history of the beautiful 
 bird — one conspicuous even among this brilliant family for the 
 striking color-contrasts which the rich yellow, intense crimson, 
 and jet-black afibrd — down to a most recent period. Within 
 the past few years, Mr. Allen, Mr. Eidgway, Mr. Henshaw, and 
 Mr. Trippe are among those who have contributed to the full 
 exposition of the economy of the species. The memoranda of 
 both the first and last-named of these gentlemen already enrich 
 the pages of the "Birds of the Northwest", through the per- 
 sonal attentions of these valued correspondents of mine. 
 
 In Southern Colorado, Mr. Henshaw found the Louisiana 
 Tanager in small numbers among cottonwoods along the 
 streams, at an elevation of about 7,500 feet, and much more 
 abundantly among the pines, up to 9,000 and even 10,000 feet 
 above sea-level. He afterward observed that it was common in 
 
362 HABITS OF THE CEIMSON-HEADBD TANAGER 
 
 Southern Arizona, and found it lingering along the Gila Eiver 
 even so late as the middle of October, at which time nearly all 
 these birds had migrated southward. As others, had done, he 
 noted the close similarity that obtains between this and the 
 Scarlet Tanager: — "It is busy the whole time gleaning from 
 among the pines and spruces the larger beetles and insects which 
 infest them, and generally keeps well up among the higher 
 branches, whence it makes its presence known by occasional 
 bursts of melody." 
 
 Mr. Eidgway's interesting observations, made during his con- 
 nection with the important survey of the 40th parallel, conducted 
 by Clarence King, esq., were communicated to Dr. Brewer. The 
 sweet song of the Western Tanager, which sounded quite like 
 that of the Scarlet Tanager, attracted his attention whilst he 
 was amidst the pines of the Sierras Nevadas, and he constantly 
 met with the bird in wooded districts, whether among the wil- 
 lows and cottonwoods of the river valleys, or the cedars and 
 pinones of mountain ranges. It was abundant in May among 
 the thickets of Salix and "buffalo-berries" of the Truckee 
 Valley, near Pyramid Lake, where it feeds upon the buds of 
 the "grease- wood" (a species of Obione, perhaps 0. canescens), 
 with the Black-headed Grosbeak and Bullock's Oriole. Later 
 in the summer, the peculiar querulous notes of young birds were 
 heard in the coniferous woods of the East Humboldt Mountains; 
 and in September the birds were noticedJn the thickets along 
 the tributaries of the Humboldt Eiver, where they were feed- 
 ing upon the pulpy iruit of a kind of haw {Cratwgus), which 
 grows plentifully in that region, in company with Picus gaird- 
 neri, Golaptes mexicanus, Cedarbirds, both kinds of Crossbills, 
 and various other species. The close correspondence in habits 
 and manners which exists between this Tanager and P. rubra 
 was noted, as was also the similarity of the songs of the two 
 species; but, regarding the call-notes of P. ludoviciana, Mr. Eidg- 
 ■way observes that "its usual note of plit-it is quite different 
 from the chip a-ra'-ree of the P. rubra". 
 
 The same ornithologist found a nest and eggs of the Louis- 
 iana Tanager in Parley's Park, Utah, on the 9th of June, 1869. 
 This nest, says Dr. Brewer, " was on the extreme end of a hor- 
 izontal branch of a pine, in a grove, flat, and with only a slight 
 depression having a diameter of four and a half inches, with a 
 height of only an inch. It was composed externally of only a 
 few twigs and dry wiry stems, and lined almost entirely with 
 
HABITS OF THE CEIMSON-HEADED TANAGER 363 
 
 fine vegetable rootlets ". Such description of the nidification 
 shows that the nesting is quite the same as that of the Scarlet 
 Tanager. A set of eggs collected by Mr. Eidgway, and exam- 
 ined by me in the National Museum, differs noticeably from those 
 of other Tanagers of this genus, the ground-color being much 
 clearer green, and more sparingly marked by mere dots of very 
 dark purplish-brown. A few points appear over the whole sur- 
 face, but the tendency of the markings is to aggregate at the 
 larger end, where the spots nevertheless remain perfectly dis- 
 tinct, though so numerous. In size and shape, these eggs are 
 not very different from those of P. rubra, though appearing 
 rather more rounded if not actually larger. Dr. Brewer's mea- 
 surements give a length of 0.95, with a greatest breadth of 
 0.66; eggs of P. rubra, he states, range from 0.90 to 1.00 in 
 length, with an average diameter of 0.65. The number of eggs 
 laid by the Louisiana Tanager is said by the same author to 
 be usually three; but as the number of instances from which 
 this average is deduced is not stated, we are free to infer that 
 the clutch may ordinarily consist of four or five eggs, as is the 
 cape with the Scarlet Tanager. 
 
 Thus it seems to be established that the habits and manners 
 of the Louisiana Tanager differ in no wise from those of the 
 Scarlet Tanager, and that its singing and nesting are much the 
 same, though there may be some peculiarity of its call-note, 
 and though the eggs, to judge from the few that have fallen 
 under the notice of naturalists, are recognizably different. It 
 is scarcely necessary, therefore, to add my own experiences with 
 this bird : these would only confirm the conclusions drawn from 
 what has gone before. But in closing another chapter of the 
 "Birds of the Colorado Basin" — a work that has haunted and 
 besought me for a decade of years, since the destruction of my 
 old Arizona manuscripts, as a spirit that would not be laid, and 
 is now become embodied — I am happy to recall, with something 
 of its early freshness, the picture of this brilliant bird, set in 
 the sad-hued foliage of the pine trees, just as a sunny spot 
 breaks here and there amongst the closely-crowded memories 
 of a sombre past. 
 
CHAPTEE XIV.— SWALLOWS 
 
 eam. hirundinidj: 
 
 Chaes. — Swallows are Jissirostral Oscine Passeres with nine 
 primaries. — Bill short, broad, flat, somewhat triangular, deeply 
 cleft, the gape wide and about twice as long as the culmen, the 
 mouth thus opening to about beneath the eyes. This is the 
 strongest character of the family in comparison with its Oscine 
 allies, and one perfectly distinctive, though some genera of 
 Hirundines, especially Progne, approch the Ampelidce in the 
 form of the bill. The bill narrows rapidly to the compressed 
 acute tip. Nasal fossse short and wide; nostrils directed later- 
 ally or upward, sometimes circular and completely exposed, 
 sometimes scaled over. Culmen convex, scarcely a third as 
 long as the head ; tip of upper mandible overhanging, usually 
 nicked. Eictus smooth (or with a few inconspicuous bristles?). 
 Wings extremely long and strong, the pinion bearing only nine 
 primaries, the first of which equals or exceeds the second in 
 length, the rest being so rapidly graduated that the ninth is 
 scarcely or not half as long as the first ; secondaries and 
 their coverts also very short ; all these quill-feathers broad and 
 stout. An acute, thin-bladed, and somewhat falcate wing, of 
 surpassing volatorial power, results from these modifications. 
 Tail of 12 rectrices, perhaps abnormally only 10, usually forked, 
 or at least emarginate, and often deeply forficate, the outer- 
 most feathers being in this latter case narrowly linear in shape 
 for a considerable distance. Feet short, small, and weak, ill- 
 adapted to secure foothold, and very badly formed for walking 
 — Swallows scarcely use their feet for locomotion, relying 
 mainly upon their prowess of pinion. The tarsal envelope 
 thoroughly Oscine in structure, being scutellate in front and 
 laminate behind ; it is sometimes partially, or almost entirely 
 feathered; the tarsi are commonly shorter than the lateral 
 364 
 
CHAEACTEES OF HIRUNl^INID^ 365 
 
 toes. The digits possess the normal number of phalanges ; 
 the basal phalanx of the middle digit is commonly coherent 
 with one or both lateral toes ; the hallux is ordinary, and not 
 reversible. The digits are commonly naked and scutellate, 
 rarely feathered to the claws. The claws are comparatively 
 strong, compressed, well-curved, and acute, apt for clinging. 
 The plumage is soft, smooth, and l)lended, most frequently 
 glossy or even iridescent, but sometimes lustreless. Head 
 short, broad, and depressed ; neck short. Mouth capacious, 
 its greatest width equalling that of the head. The tongue is 
 short and not extensible. The pharynx and oesophagus arc 
 large, the latter having no crop. The syrinx or lower larynx 
 is perfectly Oscine, and said to possess four pairs of muscles. 
 The voice is sharp and rather thin, though melodious and sus- 
 ceptible of rapid and various modulation. The stomach is 
 elliptical or roundish, moderately muscular, and lined with 
 thick rugose epithelium ; the coeca are very small. 
 
 Such characters distinguish the Eirundinidce as a perfectly 
 natural family of Oscines, which may, indeed, be recognized 
 on sight by the combination of fissured bill, lengthened wings, 
 and weakened feet. The group scarcely inosculates with any 
 other, so perfectly is the Swallow type circumscribed. Its re- 
 lationships appear to be, on the one hand, with the Old World 
 Muscicapidce, and on the other, through Progne, with the Ajii- 
 pelidcB. Within the family, the extremes of modification are 
 seen in the genus Hirundo, of which the Barn Swallow is 
 typical, and in Progne, which includes the Purple Martin and 
 its allies. The minor characters have been made by some 
 ornithologists the basis for separating the species into twenty 
 or thirty different genera, while other writers retain them all 
 under the single genus Hirundo. Between these extremes 
 there seems to be a more judicious middle course, following 
 which the hundred or more Swallows which have been de- 
 scribed may be thrown into a few generic or subgeneric groups, 
 founded on certain ulterior modifications of structure. 
 
 As pertinent to this portion of the subject, I here introduce 
 Sundevall's method of arranging the Swallows, which will 
 give a good idea of the leading modifications of structure 
 throughout the family. The schedule is abridged from the 
 famous Methodi Natiiralis Avium Disponendarum Tentamen 
 (8vo, Holmise, 1872, pp. 51-53). 
 
366 sundevall's arrangement op hirundinid^ 
 
 Cohors 6. CHELIDONOMORPH-ae. 
 
 Fam. HlRUNDININJE. 
 
 Genus Hirundo L. 
 1. Hirundines genuinm, or furcicaudoe, with the tail deeply forficate, 
 and its lateral feathers linear, the bill at a miDimnm, the 
 nostrils valvate, placed low down, and opening laterally ; 
 the dorsal feathers white below the snrface. (This gronp 
 comprehends the true " Barn Swallows '' and their immediate 
 allies, and is subdivided according to pattern of coloration.) 
 3. Sirundines variifomies. Bill and dorsal plumage as before. Nostrils 
 low down, opening laterally; tail either forked (but with- 
 out narrowly elongate lateral feathers), or else nearly even. 
 * Valvinares; the nostrils partly closed with a soft scale. 
 t Highly-colored species with the belly white, and the lateral tail- 
 feathers acute, 
 o) 6) Tarsi naked. Tachycineta Cab. 
 c) Tarsi feathered. Chelidon Boie. 
 tt Opaque grayish species. 
 
 a) Tail cmarginate, unspotted [ ; a tuft of feathers at base of 
 tarsus]. Cotyle Boie. 
 
 b) Reotrices obtuse, spotted. Ptyonoprogne Reich. 
 
 c) Tall rounded, unspotted {M, cincta Scop.). 
 
 ttt Black-bellied species, with unspotted, scarcely forked tail. 
 Hypurolepeis Gould. 
 ** Avertinares ; the nostrils rounded, with an imperfect scale, or none. 
 t Species black above ; tail deeply forked, with acute feathers. 
 a) Dark above and below, the first primary serrate. Psalido- 
 
 procne Cab. 
 6) Glossy blue-black above and below. AUicora Boie. 
 
 c) Black above, white below. Pygoehelidon Bd. 
 
 tt Species dark colored ; tail little forked, with acute feathers. 
 
 d) Uniform dark gray, the first primary serrate. Stelgidopteryx 
 Bd. 
 
 e) With variegated dark colors, the rump rufous. PetrocheMon 
 Cab. 
 
 f) Grayish above and below, streaked, the rump concolor. 
 Phedina Bp. 
 
 3. Hirundines fortirostres, with the bill comparatively stout and high, 
 rather compressed from the middle, the whole gape curved ; 
 nostrils rounded, not valvular, placed high, opening upward. 
 
 a) Blue-black species with moderately forked tail. Prague Boie. 
 
 b) Gray species, with little forked tail. Phaoprogne Bd. 
 
 The American forms of Hirundinidm have been closely 
 stndied by Baird, who, in 1865 (Rev. AB. pp. 267 seq.), gave a 
 careful analysis of the genera and subgenera. The following 
 is his synopsis, somewhat abridged, expressing very clearly 
 the minor modifications of structure, although, as he observes, 
 the succession is not strictly natural : — 
 
BAIRD's analysis of AMERICAN HIRUNDINIDiE 367 
 
 Nostrils broadly oval, or circular, opening upwards and forwards, and with- 
 out overhanging membrane. 
 Edge of wing smooth. Tarsus short, stout, equal to middle toe without 
 claw, feathered on inner side above. 
 Bill stout; culmen and commissure much curved; frontal feathers 
 without bristles; tail deeply forked; color lustrous blue-black, 
 
 sometimes with belly and crissum white Progne. 
 
 Like the last ; culmen straight to near tip ; fork of tail shallow ; color 
 
 mouse-brown above, white beneath Phmoprogne. 
 
 Bill weaker; culmen and commissure above straight to near tip. 
 Frontal feathers bristly ; tail nearly even ; throat, rump, and 
 
 crissum rufous; belly white Petroehelidon. 
 
 Edge of wing smooth ; tarsus longer than in the last, equalling middle 
 
 toe and half its claw ; nostrils bordered posteriorly with membrane, 
 
 but not overhung internally ; bill very small ; tail forked. 
 
 Basal and whole of next joint of middle toe adherent to outer toe ; tail 
 
 very deeply forked; tarsus feathered above on inner side ..AUicora. 
 
 Basal and half the next joint of middle toe adherent to outer toe. 
 
 Tarsus entirely bare Kotwclielidon. 
 
 Tarsus feathered above internally Neoclislidon. 
 
 Basal joint only of middle toe to outer toe Pygochelidow. 
 
 Edge of wing armed with stiff, recurved hooks Stelgidopieryx. 
 
 Nostrils lateral; bordered behind and inside, or overhung, by membrane, 
 the outer edge of which is straight, parallel with or diverging from 
 axis of bill. 
 Tarsus about equal to middle toe without claw; tibio-tarsal joint feath- 
 ered, the feathers extending on tarsus along inner side. 
 Tarsus bare below ; lateral claws reaching only to base of middle claw. 
 Tail longer than wings, very deeply forked, with linear lateral feath- 
 ers Hirundo. 
 
 Tail shorter than wings, lightly forked Tachycineta. 
 
 Tarsus with a tuft of feathers at lower end; lateral claws reaching 
 beyond base of middle claw ; tail lightly forked ; color dull brown 
 
 above, white below Cotyle. 
 
 Tarsus equal to middle toe and half its claw, entirely bare. Tail deeply 
 forked, about equal to the wing ; color green above, white 
 beneath Callichelidon. 
 
 Of the groups thus established, Fhceoprogne is ranked by 
 Baird as a subgenus of Progne; Notiochelidon, Neochelidon, 
 and Pygochelidon are considered as subgenera of AUicora, 
 while Tachycineta and Callichelidon are placed under Hirundo 
 proper. 
 
 In handling the North American sections in 1872, I only 
 differed from Baird in restricting Hirundo to the species with 
 deeply forked tail not shorter than the wings, which required 
 the raising of Tachycineta to generic rank. This left each 
 North American species in a genus by itself, excepting the 
 
368 ANALYSIS OF GENERA AND SPECIES 
 
 White-bellied and Violet-green Swallows, which I ranged 
 together under TacJiycineta. Though this may seem exces- 
 sive subdivision, it is difScult to get along with fewer genera, 
 if we are to accept even such as Cotyle and Petrochelidon ; for 
 the ultimate modifications of structure and details of form are 
 as appreciable here as in the cases in which, in other families, 
 generic groups are established. Eespecting the extralimital 
 forms, I may remark, that CallicJielidon includes two beautiful 
 velvety or lustrous greenish and golden species, white below, 
 C. cyaneiviridis and C euchrysea, allied to our T, bicolor and 
 T. thalassina; Atticora and its subdivisions embrace a number 
 of diminutive and very plainly colored species, somewhat re- 
 sembling Swifts; while Phceoprogne includes some large South 
 American Martins, like Cotyle in dullness of coloration, but 
 near Progne in form. 
 
 The seven established !North American species all occur in 
 the Colorado Basin. They may readily be determined by the 
 
 following 
 
 Analysis of Nwth American Genera and Species 
 
 1. Tail deeply forficate, with linear lateral feathers ; Instrons steel-blue 
 
 above, rufous below Hirundo erythrogaatra. 
 
 2. Tail simply emarginate ; lustrous green ; beneath white. 
 
 Tachycineta Ucolor. 
 
 3. Tail simply emarginate ; opaque velvety-green ; beneath white. 
 
 Tachyd,neia ilialassina. 
 
 4. Tail nearly even; lustrous steel-blue ; rump rufous. 
 
 Petrochelidon lunifrons. 
 
 5. Tarsus with tuft of feathers below ; lustreless gray ; below white. 
 
 Cotyle riparia. 
 
 6. Outer edge of first primary serrate ; lustreless brownish ; paler below. 
 
 Stelgidopteryx aerripennis. 
 
 7. Bill very stout, curved ; male entirely lustrous blue-black. 
 
 Progne purpurea. 
 
 Now that the thoroughly unnatural order " Fissirostres " 
 has been abolished by nearly universal consent, after enduring 
 long in the teeth of frequent protests from scientific ornithol- 
 ogists, it is unnecessary to more than allude to the prepos- 
 terous notions of classification which caused these strictly 
 Oscine Passeres to be classed with the Swifts and Goatsuckers 
 {GypselidcB and Caprimulgidm). What little resemblance may 
 be traced between the strictly Passerine Eirundinidce and the 
 Picarian families just named, results from purely adaptive 
 modification, the respective types of structure being radically 
 diverse. 
 
EXCURSUS ON THE NAMES OP SWALLOWS 369 
 
 l^ames of Swallows 
 
 There are two common English names of birds of this family, 
 " Swallow " and " Martin " or " Marten ", the derivation of 
 neither of which is obvious. The latter of these, " Martin ", is 
 undoubtedly the same as the name of certain quadrupeds of 
 the family Mustelidce, which runs through many languages iu 
 vasioas forms, and which has occasioned much discussion. A 
 criticism of this subject will be found in my "Fur-bearing 
 Animals ", pp. 23, 24, translated from von Martens. Swallow 
 appears, with no more than the usual variation as to either 
 consonants or vowels, in many North European languages, as 
 the Anglo-Saxon swaletce, swealwe, swalwe, the Danish svale, 
 Swedish svala, Dutch zwaluw, modern German schwalbe — 
 some earlier forms of the latter being identical with the Anglo- 
 Saxon. We may seek to establish a connection between 
 sicalewe and the Anglo-Saxon verb swcBlan, which signifies to 
 ascend, to fly upward, the flight of Swallows being a notorious 
 characteristic of these birds. There is another relation which 
 may be suggested, and which seems plausible at least, be- 
 tween sicalewe and the Anglo-Saxon verb swelgan, to swallow 
 (take into the throat) ; this, if substantiable, would show that 
 there is really a connection between swallow^ the name of the 
 bird, and the verb to swallow — words now literally identical in 
 English, though seemingly without the slightest connection.* 
 
 Such relation of the words will appear less strained, and in 
 fact strengthened, if not confirmed, on examination of the 
 entirely difterent set of words which mean Swallow in the 
 South European languages: Greek, -/^Xtddv ; Latin, Jdrundo ; 
 Italian, rondin ; Spanish, golondrina; Portuguese, ando- 
 rinlia; French, hirondelle. It is admitted by the highest 
 authorities, as for example Curtius, that the Latin hirundo is 
 the same as the Greek x^^^Sdiv, an earlier Greek form x^p^vSuv 
 being supposed to render more evident the relation between 
 Mr-undo and x^^-tS<iiv. In carrying out the etymology of these 
 two words, Oorssen refers them to the Sanscrit root har, ghar, 
 to take, whence comes the Greek x^^Pi t^^ hand, considered as 
 a thing that takes, and the archaic Latin Mr, hand. On this 
 supposition, x^XMv, hirundo, hirondelle, and the other similar 
 names of the Swallow, signify a bird that takes insects ; and 
 the act of seizing is with them followed by deglutition. It is 
 plausible, tben, that the two sets of names by which these 
 * Bensen, Vooab. Ang. Sax. Oxonise, 1701. 
 24 B 
 
370 EXCUESUS ON THE NAMES OP SWALLOWS 
 
 birds are known in so many different languages, are both 
 rooted in the idea of capturing insects, as these birds do on 
 the wing.* 
 
 Most of the late technical names of genera of Swallows, like 
 Tachycineta, Petrochelidon, and Stelgidopteryx, are of course com- 
 pounds derived from the Greek, invented by writers. Tachy- 
 cineta, for instance, is simply ra^uuvT^-ro^, a swift runner ; Petro- 
 chelidon is rock-swallow {Tzirpa, a rock ) ; and Stelgidopteryx 
 means rough-wing (oreA^'i'?, a scraper; -ripo^, wing). The 
 Greek generic name for the Swallows, first revived in technical 
 nomenclature by Boie (1826 1 1sis, 1828, 316), for the European 
 House Martin, was Ghelidon {xeXiSwv), of probably the same 
 etymology with, and having precisely the same signification 
 as, the Latin Hirundo, which latter was established as a genus 
 by Linnaeus in 1766 or earlier. XsXtd6v was used by Aristotle 
 for the Swallows in general, with special reference to the two 
 mud-builders, Hirundo rustica and Ghelidon urbica, the best- 
 known European species. Aristotle also knew the Bank Swal- 
 low, but confounded it with certain Swifts, Cypselidce. The 
 Greek y.ozulyi, or Latin cotula or cotyla, signified a cavity, such 
 as the hollow of the hand or a vessel or measure ; it is an old 
 anatomical term for the socket of the thigh-bone, as is the 
 Latin acetabulum (a vinegar -cruet), but was probably not used 
 for birds until 1822, when Boie established his genus Gotile 
 (Isis, 1822, 550), afterward more correctly written Cotyle (Isis, 
 1844, 170). The obvious application here is to the holes in the 
 ground in which these birds nest. Procne or Progne, Bole's 
 genus established for our Purple Martins, is a classical proper 
 name, also used by Ovid and Virgil for some kind of Swallow, 
 and, like Ghelidon, Herse, and Gecrops, is found in some of the 
 myths of the ancients. Bole's genus Geeropis is obviously the 
 same as Cecrops or Kixpmi/), who was the founder and most 
 ancient king of Attica. After the probably imaginary person- 
 age known as Ogyges, Cecrops was the autochthon to whom 
 the Attics traced their origin, though popularly represented as 
 half man, half serpent. Herse was one of his daughters, 
 beloved by Mercury, and mother of Cephalus. (3helidonia was 
 a festival at Ehodes, in which persons went begging, and sing- 
 ing a song called Chelidonisma,t which began with an allusion 
 
 * Littr^, Diet. Franp. Paris, 1863. 
 
 t According to other authority, the beggars went abont having swallows 
 perched upon their fingers. Chelidoniaa {x^Xtdoviac) was the west wind of 
 early spring, which brought Swallows. 
 
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF SWALLOWS 371 
 
 to swallows, and the approach of spring: "HXff, fiXd-t ^eXidiuv 
 xaXaq lapaz ayouaa, xat xaXouz iviauTouq • " Yenit, venit Mrundo 
 pulcras ducens horas et annos pulcros.^ 
 
 The story of Proctie is very differently told by writers. 
 Procne was sister of Philomela, daughter of Pandion, king of 
 Athens, and wife of Tereus, king of Thrace. Procne became 
 by Tereus mother of a son, Itys. After living some time in 
 Thrace, she wished to see her sister, and induced Tereus to go 
 to Athens and prevail upon Pandion to allow him to bring 
 Philomela. On the way, Tereus violated Philomela, cut out 
 her tongue that she might not betray him, and then came to 
 Procne with the story that her sister had died on the way. 
 But Philomela contrived to communicate to Procne the story 
 of the outrage; and Procne thereupon killed her son Itys, 
 and served up his flesh to his father. Then the two sisters 
 fled, pursued by Tereus with an axe, and finding themselves 
 about to be overtaken, they prayed to the gods to change them 
 into birds. Philomela thereupon became a nightingale {aTjSiov), 
 and Procne a swallow (xehdwv). Tereus himself was turned 
 into a hoopoo {eKoip). Authorities reverse the respective situa- 
 tions of the sisters, before and after their transformation ; but 
 this account accords best with the signification of the words. 
 " The legend we have been giving is one of those invented to 
 account mythically for the habits and properties of animals. 
 The twitter of the swallow sounds like itys, itys ; the note of 
 the nightingale was regarded as lugubrious, and the hoopoo 
 chases these birds."* 
 
 General Distribution of Swallows 
 
 Swallows are thoroughly cosmopolitan. Their range north- 
 ward carries them beyond the arctic circle, both in America 
 and in Europe, and they straggle toward the pole as far as any 
 birds are known to go. The Bank Swallow has been observed 
 in the Parry Islands, while the common European Barn Swal- 
 low has been seen both in Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla. 
 Cotyle riparia and Chelidon urhiaa both breed in numbers in 
 Lapland, up to latitude 70° N. Many of the species, likewise, 
 have an enormous range ; thus, Hirundo rustica inhabits 
 Europe, Asia, and Africa, from Lapland to the Cape of Good 
 Hope and the Moluccas. 
 
 * This is simply the outline of the myth, abridged from Anthon, Class. 
 Diet. 1041. [New York, 1876.] The classic story is told at great length and 
 with profuse embellishment by some, «. g. Gesner, De Avibm, 1617, pp. 503-505. 
 
372 MIGEATION OF SWALLOWS 
 
 The species of the Old and New World, with probably the 
 single exception of Cotyle riparia, are distinct from each other. 
 Species of the genus Hirundo and its immediate allies have 
 the range of the entire family, and Cotyle is also of rery exten- 
 sive distribution, inhabiting all the great continental areas, 
 unless Australia is to be excepted, as well as the Antilles. 
 Progne and Stelgidopteryx are confined to America; Petroehe- 
 lidon and Atticora are also characteristic of the Western Hem- 
 isphere, though both are said to occur in the Old World ; Che- 
 lidon is exclusively Old World ; Psalidoprogne is confined to 
 Africa ; and the single species of Phedina inhabits Madagascar 
 and the Mascarene Islands.* 
 
 Migration of Swallows 
 
 Being insectivorous birds that take their prey on the wing. 
 Swallows necessarily migrate through the cold and temperate 
 zones of the northern hemisphere. Their recession from the 
 north is urged as well by the delicacy of their organization 
 and their susceptibility to cold as by the periodical failure of 
 the sources of their food-supply. The prowess of their pinion 
 is equal to the emergency of the longest journeys — no birds 
 whatsoever fly better or farther than some of the Swallows do ; 
 and their movements are pre-eminent in the qualities of ease, 
 of speed, and of regularity. These facts are matters of com- 
 mon knowledge ; the comings of Swallows have passed into 
 proverb, and their leave-takings been rehearsed in folk-lore 
 among the signs of the waning times. Swallows have long 
 been held for weather-prophets; and with reason enough in 
 the quick response of their organization to the influence of 
 atmospheric changes. Swallows have figured in augury ; their 
 appearance has been noted among auspicia ; and truly their 
 flight is barometric, for they soar on clear warm days, ami 
 skim the surface of the ground in heavy falling weather, per- 
 haps neither always nor entirely in the wake of winged insects 
 on which they prey. These mercurial birds are also thermome- 
 tric ; they are gauges of temperature, if less precise than the 
 column of the fluid metal itself. It takes but a few warm 
 days, even in our midwinters, to send Swallows trooping north- 
 ward from the orange and the cypress of the South; and the 
 uncertain days, when capricious young spring pours delicious 
 balm on the wounds of winter, are sure to lure some Swallows 
 • Wallace, Geogr. Dist. Anim. ii. 281. 
 
MIGRATION OF SWALLOWS 373 
 
 on beyond their usual bounds, like skirmishers thrown out be- 
 fore the oncome of the host of occupation. 
 
 There is concert, too, in the campaigns of the Swallows ; 
 they act as if by consultation, and carry out agreement under 
 leadership. One may witness, in the autumn more particularly, 
 before the Swallows leave us, that they gather in noisy thou- 
 sand, still uncertain of their future movements, eager for the 
 council to determine their line of march. Great throngs fly 
 aimlessly about, with incessant twittering, or string along the 
 lines of telegraph, the eaves of houses, or the combs of cliffs. 
 In all their talk and argument, their restlessness and great con- 
 cern, we see how weighty is the subject that occupies their minds ; 
 we may fancy all the levity and impulse of the younger heads, 
 their lack of sober judgment, the incessant flippancy with 
 which they urge their novel schemes, and we may well believe 
 their departure is delayed by wiser tongues of those taught by 
 experience to make haste slowly. Days pass, sometimes, in 
 animated debate, till delay becomes dangerous. The gather- 
 ing dissolves, the sinews are strung, no breath is wasted now 
 — the coming storm may work its will now, the Swallows have 
 escaped its wrath, and are gone to a winter's revelry in the 
 land where winter's hand is weakened till its touch is scarcely 
 felt. 
 
 All this, and more that might be written, is no news. Eeck- 
 less of space, these animated time-slaying wings, these mer- 
 curial embodiments of buoyancy, have long been favored 
 objects of the ornithologist's speculation. Conspicuous, notori- 
 ous, familiar as they are among all feather-bearers, in the ex- 
 tension of their flights, in the multitudes of individuals that 
 twice a year fly past our very face and eyes in going to and 
 from the winter quarters we have learned as well as we have 
 their summer sojourn in our midst — with all these attributes, I 
 say. Swallows are prodigies, phenomenal and problematical 
 still. Their flights have been closely watched and studied, 
 furnishing large basis for our general inductions respecting the 
 whole subject of the migrations of birds. Swallows are taken 
 as the typical migrants, whose dates of arrival and departure 
 are fixed points in the ornithologist's calendar, and known 
 factors in the great equation of birds' movements. In short, 
 no birds are better known in all that pertains to their regular 
 and normal migrations. 
 
 Thus, the competent observer in each locality in the United 
 
374 DO SWALLOWS HIBEENATE? 
 
 States knows exactly when to expect the Swallows, and can 
 predicate their arrival within a few days — the probable error 
 being due to advance or retardation of the season. This local 
 observer knows as well how long the birds will stay. Then, 
 those of us who make a business of the matter, and supple- 
 ment our individual observations with the recorded experiences 
 of all the rest, in all other countries, trace the movements of 
 the birds into warmer parts of America; we map the distribu- 
 tion of each species, and account for every day in the lives of 
 Swallows during the period of their absence from our midst. 
 We know just where they go and what they do. We know, 
 for instance, that countless thousands of White-bellied Swal- 
 lows disport all winter long in Florida, as bright and active 
 then and there as during their summer sojouru in Kew Eng- 
 land. We know that myriads of Swallows are then at play in 
 the air in Mexico, in the West Indies, and in Central America, 
 just the same as at any other season of the year. 
 
 Yet it was gravely asserted centuries ago, and it has been 
 steadily reiterated at intervals ever since, that Swallows plunge 
 into the mud, become torpid, and hibernate like frogs. Learned 
 bodies like the French Academy in Paris and the Eoyal 
 Society of London have discussed this matter, printed the 
 evidence in their official publications, and looked as wise after 
 as before their meditations on the subject. Ornithologists in 
 general fight shy of the thing ; it savors too much of the 
 marvellous, the mythical and supernatural, and seems too in- 
 credible to be entertained for a moment. It is as much as a 
 virtuous ornithologist's name is worth to whisper hibernation, 
 torpidity, and mud. " Pooh ! Nonsense ! We know all about 
 the migrations of Swallows. Don't we know exactly where 
 they go, and how they get there, and how they get back 1 
 Haven't we accounted for every day of their absence ? Be- 
 sides, no Swallow could live in the mud — the thing is prepos- 
 terous — can't be done, you know ! " 
 
 The orthodoxy of the subject is, that Swallows never fly into 
 the mud and lie there torpid, because they cannot do so. But 
 it is always unsafe to ignore the cumulative wisdom of the 
 past, and it is never wise to speak of the impossible outside of 
 mathematics. The most difBcult point to accept, or to attempt 
 to explain, is the suddenness of the alleged transition from a 
 high state of animation to a degree of lethargy, and the 
 abruptness with which the activity of vital functions is said to 
 
DO SWALLOWS HIBERNATE? 375 
 
 be arrested. For the rest, I see no reason why a Swallow 
 should not stay a while in the mud in a state of suspended 
 animation, or greatly lowered degree of vital activity. The 
 thing is physically and physiologically feasible ; it is in strict 
 analogy with observed phenomena in the cases of many other 
 animals ; and it is not more marvelous than catalepsy, trance, 
 and several other conditions of life, the rationale of which is 
 still obscure. Finally, it is attested by the most positive, 
 direct, and explicit testimony of eye-witnesses, whose veracity 
 is unimpeached, whose competency is unchallenged, aud who, 
 being neither knaves nor dupes, have reiterated the evidence 
 for a period of several centuries. The rebutting testimony is 
 necessarily negative and inconclusive, for it consists, in effect, 
 of mere denial, or statement of disbelief, on the ground that the 
 allegations of fact are improbable or impossible. The evidence 
 has never been successfully refuted or satisfactorily explained 
 away ; * and the witnesses, nothing bullied nor disconcerted, 
 continue to tell what they have seen. 
 
 They say, that they have seen hundreds of Swallows, in full 
 flight, suddenly dive under water and disappear beaeath 
 the surface. They say, that they have dug Swallows out of 
 the mud, found them lethargic, and seen them revive and fly 
 away. They say, they have found torpid Swallows in holes, 
 in caves, in various odd nooks, sometimes singly, sometimes 
 clustered like bees swarming, and have picked them up appar- 
 ently dead, and have reanimated them by the warmth of the 
 hands. They say much more to the same effect, and give full 
 particulars. 
 
 I have never seen anything of the sort, nor have I ever 
 known one who had seen it ; consequently, I know nothing of 
 the case but what I have read about it. But I have no means 
 of refuting the evidence, and consequently cannot refuse to 
 recognize its validity. Nor have I aught to urge against it, 
 beyond the degree of incredibility that attaches to highly ex- 
 ceptional and improbable allegations in general, and in partic- 
 
 * In his critical commentary on Aristotle, .Sundevall remarks that the north- 
 ern stories of the subaqueous hibernation of Swallows find no place, but 
 that, instead, the author speaks of their retiring to holes, probably, says 
 Sundevall, confounding them with bats. Sundevall brings in the Dipper to 
 account for the alli ged phenomena : — „E8 ist gezeigt worden dass die erstere 
 Sage dadurch entstanden sei, dass Cinclus aquations zuweilen beim Zuge 
 mit dem Eisnetze gefangen wurde " (p. 123 of the German translation, 
 Stockholm, 1863). 
 
376 DO SWALLOWS HIBERNATE t 
 
 ular the difQculty of understanding the alleged abruptness 
 of the transition from activity to torpor. I cannot consider 
 the evidence as inadmissible, and must admit that the alleged 
 facts are as well attested, according to ordinary rules of evi- 
 dence, as any in ornithology. It is useless as well as unscien- 
 tific to pooh-pooh the notion. The asserted facts are nearly 
 identical with the known cases of many reptiles and batra- 
 chians. They are strikingly like the known cases of many bats. 
 They accord in general with the recognized conditions of 
 hibernation in many mammals. 
 
 It is well to remember that this thing was started in very 
 early times, before there was such a thing as a science of orni- 
 thology, and before anything was fully explained respecting 
 the migrations of birds. Swallows were among the first birds 
 whose movements were noted with particularity. Their abund- 
 ance rendered them favorable as well as familiar objects of 
 study in this regard ; and the regularity of their movements, 
 as well as the suddenness of their disappearance and reappear- 
 ance, gave rise to the wildest speculation. This was at a time 
 when nothing was too absurd or too preposterous to be counte- 
 nanced by the best science that the times afforded. I can lay 
 my hand, for instance, on papers of the period discussing the 
 migration of birds to the moon — the falling of the little quad- 
 rupeds called lemmings in showers from the clouds — the origin 
 of Brant Geese from barnacles that grew on trees — ei id genus 
 omne. Some people still argued that the earth was flat, still 
 sought perpetual motion and the square of the circle. Just 
 as soon, then, as the actual and normal migratiou of Swallows 
 was determined, the alleged accounts of the torpidity and 
 hibernation of Swallows were naturally consigned to the same 
 limbo that held the barnacle-geese and the cloudy lemmings, 
 and the mud-theorists were hooted out of court. But one 
 swallow does not make a summer ; * nor does the migration of a 
 million Swallows into Africa or South America prove that some 
 other Swallows cannot hibernate in the mud. This, however, 
 
 * This familiar saying has an application far beyond its literal and most 
 obvious signification. "Vna hirundo non facit ver, Mia xe^i'S'^v iap ov izoisi' 
 hoc est, vnus dies non sat est ad parandam virtutem aut eruditionem : ant 
 non vnnm aliqnod benefactum, benedictumve isufHcit ad hoc, vt viri boni, 
 ant boni oratoris cognome promearis : plurimis enim virtutib. ea res costat. 
 Aut vt certum aliquld cognoscas, non satis est vnica ooniectura. Siquidem 
 fieri potest vt vna qusepiam hirundo casu maturius appareat. Sumptum ab 
 hirundinis n atura quse veris est nnncia," Gesn., De Aviius, ed. 1617, p. 500. 
 
DO SWALLOWS HIBERNATE f 377 
 
 is the gist of the whole counter argument. I repeat, that it is 
 not scientific to deny the alleged hibernation A priori; and 
 that the testimony, so far from ceasing with the irresponsible 
 infancy of science, is reiterated to-day with the full voice of 
 mature science, in terms that have not been successfully re- 
 futed. We may always suspend judgment, and such tentative 
 attitude is worthy of respect ; but it is not permitted us, in the 
 present aspect of the case, to rule out the evidence. 
 
 Swallows, moreover, are not the only birds that are alleged, 
 on equally good, grounds, to swarm in close retreats, become 
 torpid, lethargic, and so hibernate. In fact, precisely the same 
 allegations are current in the cases of Swifts {Cypselidm). 
 These birds, so similar to Swallows in many respects, physical 
 and physiological, are perfectly well known and admitted to 
 nest habitually in close retreats — to nightly gather by thousands 
 in similar places, streaming in at dusk, and streaming out at 
 daylight — to swarm in myriads in hollow trees, and perish there 
 in such numbers that in time their remains form solid masses 
 of bones, feathers, excrement, and decayed soft tissues several 
 feet in thickness at the bottom. Again : the winter retreats of 
 some of the commonest Swifts are unknown. Our ordinary 
 Chimney Swift (Chwtura pelagica), unless I am greatly mistaken, 
 is not recorded as occurring anywhere beyond the United 
 States in winter. Nor is it a recognized inhabitant of any por- 
 tion of the United States in winter, except possibly along oar 
 extreme southern border. Where does this bird go and stay in 
 winter? I suppose that it hibernates in hollow trees, and 
 could give reasons for the supposition. 
 
 As equally pertinent to this exceptional subject, I may allude 
 to the popular belief that the Common Eail, Sora, or so-called 
 Ortolan, Porzana Carolina, sinks in the mud and hibernates 
 with the frogs. So far as I am aware, this is a popular delu- 
 sion, taking its origin in the silence and celerity of the bird's 
 regular migrations, and the suddenness of its appearance and 
 disappearance. It seems to be a very weak-winged bird ; one 
 day it throngs the marshes, and the next there are none to 
 be found ; the hasty assumptions of ignorant and credulous 
 persons rest upon these premises ; and some visionaries go so 
 far as to assert, that the rails turn into frogs. As already 
 said, in this case I do not know that there is any acceptable 
 testimony on scientific record. 
 
 The literature of the migrations and alleged hibernations of 
 
378 THE LITERATURE OF THIS SUBJECT 
 
 Swallows is extensive, and some of it is very curious. In order 
 that tlie reader may avail himself of all the sources of infor- 
 mation I possess, and form his own conclusions, I present him 
 with such portion of the bibliography of the subject as I happen 
 to have already compiled. Having at present writing only 
 about half finished my " Bibliography of Oi-nithology ", I sup- 
 pose there may be extant about twice as many articles on the 
 subject as are here given. Most of these titles relate merely to 
 irregularities observed in the ordinary migrations of Swallows 
 in England ; but there is a fair sprinkling of references to the 
 particular crux of hibernation. The most wary or the most 
 timid student may bo assured that he will fiud himself in per- 
 fectly respectable company whichever side of the fence he may 
 fall on. The notes which I have appended in many eases sup- 
 port my assertions regarding the character of the evidence we 
 possess, and warrant my statement that the allegations, respect- 
 ing which ornithologists must sooner or later come to some 
 understanding, are well attested. For the rest, I may add, 
 that I will not ignore, do not deny, and can not vouch for the 
 statements of authors. 
 
 1630. ScHWALBACH, J. G. " Dissertatio de Ciconiis, Gruibns, et Hirundinibus, 
 eorumque Hybernaoulis. Spirae, 1630. 4to. pp. 28." 
 Not seen — otJiers quote the title differently. 
 
 1658. Thomasius, J. Dissertatio de Hibernaculis Hlrundinum. Thoma- 
 sius, J., praes. resp. Chr. Schmidiclien. 4to. Lipsise, 1658 ; 1671 ; 
 1702, pp. 32. — Deutsche Uebers., Von der Sohwalben Winterquartier. 
 8vo. Dresden, 1702. 
 Not seeD— Bobm, Bibl. ii. i. p. 52I.J Title compiled from different soarces. 
 
 1666. SCHEFFERUS, J. [" That it is most certain, that Swallows sink them- 
 selves towards Autnmne into Lakes, no otherwise than Frogs ; " etc.] 
 < PMlos. Trans, i. 1666, p. 350. 
 
 1702. GoEDiNG, A. "Diss. phil. brevem exhibens descriptionem Abitus 
 Domiciliique hibernalis Hirundiuum ; Prses. And. Goeding, Eesp. E. 
 Aurelius, Dalek. Upsalise, 1702. 8vo. pp. 4, 52." 
 Not seen — title taken from v. Friesen. 
 
 1761. COLLINSON, P. A Letter to the Honourable J. Th. Klein, Secretary to 
 the City of Dantzick, from Mr. Peter CoUinson, F. E. S. concerning 
 the Migration of Swallows. < Philoa. Trans, for 1760, li. pt. ii. 1761, 
 pp. 459-464. 
 Kefnting tlie notion of torpid hibernation. 
 
 1764. ACHAKD, F. C. Remarks on Swallows on the Rhine. <^ PMlos. 
 Trans, for 1763, llii. 1764, pp. 101, 102. 
 
 Statement of their being found in holes in a sandy cliff; they " seemed stiff 
 and lifeless ", but subsequently revived. 
 
THE LITEEATUEE OP THIS SUBJECT 379 
 
 1764. Leche, J. "Diss. Acad, de Commemoratione hybernali etperegrina- 
 tionibns Hirundinum. Prses. Joh. Leche, Kesp. Job. Grysselius, 
 Neric. Aboae, 1764. 4to. pp. 34." 
 Not seen — ^title from v. Frieaen. 
 
 1772. Barrington, D. An Essay on the periodical Appearing and Disap- 
 pearing of certain Birds, at different Times of the Year. In a Letter 
 from the Honourable Daines Barriagton, Vioe-Pres. E. S. to William 
 Watson, M. D. F. E. S. < PMlos. Trans. Ixii. 1772, art. xx. pp. 
 265-326. 
 
 Keprinted, considerably augmented, in Barrington's Miscellanies, p. 174. 
 Refers especially to Swallows. Quotes HarL Misc. ii. 561, for supposed migra- 
 tion of birds to the moon. Quotes Sbaw, Fhys. Obs. Algiers, chap. 2. Quotes 
 Martin, Edinb. 1771, 12mo, for thermometrical experiments. Adanson, Yoy. 
 Senegal, pp. 13, 15, 67. Forster's Translation of Kalm. Translation of Oabeck. 
 Bnrch's Hist, of the Eoy. Soc. ill. 189. Edwards, Essays, p. 197 (migration of sea 
 fowl). 
 
 1774. Wahrmund, C. W. "Ueber den Winfceraufenthalt der Schwalben, 
 
 Storche und andere Vogel. <C. Nev.es Sambgr. Magaz. Ixxxi. 1774, 
 p. 195." 
 Not seen — source of title not remembered. 
 
 1775. COKNISH, J. Of the Torpidity of Swallows and Martins. < Philos. 
 
 Trans. Ixv. pt. ii. 1775, pp. 343-352. 
 Af&rmed and discussed. 
 
 1785. Dexter, S. A Letter on the Eetreat of House-Swallows in Winter, 
 from the Honourable Samuel Dexter, Esq; to the Honourable 
 James Bowdoin, Esq; Pres. A. A. -^Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts and 
 Sd. i. pt. ii. 1785, pp. 494-490. 
 Asserting the subaqueous torpid hibernation as a fact. 
 
 1789. CARLSOjf, G. V. " Anmarkningar om Svalor. < Kongl. Vetensk.- 
 Akad. Nya Bandl. 1789, x. pp. 315-317." 
 Not seen— title from v. Eriesen, ftfv. Sver. Orn. Litt. 1860, 31. 
 
 1793. Packard, A. A Letter on the Eetreat of Swallows in Winter. 
 < Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. ii. pt. i. 1793, pp. 93-95. 
 Letter to S. Dexter, confirming his statements by additioniU observalions. 
 
 1799. Cole, P. On the Disappearance of Swallows in Autumn ; in a Letter 
 Irom Mr. Peter Cole to Dr. Mitohill, dated New-York, September 25, 
 1798. < Tilloch's Philos. Mag. iv. 1799, pp. 414-417. 
 
 Article taken from the American Medical Eepository. Original not seen. 
 
 "Some of these birds " (Cotyle riparia) "appeared to run on the surface of the 
 water with gre.it rapidity, and, in the twinkling of an eye, disappeared under the 
 
 water and rose no more I am now become a proselyte to the swallows 
 
 remaining in a torpid state during the winter, not only from speculatiye re- 
 searches bnt from ocular demonstration." Quotes also pftssages to the same effect 
 from p. 7.^5, vol. ii. of the " Christian's, Scholar's and Farmer's Magazine ", and 
 from a letter from Mr. Josiah Blakeley to Mr. Carey, dated Baltimore, Jan. 7, 
 1788, in "American Museum ", ill. pp. 451, 432. 
 18—. S. O — N. [Odmann, S.] " Om Svalors drankning." <^ Lak. o. Naturf. 
 ix. Bd. pp. 178, 179. 
 
 Not seen— title from v. Friesen, p. 30. 
 
380 THE LITEEATUEE OF THIS SUBJECT 
 
 1800. Pollock, H. On the SnbmerBion of Swallows in Antamn. <^ Til- 
 loch's PUloa. Mag. viii. 1800, pp. 107-109. 
 
 Testimony of eye-witDess to the fact that " they plnoged into the water aad 
 disappeared ", to the numher of about 200, within 30 yards of the observer. 
 
 1804. Antes, P. On the Hybernation of Swallows, by the late Colonel 
 
 Antes. Communicated by Dr. Barton. <^ Trans. Amer. Philos. Soe. 
 vi.pt.i. 1804, pp. 59,60. 
 
 1805. Barton, B. S. Letter to M. Lacepede, of Paris, on the Natural His- 
 
 tory of North America. <^ Tilloch's Philos. Mag. xxii. 1805, pp. 
 204-211. 
 Asserts the torpid hibernation of Swallows as a fact. 
 
 Prior to 1810. Eeeve, H. "An Essay on the Torpidity of Animals. By 
 Henry Eeeve, M. D." 
 
 Kot seen— e/. PhUog. Mag. xxxv. 1610, p. 341, wbenco the above imperfect title 
 is extracted. Said to relate in part to migration and torpidity of various birds. 
 
 1810. Baeton, B. S. On the Torpidity of Animals. •< Tilloch's Philos. Mag. 
 XXXV. 1810, pp. 241-247. 
 
 Discussing the matter chiefly in the cases of Swallows and Hummingbirds. 
 ' ' There is no fact in ornithology better established than the fact of the occasional 
 torpidity of" OotyU riparia and Ohtetura pdasffia. 
 
 1813. Fobster, T. " Observations on the bramal retreat of the Swallow 
 [etc.]. 8vo. London, 1813." 
 
 Not seen, — The same or another tract by the same author is said to have 
 reached its 6th ed. in 1 817. — See also Trans. Jjinn. Soc. xii. pt. iL p. 590. 
 
 1824. Audubon, J. J. Facts and Observations connected vrith the perma- 
 nent residence of Swallows in the United States. <^ Ann. Lye. Nat. 
 Hist. New York, i. pt. i. 1824, pp. 16(5-168. (Eead Aug. 11, 1824.) 
 3. lunifroTii, Say, is here renamed IT. respublicana, sp. n. 
 
 1824. Clinton, De W. On the Hirundo f ulva of Vieillot, with some gen- 
 eral remarks on the birds of this genus. <^ Ann. Lye. Nat, Hist. 
 New York, i. pt. i. 1824, pp. 156-166. (Eead Aug. 9, 1824.) 
 "H'./uZua VieiU.", i.e.H.lunifro7is, Say; here renamed H". opi/KC, sp. n. 
 
 1827. Smith, Colin. Facts in regard to the Hybernation of the Chimney 
 Swallow, (Hirundo rustica). <^ Edinb. New Philos. Journ. iii. 1827, 
 pp. 231-234. 
 
 Five individnals captured in torpid state on rafters of an out-house. They 
 revived and flew away. Sapposition that Ootyle riparia might be found dor* 
 mant in its holes. 
 
 1829. Bree, W. T. On the Arrival and Retreat of the British Hirundines, 
 w ith a Table of Arrivals and Departures, from 1800 to 1828. <^ Lou- 
 don's Mag. Nat. Hist. ii. 1829, pp. 16-20. 
 
 1829. " L. E. 0." Swallows remaining in this Country [England] during 
 the Winter. < Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. ii. 1829, p. 458. 
 
 1839. Sweet, E. A Swallow in November [near Fulham, Engl.]. 
 <toudon's Mag. Nat. Hint. ii. 1829, p. 101. 
 
THE LITERATURE OF THIS SUBJECT 381 
 
 1830. Bree, W. T. Dates of the first and last Appearances of the Hirun- 
 dines in the Neighbourhood of AUesley Rectory [England], for the 
 Year 1829, with Remarks. <, Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. iii. 1830, pp. 
 130-132. 
 
 1830. " J. H. N." Migration and Breeding of Swallows ; in answer to W. H. 
 
 White (p. 194). < Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. iii. 1830, p. 474. 
 
 1831. Couch, J. Notes on the Chimney Swallow (Hirundo rustica), and on 
 
 the Window Swallow, or Marten (Hirundo urbioa). <^ Loudon's 
 Mag. Nat. Hist. iv. 1831, pp. 520-523. 
 Migrations and habits. 
 
 1831. LoBFFLBK, H. " Ueber den Winterschlaf der Schwalben. < Preus- 
 
 siseh. Provinzialbl. v. 1831, p. 63." 
 Not seen — source of title forgotten. 
 
 1832. Audubon, J. J. Ueber das Verbleiben der Schwalben. <^ Oken's Isis, 
 
 Bd. XXV. 1832, p. 1071. 
 Aus d. Add. Lye. Not. Hist. New York, i. 1824, p. 166. 
 
 1832. Clinton, DeWitt. Ueber Hirundo fulva Vieill. [i. e. H. lunifrons 
 Say]. < Ohcn's Isis, Bd. xxv. 1832, p. 1071. 
 Aus d. Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. New York, i. 1821, p. 156. 
 
 1832. Smith, C. Ueberwinterung der Rauchechwalbe, Hirundo rustica. 
 
 < Oken's Isis, Bd. xxv. 1832, p. 693. 
 
 Aiiszng aus d. Edinb. New Philos. Joum. Bd. li. 1827, Heft vi. p. 231. 
 
 1833. "Ll. Con." The Swallow near the Conway, Caernarvonshire. 
 
 < Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 1833, p. 72. 
 
 1833. Tatbm, J. G. The Departure of the Swallow. < Loudon's Mag. Nat. 
 Hist. vi. 1833, p. 72. 
 
 1833. Woodruff, S. On Hybernafion and other topics of Natural History. 
 
 <[ Sillim. Am. Joum. xxiv. 1833, pp. 363-369. 
 
 Toncbes on supposed hibernation of the Swallow, in separate sub-beads, pp. 
 368, 369. 
 
 1834. . "Svalans [Hirundo] flyttning. <^ lidsTc. f. Jagare o. Naturf. 
 
 iii. 1834, pp. 881-885." 
 
 Not seen — title from v. Frieson. 
 
 1838. DuTROCHET, H. Hibernation des hirondelles. < Compt. Bend, de 
 I'Acad. Sci. vi. 1838, p. 673. 
 
 Kxtrait d'une lettre. " TTn fait dont j'ai 6t6 tfimoin : Au milieu de I'hiver denx 
 hirondelles ont 6t6 trouvAes engourdies dans un enfonoement qui existalt dans 
 nne muralUe et dans I'intfirienr d'un b&timent. Entre les mains de ceux qui 
 I'avaient prises, elles ne tardSrent pas h se r^chanffer et elles s'en volferent." 
 
 1838. DuTROCHET, H. [Lettre adress^e h M. Is. Geoffrey St. Hilaire, relative 
 h I'hibernation des Hirondelles.] < Berne Zoologique, i. 1838, p. 66. 
 Extrait du Compt. Eend. vl. 1838, p. 673. 
 
382 THE LITEEATUEE OF THIS SUBJECT 
 
 1838. Lareby, Baron. Hibernation des Hirondelles. < Compt. Bend, de 
 I'Acad. Sa. vi. 1838, p. 703. 
 
 " II raoonte dans sa Campagne d'ltalie (tome I")i qne, passant ik la fin de 
 rhiver de 1792 dans la valine de Maurienne, 11 avait d6coavert dans one grotte 
 profonde d'nne montagne, nomm^e VHirtmdeltih-e, nne grande qnantitfi de cea 
 oiseanx saependns comme nn essaim d'abeilles dans I'nn des coins de la votite 
 de cette grotte." 
 
 1838. Geoffrot Saint-Hilaire, Isidore. [E^flexions ^ I'occasion de 
 
 cette communication.] -C, Compi. Rend, de I'Acad. Set. vi. 1838, p. 703. 
 
 1839. DuTROCHBT, H. Ueberwinterung der Schwalben. < Oken's Isia, Bd. 
 
 xxxii. 1839, pp. 367, 368. 
 L'lnstitnt, Nr. 229, 1838, p. 157. 
 
 1839. Felleterie, H. de la. [Sar la pT^tendne hibernation des Hiron- 
 delles.] <. Bevue Zoologique, il. 1839, p. 344. 
 
 1843. Atkinson, J. C. Note on the migration of Martins [Chelidon urbica] 
 and Sand-martins [Cotjle riparia]. <^ Zoologist, i. 1843, pp. 354, 355. 
 
 1843. Bree, W. T. Note on the late departure [from Dover] of the Swallow 
 [H. rnstica] in 1842. < Zoologist, i. 1843, pp. 101, 102. 
 
 1843. Jordan, K. C. E. Note on the late departure [from Teignmonth] of 
 Swallows. &c. in 1842. < Zoologist, i. 1843, p. 76. 
 
 1843. Newman, E. Note on the latedepartnre [fromPeckham] of the Swal- 
 low in 1842. < Zoologist, i. 1843, p. 77. 
 
 1843. Norman, G. Note on the late departure of the Swallow [H. mstica, 
 from Hull] in 1841. < Zoologist, i. 1843, p. 102. 
 
 1843. Trathan, J. T. Note on the late departure [from Falmouth] of Swal- 
 lows in 1842. < Zoologist, i. 1843, p. 76. 
 
 1843. Wilcox, W. Note on the early arrival of Martins [Chelidon nrbica, 
 
 at Devon] in 1843. <, Zoologist, i. 1843. pp. 145, 146. 
 
 1844. Bell, E. J. Note on the late occurrence of the Swallow at Goole in 
 
 December. <[ Zoologist, ii. 1844, p. 565. 
 
 1844, Cliffe, H. F. Note on the Swallow's course over the Atlantic. 
 
 < Zoologist, ii. 1844, p. 565. 
 
 1844. GuRNEY, S., Jr. Note on the early arrival of the Swallow or Martin. 
 
 < Zoologist, ii. 1844, p. 565. 
 
 1844. Hussey, A. Enquiry as to the arrival of the Swallow, &c. <^ Zoologist, 
 ii. 1844, p. 650. 
 
 1844. Sladen, E. H. M. Note on the Migration of the Swallow. < Zoologist, 
 
 ii. 1844, pp. 762, 763, 
 
 1845. Hussey, A. Migration of Honse Martins [Chelidon urbica] about 
 
 Brighton. < Zoologist, iii. 1845, p. 870. 
 
 1845. " J. A. 8." Swallows. A fact in Ornithology. ■< Lit. Bee. and Joum. 
 lAnn. Assoc, of Penna. College, i. 1845, pp. 269, 270. 
 Their gathering iu mnltitades at times. 
 
THE LITERATURE OF THIS SUBJECT 383 
 
 1845. Sladen, E. H. M. Flight of the Swallow. < Zoologist, iii. 1845, p. 939. 
 
 1845. Webster, T. Partial Migration of [Hirnndine] Birds. <l Zoologist, 
 
 iii. 1845, pp. 1191, 1192. 
 
 1846. Dawson, J. Swallows never seen at the Carron Iron- works in Winter. 
 
 < Zoologist, iv. 1846, pp. 1297, 1298. 
 Compare serentb title following. 
 
 1846. FORSTBR, T. "On the Migration of the Swallows. <^Proc. Linn. Soc. 
 i. 1846, p 296 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xviii. 18—, p. 195." 
 Not seen— title derived from Agassiz and Strickland. 
 
 1846. Richardson, F. Migration of the Swallow. < Zoologist, iv. 1846, 
 p. 1211. 
 
 1846. RoDD, E. H. Late stay of the Swallow at Penzance. <^ Zoologist, iv. 
 
 1846, p. 1247. 
 
 1846. RoDD, E. H. Early arrival of the Swallow in Cornwall. <^ Zoologist, 
 iv. 1846, p. 1368. 
 
 1846. RuDD, T. S. Late departure of the Swallow at Redcar. < Zoologist, 
 iv. 1846, p, 1368. 
 
 1846. Smith, H.E. Late stay of the House-martin [Chelidon urbica] at 
 Alton. < Zoologist, iv. 1846, p. 1247. 
 
 1846. Smith, S. Swallows at the Carron Iron-works in winter. < Zoologist, 
 
 iv. 1846, p. 1247. 
 From Sydney Smith's " Principles of Phrenology "- 
 
 1847. Bird, W. F. W. Early Arrival of the Sand-Martin [Cotyle riparia]. 
 
 < Zoologist, V. 1847, p. 1777. 
 
 1847. Breb, W. Late stay of Swallows and Martins at Springfield, War- 
 wickshire. < Zoologist, V. 1847, pp. 1638, 1639. 
 
 1847. Johnson, J., Jr. Swallows in January [in England]. '^Zoologist, v. 
 
 1847, p. 1639. 
 
 1847. RoDD, E. H. Early appearance of the Sand Martin [Cotyle riparia] 
 
 near Penzance. <[ Zoologist, v. 1847, p. 1696. 
 
 1848. BoswELL, J. Scientific dictum of Dr. Johnson respecting [torpid 
 
 subaqueous hibernation of] Swallows. < Zoologist, vi. 1848, p. 2064. 
 From Boswell's Life of Johnson. 
 
 1848. Ellman, J. B. Swallows (llirur.do ruetica) dug out of Hedge-banks 
 [in winter]. < Zoologist, vi. 1848, pp. 2302, 2303. 
 
 1848. Hardy, J. Disappearance of Swallows at Penmanshiel, Berwickshire. 
 
 < Zoologist, vi. 1848, p. 1968. 
 
 1849. Bree, C.R. Late appearance of the Swallow (Hirnndo rustioa) in 
 
 1848 [at Slowmarket]. < Zoologist, vii. 1849, p. 2455. 
 
 1849. Bree, W. T. Remarks on the Migration of Swallows (Hirnndo 
 rustica). < Zoologist, vii. 1849, pp. 2391, 2392. 
 
384 THE LITERATURE OF THIS SUBJECT 
 
 1849. ('oilman, J. F. Late stay of the Martin (Himndo urbica) in Suffolk. 
 
 < Zoologist, vii. 1849, p. 2392. 
 
 1849. Ellman, J. B. Late stay of Swallows (Hirnndo rustica) at Rye. 
 
 < Zoologist, vii. 1849, p. 2352. 
 
 1849. FiTTON, E. B. Swallows [? Swifts] Hibernating in the Cliff at Hast- 
 ings. < Zoologist, vii. 1849, p. 2590. 
 
 1849. HtTLKB, J. "W. Late appearance of the House Martin (Hiinndo urbica) 
 near Deal. < Zoologist, vii. 1849, p. 2392. 
 
 1849. Sdndevall, C. J. " Svalornas [Hirundo] hibernation. < Ofv. K. Vet.- 
 
 ATcad. Fork. 1849, pp. 181-185." 
 Ifot seen— c/. v. Friesen, Ofv. Srer. Om. Litt. 1860, 31. 
 
 1850. Bree, "W. T. On the Autumnal Stay of Martins [Chelidon urbica]. 
 
 < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2800. 
 
 1850. Norman, G. Early Appearance of the Martin (Hirnndo urbica) near 
 
 Hull. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2S00. 
 ]S.')0-54. SoNDEVALL, C. J. " Om Svalans [Hirundo] hibernation. <C.Ofvers. 
 K. VeU-Akad. Forh. 1850, pp. 6-11 ; 1854, pp. 135-140." 
 Not seen— c/. v. Friesen, Ofv. Sver. Orn. Litt. 1860, .31. 
 
 1851. Harpee, J. Observations on the Arrival of Hirundinidse in Norfolk 
 
 this [1851] Spring. < Zoologist, ix. 1851, p. 3173. 
 
 185-2. Bree, W. T. Arrival of Hirundines [in England] in 1852. < Zoologist, 
 X. 1852, p. 3512. 
 
 1852. Bryant, G. Late appearance of the Swallow [in Britain]. <[ Ann. 
 
 Mag. Nat. Hist. 2d ser. x. 1852, p. 465. 
 
 1853. Hewitson, W. C. Swallows in November [in England]. -(^Zoologist, 
 
 xi. 1853, p. 3753. 
 
 1853. Wakeeibld, R. Swallows [Chelidon urbica] in November. <^ Zoologist, 
 xi. 1853, p. 3806. 
 
 1853. Wolley, J. Supposed occurrence of a specimen of the Severn Swal- 
 
 low (Hirundo bicolor, Vieill.), at Derby, in 1850. <^ Zoologift, xi. 
 1853, pp. 380G, 3807. 
 
 1854. Glogbk, C. W. L. Das lange Verspaten der Sohwalben [Hirnndo 
 
 rnstica] im jetzigen Herbste (1853) [u. s. -w.]. < J./. 0. ii. 1854, 
 pp. 284, 285. 
 C/. torn, eit WO. 
 
 1854. Homeyek, E. von. Hirundo rufula Temm., die rothhalsige Gebirgs- 
 
 schwalbe als enropaiscber Brutvogel. < J.f. 0. il. 1854, pp. 174, 175. 
 
 1855. Briggs, J. J. Note on the congregation of Swallows. <[ Zoologist, 
 
 xiii. 1855, pp. 4558, 4559. 
 
 1856. GuYON, G. Late stay of Swallows [in the Isle of Wight] in 1855. 
 
 Zoologist, xiv. 1856, p. 4943. 
 
 1856. Hadfield, H. W. Late stay of the Swallow Tribe [in Isle of Wight]. 
 
 < Zoologist, xiv. 1856, pp. 4994, 4995. 
 
THE LITERATURE OP TfllS SUBJECT 385 
 
 1856. Hadpibld, H. W. Migration of the Swallow Tribe [In Isle of Wight]. 
 
 < Zoologist, xiv. 1856, pp. 5060, 5061. 
 
 1856. IIakcoukt, E. V. Late Stay of Swallows and Martins in 1855 
 
 [Hastingsl. < Zoologist, xiv. 1856, p. 4945. 
 1856. Logan, E. F. Note on the Late Stay of Swallows [Hirundo rnstica, 
 
 nrbica, in Scotland] in 1855. <^ Edinb. Ifew Philos. Journ. new ser. 
 
 *ii. 1856, p. 350. 
 
 1856. Lowe, E. J. Singular Mortality amongst the Swallow Tribe. < Sep. 
 Brit. Ass. Adv. Set. for 1855, 1856, (Mac. Comm.), pp. 112, 113. 
 
 Due to cold ■weaXhef, occasioning the death of thonaands. Meteorological data 
 faTDisbed. 
 
 1856. RoDD, E. H. Late Appearance of the Swallow Tribe at Penzance, 
 
 Dec. 1855. < ZoologUt, xiv. 1856, p. 4945. 
 
 1857. Hadpield, H. W. Migration of the Swallow Tribe. < Zoologist, xv. 
 
 1857, p. 5364. 
 
 1857. Hadpield, H. W. Note on the Migration of the Swallow Tribe [in 
 
 the Isle of Wight]. < Zoologist, xv. 1857, pp. 5751, 5752. 
 
 1858. FoRSTKR, T. " On the irregularity in the return of the Swallows and 
 
 other vernal migratorial birds in the season 1857. < Journ. Proc. 
 Linn. Soe. ii. 1858, p. 40." 
 Not seen— title from Giebel, and doabtless literally incorrect. 
 
 1859. GuRNEY, S. Swallows in November [at Carshalton]. <^ Zoologist, 
 
 xvii. 1859, p. 6328. 
 
 1859. Hensman, a. Late Swallows [Northampton, November 13]. < Zool- 
 ogist, xvii. 1859, p. 6492. 
 
 1859. Newman, H. W. Disappearance of Swallows and Martins [from Chel- 
 
 tenham.] <^Zoologist, xvii. 1859, p. 6779. 
 
 1860. Clark, T. Late Stay of Martins [near Bridgwater]. <C Zoologist, 
 
 xviii. 1860, p. 6808. 
 
 1860. Couch, J. Martins [Chelidon urbica, in Cornwall] near Christmas. 
 
 < Zoologist, xviii. 1860, p. 6891. 
 
 1860. Newton, A. Note on the supposed occurrence of the Hirundo bicolor 
 
 of North America in England. < P. Z. S. xxviii. 1860, pp. 131, 132. 
 1860. Newton, A. Note on the supposed Occurrence of the Hirundo bicolor 
 
 of North America in England. <^ Zoologist, xviii. 1860, pp. 7145, 7146. 
 1860. Newton, A. Note on the supposed occurrence of the Hirundo bicolor 
 
 of North America in England. <[ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. vi. 
 
 1860, pp. 130, 131. 
 From P. Z. S. Feb. 28, 1860, pp. 131, 132 ; cf. Zoologist, 1860, p. 7145. 
 
 1860. Saville, S. p. Disappearance of Swallows and Martins [from Cam- 
 bridgeshire]. < Zoologist, xviii. 1860, p. 6808. 
 
 1862. Hadfield, H. Migration of Swallows. < Zoologist, xx. 1862, pp. 
 7937, 7938. 
 
 1362. Hadfield, H. Migration of Swallows, &o. < Zoologist, xk. 1862, 
 p. 8162. 
 
 1862. Parke, G. H. Early Appearance of the Swallow [in Yorkshire]. 
 
 < Zoologist, XX. 1862, p. 7938. 
 25 B 
 
386 THE LITEEATUEE OF THIS SUBJECT 
 
 18G2. Eaksom, J. Appearauee of the Swallow [at York] in 1862. < ZooU 
 
 ogiat, XX. 1862, p. 8035. 
 1863. Atkinson, J. C. Early Occnrrence of the Swallow T'l Britain]. 
 
 < ZoologUt, xxi. 1863, p. 8524. 
 
 1863. GiGLiOLi, H. H. [Letter on Cotyle rnpeatris as a migrant.] < Ibiii, 
 
 V. 1863, p. 474. 
 1863. NnwMAN, H. W. Scarcity of Swallows [in Cheltenham]. < Zool- 
 
 ogisi, xxi. 18C3, pp. 8824, 8825. 
 
 1863. Eanson, J. Irregular Appearance of the Swallow [at York] . < Zool- 
 
 ogist, xxi. 1863, pp. 8681, 8682. 
 
 1864. Dklahakpb, J. " Eenseignements sur la migration des hirondelles. 
 
 < Bull. Soc. Vaud. 1864, pp. 111-126, and 1865, p. 168." 
 Not seen— title from Zool. Eec. for 1865, p. 105. 
 
 1664. Frauenfex-d, G. v. "Ueber Wanderung und Flog der Vogel. 
 
 < Joum. f. Omilh. pp. 101 ii«— 108 Ma {potiua pp. 101-108) ; and Verh. 
 Zool.-Bot. Gesellaeh. Wien, 1864, pp. 156, 157." 
 
 Not seen— title from Zool. Eec. for 1864,p.40.— " The author sets himself to 
 answer three sets of questions respecting the direction taken by migrating 
 Swallows, put by Dr. J. de la Harpe." See preceding title. 
 
 1864. Hadfibld, H. Martins congregating in August [in the Isle of Wight]. 
 
 < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 9329. 
 
 1864. Hadfield, H. Scarcity of Swallows. < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 8886. 
 
 1864. Hewitson, W. C. Late Stay of the Swallows. < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, 
 p. 8886. 
 
 18C4. Hutchinson, M. Arrival of SwaUows, Martins and Sand Martins at 
 Blackheath. <^ Zoologist, xxii. 1864, pp. 9112, 9113. 
 
 1864. Mathews, G. F. Extraordinary Flight ["many thousands"] of Swal- 
 lows. <C Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 9112. 
 
 1864. MoNCBEAFF, H. Immense Flight of Swallows [over island of Portsea]. 
 
 < Zoologist, xxiii. 1864, p. 9112. 
 
 1864. Eakb, T. B. Notes on the Swallow Tribe, their Stay and Departure. 
 <^ Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 8955. 
 
 1864. Eanson, J. Swallows [at York]. < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 9328. 
 
 1864. Saunders, W. C. Arrival of the Willow Wren and Swallow [in 
 Great Britain]. < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 9108. 
 
 1864. Verrill, a. E. [Observations on the supposed eastward migration 
 of the Cliff Swallow (Hirundo lunifrona).] < Proa. Boston Soc. Nat. 
 Hist. ix. 1864, pp. 276-278. 
 
 1864. Wharton, C. B. Martins congregating in August. < Zoologist, xxii. 
 1864, p. 9282. 
 
 1864. Wheeler, A. The late Stay of Swallows [at Torquay]. < Zoologist, 
 
 xxii. 1864, p. 8955. 
 
 1865. Button, J. Late Stay of SwaUows [at Hammersmith]. < Zoologist, 
 
 xxiii. 1865, p. 9418. 
 
THE LITERATUEE OP THIS SUBJECT 387 
 
 1865. Hadfield, H. Migration of the Swallow and Martin [in the Isle of 
 Wight]. < Zoologist, xxiii. 1865, p. 9434. 
 
 1865. Hambl, E. D. Late Swallow [at Bole Hall]. <C_ Zoologist, xxiii. 
 1865, p. 9418. 
 
 1865. Hutchinson, M. Arrival of Hirundine Immigrants at Blackheath. 
 
 <. Zoologist, xxiii. 1865, p. 9617. 
 
 1866. Clogg,S. Martins inDecember [at Millandreath, near Looe]. <^Zool- 
 
 ogUt, 2d ser. i. 1866, p. 33. 
 
 1866. Clogg, S. Arrival of Hlrundines at Looe, Cornwall. <[ Zoologist, 2d 
 ser. i. 1866, pp. 309, 310. 
 
 1866. Clogg, S. Martins at Christmas [East Looe, Llskeard], < Zoologist, 
 2d ser. i. 1866, p. 96. 
 
 1866. DouBLBDAY, H. Late Stay of Martins [at Epping]. <^Zoologist, 2d 
 
 ser. i. 1866, p. 523. 
 
 1867. Clark-Kennedy, A. Early Arrival of Swallows and Martins. < Zool- 
 
 ogist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 827. 
 
 1867. Plant, J. Swallows at Salford. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1367, p. 1015. 
 
 1868. . [Fable of the subaqueous Hibernation of] Swallows. •< Zool- 
 ogist, 2d ser. iii. 1868, pp. 1219, 1220. 
 
 I^om the "Morning Advertiser ", Feb. 4, 1868. 
 
 1868. Bell, T. Scarcity of Hirundines [in Hants]. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iii. 
 1865, p. 1378. 
 
 1868. Clark-Kennedy, A. Swallows in November [near Windsor]. 
 < Zoologist, 2d ser. iii. 1868, p. 1058. 
 
 1868. Clermont, Lord. Scarcity of the House Martin [at Eatington 
 Park]. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iii. 1868, p. 1343. 
 
 1868. DuTTON, J. Late Stay of Martins [Nov.. 28 ; Eastbourne]. < Zool- 
 ogist, 2d ser. iii. 1868, p. 1097. 
 
 1868. Gurney, J. H. On the Departure of the Swallows from Devonshire 
 in 1868. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iii. 1868, p. 1479. 
 
 1868. Ranson, J. Scarcity of Hirundines [in York]. < Zoologist, 2d ser. 
 iii. 1868, p. 1422. 
 
 1868. Smith, C. Late Appearance of the Swallow [Taunton]. <^Zoologist, 
 
 2d ser. iii. 1868, p. 1058. 
 
 1869. Briggs, T. R. A. Late stay of Martins. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iv. 1869, 
 
 p. 1516. 
 1869. Clogg, S. Scarcity of Martins in 1868 in the Neighbourhood of East 
 Love. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iv. 1869, p. 1516. 
 
 1869. Edblen, — . " Aus dem Wanderleben einer Schwalbe. <^ Rhein. Verh. 
 
 Correspondenzhl. xxvi. 1869, p. 78." 
 Not seen. 
 1869. Mathews, G. F. Late stay of Swallows. < Zoologist, 2d ser. Iv. 1869, 
 
 p. 1516. 
 
388 THE LITERATURE OP THIS SUBJECT 
 
 1869. Papillon, p. O. Late Swallows. < Zoologist, 2d. ser. iv. 1869, p. 
 1562. 
 
 1869. Wamh, W. H. Martins and Swallows. < ZooZo^ist, 2d ser. iv. 1869, 
 
 p. 1802. 
 
 1870. Blaee-Enox, H. Migration of Swallows. -^Zoologist, 2d ser. v. 
 
 1870, p. 2183. 
 
 1870. Smee, a. H. Note on the Migration of Swallows. •< Zoologist, 2d 
 
 ser. V. 1870, pp. 2140, 2141. 
 1371. Bond, F. Late-staying Hirandines [at Brighton]. -^Zoologist, 2d eet. 
 vi. 1871, p. 2440. 
 
 1871. GoEBEL, H. Curiosa. < Jl/. 0. xix. 1871, pp. 26, 27. 
 
 Notices statements which had been made respecting the breeding of Ostriches 
 and the movements of Swallows. 
 
 1871. Labouchere, H. M. Arrival of the Martin and Swallow [at Hamp- 
 stead]. < Zoologist, 2d ser. vi. 1871, p. 2609. 
 
 1871. Moor, E. C. Late Swallows [in Ipswich]. <^Zoologist, 2d ser. vi. 
 
 1871, p. 2440. 
 
 1872. Meykr, R. Ankunft und Abzog der Schwalbenarten [in Deutsch- 
 
 land] in diesem Jahre. < Zool. Gart. xiii. 1872, pp. 337-339. 
 1872. EODD, E. H. Arrival of Swallows [at Land's End]. < Zoologist, 2d 
 ser. vii. 1872, p. 3064. 
 
 1872. Wayne, W. H. Swallow and Martin, or Chimney Swallow and Eave 
 
 Swallow. <iZoologisl, 2d ser. vii. 1872, p. 3234. 
 Note on their vemacolar names and on their appearances, &c. 
 
 1873. Thojma8SON,J.P. LateSwallows[Oot. 29; Lancashire]. <C Zoologist, 
 
 2d ser. viii. 1873, p. 3369. 
 
 1874. Clogg, S. Early Congregation of Martins. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ix. 
 
 1874, p. 4157. 
 1874. Bell, T. Scarcity and Late Stay of Martins and Swallows at Sel- 
 borue. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ix. 1874, pp. 3833, 3834. 
 
 1874. Cambridge, O. P. Late Stay of House Martins [Nov. 22d, in Great 
 Britain]. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ix. 1874, p. 3833. 
 
 1874. Clogg, S. Martins and Swallows ; is their Late Stay dependent on 
 the Wind ? < Zoologist, 2d ser. ix. 1874, p. 3834. 
 
 1874. Crewe, H. H. House Martin near Aylesbury on the 5th of Decem- 
 ber. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ix. 1874, p. 3833. 
 
 1874. Crosfield, A. J. Late Martins and Swallows [Nov. 2, Reigate]. 
 <iZoologist, 2d ser. ix. 1374, p. 3881. 
 
 1877. Anon. Palmfin on the Migration of Birds ^Nature, xv. no. 387, 
 Mar. 29, 1877, pp. 465-467. 
 
 Keview of Uebcr die Zngstrassen der Vogel von J. A. Falm6n, Leipzig, 1876.— 
 Handles without gloves those " who still hanker after the ancient faith in 'hiber- 
 nation.' It may be said that it is but lost laboar to attempt to bring snch people 
 to reason, and so, possibly, it is. Still, the apparent gravity with which this 
 absurd notion is from time to time propounded, renders it necessary that its folly 
 Bhoold be as often exposed, . . . ." 
 
THE LITERATURE OP THIS SUBJECT 389 
 
 1877. Argyix, Duke of. Hibernation of Birds < Nature, xv. no. 390, Apr. 
 19, 1877, pp. 527, 528. 
 
 Transmits letter from Sir John McNeill, who says : — " I have stated and I now 
 repeat that I have seen swallows in large numbers hibernating." Then he gives 
 the partionlars. 
 
 1877. McLeod, R. R. Correspondence. <C Meld and Forest, iii. no. 2, Aug. 
 1877, pp. 35, 36. 
 
 A propos of some pleasantries lately published in l^ature against the idea that 
 birds hibernate, the writer, whom the well-known Mr. G. A. Boardman, of Calais, 
 Me., represents to me aa a proper person, sends the editor the following, in 
 substance : — 
 
 Mr. John T. GosB, " a gentleman of intelligence and veracity ' *, informed him 
 that when lumbering in the woods in New Branswlck, in winter, with a great 
 depth of snow, his cook, who was digging out a spring of black mud, came upon 
 " two bank Swallows apparently dead, but dry ". These birds were handled by 
 several men full of curiosity j they soon began to revive in the warmth of the 
 camp, and after a little while one of them flew out of the smoke-hole and fell 
 npon the snow ; the other was reburled in the mud by the cook. 
 
 The writer encloses a letter from A. S. Freeman, of Presque Isle, detailing 
 circumstances of finding birds, said to be Bank Swallows (but which may have 
 been Swifts), "frozen stiff" in the hollow of a felled maple-tree ; some of which 
 birds, taken to a warm room, revived and flew about, but were found dead next 
 morning. " They were of a brownish color with white or light bellies, such as 
 we flnd around holes in the sand banks in the summer." 
 
 1877. i'THE Reviewer of Palm^n's Work." Tlie "Hibernation" of 
 Birds < Nature, xvi. no. 395, May 24, 1877, p. 61. 
 
 £egards the incident Sir John McNeill relates as " miraculous ", without Im- 
 pugning the relator's veracity ; dismisses Herr Kohweder's account to the 
 " limbo of legends ", and still appears pleased with himself— O forturuitos 
 nvmiwml 
 
 1877. Spalding, D. A. The First Swallow at Mentou [France] < Nature, 
 XV. no. 388, Apr. 5, 1877, p. 488. 
 
 1877. Spalding, D. A. The Swallows and Cnckoo at Menton [France] 
 <_ Nature, xv. no. 390, Apr. 19, 1877, p. 528. 
 
 1877. " X." The Hibernation of Swallows < Nature, xvi. no. 394, May 17, 
 1877, p. 43. 
 
 Cites note in Ornlthologisches Centralblatt of May 1, 1877, from J. Kohweder, 
 who certifies to the competency and trustworthiness of the observer who com- 
 municated to him the facts here given. Many hibernating Swallows were found 
 and handled. 
 
 The foregoing titles, it will be observed, are only of special papers on the 
 subject — the bulli of the literature being found in works or tracts of more 
 general character. I will give two instances of the style in which the sub- 
 ject appears in literature. Peter Ealm, the celebrated traveller, wrote from 
 New Jersey in 1750, that he had observed Barn Swallows on the 10th of 
 April (new style), sitting on planks and posts, as wet as if they had just 
 come out of the sea ; and the famous John Reinhold Forster, editor and 
 translator of Kalm, adds very explicit testimony of his own, he being an 
 eye-witness. Dr. Wallorius, the distinguished Swedish chemist, wrote in 
 1748, that he had more than once seen Swallows assembling on a reed, till 
 they were all immersed ; and that he had likewise seen a Swallow caught 
 
390 THE LITEEATUEE OF THIS StTBJECT 
 
 in a net under water, revived in a warm room, where it flattered about 
 and then died. Mr. Klein, secretary of Dantzick, procured many sworn 
 affidavits Of such occurences. The mother of the Countess Lehndorf said 
 she had seen a bundle of Swallows brought from Lake Frith- Haff, which 
 were revived in a room and flew about. Count Schlieben gave a stamped 
 instrument importing that he had seen Swallows caught in a net, had taken 
 one of them in hand, brought it into a warm room, where it lay about an 
 hour, when it began to stir, and soon after flew about. Fermier-G6n6ral 
 Witkowski made affidavit that in 1740 three Swallows had been netted in a 
 pond at Didlaeken, and that in 1741 he got two Swallows from this pond, 
 where they were caught in his presence, and took them home, where they 
 revived, fluttered about, and died three hours after. Amtmann Bonke saw 
 nine Swallows brought up in a net from under the ice, and distinctly ob- 
 served their reanimation. Forster rehearses more testimony to the same 
 eifect, and continues : — " 7thly, I can reckon myself among the eye-witnesses 
 of this paradoxon of natural history. In the year 1735, being a little boy, I 
 saw several Swallawa brought in winter by iishermen, from the river Vistula 
 to my father's house, where two of them were brought into a warm room, 
 revived and flew about. I saw them several times settling on the warm 
 stone, (which the Nwihern nations have in their rooms) and I recollect well 
 that the same forenoon they died, and I had them, when dead in my hand. 
 ... In January [1754] the lake of Lybshau, belonging to these estates, 
 being covered with ice, I ordered the fishermen to fish therein, and in my 
 presence several Swdttowa were taken ; which the fishermen threw in again ; 
 but one I took up myself, brought it home, which was five mUes from thence, 
 and it revived, but died about an hour after its reviving." * 
 
 Williams, writing of the Swallows of Vermont in 1794, says that at Dauby 
 in that State, there were reports that some of these birds had been taken 
 out of a pond in that town some years previously. A man in digging up roots 
 of the pond lily found several Swallows " enclosed in the mud ; alive, but in 
 a torpid state ". He continues : — ' ' I saw an instance which puts the possi- 
 bility of the fact beyond aU room for doubt. About the year 1760, two men 
 were digging in the Salt marsh, at Cambridge, in Massachusetts, on the 
 bank of the Charles Kiver, about two feet below the surface of the ground, 
 they dug up a Swallow, wholly surrounded and covered with mud. The 
 Swallow was in a torpid state, but being held in their hands, it revived in 
 about half an hour. The place where this Swallow was dug up was every 
 day covered with the salt water, which at every high tide, was four or five 
 feet deep. The time when this Swallow was found was the latter part of 
 the month of February ."t 
 
 I might go on almost indefinitely with this sort of thing, but I have ad- 
 duced enough to show the character of the evidence we possess, and this is 
 my only object. 
 
 * Peter Kalm's Travels into North America, Forster's Ed., vol. ii. pp. 
 140-144, 1771. [Quoted at second hand and abridged from Merriam, Trans. 
 Conn. Acad. i. 1877, pp. 28, 29.] 
 
 tThe Natural and Civil History of Vermont. By Samuel Williams. Wal- 
 pole, N. H. 1794. pp. 115, 116. [Quoted after Merriam, J. c] 
 
THE ARCHITECTURE OF SWALLOWS 391 
 
 Architecture of Swallows 
 
 Next after the migration, the nidification of Swallows is the 
 best-known point in their natural history. The nesting and 
 the eggs of all the North American species have become per- 
 fectly well known, such is the abundance of the birds, such 
 their familiarity with man. Their buildings illustrate two 
 striking propositions: — 
 
 1. The versatility of architectural genius within the limits of 
 a small and perfectly natural group of birds. 
 
 2. The influence of man in modifying the architectural cus- 
 toms of birds. 
 
 Every one of the North American species nests in a way 
 peculiar to itself, even those which are most alike being dis- 
 tinguished by some circumstance, either of the nest itself, or 
 of the freight it bears; and all the species, with a single prob- 
 able exception, have successively yielded to the modifying 
 influences of the gradual settlement of the country by man. 
 The Violet-green Swallow has held out the longest, and it is 
 only very recently, in fact, that we have learned of its accept- 
 ance of the new order of things. The time when the Barn 
 Swallow forsook its primitive custom of building has passed 
 out of mind ; the modification is so profound, that this bird 
 now very rarely nests elsewhere than in artificial resorts which 
 man presents to its choice. In some cases, the change is com- 
 plete in settled portions of the country, while elsewhere the 
 same species retains its primitive habits. Thus the Glifif or 
 Bave Swallow now nests habitually on buildings in the East- 
 ern United States, though it still glues its curious mud fabrics 
 to the faces of cliffs in the West; and the Purple Martin nests 
 indifferently in boxes set up for its use, and in holes in trees. 
 In the case of the Cliff Swallow, another curious result of the 
 settlement of the country is seen in the gradual extension of 
 the range of the species. Formerly restricted to regions 
 abounding in natural nesting-sites, it has spread into populous 
 districts, where the eaves of buildings afford a convenient 
 substitute for the original breeding places. The Rough-winged 
 Swallow originally nested, and generally still nests, like the 
 Bank, in holes dug by itself in the ground; but it now often 
 avails itself of the nooks afforded by bridges, piers, and other 
 contrivances of man. I should not be surprised if this bird 
 were an immigrant, into some parts at least of North America, 
 
392 THE AECHITECTUEE OF SWALLOWS 
 
 of comparatively recent naturalization among as, attracted at 
 length by conveniences for nesting. The Bank Swallow, the 
 most cosmopolitan species of the whole family, seems to retain 
 its wonted ways most sturdily of any — a fact perhaps explained 
 by the highly exceptional character of its nidification. 
 
 To all this there is no parallel among our birds. Various 
 species, indeed, now regularly accept the artificial nesting- 
 places man provides, whether by design or otherwise. Such is 
 notably the case with several kinds of Wrens, with at least one 
 kind of Owl, with the Bluebird, the Pewit Flycatcher, and 
 especially the House Spai ."ow. Various other birds occasion- 
 ally avail themselves of like privileges, still retaining in the 
 main their original habits. But in no other case than that of 
 Swallows is the modification of habit so profound, or so nearly 
 without exception throughout an entire family. Next after 
 the Swallows, the Wrens appear to yield the most readily, and 
 all of our species will probably become modified in due time 
 after the fashion of the House Wren. But the geographical 
 distribution of no other birds than Swallows has been thus 
 far affected by increased facilities for nesting. 
 
 As architects, our Swallows are separable into several cate- 
 gories, according to the order of the structures they build. It 
 will be remembered that they are weak-billed, feeble-footed 
 birds, without the instruments required for the weaving of 
 intricate fabrics, or the elaboration of ornate and highly 
 finished dwelling-places. So varied is their workmanship, so 
 curious are some specimens of their art, that we can hardly 
 refer their structures to any single plan ; yet, in general, we 
 may discern in their nesting the tendency, usually seen in weak- 
 footed birds, to retire into holes, into which are brought, and 
 artlessly arranged, the materials that are to receive the eggs. 
 At least, such seems to betheprimitivecustom ; and it is still the 
 wont of the Purple Martin and of the Violet-green and Eough- 
 winged and Bank Swallows. A modification of this is wit- 
 nessed in the Barn Swallow, which builds by preference in 
 corners, in any angle between converging plane surfaces. 
 The most remarkable extreme is that the Cliff Swallow fur- 
 nishes, where we can f.race the most elaborate retort-shaped 
 mud receptacles, back i/hrough less perfected purse-like struc- 
 tures, to the early idea of the bird, which was simply the wall- 
 ing-up of chinks and crannies on the face of cliffs, or the 
 formation of a cup like projection. In the material employed, 
 
THE AECHITECTUEE OP SWALLOWS 393 
 
 we likewise see the progressive steps by which, from the mere 
 deposit of soft material in a natural hollow, the Swallows began 
 to project their fabrics out beyond the base of support; secur- 
 ing the required coherence of the materials, not by weaving, 
 which to them was impracticable, but by plastering with mud. 
 Thus we gradually reach those wonderful structures which the 
 Cliff Swallow builds entirely of mud, with only a little hay or 
 a few feathers for a lining. The case of the Bank Swallows 
 [Gotyleaud Stelgidopteryx) is peculiar. It is the rule with weak- 
 billed and small-footed hole-inhabiters that they accept natu- 
 ral cavities ready-made to their purposes. Yet some of the 
 feeblest of the Swallow tribe dig their own holes in the ground, 
 exactly as the Kingfisher excavates its gallery, or the Wood- 
 peckers chisel out their nesting-places in trees. The fact, then, 
 that Swallows are naturally hole- breeders, taking possession 
 of such cavities as come to hand, serves to explain their readi- 
 ness to accept the convenient artificial nesting-sites that man 
 provides. Even the Glifif Swallow, when nesting on buildings, 
 selects a site under eaves, and thus in a quasi cavity. The 
 fact that the Bank Swallow habitually excavates a hole for 
 itself, instead of accepting a ready-made retreat, renders intel- 
 ligible the fact that it still maintains its primitive ways, 
 instead of yielding, like the others, to modifying surroundings. 
 But the Eough-winged Swallow, which normally breeds quite 
 like the Bank Swallow, is already yielding to the times, and in 
 the East now generally nests in or about buildings, such as 
 bridges and piers; and we may confidently anticipate the time 
 when the Bank Swallow shall go and do likewise. 
 
 The nesting of our Swallows now presents the following 
 categories of method : — 
 
 1. Holes in the ground, dug by the bird itself, slightly fur- 
 nished with soft material : Cotyle riparia, Stelgidopteryx serri- 
 pennis. 
 
 2. Holes in trees or rocks not made by the birds, fairly fur- 
 nished with soft material: Progne subis, Tachycineta bicolor, 
 Tachycineta thalassina. 
 
 3. Holes, or their equivalents, not made by the birds, but 
 secured through human agency, and more or less fully fur- 
 nished with soft material, according to the shallowness or 
 depth of the retreat. {Formerly, no species ; noic, all the species 
 excepting Cotyle riparia.) 
 
 4. Holes constructed by the birds, of mud, plastered to sur- 
 
394 THE AECHITECTDEE OP SWALLOWS 
 
 faces, whether artificial or natural, aud loosely furnished with 
 soft material. This is seen in perfection in the nesting of 
 Petrochelidon lunifrons, and is imperfectly illustrated by the 
 nidiflcation of Mirundo horreorum. It has every appearance of 
 an acquired trick, by which these hole-breeders carry out their 
 original instincts on a greatly improved plan. 
 
 It should be observed that all of our Swallows have been 
 modified by human agency excepting the Bank Swallow, nest- 
 ing differently at successive periods; that some of them, like 
 the Purple Martin and the Yiolet-green Swallow, are still 
 serving their apprenticeship under the new regime which the 
 settlement of the country has brought about; and that even 
 the Barn Swallow, which seems so thoroughly changed, still 
 sometimes nests in the West in its primitive fashion. Those 
 whose acquired habits have become thoroughly ingrained are 
 now pretty constant in their adherence to a siugle plan of 
 architecture; but the Violet-green Swallow, for instance, at 
 present nests in a very loose fashion, according to circum- 
 stances. 
 
 There is no question of the fact, that some of the Swallows 
 which in the East now invariably avail themselves of the 
 accommodations man furnishes, in the West live still in holes 
 in trees, rocks, or the ground. Thus I have found Purple 
 Martins breeding in Arizona nowhere but in the hollows of 
 trees, chiefly deserted Woodpeckers' holes ; and I have known 
 Barn Swallows to nest on embankments of earth. In the 
 West, again, where the Oliff Swallows habitually affix their 
 nests to the irregular surfaces of cliffs, retort-shaped structures 
 are not so often perfected as when the birds build against the 
 smooth sides of houses. In this case, however, it may be a 
 question which is the original method, which the later modifi- 
 cation. For in many special cases, the Eave Swallows have 
 been known to build mere open cup shaped nests affixed to 
 buildings, quite like the rafter-nests of the Barn Swallow, 
 when they had similar bases of support to work upon. 
 
 There is another curious fact, which shows that the nidiflca- 
 tion of Swallows may be changed and improved, without any 
 variation in the character of the site selected, but apparently 
 as the result of reflection and some degree of ratiocination. 
 This is the case with the common House Martin, Chelidon urbica, 
 1 quote the words of Dr. Brewer (Am. Nat. xii. 1878, 36) :— " A 
 few years ago it was discovered by accident that within fifty 
 
THE ARCHITECTURE OF SWALLOWS 395 
 
 years there has been a wonderful change in the manner in 
 which the common house martin of Europe builds its nest. 
 Formerly their nests were globular in shape, with a small 
 rounded opening hardly large enough to admit the parent 
 birds comfortably. Such are all the old nests in museums, 
 such the descriptions of all writers, half a century ago. These 
 nests were inconvenient, only one bird could come at a time 
 to the opening to be fed. Long before the young could leave 
 their nest they must have been uncomfortably crowded in 
 their ill- ventilated and close quarters. Some time within the 
 half century this entire species has made a great advance and 
 wonderful changes in the whole style of their nest. Instead of 
 a sphere, the nest is simply hollow, semi-oval, roomy, airy, and 
 comfortable, stronger in its attachments, with increased facili- 
 ties for access, better protected, both from the rain and from 
 enemies. Unfortunately, no one observed just when this 
 remarkable change in their architecture took place. We know 
 not if it was gradual or sudden, or how long it was in becom- 
 ing general. But surely no one can pretend that all this was 
 the result of mere instinct !" 
 
 Connected both with the migration and nidiflcation of Swal- 
 lows are some remarkable facts relating to the return of the 
 same pair of birds to the same nest year after year. In the 
 nature of the case, this is diflflcult to determine with cer- 
 tainty; but observations which have not seldom been made 
 on birds that were marked by some recognizable peculiarity 
 have established the fact beyond question. Far from being 
 singular, however, it accords with many observations made 
 upon birds of other families. How marvellous, how admirable, 
 how complex and subtile, must be the mental faculties of such 
 humble creatures, who can find their homes again with unerr- 
 ing precision, after journeying for thousands of miles! 
 
 The eggs of Swallows differ as much as their modes of nest- 
 ing. As might be expected froai consideration of the slender- 
 bodied form of the birds, the eggs are rather narrow, elongate, 
 and pointed. In the typical hole diggers, who retain their 
 original habits most tenaciously, the eggs are pure white, as 
 in the case of the Bank Swallow, and as the rule is with birds 
 which, like Owls, Kingfishers, Woodpeckers, and many others, 
 lay in holes. Many Swallows' eggs, however, are colored, and, 
 in fact, profusely speckled with reddish and brown shades. I 
 presume, without the slightest proof, but judging by reason- 
 
396 LITERATURE OF SWALLOW ARCHITECTURE 
 
 able analogy, that Swallows' eggs were originally or primitively 
 white, and that they became colored somewhat according to 
 increasing degree of exposure to which they may have been 
 subjected during the long time in which the nesting habits of 
 the birds have undergone modification. 
 
 1. Eggs pure white, unmarked : Tachycineta bicolor, T. tha- 
 lassina, Cotyle riparia, Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Progne pur- 
 purea. 
 
 2. Eggs thickly speckled : Hirundo horreorum, Petrochelidon, 
 lunifrons. 
 
 I have at hand the following titles of articles relating to the 
 habits of Swallows, with special reference to their nidification : — 
 
 1774. White, G. Account of the House Martin, or Martlet. < Philoa. 
 
 Trans. Ixiv. pt. i. 1774, pp. 196-201. 
 HaUta of Ohdidon urbica. 
 
 1775. White, G. Of the House-Swallow, Swift, and Sand-Martin. <^Philos. 
 
 Trans. Ixv. pt. ii. 1775, pp. 258-276. 
 Habits. 
 1831. Steel, J. W. Swallows. < Am. Joum. Sci. xix. 1831, pp. 356, 357. 
 Nidification of Hvrwndo luni/roTU. 
 
 1831. Woodruff, S. Notice of a Barn Swallow in a letter to the Editor 
 
 dated Windsor, Turky [sic] Hill, June 7th, 1830, from Samuel Wood- 
 ruff. <C Sillim. Am. Joum. Sci. xix. 1831, pp. 172, 173. 
 Description and nidification of Sirundo lunifrons. 
 
 1832. Caemichael, Capt. Capitain Carmichael iiber Sohwalben. < Oken's 
 
 Ms, Bd. XXV. 1832, p. 589. 
 Anszag ans d. Edinb. Fhilos. Joam. 1819, p. 421. 
 
 1832. Couch, J. Nests of the Swallow and Martin. <^Loudon'B Mag. Nat. 
 fii«/. v.l832,pp.735,736. 
 
 1832. " H. B." Remarks on [habits of] Swallows. < Loudon's Mag. Nat. 
 Hist. V. 1832, pp. 285-287. 
 
 1832. "H. B." Instinct in the Martin (Hirundo urbica). <^Loudon'$ Mag. 
 Nat. Hist. V. 1832, p. 735. 
 
 1832. NoEMAN,A. "StroddaUnderattelser. [Om Svalors parning.] ^^lidsk. 
 
 f. Jagare o. Naturf. i. 1832, p. 320." 
 Not seen— title from Von ^Friesen, Qtv. Sver. Om. Litti 
 
 1833. "A Friend OP C.P.'s." The Swallow, a capricious Architect. <^ Lou- 
 
 don's Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 1833, pp. 454-456. 
 
 1833. Brbe, W. T. a late Brood of young Martins. < Loudon's Mag. Nat. 
 Hist. vi. 1833, pp. 70-72. 
 
 1833. Clarke, W. B. Birds' Nests in singular Places. <^ Loudon's Mag. Nat. 
 Hist. vi. 1833, pp. 523, 524. 
 Swallow's nest in beel of a shoe in an inhabited apartment. 
 
LITERATURE OF SWALLOW ARCHITECTURE 397 
 
 1833. "J. D." On Martins and Swallows, -i^ Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. \\. 
 1833, p. 524. 
 Swallow's nest in crank of a bell-wire, in passage of an inhabited house. 
 
 1833. " R. Y." Pertlnacions Perseverance in tbe Martin (Hirnndo nibica L.) 
 in renewing its Nest in one Place. <^Loudon'8 Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 
 1833, p. 153. 
 
 1833. Whiddon, W. By what harmless Means can Martins and Swallows 
 
 be Induced to cease bnilding and breeding in the Places in which 
 they have been long allowed to build and breed ? < Loudon's Mag. 
 Nat. Eist. vi. 1833, p. 456. 
 
 1834. Fbnnell, J. To prevent Martins and Swallows affixing their Nests. 
 
 < Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 1834, p. 82. 
 Soap the place. 
 
 1836. Moss, S. Martin's Nest occupied by a House Sparrow. <[ Loudon's 
 Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 1836, p. 545. 
 
 1836. Taylor, S. What is the Most Effectual Method of Preventing the 
 House Martin (Hirundo urbica Lin.) from Building in Particular 
 Spots? < Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 1836, p. 484. 
 Soap, says the editor. 
 
 1840. Brewer, T. M. [On the habits of Hirundo fulva (t. e., of Petroche- 
 
 lidon lunifrons). ] < Sillim. Am. Journ. Soi. xxxviii. 1840, pp. 392, 393. 
 
 1841. Robert, E. [Note sur les nids des Hirondelles k rivage (Cotyle 
 
 riparia).] < Compi. Bend, de I'Acad. Sci. xiii. 1841, p. 1034. 
 
 1843. Robert, E. Nests of the Hirundo riparia. <[ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 
 viii. 1842, p. 476. 
 
 1843. Atkinson, J. C. Note on the Nests of Martins [Chelidon urbica] on 
 Sand-stone Rocks. < Zoologist, i. 1843, pp. 246, 247. 
 
 1843. Atkinson, .7. C. Note on certain Nests of the Swallow [Hirundo 
 rustica] at Kelvedon. <[ Zoologist, i. 1843, p. 354. 
 
 1843. Atkinson, J. C. Note on the Nesting-place of the Swallow. < Zoolo- 
 gist, i. 1843, p. 354. 
 
 1843. Hepburn, A. Notes on the Swallow [ ; its breeding in chimneys]. 
 <[ Zoologist, i. 1843, p. 147. 
 
 1843. Hepburn, A. Note on [the nests of] tlio Sand-martin [Cotyle riparia]. 
 
 < Zoologist, i. 1843, pp. 146, 147. 
 
 1843. Hewett, W. Note on the Nesting-place of Swallows. < Zoologist, i. 
 1843, pp. 353, 354. 
 
 1843. Tarragon, L. de Note sur les moeurs de I'Hirondelle de fendtre 
 
 [Chelidon urbica]. <^ Revue Zoologique, vi. 1843, pp. 323-325. 
 
 1844. " Anon." " Curious Locality for a Nest " [of the Swallow]. < Zool- 
 
 ogist, ii. 1844, p. 657. 
 From the Hampshire Advertiser, Jnly 13, 1844, 
 
 1844. Bartlett, J. P. Note on the Nesting-places of the Swallow. < Zool- 
 ogist, ii. 1844, pp. 446, 447. 
 
398 LITEEATUEE OF SWALLOW AKCHITECTUEE 
 
 1844. Duncan, E. D. Note on the Swallow. < Zoologist, ii. 1844, p. 447. 
 
 1844. Sladen, E. H. M. Note on the Martin (Hirundo urbica). <[ Zoologitt, 
 
 ii. 1844, p. 763. 
 
 1845. Bou), T. J. Nidification of the Swallows. < Zoologist, ill. 1845, pp. 
 
 939. 940. 
 1845. Hardy, J. Nesting of the Swallow. < Zoologist, iii. 1845, pp. 868-870. 
 1845. HussKYjA. Nesting of the House Martin. < .^oo%i8«, iii. 1845. p. 870. 
 
 1851. Hazard, J. P. [On the habits of the Eocky Mountain Swallow 
 
 (Petrochelidon Innifrons).] <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sd. Phila. v. 1851, 
 pp. 141, 142. 
 
 1852. Brewer, T. M. [On the Distribution and Habits of the Cliff Swallow, 
 
 Hirnndo lunifrons.] < Proe. Bast. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 1852, pp. 270,271. 
 
 1853. Jakckbl, — . Ein vereinzelt nistendes Uferschwalben-Paar [Cotyle 
 
 riparia]. Zusatz vom Herausgeber. <^ J, f. 0. 1853, i. pp. 367, 368. 
 
 1P54. EiNDFLEisCH, A. Ein Brutplatz der Hirundo rnpestris in Deutsch- 
 land. <' Naumannia, i v. 1854, pp. 191, 192. 
 
 1857. Passlbr, W. Zur Naturgeschichte der Sylvia cisticola und Hirundo 
 rnfula. < J.f. 0. 1857, v. pp. 115-118, Taf. i. Fig. A und B. 
 The plate represents the nests of B. rufiila. 
 
 1857. EoHNEKT, — , Dr. Nistkolonie von Hirundo rnpestris. < Naumamiiia, 
 vii. 1867, Hft. i. pp. 78, 79. 
 
 1857. Slaney,W.H. [Habits of ] Swallows. < Zoo%i»«, xv. 1857, pp. 5755, 
 5756. 
 
 1857. Smith, E. B. Swallows building against a House. < Zoologist, xv. 
 1857, p. 5790. 
 
 1857. Weir, J. J. Note on the Nidification of the Swallow (Hirundo rustica). 
 
 < Zoologist, XV. 1857, p. 5832. 
 
 1858. Hadfield, H. W. Nidification of Swallows. < Zoologist, xvi. 1858. 
 
 pp. 6241, 6242. 
 
 1858. Hewitson, W. C. Notes on the [habits of the] Swallow. < Zoologist, 
 
 xvi. 1858, p. 5921. 
 
 1859. CODCH, J. Nidification of Birds : the Common Martin [Cbelidon 
 
 urbica] . < Zoologist, xvii. 1859, p. 6535. 
 
 1860. Kkupeb, T. Die Sohwalben Griechenlands. < J. f. 0. 1860, viii. pp. 
 
 271-2-4. 
 
 Extended account of the habits of H. rvfula, H. rustica, H. boissonneaui, S, 
 urHca, H. ru-pestris, M. riparia. 
 
 1862. Dalton, J. Sand Martins' [Cotyle riparia] Nests in the Walls of 
 
 an Old Priory. < Zoologist, xx. 1862, pp. 7844, 7845. 
 
 186SJ. Ean&on, J. Nesting of the Chimney SwaUow [Hirundo rustica]. 
 
 < Zoologist, XX. 1862, p. 7937. 
 
 1863. Carter, S. Late Breeding of the House Martin [Chelidon urbica]. 
 
 < Zoologist, xxi. 1803, p. 8846. 
 
LITEEATUEE OF SWALLOW AECHITECTUEE 399 
 
 1867. Clabk-Kennedy, A. Martins " baQding-m " a Sparrow. < Zoologist, 
 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 915. 
 
 1867. Clifton, Lord. A strange Trap for Swallows [weathercocks]. 
 
 < Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 990. 
 
 1867. Clifton, Lord. Martins and Wagtails [their antipathy]. -(^Zool- 
 ogist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 990. 
 
 1867. King, S. Late [latter part of November] Swallow's nest. < Zoologist, 
 2d ser. ii. 1867, pp. 606, 607. 
 
 1867. ScHACHT, H. Merkwiirdiges Schwalbennest [H. urbica.] <^Zool. 
 
 Gart. viii. 1867, p. 444. 
 
 1868. Meyer, E. Doppelehe einer mannlichen Eauchschwalbe (Cecropis 
 
 rustica L.) < Zool. Gart. ix. 1868, pp. 77, 78. 
 A case of bigamy. 
 
 1869. Fowler, A. The Sand Martin. < Am. Nat. iii. 1869, pp. 116-119. 
 
 ^oconnt of the habits of Ootyle riparia. 
 
 1869. Hoy, P. E. [On the Habits of Cotyle serripennis and Empidonax 
 flaviventris.] < Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. 1869, p. 400. 
 
 1869. NiCHOLLS, H.,_/r. Cuckoo in a Swallow's Nest. <^ Zoologist, 2d ser. 
 
 iv. 1869, p. 1866. 
 
 1870. Behn, — . [Ueber eine abweichende Form von Nestern der Fen- 
 
 sterschwalbe (Hirundo urbica, L.).] <^ Zool. Gart. xi. 1870, pp. 160, 
 161. 
 Anszag aos d. Comjptes Mendus, Ixz. 1870, p. 492. 
 
 1870. NouLET, J. B. Our two Swallows and their Nests. <^ Ann. Mag. Nat. 
 Hist. (4), vi. 1870, pp. 270, 271. 
 
 1870. PoucHET, A. On the Transformation of the Nests of the House-Mar- 
 tin (Hirundo urbica, Linn.). <^ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. v. 1870, 
 pp. 307, 308. 
 From Oowptei Bendus, Ixx. 1870, pp. 492-496. 
 
 1870. Sharpe, R. B., and Dresser, H. E. On some new or little-known 
 points in the Economy of the Common Swallow (Hirundo rustica). 
 
 < Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. xxiviii. 1870, pp. 244-249. 
 
 1870. Wharton, C.B. Sand Martin [Cotyle riparia] Nesting in a Tree. 
 
 < Zoologist, 2d ser. v. 1870, p. 2344. 
 
 1872. Hudson, W. H. On the Habits of the Swallows of the Genus Progne 
 met with in the Argentine Republic. With notes by P. L. Sclater. 
 
 < Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, pp. 605-609. 
 
 Allows only four American spp., P. purpurea, P. chalybea, P. dominicenm, P. 
 tapera. 
 
 1872. Hudson, W. H. Further Observations on the Swallows of Buenos 
 Ayres. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, pp. 844-846. 
 Of. P. Z. S. 1871, 326 ; 1872, 605. 
 
400 ABNORMAL COLORATION OP SWALLOWS 
 
 Abnormal Coloration of Swallows 
 
 These birds are so constantly under observation, that it is 
 no wonder that many instances of albinism have been observed 
 and recorded, without indicating, however, that Swallows are 
 susceptible of this abnormality to any unusual extent. The 
 only white Swallow that ever fell under my own observation 
 was a specimen of Cotyle riparia, shot at Washington, D. C, 
 by my brother, Louis D. Ooues, on the 23d of August, 1859, as 
 recorded by me in the American Naturalist, ii. 1868, p. 161. This 
 individual was nob pure white, however, merely presenting an 
 extremely faded or bleached-out appearance, the normal pattern 
 of coloration being still discernible. This bird was flying in 
 company with hundreds of others, of several species, who seemed 
 to be pursuing and harassing it, on account of its unenviable 
 distinction. This was a very human occurrence — for singu- 
 larity of dress is always the signal for attack, and distinction 
 of any kind usually invites target-practice. 
 
 Mr. Euthven Deane, in a paper (Bull. Nutt. Club, i. 1876, 21) 
 on "Albinism and Melanism among North American Birds", 
 remarks that albinism among the Hirundinidw is generally of 
 a pure white, or a strong yellowish cast, and instances albinotic 
 specimens he has seen of Hirundo horreorum, Tachydneta 
 bicolor, Petrochelidon lunifrons, and Progne purpurea. 
 
 The following are titles of a few papers specially bearing on 
 the subject of albinism among Swallows: — 
 
 1731. Wallin, G. " De Hirundino alba, Regi nostro Friderico I oblata anno 
 1727, brevis dissertatio. Auctore G. Wallin, Fil. < Acta. Liter, et 
 Seimt. Sveciw, 1731, pp. 98-111." 
 AtVen S&9om Dispnt. TJpsaliffi, 1733. 4to. pp. IS, enl. WarmhoUz.— (y. Friesen.) 
 
 1820. Traiij>, T. S. White Swallow [Hirundo rustica]. <C,Edinb. Philos. 
 Jottrn. ii. 1820,p.391. 
 
 . 1846. Anon. Note on a White Swallow. < Zoologist, iv. 1846, p. 1500. 
 
 1848. Ellman, J. B. White Variety of the Swallow (Hirundo rustica) and 
 Pale Variety of the Martin (H. urbica). <^ Zoologist, vi. 1848, p. 
 2021. 
 
 1848. WoLLEY, G. A Martin (Hirundo urbica) with the Middle Tail-feather 
 
 white. < Zoologist, vi. 1848, p. 2303. 
 
 1849. CoLMAN, J. F. White Variety of the Swallow. <_Zoologist, vii. 1849, 
 
 p. 2392. 
 
 1849. Garth, J. C. Albino Variety of the Swallow (Hirundo rustica). 
 < Zoologist, vii. 18-19, p. 2568. 
 
GENERAL HABITS AND TRAITS OP SWALLOWS 401 
 
 1650. CuRTLEH, M. [ Albinotic] Variety of the Swallow (Hiiando rustica). 
 
 < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2700. 
 
 1855. DouBLKDAY, H. White Swallow. < Zoologist, xiji, 1855, p. 4871. 
 
 18.55. HussBY, A. A White Swallow obtained in East Kent. < Zoologist, 
 xid. 1855, p. 4.559. 
 
 1863. Saville.S. P. Slate-coloured Variety of the Chimney Swallow. 
 
 < Zoologist, xxi. 1863, p. 8834. 
 
 1864. Anon. Weisse Schwalben. < Zool. Gart. v. 1864, p. 269. 
 1864. Anon. A White Swallow. < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 8887. 
 
 1864. BouLTON,W. W. White Swallow (Hirundo rnstica) near Beverley. 
 
 < Zoologist, xxi. 1863, p. 8825. 
 
 1866. Clogg, 8. White Martin. < Zoologist, 2d ser. i. 1806, p. 33. 
 
 1866. Watkins, C. White Swallows. < Zoologist, 2d ser. i. 1866, pp. 455, 
 
 456. 
 
 1867. Hesse, B. Creamcoloured Sand Martin. <^ Zoologist, 2(1 ser. ii. 1867, 
 
 p. 561. 
 
 1868. CoRNALiA, E. Sopra doe cast dl Albinismo negli Uooelli. <^Atti 
 
 della Soc. Ital. di Sc. Nat. x. pp. 449-458. 
 ITot seen— title from Zool. Beo. Paster montanui and Olielidon urbica. 
 
 1868. Smith, C. Carions Variety of the House Martin. < Zoologist, 2d ser. 
 
 iii. 1868, p. 1058. 
 
 1869. Barrington, R. M. Albino Sand Martin. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iv. 
 
 1869, pp. 1847, 1848. 
 
 1870. Atkinson, F. P. Albino Barn Swallow [Hiruudo horreornmj. < Am. 
 
 Nat. iv. 1870, p. 127. 
 
 1871. BuooKE, A. B. White Sand Martin. <^Zoologist, 2d ser. vi. 1871, p. 
 
 2440. 
 
 1871. Walsh, W. H. White House Martin. < Zoologist, 2d ser. vi. 1871, p. 
 
 2806. 
 
 1872. Whitaker, J.jj'itn. White Swallow. < 2()0%is(, 2d ser. vii. 1872, p. 
 
 3314. 
 
 1874. Whitaker, J. White SwjiUow in Nottinghamshire. <C Zoologist, 
 2d ser. ix. 1874, pp. 4238, 4239. 
 
 General Habits and Traits of Swallo^cs 
 
 Having already spoken at some length of the two most 
 noticeable points in the economy of Swallows — their migra- 
 tions and their architecture — I may continue with some of the 
 other habits which birds of this family possess in common ; for 
 the group is so homogeneous that much of the material we have 
 acquired for separate biographies of the species furnishes the 
 occasion for remarks applicable to all. 
 26 B o 
 
402 GENERAL HABITS AND TEAITS OF SWALLOWS 
 
 The flight of Swallows might be inferred from inspection of 
 the perfected wing-structure, not only as to the lengths to 
 which the act can be sustained without fatigue or injury, but 
 to the peculiar ease, grace, and buoyancy of the aerial evolu- 
 tions so characteristic of Swallows. The birds of no other 
 group of Passeres fly quite like Swallows, but the Swifts 
 (Oypselidce) are uearly identical with Swallows in this respect, 
 and so are the Terns, or Sterninw, which, indeed, are com- 
 monly called " Sea Swallows " from this very circumstance. 
 The Hummingbirds have wings constructed on much the same 
 plan as those of Swallows, and are among the few birds, if 
 they be not the only ones, that surpass Swallows in volatorial 
 exploits. The type of the wing is quite dift'erent from that fur- 
 nished by the great ocean wanderers like the Procellariidce, or 
 Petrels, the flight of which is practically limitless in duration. 
 The wing of such birds — especially of the Albatrosses — isinordi- 
 nately lengthened in all its segments — the upper arm and fore- 
 arm as well as in the pinion or hand ; a conformation which 
 results in long, strong, measured wing-beats, as the end of the 
 wing traverses the arc of too large a circle to move with great 
 celerity. The upper segment of the Swallows' wing, on the 
 contrary, is shortened, the development of wing being in- 
 creased in the terminal segment, or pinion, and the large 
 feathers it bears. Such a wing is more deftly handled, and 
 wonderful power of arresting or directing as well as of accelera- 
 ting the bird's course, is assured by this means. The most 
 graceful flyers among the Swallows are the lashing-tailed 
 species of Rirundo proper, like the Barn Swallow, which glides, 
 soars, and sweeps with extraordinary facility, and instantane- 
 ously arrests or diverts its flight at a touch of the guiding 
 helm. The motion of the Swallow skimming the ground, and 
 " quartering" in zigzag after its prey, has been aptly compared 
 to the coursing of the greyhound. No one who has attentively 
 observed the flight of Swallows can have failed to notice tlieir 
 peculiar " towering", when they rise abruptly with few vigor- 
 ous strokes, and seem to hang suspended for a moment, before 
 falling with great velocity through the beautiful curve of the 
 cycloid — with half-gathered wings, and at such little loss of 
 impetus by friction that they avail themselves of this peculiar 
 line to rise nearly to their former level without muscular 
 effort. Sometimes their course is as straight as an arrow's, 
 and only less swift — sometimes they hover and flutter at seem- 
 
GENERAL HABITS AND TRAITS OF SWALLOWS 403 
 
 ing random, and not the least marvellous of their feats is the 
 spirited dash they make, with unerring aim, to enter the 
 narrow window or belfry, and settle, as light as a feather, with 
 joyous twittering, on the nest. 
 
 The feeding of Swallows is almost an inference from the 
 structure of the bill, wings, and feet. These delicate birds have 
 very weak bills, but very capacious mouths, and seem not very 
 dainty in their choice of food. They would soon be starved if 
 forced to gather food on foot — on the wing, no one of the 
 smaller flying insects is safe from that gaping bill, split to the 
 very eyes, propelled with enormous velocity into their ranks, 
 and capable of following after, to close on the most agile and 
 devious bug. Swallows feed on the wing, and this prime point 
 in the economy of these indefatigable insect-hunters is signal- 
 ized in the very names the birds have acquired in various lan- 
 guages. Not only the mode of flight, but its direction, whether 
 high or low, and the entire migrations of the birds, turn upon 
 the prime point of food-supply; and upon this hinges, second 
 arily, the recognized relation between the movements of Swal- 
 lows and the weather and seasons. The numbers of insects 
 that Swallows destroy in the aggregate is simply incalcu- 
 lable — in fact, beyond the reach of our usual notions of numer- 
 ation — and the holocaust includes a large proportion of annoy- 
 ing or injurious kinds. The loquacity of the birds, and the 
 unseemly hours they keep, babbling to an unaired world, 
 together with the litter they make about the premises, some- 
 times brings them into disfavor, or even causes them to be 
 summarily dispossessed. The tempting targets they offer 
 when in flight, taxing the skill of the most expert marksman, 
 is another cause of their wanton and cruel destruction. But 
 the most determined and calculating utilitarian should be 
 brought to see the impolicy of killing Swallows, and the sports- 
 man be besought to consider its inhumanity. Needless taking 
 of any life is a crime against nature— \fe may well pause at this, 
 even if no spark of sentiment should kindle indignation at the 
 thought of cutting short such useful, bright, and joyous life. 
 Things both useful and beautiful are not so common that we 
 can afford to sacrifice them in vain. The rowdy boys and all 
 the crew of tramps and potters of the gun who shoot Swallows 
 for sport may be seriously admonished that these birds are 
 worth more to society than their idle, vicious selves. 
 
 The song of Swallows strikes a single key-note=— the theme 
 
404 GENERAL HABITS AND TEAITS OP SWALLOWS 
 
 rans through the entire fugue — the hu<;, ho^, of the Greek 
 mythology is reiterated forever. Among oar species, at any 
 rate — and I presume the exotics are much the same in this 
 respect — the Swallow's voice is unmistakable. The tone is 
 rather thin aud sharp, and the pitch is high ; the method of 
 delivery is quick, nervous, and even jerky — it is mere twitter- 
 ing, indeed, as always called, rather than any higher art of 
 singing. But the pieces are given with such volubility, vigor, 
 and verve — they are so earnest, artless, and spontaneous, ani- 
 mated with such a bright and joyous spirit, that we forget to 
 criticise, and even own the Swallow has a sympathetic voice. 
 The simple notes are susceptible of much modulation, and 
 capable of intoning the varied passions that these sanguine 
 birds experience momentarily; while the different species, 
 moreover, have each their own tone and inflections, easily dis- 
 criminated by the accustomed ear. If 1 may add, that our 
 Swallow medley touches a very secret chord of home associa- 
 tions, there is no wonder that it often moves us when more 
 ambitious music fails to please. 
 
 Among the leading traits of the Swallow tribe, no one can 
 fail to recognize their sociability. " Troops of Swallows " is a 
 familiar phrase. The birds are not gregarious, in one sense, — 
 not like Blackbirds for example, or Bobolinks in the autumn, 
 flying in compact flocks, as if animated by a common impulse, 
 — for no two Swallows bend their flight alike. But in places 
 where, for any reason, the attraction is common. Swallows 
 swarm. In foraging for insects on their "happy hunting 
 ground ", thousands eddy and whirl inextricably confused in 
 flying currents, each one the vortex of a tiny maelstrom. In 
 the consultation over a projected journey, thousands seek 
 each others' countenance, perching in long lines upon the 
 ridge-pole, the telegraph, the picket-fence. On warm dry days, 
 the Swallows flock to the pools by the wayside, enclosing the 
 grateful water with a pretty frame, or dallying over the sur- 
 face with the yellow butterflies. But in nothing is the strength 
 of social instincts more apparent — in nothing is the amiability 
 of these cheery, genial birds displayed to more advantage — 
 than in their nesting. Every rafter of the barn may possess 
 its pair in peace, and every box beneath the caves its contented, 
 orderly inmates. The stretch of river-bank, the loamy crest of 
 the quarry, may be honey-combed with barrows, and never a 
 sign of strife in the settlement. Nay, more : among the Swal- 
 
GENERAL HABITS AND TKA1T8 OF SWALLOWS 405 
 
 lows, perhaps alone of our birds, do we find that rare climax 
 of sociabi.'ity which the actual clustering of nests betokens ; 
 and a colony of Oliff Swallows shows that a high degree of 
 communism is not incompatible with perfect decency and 
 decorum. Such free, impatient, and impulsive birds as Swal- 
 lows, one might tear, could not sustain too close relations with- 
 out at least occasional breaches of the peace ; but the harmony 
 remains unbroken. This surely speaks well for the disposition 
 of the birds, arguing many a good quality beyond mere amia- 
 bility ; it indicates forbearance, self-respect, fidelity in all re- 
 lations, and regard for another's rights ; it reasserts that liberty 
 does not mean license, and that freedom is to will to do right. 
 
 Some who may be less interested in Swallows than I admit 
 myself to be, or lack a sentiment I am willing to betray, may 
 think the picture overdrawn, and ask for the other side of a 
 sliield that seems to me golden. If by this is meant. What are 
 the bad qualities of Swallows ? I must admit my incompetency 
 to reply. These birds are said by some to be irascible and 
 pugnacious. But quarrelsome they certainly are not, and their 
 quickness of temper is resolvable into the admirable spirit 
 they display in defence of their home and family. They are 
 said to show special animosity against cats — quite an antipathy, 
 in fact. Who wouldn't, under the circumstances ? Which 
 one of us, being a Swallow, could be expected to be fond of 
 cats ? These timid and delicate birds sometimes make Puss 
 retire discomfited, such are the spirit and the vigor of their 
 onset against this prowling enemy. Their courage is nowadays 
 often called into action in defence of tlieir homes against those 
 wretched interlopers, the European Sparrows. There is a dead- 
 lock here, and the feud is both bitter and relentless, in natui-al 
 consequence of the Sparrows' total depravity. The Purple 
 Martins, as I know, defend themselves against spoliation of 
 their homes with success, and I hear that even the much weaker 
 White-bellied Swallows, whose action in protecting themselves 
 against outrage I have had no opportunity of studying, have 
 proven no less valiant. I wish that the same could be said of 
 some other birds which the Sparrows attack, harass, and turn 
 out of doors ; and to the Swallows in particular, — to every pair 
 of these lovable birds that may nestle with us, — I wish success 
 in resisting invasion, peace, plenty, and every joy that can fill 
 their gentle breasts. 
 
406 CHARACTEKS OF THE GENUS HIRTJNDO 
 
 Genus HIRUNDO Linnseus 
 
 HIrnndo, L. SN. 1735-1768. (Inolnded originally all the family, and some birds of another 
 
 order.) 
 CecropiS, partly, B<ne, Isis, 1826. 
 
 As here restricted to include only species like the European 
 and American " Barn " Swallows, Hirwndo is distinguished by 
 the deeply forflcate tail, which is nearly or about as long as the 
 wings, and has the lateral feather on each side linear-attenuate 
 and about twice as long as the middle feather. The tail- 
 feathers are spotted. The tarsi are shorter than the middle 
 toe and claw, covered above by feathers for a little distance. 
 The basal joint of the middle toe is partly adherent to both 
 the lateral toes. The bill is of moderate size for this family, 
 of the usual shape, with straight commissure ; and the nostrils 
 are lateral and overarched by a membranous scale. The upper 
 parts are glossy and dark-colored. There is a dark pectoral 
 collar. The forehead and under parts are rufous. The tail is 
 spotted with white. The eggs are colored. 
 
 The single North American species of Hirundo is distinct 
 from M. rustica of Europe, but not from the Barn Swallow of 
 Middle and South America. The relationships of the latter 
 have been in question. Baird, in 1865, was " much inclined to 
 doubt whether there is any specific difference ", at a time, too, 
 when he pushed distinctions further than is now usually done. 
 In 1872, 1 admitted Barton's name horreorum, which had been 
 current since Baird adopted it in 1858, and in 1874 I suggested 
 the term erythrogaster var. horreorum, " though even the varietal 
 distinctions are very slight " ; but I have now no confidence that 
 the implied distinction from erythrogaster Bodd. (=rufa Gm. 
 auct.) will hold. Mr. llidgway appears to be of the same mind, 
 to judge from his latest publication on the subject.* 
 
 * Eep. Geol. Surv. Fortieth Parallel (Clarence King), vol. iv. pt. iii. Orni- 
 thology. By Eobert Eidgway. pp. 303-669. Washington: Government 
 Printing Office. 1877. — ^This important ■work, long announced, and occa- 
 sionally cited during the past few years, has at length appeared. The orni- 
 thological fascicle, being pt. iii. of vol. iv., issued separately, bears no date, 
 but was published late in 1877. I received my copy Feb. 25, 1878. — See 
 an important bibliographical note on p. 392. It appears that the work, 
 as originally prepared, was stereotyped in 1871-72 (not 1870, as the note 
 states), but never published, the citation of the work having been made 
 meanwhile by Mr. Eidgway, myself, and others from proof-impressions. 
 The original was suppressed, and the stereotype plates were melted in 1876. 
 A single, mnch-mutilated set of proofs, now (Feb. 28, 1878) in my posses- 
 siott is tie only evidence iu existence of the original report. 
 
SYNONYMY OP HIRUNDO EEYTHROGASTRA. 407 
 
 The American Barn Svrallofr 
 
 Hlrnndo erytbrograstra 
 
 Hlrundo erythrogaster, Boid. Tabl. PE. 1783, 45 ; PE. 724, f. 1 (Sonth America).— jScI. Cat. 
 AB. 1862, 39 —Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 895.— &!. PZS. 1870, 340. 
 
 Hirundo erjrhrogasler var. borreornm, Cnues, BNW. 1874, 85 (in text). 
 
 Hirnndo eryttarogaster, B. horreornm, Ridgw. Eep. Surv. 40th Pnr. iv. 1877, 441. 
 
 Hlrundo rnfa, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 1018, n. 18 (= PE. 724, f. 1 = erythrogaster Bodd. " Cayenne 
 to New York ").— ia«A. 10. i. 1790, 574, n. 5 (=Gm. 1018).— F. OAS. i. 1807, 60, 
 pi. 30.—Steph. Gen. Zool. i. 1817, 88.— T. Enoy. M6th. ii. 1823, 529, n. U.—Bp. Jonrn. 
 PhUa. Acad. iv. 1825, 257.— B^. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 64.— ifjttt. Man. i. 1832, 601.— 
 £p. CGL. 1838, 9.—Toimis. Journ. PMla. Acad. viii. 1839, 155.— J?^. CA. i. 1850, 339.— 
 McOdU, Pr. Pliila. Acad. 1851, 215.— Coiftoi, Nauni. ii. Heft iii. 1852, ei.—Woodh. Kep. 
 Zuai and Colo. E. 1853, 6i.—Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 97, &$.—Bead, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 
 1853, 401.— Bp. Compt. Eend. xxxviii. 1854, 651.— Wailes, Eep.Mississippi, 1854, 318.— 
 Seinh. J. f. 0. 1854, 438 (Greenland).— Oas«. lUnst. 1855, SiS.Senry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 
 1855, 308,— Haym. Pr. PLiln. Acad. 1856, S88.— 6undl.J.1.0. 1856, 3 (Cnba).— £ne«!. 
 Pr. Boat. Soo. vi. 1857, 233.— Brj/. Pr. Boat Soc. vi. 1857, 115 (Nova Scotia).- Br«M). N. 
 Am. Ool. 1857, 91, pi. 5, f. 63-67.— Jfoxim. J. f. 0. 1858, lOl.—JBrew. Pr. Beet. Soc. vii. 
 1860, 306 (Caha,). -Oundl. J. f. O. 1861, 328, 411 {Cnha,). —Beinh. Ibis, 1861, 5 (Green- 
 land).— Sirflond, Pr. Cleveland Acad. i. 1874, 265. 
 
 Cecropis rufa, £oU, Isis, 1844, 175. 
 
 Hirnndo horreornm, Barton, " Fi agm. Nat. Hiat. Penna. 1799, 1 7".— .Bd. BNA. 1858, 308 
 
 Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 106.— 5. <i S. Ibia, 1859, 13 (Gnatemal.i).- 4. <6 B. Newt. 
 Ibis, 1859, 66 (Saint Croix).— Coop, d Suck. N. H. W.aah. Terr. 1860, 184.- Wheat. Ohio 
 Agric. Eep. foriseo, 1861, 364.— Ba™. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Xaicr. Ann. Lyo. 
 
 N. Y. vii. 1861, 317 (New Granada) .—Cov.es <& Trent. Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862, 409 
 
 Sayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soo. xii. 1862, 161.— Fcrr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 148.— Boardm. 
 Pr. Boat Soc. ix. 1862, 125.— BZat. Ibis, 1803, 63 (British America).— &;!. PZS. 1864, 173 
 (City of Mexico).— /S. <« S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— iawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1864, 
 97 (Sombrero).— J.Jfc», Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1 864, 65.— Bd. Eov. AB. 1865, 294.— J)re«s. Ibis, 
 1865, 479.— Cottes, Ibis, 1865, 159.— (7om«s, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 72 (Arizona).- iawr. 
 Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 285.— McJJjot-. Pr. Eas. Inet v. 1866, 86 (Canada West).— 
 CoMes, Pr. Eaa. Inst. v. 1808, 275.— OoMes, Pr. Boat Soc. xii. 1868, 111.— BroMui, Ibia, 
 
 1863, 420 (Vancouver). — Sumich. Mem. Best. Soc. i. 1869, 547 (Vera Cruz) Ball & 
 
 Bonn. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. 1869, 279 (Alaska). -Tarnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 19 ; Phila. ed. 12.— 
 Coop. Am. Nat. iiL 1869, 33 (Montana).— Oooj). B. Cal. i. 1870, 103.— AiMnsnn, Am. Nat. 
 
 iv. 1870, Wt.—Balv. PZS. 1870, 184 (Vcragua). —Oot««s, Pr. PhiU. Acad. 1871, 21 Coop. 
 
 Am. Nat. iv. 1871, 758.— Cottes, Key, 1872, 113, f. 54.— Knscft, Abb. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 
 iii. 1872, 28 (Alaska).- Alien, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 176 (Colorado, up to timber-line).— 
 Woodh. Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 173 (albino). -Gundi. J. f. 0. 1872, 431 (Cuba) —Aiken, Pr. 
 Boat. Soc. XV. 1872, 198.— &ott, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1873, 223.— Jlfoyn. Pr. Boat. Soc. xiv. 
 1872, 369.— 2Vippe, Pr. Best. Soc. xv. 1873, 235.— Snow, B. Eans. 1873, i.— Sears, Am. 
 Nat. vii. 1873, 751 —Merr. Am. Eep. V. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 676, 713.- 
 Ooues, BN W. 1874, S5.—Merr. Am. Nat. viii. 1R74, 87, 3e^.— Ridgw. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 
 
 200.— A!!e», Pr. Best. Soc. xvii. 1874, 53 Ball, Pr. Cal. Acad. 1874, — (Aleutian 
 
 IsLinds).— B. B. a B. NAB. i. 1874, 339, pi. 16, f. O.—Tarr. <e Hemh. Eep. Om. Speo3. 
 1874, \\.—Hensh.. Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 42, 60, 76, lOi.SensK List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— 
 Hensh. Zool. Expl. "W". 100 Merid. 1875, 216.— Brero. Pr. Best. Soc. xvii. 1875, 4iO.—Nels. 
 Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1875, 353, 3S1.— Bailey, Bull. Nntt. Club, 1876, l&.—Lawr. Bull. Nat 
 Mua. n. 4, 1876, 17 (Tebuantepec).- Genft-y, Life-Hiat. 1876, 184.— Jlfinof, BNE. 1877, 142. 
 
 Hirnndo rnstlca, In p.irt, of some early authors.- And. OB. ii. 1834, 413, pi. 173.— And, Syn. 
 1839, 35.— A»d. BA. i. 1840, 181, pi. 48.— Giraud, BLI. 1844, 35.— PmMen, Tr. Illinois 
 Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 600.— PutJi. Pr. Eaa. Inst. i. 1856, i05.— Jones, "Nat. Bermuda, 1859, 
 34 ".—Martens, J. f. 0. 1859, 216 (Bermudaa).— Biand, Smiths.'Eep. for 1858, 1859, 287 
 (Bermudas).- Wiiiis, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 281 (Nova Scotia).— Jbwier, Am. Nat. 
 iii. 1869, 12. 
 
408 CnARACTERS OF niRUNDO ERTTHROGASTRA 
 
 HiruDdo amerlcana, WiU. " AO. i. 1812, 34, pi. 38, f. l,i".—DeWiU Clint. Ann.Lys.K.T. 
 i. 1824, 159— Bp. Jonm. Phila. Acad. iv. 1825, 256.— 5m. <£• Bich. FBA. ii. 1831, 320.— 
 Peab. Eep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 3ii.—Lcmbeye, Av. Cuba, 1850, 44, pi. 7, f. 2 —Hoy, Pr. 
 Phila. Acad. 1853, 3Q7.—Eenmc. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soo. i. 1855, 581.— Bry. Pr. Boat. Soc 
 vi. 1857. 115 (Nova Scotia,).— Gieb. Vop;. 1860, 73, f. 135. 
 
 Cecropls amerlcana. Bote, Isis, 1844, 174. 
 
 Hirnndo cyanopyrrha, y. " N. D. d'H. N. xiv. 1817, 510 " ; Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 528, n. 41. 
 
 ?Hlrundo fumarla, ?Licht. "Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1830,2"; J. f. 0. 1»63, 58 (quotes 
 '^ameriana "Wils."). 
 
 Cblmney Swallow, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 429, n. 330 (in part ; excl. refs. to Eur. sp.). 
 
 Hlrondcllc A ventre roux de Cayenne, Buff. "Hist. Nat. Ois. vi. 607"; PB. 704, f. 1. 
 (Basis of H. erythrogaster.) 
 
 Rufous-bcUiea Swallow, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 566 (based on Bnflf. PE. 704, f. 1) (Cay- 
 enne and New York.) 
 
 flirondclle ronsse, ic ilfotjw, Ois. Canad. 1861, 142. 
 
 Barn Swallow, ()/a«(Aors. 
 
 Hab. — America. The North American bird iDhabits in summer more par- 
 ticularly the United States and adjoining portions of British America, strag- 
 gling far north,however, to Alaska and Greenland ; in winter, Middle Amer- 
 ica, including the West Indies. Breeds at large in its United States range, 
 in Mexico, and doubtless elsewhere. 
 
 Ch. sp. — S 9 Chalyhea, infra ru/a, pectore semitorquato ; fronte 
 rufa; caudd forjicatd, alho-notatd. 
 
 ,?, adult: Deep lustrous steel- 
 blue ; the forehead and entire 
 nnder parts rufous, generally 
 deepest on the forehead and 
 throat ; an imperfect steel-blue 
 collar. Wings and tail blackish, 
 ■with steel-blue or somewhat 
 greenish gloss ; the lateral pair 
 of tail-feathers much length- 
 ened and filiform at the end, 
 all but the central pair with a 
 white spot. Length, 6-7 inches, 
 very variable, according to the 
 development of the tail ; extent, 
 12J-1.3i; wing, 4f-5 ; tail, 3 to 
 5 inches, the fork 2-3 inches 
 deep. 
 
 9 , adult : Quite like the i , 
 but the colors rather less intense 
 and lustrous. 
 
 Young : Lacking in great 
 measure the elongation and 
 attenuation of the lateral tail- 
 feathers, the fork being an inch 
 
 46.— Details of strnotnre of Barn Swallow, 
 natural size. 
 
 or less in depth. Similar to the adults, but much duller, and with rather a 
 greenish than steel-blue lustre — at an early age quite brown, with scarcely 
 any lustre, and the rump and upper tail-coverts skirted with rusty. Front- 
 let obscurely marked, or reduced to a mere tawny line, and under parts, 
 especially behind the dark collar, very pale, even brownish-white. 
 
HABITS OP THE BAEN SWALLOW 409 
 
 IN the case of this Swallow, whose name is a " household 
 word " alike with the learned and the ignorant of ornithol- 
 ogy, it is unnecessary lo rehearse the items which have 
 formed staples of biography since Wilson wrote truly " that 
 the light of heaven itself, the sky, the trees or any other 
 common objects of Nature, are not better known than the 
 Swallows. We welcome their first appearance with delight, 
 as the faithful harbingers of flowery spring and ruddy sum- 
 mer; and when, after a long, frost-bound, and boisterous 
 winter, we hear it announced, that 'the Swallows are come,' 
 what a train of charming ideas are associated with the 
 simple tidings!" But almost all the written history of the 
 bird has the savor of home ; we think of Swallows and 
 the city street, the farm-yard, the bursting barn, the new- 
 mown hay, the flocks and herds, and all the changes of 
 the seasons that come to us when comfortably housed — for- 
 getting, perhaps, the trackless waste of the West, where Swal- 
 lows are still as wild and primitive as any birds, bounden 
 by no human ties, and no associates of civilization. Let us 
 see the Swallow as he was before there were houses in this 
 country — as he still remains in some parts of the world : we 
 shall find him living in caverns, like the primitive cave-dwell- 
 ers of our race; in holes in the ground like the foxes of 
 Scripture ; in hollow trees, like the hamadryads of mythology 
 — so lowly is the habitation of this winged messenger of the 
 changeful seasons. And yet, no sooner does the sound of the 
 woodsman's axe in the clearing foretell the new day, than the 
 twitter of the Swallow responds like an echo, and the glad 
 bird hastens to fold his wings beneath a sheltering roof. 
 
 Along the parallel of 49° I occasionally observed Barn Swal- 
 lows at various places from the Eed Eiver of the North to the 
 Eocky Mountains, during July and August of 1873-74. Except- 
 ing at Pembina, Dakota, where, however, I do not think that any 
 of these Swallows were breeding among the numbers of Eave 
 and White- bellied that I saw during my visit, there were no hu- 
 man habitations for the birds to occupy : and aseligible breeding- 
 places were few and far between. Barn Swallows were compara- 
 tively rare. A small colony which had settled along a stream 
 near the Sweetgrass Hills, gave the opportunity of observing 
 one of the many modifications of their breeding habits. Here 
 the nests were built on the ground, in little holes and crevasses 
 in the perpendicular face of a cut-bank. I could not satisfy 
 
410 HABITS OF THE BAKN SWALLOW 
 
 myself that the holes were dug by the birds, though my as- 
 sistant thought so ; but they were probably refitted for the 
 reception of the nests. 
 
 In New Mexico, I once saw large numbers of Barn Swallows 
 near Albuquerque, on the Eio Grande ; and at Los Pinos, a 
 little further along the same mighty river, these ubiquitous 
 birds were breeding about the town, in close association with 
 the gay and familiar little Burions {Garpodacus frontalis). 
 The adobe buildings furnished both these birds with inviting 
 homesteads, and there was a good deal of argument at times 
 between them, going to prove that no house is large enough 
 for two families. I never saw Barn Swallows at Fort Whipple, 
 where were plenty of White-bellies and Violet-greens and 
 Purple Martins among the pineries ; but those were days in 
 the infancy of the Territory, and things may have since 
 changed. Dr. Cooper relates that he saw many Barn Swallows 
 migrating past Fort Mojave on the Colorado River in May, 
 38G1 ; and he observed their arrival at San Diego and Santa 
 Cruz, California, late in March. He remarks that in this State 
 they frequent the sea-coast rather than inland localities, prob- 
 ably for their well-known delight in skimming the surface for 
 insects ; and that in wild districts they build in caves, which 
 abound along the sea-shore from San Diego to the Columbia 
 Eiver. Henshaw speaks of the very general distribution of 
 the species in the Middle Province. Ridgway found it most 
 abundant about Pyramid Lake, Nevada, where it nested among 
 the tufa-domes, each nest being attached to the ceiling of a 
 cave among the rocks, and each cave having generally but a 
 single pair. ITe also found nests in caverns of the limestone 
 cliffs on the eastern side of the Ruby Mountains ; and others 
 elsewhere, attached as usual in the East to rafters of buildings. 
 These " tufa-domes", as described by the same writer, are rocks 
 of remarkable form and structure, usually having rounded or 
 domed tops, being thickly incrusted with calcareous tufa, and 
 honey-combed beneath with winding passages and deep grot- 
 toes, in which various birds nested, such as the Burion, Say's 
 Pewee, and the Barn Swallow. Various other advices we have 
 from the West, particulary from the Pacific coast, attest that 
 this Swallow is primitively a troglodyte, or cave-dweller ; and 
 even in the East we have similar evidence in the " Swallow 
 Cave " at Nahant, which Dr. Brewer mentions as once a favorite 
 resort. In thus rehearsing the nestings of the Barn Swallow, 
 
NESTING OP THE BARN SWALLOW 411 
 
 aside from its now habitual choice of rafters, I may finally 
 note that it sometimes takes forcible possession of the nests of 
 other species, for Mr. Allen has known a pair to turn Cliff Swal- 
 lows out of doors, and occupy the premises. 
 
 I suppose I hardly need describe the nest itself — an object 
 as familiar to most persons as a cobweb or a pitch-fork, — an 
 untidy mass of raw material, Iresh from the bosom of mother 
 earth, with " hay seed in the hair", and a smell of the stable, 
 like the typical Granger himself. These nests are composed 
 ordinarily of little pellets of mud stuck together in layers, with 
 hay intervening ; for these birds have never learned, it seems, 
 to make " bricks without straw ", like their more ingenious 
 cousins of the eaves. Outside, the hay hangs unkempt ; in- 
 side these stout adobe walls, there is a good soft stuflBng of fine 
 grasses, and a thick warm bed of feathers. The nests vary- 
 endlessly in size, shape, and degree of finish, according to the 
 character of the site selected, the kind of materials most 
 available, the facility of gathering them, and doubtless also 
 the stress of impregnation under which the female may be 
 laboring. 
 
 One point about this Swallow's nest-building, however, may 
 not be generally known. I give it in the words of my respected 
 friend Dr. Brewer, with whose lifelong observation of our 
 birds T have too frequent occasion to differ: — "A striking 
 peculiarity of these nests is frequently an extra platform built 
 against, but distinct from the nest itself, designed as a roosting- 
 plaee for the parents, used by one during incubation at night 
 or when not engaged in procuring food, and by both when the 
 young are large enough to occupy the whole nest. One of these 
 I found to be a separate structure from the nest, but of similar 
 materials, three inches in length and one and a half in breadth. 
 The nest had been for several years occupied by the same pair, 
 though none of their offspring ever returned to the same roof to 
 breed in their turn. Tet in some instances as many as fifty 
 pairs have been known to occupy the rafters of the same barn." 
 
 Under ordinary circumstances, these Swallows raise more 
 than one brood each year, and usually four, five, or six are a 
 nestful. Notwithstanding the notorious regularity of their 
 migration, their breeding is rather an arbitrary matter, and it 
 is not uncommon to find at the same time nests containing 
 fresh eggs and others with fledglings. At this season, the 
 activity of the parents is at its maximum, and their energy is 
 
412 CHAEACTEES OP THE GENUS TACHYCINETA 
 
 taxed to supply voracious throats with insects captured on 
 tireless wing. The rate of speed in flying, the distances tra- 
 versed in a given period, and the numbers of insects destroyed, 
 have all been the subjects of some curious calculations, — or 
 rather speculations, for these matters scarcely admit of mathe- 
 matics. Wilson supposed a Swallow to fly about a mile a 
 minute, for ten hours a day, for ten years, — equivalent to more 
 than eighty-seven times around the world ! However this may 
 be, let us trust that these matchless wings may bring the iSwal- 
 lows again next year, as they have this; and let us look leni- 
 ently, even encouragingly, upon the various superstitions of 
 folk-lore, which tend to protect and foster these amiable, these 
 charming and useful creatures — even though we may not fear 
 that to kill them is to make the cows give bloody milk ! 
 
 Genus TACHYCINETA Cab. 
 
 HIrnndo, p., of natbors. 
 
 GhelidoD, Boie, Isis, 1826, nee 1833 (originally applied to H. urbica). 
 
 Tacbf clnetn, Oa,i. Has. Hein. L 1850, 48 (type H. Uialassina,). 
 
 This group was established in 1850 by Cabanis upon H. 
 thalassina of Swainson, and is now commonly allowed to 
 include H. bicolor. These species agree closely with each other, 
 both in form and pattern of coloration, and differ from Hirundo 
 proper chiefly in lacking the disproportionate length, attenua- 
 tion and forfication of the tail, this member being much shorter 
 than the wiugs, and simply emarginate or with shallow fork. 
 All the species are entirely white below, and the extralimital 
 ones, of which there are several, have the rump white. The 
 eggs of our species are pure white, unmarked. H. thalassina 
 stands alone in the soft velvety plumage of the upper parts, 
 without metallic gloss, and much variegated in color. The 
 other species, including T. bicolor, have more compact, silky 
 plumage, with rich metallic sheen. A difference was noticed 
 by Cabanis, who speaks of T. bicolor „ als 2te, jedoch vom 
 Typus mehrfach abweichende Art." None of the many 
 generic names bestowed of late upon Swallows have been 
 based upon T. bicolor, which seems at least as worthy as some 
 others to stand as type of a subgenus (Iridoprocne). This 
 includes, besides /. bicolor, the extralimital species I. albiven- 
 tris, I meyeni, I, leucorrhoa, I. albilinea, and probably some 
 others. The whole group is confined to America. Both of the 
 North American species occur in the Colorado Basin. 
 
SYNONYMY OF TACHYCINETA BICOLOE 413 
 
 \Fhite-belIiecl Swallow 
 
 Tacliyclneta blcolor 
 
 Ilirundo blcolor, T. OAS. i. 1807, 61, pi. 2\..—Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 105.— y. Enoy. M«th. 
 ii. 1823, 520— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1825, 257.— Bp. Add. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 65.— 
 Av,d. OB. L 1831, 491, pi. 98.— /Sw. c6 Rich. FBA. ii. 1831, 328.- ifutt. Man. i. 1832, 605.— 
 Pea!). Eep. Om. Mass. 1839, Zi%.—Towm. Jonm. PMla. Acad, viii. 1839, 155.— AwiJ. Syn. 
 1839, 35.— j4«(J. BA. t 1840, 175, pi. 46.— ffiraMd, BLL 1844, 36.— iemfteye, At. Cuba, 
 1850, 46.— OaSot, Noum. ii. Heft iiL 1853, 65 (Lake Superior).— TFoJifj/, Zoologist, xi. 
 1853, 3806 (Derby, England).— TAomps. Vermont, 1853, 98.— TToodA. Eep. ZuBl and 
 Colo. R. 1853, 65.— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 401.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 308.— 
 Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. W.'iS, 581.— Pra(ten,ibid. 600.— (Jass. lUnst. B. Cul. and 
 Tex. 1855, 244.— JHfenrj/, Pr. Phila. Acad. 18.5.5, 308 (Wew Mexico).— ffaym. Pr. PhiK 
 Acad. 1856, 288 —Pntm. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 205.— Bry. Pr. Best. Soc. vi. 1857, 115 (Not* 
 Scotia).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. Ti. 1857, 148 (California).— ffiweZ. Pr. Boat. Soc. Ti. 1857, 
 S33.— Brew. N. A. Ool. 1857, 100, pi. 4 (egg).-if«w6. PEEK. Ti. 1857, ^S.—WoUey, Zool- 
 ogist, 1858, 3806.— Jfamm. J. f. 0. 1858, 102.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 3W.—Xm.t. Pr. Phila. 
 
 Acad. 1859, 191 (California) flejiry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— TTiHis, 
 
 Smiths. Eep. for 185', 1859, 281 (NoTa Scotia).— Bland, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 
 2ei7 (Bermndas).- ilfor(<!n«, J. f. O. 1859, 316 (Bermudas).— Jones, "Nat. Bermuda, 
 34".— Ooop.<« SiMi.NHWT. 1860, 185.— ifewfon, Zoologist, XTiii. 1860, 7145 (Derby, 
 England).— JTcMton, PZS. 1860, 131 (England).— JVewt. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist 3d ser. 
 vi. 1860, 130 (flame).— 1FA«0«. Ohio Agric. Kep. for 1860, 1861, 364.— Bam. Smiths. Eep. 
 
 for 1860, 1861, 436.— Cowes dt Prent. Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862, 409 Terr. Pr. Ess. 
 
 Inst iii. 1862,146.— Ferr. Pr. Bos*. Soo. ix. 1862, 138 (Anticosti).— Boardrtt. Pr. Bost. 
 Soc. ix. 1862, 125.— BJot. Ibis, 1862, 4 j 1863, 64 (Saskatchewan).— Xord, Pr. Eoy. Arty. 
 Inst. iT. 1864, 115 (British Columbia).— AJIcn, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 65.— Bd. Eev. AB. 
 1865, 297.— iowr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.Tiii. 1866, 285.— JfcJijor. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 86 
 (Canada West).— BroiOTt, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver).— OoMes, Pr. Bost. Soc. xit 1868, 
 111 (South Carolina).— DosJi a Bonn. Xr. Chic. Acad. i. 1869, 279 (Alaska) —FowUr, 
 Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 116.— Coop. Am. Nat iii. 1669, 33, iH.-Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 106.— 
 Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst vi. 1671, 114.— Coties, Pr. Phila. Acvd. 1871, 21 (Fort M.icon, 
 N. C. January).— Horttnsr, Man. Brit. B. 1872, 125 (England).— Allen. Ball. MCZ. 
 iii. 1872, 176 (Colorado, up to timber-line). — Finsch, Abb. Nat. Ver. Bremen, iii. 1872, 
 29 (Alaska).— Snojo, B. Kans. 1873, S.—Trippe, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 1873, 235.— ffirtt. Pr. 
 Cleveland Acad. i. 1874, 267.— B. B. di R. NAB. i. 1874, 344, pL 16, f. S.—Brew. Pr. Bost. 
 Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.— HensA. List B. Arii. 1875, 156. 
 
 Ghelldon blcolor, "Lesson".— Bp. CGL. 1838, 8.—Clamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 110.— 
 Oamb. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 31.— MeOall, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 215. 
 
 Hersc blcolor, Bp. CA.i. 1850, 34i. 
 
 lachf cineta blcolor. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. 1850, 48. — Bp. Compt Eend. xxxvlii. 1854, 651.— 
 aundl. J. f. O. 1856, 4 (Cuba).— G«nd!. J. f. O. 1861, 330 (Cuba).— C'okck, Pr. Ess. lust. 
 V. 1868, 276. — Sumieh. Mem. Bost Soc. i. 1869, 547 (Mexico, plateau).— Aden, Bull. 
 MOZ. ii. 1871, 269 (Floridii, in winter).- OoiMS, Key, 1872, 1\3.—Mayn. Pr. Bost Soc. 
 xiv. 1872, 309.— Jlferr. Ann. Eep. TT. S. Geol. Sarv. for 1872, 1873, 713. -Kid^w. Am. Nat. 
 viii. 1874, 199.— Cones, BNW. 1874, 86.— Farr. <e Hensh. Eep. Orn. Specs. 1674, 11.— 
 Hmsh. Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 42, 70.— fleresft. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 217.- 
 Gentry, Life-Hist 1876, 188.— Jlfinot, BNE. 1877, 1*6.— Ridgw. Eep. Snrv. 40th P.ir. iv. 
 1877, 441. 
 
 Petroctaelldon blcolor. Set. PZS. 1857, 201 (Xalapa) ; 1859, 364 (Xalapa).— S. c6 S. Ibis, 1859, 
 13 (Guatemala).— Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. vii. 1860, 306 (Cnb.a).— ScJ. Cat AB. 1862, 40. 
 
 HIruDdo TiridlS, WM. AO. v. 1812, 49, pi. 3S, f. 3.— Be Witt OUtU. Ann. Lye. N. T. i. 1824, 
 159.— And. Ann. Lye. N. X. i. 1824, 167.— Bp. Jonm. Phila. Acad. iv. 1825, 257.— BruAm, 
 Zool. Gart. 1871, 15. 
 
 Ghelldon Tirldls, Bote, "— , 1826, — ".— Boie, Isi8,1828, 316. 
 
 HirnndO leucogaster, Steph. "Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 106" (based on Wilson 
 
 Ctaelidon leucogastra, ^oie, Isis, 1844, 171. 
 
414 CHARACTERS OF WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW 
 
 Hirnndo praslna, iicAt. "Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog.l 830,2" j J. f. 0. 1863, 58 (quotes " mri*:* 
 Wila."). 
 
 Hirondelle bicolore, T. 1. c. 
 
 Black and White Swallow, f^teph. 1. o. (= Ucolor V.). 
 
 Green-blue Swallow, Steph. 1. c.—S. d B. 1. o. 
 
 HirODde le bicolore on & ventre blanc, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 143. 
 
 Wblte-bellled Swallow, of amthora. 
 
 Hab. — Temperate America. In North America, north to Great Plave 
 Lake and Alaska. Breeds indifferently in its United States and British 
 American range and on the highlands of Mexico. Winters abundantly in 
 the southernmost United States, Bermuda, Cuba, Mexico, and south to Cen- 
 tral America at least. Accidental in England. 
 
 Ch. sp. — 9 i Yiridinitens, infrh nlba; alls cauddque fusco- 
 nitentibus, loris nigris, 
 
 S , adult : Entire upper parts lustrous dark green ; ■wings and tail black- 
 ish, lustrous ; lores black. Entire under parts pure white. Bill black ; feet 
 dark. Length about 6 inches ; extent, 13 ; wing, 4^-5 ; tail, 2i, slightly 
 forked. 
 
 9 : Similar, the colors rather less intense and lustrous. 
 
 Young: Birds of the year slowly acquire a plumage differing only in the 
 less lustre and intensity from that of the adults ; but, on leaving the nest, 
 they are dark rnouse-gray or slate-color above, including the wings and tail, 
 the interscapulars and inner quills tipped with rusty; and white below, 
 slightly shaded with ashy ; thus curiously similar to CotyJe riparia. The 
 feet yellow. According to Mr. Brewster's obstrvations, the first plumage is 
 worn longer than usual, the autumnal dress being slowly gained — one or 
 two of the metallic-tinted feathers at a time. The quills of the wing are 
 moulted by the young as well as by the adult, and in both, in autumn, the 
 inner secondaries are white-tipped. 
 
 SWALLOWS are not seldom seen at sea, being among the 
 birds that most frequently alight on the rigging of vessels, 
 
 \ ^ ^^^^J^^^F^ have we not such a name for a 
 \^ ^"*Si^^^ particular garment? — has been 
 ^>«»ig;^. ' ' known to accomplish a trans- 
 no. 47.-white.bemed Swallow, ' Eatnrai Atlantic voyage SQCcessfully, 
 si™. and reach the shores of the old 
 
 country only to be captured and made a paragraph of. This 
 shows what he cau do when he really tries to fly ; his move- 
 ments over the land are the veriest sauntering in comparison. 
 
HABITS OP THE WHITE-BELIJED SWALLOW 415 
 
 The White-belly seems, from another circumstance, to be one 
 of the hardiest of our Swallows ; for it is conspicuous among 
 the winter birds of Florida, and doubtless other parts of the 
 Gulf coast. Mr. Boardman tells me, viva voce, that countless 
 thousands enjoy the serenity of the Floridan winters ; nnd, like 
 the Bluebird, the White-belly is not seldom tempted by the 
 treachery of the "January thaw" to come unguardedly north- 
 ward, being the species which, perhaps oftener than any other 
 of the family, is noted as occurring unexpectedly beyond its 
 usual range in winter, and thus by no means making a summer. 
 A case of this sort came within my experience at Fort Macon, 
 North Carolina, where numbers of these Swallows appeared 
 one warm day early in January, though there had been a smart 
 freeze just before. The flock played about the fort, but were 
 soon driven off by bad weather; they were next seen again on 
 the 20th of the mouth, and occasionally from that time until 
 the regular migration. From their winter-homes, not only in 
 the Gulf States and in Southern California, but in Mexico, 
 the West Indies, and Central America, these birds spread 
 northward in March and April, from one side of the continent 
 to the other, and some proceed to the Arctic regions. They 
 breed independently of latitude, some on the highlands of 
 Mexico, and anywhere in the West ; but in the East, their 
 usual breeding-range is said to be north of the parallel of 38°. 
 How unexceptionally this may hold I do not know ; but these 
 Swallows are especially recognized as summer visitors in 
 northerly parts of the United States, as New England for 
 example, and in the British Provinces. 
 
 Unlike the Barn and-Bave Swallows, the glossy viridis of 
 Wilson is a confirmed hole-breeder, rather jealous of the ancient 
 customs of its family, and slow to yield to the allurements 
 of civilization, even though the most tempting boxes be pre- 
 sented to its choice. When it will, it will, and when it won't, 
 the Purple Martins must be depended on to fill the neat little 
 houses that we build to entice the Swallows. In Eastern 
 Massachusetts, says Dr. Brewer, the change of habit is con- 
 firmed. In parts of Maine and New Brunswick, Mr. Board- 
 man tells me, the experiment is far from successful, as, ten 
 to one. Swallows still nest in holes in trees and stumps. The 
 hollow tree is the natural and still the usual resort, as we see 
 clearly from study of these birds in the West. 
 
 I do not think that I ever saw bicolor in Arizona, where 
 
416 HABITS OF THE WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW 
 
 thalttssina is not uncommon. Others, however, have found it 
 in that Territory. Captain Bendire speaks of its breeding 
 about Tucson. In Southern Colorado, Mr. Henshaw found it 
 " not uncomraon, though perhaps the rarest of the Swallows ". 
 It is rarer in the Missouri region than the other Swallows are, 
 because most of that country, like the rest of the Great 
 Plateau, does not furnish many good breeding-places. lu Cali- 
 fornia, Cooper found the Blue-greens on the summit of the 
 Coast Bange, replacing the Barn and Cliff Swallows, and saw 
 what he supposed were these birds flying over the Sierra 
 Nevada at an elevation of 9,000 feet. He speaks of their 
 wintering in some parts of the State, and this is confirmed by 
 the observations of Mr. Hepburn, who states a few reside dur- 
 ing the winter, being reinforced toward the close of February 
 and growing abundant by the end of March. They are a 
 month later still in British Columbia. I found them breeding 
 at Pembinaearly in June, with great numbers of Cliff Swallows. 
 
 Mr. Eidgway has lately published some interesting observa- 
 tions on White-bellied Swallows, which he found more numer- 
 ous in certain portions of Nevada than these birds have usually 
 been supposed to be anywhere in the West. They abounded 
 among the cottonwoods of the Lower Trnckee Eiver, near 
 Pyramid Lake, in May, and every knot-hole seemed to be pos- 
 sessed by a pair. They were just then building, and used to come 
 daily to the door-yard of the Eeservation-house to gather mate- 
 rials. The object selected was usually a feather, but occasionally 
 a scrap of paper, or rag of cloth, or a piece of string was 
 picked up and borne to the nest, such conspicuous prizes being 
 generally the occasion of much twittering contention, as the 
 little laborer struggled off to the nest with liis burden. But 
 the birds were not confined to the wooded river-valleys, being 
 equally numerous high up in the Wahsatch Mountains, among 
 the aspens, ai, an elevation of 8,000 or 9,000 feet. He also 
 found them in the Sacramento Valley, a few feet above sea- 
 level, among the oak-trees on the plains. At Carson City, he 
 observed that their manners had been already modified, for 
 they built their nests under eaves, behind the weather-board- 
 ing, or about the porches, and were quite familiar. In making 
 his collections, he observed that when one was brought down, 
 the survivors showed great concern, circling, with plaintive 
 twittering, above their dead or dying comrade. 
 
 I find no record of the nestling of this species in caves or 
 
HABITS OP THE WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW 417 
 
 holes in rocks, though thalassina sometimes does so. Agree- 
 ably to its choice of nesting-site, which renders plastering need- 
 less, it uses no mud in building its nest, the fabric being loosely 
 constructed of fine soft hay, with a copious warm lining of 
 feathers. The latter are often so disposed as to curl prettily 
 over the treasure within, like the Acanthus that suggested the 
 Corinthian capital ; and the eggs are sometimes almost entirely 
 thus covered. It is attested that the same pair will reoccupy 
 their premises year after year; and Dr. Brewer witnesses that 
 they may come to such familiar terms with persons from whom 
 they are accustomed to receive materials for nest-bnilding, as 
 to watch for him and fly toward him. "A pair which had 
 thus, year after year, received supplies of feathers for their 
 nests from the younger members of the family in whose yard 
 their nest was built, would almost take them from the hands 
 of their providers. This pair sat so close as to permit them- 
 selves to be taken from their nest, and when released would at 
 once fly back to their brood." 
 
 There are some points in the earlier history of this Swallow 
 that I wish to rehearse here. I may premise, that though the 
 species was named by Wilson viridis, it had before been called 
 hicolor by Vieillot ; but that this even is not the root of the 
 matter ; for it was known to Latham and Gmelin as a variety 
 of the European House Martin, Chelidon urbiea of Boie and 
 late naturalists. Ifext, this species is said to depart from the 
 insectivorons customs of its family so far as to feed at times 
 principally on the berries of the myrtle {Myrica cerifera). The 
 fact is attested by Wilson, and Audubon speaks of hicolor as 
 roosting by night on the drier, as the French Louisianians 
 call this plant. Thirdly, in connection with the well-known 
 fact that these Swallows spend the winter in great numbers in 
 Florida and the Gulf States, some items respecting their enor- 
 mous congregations have been noted. I have already spoken 
 of the vast assemblages of Swallows of various kinds which 
 may be witnessed during the season of migration ; the books 
 are full of instances, and it seems that the present species is 
 no whit behind its better-known congeners in this respect. 
 Wilson saw hundreds of White-bellies on the sandy beach of 
 Great Egg Harbor. They " completely covered " the myrtle- 
 bushes of the low islands thereabouts; a man told him he had 
 seen a hundred and two killed at a shot, and we need not pre- 
 27 B 
 
418 HABITS OF THE WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW ' 
 
 same that a person would prevaricate, just for two Swallows. 
 In recording his observations made on these birds in Louisiana, 
 in winter, Audubon speaks of " thousands flying in different 
 flocks", but only mentions fourteen killed at a shot. During 
 the winter, he says, many were sheltered in holes about the 
 houses, but the greater number resorted to the lakes, to spend 
 the night among the myrtles. "About sunset," he continues, 
 " they began to flock together, calling to each other for that 
 purpose, and in a short time presented the appearance of 
 clouds moving towards the lakes, or the mouth of the Missis- 
 sippi, as the weather and wind suited. Their aerial evolutions 
 before they alight, are truly beautiful. They appear at first as 
 if reconnoitering the place ; when, suddenly throwing them- 
 selves into a vortex of apparent confusion, they descend 
 spirally with astonishing quickness, and very much resemble 
 a trombe or water-spout. When within a few feet of the driers, 
 they disperse in all directions, and settle in a few moments. 
 Their twitterings, and the motion of their wings, are, however, 
 heard during the whole night. , . . The hunters who 
 resort to these places destroy great numbers of them, by knock- 
 ing them down with light paddles, used in propelling their 
 canoes." In another place, Audubon prints a note from Bach- 
 man, who states that on the 16th of October, 1833, in company 
 with Dr. Wilson and Mr. J. W. Audubon, he " saw Fuch an 
 immense quantity of this species of birds that the air was posi- 
 tively darkened. As far as the eye could reach, there were 
 Swallows crowded thickly together, and winging their way 
 southward ; there must have been many millions!" 
 
 In conclusion of this subject, and to give further idea of the 
 current accounts, I quote (at second-hand) the following pas- 
 sages from Henderson's Honduras, London, 1809, p. 119, 
 though I should add that the writer does not refer to any par- 
 ticular species : — "Myriads of Swallows are also the occasional 
 inhabitants of Honduras. The time of their residence is gener- 
 ally confined to the period of the rains, after which they totally 
 disappear. There is something remarkably curious and deserv- 
 ing of notice in the ascent of these birds. As soon as the d.awn 
 appears, they quit their place of rest, which is usually chosen 
 amid the rushes of some watery savannah, and invariably rise 
 to a certain height, in a compact spiral form, and which at a 
 distance often occasions them to be taken for an immense 
 column of smoke. This attained, they are then seen separ- 
 
SYNONYMY OP TACHYCINETA THALASSINA 419 
 
 ately to disperse in search of food, the occupation of their day. 
 To those who may ha%'e had an opportunity of observing the 
 phenomenon of a waterspout, the similarity of evolution, in the 
 ascent of these birds, will be thought surprisingly striking. 
 The descent, which regularly takes place at sunset, is con- 
 ducted in much the same way, but with inconceivable rapidity. 
 And the noise which accompanies this can only be compared 
 to the falling of an immense torrent, or the rushing of a violent 
 gust of wind. Indeed, to an observer, it seems wonderful, that 
 thousands of these birds are not destroyed, in being thus 
 propelled to the earth with such irresistible force." The nar- 
 rative does not state whether or not it was a good day for 
 Swallows. 
 
 The VioBet-greem iSit'aBfioir 
 
 Tacliycineta tbalassina 
 
 HIrundo tbalaSSinus, Sw. Fhilos. Mag. i. 1837, 366 (Mexico).— Sw. Isis, 1834, ISi.— Denny, 
 PZS. 1847, 38 (wrongly attributed to Cuba and Jamaica). 
 
 Hlrunflothalasslna, Oraitft.Comm. Joarn.Phila. Acad. Tii. 1837,193 ("ColnmbiaEiver").— 
 Aud. OB. iv. 1838, 597, pi. 385, f. 4, i.—Bp. CGL. 1838, 9.—Aud. Syn. 1839, 3e.—And. 
 BA. i. 1840, 186, pi. ia.—Woodh. Rej>. Zuniand Colo. E. 1853, 64.— Cews.niast. B. Cal. and 
 Tex. 185.5, Mo.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1855, 308 (New Mexico).— Br«TO. N. A. Ool. i. 
 1857, 102 (not the alleged figure 1— pi. 5, f. 74).-if«w6. PKEE. vi. 1857, 16.— Bd. BNA. 
 1858, 311.— Maa;im. J. f. 0. 1858, 101 (Upper Missouri Jl.).—Bd. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 
 303.— Xon*. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 191.— Benry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 106.— Scl. PZS. 
 1859, 235.— Beerm. PEEE. x. 1859, 36.— JBd. F. S. Mex. B. Surv. ii.pt. ii. 1859, Birds, 11.— 
 Coop, (t Such. NHWT. 1860, 185.— iord, Pr. Eoy. Arty. Inst. Woolwich, iv. 1864, 115 
 (British Columbia).— B(J. Eev. A B. 1865, S99.— Brew. Am. Nat. i. 1867, 122 (correction 
 of error in N. A. Ool.). — Brown, Ibis, 1868, 421 (Vancouver).- Ooop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 
 33.— Ooop.B. Cal. i. 1870, 107.— AlfoJi, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 149 (Colorado, up to 8,000ft.).— 
 Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 274.— (7ooj). Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 17.— B. B. <6 ij. NAB. 1. 1874, 
 347, pi. 16, f. 11. 
 
 Hlrnndo tballasslna, Towns. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 155.— ^amli. Joum. Phila. Aca>d. 
 i. 1847, 3l.—Gamh. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 110. 
 
 Huriudo ttaalasslna, Bd. Ives's Eep. Colorado, 1861, pt. v. 5. 
 
 Cecropis tbalasslna, "Leas." 
 
 Cbelldon tbalasslna, Boie, Isis, 1844, 171. 
 
 Herse t Jalassina, Bp. CA. i. 1850, Sil.—Coues, Ibis, 1865, 159, 163 (S. Mex., Arizona). 
 
 Tacbycineta tbalasslna. Cab. MH. i. 1850, 4£.—Bp. Compt. Eend. xxxviii. 1854, 651.- 
 Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 72 (Port Whipple, Arizona).— iSumicA. Man. Bost. Soc. i. 
 1869, 547 (Vera Cruz, breeding).— OoKes, Key, 1872, 113.— Bidgw. Boll. Ess. Inst. v. 
 1873, 181 (Colorado).- Jferr. Ann. Eep. IT. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 713.— 
 Coues, BNW. 1874, Se.-Allen, Pr. Bost Soc. xvii. 1874, 53 (habits).- iSidgto. Am. Nat. 
 viii. 1874, 199.— Nels. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 339, 343 (Utah).— Midgw. Eep. Surv. 40th 
 Par. iv. 1877, 443. 
 
 Tacbycincta tbalasslna, Merr. Ann. Eep. U. S. (Jeol. Surv. for 1872, 1873, 676. 
 
 Fetrocbelidon tbalasslna, S. <Ss S. Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).- Sci. PZS. 1864, 173 (City of 
 Mexico). 
 
 Tlolet-green Swallow, o/A«aor«. 
 
 Hab. — Middle and Western Provinces of the United States and adjoining 
 portions of British America. Eastward to the Upper Missouri. South 
 
420 CHARACTERS OF TACHYCINETA THALASSINA 
 
 through Mexico to Guatemala at least. Breeds in its United States and 
 British American range and in higher portions of Mexico. Winters beyond 
 the United States. 
 
 Oh. sp. — g 9 Violaoeoviridis, pileo magis purpurescente, 
 torque cervicali et tectricibus caudalibus superioribus purpurea- 
 violaceis ; alis cauddque violaceofuscis ; infra sericeo-alba. 
 
 $ , adult : Entire under parts, including the sides of the head to just above 
 the eyes, and an enlarged fluffy tuft on the flanks tending to join its fellow 
 over the rump, pure silky white. Upper parts rich, soft, velvety-green, 
 mixed with a little violet-purple ; the crown of the head similar, but rather 
 greenish-brown, with a purplish tinge. Cervical region, in some cases a 
 well-defined though narrow cervical collar, and the upper tail-coverts violet- 
 purple. These rich colors without gloss or sheen ; wings and tail blackish, 
 with violet and purplish gloss. Bill bl.ick; feet brownish-black, small; 
 iris brown ; mouth pale yellow. Length, 4^-5 inches; extent, 11^12^; wing, 
 4^ ; tail, 2, lightly forked ; bill, i; tarsus, f. 
 
 The 2 , and immature birds in general, differ simply in the less purity and 
 intensity of the colors of the upper parts. In the very highest plumaged 
 specimens, the back is nearly pure green, the cervical collar distinct, and 
 the several contrasts of crown, collar, back, and upper tail-coverts are 
 strong ; in general, the back has a brownish-purple shade, more like that of 
 the crown. 
 
 Very young birds, just from the nest, are exactly like those of T. Mcolor, 
 though smaller, being dark mouse-gray above and white below. But traces 
 at leiist of the special tints speedily appear. Young or perhaps autumnal 
 birds usually have the inner secondaries white-tipped, as in T. Mcolor. 
 
 ME. BULLOCK appears to have discovered this bird in 
 Mexico prior to 1827, when Swaiuson published a syn- 
 opsis of the collection made by the Bullocks, sr. and jr., in the 
 Philosophical Magazine — an article famous for the number of 
 its new genera and species, among them many now well-known, 
 the Swainsonian names of which are very familiar to us. 
 Among the genera • are Setophaga, Seiurus, Sialia, Sylvicola, 
 Ammodramus, Cliondestes, Dolichonyx, Agelmus (originally writ- 
 ten Agelaus)^ Guiraca. For all these new genera, and others 
 (none being here characterized), reference is made to the then 
 still unpublished no. 10 of vol. iii. of the Zoological Journal, 
 April-Sept., 1827, and the latter is generally cited as the source 
 of the names ; but this article in the Phil. Mag. has actual 
 priority by a short time. The real student of ornithology will 
 find it necessary, sooner or later, to consult this paper, and I 
 advise all who have not done so to lay hands on the book, in- 
 stead of stealing their quotations from Bd. BNA., as most have 
 done for twenty years. 
 
ACCOUNTS OP THE VIOLET-GEEEN SWALLOW 421 
 
 Who may have been the first to find it in the United States 
 I do not know; but Townsend and Nuttall furnished the 
 whole of Audubon's account, published in 1838, about the time 
 Townsend communicated his discoveries to the Philadelphia 
 Academy, as recorded in their " Journal " for 1837 and 1839. 
 These writers both speak of finding it on some tributaries 
 of the Colorado Eiver, and the first named says that it builds 
 a nest of mud and hay on clay bluffs, and lays four eggs, "of a 
 dark clay colour, with a few spots of reddish-brown"; and 
 adds that on the Columbia Eiver it breeds in hollow trees. 
 The latter statement is correct ; in making the former. Town- 
 send seems to have got the species mixed with the Cliff Swal- 
 low. Nuttall says that they appeared to occupy nests of the 
 Cliff Swallow, instead of building for themselves, and sup- 
 poses them to sometimes breed in trees. Audubon supplied 
 Dr. Brewer with a drawing of an egg of this species, got by 
 Nuttall in Oregon, which Dr. Brewer says was the first knowl- 
 edge he acquired of the " markings " of the egg. The error 
 about the egg and nidification flourished beyond 1857, when 
 Dr. Brewer elaborated it with care, describing and figuring 
 the speckled egg of the Cliff or Barn Swallow as that of the 
 Violet-green, and discrediting Nuttall's observation respect- 
 ing the probable nesting of the species in trees. The fact is, 
 that the Violet-green Swallow nests in holes in trees and 
 elsewhere, and lays a pure white egg, exactly like T. bicolor. 
 
 Meanwhile, in 1846-47, Dr. William Gambel published the 
 species from his observations in California ; and in 1853 Dr. S. 
 W. Woodhouse spoke of it as abundant in New Mexico. Then 
 came the period of the observers of the Pacific Eailroad and 
 Mexican Boundary Surveys, who severally added to the his- 
 tory of the bird, and enabled Professor Baird to place it on the 
 well-known footing of 1858. Drs. A. L. Heermann and T. C. 
 Henry found it at Fort Thorne on the Eio Grande — the former 
 also at Tejon Pass in California. Drs. Cooper and Suckley 
 noted its arrival at Puget Sound early in May, about the 10th, 
 and observed its building in knot-holes of trees, especially 
 oaks, and in deserted woodpeckers*^ boles. Shortly afterward, 
 Dr. Hayden collected many specimens in the Wind Eiver 
 Mountains, in the present Territory of Wyoming, furnishing 
 one of the most northeasterly records we possess — for some 
 writers of repute, who say that the bird " has been found as 
 
422 DISTEIBUTION OF THE VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW 
 
 far east as Nebraska", may be reminded that the Territories of 
 Dakota, Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, and some others, have 
 since been formed at the expense of what was once " Nebraska " 
 and " Oregon ". In an article printed in 1864, Mr. J. K. Lord de- 
 tailed some observations of his made a few years before along 
 the parallel of 49° N. from the Eocky Mountains west. These 
 birds were among the earliest visitors at Oolville, arriving in 
 small flocks in March, increasing in May, and building in June 
 in holes in trees, laying four or five eggs. This writer sur- 
 mised that the birds dug these holes for themselves in soft 
 wood; but this seems scarcely credible, though it is not un- 
 likely that they may do more or less refitting of knot-holes and 
 woodpeckers' nests. The Violet-green Swallow has been ob- 
 served little, if any, north of the scene of Mr. Lord's opera- 
 tions, and the very border of British America must, for the 
 present at least, be considered its limit of distribution in this 
 direction. The Great Plains seem to present an impassable 
 barrier to the eastward dispersion of even so excellent a flyer 
 as this ; but it does come a little beyond even the foothills 
 of the Eockies. Thus, on the 26th of June, 1874, being then 
 on the Upper Missouri, above the mouth of the Yellowstone, 
 near the Quaking Ash Eiver, I observed a few individuals ; 
 though no specimens were secured to attest the fact, 1 could 
 not have been mistaken, as I had long been familiar with the 
 lovely birds from my studies in New Mexico and Arizona. 
 
 In general terms, as far as the United States is concerned, 
 the Violet-green inhabits wooded regions from the Rocky 
 Mountains to the Pacific, spreading over all our territory dur- 
 ing March ; it is liable to be found breeding wherever suitable 
 trees occur, but, like other Swallows, is more or less locally 
 distributed. During September it retires southward, probably 
 none wintering amongst us. It is resident in Mexico, as Mr. 
 Sumichrast informs us, at almost all elevations, and is very 
 common. Mr. Salvin witnesses its abundance in Guatemala 
 during a portion of the year. 
 
 I am uncertain to whom we owe the discovery of the fact 
 that the eggs of the Violet-green Swallow are white and un- 
 marked. The information was long delayed in coming, partly 
 owing, no doubt, to the difficulty of getting at the eggs, even 
 when the artfully-hidden retreat is discovered. The nest may 
 be in honey-combed rocks, entirely out of reach ; or in the top 
 of a blasted tree, too rotten to be scaled with safety ; or out of 
 
HABITS OF THE VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW 423 
 
 reach in a knot hole in strong sound wood. After they were 
 found out, and the hole-breeding character of the species was 
 established, it was natural that the subsequent accounts of 
 cliff and rock nests should be received with caution or mistrust ; 
 and so much has been said one way and an other, that it will 
 tend to put the history of the species in the best light to review 
 the testimony on the subject. 
 
 When in New Mexico, in 1864, 1 found the Violet-green Swal- 
 lows to be very common in the Eaton Mountains. This was in 
 June, and I have no doubt that the birds were then nesting, 
 though 1 had uo chance of observing them closely. I noticed 
 their close resemblance to White-bellied Swallows in general 
 appearance, and particularly in mode of flight ; and I ob- 
 served, then as subsequently, the curiously misleading circum- 
 stance that the birds appeared to have white rumps. In fact, 
 as is well known, the rump is like the rest of the upper parts in 
 color, but the fluffy white feathers of the flanks lie over the 
 part during flight, sometimes meeting over the root of the tail, 
 thus causing the appearance oberved. This appearance of 
 tricoloration — violet, green, and white — is striking. The fol- 
 lowing year, at Fort Whipple, in Arizona, I made quite a study 
 of these birds, whose exquisite beauty could hardly fail to touch 
 even the most insensible observer. They nestled in considera- 
 ble numbers in the pine woods about the fort, usually preferring 
 the edges of the timber, and constructed their nests of hay and 
 feathers in the natural cavities of trees, or in old woodpecker- 
 holes. Sometimes isolated pairs occupied the deciduous trees 
 in the vicinity, as the cottonwoods along the creek and the 
 oaks of the open hillsides ; but most of the birds gathered in 
 little colonies in clumps of pine-trees. The birds reached 
 this elevated locality the second or third week in March, and 
 remained until late in September. I considered them the 
 commonest of their tribe, quite characteristic, in fact, of the 
 Arizona pine-belt. 
 
 In Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico, agrees Mr. Henshaw, 
 this Swallow inhabits the higher regions, abundantly in all 
 suitable localities, preferring the open spaces or edges of the 
 pineries and groves of oaks, where it breeds in old wood- 
 pecker-holes. In Southern Colorado, he found it in large col- 
 onies at the great altitude of 10,000 feet, early in June, when 
 these ambitious little beauties were preparing to nest on high 
 pine-stubs. In the same Territory, Allen met with them at cor- 
 
424 NESTING OF THE VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW 
 
 responding altitudes, generally nesting in the wonted wood- 
 pecker-holes, but sometimes also in holes in rocks, in company 
 with White-throated Swifts. Ridgway has given us our best 
 accounts of this rock-building, which I have myself never 
 witnessed. The birds, he says, were abundant during May at 
 Pyramid Lake, Nevada, where they were observed to enter the 
 fissures of the calcareous tufa cliffs, where they doubtless had 
 nests. In July he saw them again in the limestone canons of 
 the Euby Mountains, associated with Cliff Swallows and the 
 Swifts just mentioned. Here their nests were in horizontal 
 fissures of the rock, and mostly inaccessibe. Two, however, 
 were in places admitting the hand ; and these were found to be 
 masses of sticks and straws, lined with feathers. One of these 
 contained five eggs ; the other, three broken eggs and the dead 
 parent. The writer continues with a pertinent remark on the 
 general subject : — " Although other observers, whose statements 
 we do not in the least doubt, have described the habits of this 
 bird as arboreal, like those of the White-bellied Swallow 
 (T. licolor) and the Purple Martin, we never found it so in any 
 locality during our trip, it being everywhere a strictly Saxi- 
 coline species, and an associate of Panyptila saxatilis, Petro- 
 chelidon lunifrons, and Rirundo Tiorreorum rather than of the 
 species named, and to be found only where precipitous rocks, 
 affording suitable fissures, occurred." 
 
 This is enough to settle the question we asked each other 
 for some years, Where does the Violet-green breed 1 We havci 
 here simply a hole-breeder, indifferent whether the cavity it 
 occupies be tree or rock ; and we need not be surprised to learn 
 any day that it has been found nestling in a bank of earth, in 
 a natural excavation, or even in a Kingfisher's or Bank or 
 Eough-winged Swallow's hole. One thing, however: it has 
 never learned the plasterer's trade, at which the Cliff and Barn 
 Swallows are such clever artisans ; and yet it has been stated 
 by me, in the " Birds of the Northwest ", p. 88, on the authority 
 of Mr. T. M. Trippe, to have been found "nesting under the eaves 
 of houses, like the Cliff Swallow ", the fact being adduced to 
 show that, like most others of its tribe, this bird had at length 
 paid its compliments to human civilization. The details of 
 the circumstance had not been communicated to me in 1874; 
 but Mr. Trippe yesterday (March 17, 1878) visited my study, 
 and we had some conversation on the subject. He described 
 the nests, in which Violet-green Swallows certainly had their 
 
CHAEACTEES OF THE GENUS PETEOCHELIDON 425 
 
 eggs, as bulky structures of mud, and like those of Cliff Swal- 
 lows. Being perfectly familiar with the birds, he could not 
 have been mistaken in identifying the species ; and he agreed 
 with me that the birds must have occupied in these instances 
 the deserted nests of other Swallows. This brings up Nuttall's 
 early testimony to the same effect, and makes it seem much 
 more probable — if it may not indeed be regarded as confirma- 
 tory — though he or Townsend certainly got hold of the wrong 
 egg, a drawing of which subsequently came into Dr. Brewer's 
 possession through Audubon. We should expect the Violet- 
 greens, on yielding to civilization, to come to terms in the 
 same way the Martins and White-bellies have, by occupying 
 boxes set up for their use, or else to enter knot-holes or the 
 crevices behind weatherboards, as the Wrens ; but that their 
 habits will be modified in some way, and at no distant day, 
 there is no reasonable doubt. With which understanding, I 
 leave the wilful and capricious little creatures to enjoy their 
 hermitages, whether of tree or rock, as long as they please. 
 
 Genus PETEOCHELIDON Cahanis 
 
 Hlrando, p., of Authors. 
 
 Fetrochelldon, Cab. MH. i 1850, 47 (type S. melanogaater Sw. = P. awainsont Scl.). 
 
 This is one of the better-marked groups which have been 
 established as generically distinct from Eirundo. In some re- 
 spects, it rather approaches Progne. The bill is quite stout and 
 deep (for this family), and the nostrils are superior, opening 
 without nasal scale. The tail is unusually short, the tips of 
 the folded wings reaching beyond it, and is about even, or only 
 slightly emarginate, with the feathers broad to their ends. 
 The feet are much as in Hirundo ; the tarsi are feathered above, 
 and the toes are extensively adherent at base. There is a 
 certain bristly appearance of the front and chin, different from 
 what is seen in other groups. The tuft of crissal feathers is 
 full, reaching nearly to the end of the tail. The species agree 
 well in a special pattern of coloration, being steel-blue above, 
 with rufous rump and nuchal band, and usually a frontlet of 
 different color from the rest of the upper parts; the under 
 parts are not continuously white, as in Tachycineta. The nidi- 
 fication of some, if not all, of the species, is peculiar. The eggs 
 are colored, as in Hirundo. 
 
 The species are characteristically American, though one has 
 been described from the Cape of Good Hope. An Australian 
 species referred to Petrochelidon by Cabanis is by Gray ranged 
 
426 SYNONYMY OF PETEOCHELIDON LUNIFRONS 
 
 in the different genus Hyloehelidon Gould. Several species of 
 true Petrochelidon occur in Central and South America and the 
 West Indies, the actual number being in question. Pending 
 satisfactory answer, I continue to jiresent our Cliff or Eave 
 Swallow, lunifrons of Say, as distinct from the West Indian 
 fulva of Vieillot, though not quite satisfied of specific distinc- 
 tion in this case ; but I have little hesitation in assigning the 
 Mexican P. swainsoni Scl. (= melanogaster Sw.) as a synonym. 
 F. posciloma of Jamaica and P. ruficollaris of Peru are closely 
 related. 
 
 The Slare, Cflifl^ o*" Crescent Swallow 
 
 Petrocbelidon Innlfrons* 
 
 HlrnndO, 35, Forst. Philoa. Trans. Ixii. 1772, 408 (Severn Biver). 
 
 Hlrnndo Innlfrons, Say, "Long's Expea.E.Mt8. ii. 1823, 47 ".—Sw. <e Rich. FBA,iil831, 
 331.— Brew. Pr. Boat Soc. 1852, 270 (habits).— TFoodft. Eep. Znfii & Colo. E. 1853, 64.— 
 Cass, ninst B. CaL and Tex. 1855, 243.— floym. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1856, 287 (Indiana).— 
 Brew. Pr. Boat. Soc. vi. 1857, 148.— Brew. N. A. Ool. 1657, 94, pi. 5, f.. 68-73.— JTewfi. 
 PERR. Ti. 1857, 78.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 309.— Xanfc Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 191 (California).— 
 Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— Ooop. a Suck. NHWT. 1860, 124.— 
 Wheat. Ohio Agric. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 374.— Born. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436 
 (Pennsylvania).— CoMes <e Prent. Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862, VB.—Hayd. Tr. Amer. 
 Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, ISl.—Boardm. Pr. Boat Soc. ix. 1862, 125 (Maine).— Yerr. Pr. Best. 
 Soc.ix. 1662, 137 (Anticosti).— Ferr.Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 148 (Maine).— Terr. Pr. Host. 
 Soc. Ix. 1663, 276 (on the migrations, &e.).—Blak. Tbia, 186.3, 64 (Saskatchewan).- 
 
 Lord, Pr. Eoy. Arty. Inst. Woolwich, iv. 1864, 116 (British Colnmbia) Allen, Pr. Ess. 
 
 Inst iv. 1864, 65. — 0<mes, Ibis, 1865, 159, 163 (New Mexico and Arizona).— Z)re«*. Ibis, 
 
 1865, 479 (Texas).— Oou«», Ibis, 1866, 263 (Colorado m-reT).—McIlwr. Pr. Ess. Inst v. 
 
 1866, 86 (Can.^a "West).— iawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. viii 1866, i85—Layard, Birds of 
 South Africa, 1867, 55 (Africa ! spec, identified by Hartlanb). — Brew. Am. Nat L 
 1667, 122.— flaym. Cox's (JeoL Sarv. Indiana, 1869, 218 (abundant since 1849).— Ooop. 
 Am. Nat iil 1869, 33 (Missouri Eiver, "in swarms").— 2V™6. B. E. Pa. 1869, 19 j 
 Phila. ed. 12.—DaU <£ Barm. Tr. Chic. Acad. 1 1869, 279 {AlBakSL).—Ooop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 
 104.— Stev. Ann. Eep. U. S. GeoL Snrv. for 1870, 1871, 463.— Coop. Am. Nat iv. 1871, 
 
 158.- Woodh. Am. Nat vt 1872, 173 (albino) Allen, Am. Nat vi. 1872, ili.—AlUn, 
 
 BnlL MGZ. iiL 1872, 176 (Colorado, np to timber-line).— ««)«, Pr. Best Soc. xv. 1872, 
 223.— 2Wppe, Pr. Best Soc. xv. 1873, 235.— ITemc*, Bnll. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, — (CJrand 
 Menau).— SnoMj, B. Kans. 1873, 5.—Merr. Ann. Eep. V. S. GeoL Snrv. Terr, for 1872, 
 1873, 106.— Coop. Am. Nat viii. 1874. n.— Coves, Am. Nat viii 1874, 509.— Eirtl. Pr. 
 Cleveland Acad. 1674,268 (Ohio). 
 
 •Some references to the " fulva" of the West Indies, a form scarcely if 
 at all different, aro as follows : — 
 
 nirando fulTa, YieiU. " OAS. L 1807, 68, pi. 32 " (San Domingo).— T. N. D. d'H. N. xiv. 1617, 
 521.— F. EM. iL 182.% 627, n. 3ri.—Steph. Gen. ZooL x. 1617, liB.—Thumem. J. f. 0. 1857, 
 149 (Cnha ; egg).— Gm*. Vog. 1860, 74, f. 126 (in part).— ?Jfar(;A,Pr. Phila. Acad. 1863, 
 295 (.Jamaica).— JBry. Pr. Boat Soc. x. 1666, 222 (Porto Eico). 
 
 Ceeropis fulva. Bote, Ms, 1844, 175. 
 
 Petrocbelidon fulva, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 4-.—Gundl.J. 1. 0. 1856, 3 (Cnha).- Brew. Pr. Boat 
 Soc. vii. 1860, 306 (Cuba).- GmtuJ;. J. f. O. 1861, 328 (Cuba).- ?«d.Cat AB. 1861, 40 
 (Jamaica).— ?Srf. PZS. 1861, 12.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 291 (Cnba). 
 
 ? Hirnndo pteciloma, Qosse, B. Jam. 1847, 64. 
 
 ? Petrocbelidon pceclloma, Bd. Eev. AB. 1864, 292. 
 
CHARACTERS OF PETROCHELIDON LUNIFRONS 427 
 
 Cecropis lunifrons. Bow, Ms, 1838,315; 1844,175. 
 
 Petrochelidcn lunlfi'ons, —1—Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1861, 317 (New Grenada).— 
 Scl. Cat. AB. 1863, 40.— Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 288— Ooites, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 72 
 (Arizona) —Ooues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 276 (New England).— OoMes, Key, 1872, 114.— 
 Trippe, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 48.— Aiken <& Solden, Pr. Best. Soc. xt. 1872, m.—Mayn. 
 Pr. Boat. Soc. xiv. 1872, 369 (New England).— lf«rr. Ann. Eep. TJ. S. Geol. Sarv. Terr, 
 for 1872, 1873, 676, 713.— Oo«f«, BNW. 1874, m.—Bidgw. Am. Nat viii. 1874, 200.— 
 B. B. <& It. NAB. i. 1874, 334, pi. IC, f. 13.— Brew. Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1875, HO.— Nets. 
 Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1875, 339 (Utah).— Farr. c6 Hensh. Eep. Orn. Speca. 1874, n.—3ensh. 
 List B. Ariz. 1875, loS.Sensh. Zeol. Expl. "W. 100 Merid. 1875, ilS.Sensh. Eep. Orn. 
 Specs. 1874, 42, 60, 75, lOi.-Oentry, Life-Hist. 1876, 190.— ilfino«, BNE. 1877, 144.— 
 McOauhy, Bull. IT. S. Geol. Sarv. iii. n. 3, 1877, 662 (Taxas). —Bidgw. Eep. Snrv.40tli 
 Par. iv. 1877, 440. 
 
 Hlrnndo opifex, De WM Clint. Ann. Lye. N. T. i. 1824, 161. 
 
 Hlrundo respubllcana, Aud. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 1824, 164. 
 
 Hirundo fnlya, De Witt Clint. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 1824, 158.- Jtp. AC. i. 1825, 63, pL 7, f. 1 .— 
 Bp. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ii. 1826, 64.— ie«8. Tr. Orn. 1831, 270.— Awd. OB. i. 1831, 353, pi. 58.— 
 Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 603.— Ormfft. Comm. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 193 (Columbia 
 Eivcr).-Bp. CGL. 1838, 9.— Peal. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 345 — Towijis. Journ. Philn. 
 Acad. viii. 1839, 155.— Aud. BA. i. 1840, 177, pi. 4T.-0iraud, BLL 1844, 3».—Qamb. Pr. 
 Phila. Aead. iii. 1846, 110 (California).— DeTini/, PZS. 1847, 31.—Thomps. Vermont, 
 1853, m.—Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 301.— Mead, Pr. Phila. Aead. 1853, 401.— Bcnrj/, 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. 185.5, 308 (New Mexico).— iCcjmio. Tr. Illinois Agrio. Soc. i. 1855, 581.— 
 Pratten, ibid. 600.— PM(n. Pr. Eas. Inst. i. 1856, 205.— jlfaxtm. J. f. 0. 1858, WO.—Heeirm. 
 PEEE. X. 1859. 36. 
 
 Hlrundo fnlyus, Willis, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 281 (Nova Scotia). 
 
 Herse fnlva, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 341 (in part at least). 
 
 PetrocbelidOD fnlva, Bp. Compt. Eend. xxxviiL 1854, 650 (in part at least). 
 
 Hirundo melanogaster, Sw. Pbilos. Mag. i. 1827, 366 ; laia, 1834, 783 (name inept). 
 
 Fetrochelidon melanogastra, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 47. 
 
 Hirundo swainsonl, Sd. PZS. 1858, 296 (Oaxaca); 1859, 376 (Oixaca. Mere change of 
 name from melanogaster) .—Bd. Eev. AB. 186.5, iSO.—Salv. Ibia, 1866, 192 (Guatemala). 
 
 FetTDCbclldon swalnsonil, Scl. Cat. AB. 1862, 40. 
 
 Fetrocbelidon swainsoni, Lawr. Bull. Nat. Mns. n. 4, 1876, 17 (Tehnantepec). 
 
 Hirundo coronata, lAcht. "Mus. Berol." 
 
 White-fronted Swallow, Sw. <t Rich. 1. c. 
 
 Republican or CHIT Swallow, Aud. 1. c. 
 
 Rocky Mountain Swallow, Sazord, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 141 (habits). 
 
 Cliff Swallow, Eaye Swallow, Authora. 
 
 Hab — North America, at large, breeding in suitable localities. North to 
 Severn River (Forster, 1772) and the Arctic Ocean; northeast to Nova 
 Scotia ( Vieillot, 1823) ; northwest to the Yukon. Wrongly supposed to have 
 lately migrated into the Eastern United States. South through Mexico to 
 Panama at least (resident Mexican birds = swainsomi). ? Not West. Indies 
 (i^/ulva Vieillot). 
 
 Ch. sp. — (J 9 Dorso, pileo, et macula gulari chalybeis ; fronte 
 albicante ; gula, lateribus capitis, tectricibus caudalibus superiori- 
 bus rufis ; infra brunneo-grisea, abdomine albicante. 
 
 $ 2 > adult : Back and top of head, with a spot on the throat, deep lus- 
 trous steel-blue, that of the crown and back separated by a grayish nuchal 
 collar. Frontlet white or brownish-white. Shorter upper tail-coverts 
 rufous. Chin, throat, and sides of head intense rufous, sometimes purplish- 
 chestnut, prolonged around the side of the nape. Under parts dull grayish- 
 brown, with usually a rufous tinge (rusty-gray), and dusky shaft-lines, 
 
428 HISTORY OF THE CRESCENT SWALLOAV 
 
 whitening on the belly, the under tail-coverts gray, ■whitish-edged and 
 tinged with rnfoas. Wings and tail blackish, with f lightglosa. Bill black; 
 feet brown. Length, 5-5 J ; extent, 12 or more ; wing, 4^-4^ ; tail, 2J, nearly 
 square. 
 
 The sexes are not distinguishable. Both vary much in the tone of color- 
 ation, especially of the rufous parts, though the pattern is much the same. 
 The forehead is sometime^! white, sometimes quite brown. In young birds, 
 the frontlet may be altogether wanting ; the upper parts are lustreless dark 
 brown, most of the feathers being skirted with whitish ; the rufous of the 
 throat and rump a mere tinge, the spot on the throat wanting, and the 
 parts often speckled with white. 
 
 DISCOVERY of this notable Swallow, commonly attributed 
 to Say, was made long before Long's expedition to the 
 Eocky Mountains, though the species was first named in the 
 book which treats of that interesting journey. The bird may 
 have been discovered by the celebrated John Eeinhold Porster ; 
 at any rate, the earliest note I have in hand respecting the Cliflf 
 Swallow is Forster's, dating 1772, when this naturalist pub- 
 lished in the Philosophical Transactions "An Account of the 
 Birds sent from Hudson's Bay ; with Observations relative to 
 their Natural History; and Latin Descriptions of some of the 
 most uncommon" — a rather noted paper, in which seven new 
 species, viz, Falco spadiceus, Strix nebulosa, Emberiza [i. e. 
 Zonotrichia] leucophrys, Fringilla [i. e. Junco] hudsonias, Mus- 
 cicapa [i. <■■. Dendrwca] striata, Parus hudsonicus, and Scolopax 
 [i. e. Numenias] borealis, are described, with references to various 
 other new birds by number, such as " Turdus no. 22", which is 
 Scolecophagus ferrugineus, and ^^Hirundo no. 35", which is 
 Petroclielidon lunifrons. The next observer — in fact, a redis- 
 coverer — was, perhaps, Audubon, who says that he saw Republi- 
 can or Cliff Swallows for the first time in 1815 at Henderson, 
 on the Ohio ; that he drew up a description at the time, nam- 
 ing the species Hirnndo republicana [sic] ; and that he again 
 saw the same bird in 1819 at Newport, Ky., where they usually 
 appeared about the 10th of April, and had that year finished 
 about fifty nests by the 20th of the same month. The next 
 year, namely, 1820, Major Long and Sir John Franklin found 
 these birds again, in widely remote regions, — the first named 
 during his expedition to the Eocky Mountains, and the latter 
 on the journey from Cumberland House to Fort Enterprise, 
 and on the banks of Point Lake, in latitude 65°, where its 
 earliest arrival was noted the following year on the 12th of 
 June. Dr. Elchardson says that their clustered nests are of 
 
MOVEMENTS OF THE CRESCENT SWALLOW 429 
 
 frequeut occurrence on the faces of cliffs of the Barren Grounds, 
 and not uncommon throughout the coarse of the Slave and 
 Mackenzie's Elvers ; and that their first appearance at Fort 
 Chipewyan was on the 25th of June, 1825. Major Long's dis- 
 covery was named Hirundo lunifrons by Say in 18i3 ; and the 
 following year Audubon published his hitherto MS. name 
 respuUicana in the Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural 
 History, with some remarks on the species, in connection with 
 some observations of Governor DeWitt Clinton, who called 
 the bird Hirundo opffex. Meanwhile, Vieillot had described 
 the West Indian conspecies as Hirundo fulva ; and the future 
 Prince Bonaparte adopted this name for our species in 1825. 
 Thus, in the short space of two years, 1823-25, the interesting 
 Anonyma, "No. 35", before known only by number, like the 
 striped inmates of some of our penal establishments, suddenly 
 became quite a lion, with titles galore in the binomial liaut ton. 
 But it was not till 1850 that it was actually raised to the sub 
 lime degree of Fetrochelidon, though it had long been taken 
 and held to be a master-mason. 
 
 The Cliff Swallow has been supposed by some to be an 
 immigrant of comparatively recent date in the Eastern United 
 States ; but it does not appear that any broad theory of a gen- 
 eral progressive eastward extension is fairly deducible from the 
 evidence we possess. On the contrary, much of the testimony 
 is merely indicative of the dates, when, in various parts of the 
 country, the birds began to build under eaves, and so estab- 
 lished colonies where none existed before ; and some of the 
 evidence opposes the view just mentioned. The Swallows, as 
 a rule, are birds of local distribution in the breeding season, 
 notwithstanding their pre-eminent migratory abilities ; they 
 tend to settle in particular places, and return year after year ; 
 and nothing is better known than that one town may be full of 
 Swallows of several kinds unknown in another town hard by. 
 I suppose the real meaning of the record is " only this and 
 nothing more". Nevertheless, these accounts are interesting, 
 and all have their bearing on the natural history of this re- 
 markable bird. It was unknown to Wilson. In 1817, between 
 Audubon's times of observation in Kentucky, Clinton says he 
 first saw Eave Swallows at Whitehall, New York, at the south- 
 ern end of Lake Champlain. Zadock Thompson found them at 
 Randolph, Vt., about the same time. Mr. G. A. Boardman 
 tells me that they were no novelty at St. Stephens, New Bruns- 
 
430 MOVEMENTS OF THE CEESCENT SWALLOW 
 
 wick, in 1828. Dr. Brewer received their eggs from Coventry, 
 Vt., in 1837, when they were new to him ; but the date of their 
 appearance there was not determined. They are said by the 
 same writer to have appeared at Jaffrey, N. H., in 1838 ; at 
 Carlisle, Pa., in 1841 ; and the appearance of a large colony 
 which he observed at Attleborough, Mass., in 1842, indicated 
 that they had been there for several years. During the last- 
 mentioned year, they were present, apparently for the first 
 time, iu Boston and neighboring metastatic foci of the globe. 
 The record also teaches that these birds do not necessarily 
 change from "Cliflf" to "Bave" Swallows in the East, for in 
 1861 Professor "Verrill discovered a large colony breeding on 
 limestone cliffs of Anticosti, remote from man, and in their 
 primitive fashion. That the settlement of the country has con- 
 duced to the general dispersion of the birds during the breed- 
 ing season in places that knew them not before is undoubted ; 
 but that any general eastward migration ever occurred, or that 
 there has been in recent times a progressive spread of the 
 birds across successive meridians, is less than doubtful — is 
 almost disproven. Birds that can fly like Swallows, and go 
 from South America to the Arctic Ocean, are not likely to cut 
 around vid the Mississippi or the Rocky Mountains, houses or 
 no houses. Moreover, the scarcity or apparent absence of 
 these birds in the Southern States, or most portions thereof, 
 may be simply due to the ineligibility of the country, and only 
 true for a part of the year. It cannot be that the breeding 
 birds of Pennsylvania, New York, and New England come and 
 go by other than a direct route; and if not detected in the 
 Southern States, it must be because they fly over the country in 
 their migrations, and do not stop to breed. It is authenticated 
 that they nest at least as far south as Washington, D. C, 
 where Drs. Coues and Prentiss found them some twenty years 
 ago to be summer residents, arriving late in April and remain- 
 ing until the middle of September, though they were not as 
 abundant as some of the other Swallows. 
 
 It may be remembered in this connection that a happy con- 
 junction of circumstances is required to satisfy these birds. 
 Not only are cliffs or their substitutes necessary, but these must 
 be situated where clayey mud, possessing some degree of adhe- 
 siveness and plasticity, can be procured. The indication is 
 met at large in the West, along unnumbered streams, where 
 the birds most do congregate; and their very general dispersion 
 
MASONRY OF THE CRESCENT SWALLOW 431 
 
 iu the West, as compared with their rather sporadic distribu- 
 tion iu tlie East, is thus readily explained. The great veins of 
 the West — the Missouri, the Columbia, and the Colorado, — 
 and most of their venous tributaries, returning the humors 
 from the clouds to their home in the sea, are supplied in pro- 
 fusion with animated congregations of the Swallows, often 
 vastly more extensive than those gatherings of the feathered 
 Sons of Temperance beneath our eaves, where the sign of the 
 order, — a bottle, neck downward, — is set for our edification. 
 
 All are familiar, doubtless, with the architecture of these 
 masons — if any be not, the books will remove their ignorance. 
 But there are many interesting details, perhaps insufiQciently 
 elucidated in our standard treatises. It is generally under- 
 stood that the most perfect nest, that is, a nest fully finished 
 and furnished with a neck, resembling a decanter tilted over, — 
 that such a "bottle-nosed" or "retort-shaped" nest, is the 
 typical one, indicating the primitive fashion of building. But 
 I am by no means satisfied of this. Eemembering that the 
 Swallows are all natural hole-breeders, we may infer that their 
 early order of architecture was a wall, rampart, or breastwork, 
 which defended and perhaps enlarged a natural cavity on 
 the face of a cliff. Traces of such work are still evident 
 enough in those frequent instances in which they take a hole 
 in a wall, such as one left by a missing brick, and cover it in 
 either with a regular domed vestibule or a mere cup-like rim 
 of mud. It was probably not until they had served a long 
 apprenticeship that they acquired the sufficient skill to stick a 
 nest against a perfectly smooth, vertical support. Some kind 
 of domed nest was still requisite, to carry out the idea of hole- 
 breeding, a trait so thoroughly ingrained in Hirundine nature, 
 and implying perfect covering for the eggs; and the indication 
 is fully met in one of the very commonest forms of nest, 
 namely, a hemispherical affair, quite a "breastwork" in fact, 
 with a hole at the most protuberant part, or just below it. The 
 running on of a neck to the nest, as seen in those nests we 
 consider the most elaborate, seems to merely represent a sur- 
 plusage of building energy, like that which induces a House 
 Wren, for example, to accumulate a preposterous quantity of 
 trash in its cubby-holes. Such architecture reminds me of the 
 Irishman's notion of how cannon are made — by taking a hole 
 and pouring the melted metal around it. It is the rule, when 
 the nest is built in any exposed situation. But since the Swal- 
 
432 OBSTINACY OP THE CRESCENT SWALLOW 
 
 lows have taken to building under eaves, or other projections 
 affording a degree of shelter, the bottle-necked, even the 
 simply globular nests, seem to be going out of fashion ; and 
 thousands of nests are now built as open as those of the Barn 
 Swallow, being simply half-cups attached to the wall, and in 
 fact chiefly distinguished from those of Barn Swallows by 
 containing little or no hay. 1 suppose this to be a piece of 
 atavism — a reversion to primitive ways. The Barn and Eave 
 Swallows are our only kinds that do not go into a hole or its 
 equivalent; and the indication of shelter or covering, in all 
 cases indispensable, being secured by the roof itself beneath 
 which they nestle, the special roofing of each nest becomes 
 superfluous. Hence the open cups these Swallows now con- 
 struct. 
 
 Considering how sedulously most birds strive to hide their 
 nests, and screen themselves during incubation, it becomes a 
 matter of curious speculation why these Swallows should ever 
 build beneath our eaves, in the most conspicuous manner, and 
 literally fly in the face of danger. Eichardson comments on 
 this singular and excessive confidence in man, too often 
 betrayed, and which cannot, on the whole, be conducive to the 
 best interests of their tribe. He speaks of a colony that per- 
 sisted in nesting just over a frequented promenade, where they 
 had actually to graze people's heads in passing to and from 
 their nests, and were exposed to the curiosity and depredations 
 of the children; yet they stuck to their first choice, even 
 though there were equally eligible and far safer locations just 
 at hand. Sir John wonders what cause could have thus sud- 
 denly called into action such confidence in the human race, 
 and queries what peculiarity of economy leads some birds to 
 put their ofispring in the most exposed situation they can find. 
 We have all seen the same thing, and noted the pertinacity 
 with which these and other Swallows will cling to their 
 caprices, though subjected to every annoyance, and repeat- 
 edly ejected from the premises by destruction of their nests. 
 I have two notable cases in mind. At Port Pembina, Dakota, 
 a colony insisted on building beneath the low portico of the 
 soldiers' barracks, almost within arm's reach. Being noisy and 
 untidy, they were voted a nuisance, to be abated, but it was 
 "no use"; they stuck, and so did their nests. In the adjoining 
 British province of Manitoba, at one of the trading-posts I 
 visited, it was the same thing over again; their nests were 
 
THE CRESCENT SWALLOW AT WORK 433 
 
 repeatedly demolished, on account of the racket and clutter 
 they made, till the irate lord of the manor found it cheaper in 
 the end to let the birds alone, and take his chances of the morn- 
 ing nap. I think such obstinacy is due to the bird's reluctance 
 to give up the much-needed shelter which the eaves provide 
 against the weather — indeed, this may have had something to 
 do with the change of habit in the beginning. The Cliff Swal- 
 low's nest is built entirely of mud, which, when sun baked into 
 'adobe', is secure enough in dry weather, but liable to be loos- 
 ened or washed away during a storm. In fact, this accident 
 is of continual occurrence, just as it is in the cases of the Chim- 
 ney Swifts. The birds' instinct — whatever that may mean ; I 
 despise the word as a label of our ignorance and conceit — 
 say rather, their reason, teaches them to come in out of the 
 rain. This may also have something to do with the clustering 
 of nests, commonly observed when the birds build on the 
 faces of cliffs, for obviously such a mass would withstand 
 the weather better than a single edifice. 
 
 It is pleasant to watch the establishment and progress of a 
 colony of these birds. Suddenly they appear — quite animated 
 and enthusiastic, but undecided as yet; an impromptu debat- 
 ing society on the fly, with a good deal of sawing the air to 
 accomplish, before final resolutions are passed. The plot thick- 
 ens ; some Swallows are seen clinging to the slightest inequal- 
 ities beneath the eaves, others are couriers to and from the 
 nearest mud-puddle ; others again alight like feathers by the 
 water's side, and all are in a twitter of excitement. Watching 
 closely these curious sons and daughters of Israel at their inge- 
 nious trade of making bricks, we may chance to see a circle of 
 them gathered around the margin of the pool, insecurely bal- 
 anced on their tiny feet, tilting their tails and ducking their 
 heads to pick up little " gobs" of mud. These are rolled round 
 in their mouths till tempered, and made like a quid into glob- 
 ular form, with a curious working of their jaws; then off go 
 the birds, and stick the pellet against the wall, as carefully as 
 ever a sailor, about to spin a yarn, deposited his chew on the 
 mantel-piece. The birds work indefatigably ; they are busy as 
 bees, and a steady stream flows back and forth for several hours 
 a day, with intervals for rest and refreshment, when the Swal- 
 lows swarm about promiscuously a-flycatching. In an incredi- 
 bly short time, the basement of the nest is laid, and the whole 
 form becomes clearly outlined; the mud dries quickly, and 
 28 B 
 
434 RESULT OF THE CRESCENT SWALLOW's WORK 
 
 there is a standing place. This is soon occupied by one of the 
 pair, probably the female, who now stays at home to welcome 
 her mate with redoubled cries of joy and ecstatic quivering of 
 the wings, as he brings fresh pellets, which the pair in closest 
 consultation dispose to their entire satisfaction. In three or 
 four days, perhaps, the deed is done ; the house is built, and 
 nothing remains but to furnish it. The poultry-yard is visited, 
 and laid under contribution of feathers ; hay, leaves, rags, 
 paper, string — Swallows are not very particular — may be 
 added ; and then the female does the rest of the "furnishing" 
 by her own particular self. Not Impossibly, just at this period, 
 a man comes with a pole, and demolishes the whole affair ; or 
 the enfant terrible of the premises appears, and removes the 
 eggs to enrich his sanded tray of like treasures ; or a tom-cat 
 reaches for his supper. But more probably matters are so 
 propitious that in due season the nest decants a full brood of 
 Swallows — and 1 wish that nothing more harmful ever came 
 out of the bottle. 
 
 Seeing how these birds work the mud in their mouths, some 
 have supposed that the nests are agglutinated, to some extent 
 at least, by the saliva of the birds. It is far from an unreason- 
 able idea — ^the Chimney Swift sticks her bits of twigs together, 
 and glues the frail cup to the wall with viscid saliva; and 
 some of the Old World Swifts build nests of gummy spittle, 
 which cakes on drying, not unlike gelatine. Undoubtedly 
 some saliva is mingled with the natural moisture of the mud ; 
 but the readiness with which these Swallows' nests crumble 
 on drying shows that saliva enters slightly into their composi- 
 tion — practically not at all — and that this fluid possesses no 
 special viscosity. Much more probably, the moisture of the 
 birds' mouths helps to soften and temper the pellets, rather 
 than to agglutinate the dried edifice itself. 
 
 In various parts of the West, especially along the Missouri 
 and the Colorado, where I have never failed to find clustering 
 nesfs of the Cliif Swallow, I have occasionally witnessed some 
 curious associates of these birds. In some of the navigable 
 canons of the Colorado, I have seen the bulky nests of the 
 Great Blue Heron on flat ledges of rock, the faces of which 
 were stuccoed with Swallow-nests. How these frolicsome 
 creatures must have swarmed around the sedate and impertur- 
 bable Herodias, when she folded up her legs and closed her 
 eyes, and vrent off into the dreamland of incubation, undis- 
 
THE GENUS COTYLE — COTYLE EIPARIA 435 
 
 turbed, iu a very Babel! Again, I have found a colony of 
 Swallows in what would seem to be a very dangerous neigh- 
 borhood — all about the nest of a Falcon, no other than the 
 valiant and merciless Falco polyagrus, on the very minarets 
 and buttresses of whose awe-inspiring castle, on the scowling 
 face of a precipice, a colony of Swallows was established in 
 apparent security. The big birds seemed to be very comforta- 
 ble ogres, with whom the multitude of hop-o'-my-thumbs had 
 evidently some sort of understanding, perhaps like that which 
 the Purple Grackles may be supposed to have with the Fish- 
 hawks when they set up housekeeping in the cellar of King 
 Pandion's palace. If it had only been a Fish-hawk in this 
 case instead Falco polyagrus, we could understand such amica- 
 ble relations better — for Cliff Swallows are cousins of Purple 
 Martins, and, if half we hear be true, Progne was Pandion's 
 daughter. 
 
 Genus COTTLE Sole 
 
 Hirundo, p., qfAuthorg. 
 Gotile, Boif; Isis, 1822 (type S. riparia). 
 . Cotjle, Bote, Isis, 1836. 
 BIbllS, Leat. "1837". 
 
 Tarsus with a tuft of feathers at the base below, near inser- 
 tion of the hind toe. Edge of wing not rough. Claws little 
 curved, the lateral reaching beyond the base of the middle one. 
 Bill very small, the nostrils opening laterally and overhung by 
 a membrane. Tail much shorter than wings, emarginate. 
 Coloration dull and simple — iu the type of the genus lustreless 
 brown above and across breast, white below. Eggs uncol- 
 ored, laid in holes in the ground excavated by the bird. 
 
 There is a single American species of this particular group, 
 not different from that of Europe, and one of the most nearly 
 cosmopolitan of Passerine birds, inhabiting Europe, Asia, 
 Africa, and America. 
 
 Bank Swallow, or Sand Martin 
 
 Cotyle riparia 
 
 HIrnndO rlparla, of many pre-Linnasan writers, as Oesner, Jonst, OMrUt., WUlugby, Bay, 
 etc.— i. SN. i. 10th ed. 17.58, 192, n. 4 (exFn. Sveo. n. 247, etc. ).— Brunn, OB. 1764, 
 74, D. -291.— L. SN. i. 12th ed. 1766, 344, n. 4.—B<idd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 33; pi. 543, f. 2.— 
 6m. SS. i. 1788, 1019, n. i.—Schaef. Mna. OrD. 1759, 23, n. 15.— Lath. 10. i. 1790, 575, 
 n. 10.— Wilt. A O. V. 1812, 46, pi. 38, f. — .— F. Ency. 116th. ii. 1823, 517, n. 2.— Be WiU OlinU 
 Ann. Lyo. N. T. i. 1824, 159.— Bp. Journ.Philn. Acad. iv. 18:5,2."8.— £p. Ann. Lye. 
 N. Y. ii. 1826, 65.— im. Tr. Orn. 1831, 269.— ,S. <£■ R. FBA. ii. 1831, Si'i.—NuU. Man. i 
 
436 SYNONYMY OF COTYLE RIPAEIA 
 
 1832, 607.— remm. Man. i. — , — ; iii. 1835, 300.— Kaup, Thierr. ii. pt. i. 1836, IH.—Aud. 
 OB. iv. 1838, 584, pi. 385,— ToMM. Journ. Phila. Acad. Tiii. 1839, 155.— Peo6. Rep. Orn. 
 Maas. 1839, 346.— .4.ud. Syn. 1839, 36.— ..luii. BA. i. 1840, 187 pi. 50.— Jlf«cjr. Man. Brit. 
 Om. i. 1840, lO.—Blyth, PZ3. 1842,93 (Europe and India).— Sieift. Stubenv. Deutsch. 
 1845, 358.— (Kr. BLI. 1844, 37.— iem6. At. Cnba, 1850, 47, pi. 7, f. i.— Jones, "Nat. Benn. 
 
 1859, 34 ".—Brandt, Anim. Vert. Sib4rie, , 27.— ToUow, Nanm. i. 1851, 67 (Obeilan- 
 
 aiU).—IMj. Nanm. ii. Heft ii. 1852, 94 (Northsrn Bnssial.- P«««i. J. f. 0. 1853, 258 
 
 Jachil, J. f. 0. 1853, 361.— Thomps. Termont, 1853, 9S.—Xmd, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 
 iOl.—Badde, J. f. 0. 1854, 59 (Southern EusBla).— TJwifferow, J. f. 0. 1854, 190.— Proten, 
 Tr. Illinois Agric. Soo. i. 1855, 600.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1855, 308.— JHoj/m. Pr. 
 PhUa. Acad. 1856, 288.— P«(n. Pr. £is. Inet. i. 1856, 306.— Jfijifer, J. f. 0. 1856, 226 
 (Provence).- Pos»L J. f. 0. 1856, 41 (Anhalt).— ifar(CT!«, J. f. 0. 1859, 216 (Bermudas).- 
 Fmach, J. £ O. 1859, 384 (Bulgaria).- JSIend, Smiths. Sep. for 1858, 1859, 987 (Ber- 
 muda).- WiKis, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859,381 (NoTa Scotia).— Powys, Ibis, 1860, 234 
 (Epirus).- Gici. Vog. 1860, 73, f. 13i.—Kniper, J. t. O. 1860, 384 ((Jreece).— Htntz J. 
 J. f. 0. 1861, 334, 238 (migrations, &c.).— Zand. Arch. Mecklenb. xv. 1861, 60.—Evntt I. 
 J. f. O. 1863, 424; 1864, 183; 1865, 333; 1866, 148; 1867, 166; 1868, 394 (Pomerania).— 
 Nordm. J. f. 0. 1864, 368 (Scandinavia).- Sjperi. Ibis, 1864, 283 (Malta).— TfrijAe, Ibis. 
 1864, 57 (Malta).- Po««I. J. t. O. 1865, 33 (Anhalt).— TTriz, Pr. Bost. Soc. x. 1866, 267 
 (Labrador).- ffolte, J. t. 0. 1868, 156 (Gottska-Sando).- £ro«m, Pr. Bost. Soc xii. 1869, 
 207 (Madeira).— Fo«i!er, Am. Nat. iii. 1869,116 (biography).- rrippe, Pr. Ess. Inet vi. 
 1871, 114.— iJey, J. f. 0. 1872, 143 (Portugal).- SorliTiff, Man. Br. B. 1872, 35. 
 
 Hirundo (Cotjlc) rlparla, Schrmck, Amurl. 1860, 389.— £a({d«, Heisen, 1863,281. 
 
 Cotlle rlparla, Bote, Isis, 1822, 550. 
 
 Cotjle rlparla. Bate, Isis, 1826, Brehm, Handb. Stub. Hansvog. 1833, 278.— £p. CGL. 1838, 
 
 9.—Boie, Isis, 1844, 170.— ffamt. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1846, 111 (Cnba).-itp. CA. i. 1850, 
 3ii.— Burnett, Pr. Bost. Soo. iv. 1851, 116.— JfcCoB, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 315.— Co6o«, 
 Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1853, 66.— TFbodA. Eep. ZuBi and Colo. R. 1853, 65.-Soy, Pr. Phila. 
 
 Acad. 1853, 308.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. iv. 1854, 325 Jiietal,!. t. 0. 1854, 496 (Bavaria).- 
 
 MiUler, J. 1. 0. 1855, 5 (Northern Afiica).— Goes. Illust. 1855, 241.—Kennic. Tr. Illinois 
 Agric. Soc. i. 1855, se!2.— 0undl. J. f. O. 1856, 5 (Cuba).— if«ra!). PKKR. vi. 1857,78.— 
 Brew. N. A. OoL 1857, 105, pi. 4, f. 49.—Adam», PZS. 1858, 495 (India).— Sd. BNA. 1858, 
 313.— Heerm. PERE. x. 1859, 36.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 106.— JVittran, Ibis, 
 1859, 27 (Palestine) ; 434 (Northern Africa) —Salv. Ibis, 1859, 302 (Eastern Atlas).- 
 Brew. Pr. Bost. Soo. vlii. 1860, 306 (Cuba).— OoJ. J. f. 0. 1861, 93 (Costa Eica).- ffuTidl. 
 J. f. O. 1861, 330 (Cuba).— .Ba™. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Ooi«» <E Prent. 
 Smiths.Eep. for 1861, 1862.— fidj/d. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1863, 162.— flbmej/er, 
 J.f.0. 1863,254 (Balearios).— Verr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 138 (AHticostl).- Ferr. Pr. 
 Ess. Inst. iii. 1863, 148.— Boardm. Pr. Bost Soc. ix. 1862, 135.— B(a*. Ibis, 1863, 4 ; 186.1, 
 65 (Saskatohe-wau) — B. Bias. Beigabe J. f. 0. 1663, 46 (Braunschweig).— /gicinft. PZS. 
 1863, 287 (China).— Jfarcft, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1863, 296 (Jamaica).— Trittr. PZS. 1864, 443 
 (Palestine).— ». Droste, J. f. 0. 1864, 423 (Borkum).— Alien, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 65.— 
 Hoy, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 437.— Drc««. Ibis, 1865, 479 (Texas).— ilfore, Ibis, 1865, 
 139 (Great Britain).— 5(rft)0d. J. t. O. 1865,131 (Sardinia).— id. Eev. AB. 1805, 319.— 
 Mellior. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 86.— Co«e», Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 72 (Ariaona).- Zawr. 
 Ann. Lye. N. T. via 1866, 285.— d. Droete, J. f. O. 18C6, 390 (Borkum).— Soto. Ibis, 1866, 
 192 (Guatemala).— I>rote, Ibis, 1867, 495 (Northern Africa).— Trntr. Ibis, 1807, 339 
 (Palestine).— rayL Ibis, 1867, 57 (Egypt) —Dcgl.-Oerbe. OE. i. 1867, 5S6.—Lawr. Ann. 
 Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 96 (Costa Eica).— Oo«e«, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 161.— Oo«««, Pr. Ess. 
 Inst. V. 1868, 976.— Cowes, Pr. Bost. Soc. iii. 1868, 111 (South Carolina).— Turnfc. B. E. 
 Pa. 1869, 90; Phila. ed. 13.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869,474,— u. JVonte, J. f. 0.1869, 295 
 (Costa Eica). —X)o!J<«Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. 1 1869, 280 (Alaska).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 
 1870, 110.— Sftarpe, PZS. 1870, 396 (Ethiopian region).- jB. liB. Ibis, 1870, 200 (Tnr- 
 ^i.ey).— Shelley, Ibis, 1871, 136 (Egypt).— Guraej/, jr. Ibis, 1871, 74 (Algeria).— Jerdon, 
 Ibis, 1871, 353 (India). -founders. Ibis, 1871, 905 (Spain).- PritecA, J. f. 0. 1871, 201 
 (Bohemia).— OoM««, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1871, 21 (Fort Macon, N. C.).— Allen, Bull. MCZ. 
 ii, 1871, 269 (Florida, in winter) ; iii. 1872, ne.-Cotuss, Key, 1872, Ui.-Tactjmtmki, 
 J. f. O. 1872, 353 (Eastern Siberia).- Alien, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 108.— Mayn. Pr. 
 Bost. Soo. xiv. 1872, 369.— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, S-i3.—Vnppe, Pr. Boat Soo. xv. 
 1873, sas.-Merr. Ann. Eep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 187:.', 1673, 706, ',13.— Aht. <i Br 
 
SYNONYMY AND CHARACTERS OF C. EIPARIA 437 
 
 Ibis, 1873,59 (Archangel).— /Snow, B.Kan8. 1873, 5.— Cones, BNW. 1874, 89.— fftwicoot, 
 
 B. oflTorthamb. andDarh. 1874, SL— Allen, Ft. Boat. Soc. xvli. 1874, 54.— ffir«!. Pr. 
 
 Cleveland Acad. i. 1874, 270.— B. B. d li. NA.B. i. 1874, 333, pi. 16, f. U.—Yarr. <e Rensh. 
 
 Eep. Om. Specs. 1874, 11.— flensfc. ibid. ii.—Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, lil.—Hensh. 
 
 Zool. Expl. W. 100 Mend. 1875, WO.— Gentry, Lifo-Hist. 1876, 194.— Jfmo«, BNE. 1877, 
 
 148 Brew. Pr. Bost Soo. xvii. 1875, 4iO.—Lawr. BulL Nat. Mua. n. 4, 1876, 17 (Teliuaa 
 
 tepoo). —Ridgw. Eep. Surv. 40th Par. iv. 1877, 445. 
 Cotfle llttoralls, Ehrenb. "Mus. Berol." 
 Hlrundo rlparla amerlcana, Maxim. J. f. 0. 1858, 101. 
 Hirnudo clnerea, T'imVf. "Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. 1817, 526". 
 Cotyle flUTlatills, Cotylc microrhynchos. Brehm, "Vog. DBat8chI.i.l42, 143". 
 Hlrondclle de rlrage, Buff. " vi. 633 ; PE. 543, f. a".— Brits. Orn. ii. 1760, 506, n. 12 (q. v. fora 
 
 long array of early synonyms). — Le Moijie, Ois. Canad. 18G1, 145. 
 Htrnndo riparia ; sive Drepanls, BtHss. 1. c. (Apeirwls, Greek.) 
 Sbore-bird, WUlugby, "Orn. 213, pi. 39". 
 Sand Swallow, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 430, n. 332. 
 Sand Martin, Laih. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 568, n. 10. 
 Ootyle riverain, Degl-Oerbe, L c. 
 Dferschwalbe, German. 
 Bank Swallow, of many English and American anthers.— (Not of Coues, Am. Nat. x. 1876, 
 
 372, and Ball. Nntt. Clab, i. 1876, 96, the actual reference being to Stelgidopteryx 
 
 serripennig.) 
 
 Hab. — Europe, Asia, Africa, America. In this country, the whole ot 
 Noroh and Middle America, including West Indies. South America to Brazil 
 (Pelzeln). Breeds indifferently in its North American range. Winters from 
 the southern border of the United States southward. 
 
 Ch. sp. — S 9 Murina, alis eauddque obscurioribus / in/rct alba, 
 torque pectorali murino. 
 
 i 9 : Lustreless mouse-brown, the wings and tail fuscous. Below 
 white, with a broad pectoral band of the color of the back. A dusky ante- 
 orbital spot. Length about 5 inches ; extent, lOJ ; wing, 4 ; tail, 2. 
 
 The sexes are quite similar, and the young differ chiefly in whitish edg- 
 ings of the feathers, especially of the wings and tail. Even in the adult, the 
 upper parts are apt to be not quite uniform, there being paler gray edgings 
 of most of the feathers. The dark pectoral band sometimes extends back- 
 ward along the middle of the under parts. Autumnal specimens have the 
 secondaries white-tipped. Very young birds have rather rusty than whit- 
 ish skirting of the dark feathers, and the white throat speckled with the 
 same. 
 
 OF this cosmopolite, little remains to be said by any one at 
 the present day. One of our best writers wittily com- 
 plains that the poets have stolen our best thoughts; and I 
 might lament, that some of my best bird-biographies have been 
 plagiarized in the most shocking manner by ornithologists who 
 died before I was born. But I forgive them ; they contribute 
 to my Bibliography of the luminous and voluminous literature 
 of the science, in one or another corner of which the anxious 
 reader will find all that is known about Bank Swallows. I 
 have learned much about the bird from such sources, — more 
 perhaps from the much broader pages of another book, — yet 
 
438 THE GENUS STELGIDOPTEEYX 
 
 find myself unable to contribute anything of note to the com- 
 mon fund. Even regarding the specialties of the subject, as 
 far as the Colorado Basin is concerned, the appearance of the 
 bird's name in thick type, in the centre of the line, is suflcient. 
 
 Genus STELGIDOPTERYX Baird 
 
 HIrundo, Cotyle, p. of Authors. 
 
 Stelgldopteryx, £d. EKA. 1858, 313 ; Ber. AB. 1665, 313. (Type M. serripennis And.) 
 
 This genus has the general aspect of Cotyle, the form and 
 coloration being much the same; but it differs in several im- 
 portant particulars. The essential character is the roughness 
 of the edge of the wing, the outer web of the first primary 
 being converted into a series of stiff, recurved hooks. Other 
 Swallows, as Psalidoprocne Cab., have the peculiar wing struc- 
 ture, but are otherwise different. The design of the structure 
 is not clear, but we may readily suppose that the hooks assist 
 the birds in crawling into their holes, and in clinging to 
 vertical or hanging surfaces. The tarsus is slightly covered 
 with feathers above, but lacks the curious tuft seen at the base 
 of the hind toe in Cotyle. The lateral claws are curved, and 
 do not reach beyond the base of the middle. The basal joint 
 of the middle toe is extensively adherent to the outer, much 
 less so to the inner. The small bill shows oval superior nos- 
 trils margined by membrane behind, but not at all overhung. 
 The tail is short and slightly emarginate. The coloration is 
 dull and simple, much as in Cotyle, but there is a tendency to 
 fulvous not seen in the latter. The eggs are uncolored, and 
 laid in holes dug in the ground by the birds, or elsewhere. 
 
 The species are few, and confined to America, chiefly in its 
 warmer parts. Only one inhabits the United States. 
 
 The Rough-Trin^ed Siralloir 
 
 fStelgldopteryx serriponnis 
 
 Hirnndo serripennis, Aud. OB. iv. 1838, 5a3,p\.—.—Aud. Syn. 1838, 37.— J-ud. BA.i. 1840, 
 193, pi. 51.— Fan Fleet, BdU. Nutt. Club, i. 1876, 9 (special paper on habits). 
 
 Cotyle serripennis, Boie, Isis, 1844, no.—Bp. CA. i. 1850, 343.— Cms, Blnst. B. Cal. &. Tex. 
 1855, 347.-? / SO. PZS. 1856, 385 (Cordova).— Jfeici. FREE. vi. 1857, 19.— Brew. N. Am. 
 Ool. 1857, 106, pL 4, f. 50.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 3l3.—Eenn. PEER. x. 1859, ii.—Beerm. 
 PEEE. X. 1859, 36.—? S. <i 8. Ibis, 1859, 13 ((jTia'emala).- f Owen, Ibis, 1861, 61 
 (Gnatemala, breeding).— Coop, d SueU. NHWT. 1860, 186.— Barn. Smiths. Eep. for 
 1860, 1861, 436 (Pennsylvania).- iord, Pr. Koy. Arty. Inst. iv. 1864, 110 (British Colnm- 
 bia).— OoMcs, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona).— Dress. Ibis, 1865, 479 (Texas).— JBrown, Ibis, 
 1868, 431 (Vanconver).- Buteft. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 149 (Texas). -Eaym. Cox's Geol. 
 Snrv. Indiana, 1869, 218 (Indiana).— ffoj/, Pr. Bost. Soo. xii. 1869, 400 (nesting).— H«ni6. 
 B. B. Pa. 1869, 30; Phila. ed. 13.— Coop. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1870, 75.- C7ooj?. B. Gal. i. 1870, 
 110.— Porifeer, Am. Nat. v. 1871, 168.— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 323.— .Kirti. Pr 
 Cleveland Acad. i. 1874, 272 (Ohio).— Alien, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 54 (Dakota). 
 
 Cotyle serrcpennls, Gregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870. 
 
SYNONYMY AND CHAEACTEKS OP S. SEEEIPENNIS 439 
 
 Stelgldopteryx serripennls, Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 314 (type of the genus).— Oomcs, Tr. Phila. 
 
 Acad. 1866, 72 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.).— Oou«s, Pr. Boat. Soo. xii. 1868, 111 (South Caro. 
 
 Una) Coma, Key, 1872, 114.— Jferr. Ann. Eep. U. S. Geol. Snrv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 
 
 ^\^i.—Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 181 (Colorado).— JJidgrMj. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. x. 1874, 
 
 370 (Illinois).— aferr. Am. Nat viiL 1874, 8, Sl.—Ooues, BNW. 1874, 90.— B. B. <t B. 
 
 NAB. i. 1874, 350, pi. 10, f. 12.— Tarr. a Hensh. Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 11 Bensh. ibid. 
 
 42, 60, 77, 105.— flcnsA. List B. Ariz. 1875, 151.— Bensh. Zool. ExpL W. 100 Morid. 
 
 1875, 219.— BrewJ8t. Ann. Lye. N. Y. xl. 1875, 139 (Virginia, habits).- Gentrj/, Life-Hist. 
 
 1876, 196.— Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Club, li. 1877, 21 (Connecticut).— Jferr. Trans. Conn. 
 
 Acad. iv. 1877, 31. — Langdan, List B. Cincinnati, 1877, 7 (abundant ; nesting in holes 
 
 in banks like 0. riparia).—Bidgw. Eep. Snrv. 40th Par. iv. 1877, 446. 
 Stelgldopterlx serripennls, Wheat. Ohio Agric. Eep. for 1874, 1875, 565. 
 
 A closey related, if really different, species is Cotj/le fulvipennis, Scl. PZS. 
 1859, 364 (Xalapa) ; Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 316 ; Salv. PZS. 1870, 184 (Veragna). 
 
 Had. — United States, from Atlantic to Pacific, and probably adjoining 
 British Provinces. British Columbia {Lord). Eare or wanting in North- 
 eastern States (Connecticut, Merriam). South to Guatemala. 
 
 Ch. sp. — S S Murinus, alis cauduque obscurioribus ; infra 
 dilutior, postice albicans. 
 
 $ $ : Lustreless mouse-brown or brownish-gray, paler below, gradually 
 whitening posteriorly. Wings and tail darker than the upper parts. 
 Eather larger than the last species. No dark pectoral band contrasting 
 with white. No tuft of feathers at the base of the hind toe. Outer web of 
 outer primary stiffened and converted Into a series of little hooks. 
 
 Young : At a very early age, the feathers of the back, rump, and wings are 
 suifused or edged with rich rusty-brown, vyhile the under parts are more or 
 less tinged with a paler shade of the same. The booklets of the wings are 
 only fully developed in adult birds, and are not appreciable at all in young 
 ones. 
 
 OF the Rough-winged Swallow, type of a notable genus and 
 an interesting species in many respects, no adequate 
 biography, reflecting all the information we have gradually 
 acquired, has yet appeared ; though various original contribu- 
 tions to such history, as those furnished by Audubon, Brewer, 
 Van Fleet, and others, have supplied the requisite material. 
 Our Eough-vviug was not the first-discovered representative of 
 this curious group, superficially so similar to Gotyle, yet quite 
 distinct; for, many years before Audubon's discovery of serri- 
 pennis, Vieillot named a Hirundo ruficoUis, or ff. Jlavigastra, 
 an inhabitant of South America, subsequently determined to 
 be a Stelgidopteryx. In later times, several additional species 
 have been described ; the Cotijle falvipennis of Sclater, 1859, 
 the C. uropygialis of Lawrence, 1803, and the 8. fulvigula of 
 Baird, 1865, all of which inhabit Middle America, and some of 
 which are probably not very distinct species. 
 
440 DISTEIBUTION OP ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW 
 
 Audubon discovered his species near Bayou Sara, in Louisi- 
 ana, October 20, 1819, but at that time did not perhaps 
 recog'nize it as distinct from the Sand Martin ; for he did not 
 describe it for many years afterward, and then did so from a 
 pair procured in South Carolina. He noted that the bird was 
 like the Bank Swallow, " but readily distinguishable by draw- 
 ing the finger along the edge of the wing, when the stiff pro- 
 iecting tips of the filaments are felt like the edge of a fine saw." 
 He knew nothing of the bird's habits, and surmised that its 
 most habitual residence might prove to be far westward, per- 
 haps the Valley of the Columbia Eiver, which was a famous 
 ultima Thule in ornithology of the Audubonian period. Its 
 distribution is now known to include the entire breadth of the 
 United States, excepting some portions of New England, 
 whence we have no record as yet. But the bird certainly 
 enters New England. This fact was first announced, so far as I 
 know, by Mr. H. A. Purdie, who states that an individual was 
 shot at Snffleld, Conn., by Mr. Shores, June 6, 1874 ; and Mr. 
 Merriam states that Mr. E. P. Bicknell found the bird in numbers 
 at Eiverdale, New York, within a few miles of the Connecticut 
 line. I had written in 1868 that it was singular there should 
 be no New England instances on record, " as the species cer- 
 tainly ought to be found there"; and some of the New England 
 ornithologists may learn in the course of time that every bird 
 known in a certain portion of the Middle States will also be 
 found in the Connecticut Valley. Determining thus the north- 
 easternmost point at which the Kough-winged Swallow has 
 been found, we may turn in another direction along its sup- 
 posed northern boundary. Its name appears in Gregg's 
 Elmira list, but not in Mcllwraith's Canada West, nor in 
 Trippe's Minnesota. I never saw the bird in Dakota or Mon- 
 tana; but west of the Eocky Mountains, Mr. J. K. Lord seems 
 to have met with it along the same parallel of 49° ; and we 
 also have Brown's Vancouver record. This exhibits a northern 
 limit coincident with that of Tachycineta thalassina, and we 
 may suppose that the northern border of the United States is 
 nearly the terminus of the species, excepting in New England, 
 where the bird is not known to go so far. 
 
 In the other direction, the Eough-winged Swallow has been 
 traced through Mexico to Guatemala, though some of the 
 extralimital quotations of " serripennis" may actually refer to 
 other species. In the Middle, Southern, and Western States, 
 
NESTING OF THE EOUGH-WINGED SWALLOW 441 
 
 the dispersion of the species is general, calling for no com- 
 ment ; but the various records from the West may be profit- 
 ably analyzed. Dr. A. L. Heermann early found the bird in 
 California, as recorded by himself and by Oassln in 1855, as 
 well as at other places in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. 
 Audubon?8 original surmise respecting its extension to the 
 Columbia was verified by Dr. Newberry, and also by Drs. 
 Cooper and Suckley, who found the bird common in Oregon 
 and Washington Territories, especially coastwise, about the 
 cliffs of the bays and inlets. Dr. Cooper noted its arrival near 
 the Columbia in May, and its departure in August. In his 
 later work on Californian Birds, the latter records his first 
 observation of the bird at Fort Mojave, on the 27th of Feb- 
 ruary, but adds that he has seen them at San Diego on the 
 9th of November and 27th of January, " so that, if they do not 
 winter within the State, thej' do not go far beyond it." Dr. 
 Kennerly found it along the Colorado in February. Mr. H. E. 
 Dresser noted its arrival at Eagle Pass from the south the 
 21st of February, and observed its breeding at San Antonio 
 late in April. In higher portions of Arizona, I found it to be 
 a common summer resident, arriving at Fort Whipple late in 
 April, and remaining through the greater part of September. 
 Henshaw saw it in numbers in Southern Colorado during May, 
 and also about the pueblo of Zuni in New Mexico ; it was still 
 more abundant at Provo, Utah, and other points in the same 
 general area, where also Mr. Eidgway attests Its presence in 
 great numbers. In some places, says the last-named, it was 
 the most numerous representative of the family next after the 
 Cliff and White-bellied Swallows. Other records might be 
 cited, but I have given enough to show that the Eough-winged 
 Swallow is generally distributed over the United States, ex- 
 cepting most of New England, but not much further north- 
 ward; agreeing in this respect with the Violet-green, and 
 being, next after this species, more restricted in its habitat 
 than any other Swallow of North America. 
 
 Its breeding habits have been specially studied by Dr. 
 Brewer and one or two other persons, who have left us the 
 record of their observations. The nidification is substantially 
 like that of the Bank Swallow, but there are various discrep- 
 ancies, as Mr. Van Fleet has shown, even when the bird breeds 
 in holes in the ground, to say nothing of the wide departure it 
 makes in nesting about human habitations. In 1843 and 1844, 
 Professor Baird and Dr. Brewer made some observations, which 
 
442 NESTING OP THE ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW 
 
 remain amoug the best we possess. The following account is 
 rendered by Ur. Brewer in his last work : — 
 
 "This species was first found breeding in Carlisle, Penn., 
 by Professor Baird, in the summer of 1843. The following 
 year I visited the locality early in June, and had an oppor- 
 tunity to study its habits during the breeding season. We 
 found the bird rather common, and examined a number of 
 their nests. Ifone that we met with were in places excavated 
 by the birds, although previously several had been found that 
 had apparently been excavated in banks in the same manner 
 with the Bank Swallow. All the nests (seven in number) that 
 we then met with were in situations accidentally adapted to 
 their need, and all were directly over running water. Some 
 were constructed in crevices between the stones in the walls 
 aud arches of bridges. In several instances the nests were but 
 little above the surface of the stream. In one, the first laying 
 had been flooded, and the eggs chilled. The birds had con- 
 structed another nest above the first one, in which were six 
 fresh eggs, as many as in the other. One nest had been built 
 between the stones of the wall that formed one of the sides of 
 the flume of a mill. Two feet above it was a frequented foot- 
 path, and, at the same distance below, the water of the mill- 
 stream. Another nest was between the boards of a small 
 building in which revolved a water-wheel. The entrance to it 
 was through a knot-hole in the outer partition, and the nest 
 rested on a small rafter between (he outer and the iuner board- 
 ings. The nests were similar in their construction to those of 
 the Bank Swallow, composed of dry grasses, strawe, and 
 leaves, and lined with a few feathers; but a much greater 
 amount of material was made use of, owing, perhaps, to the 
 exposed positions in which they were built." 
 
 In this picture of the bird at home we see it already modi- 
 fied in habits by contact with civilization, and require another 
 portraiture, which fortunately Mr. Walter Van Fleet has fur- 
 nished. In an interesting article entitled "Notes on the 
 liough-winged Swallow {Hirundo serripennis), in Pennsyl- 
 vania", published in the periodical above cited, he gives the 
 results of two years' careful observation of the economy of the 
 bird, especially in comparison with Gotyle, I condense most of 
 his article in the following paragraph : — 
 
 The Eough-wing, unlike the Bank Swallow, is not gregari- 
 ous while nesting, the pairing being their only association. 
 The nests are not crowded together, but scattered at irregular 
 
NESTING OF THE ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW 443 
 
 intervals along the banks of streams, wherever favorable sites 
 occur. The birds seldom excavate holes for themselves, pre- 
 ferring to take some suitable cavity and refit it to their taste; 
 thus, they are often found in deserted Kingfishers' holes, where 
 the nest is placed a foot or so from the entrance. They will 
 also, on finding a decayed root of sufQcient size leading in from 
 their favorite sand banks, remove the soft punky wood, follow- 
 ing the winding of the root to a depth of about two feet, where 
 they place the nest in an enlarged cavity. Besides this, they 
 like to build in holes in masonry, near water. In the few 
 observed instances of their digging a hole for themselves, they 
 worked in rather a slovenly way, making holes larger than 
 appeared necessary, and invariably circular at the entrance — 
 the Bank Swallows' holes, on the contrary, being quite sym- 
 metrically elliptical, with the longer axis horizontal, and no 
 larger than required for the free passage pf the birds — too small 
 to admit the hand, while the Eough-wings' nests" may usually 
 be reached without difficulty, except when built in masonry, in 
 which latter case the birds may pass through a crevice barely 
 wide enough to admit them, providing the cavity within be 
 suitable for a nest. The nests of serripennis are more carelessly 
 constructed, as a rule, than those of riparia are ; the birds do 
 not seem to search at any distance for particular materials, 
 being satisfied with anything that may be at hand. One nest 
 built in a Kingfisher's hole in a sand bank about fifteen rods 
 from a poultry yard, was composed entirely of the feathers of 
 domestic fowl. In another instance, three fresh eggs weru 
 found on the bare sand, in a mere pocket barely six inches 
 deep, indicating that the mother bird was so pressed to lay 
 that she had no time to complete her nest. Kot infrequently 
 fresh eggs are found in the same nest with others far advanced 
 in incubation, and occasionally fresh eggs, others newly 
 hatched, and young birds may be found together. 
 
 Other writers witness a still wider range of variation in the 
 nidification of the Eough-wings. Cooper speaks of their nest- 
 ing in California in burrows in sandy banks, two or three feet 
 deep, closely crowded together, and near the upper edge of 
 the embankment J as well as of their resorting sometimes to 
 natural clefts in banks, in adobe buildings, and even in knot- 
 holes. Their breeding in the last-named places is probably 
 exceptional, but it is known that even the Bank Swallow, the 
 most inveterate and conservative of the family, will sometimes 
 take to a tree, and Densbaw furnishes probable confirmation 
 
444 THE GENUS PROGNE 
 
 of Cooper's statement. He noticed Eough- wings several times 
 in suspicious proximity to some dead stubs ; and though he 
 never saw one entering the cavities, he thought it probable 
 that the birds sometimes availed themselves of such retreats 
 in the absence of banks suitable for excavation. 
 
 The general presence and behavior of our Swallows is so 
 little varied, as well as so familiar, that nothing need be said 
 on this score ; the Eough- wing resembles the Bank Swallow 
 in these respects as closely as it does in coloration and phy- 
 sique. The eggs, as in all our species excepting the Barn and 
 the Cliff, are immaculate white, and about as large as the Bank 
 Swallow's, measuring about 0.75 in length by a trifle over 0.50 
 in breadth ; they are said to be rather more uniformly oblong 
 and pointed than those of the species just named, and com- 
 monly five or six in number. 
 
 I may conclude by referring to a note which I published 
 not long since, on a supposed change of habit of the Bank 
 Swallow, but which proves to have really been based on the 
 present species instead. As recorded in Am. Nat. x. June, 
 1876, 372, under head of " Notable Change of Habit of the 
 Bank Swallow", I was informed by Dr. Kufus Haymond that a 
 Bank Swallow had nested in a building in Brookville, Indiana. 
 Mr. Eidgway fairly questioned, in the August number of the 
 same periodical, p. 493, whether the species was not the Eough- 
 winged, which breeds exactly as Dr. Haymond described, and 
 as the two species are so similar as to be confounded some- 
 times, even by good observers. Dr. Haymond shortly sent me 
 a second communication to the same effect, which I published 
 in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Club, vol. i. n. 4, Nov. 1876, p. 96. 
 In this other instance, "a weather-board had become de- 
 tached from the building, leaving a small opening, in which I 
 watched for two days a Bank Swallow building a nest." Since 
 then, however, he informed me by letter, in answer to my 
 further enquiries, that Mr. Eidgway was right in supposing 
 that the birds were really Eough-wings,and not Bank Swallows. 
 
 Genus FROQNE Boie 
 
 HiTundp, p. ofAuthori. 
 Progne, Boie, Isis, 1826. 
 Procne, Des Murs, " 1852 ". 
 
 Of large size and robust form for this family. Bill long and 
 stout, with much-curved commissure and deflected tip; culmen 
 convex, its tomial edge concave convex, like "t^^ . Nostrils cir- 
 
PEOGNE SDBIS, THE PURPLE MARTIN 445 
 
 cular, opening upward, without nasal scale. Feet large, with 
 strong, much-curved claws ; tarsus shorter than middle toe and 
 claw ; lateral toes about equalling each other in length ; basal 
 joint of middle toe freer from lateral toes than usual. Tail 
 forked. 
 
 The size of these birds, and their stout, hooked bills, with 
 circular superior nostrils, distinguish the genus from any other 
 of the family. The eggs of our species are white, unmarked. 
 There are two groups to be recognized in Progne. Of one of 
 these, Progne proper, tlie species are glossy blue-black, with or 
 without snowy-white on some parts ; they have the tail deeply 
 forked, the tarsi nearly naked, and the bill at a maximum of 
 size and curvature. Other species, forming the subgenus or 
 genus Tapera of Bonaparte (1857 ; = Phwoprogne Baird, 1865), 
 are plain monse-brown above, with merely emarginate tail, 
 weaker and more depressed bill, and the tarsus feathered along 
 the inner side for two-thirds its length. 
 
 The whole group is confined to America, and the species of 
 Tapera are exclusively South American. The " Purple" Martins 
 range over both divisions of the hemisphere, and one of them 
 is very common in the United States. In this species, and its 
 immediate allies, the adult male is uniform glossy blue-black, 
 with various reflections. In others, of the dominicensis style, 
 the belly and crissum are snow-white. The species to be 
 recognized become uncertain if we attempt to push our dis- 
 criminations to the lengths that some authors have done. 
 
 The Purple ITIartia 
 
 Progne snbis* 
 
 HIrundo snbis, L. SN. i. lOthed. 1758, 192, n. 6 (from Bdw. laO).— i. SN. 1. mh ed. 1766, 344, 
 n. I.—Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 45, pi. 72S.— (Jm. SN. 1. 1788, 1021, n. 7 (S. freti-hudsonis 
 Briss. ; BirondeUe de la Bate d'Hudaon Buff.).— IVrt. SX. i. 1806, 6-29. 
 
 Progne snbis, Bd. Eev. AB. 1S65, 274.— Co«e«, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 72 (Arizona). —Oo«e», 
 Pr. Boat Soc. xii. 1868, 111 (South Carolina).— Ooiies, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 276.— Titmb. 
 
 * The Cuban bird, also attributed to Florida, and probably identical with 
 the ordinary North American species, is : — 
 
 Progne purpurea, D'Ori. Ols. Cuba, 1839, 94.— (Jimdl. J. f. 0. 1856, 3.—Thienem. J. f. 0. 1857, 
 149 (egg).— Brew. Pr. Boat Soo. vii. 1860, 306.— Chmdl. J. f. 0. 1861, 328. 
 
 Progne , Bd. BNA. 1858, 9-23 (Florida). 
 
 Progne crrptoleuen, Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, fin.—Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 431. 
 
 Progne subis var. cryptolenca, B. B. <eB. KAB. i. 1874,332 (Caba, riorida!, and Baha- 
 mas)). 
 
 Hlrondelle blene, D'Orb. l.o. 
 
 Cuban Martin, B. B. <£ ii. 1. o. 
 
 Other references to the same or a very closely allied bird of South Amer- 
 
446 SYNONYMY OF PROGNE SUBIS 
 
 B. E. Fa. teC9, SO; Fhila. ed. 13.—Sumieh. Mem. Boat. Soo. L 1869, 547 (Orizaba) 
 
 Mayn. rt-. Boat. Soo. xit. 1872, 310.—Scott, Pr. Boat. Soo. xv. 1872, fSS.—AUm, Am. 
 ir..t. vi. 1872, Wn.—Bidgw. Bnll. Eea. Inat. v. 1873, 181 (Colorado).— Alien, Pr. Boat. 
 Soo. xvil. 1874, 54 (Yellowstone Kiver).—BuJ^. Am. Nat vni. 1874, 199, 200.— B. £. 
 tt B. NAB. i. 1874, 320, pi. 16, flge. 7, 10.— Yarr. <6 Hemh. Hep. Orn. Speoa. 1874, 12.— 
 Hensh. ibid. 1874, 42, Wi.— Hemh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.-HCTMft. ZooL EipL W. 100 
 Mend. 1875, 213.— .Brew. Pr. Boat. Soo. xvii. 1875, 4iO.—Bidgw. Eep. Sorv. 40tli Par. iv. 
 1877, 439. 
 
 Progne snbls, Slev. Ann. Eep. TJ. S. Geol. Snrv. for 1870, 1871, 463. 
 
 Hirundo purparea, i. SN. i. 1766, 344, n. 5 (from Cates. L 51 ; Kalm, iii. 88 ; Briea. ii. 515).— 
 Gm. SN. i. 1788, 1020, n. 5.— Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 578.— Bort. Trav. 1791, 292.— IVirt. SN. i. 
 1800, ew.—WUs. "AO. V. 18—, 58, pi. 39, f. 2, 3 ".— /StepA. Gen. ZooL x. 1817, 108.— De 
 Wm Clint. Ann. Lye. N. T. i. 1824, 159.— Aiid. Ann. Lye. i. 1884, 167.— Bp. Jonm. 
 Phila. Acad. iv. 1825, 255.— Bp. Ann. Lyo. N. T. ii. 1826, 64.— Sw. d Bich. EBA. ii. IBIll, 
 33D.— A«(i. OB. L 1831, 115, pi. 23.— i?K«. Man. i. 1832, S9S.— Towns. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. 
 Tlii. 1839, 155.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 37.— And. BA. i. 1840, 170, pL 45.— Mocff. Man. Brit. Cm. 
 i 1840, 245 !—e»raM(J, BLL 1844, 34.— Jo?te», "Nat. in Berm. 3i".—Thomps. Vermont, 
 1853, 91.— Bead, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 401.— TTaites, Eep Miaaiasippi, 1874, 31S.— Henry, 
 Pr. Phila. Aoad. 1855, 308 (New Mexico).— Pratten, Tr. lUinoia Agric. Soo. 1855, 600.— 
 • Haym. Pr. Phila. Aoad. 1856, 283.— P««n. Pr. Eaa. Inat L 1856, 205.— Ifraim. J. f. 0. 
 1858, 100.— Biand, Smitha. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 387 (Bermuda).- WOMg, Smitha. Eep. for 
 1858, 1859, 281 (Nova Scotia).— Jfarte/w, J. f. 0. 1859, 216 (Bennndas).— Gosse, Alabama, 
 1859, 195.— OfeJ. Vag. 1860, 74, pi. Vin.-Inppe, Pr. Eaa. Inat vi. 1871, 114.— Bdrt. Man. 
 Brit. Birds, 1872, 125 (in two instances). 
 
 Pro^C pnrpures, Boie, •• Isis, 1826, 971 ".— JBp. CGL. 1838, 8.— Boie, Isis, 1844, 178.— Bp.CA. 
 i. 1850, 337.— BMrneff, Pr. Boat Soo. iv. 1851, 116.- Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 307.— 
 Brew. Pr. Boat Soc. iv. 1854, 3Sa.—Eennic. Tr. Ulinois Agrio. Soc. i 1855, 581.— TToodft. 
 Sitgr. Eep. 1853, 65. — Bp. Compt Eend. xxxviii. 1854, 650 (California). — Goes. lUuat. 
 1855, iK.—NfWh. PEEE. vi. 1857, -19.— Brew. N. Am. OoL 1857, 103, pi. 4, f. W.—Bd. 
 BNA. 1858, 314.— Bd. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 303 (Califomia).—Xan«. Pr. Phila. Acad. 
 1659, 191 {CiMonAa.).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— acerm. 
 
 PEEE. X 1859, 35.— Ooop. a Sucld. NHWT. 1860, 186 Wheat. Ohio Agric. Eep. for 
 
 1860, 1861, 364.— Barn. Smitha. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Oo«e« <6 Prent. Smitha. Eep. 
 
 for 1861, 1862, 409.— Hoyd. Tr. Amer. Philoa. Soc. xii. 1862, 162 Terr. Pr. Eaa. Inst iii. 
 
 1862, 148.— Boardm. Pr. Bost Soo. ix. 1862, 125.— Blakiet. Ibis, 1862,4; 1863,65 (Sas- 
 katchewan).- AHen, Pr. Eaa. Inat iv. 1864, 66 —Ooues, Ibis, 1865, 103 (Arizona).— 
 Drees. Ibia, 1865, 479 (Texas).— ZToy, Smitha. Eep. for 1864, 18fi5, 437.— iawr. Ann. 
 Lye. N.T.viii. 1866, 285.— Jfc/Zwr. Pr. Eas. Inat v. 1866, 87 (Canada West).— D«j(.- 
 
 0erbe, OE. i. 1867, 594 (Europe) Coop. B. Cal i. 1870, 113.— Cones, Pr. Phila. Acad. 
 
 1871, il.—Bruhin, ZooL Gart. 1871, H (Wisconsin).- Ooues, Key, 1872, 114.— Trippe, 
 Pr. Bost Soo. XV. 1873, S35.—Kira. Pr. Cleveland Acad. 1674, 273.— Coop. Am. Nat viii. 
 1874, 17.— 6'oues, BNW. 1874, 91.— Gentry, Life-ffist 1876, 199. —Minot, BNE. 1877, 150.. 
 
 lea will be fonnd in my BNW. p. 91, and in Baird, Brewer and Eidgway's 
 Hist. NAB. i. p. 328. 
 
 The Progne dominicenais of anthors differs decidedly in the white crissnm. 
 It has the following synonymy : — 
 
 Orand Martinet nolr et blanc, [or a ventre blanc], Buf. " vi. 669"- 
 
 Hlrondelle d'Amirique, Buf. PE. 545, f. l. 
 
 HIrondelle de B. Domingne, Brtss. Om. IL 1760, 493, n. 3. 
 
 Hlrimdo domlnlcensls, Briss. I c.—Om. SN. 1. 1788, 1025.— r. " OAS. 1. 1807, 59, pis. 88, 89 " 
 
 (St Domingo).— /,7ord. "Ann. Mag. N. H. xviii. 1846, 180" (Tobago).— ItoyJ. Ibis, 
 
 1864, 166 (Porto Eioo). 
 Prog^ne domlnlcensls, Boie, "laia, 1826, 971; 1844, 178 ".— Oosse, B. Jam. 1847, 69.— Bp. 
 
 OA. i. 1850, SJn.-Sd. PZS. 1857, 201 ; 1859, 364; 1860, SSi.—f Salv. Ibia, 1859, 466.— 
 
 tS.iiS. Ibis, 1859, 13.— ? Tayl. Ibis, 1860, 110.— Sri. Cat AB. 1861, 38.— Jforch, Pr. Phila. 
 
 Acad, 1863, 895 (Jamaica).— Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 879.— B. B. a B. NAB. 1 1874, 388. 
 Hlrnndo alblvcntrls, V. N. D. d'H. N. xlv. 1817, 633.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1883, 531, n.49 
 
 (ascribed to North America). 
 St, Domingo Swallow, Lath. Syn.iLptii. 1783, 573, n.l8. 
 HIrondelle a ventre blanc, F. L c. 1883. 
 
CHARACTERS OF PROGNE SUBIS 447 
 
 Hlrundo VlO acea, Gm. SN.i. 1788,1026 (Bnffivi. 674; PE. 722; Lath.u.pt.ii.574,n.81).— 
 
 Fitrt. SN. i. 1806, 632.— icss. " CompL Ba£E viii. 498 ". 
 Cecropla riolacea, Boie, Isia, 1828,316. 
 
 Hirundo cierulea, V. OAS. i. 1807, 57, pis. 36, VI.— Less. Tr. Om. 1831, 269. 
 Hlrundo versicolor, V. "Jf.D.d'H.K.xiT.1817,509".— F. EM. ii. 1823, 522, n. 17. 
 HiruDdo ludoTlclana, Outi. "KA.i. 1817, 374". 
 Purple Martin, Hlrundo purpurea, CcUen. Car, 1 1771, 51, pL ."il. 
 Martinet de la Caroline, Hlrundo apos carollnensis, Brias. Om. ii. 1760, 515, n. 17 
 
 (qaotesCates. 51). 
 Martinet couleur de pourpre, Buff. " vi. 676 ". 
 Purple Swallow, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 575, n. 23. 
 Purple Swirt, Pmn. AZ. ii. 1785, 431, n. 333. 
 Great American Martin, Mdw. pi. 120. (Basis of H. mbis L. 1758.) 
 Hlrondelle de la Bayo de Hudson, Hlrundo fretl-hudsonls, Briss. Orn. vi. 1760, App. 
 
 56, n. 18 (quotes Edw. pi. 120, and H. subis L.).— Btt/. " vi. 677 ". 
 Canada tiwallow. Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 575, n. 34 (= subis L.). 
 Hlrondelle bleue de la Lonlslanc, Buff. vi. 674 (PE. 722).— r. 1.0.1823. 
 Violet Swallow, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 574, n. 21 (quotes PE. 722, and BufE vi. 674. Loul- 
 
 Biana). 
 Hlrondelle bleue, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 146. 
 Progn^ pourpre, Degl.-Oerhe, 1. o. 
 Purpurscbwalbe. Oerman. 
 
 Hab.— North America, to within the Arctic circle, breeding throughout 
 this range, wintering extralimital. Bermuda. Mexico and Lower Cali- 
 fornia. Accidental in Europe. 
 
 Ch. sp. — $ Chalybeus; alts eauddque nitenti-nigricantibus. 
 2 Chalybeofuscus, alis eauddque fuscis, infra exfusco albidus. 
 
 I : Intense lustrous steel-blue. Wings and tail blackish, with bluish 
 lustre. Bill black; feet blackish. Length, 7^ inches; extent, 15i; wing, 
 &J-6; tail, 3-3J, forked; bill, ^, very stout, broad at the base, somewhat 
 decurved at the end ; nostrils circular, exposed, opening upward. 
 
 5 : Dark grayish-brown, glossed on the back and head with steel-blue. 
 Wings and tail fuscous, paler on the inner webs, with narrow gray edgings. 
 Beneath, whitish, shaded with dark gray in moat parts, the feathers very 
 generally with dusky shaft-line. 
 
 Young birds of both sexes resemble the adult female, though the young 
 males are rather darker. The steel-blue appears at first in patches. 
 
 THE question of the winter retreat of the Purple Martin is 
 still open, and not likely to be decided till we come to 
 some better understanding of the several whole-colored species 
 of Progne now recognized as inhabiting Middle and South 
 America. No bird of the United States is better known ; no 
 one is more positively ascertained to leave us in the fall and 
 return in the spring ; millions of Martins are bred every year 
 in North America, and yet I find no unequivocal recognition 
 by late writers of Purple Martins beyond the United States, 
 excepting in Bermuda, Mexico, and Lower California. It is 
 true, we have plenty of references to " purpurea " as a Central 
 and South American bird j but the present technical aspects 
 
148 HABITS OF PURPLE MARTINS IN ARIZONA 
 
 of the case obscure the whole subject. It may be roundly 
 asserted that we have yet to discover where the great mass of 
 Martins bred each year in the United States stay in winter. 
 Our birds are known to come over our border very early in the 
 spring or in February, and gradually spread over the country, 
 reaching the highest latitudes by the middle or latter part of 
 May. Such early appearance subjects them to painful vicissi- 
 tudes of the weather, large numbers having been known to 
 perish in sudden storms or cold snaps. The return movement 
 is less regular ; it begins early, in August as a rule, but is not 
 finished for a month or more. The breeding range of the 
 species coincides with the whole distribution in North America 
 wherever suitable nesting- places can be found, and the bird is 
 moreover resident in some portions. 
 
 But I need not enter upon the full history of so very familiar 
 a bird. Its natural nesting places are hollows of trees and 
 rocks ; the martin-box, or its equivalent, is an innovation to 
 which these progressive birds take very kindly, and hardly 
 any other way of nesting is known in populous districts, where 
 the Martin rivals the Barn and Eave Swallow in domesticity, 
 and surpasses the White-bellied by a long interval. In the 
 West, the case is diflferent, or was when I studied Martins in 
 the then wilderness of Arizona. At Fort Whipple, these birds 
 were very abundant summer residents of that pine-girdled 
 locality, arriving early in April, and taking leave late in Sep- 
 tember. They lived in colonies, and had their being in what 
 might be called martin-houses, made by very industrious and 
 skilful carpinteros — the Woodpeckers. Many a towering pine 
 was dead at the top, like a senile ornithologist whose body had 
 outlived his head, and stood the picture of grotesque despair, 
 with a load of useless lumber in the upper story. Hither came 
 the Woodpeckers — especially Lewis's and the formicivorus — to 
 build baby-houses, like children trooping into the garret. Ko 
 more eligible martin houses could be found than such honey- 
 combed shafts, and the birds knew it. Many such picturesque 
 establishments were fully tenanted by numerous pairs of Mar- 
 tins, who did not seem to confine themselves to deserted Wood- 
 peckers' holes. When once a settlement was effected, the 
 Woodpeckers, who might be inclined to occupy some of their 
 own premises, had notice to quit, and they generally governed 
 themselves accordingly. Peace at any price seemed to be their 
 shrewd conclusion ; for though they might manage to live, as 
 
UNIDENTIFIED NORTH AMERICAN SWALLOWS 449 
 
 a philosopher did with Xantippe, it was not worth while to 
 quarrel forever with these energetic and voluble birds, and 
 suffer for their sense of right. So the Martins had it all their 
 own way ; and they might be seen roosting on the ends of the 
 blasted boughs, with the nervous quiverings so characteristic 
 of the tribe, during which their burnished plumage glittered in 
 the sun, or more deliberately preening their feathers, making 
 the elaborate toilet required to free themselves from some of 
 their little guests, or sallying with redoubled volubility after 
 some Hawk or Eaven that ventured too near their metropolis. 
 They added much to the life of these sombre and treacherous 
 woods, where danger lurked in the very air at the time of which 
 I write, and the thickets screened many au atrocity from the 
 light of day. The later Arizonian, no doubt, will find the 
 Woodpeckers in undisputed possession of such trees as his ax 
 may spare, while the garrulous Martins cluster round his dwell- 
 ing. If he be fond of a morning nap, it may occur to him that 
 Tereus, though a reprobate, was not such a bad fellow after all; 
 and he may enquire again, between two yawns — 
 
 " Quid matutinos Progne mihi garrula somnos 
 Rumpis, et obstrepero Daulias ore canis 7 
 DigDiis epops Tereus, qui malait ense putare 
 Qnam linguam immodicatn Btirpitas emeie." 
 
 NOTES TO THIS CHAPTER 
 
 The following Swallows, ascribed to North America, have not been satis- 
 factorily identified : — 
 
 1. HiruDdo nnalaschkensis, dm. S'S. i 1788, 1025, n. 30 (from Aoonalashka SviaOow of 
 
 Lath. Syn.ii.pt.ii.571,n.l5).— F. " OkS.i.lSm,W .—Staph. Gen. Zool.x.l8n, 117 
 
 Cass, must 1855, 250. 
 Hirundo aoonalascbkensis. Lath. 10. ii. 1790, S77, o. 15. 
 Hirundo aoonalashkensis, Turt. Syst ^aX. i. 1806, 631. 
 Hirundo aoonaloskensts, V. EM. ii. 1823, 526. 
 Ctaelidon nnalaschkensis, Boie, Isis, 1844, 171. 
 
 Aoonalnsbka Swallow, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, n. 15 (orig. descr. Mas. Lev.). 
 Aoonalascbkan SwaUoTT, Steph. I. c 
 HlrondeUe d'Ounalaska, Y. 1. c. 
 
 2. Hirundo ptaenicephaln, Itaf. Annals of Nature, 1820, 4 (Lexington, Ey.). (See espe- 
 
 cially Cassin, lUust p. S.')!.) 
 
 3. Hirundo clnercn, Ord, Guthrie's Geogr. 2a Am. ed. ii. 1815, 317 (descr. nulla). (See 
 
 Cassin, op. cit. 252.) 
 
 4. Hirundo rupestrls, Ord, Gothrie's Geogr. 2d Am. ed. ii. 1815, 317 (desar. nulla). (See 
 
 Cassin, I. c.) 
 
 29 B 
 
450 CASE OF A HYBEID SWALLOW 
 
 IL 
 
 Hirundo norreori-lunifrons* — In the July number of the Bnlletin of the 
 Nuttall Ornithological Club, received just too late to make use of in the 
 proper connection, Mr. Spencer Trotter describes a remarkably interesting 
 Swallow, determined to be a hybrid between Hirvndo liorreorum and Petro- 
 chelidon lunifrons. The specimen, shot at Lin wood, Delaware County, Pa., 
 May 2-2, 1878, by Mr. C. D.Wood, " has been examined by several competent 
 ornithologists, who all pronounce its hybrid nature as unquestionable " ; 
 and the description given by Mr. Trotter would seem to warrant such con- 
 clusion. Above, the bird is H. horreorum throughout, excepting the grayish- 
 fulvous rump ; below, it has the' black throat-spot and general color of P. 
 lunifrons. The bill is rather thicker, the feet are stronger, and the tarsi 
 more feathered than in S. horreorum; the tail is shorter than in that 
 species, less deeply forked, with less attenuated outer feathers, and with 
 the white spots not so well marked. — Hybridity is very seldom observed 
 among the Swallows, and this is the first recorded instance of its occur- 
 rence in this country. It has, however, been noted in the case of the 
 European Hirundo rustica X Chelidon urbica ; see Gloger, Vogel Europas, i. 
 417 ; and Sundevall, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh. for ftr 1845, p. 128. 
 
 III. 
 
 A correction. — At pp. 394, 395, I have quoted some remarks made by Dr. 
 Brewer on the improvement in the architecture of the European House Mar- 
 tin, Chelidon urbica. It appears from a note recently published by this 
 writer t that no such improvement as was alleged has occurred, the nest 
 that is now so well built being that of Hirundo rustica, while that of the 
 Martin continues the same. 
 
 * 1878. Trotter, S. Description of a Hybrid (Hirundo horreori-lunifrons) 
 
 between two North American Swallows. <[ Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, 
 
 iii. no. 3, July, 1878, pp. 135, 136. 
 1 1878. Brewer, T. M. [Correction of his error respecting nidification of 
 
 Chelidon urbica (Amer. Nat. Jan. 1878).] <^Amer.Nat. xii. no. 3, 
 
 May, 1878 (pub. about Apr. 19, 1878), p. 336. 
 
 Fig. 48.— The Crescent Swallow. (See p. 426.) 
 
C HAP TEE X v.— WAXWI N G S 
 
 Eam. AMPELID^ 
 
 As I observed in 1872, this appears to be an arbitrary and 
 unnatural association of a few genera that agree in some par- 
 ticulars, but are widely different in others. Hardly any writers 
 are agreed upon the composition of the group, or the disposi- 
 tion to be made of it in the series. It has been made to cover 
 the Myiadestince, Ptilogomjdince, JDulinw, and Ampelince; but 
 the first-named I have already removed to the Turdidce, the 
 third may be a Yireoniue, and the other two do not seem to be 
 specially related. Under these circumstances, I do not attempt 
 to define the group. 
 
 The two genera which I shall treat here are Ampelis and 
 
 Phanopq>la, each representing one of the more isolated forms 
 
 of American Fasseres. Ampelis stands quite alone, doubtless 
 
 typical of a subfamily at least. Fhcenopepla is closely related 
 
 to the exotic Ptilogonys, — though not particularly near our 
 
 Myiadestes, which it will be remembered used to be called 
 
 Ptilogonys. 
 
 Genus AMPELIS Linnseus 
 
 Ampelis, ii«n. SN. 1735-17G6. Type Lanius garrulus. 
 
 BombyclUa, Briss. 1169.— Tieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. 1807, 88. Type B. cedrorum. 
 
 Bombfclphora, Meyen, ' — , 1810, — " (Jide Gray). 
 
 BombyclTOra, Temm. " — , 1815, — " (^cte Gray). 
 
 Lanius p., Idntu 
 
 Oorrus p., niiger, 1811. 
 
 Chars. — Bill short, broad, flat, rather obtuse, plainly notched 
 near tip of each mandible, with wide and deeply cleft gap, the 
 convex culmen and gonys less than half as Jong as the nearly 
 straight commissure, the width of rictus more than two-thirds 
 the length of the gape. Kasal fossse broad, but filled with 
 short, erect, or antrorse and close-set velvety feathers ; nostrils 
 narrowly elliptical, overarched by a (feathered) scale. Eictal 
 vibrissse few and short. Wings long and pointed, much longer 
 than the tail, their point formed by the 3d primary, closely sup- 
 ported by the 2d and 4th, the 5th abruptly shorter and the rest 
 rapidly graduated. Primaries 10, but the 1st spurious, so very 
 short as readily to escape observation, and sometimes displaced 
 to the outer side of the 2d primary — a condition like that seen 
 
 451 
 
452 THE GEKUS AMPELIS 
 
 among the Vireos. Inner quills, as a rule, and sometimes the 
 tail-feathers, tipped with curious red, horny appendages, like 
 sealing-wax. Tail short, narrow, even, two-thirds or less of 
 the length of the wing. Feet rather weak ; tarsus shorter than 
 the middle toe and claw, distinctly scutellate with five or six 
 divisions anteriorly and somewhat receding from strict Oscine 
 character by subdivision of the lateral plates. Lateral toes of 
 nearly equal lengths, the ends of their claws scarcely reaching 
 the base of the middle claw ; hallux about as long as the inner 
 lateral toe. Basal phalanx of middle toe coherent with outer 
 toe for about two-thirds its length, with inner toe for about 
 half its length. Body stout. Head conspicuously crested. 
 Plumage peculiarly soft, smooth, and silky. Tail tipped with 
 yellow (or red). Sexes alike ; young different. Eggs spotted. 
 Nest on trees. 
 
 This notable genus consists of three species : A. garrulm, 
 of the northerly parts of the Northern Hemisphere ; A. caro- 
 Unensis, of America ; and the Japanese A. phoenicoptera, in 
 which the tail is tipped with red instead of yellow. The first- 
 named is celebrated for its nomadic disposition, whence its 
 soubriquet " Bohemian". The general traits and habits of the 
 two American species are much the same, and very strongly 
 pronounced. They are insectivorous and frugivorous, gregari- 
 ous and irregularly migratory, and remarkably silent birds to 
 be called "Chatterers", having only a weak and wheezy voice. 
 The disposition to be made of the genus is uncertain ; Baird 
 has called attention to the resemblance in many respects be- 
 tween Ampelis and Progne, adding that it would not be surpris- 
 ing if these genera should be more closely associated by authors 
 than has hitherto been the case. 
 
 The " sealing-wax" tips have been subjected to chemical and 
 microscopical examination by L.Stieda (Arch. Mikr. Anat. 1872, 
 639), and shown to be the enlarged, hardened, and peculiarly 
 modified prolongation of the shaft itself of the feather, com- 
 l)osed of central and peripheral substances differing in the 
 shape of the pigment-cells, which contain abundance of red 
 and yellow coloring matter. 
 
 Besides occupying due place in unnumbered systematic and 
 launal publications, the birds of this genus, and especially 
 A. garrulus, have occasioned some literature of their own, the 
 following fragment of which is offered as a contribution to the 
 bibliography of this particular subject : — 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS AMPELIS 453 
 
 Special Bibliography of the genus Ampelia 
 
 1825. . De Historiie Naturalis in Japonia Statu, . . . [M. de Siebold]. 
 
 Batavia 1824. <^F^tu88. Bull. 2" sec. iv. 1825, pp. 86-68. 
 
 Editorial notice of the work, only ornithological in giving description of Bom- 
 bycivora japonica. 
 
 Ib27. . De Historiae naturalis in Japonia statu, neo non de augmento 
 
 emolumentisque in decursu perscrutationum exspectandis Disser- 
 tatio, cui aooendnnt spioilegia faunae Japonicae, auctore P. F. de 
 Siebold, Med. Doot. complnrium societatum membio. Bataviae 
 1824. < Olcen'a Isia, Bd. xx. 1827, pp. 135-143. 
 
 Editorial notice of the work, only ornithological in reproducing the original 
 description of Bombycivora japmvica, p. 141. 
 
 1831. Bkee, W. T. The Waxen or Bohemian Chatterer [Ampelis garrulus in 
 Warwickshire]. <^ Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. iv. 1831, pp. 164, 165. 
 
 1836. Brown, J. S. The Bohemian Waxwing [Ampelis garmlns]. <^ Zoti- 
 den's Mag. Nat. Hist. Ix. 1836, p. 201. 
 
 1843. Jordan, W. R. H. Note on the occurrence of the Bohemian Chatterer 
 
 [Bomb.vcilla garrula] near Teignmouth. < Zoologist, i. 1843, p. 188. 
 
 1844. Sladbn, E. H. M. Note on the occurrence of the Waxen Chatterer 
 
 [Bombycilla garrula] in Sussex. <^ Zoologist, ii. 1844, p. 762. 
 
 1845. Norman, G. Occurrence of the Waxen Chatterer [Ampelis garrulus] 
 
 near Hull. <[ Zoologist, iii. 1845, p. 871. 
 
 1845. Storek, D. H. [Occurrence of Bombycilla garrula in Ohio in July.] 
 < ProB. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. 1845, p. 52. 
 
 1847. Bird, W. F. W. Capture of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla gar- 
 
 rula] in Bedfordshire. < Zoologist, v. 1847, p. 1777. 
 
 1848. Bold, T.J. Occurrence of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla gar- 
 
 rula] near Newcastle-on-Tyne. < Zoologist, vi. 1848, p. 201 9. 
 
 1848. Bold, T. J. Occurrence of the Bohemian Waxwing (Bombycilla gar- 
 rula) at Earsdou, Northumberland. <] Zoologist, vi. 1848, p. 2064. 
 
 1848. Johnson, F.W. Occurrence of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla 
 garrula] in Suffolk. < Zoologist, vi. 1848, p. 2064. 
 
 1848. Strangeways, R. Occurrence of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bomby- 
 cilla garrula] near Yarmouth. ^Zoologist, vi. 1848, p. 2064. 
 
 1850. Amherst, F. H. Occurrence of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla 
 garrula] near Coventry. <^ Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2799. 
 
 1850. Barclay, H. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at 
 Walthamstow. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, pp. 2767, 2768. 
 
 1850. Bold, T. J. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in 
 Northumberland and Durham. <[ Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768. 
 
 1850. Bond, F. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in Cam- 
 bridgeshire and Norfolk. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2767. 
 
454 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS AMPELIS 
 
 1850. Bond, W. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrnla] in 
 Leicestershire. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2770. 
 
 1850. Borrek, W., Jr. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] 
 near Horsham. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2799. 
 
 1850. Burrodghes, T. H. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla gar- 
 rula] iu Norfolk. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2767. 
 
 18.')0. CuRTLER, M. Occnrrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near 
 Worcester. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768. 
 
 1850. Doff, J. Occnrrence of the Waxwing (Bombycilla garrula) in Eng- 
 land. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2766. 
 
 1850. Ellman, J. B. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at 
 Piddinghoe. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768. 
 
 1B50. Ellman, J. B. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at 
 Pevensey, Sussex. <[ Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768. 
 
 1850. Ellman, J. B, Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrnla] at 
 Newhaven, Sussex. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768. 
 
 1850. Foster, J. W. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrnla] near 
 Wisbeaeh. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, pp. 2766, 2767. 
 
 1850. Gordon, G. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in 
 various localities in Scotland. <^ Zoologist, viii. 1850, pp. 2769, 
 2770. 
 
 1850. Grey, J. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near 
 Stockton-on-Tees. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768. 
 
 1850. GcRNEY, J. H. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in 
 Norfolk. < Zoologist, viii. 1650, p. 2768. 
 
 1850. Hepburn, A. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in 
 Scotland. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2767. 
 
 1850. HODGKINSON, J. B. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla gar- 
 rula] near Preston. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768. 
 
 1850. HuLKB, J. W. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near 
 Deal. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2767. 
 
 1850. Johnson, H. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] and 
 Black Redstart (Sylvia Tithys) near Liverpool. < Zoologist, viii. 
 1850, p. 2769. 
 
 1850. Matthews, A. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in 
 Oxfordshire. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2799. 
 
 1850. Matthews, H. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrnla] in 
 Lincolnshire. <. Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2799. 
 
 1850. Naylor, W. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near 
 Whalley. -(^Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2770. 
 
 1850. Newman, E. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near 
 London, &c. <^Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2769. 
 
BIBLIOGKAPUY OP THE GENUS AMPELIS 455 
 
 1850. Newman, E. Occurrence of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla 
 garrula] near London. <[ Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2767. 
 
 1850. Newton, A. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in 
 Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and Cornwall. <^ Zoologist, viii. 
 1850, p. 2769. 
 
 1850. NiCHOLLS, H. Occurrenceof the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near 
 Kingsbridge. <[ Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2767. 
 
 1850. Norman, G-. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near 
 Hull. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2769. 
 
 1850. Plomley, F. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula], &o. 
 in Kent. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2767. 
 
 1850. Potter, C. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near 
 Lewes. <^ Zoologist, viii. 1650, p. 2769. 
 
 1850. Beeves, W. W. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] 
 near Tunbridge Wells. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2769. 
 
 1850. EoDD, E. H. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near 
 Penzance. <[ Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768. 
 
 1850. EuDD, T. S. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at 
 Eedcar. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2767. 
 
 1850. Salmon, J. D. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near 
 
 Godalming. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768. 
 
 1851. Bold, T. J. Waxwings [Bombycilla garrula] killed in Northumber- 
 
 land. <| Zoologist, ix. 1851, p. 3146. 
 
 1851. DUPF, J. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near 
 Bishop Auckland. < Zoologist, ix. 1851, p. 3146. 
 
 1851. Dunn, R. Occurrence of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla gar- 
 rula] in Shetland. <, Zoologist, ix. Ib51, p. 3174. 
 
 1851. Gurnet, J. H. Late appearance of the Waxwing [Bombycilla gar- 
 rula, near Norwich], <^ Zoologist, ix. 1851, p. 3146. 
 
 1851. Newton, A. Occurrrence of the American Waxwing or Cedar Bird 
 (Bombycilla Carolinensis), in Great Britain. <^ Zoologist, i^. 1851, 
 p. 3277. 
 
 1851. Smith, J. Observations on the [habits, etc. of the] Waxwing (Bom- 
 
 bycilla garrula). < Zoologist, ix. 1851, pp. 3049-3053. 
 
 1852. Newton, A. On the occurrence of the Cedar Bird (Ampelis Caroli- 
 
 nensis) in England. < Zoologist, x. 1852, pp. 3506-3511. 
 Fall particulars of the case, with synonymy and description of the bird. 
 
 1854. Gloger, C. W. L. Das Nisten nnd die Nahrungsweise der Seiden- 
 schwanze, Bombycilla [garrula]. <</./. 0. ii. 1854, pp. 175-179. 
 
 1854. Gloger, C.W.L. Das Nisten von Seidenschwanzen [Bombycilla gar- 
 rula] in Deutsohlaud. < J.f. 0. ii. 1854, pp. 344-348. 
 
 C/. torn. cit. pp. 175-179. Much quotation ftom Audubon respecting B. 
 eedrorum. 
 
456 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF THE GENUS AMPELIS 
 
 1856. Stevenson, H. The Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in 
 
 Norfolk. < Zoologist, xiv. 1856, p. 4943. 
 
 1857. D'Ukban, W. S. M. Notice of the Occnrrence of the Pine Grosbeak 
 
 and Bohemian Chatterer, near Montreal. < Canad. Nat. ^ Geol. i. 
 1857, pp. 465-472, iig. 
 More extended notice, with flgnre of the latter, by £. Billings, appended. 
 
 1857. WoiXEY, J. On the Nest and Eggs of the Waxwing (Bombycilla gar- 
 rula, Temm.) <[ P. Z. S. xxv. 1857, pp. 55-.'>7, pi. (Aves) cxxii. 
 
 This is the original article on this notable discovery ; it includes description 
 of the nestling, and accounts of the nests and eggs of two species of Strigidaj. 
 
 1857. WOLLEY, J. On the Nest and Eggs of the Waxwing (Bombycilla 
 garrula, Temm.). < Ann. Mag. Nat. Bist. (2), xx. 1857, pp. 308-310. 
 From P. Z. S. Mar. 24, 1857, pp. 55-57. 
 
 1857. WOLLEY, J. Nidification of the Bohemian Waxwing. (Bombycilla 
 
 garrula). <^ Zoologist, xv. 1657, pp. 5754, 5755. 
 From P. Z. S. Mar. 24, 1857, pp. 55-57. 
 
 1858. Baldamus, E. Zur Naturgeschichte von Bombycilla Garrulus. 
 
 < Naumannia, viii. 1858, pp. 498-504. 
 
 1858. Hartlaub, G. Beilage Nr. 4. ■< Naumannia, viii. 1858, pp. 199-201, 
 hierzu Taf. — , figg. 5-8. 
 
 Eier von Bombycilla garrula (Taf.). — Togel im zoologischtn Garten zn 
 London. 
 
 1858. NORDMAHN, A. VON. Zur Fortpflanzungsgeschichte des Seidenschwan- 
 
 zes, (Bombj cilia garrulus,) und iiber einige andere Vogel Finnlands. 
 (Mit Zusatzen von Dr. C. Gloger.) < J.f. 0. vi. 1858, pp. 307-311, 
 Taf. i. Fig. a und b. 
 
 1859. ANDERsiiN, C. H. Om de lackroda spetsame p& armpennorna hos 
 
 sidensvansen [Ampelis garrulus]. <^ Ofvers. Kongl. y^etenslc.-Alcad. 
 Fork. for ar 1859, pp. 219-231, pi. ii. 
 
 An extended and important article on the microscopical structure of the 
 *' sealing-wax " tips, illustrated with colored figures. 
 
 1859. BOLLE, C. Seidenschwanze [Ampelis garrulus] als Friihlingsgaste 
 in der Mark Brandenburg. < J.f. 0. vii. 1859, pp. 125-128. 
 
 1859. KOnig-Warthadsen, E. Zur Fortpflanzungsgeschichte des euro- 
 paeischen Seidenschwanzes, Ampelis Linn. Bombycilla garrula 
 Briss. <^ Bull. Soo. Imp. Nat. Moseou xxxii. pt. ii. 1859, pp. 411-417. 
 
 1859. Thompson, W. Occurrence of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla 
 
 garrula] at Weymouth. < Zoologist, xvii. 1859, pp. 6326, 6327. 
 
 1860. Gloger, C. W. L. Wesshalb mag wohl die Fortpflanzung der Seiden- 
 
 schwanze [Ampelis garrulus] erst so spUt im Fruhjahre erfolgen f 
 < J.f. 0. viii. 1860, pp. 465-467. 
 
 1801. Albrbcht, E. Die Entdeckung der Neater des Seidenschwanzes 
 (Ampelis garrulus Lin.) dnrch John Wolley. <^ J. f. 0. ix. 1861, pp. 
 132-141. 
 
 Nach dem Engliechen von E. Albrecht (Newton, Ibis, Jan. 1861). Bericli- 
 tignngen, op. cit. 1862, p. 80. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS AMPELIS 457 
 
 1861. Newton, A. Partionlars of Mr. J. WoUey's Discovery of the Breed- 
 
 ing of the Waxwing (Ampelis garrulus, Linn.)- < m^, i"- 1861, 
 pp. 92-106, pi. iv (5 vars. of eggs figured). 
 
 The importauce of the account is enhanced by many bibliographical refer- 
 ences, largely covering the written history of the subject. 
 
 1862. Newton, A. The Nest and Eggs of the Bohemian Waxwing [Ampe- 
 
 lis garrulus]. < Zoologist, xx. 1862, pp. 7837-7843. 
 Extract from the lUa, Jan. 1E61. 
 
 1864. BouLTON, W. W. Notes on the Occurrence, Capture and Dissection 
 of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at Beverley. <^ZoologUt, 
 xxii. 1864, pp. 8881-8883. 
 
 1864. Chapman, T. The Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] on the 
 West Coast of Argyllshire. < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 8881. 
 
 1864. Cooke, N. Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrala] near Liscard. 
 
 < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, pp. 9023, 9024. 
 
 1864. Cooper, J. Waxwings [Bombycilla garrula] near Warrington. 
 
 < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 8883. 
 
 1864. DoBBiiiE, N. F. Waxwings [Bombycilla garrula] near Hull. < Zool- 
 ogist, xxii. 1864, p. SSdO. 
 
 1864. M'Leay, W. Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in Aberdeenshire. 
 
 < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 8881. 
 
 1864. Meyer, E. Auftreten von Seidenschwanzen [Ampelis garrulus] 
 in der Gegend von Offenbach. <; Zool. Gart. v. 1864, pp. 158, 159. 
 
 1864. Osborne, H., Jr. Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at Wick. <^ Zool- 
 ogist, xxii. 1864, pp. 8880, 8881. 
 
 1864. Ekiff, F. Fortpflanzung des Seidenschwanzes [Ampelis garrulus]. 
 
 < Zool. Gart. v. 1864, pp. 126, 127. 
 
 1864. EouNDELL, H. Bohemian Waxwiug [Bombycilla garrula] in the 
 West Eiding of Yorkshire. < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 9023. 
 
 1864. Saville, S. P. The Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in Norfolk. 
 
 < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 8950. 
 
 1865. WiLLEMOES-SuHM, E. VON. [Notiz Uber Ampelis garrulas u. n. w.] 
 
 < Zool. Gart. vi. 1865, pp. 192, 193. 
 
 1867. Altum, B. [Das Erscheiuen des Seidenschwanzes (Ampelis garrulus) 
 bei Mfinster, Dec. 1866.] <^Zool. Gart. viii. 1867, p. 197. 
 
 1867. Blackmore, H. Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in Wilt- 
 shire. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 704. 
 
 1867. Brown, J. A. H. Waxwings [Bombycilla garrnla] in Peobleshire. 
 
 < Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. C06. 
 
 1867. Brucklacher, G. Das Erscheiuen des Seidenschwanzes (Bombycilla 
 Garrula) bei Freudenstadt, 1866-7. < Zool. Gart. viii. 1867, p. 197. 
 
 1867. Clakk-Kennedy, A. Waxwings [Bombycilla garrula] near Wool- 
 wich. <C Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 561. 
 
458 BIBLIOGEAPHY OF THE GENUS AMPELIS 
 
 1867. Gaerett, G. Bohemian [Bombycilla garrula] Waxwing at Wither- 
 ingsett, Suffolk. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 633. 
 
 1667. GiRTANNER, [A.] [Das Erschoinen des Seidensohwanzes (Bombycilla 
 Garrula) bei St. Gallen.] < Zool. Gart. viii. 1860, pp. 159, 160, 280. 
 
 1867. Ghnn, T. E. Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in Norfolk 
 and Suffolk. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 633. 
 
 1867. Ueepell, G. [Das Erscheinen des Seidenschwanzes (Bombycilla 
 Garrula) bei St.Goar am Ehein.] < Zool. Gart. viii. 1867, p. 159. 
 
 1867. Newman, E. Visit of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula, 
 in Essex]. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, pp. 560, 561. 
 
 1867. Newman, E. Waxwings [Bombycilla garrula, in Norfolk]. <^Zool- 
 ogist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 561. 
 
 1867. Schmidt, Max. Eine AnzaLl Seidenschwanze (Bombycilla garrnlns). 
 
 < Zool. Gart. viii. 1867, pp. 29, 30. 
 
 1867. [Anon.] Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in Somersetshire. 
 
 < Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 633. 
 From the Field, Jan. \i. 
 
 1867. [Anon.] Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near Whitby. 
 
 < Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 633. 
 From the Field, Jan. 26. 
 
 1867. [Anon.] Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at Vienna. 
 
 < Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 704. 
 From the Standard, Mar. i, 1867. 
 
 1868. Clark-Kennedy, A. Bobemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in 
 
 Yorkshire. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iii. 1868, p. 1132. 
 
 1868. HowLETT, W. Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at New- 
 market. < Zoologist, 2d eer. iii. 1868, p. 1132. 
 
 1868. Hufxagel, — . [Vorkommen des Seidenschwanzes in den Nadelholz- 
 waldungen dem Eiess benachbarten Gegend.] <C^Zool. Gart. ix. 
 1808, pp. 113, 114. 
 
 1868. MosLEV, 0. Nidification cf the Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla 
 garrula] in England [! ?]. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iii. 1868, p. 1294. 
 
 1868. Neave, E. Bobemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at Leiston, 
 Suffolk. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iii. 1868, p. 1097. 
 
 1868. Stricker, W. Der Biihmer [Ampelis garrulus]. '^ Zool. Gart. ix. 
 1868, p. 222. 
 Etymological, with an acconnt of the peculiar method of hnnting the birds. 
 
 1871. Abboit, T. W. Waxwings [Bombycilla garrula] at West Hartle- 
 pool. < Zoologist, 2d ser. vl. 1871; pp. 2805, 2806. 
 
 1871. GiLLMAN, H. Cedar Bird [Ampelis cedrorum] with Waxen Append- 
 ages on the Tail. < Am. Nat. iv. 1871, p. 692. 
 
 1871. HoCKKR, J. Ueber das Nieten der Seidenschwanze [Ampelis gar- 
 rulus] in Dentschland. < J.f. 0. xix. 1871, pp. 151, 152. 
 
SYNONYMY OP AMPELIS QAERULUS 459 
 
 1872. BoYES, F. Waxwings [Bjmbyoilla garrula] in East Yorkshire. 
 
 < Zoologist, 2d ser. vii. iei72, p. 29. 3. 
 
 1672. Stieda, L. Ueber den Ban der rothen Blattchen an den Schwingen 
 des Seidenschwanzes. <C Arch. Mikrosk. Anat, 1872, p. 639. 
 Abstract by E. Couee in New York Indepejident, Aug. 12, 1875. 
 
 1872. WniTAKKR, J., JuN. Waxwings [Bombycilla garrula] in Notting- 
 
 hamshire. <^ Zoologist, 2d ser. vii. 1872, p. 3021. 
 
 1873. [Anon.] Bohemian Waxwings [Bombycilla garrula] near Picker- 
 
 ing. < Zoologist, 2d ser. viii. 1873, p. 3452. 
 From Leeds Mercury, Feb. 9, 1873. 
 
 1873. HtJGEL, A. VON. Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in Hampshire. 
 
 < Zoologist, 2d ser. viii. 1873, p. 33G8. 
 
 1873. Mathew, M. a. Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at 
 Bishop's Lydeard. <[ Zoologist, 2d ser. viii. 1873, p. 3452. 
 
 1873. Matuew, M. a. Waxwings [Bombycilla garrnla] at Bishop's 
 Lydeard. <^Zoologist, 2d ser. viii. 1873, p. 3490. 
 
 1876. Bendirb, Chaeles. The Bohemian Waxwing [Ampelis garrulus]. 
 
 < Forest and Stream, vi. Feb. 17, 1876, p. 20. 
 Observations at Camp Harney, Oregon. 
 
 1877. Hatch, P. L. The Waxwing [Ampelis garrulus]. -^Forest and 
 
 Stream, viii. Mar. 1, 1877, p. 50. 
 Qaestion as to localities frequented during tbe winter of 1876-77. 
 
 The Bohemian IVaxvrin^ 
 
 Ampelis garrulas 
 
 ImpeliS garrulus, L. SS. i. lOth ed. 1758, n. 10 (Fn. Svec. 179).— i. SN. i. 12th ed. 1766, 297, 
 n. l.—Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 16, pi. 261.— Gm. SN. i. 1788, 838, n. l.—Lath. 10. L 1790, 
 363, n. l.—Turt. SN. i. 1806, 511 —Fox, If ewe. Mns. 1827, 58.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 336.— 
 Kneel. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 234.— ^d. BNA. 1858, 307, 923 (Fort EUey, Kans., and 
 " millions " on Powder Eiver).— TTAeo*. Ohio Agrlo. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 374 (Northern 
 Ohio, winter, frequent). — Coop. Pr. CaL Acad. ii. 1861, 122 (Fort Mojave, Ariz.', south- 
 ernmost record). — Newt. Ibis, 1861, pp. 92-106, pi. 4 (eggs; iirst authentic). — Gloger, 
 J. f. O. 1861, 280 (history— from Mevea). —Albreclit, J. f. O. 1861, 132 (breeding, from 
 Newton). — Yerr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862,157 (Maine, in winter, rare or accidental).— 
 Soardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 126 (Calais, M.e.).—BlaUst. Ibis, 1863, 65 (British 
 America). — M. Bias. Beigabe J. f. 0. 1863, 47 (Braunschweig). — Alien, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 
 1864, 66 (Springfield, Mass.; winter, accidental).— JttijJJwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 87 
 
 (Canada 'West).— iowr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1866, 285 (near New York City) Ooues, 
 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 71 (Arizona,;ide Cooper).— Z)«pI.-(Jer6«, OE. i. 1867, 577.— Ooues, 
 Pr. Essex Inst. v. 1868, 276 (New England ; rare and irregular in the north, casual in 
 the south ; Connecticut, fide Wood).—!;. Ihroste, J. F. O. 1868, 38 (Boikma).— Allen, 
 
 Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 579 (Southern New England).— Cooj). Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 473 l}urnb. 
 
 B. E. Pa. 1869, 53; Phila. ed. 42 (occasional near Philadelphia).— Dall c£ .Bajin. Tr. 
 Chic. Acad. i. 1869, 280 (breeding on the Yukon).— Jfoi/n. Nat 1870, 107 (Massachu- 
 setts).- Coop. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1870, 75 Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 127.— Dai!, Am.Nat.iv. 
 
 1870, 600 (Alaska).— ffnrt Man. Br. B. 1872, S3.— Cortes, Key, 1872, 115, f. 55.— Aiken, 
 Pr. Bost. Soc. XV. 1872, 198 (Colorado).— JJidgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 181 (Colo 
 lado). —Bidgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 371 (Illinois).— Sioinft. Ibis, 1874, 445 (Che- 
 too).— Corns, BNW. 1874, 9V.—Saneoelc, B. Northumb. &, Dnrh. 1874,78.-5.5. <6B. 
 NAB. i. 1874, 396, pi. 18, f. l.—Bidgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 371 (Illinois).— Hateft, 
 
460 SYNONYMY OF AMPELIS GAEEULUS 
 
 BnU. Minn. Acad. 1874, 57 (Minnesota, Nov.-Feb. ; sometimes nnmeions).— £'now, 
 Cat. B. Kans. 3d ed. 1873, 5 (one, Fort Biley, Hammond ; another, Ottawa, Nov. 1875, 
 Wm. Wheeier).— Wheat. Eep. OhioAgric. Soo. for 1874, 1875,505 (Northern Ohio).— 
 Brew. Pr. Bost. Soo. xtu. 1875, 440 (New England).— Coop. Pr. CaL Acad. 1875, — 
 (Mojavespecimen confirmed). — JJenah. LiatB. Am. 1875, 157 (rests on Cooper's speci- 
 men).— Jfitiot, BNE. 1877, 139.— Jlferr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 32 (Connectioot, 
 casnal in winter). 
 
 Ampelts garrula, Swinh. PZS. 1863, 298 (China).— id. Eev. AB. 1866, 405, flg.— ». Drotte, 
 J. f. 0. 1809, 112 (Tiia).— Swinh. PZS. 1871, 374 (Northern China).— A&ton, Ibis, 1873, 
 60 (Archangel).— Stoinft. Ibis, 1873, 362 (Shanghai).— SmnA. Ibis, 1874, 158 (Hakodadi). 
 
 BombyciTora garrnia, Xemm. Man. i. " 1815 ", 124 ; iiL 1833, ll.—Ncmm. Vog. Dentschl. 
 iL 1822, 143. 
 
 Bombf cilia garrula, Yieia. Ency. M6tlL iL 1823, 766.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. iL 1826 (whole 
 vclame dated 1828), 438, n. 65 bis.—Bp. ZooL Joum. iii. 1827, 51, n. 65 his.—Bp. Am. 
 Orn. iiL 1828, —, pL 16, f. 2.— Zms. Tr. Orn. 1831, 361.—S.<£B.VBA. iL 1831, 237.— 
 Brehm, Hdbh. Stub. Hausv. 1832, 292.— ifutt. Man. iL 1834, 579.— £p. CGL. 1838, 9.— 
 
 Aud. OB. Iv. 1838, 462, pL 363 (Philadelphia, Long Island, Massachnsetts) PeoS.Eep. 
 
 Orn. Maes. 1839, 290 (Massachusetts, one instance).- Aud. Syn. 1839, 165.—Macg. Man. 
 Br. Orn. L 1840, IBS.— Keys. <t Blot. Wirb. Enr. 1840, Val.—AvA. BA. iv. 1842, 165, pL 
 245.— (Jiroud, BLI. 1844, \&o.—Swdh. Stnbenv. DentschL 1845, 332.— ,Storer,Pr. Best. 
 
 Soc. iL 1845, 52 (Ohio, in Jnly).— BmjKi(, Anim. Tert. Sibfirie, , 25.— i)ej!. OB. L 
 
 1849, 349.— £j'3iri). Nanm. L 1850, 41 (Denmark).- roMos, Naom. L 1851, 55 (Ober- 
 laasitz).- iZeokJ, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 397 (Ohio).— flby, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 381 
 (■Wisconsin).— TTentarf, J. f. 0. 1853,433.— GJo^ei-, J. f.0. 1854,175.— Ton^. J. f. 0.1855, 
 Mi.—KmiM. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 584 (Illinois).— JlfiiUer, J. f. O. 1856, 220 
 (Provence).- P««n. Pr. Ess. Inst L 1856, 228 (Massachusetts).- IToIiey, PZS. 1857, 
 55, pL 129 (nest and eggs— first authentic instance).— Code, J. f. O. 1859, 436.— Co*. 
 J. f. 0. 1859, 80, pL 1 (eggs).- Jfoaam. J. £ O. 1858, 189 (Upper Missouri Eiver).— JJo!i«, 
 J. £ 0. 1859, 125 (Brandenburg).— flbJIoKfJ, J. f. O. 18.59, 446.— JP*-e«», J. f. 0. 1859, 457.— 
 Duhma, Eev. et Mag. de Zool. sii. 1860, 64, pi. 2, f. 4 (egg ; name B. coenilea on plate). — 
 Gieb. Vog. 1860, 79, f. 143.— Zand. Arch. Mecklenburg, xv. 1861, 61.— Hintz J. 
 J. f. O. 1861, 229 (migrations).- JZaiJde, Eeiaen, 1863, iOO.—Beif, ZooL Gart v. 1864, 
 126 (breeding).— J/ey«r, Zool. Gart. v. 1864, 155.— Soltz, J. f. O. 1864, 220 (Neu-Vor- 
 pommem).— Jinte I, J. f. 0. 1S63, 414 ; 1864, 170 ; 1865, 88 j 1866, 95 ,• 1867, 156 ; 1868, 299 
 (Pomerania). — Strieker, ZooL Gart. ix. 1868, 222 (etymological).— jHiwnei/er, J. f. O. 
 1869, 124 (Eastern Siberia).— Tocz. J. f. O. 1872,442 (Sibeiia).-.Kn«c!. Pr. Cleveland 
 Acad. 1874. 276 (Ohio, frequent in winter). 
 
 Bombycilla garrulng, Eaup, Thicrr. iL pt. L 1836, 173.— J\rordm. J. £ 0. 1858, 307 (breeding) j 
 1864, 363 (Lapland). 
 
 Bombycilla coernlea, Dubois, Eev. Mag. ZooL xiL 1860, misprinted name on pL 2. 
 
 Bombyclphora poUoctelia, Meyer, "Tog. Liv. n. EstbL 181.5,104". 
 
 Bombycilla, Schwenckfeld, Theriot. Silesias, 1603, 229 (a good account). 
 
 CnapbalVB, Gesner, De Avibua, ed. of 1C17, 446 (orig. ed. 1555). 
 
 Garrulns bohemlcus, Gem. De Avibns, ed. of 1617, 636, with recognizable figure (orig. 
 ed, 1555, p. 703).— Aliiroo. "Orn. i. 796, pL 798".— IXnn.Syst. Nat 6th ed. gen. 78, sp. 1.— 
 WiOugh. " Om. 90, pi. 20 ".—ABnn, Nat. Hist. Birds, iL 1738, 2.5, pi. 26. 
 
 Ampelts, Moehr. "Gen. Av. 1752, 29 ". 
 
 Bombycilla botacmlca, Briss. Orn. iL 1760, 333, n. 63.— Leach, " Cat. 181U, 18".— Steph. Gen. 
 ZooLi. 1817, 421,pL34.— jEj/ton, "Cat. , S".— Brehm, "Vog. DentschL 219". 
 
 Lanlns garrulns, L. "Fn.Svec. 179".— Scop. Bemerk. ed. Giinth. 1770, 18, n. 20. 
 
 Turaas garruluB, Schaeff. Mus. Orn. 1789, 20, n. 07. 
 
 Parus bombycll:a, Pallaa, Zoog. E.-A.L 1831, 548. 
 
 Enropean Cbattcrer, European Waxwlng, Black-throated Waxwing, Bohemian Vax- 
 wing. Waxen Chatterer, English and American Authors. 
 
 Seldenschwantz, Frisch, Vog. 1739, pL 32. 
 
 Seldenschiranz, Gemeiner geldenschwanz, Enropiilscbcr Beldenschwanz, German. 
 
 Grand Jascur, Jaseur de Bobeme, Jaseur d'Europe, J'reTicA.-fi^. " Hist Nat Ois. iii. 
 4S9,pL26"; PLEnlum.261. 
 
 Hab. — Northerly portions of the Northern Hemisphere. In America, 
 south regularly to the northern tier of States, and in the Eocky Mountains 
 
CHAEACTEES OF AMPELIS GAEEULUS 461 
 
 to Colorado; irregularly or casually to about 35° (Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
 Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, New Mexico, and Arizona). Only known to breed 
 in America on the Yukon and Anderson Eivers ; believed to do so In the 
 Eooky Mountains at latitude 49° N. (Coites). Scarcely known on the 
 Pacific coast of the United States except in Alaska. 
 
 Ch. SP. — ^ 9 Crisso castaneo, abdomine griseoplumbeo, f route 
 rubescente, alls albo vtflavo notatis. 
 
 S 2 : Generalcolorbrownish-ash, shading insensibly from the clear ash of 
 the tail and its upper coverts and rump into a reddish-tinged ash anteriorly, 
 this peculiar tint heightening on the head, especially on the forehead and 
 sides of the ■head,into orange-brown. A narrow frontal line, and broader 
 bar through the eye, with the chin and throat, sooty-black, not or not 
 sharply bordered with white. No yellowish on belly. Under tail-coverts 
 orange-brown, or chestnut. Tail ash, deepening to blackish-ash toward the 
 end, broadly tipped with rich yellow. Wings ashy-blackish ; primaries 
 tipped (chiefly on the outer webs) with sharp spaces of yellow, or white, 
 or both ; secondaries with white spaces at the ends of the outer webs, 
 the shaits usually ending with enlarged, horny, red appendages. Primary 
 coverts tipped with white. Bill blackish-plumbeous, often paler at base 
 below; feet black. Length, 7 or 8 inches; wing, about 4^; tail, 2^. 
 
 The sexes of this beautiful bird are alike, and the principal variations, 
 aside from mere shade of the body-color, consist in the markings of the 
 wings. In the finest specimens before me, the ends of tho primary q^uills 
 are rich yellow, like the tips of Ihe 
 
 tail-feathers, forming broad firm 
 spaces, in a continuous line when 
 the wing is closed, with narrower 
 ofisets going around the ends of 
 the quills. In less perfect speci- 
 mens, these markings are simply 
 white, are less firm, and do not 
 appear on all the quiUs. The 
 secondaries may or may not show Fi". 49 — "Wing-tips of Ampelit gamdus. 
 the red "sealing-wax" tips, but in adult birds at least probably always 
 show white markings at the ends, and the same is the case with the prim- 
 ary coverts. These wing-markings, with the chestnut orissum, and absence 
 of yellowish on the belly, will always distinguish the species from A. 
 cedrorum, independently of its much superior size. Young: There is an 
 early streaked stage of plumage, exactly corresponding to that described 
 under head of A. cedrorum. 
 
 THIS famous vagabond wandered into literature, with flue 
 "Bohemian" instinct, at so remote a period in the history 
 of ornithology, that it is not easy to determine which was its 
 original nom deplume among the many aliases we find. Tho 
 derivation of each of the names it has borne is, however, well 
 determined. Ampelis, the current name of the genus, applied 
 to this bird by Linnaeus in 1735, is obviously from the Greek 
 
462 NAMES OF THE WAXWING 
 
 afiTzeXoq, the grape-vine — the root of a set of words signifjing 
 or relating to the vine and vineyard, as d/i-neXecbv, AintsXtthv, 
 ifi-eXcbv, ifiTziXivoq, and many others; the form ifimX^K; itself 
 appears in some of the lexicons, not of the highest authority, 
 as a diminutive of a/n:eXo<;, and I also find iix-KsXiibv itself given 
 as the name of some small unknown bird, " avicula qucedam 
 incerta,^' which either frequented vineyards, or was a noted 
 berry-eater. Ampelis, as the name of the bird, occurs in Aris- 
 tophanes, but what he meant by it is unknown; certainly, the 
 Waxwing never frequented the vineyards of the south of Europe 
 to any extent. The name does not occur in Aristotle, nor do I 
 find it used in connection with the Waxwing by the writers 
 of the 16th and 17th centuries ; Linnaeus may possibly have 
 first afiSxed it to this bird in 1735. Before this time, however, 
 the bird had, of course, been long and well known to the peo- 
 ple of Northern Europe, and had received a number of vernac- 
 ular or popular names, among which the equivalents of " silky- 
 tail" and " Bohemian " are conspicuous. The latter term doubt- 
 less had its original application in the appearances of the bird 
 in Bohemia, and stuck to it, as indicating its wandering dispo- 
 sition, in the tropical sense we now attach to the term. In any 
 event, our Waxwing became the " Bohemian Jay " of writers 
 of the 16th and 17th centuries, this book-name being generally 
 rendered Oarrulus bohemicus, as by Gesner* and many others 
 who wrote their treatises in Latin, or gave birds Latin names. 
 The various equivalents of " silky-tail " are specially interest- 
 ing, as they are the source of the quasi-Latin name Bombycilla 
 [^ofiiSuS, hombyx, a worm — and species of Bombyx are the silk- 
 worms) by simple translation of sidenswantz, seydenschtranz, 
 seidenschwanz, and other forms of " silk-tail". This is used also 
 
 * Gesner (p. 446, ed. of 1617) treats very briefly " de gnapkalo " (Gnaphalvs, 
 Tvcupa^og), which he says is the bird called Seydenschwanz in German, and 
 which is probably so named from the character of the plumage. He refers 
 to a subsequent page of his work (p. 636), where the same bird is described 
 and figured under the name of Garrvlvs Bohemicus. Here we read : — " Gar- 
 rvlum Bohemicnm appello auem hanc, cuius picturam ab Argentoratensi 
 pictore accepi, qui nomen eius iguorabat, sed ab aliis postea didici hao 
 specie auem circa Norimhergam vocavi Behemle id est Bohemicam, . . 
 Alii alio Germanico Zinzerelle vocitant, hand scio an &, voois imitatione." 
 From the way this paragraph opens, we are free to infer that this was the 
 original use of the term Garrulua toliemicus in this connection. He de- 
 scribes and figures the Waxwing unmistakably, even to the sealing-wax 
 tips ("maculae quiuEe egregie rnbentes, quas natura corneas esse quidam 
 mihi retulit"). 
 
EARLY HISTORY OF THE WAXWING 463 
 
 by Schwenckfeld in 1603 in his " Theriotrophevm Silesise"; 
 and it became a generic name with Brisson in 1760, and 
 later with Vieillot. It is interesting to observe, in this con- 
 nection, that a modern Greek name of the bird, y^o^V"-^"^ (or 
 Qnaphalvs, as rendered by Gesner), is of similar import, mean- 
 ing a lock of wool ; the obvious implication of all these terms 
 being the remarkably smooth, soft, as if fleecy, plumage of 
 the bird, as characteristic as the berry-eating habits, which the 
 set of words from a/n:eXo(; signalize. The impertinence of the 
 English term "chatterer" as applied to birds of this genus 
 has been frequently criticised by writers, the species being 
 notably silent, or only sibilant. I do not know when or by 
 whom the name may have been first used in this connection, 
 or what equivalents may be found in other languages. The 
 term may be simply rooted in Garrulus, which, as we have 
 seen, was long in use for the bird, not considered as specially 
 loquacious, but simply as a species of Jay; yet we may readily 
 suppose that the enormous multitudes which sometimes ap- 
 pear make a great deal of noise, about the quality of which 
 people were not very particular when they came to call the 
 birds " chatterers ". The Linnsean use of garrulus as a trivial 
 designation may have been purely arbitrary, or by simple ver- 
 sion of an old generic into a new specific term ; his practice of 
 naming justifies either supposition. There is, however, as we 
 learn from Gesner (see note on a preceding page), among the 
 old vernacular names of the bird one derived from its voice ; 
 this is Zinzerelle, a word well formed to express the soft sibi- 
 lant notes of the bird. The meaning of our English name 
 " Waxwing " is obvious ; the period and circumstances of its 
 introduction I know not. 
 
 In olden times, when popular ignorance dreaded everything 
 extraordinary, the occasional apparitions of the Bohemian 
 Waxwing caused general consternation, and supernatural 
 powers of portent were attributed to the bird that came 
 whence no one knew, and departed as mysteriously. I could 
 fill many pages with the history of such occurrences, often 
 couched in the most exaggerated language ; but a few ex- 
 amples must suflQce. Thus, Gesner narrates that in the year 
 of our Lord 1552, these birds appeared between Mayence 
 and Bingen on the Ehine in such numbers that they darkened 
 the light of day as they flew — "inter Mogentiam & Biugam 
 iuxta Ehenum maximis examinibus apparuerunt in tanta copia, 
 
464 HISTORY OP THE WAXWING IN AMERICA 
 
 vt subito qua transuolabant, ex vmbra earum veluti nox 
 ■>appareret." Many, he says, were caught and eaten ; and 
 pictures of the unknown birds which caused such a prodigy 
 were published. "Eari sunt plerisque in locis, & cum ap- 
 parent pestilens aeris mutatio expectatur"; and such phenom- 
 ena were long held to presage war, pestilence, and other public 
 calamities, or to foretell some national event soon to transpire. 
 
 In February, 1630, according to Aldrovandi, a visitation 
 occurred, marking the coronation of Charles V. at Bologna ; 
 in 1551, large flocks appeared, spreading in numbers through 
 the Modenese, the Plaisantiue, and other parts of Italy, but 
 apparently avoiding the Ferrarese, as if to escape the earth- 
 quake which was soon afterward felt ; and in 1571 flocks of 
 hundreds were seen flying about in the same country. Bona 
 parte, in whose account of 1828 I find these items from Aldro- 
 vandi, states that they have of late years been extremely rare 
 in Italy, Germany, and especially France, being seen only 
 singly or in stray companies of small extent. In the winter 
 of 1810, large flocks were dispersed through England, from 
 which period, says Bonaparte, we do not find the bird re- 
 corded by English writers until February, 1822, when, as well 
 as during the following winter, a few were observed. In Necker's 
 memoir on the birds of Germany, as quoted by the same 
 writer, it is stated that from the beginning of the present cen- 
 tury only two considerable flights had been observed in that 
 canton, one in January, 1807, the other in January, 1814, in 
 which year the birds were numerous, and did not depart until 
 March. In 1807, they were dispersed over much of Western 
 Europe; and they were seen near Edinburgh early in that 
 year. Of very late years, their appearances in Great Britain 
 have been frequently noticed, as may be gathered from the 
 number of references I present in the foregoing bibliography ; 
 the year 1850 is specially prominent in these chronicles. They 
 also visited England, Germany, &c., in unusual abundance in 
 the winter of 1866-67, as testified by the various records I have 
 presented. Schoepflf states (Zool. Gart. 1867, p. 160) that their 
 then appearance in Switzerland was for the first time since 1811. 
 
 The history of the Waxwing in America, to which we will now 
 confine our attention, has never been written in full. It was 
 unknown as an American bird to Vieillot and Wilson ; and any 
 early writer who may have attributed it to this country meant 
 the Cedar-bird, A. cedrorum, which was long regarded by some 
 
HISTORY OP THE WAX WING IN AMERICA 465 
 
 as only a variety of the Bohemian Waxwing, though Catesby, 
 Brisson, and others knew better. The Bohemian appears to 
 have been first discovered in America, " in the spring of 1826, 
 near the sources of the Athabasca, or Elk Eiver, by Mr. Drum- 
 mond ", as we are informed by Sir John Eichardson, who says 
 that he saw it himself the same season at Great Bear Lake, in 
 latitude 05°, The Athabasca specimens were transmitted to 
 England, and communicated by Mr. Leadbeater to the Prince 
 of Musignano, who in 1828 described and figured the species 
 upon this material in his "American Ornithology", Eichard- 
 son's account, in the "Fauna Boreali-Americana", did not 
 appear until 1829, and doubtless the first well-founded publica- 
 tion of the species as an American bird was in the Appendix 
 of Bonaparte's " Synopsis '', in the second volume of the Annals 
 of the Lyceum of Natural History of Few York, page 438, where 
 the species is numbered 65 bis. In this place, Bonaparte simply 
 notes, "Inhabitsnear the Eocky Mountains"; but in his "Amer 
 ican Ornithology " he gives the long and interesting account 
 of the bird from which I have already extracted some items 
 bearing on its general history. Eeferring to the Athabasca 
 specimen described, he states that it was a female, taken on 
 the 20th of March, 1825, while Eichardson gives the date as 
 1826. The last-named states that the bird appears in flocks at 
 Great Bear Lake about the 24th of May, when the spring thaw 
 exposes the berries on which it feeds; that it remains but a 
 few days; that its breeding-place was unknown to him, but 
 believed to be in the rugged and secluded mountain-limestone 
 districts in the 67th and 68th parallels, where the common 
 juniper, on the fruit of which it feeds, abounds. He adds a 
 note of his observation of a large flock on the Saskatchewan 
 early in May, 1827, when several hundred individuals alighted 
 with loud twittering on one or two trees of a poplar grove, and 
 stayed about an hour. 
 
 Such is the substance of our original advices, which, how- 
 ever, did not long remain unique. Townsend did not observe 
 the bird on the Columbia, and Nuttall's account was merely a 
 note derived from Eichardson ; but Audubon, in 1838, gave 
 some additional particulars. This author states that the south- 
 ernmost locality where he has known the bird to be procured is 
 the vicinity of Philadelphia, where, as well as on Long Island, 
 several were shot in 1831 and 1832, and that a pair were seen 
 and pursued, but without success, by his sons near Boston in 
 30 B G 
 
466 HISTORY OF THE WAXWING IN AMERICA 
 
 the latter year. His figures were drawn from Nova Scotian 
 specimens presented to him by Thomas McCullooh, of Pictou, 
 who procured several others in 1834, and contributed the very 
 graphic and touching biographical sketch with which Audu- 
 bon's account of the species concludes. The species appears in 
 Peabody and Giraud, and iu the course of the next decade or 
 two we find it fairly represented in current literature through 
 reports of its presence in various northerly States: Ohio, 
 Storer, 1845; Wisconsin, Hoy, 1853; Ohio, Bead, the same 
 year; Illiaois, Kennicott, 1854; Massachusetts, Kneeland, 
 1857; and there are doubtless other accounts of this period 
 which I have not at hand. Dr. Brewer's late notice mentions 
 a flock of twenty or thirty which appeared in Boston in mid- 
 winter, " somewhere about 1844 ". 
 
 Up to the year 1858, we had no evidence of the gathering of 
 American Bohemians in the enormous multitudes which early 
 made them famous in Europe. At that date, however. Profes- 
 sor Baird made known an instance of such prodigious flocking 
 of the species, giving us at the same time one of our western- 
 most records. " Mr. Drexler,"he says, " saw ' millions' of this 
 species while in the winter camp of the South Pass wagon road 
 party, at the head of Powder Eiver, Nebraska. Every tree for 
 miles was filled with them, the flock rivalling that of the wild 
 pigeon in its size" (BNA. p. 923). This record remains singular 
 to this date, as the numerous isolated notices of the bird we 
 have since acquired all relate to ordinary occurrences in par- 
 ticular localities; though it should be added that Mr. Mcllwraith 
 reports the irregular occurrence of " vast " flocks in Canada 
 West. 
 
 In 1861, Dr. J. G. Cooper presented the account of his cap- 
 ture of a single individual at Fort Mojave, Arizona, the first- 
 known instance of the occurence of the bird in the United 
 States west of the Eocky Mountains, and the southernmost on 
 record. " It appeared on January 10th, after a stormy period 
 which had whitened the tops of the mountains with snow, and 
 was alone, feeding on the berries of the mistletoe, when I shot 
 it." Doubtless, as Dr. Cooper surmises, this individual was a 
 straggler from some of the neighboring mountains. I under- 
 stand that the validity of the record has been suspected ; but, 
 in one of his late papers, Dr. Cooper states that the specimen 
 is preserved in the California Academy of Science to vouch for 
 the correctness of his identification. All the citations of " Ari- 
 
RANGE OP THE WAXWING IN AMERICA 467 
 
 zona'" for the species rest on this capture, and no other person 
 seems to have found the bird so far south and west. 
 
 Though the Bohemians havescarcely been found in the Pacific 
 Province of the United States, the Eocky Mountain region, as 
 might be supposed, seems to be the main line of migration along 
 which the birds push farthest, as well as most regularly, into 
 the United States in winter. In 1860, Dr. Hayden took such 
 a large series on Deer Creek that we may infer he found the 
 birds abundant. In Colorado, according to Mr. T. M. Trippe, 
 the Bohemians are " abundant" in certain mountainous locali- 
 ties, as at Idaho Springs, from November or December until 
 March. Baird and Eidgway state, in their portion of the His- 
 tory of "North American Birds", that the bird extends along 
 the Eocky Mountains and the plains as far as Fort Massachu- 
 setts (New Mexico) and Fort Eiley, Kansas. In the East, 
 records have multiplied of late years, but it is unnecessary to 
 analyze the evidence, as it shows nothing but what we have 
 already seen. For the Pacific region, I possess but a single 
 record, that lately furnished by Captain Charles Bendire, from 
 observations made at Camp Harney, Oregon, and published in 
 " Forest and Stream " of February 17, 1876. 
 
 From all the facts we have acquired, we make out an extreme 
 southern range of the species in America to about 35° north ; 
 its regular or at least normal occurence in winter in the region 
 of the Great Lakes to Northern Ohio, and in the Eocky Mount- 
 ain region to the State of Colorado; its irregular but frequent 
 appearance in Northern New England ; its casual presence in 
 severe winters in Southern New England, the Middle States 
 to Philadelphia, Southern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Kansas ; 
 and its apparent scarcity in the Pacific Province. 
 
 All this matter, it will be remembered, bears only on the south- 
 ward migration of the species in the fall from its boreal summer 
 home ; we have seen how it wanders about, sometimes whirl- 
 ing in monstrous flocks over the country, and will turn to 
 consider a no less interesting aspect of its life. In days gone 
 by I used to ponder over the surmises I read respecting the 
 breeding-place of the Bohemian, gaining unconsciously a vague 
 idea that somewhere, perhaps in the very focus of the aurora 
 borealis, this mysterious bird swarmed to nest in a sort of 
 rookery ; but I have no doubt that when dispersed to breed in 
 the far North, it is no more conspicuous than the Cedar-bird is 
 with us under the same conditions. British America, to say 
 
468 BEEEDING OF THE WAXWING IN AMERICA 
 
 nothiDg of Alaska, is pretty broad and deep, requiring a great 
 many Bohemians to make any decided impress on its scenery. 
 We are all aware now how long it was before the breeding of 
 the Waxwing in Europe was established beyond dispute, as 
 announced by Mr. John Wolley, in 1857, before the Zoological 
 Society of London, and have read Professor Newton's "Par- 
 ticulars of Mr. J. WoUey's Discovery of the Breeding of the 
 Waxwing" in the " Ibis" of 1861. Shortly afterward, Messrs. 
 Kennicott and MacFarlane each discovered the breeding of the 
 bird in America — the former on the Yukon in 1861, the latter 
 on Anderson Eiver during the same or the following year. 
 Publication of this discovery, however, seems to have been 
 delayed until 1866, when it was announced by Professor Baird 
 in the following brief terms : — 
 
 " The only instance on record of their [L e. the nest and eggs] 
 discovery in America are of a nest and one egg by Mr. Kenni- 
 cott, on the Yukon, in 1861, and a nest and single egg on the 
 Anderson Eiver, by Mr. MacFarlane, both of which, with the 
 female parents, are in the possession of the [Smithsonian] In- 
 stitution."— (Rev. AB. 1866, 406.) 
 
 This is the same material as that upon which Dr. Brewer 
 based his account of 1874 ; but the latter article disagrees with 
 Professor Baird's original and doubtless accurate note, and is 
 inconsistent in itself in several particulars, which I have itali- 
 cized in the following extract. Says Dr. Brewer : — 
 
 " Specimens of the bird were obtained on Anderson Eiver, in 
 1862, by Mr. MacFarlane, but he was not able to find the nest. 
 At Fort Yukon, July 4, [1861,] Mr Kennicott met with the nest 
 of this species. The nest, which contained but one egg, was 
 about eighteen feet from the ground, and was built on a side 
 branch of a small spruce that was growing at the outer edge of 
 a clump of thick spruces, on low ground. The nest was large, 
 the base being made of small, dry spruce twigs. Internally it 
 was constructed of fine grass and moose hair, and lined thicJcly 
 with large feathers. The female was shot as she rose from her 
 nest, by Mr. Kennicott's hunter, who had concealed himself 
 near the spot for that purpose. Mr. Kennicott had seen the 
 nest and both parents near it before it was taken, and had 
 thoroughly satisfied himself as to its complete identification" 
 (Hist. NAB. p. 398). On the page following, the author quotes, 
 without criticism, a statement that "its eggs have been obtained 
 at Fort Yukon ". On page 400, Dr. Brewer redescribes the 
 
BREEDING OF THE WAXWING IN AMERICA 469 
 
 same nest in somewhat discrepant terms : — " The nest from the 
 Yukon, obtained by Mr. Kennicott, (S. Coll. C, 326), is smaller, 
 and bears but little resemblance to the European. It is but 
 five inches in diameter, of irregular shape. In height and 
 cavity it nearly corresponds. In place of the lichens of the 
 European, this nest is made of fine grass-stems, strips of bark, 
 and a few feathers." Though the points here criticised be 
 really immaterial, in as far at least as the descriptions of the 
 nest are concerned, it would have been more satisfactory to 
 have had one good coherent account in this case, to which 
 unusual interest attaches. One of Mr. WoUey's nests, " obtained 
 in Finland, June 19, 1861 (S. I. 5, 327)," and generously pre- 
 sented to the Smithsonian Institution by Professor Newton, is 
 described by Dr. Brewer with evident care and particularity. 
 It contains five eggs, which is said to be the usual number, 
 though six were found in one instance. As described by Dr. 
 Brewer, the Smithsonian eggs measure each an inch in length 
 by 0.67 to 0.70 in breadth ; the ground-color varies from light 
 slate to yellowish stone-color, and is blotched and dotted with 
 markings of various shades and sizes, chiefly dark purple or 
 blackish, with others of a yellowish-brown, nearly all the spots 
 being shaded with the peculiar penumbra so conspicuous in the 
 eggs of the Common Cedar-bird. " The egg obtained by Ken- 
 nicott on the Yukon is smaller than the European specimen, 
 measuring .90 by .65 of an in6h. Its ground is more of a 
 greenish -slate or stone-color, and the spots are of a dark-brown, 
 with a deep violet-shading" (Brewer, I. c). 
 
 To these original accounts of the breeding of the Bohemian 
 in America, I have to add, from my own observations, that 
 the bird undoubtedly nests in the United States. While in 
 the Eocky Mountains, at latitude 49°, I secured a newly 
 fledged bird so young that there is no reasonable doubt that it 
 was bred in the vicinity. This specimen was shot in thick 
 coniferous woods, at an altitude of about 4,200 feet, on the 19th 
 of August, 1874. No migration had begun at the time, and 
 no other individuals were observed, as would most likely have 
 been the case had they been roving away from their summer 
 home. 
 
 In general terms, it may be asserted that the nest and eggs 
 of the Bohemian only differ materially from those of the Caro- 
 lina Waxwing in size, and that the two birds have substantially 
 the same breeding habits. The special natural history of the 
 
470 SYNONYMY OF AMPELI8 CEDKOECTM 
 
 Bohemian involves nothing more than its geographical distri- 
 bution, including its boreal summer home, its erratic move- 
 ments, and its occasional multitudinous gatherings, for it shares 
 all those traits of the Cherry-bird which I will make the subject 
 of the following sketch. 
 
 The Carolina "Waxwing 
 
 Ampelis eedrornm 
 
 Lanlns garrnlns, B, Linn. SN. i. 1758, 95, n. 10 (Gates, i. 46). 
 
 AmpeUs garrulns, 0, L. SN. i. 1766, 297, n.2/?.— 6m. SN. i. 1768, 638, n.!^.— Xofft. 10. i. 
 1790, 363, D. 1 0. 
 
 AmpeUs garrulns, 2, Z^urt. SN. i. 1806, 511. 
 
 AmpeUs garrnlns, Bartr. Tr. Fla. 1791, 290, Ua (fall acconnt p. 298). 
 
 Bombycilla eedrornm, Tieia. GAS. 1 1807, 88, pi. 57.— F. EM. ii. 1823, 766.— iew. Tr. Orn. 
 1831, 367.— FieiB. GaL Gis. i. 1834, 186, pL liS.— CaS. Mns. Hein. L 1850, 55.— 6f«n(ii. 
 J.f.G. 1856, 3 (Cuba).- jlfarim. J. f. O. 1858, 169.— Gundi. J. f. 0. 1859, 350 (Caba).— 
 QundL J. f. G. 1861, 410 (Cuba). 
 
 Ampells eedrornm, Oray, G. of B. i. 1840, 278.— &!. PZS. 1856, 299 (Cordova).— EjimJ. 
 Pr. Bost Soc. Ti. 1857, 234.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 318.— &J. PZS. 1858, 302 (Parada).— ScZ. 
 PZS. 1859, 364 (Xalapa).— «. <e & Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).— ffenry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 
 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— Heerm. PEEK. x. 1859, 56.— Coop. <& SucU. NHWT. 18G0, 
 lSl.— Tayl Ibis, 1860, 111 (.Soniaras). —Gundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 328 (Cuba,) .—Wheat. 
 GhioAgrio. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 364.— Barn. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861,436.— £?»«««<« 
 Pratt Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862, 409.— Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1862, 202 (Jamaica).— Fbtt. Pr. 
 Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 148.— Boardm. Pr. Bost Soc. ix. 1862, 126.— Hoyd. Tr. Aiuer. Philos. 
 Soc. xii. 1862, 16i.—Blak. Ibia, 1863, 65 (British America).— JlfosrcA, Pr. Phila. Acad. 
 1863, 294 (Jamaica).— iord, Pr. Eoy. Art. Inst. ir. 1864, 116 (British Colnmbia).— ScL 
 PZS. 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).- J.JICTJ, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 18*4, 66.— DreM. Ibis, 1865, 479 
 CTexas).- O i/ord, Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. v. 1865, 925 (habits).— Bd. Eev. AB. 1866, 
 iOT.-McIlwr. Pr. Ess. Inst t. 1866, 87. — Lavir. Ann. N. Y. Lye. viii. 1866, 285.— Prown, 
 
 Ibis, 1868, 421 (Vanconver).- Buteft. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 149 (Laredo, Tex.) Oouee, 
 
 Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1868, 276.— Coims, Pr. Bost Soc. xii. 1868, 112 (Sonth Carolina).— 
 Sunvich. Mem. Bost Soc. i. 1869, 547 (Vera Cmz, -winter).- (7oop. Am. Nat iii. 1869, 34, 
 473.— 3nuraft.B.E.Pa.l869,26i Phila. ed. 19.— Coop. B. Cal i. 1870, 129.— fififlmon. Am. 
 Nat iv. 1870, 692.— Ooim», Key, 187S, 115, f. 56— AH«n,Bnll.MCZ.iii.l872, ne.-Sootl, 
 Pr. Bost Soc. XV. 1872, aM— Aiken, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 1872, 198 (Colorado).— Jfoyn. Pr. 
 Bost Soc. xiv. 1872, sro.-Chmdl. J. f. G. 1872, 438 (Cnba).— Btdjto. Ball. Ess. Inst v. 
 1873, 181 (Colorado).— JfCTT. Ann. Eep. U. S. GeoL Sarv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 714.— 
 Jiidgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 371.— TVippe, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 1873, i35.—Zirtt. Pr. 
 Cleveland Acad. 1874, 277 — Otues, BNTV. 1874, 93, 233— Poc*. Am. Nat viii. 1874, 
 ill.— Allen, Pr. Bost Soc. xvii. 1874, 54 (Yellowstone Eiver). — Semh. Eep. Om. 
 Spec. 1874, 43 (Utah) ; 106 (Arizona).— BwMft. List B. Ariz. 1875, lS7.—Emsh. ZooL 
 ExpL W. 100 Morid. 1875, 229.— B. B. a B. NAB. L 1874, 401, pL 18, f. 2.— Brew. Pr. Bost 
 Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.— iowr. Ball. Nat Mas. n. 4, 1876, 18 (Tehaantepec).— Genlry, Life- 
 Hist 1876, 205.— Jlfiiiof, BNB. 1877, 1.37.— Jferr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 32. 
 
 Amphells eedrornm, Oregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870. 
 
 Corvns eedrornm, Cabot, Namn. il. Heft iii. 1853, 65 (generic name slipped with " Ampelis " 
 cacalotl). 
 
 Ampells americana. Wile. AG. i. 1808, 107, pL 7, f. l.—Ep. Jonm. Pbila. Acad. iv. 1824, 37. 
 
 Bombfellla americana, Lieht "Preis.-Verz.Mex. Yog. 1830, 1"; J. f. G. 1863, 56 — Sw. <« 
 SUh. FBA. ii 1831, W9.—Kamp, Thierr. ii. pt. i. 1836, m.—BaHl. Naara. IL 1852, 52 
 (Cuba and Gaayaquil).— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 382.— .ffennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. 
 Soc. i. 1855, mi.— Jones, "Nat inBerm. 1859, 29 ".-Hoy, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 438. 
 
 Bombycills carollnensls, Briss. Gm. ii. 1760, XSl.-Steph. Gen. ZooL a. 1817, 422.- Bp. 
 Jonm. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 37.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 59.— Troi7!.l8i8,1831, 
 528.— A«d. GB. L 1831, 227, pL i3.—Nutt, Man. i. 1832, 248.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 9.—Peab. 
 
CHARACTEES OF AMPELIS CEDEORtJM 471 
 
 Eep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 389.— Towjw. Journ. PhUa. Acad, viii 1839, 152.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 
 les.—Aud. BA. Iv. 1842, 169, pi. 246.— ffiro«<2, BLL 1844, 163.— Thomps. Vermont, 1883, 
 74, &g.—N'ewt Zoologist, ix. 1851, 3877 (Cambridgesliire, England).— Bead, Pr. PhUa. 
 Acad. 1833, 397.— .Brem Pr. Bost. Soc. iv. 1854, Zi5.—Gloger, J. f. 0. 1854, 175 (nest, &c.).— 
 Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1855, 313.— Fratten, Tr. Illinois Agrio. Soc. i. 1855, m3.—Puln. 
 Pr. Esa. Inst. i. 1856, il3.—Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1856, W2.—Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. vL 
 1857, 118 (Nova Scotia).— WiZiis, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 282 (Nova Scotia).— 
 Bland, Smiths. Kep. forl858, 1859, 287 (Bermadas).— Jfarfirw, J. f. 0. 1859, 213 (same).— 
 Gieb. Vog. 1860, 80, &g.—Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. vii. 1860, 307 {CnhSi). —WiUiama, Am. Nat 
 iiL 1869, 38i.—Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vL 1871, 117. 
 
 BombrclUa caroIinaeDtiis, Wailes, Bep. Hiss. 1854, 318. 
 
 Ampelis carolinensis, Qosse, B. Jam. 1847, ISe.—Bp. UA, L 1850, 336.— Newt. Zoologist, z. 
 1852, 3506 (Cambridgeshire, England). 
 
 Coquantototl, Fern. " Hisp. 55 ". 
 
 Olseau lomotl, d'AiiKSriqae, tanpp£, Seia, " ii. 66, pi. 65, f. 5 ". 
 
 Cbatterer, Oaiea. "Car. i. 1754, 46, pi. 46 ". 
 
 Cbatterer of Carolina, Edw. "Glean. 1758, 66, pi. 242 ". 
 
 Jaseur de la Caroline, Buff. " Hist Nat Oi». iii. 441 ".—Brisa. Om. U. 1760, 337, n. 64. 
 
 Prlb Chatterer, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 346, n. 207. 
 
 Jaseur du cedre, VieilL 11. cc.^J^e Maine. Ois. Canad. 1861, 219. 
 
 Amerlkanlscher Seldenschwanz, Kaup, 1. c. 
 
 Cedar-bird, Cedar Waxwlng, Carolina Waxwlng, Cberry-blrd, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — North America at large, to lat. 54° N. or beyond ; south tbrongh 
 Mexico and Central America; Bermudas, Jamaica, and Cuba. Breeds in- 
 differently in its North American range, migrates or rather wanders irregu- 
 larly according to supply of food, and winters in much of the United States 
 as well as beyond. Accidental in England. 
 
 Ch. sp. — (? 9 Crisso albo ; dbdomine flavicante ; remigihus 
 fusco-cinereis, innotatis. 
 
 $ 2 , adult : General color of the body shading from clear pure ash on 
 the upper tail-coverts and rump through olivaceous-cinnamon into a riclier 
 and somewhat purplish cinnamon on the fore parts and head. On the under 
 parts, the color shades through yellowish on the belly into white on the 
 under tail-coverts. There is no demarcation of color whatever on the body, 
 and the tints are scarcely susceptible of adequate description. Frontlet, lores, 
 and stripe through the eye velvety-black ; chin the same, soon shading into 
 the color of the breast. A sharp white line on the side of the under jaw, 
 and a narrower one bordering the black frontlet and lores ; lower eyelid 
 white. Quills of the wings slate-gray, blackening at the ends, paler along 
 the edges of the inner webs ; without white or yellow markings ; inner 
 quills tipped with red horny appendages. Tail-feathers like the primaries, 
 but tipped with yellow, and sometimes also showing red horny appendages. 
 Bill plumbeous-black, sometimes paler at base below ; feet black. Length, 
 6 or 7 inches ; extent, 11^-12 ; wing, 3|-3f ; tail, 2J. 
 
 There is comparatively very little difference in the body-coloration. In 
 very high condition, there is sometimes just a trace of whitish tipping on 
 some of the primary quills. 
 
 Yonng: Brownish-gray, with a slight olive shade; paler below, and whit- 
 ening or becoming slightly yellowish on the belly ; everywhere streaked with 
 dingy whitish ; the markings most evident on the breast and sides. Wings 
 and tail as in the adults, but usually lacking the red appendages. The vel- 
 
472 CHAKACTEES OF AMPELIS CEDEORUM 
 
 vety-black and white on the head imperfectly defined. Bill pale at base 
 below; feet plnmbeons. A specimen described by Brewster as a female in 
 the " first plumage " had two small wax tips ; the tail narrowly tipped with 
 yellow ; a dull black loral line from nostril to eye, including anterior half 
 of both eyelids; entire under parts "brownish-buff", palest about anal re- 
 gion, deepest on throat and chin ; breast and sides thickly streaked with 
 cinnamon-brown ; upper parts duller than in the adult, with obscure "dusky- 
 buff"; "rump grayish-brown wiih a tinge of olive". 
 
 Specimens apparently mature an.d full-feathered frequently lack the seal- 
 ing-wax tips. These are normally confined to the secondaries, but occasion- 
 ally appear on one or several primaries, and more or fewer or all of the 
 rectrices ; a case is recorded in which an under tail-covert was similarly 
 embellished. Both sexes possess these ornaments, but as a rule they are 
 best developed in the male. The normal period of their appearance is not 
 known — it is probably not constant ; birds in the earliest known plumage 
 may possess one or more. They are possibly deciduous, independently of 
 moult of the feather. Their use is unknown, but surmised by some to pre- 
 vent fraying of the feathers, though other feathers not thus protected do 
 not fray more than usual. 
 
 The sexes are not obviously different. There is comparatively little vari- 
 ation in the body-coloration, chiefly in the shade of yellow on the belly. 
 The yellow tail-band may be reduced to a mere trace. Sometimes more or 
 fewer primaries are tipped with white, and these may acquire a touch of 
 yellow, indicating approach to the normal condition of A. garrulus. In a 
 case mentioned by Mr. William Brewster, all the primaries excepting the 
 first three were broadly tipped with white, and in the centre of each white 
 spot appeared a smaller yellow one. 
 
 A 
 
 T any time of the year, in almost any part of the country, 
 one may hear some curious wheezing, lisping notes, and, 
 on looking about him, may see 
 a dozen or a hundred little birds 
 in sight, flying in an easy, rather 
 undulating course, to alight in a 
 compact body on the nearest tree, 
 where they remain silent and 
 motionless for a few moments, 
 drawn up to their full heights, 
 displaying their long top-knots; 
 then they begin to move about 
 and feed, unless some alarm sends 
 them off to another tree. When 
 the cedar ripens its glaucous- 
 
 FiG. 50.— The Cherry-bird, natural size. ,, , . ^, ,. , 
 
 blue berries, these same birds 
 are sure to be found there, gorging themselves on this fruit 
 till they are literally choke-full— the last few berries sticking 
 
TEICKS AND MANNERS OP THE CEDAEBIRD 473 
 
 ill their capacious throats for waut of room below. These 
 gourmands grow extremely fat at times ; they are commonly 
 called Cedar-birds, and their flesh is accounted a delicacy. 
 They are also named Cherry-birds, from their fondness for 
 cherries; and might with equal propriety be known as Gum- 
 birds, or Huckleberry-birds, or by any other set of names 
 indicating that they feed on a great variety of edible small- 
 fruits. Naturally, the horticulturists dislike to see these 
 silky-feathered fruiterers come trooping as " thick as thieves ", 
 and kill so many that in some sections their numbers become 
 noticeably reduced. But we should always remember that 
 at certain seasons these indolent, easy-going gormandizers 
 display more agility and address in bug-catching than might 
 be expected from them, destroying vast numbers of noxious 
 insects. Let the irate gardener remember this when he 
 goes for his gun ; and let us all hope that people will learn, 
 iu the course of time, that the indiscriminate slaughter of 
 birds, even of such noted thieves as Crows and Blackbirds, 
 necessarily turns a well-poised balance in favor of insect-pests 
 and by so much against the true interests of agriculture. 
 
 Like most well-fed persons, our satiny Waxwings offset their 
 gluttony and indolence with some nice, amiable traits. They 
 are tender-hearted, affectionate birds, fond of each other, and 
 quite capable of showing a degree of heroism in their devo- 
 tion to one of their number who may be in difQculty. They 
 make pleasant cage- birds, sleek and jaunty in their general 
 bearing, with a certain nonchalance, which, however, it would 
 be indiscreet in a fly to presume on so far as to enter their 
 cage. They are either very innocent or unsuspicious birds, for 
 they suffer themselves to be killed or captured when a little 
 wit would have saved them. Their habitual indifference ex- 
 tends even to their courtships and housekeeping ; they make 
 cool love, seem in no hurry about it, and not much concerned 
 for its consequences. You may see them lounging about in 
 flocks all through the summer ; they scarcely nest until the 
 season is half over, and sometimes postpone their domestic 
 affairs until the fall. The migration is another irregular and 
 desultory matter with them ; they are not reliable passengers, 
 for, as if rivalling their larger cousins, these lesser Bohemians 
 roam at their convenience over the country, whenever food is 
 plenty and accessible. They retire from more northerly and 
 uninviting regions in the fall, but in most parts of the country 
 
474 THE GENUS PH^NOPEPLA 
 
 some of them may be found at any time of the year, while 
 others are off in Mexico, Central America, or the West Indies. 
 In the Colorado region, as in the West at large, there are com- 
 paratively fewer Cedar-birds than in the eastern parts of the 
 United States, doubtless because fruit is, on the whole, less 
 abundant, and not on account of any geographical considera- 
 tions. 
 
 So they lead their idle, uneventful lives — these debonnaire 
 birds, sociable but not domestic, even a trifle dissipated, good- 
 natured enough to a friend in a scrape, very reliable diners- 
 out, and fond of showing off their dressy top-knots, on which 
 so much of their mind is fixed. 
 
 Genns FHiGNOFEFLA Sclater 
 
 Phainoiiepla, Scl. FZS. 1838, 543. (Special paper : Note on the Genae Oiehlopsis of Cabanis. 
 
 < PZ3. xxvi. 1858, pp. 541-543.) 
 Phieiiopepla, Coua, Ibis, 1865, 163.— Bd. Eev. AB. 1866, 415. 
 PtUogonys p., Clchlopsls p., Leptnrus p. of Some. 
 
 Chaes. — Bill somewhat as in Amjaelis, but slenderer for its 
 length ; nostrils naked, scaled ; antise bristly, reaching to 
 nostrils ; a few short rictal bristles. Tarsus scutellate anteri- 
 orly, and slightly subdivided on sides below. Hind toe very 
 short ; middle toe and claw about as long as tarsus ; lateral 
 toes a little unequal, outer the longer, reaching a little beyond 
 base of middle claw, its basal joint adherent to middle ; inner 
 lateral toe nearly free to the base ; claws all much curved. 
 Wings not longer than tail, rounded, of ten primaries, the 1st 
 spurious, though more than half as long as the 2d, which 
 about equals the length of the secondaries; point of wing 
 formed by the 4th, 5tb, and 6th quills. Tail long and fan- 
 shaped, not emarginate, of broad plane feathers widening to 
 their obtuse ends. Head with a long, thin, occipital crest. 
 Sexes dissimilar : $ glossy black, with large white wing-patch; 
 9 dull-colored, young not spotted or streaked. 
 
 A notable genus, established upon the Ptilogonya nitens of 
 Swainson, our only representative of a group which includes 
 true Ptilogonya, though having nothing to do with the species 
 of Myiadestea, which have often been called " Ptilogonys ". 
 
SYNONYMY AND CHAEACTEES OF P. NITENS 475 
 
 Crei^ted Shining-black 'White-vringed 
 Flysnapper 
 
 Pbsenopepla nitens 
 
 Ftilogonyg nitens, Sw. " Anim. in Menag. in Lardner's Cab. Cyclop. Birds, pt. iii. 1838, 
 285 " (orlg. deser. ; some say 1837). — Bp. CA. i. 1850, 335 (synon. and diagn.). — Heerm. 
 Jonrn. Phila. Acad. ii. 1853, 262 (California j note of Iiablts).— (7as«. Illust. 1854, 169, 
 pi. 29 (general History). — Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1835, 308 (New Mexico).— ffiwroi. 
 PRRE. X. 1859, 33 (California). 
 
 Cicblopsis nitens, Bd. BNA. 1853, 320 (synonymy and description). 
 
 Pbaioopepla nitens, Scl. PZS. 1858, 543 (typeof genus).— Bd. BNA. 1858, 923 (description).- 
 Bd. U. S. Mex. B. Surv. ii. pt. ii. 1859, Birds, 11 (Arizona, etc.).— Jenm. PEEK. x. 1859, 
 
 25 (New Mexico or Arizona) Bd. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 303 (Cape St. Lucas).— 
 
 Xanl. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 191 (California).— ffenrj/, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 106 (New 
 Mexico).— Bd. Ives's Eep. Colo. E. 1861, pt. v. S.—Sd. Cat. AB. 1862, 47 (synonymy).— 
 Sel. PZS. 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).— Cress. Ibis, 1865, 480 (Eagle Pass, Texas).— 
 Coop. Am. Nat iiL 1869, 34, 185 (Cajon Pass, Cal.).— (7oop. B. Cal. i. 1670, 131 (general 
 account). — Yarrow, Eep. Orn, Specs. 1874, 34 (Nevada, Bischoff). 
 
 Flisenopepla nitens, Ooues, Ibis, 1365, 163 (Arizona),- Ooties, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 71 
 (Arizona).- OoMes, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 83 (Arizona).— BiJ. Rev. AB. 1866,416, flg. 
 (critical).— CoMes, Key, 1872, 116 (description).- CoMes, BNW. 1874, 95 (note on the 
 eong). — Ooues, Am. Nat. viiL 1874, 542 (correction of Brewer's error— see infrd). — 
 Coop. Am. Nat. viiL 1874, 17 (Cuyamaoa Mountains).- B. B. d B. NAB. i. 1874, 405, 
 figs. pi. 18, f. 3, 4 (general history) ; iiL 1874, 507 (nest and eggs).— flenjA. Eep. Om. 
 Specs. 1874, 106 (Arizona) —Sensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 157 (same).- fle«sA. Zool. ExpL 
 W. 100 Merid. 1375, 289 (habits).— iJicJaw. Eep. Surv. 40th Par. 1877, 447 (Nevada; 
 habits). 
 
 Hfpotbymls nitens, "Lafr." 
 
 Lepturns galeatus. Less. "Compl. Buffon, 1338, — ; Eev. Zool. 1849, 4 ". 
 
 "Mfiadestes townsenfll". Brew. Pr. Best. Boo. xvi.1873 (pub. 1874), 109 (error; nest and 
 eggs of PhtBTWpepla nitens described as those of M. townsendi). 
 
 Black Ply-catcher, Black Ptllogonys, Shining-crested Flycatcher, Shining Ptlloganys, 
 Aliq. locis passim suprjb citatis. 
 
 Hab.— Mexico ; Lower California ; southern portions of the Middle and 
 Western Provinces of the United States (Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, 
 Southern California, Southern Nevada, and probably portions of Utah and 
 Colorado). 
 
 Ch. sp. — Gristata. ^ Chalybeo-atra, remigibus spatio magno 
 albo, 9 griseofusca, infra dilutior speculo alari obsolete, alls 
 cauddque nigricantibus, albido Umbatis. 
 
 $ , adult : Entirely rich lustrous black, with steel-blue or greenish reflec- 
 tions. Primaries with a large white space on the inner webs. Bill and feet 
 black. Length about 7i inches; "extent. Hi"; wing, 3i-34; tail, 3i-4i; 
 bill, 1-4 ; tarsus, f-4 ; middle toe and claw, J-f. 
 
 9 , adult : Crested, like the mule. Entirely brownish-gray, paler beneath, 
 the wings and tail blackish, the white on the inner webs of the primaries 
 much reduced or extinguished, and in its stead much whitish edging of the 
 quills and coverts, tail-feathers, and crissum. 
 
 Young, $ : Like the 9 ; and during the progress to maturity every grada- 
 tion between the characters of the two sexes is observed. Sometimes nearly 
 all the feathers are skirted with white. 
 
476 MY A.CQUAINTANCE WITH THE BIED 
 
 WHILE roaming about in Arizona, sometimes hunting for 
 birds and sometimes for Indians, I used at intervals 
 to see a bird that I did not then know, and that I came to 
 regard at last as great " medicine", so persistently did it elude 
 me — now I could not get a shot at the shy thing — now a fair shot 
 offered, but we had orders not to shoot for fear of discovery. 
 It was a beautiful jet black creature, showing a pair of white 
 disks, one on each side, when it flew ; generally seen amidst 
 dense chaparral, dashing about with a nervous yet lightsome 
 flight, reminding one of the action of a Mockingbird; now for 
 a moment balancing with expanding wings and tail on some 
 prominent spray, then darting into the air to secure a passing 
 insect, or hurrying out of sight iu the safe recesses of the covert. 
 A rather harsh and querulous note, which I learned to asso- 
 ciate with this wild and restless bird, was sometimes heard ; 
 and once I listened to a superb piece of music which I am per- 
 fectly sure came from this mysterious stranger. It was growing 
 dusk : the scene, the camp of a scouting-party returning from 
 unsuccessful pursuit of some Indians, who had raided and 
 run off our beef, and men busy gathering for burial the charred 
 and dismembered body of a comrade, who had been killed and 
 burned a few days before on that very spot, where the wolves 
 had afterward fought for the remains. The bird of omen, for 
 good or bad, appeared in sombre cerements, and sang such a 
 requiem as touched every heart; the camp grew more quiet than 
 usual, and we went to bed early. 
 
 This was the last time I ever saw or heard this remarkable 
 bird, which was a rather uncommon summer resident in the 
 immediate vicinity of Fort Whipple, though abundant a little 
 lower down and farther south. I noticed its preference tor 
 rather open country, and observed some of its traits, as just 
 said, but learned little to the point respecting its habits. It 
 was originally described from Mexico by the noted quinarian, 
 William Swainson, whose whimsical theories of classification 
 should not blind us to the value of his actual contributions 
 to ornithology — whose visions, indeed, have represented many 
 curious analogies that birds afford ; and appears to have been 
 first added to the fauna of the United States by Ool. George A. 
 McCall, while travelling from Vallecita to El Ohino in Cali- 
 fornia. In the course of a mountain brook, whose clear waters 
 were shaded at intervals with gnarled aud scrubby oaks, this dis- 
 tinguished officer observed a dozen of the dark-hued birds pitch- 
 
m'call's and others' notes on the bird 477 
 
 ing about the topmost branches in active pursuit of their insect 
 prey — light and graceful on the wing, though less swift and 
 decided in their motions than true Flycatchers, rising high in 
 the air, then gliding swiftly back to their perches, while the 
 bright white wing-spot gleamed in the sunshine in contrast 
 with the black body-color. On his closer approach, these slen- 
 der-bodied birds became alarmed, ceased their aerial evolutions, 
 and winged their way to the hillside, to resume their sport 
 among the scrawny bushes that struggled for foot-hold with 
 the deeply-rooted rocks. But he followed the wayward fugi- 
 tives, now thoroughly on the qui vive, and at length, after dis- 
 mounting and clambering over the rocks, secured his trophies. 
 
 This was in 1852. The year previous, however, Dr. A. L. 
 Heermann* had secured both adult and young bird on the 
 Cosnmnes River in California, and he subsequently found the 
 species again in the Colorado Desert, near the Little Lagoon, 
 where an individual " was perched on a Mesquite tree, jerking 
 its tail almost incessantly, as do various other species of Fly- 
 catchers, and dashing occasionally in irregular curves and 
 angles high into the air in pursuit of insects". On nearing the 
 Colorado Eiver, the same gentleman saw gatherings of twenty 
 or thirty of these birds, many of which would be on the wing at 
 once, making a pretty spectacle. 
 
 I derive these items, much abridged, from Mr. Cassin's beau- 
 tiful book, which made the bird well known tq American orni- 
 thologists by the faithful colored portraits of both sexes it 
 contains, and these excellent fragments of biography. The 
 curious creature, for which we have no very apt English name, 
 is evidently a well-marked character, so similarly are different 
 observers impressed at first sight. See what a later writer, Mr. 
 Eidgway, says, and how he reproduces a picture that we now 
 recognize at a glance : — 
 
 " On several occasions we heard, among the cedar and pinon 
 woods of the desert ranges in Western Nevada, a note so similar 
 to the prolonged, querulous, rattling call of Nuttall's Wood- 
 pecker {Picus nuttalU), that we entered the fact among our 
 notes as evidence of the occurrence of that species eastward of 
 the Sierra. We could never see the author of these notes, how- 
 ever, until, on the 27th of June, 1868, when exploring the Soda 
 Lakes of the Carson Desert, we heard near by, in a ravine of 
 
 *The substance of Dr. Heermann's account is inserted by Dr. Brewer in his 
 " History '', but wrongly accredited to Dr. T. C. Henry. 
 
478 ITS GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 
 
 that remarkable locality, the same familiar call and immedi- 
 ately started in search of the bird which produced it. It was 
 soon discovered, perched on the summit of a large grease- wood 
 bush, but at our approach immediately took wing, and, notwith- 
 standing every artifice and caution on our part, kept out of 
 gunshot range, although enticing us on by frequent halts, dur- 
 ing which it perched on the topmost branch of the most promi- 
 nent bushes. At each flight the peculiar rattling call referred to 
 was uttered, so that the bird so long sought was at last before 
 us. We were greatly surprised, however, to find that it was 
 not the species we had supposed, but one we had never seen 
 before." 
 
 This region, in Western Nevada, may be about the northern 
 limit of dispersion of this geographically restricted species, the 
 true home of the romantic nitens being in the warmer parts 
 of the Colorado Valley. It was secured by Mr. Ferdinand 
 Bischoff in Southern Nevada. We have accounts of its pres- 
 ence in various parts of California, and my knowledge of these 
 faunal areas leads me to infer the presence of the bird in 
 corresponding latitudes in Utah and Colorado, where advices 
 are still lacking. The species is undoubtedly migratory from 
 the northerly and more elevated localities, where it resides in 
 summer, as it certainly is from such a southern, though still 
 elevated, spot as Fort Whipple. Yet, as I ventured to say in 
 1866, it is doubtless a permanent resident in the southern por- 
 tions of Arizona, and is consequently found over the Mexican 
 border in winter. Dr. Heermann had already seen it at Fort 
 Tuma late in November, and Kennerly in February and March 
 at various points along his westward journey to the Great 
 Colorado ; and Henshaw latterly, in 1874, found it in Arizona 
 under circumstances warranting the belief that it is resident 
 over a considerable area in this Territory. For New Mexico, we 
 have the observations of Dr. T. C. Henry, as well as Dr. Ken- 
 nerly's. For California, Dr. Cooper's memoranda form an inter- 
 esting supplement to Heermann's original etitries. According 
 to these, the shining birds are numerous on the Colorado, 
 especially in winter, and are to be found along the Mojave 
 Eiver in December. Many leave the immediate valley of the 
 river in April, in which month the late Captain Feilner found 
 the bird at Fort Crook, California. Dr. Cooper, like the rest, 
 attests the wildness of the bird, its trick of jutting the tail and 
 erecting the crest, like a Flycatcher, the pains a wounded one 
 
THE NATURE OF ITS FOOD 479 
 
 takes to conceal itself, and adds some other particulars, to 
 which I shall presently refer again. 1 remark here, however, 
 that he alone, besides myself, credits the bird with musical 
 ability, speaking of its " sweet notes", as indicating its Oscine 
 rather than Clamatorial affinities. How does it happen, by the 
 way, that so many persons who speak of this illusive bird have 
 nothing to say of its song? 
 
 Having seen this much of a remarkable bird, let us com- 
 plete its natural history. We have yet to learn of two impor- 
 tant matters — what the pretty creature lives upon and how it 
 nests. Thus far, we have only seen it in the rSle of an expert 
 and successful insect-hunter; but, though insects form much 
 of its food, it seems that berries form still more. We might 
 expfect, if its assigned relationships be the true ones, to dis 
 cover a berry -eater in this relative of asthmatic Ampelis. I do 
 not know whom to credit with the discovery, but we have 
 known for years that nitens is fond of various berries, like a 
 Cedar-bird for instance, especially the fruit of the mistletoe, 
 which grows in abundance in the regions where the birds live. 
 Thus Dr. Cooper says : — " They prefer the vicinity of the trees 
 on which the mistletoe grows, as its berries form much of their 
 food during the whole year, . . ," So also Henshaw, no less 
 explicitly, and with more detail: — "Large numbers of this 
 species were found, on several occasions, in the canon back of 
 Camp Apache, Ariz. As they were noticed nowhere else in 
 this vicinity, I judged that the abundance of mistletoe ber- 
 ries here served as an attraction. These they were greedily 
 feeding upon. ... At Camp Bowie, Ariz., large numbers 
 were found gathered together in the canon, attracted thither 
 by the abundance of the berries of the Pruntis demissa and 
 Yitis incisa. Of these, the birds seemed very fond, and they 
 appeared to constitute their sole food ; though the period during 
 which their feast lasts must be necessarily short, as each bush 
 was fairly beset by scores of these birds, who seemed to have 
 entered into a rivalry with the Mockingbirds to see which 
 could bear away most of the ripe juicy fruit." Specimens pro- 
 cured by Mr. H. E. Dresser at Eagle Pass, Texas, had the 
 stomach filled with the berries of a species of mistletoe that 
 grows abundantly on the mezquites ; and Captain Bendire wit- 
 nesses that these birds " are always found about the mistletoe, 
 on the berries of which they feed almost exclusively "—a rather 
 strong statement indeed, but no doubt substantially correct. 
 
480 NEST AND EGGS OP MTIADESTES TOWNSENDI 
 
 The nidiflcation of nitem has occasioned much uncertainty 
 and confusion ; thus, Dr. Brewer has described the nest and eggs 
 as those of Myiadestes townsendL* The earliest allusion to the 
 nest of Phcmopepla I have seen is that made by Cooper, who 
 states that he found a nest near Fort Mojaveon the 25th of April, 
 
 * When I prepared my account of this bird for eailier pages of the 
 preseit work, 12 sheets of which, up to p. 192, were printed in 1876, 
 the eggs were still unknown. The requisite information has since been 
 furnished by Mr. Wilbur F. Lamb, of Holyoke, Mass., whose interesting 
 narrative I will here transcribe entire from the Bulletin of the Nuttall 
 Ornithological Club, vol. ii. no. 3, July, 1877, p. 77. 
 
 " Nest and Eggs of TowNSBNiys Flycatcher. — In July, 1876, while 
 rambling with my brother over the mountains of Summit County, Colorado, 
 it was my good fortune to find, at an altitude of about ten thousand feet, the 
 nest of Townsend's Flycatcher {Myiadestes townsendi), and as no description of 
 its eggs has yet appeared, perhaps the following may not be uninteresting : 
 The nest was very loosely, and, externally, shabbily built of long dry grasses, 
 straggling two feet or more below it. It was placed on the upper bank of a 
 miner's ditch (running from the Bear River, above Breokenridge, to the Gold 
 Run and Buffalo Flat diggings), and was partly concealed by overhanging 
 roots ; yet it was rendered so conspicuous by the loose swaying material of 
 which it was composed, as well as by that which had become attached to 
 the overhanging roots during its construction, as to attract the eye of an 
 experienced collector when yet some rods away. On nearing the nest the 
 bird immediately took flight, and alighted on the topmost branch of the 
 nearest pine. Resting uneasily here for half a minute, it then, in short, uncer- 
 tain flights, worked its way down the mountain side and out of sight. With- 
 drawing to a convenient cover, we had only to wait a few moments for the 
 bird to return, perch herself on a branch a few feet from the nest, peer 
 anxiously into it, and then quickly resume her task of incubation. Moving 
 cautiously along the bank above the ditch, we tried to capture the bird by 
 placing a hat over the nest, but, miscalculating its location by a few inches, 
 the bird eluded the stroke and made good her escape, as she did also on our 
 second attempt to capture her. Again retreating to cover, we waited for 
 half an hour for the bird to return, when suddenly we espied it flying from 
 branch to branch, displaying by its restless motions more anxiety and sus- 
 picion than before, yet constantly working nearer its home, which it soon 
 reached and settled quietly again to business. After the last unsuccessful 
 attempt to catch the bird, a stick was placed on the bank directly over the 
 nest, to mark its exact locality, and this time moving with less haste and 
 more caution, we gained the desired position, lay down on the bank, and 
 taking a hat in each hand quickly covered the opening and secnred the 
 unfortunate bird, and also the opportunity of giving to ornithologists an 
 authentic account of the number, size, and coloration of the eggs. The nest 
 contained four eggs, very closely resembling those of the Shrikes. The 
 ground color is dull white or bluish, thickly blotched or freckled with red- 
 dish-brown. The measurements of the three specimens preserved are 1.01 by 
 .66, .94 by .68, and .88 by .66. Incubation had been going on for about ten 
 days, and unfortunately one egg was destroyed in cleaning." 
 
NEST AND EGGS OF PH^NOPEPLA NITENS 481 
 
 which was built on a raczquite branch twelve feet from the 
 ground. He gives no further particulars. Dr. Brewer describes 
 this find in detail, and gives an account of the two eggs it con- 
 tained in the first volume of the " History of !N"orth American 
 Birds", page 407. About the time that this notice appeared, 
 Dr. Brewer described in the Boston Natural History Society's 
 Proceedings, a nest and contents received from Captain Ben- 
 dirc, but unluckily called its owner "Myiadestes townsendi", 
 instead of Phcenopepla nitens. As we now know the nest and 
 eggs of Myiadestes, there is no question about the blunder. 
 Recurring to the subject for the third time, in the Appendix 
 (vol. iii, p. 507) of the " History", Dr. Brewer redescribed Ben- 
 dire's material, though in somewhat discrepant terms. 
 
 Passing by the notice of Dr. Cooper's nest as not free from 
 suspicion, though most probably authentic, I present the other 
 two, both based upon theBendire material. Says Dr. Brewer: — 
 
 " The nest was found May 12th, 1872, built in a low tree. It 
 was a shallow, nearly flat structure, and contained two eggs. 
 These eggs are of very peculiar and well-marked characteristics, 
 resembling no other egg that I can now call to mind. They are 
 of an oblong oval shape, tapering slightly towards one end, and 
 measure, one .90 of an inch in length by .62 in breadth, the 
 other .90 by .70 of an inch. Their ground color is a dull white, 
 slightly tinged with green, and strongly marked over the entire 
 egg with small, but distinct spots of a dark purplish brown, so 
 dark as to be only distinguishable from black in a strong light. 
 Interspersed with these markings are other fine dottings, less 
 distinct and of a lighter shade, and of a dark slate color, with 
 a slight reflection of lilac. The nest and eggs closely correspond 
 with a nest and contents, taken by Dr. Cooper." — (From Proc. 
 Bost. Soc. xvi. 109.) 
 
 " The nest is saddled on a horizontal branch, generally of a 
 mezquite-tree. It is a shallow structure, about 4 inches across; 
 its diameter is 2J inches, depth ^ an iuch. It is composed of 
 fine sticks, fibres of plants, and lined with a little Cottonwood 
 down and a stray feather. The first nest was found May 16. 
 This was principally lined with the shells of empty cocoons. 
 The number of eggs was two. Though he [Captain Bendire] 
 found more than a dozen nests with eggs and young, he never 
 found more than two in a nest. Their ground color varies from 
 a greenish-white to a lavender and a grayish-white, spotted 
 31 B c 
 
482 NEST AND EGGS OF PH^NOPEPLA NITENS 
 
 all over with different shades of brown. The spots are all small, 
 and most abundant about the larger end, and vary greatly in 
 their distributions. In size they [i. e. the eggs, not the spots] 
 range from .97 of an inch to .84 in length, and in breadth from 
 .66 to .60."— (From Hist. NAB. iii. 507.) 
 
 Fig. 51 his.SetopJiaga picta. 
 (Omitted from p. 335, g. v.) 
 
OHAPTEE XVL— GEEENLETS 
 
 Fam. VIREONID^ 
 
 Chae. — Small dentirostral Oscines, related to the Shrikes, 
 with ten primaries and extensively coherent digits. Bill shorter 
 than head, moderately or very stout, compressed, distinctly 
 notched and hooked at tip. Rictus with conspicuous bristles. 
 Nostrils exposed, overhung with a scale ; the short, bristly and 
 erect frontal feathers reaching to the nasal fossae. Wing of 
 variable shape, of ten primaries, the Ist short and spurious, 
 one-half or less the length of the 2d, in one small group rudi- 
 mentary, displaced, and apparently wanting. Tail rathershoit, 
 nearly even, of narrow feathers. Tarsi Osciue, the lateral 
 laminae being entire except at base below, the anterior aspect 
 scutellate; not shorter than the middle toe and claw. Toes 
 soldered at base for the whole length of the basal phalanx of 
 the middle digit, which is united with the basal joint of the 
 inner digit and basal and next joint of the outer one ; these 
 coherent phalanges very short. Size small ; coloration simple, 
 oftenest greenish ; young not spotted or streaked. 
 
 "In the adhesion of the toes at their bases there is some 
 resemblance to the Troglodytidce, but their structure is different. 
 In the latter family the joints are lengthened, the basal of the 
 middle, about as long as the 1st and, 2d of the outer, and equal 
 to or a little longer than the basal inner. In Vireonidm the 
 basal joints are abbreviated ; the basal of the middle about 
 equal to one and a half joints of the outer, and not quite as 
 long as the basal inner. This difference is, perhaps, related to 
 the more or less terrestrial habitat of the one, and the strictly 
 arboreal of the other. In Vireonidm, too, there is a greater 
 tendency to having three rows of scales on the upper part of 
 the palm, on the three toes respectively, instead of having 
 the outer two rows united more into a single series." — {Baird.) 
 
 The members of this group, for the most part, used to form 
 a portion of the extensive family of the Shrikes {Laniidw), 
 chiefly on account of the stout booked and notched bill ; but 
 
 483 
 
484 THE FAMILY VIREONID^ 
 
 they may, I think, be properly dissociated, and form a family 
 by themselves. Some of the less typical extralimital forms 
 have occasionally been referred to the Tanagridm, with which 
 nine-primaried Oscines, however, no 
 relationship is obvious. The genus 
 Icteria is still associated by some lead- 
 ing ornithologists with the Vireonines, 
 but this form seems decidedly Tana- 
 groid or Sylvicoline. As here consti- 
 tuted, the Vireonidce are a family 
 FiB.ii.-AViveoiV.gUvus). peculiar to America, comprising six 
 or seven genera and some seventy alleged species, an unusual 
 proportion of which appear to be well established. Vireo, in its 
 broad sense, is the typical and principal genus, the only one 
 found in North America, and characteristic of that country, 
 though many other species occur in Middle and South America. 
 The leading extralitnital genera are Mylophilus, Gydarhis, and 
 Vireolanius, each of a number of species of Mexico and Central 
 and South America. Neocliloe brevipennis is a special Mex- 
 ican form. Laletes osburni is peculiar to Jamaica, being the 
 only exclusively West Indian genus, though several species of 
 Yireo are confined to the Antilles. To complete the list, 1 
 should mention the lately described Fhcenicomanes iora, of the 
 West Indies,* considered by Sharpe and Sclater as related to 
 Phoenicophilus. The notable genus Bulnsf is by some placed 
 in Vireonidce, by others referred to Ampelidw. 
 
 I continue as heretofore to reler all the North American 
 species to the single genus Vireo, for reasons given under the 
 following head. 
 
 Genus VIBEO Vieillot 
 
 Mnscicapa, p., of earlier authors. 
 
 Vireo, VieiU. Ois. Am. Sept. i. 1807, 83, (Type Mmdcapa noveboracenHs Gm.) — Bd. Eev. 
 
 AB. 1866, 350 (monographic). 
 VlreosylTa, Bp. Comp. & Geog. List, 1838, 26 (evidently intended for Tireoeylvia). (Type 
 
 Mugcicapa olivacea L.) — Bd. Eev. AB. 1866, 3-26 (monographic). 
 
 * 1874. Shakpe, E. B. On a new Genus and Species of Bird from the West 
 Indies. < P. Z. S. xlii. 1874, pp. 427, 428, vroodco. pi. liv. 
 
 Phosnieomanes iora. Considered related to Phcenicophilus, and referred with 
 the latter to Vireonidce rather than T(magrid<e. 
 
 1 1851. Lafbesnaye, F. de. Snr I'oisean nomrn^ par. Brisson Taugara de 
 Saint-Domingue, Tanagra Dominicensis, Tanagra Dominica, par 
 Linn6, figur(5 par Buffon, pi, enl. 156, f. 2, et dont Vieillot a fait son 
 genre Esclave (Dulus), sons le nom de Dulus palmarum. <[ Eev. et 
 Mag. de Zool. iii. 1851, pp. 583-590. 
 
THE GENUS VIEEO 485 
 
 Phyllomanes, Cab. Arch. f. Katnrg. 1847, Bd. i. 321 ; Mas. Hein. 18S0, 63 (substituted for 
 
 Yireosylma). 
 LanlTlreo, Bd. BNA, 1858, 329. (Type Yireo flavifrons V.) 
 Tlreonella, Bd,. Ear. AB. 1866, 326. (Type Tireo gundlachi Lemb.) 
 
 Bill like that of a Shrike in miniature, moderately or very 
 stout, shorter than the head, compressed at least toward the 
 end, distinctly hooked and notched at the tip, sometimes with 
 trace of a tooth behind the notch of the upper mandible, and 
 usually a nick in the under mandible too. Eictal bristles con- 
 spicuous, and others present among the frontal and mental 
 feathers. Nasal fossae nearly filled with short erect feathers. 
 Toes extensively coherent at base, as explained under head of 
 the family ; lateral toes of unequal lengths ; claws stout, nar- 
 rowly compressed, much curved and acute. Wings at least as 
 long as the tail, more or less rounded ; sometimes much longer 
 and quite pointed ; of ten primaries, the 1st usually evident, 
 though short and spurious, but sometimes (in the section Vireo- 
 sylvia and in Vireo flavifrons) rudimentary and more or less 
 completely concealed (exceptionally obvious even in these spe- 
 cies). Tail short, even, of narrow feathers. Size small j length 
 usually five or six inches. Coloration simple; above oliva- 
 ceous or grayish, the crown like the back, or ashy (in one case 
 brown, in another black), the under parts white, or white aud 
 yellow, or partly olivaceous. Sexes alike indistinguishable; 
 young similar, not spotted or streaked. Migratory in North 
 America. Insectivorous, arboricole. Nest pendulous; eggs 
 white, spotted. 
 
 The Vireos were long supposed to be in the curious case, that 
 some species possessed ten primaries, and others only nine — 
 certainly a remarkable circumstance, considering how constant 
 the number of primaries is among Oscines, and how distinctive 
 of great groups this character is. 
 
 Baird first showed that all the supposed nineprimaried species 
 have really the full number, ten ; the first being reduced to 
 the extreme of the spurious state, in which it is usually entirely 
 hidden from view, and even displaced to the outer side of the 
 next quill, on the base of which it rests like a duplicate of one of 
 the tiny coverts of the point of the pinion. Such is normally 
 the case in Vireo flavifrons, in Y. philadelphicus, and in all the 
 species of the F. olivaceus group ( Vireosylvia). We have lately, 
 however, discovered that even V. olivaceus may possess an 
 obvious spurious primary, fully exposed in the normal position. 
 Thus, in a specimen before me as I write, kindly submitted to 
 
486 THE NUMBER OF PRIMARIES IN OSCINES 
 
 my inspection by Mr. J. A. Allen, the spurious primary is con- 
 spicuously displayed, exposed for a. third of an inch.* 
 
 * Believing this to be an important matter deserving of farther investiga- 
 tion, I was not long since led to examine the general qnestion, with satisfac- 
 tory results. I verified Professor Baird's observations in many more cases, 
 extending them to include all our North American families excepting per- 
 haps Laniidw (in Lanius) and Ampelidce (in Ampelis). The clue to the 
 search for the apparently wanting primary was given by Baird (Review, pp. 
 160, 325), from which it appears that in all those Vireos which seem to have 
 only nine primaries, two little feathers, distinct in size and ehape and some- 
 what so in position, are found at the buse of the supposed first primary ; 
 while in Vireos, with obviously ten primaries, there is only one such little 
 feather. With the possible exception of Ampelis and Lanius, in which I 
 did not make out the state of the parts satisfactorily, I find that in all of 
 the numerous North American genera examined, those of ten primaries show 
 but one of these little feathers, while the rest have two. In the family A lau- 
 didw, as in Vireonidcs, some genera have ten primaries, others apparently 
 only nine ; and in our genus EremopMla, in which only nine are developed, 
 there are two of the little feathers just mentioned, the overlying one being 
 exactly like one of the primary coverts, the other, though not very similar, 
 more resembling an abortive primary. Alauda arvensis, which shows a 
 minute but obvious spurious quill, has but one such little feather; and in 
 Galerita cristata, with a spurious quill about two-thirds of an inch long, there 
 is likewise but one. In Clamatorial Passeres, perhaps without exception, 
 there are ten fully developed primaries, the first of which may equal or 
 exceed the next in length ; and in the single North American Clamatorial 
 family, Tyrannidce, I find, as before, only one of these little featners. In a 
 Woodpecker, remarkable among Pioarian birds for possessing only nine long 
 primaries, the first being short or spurious, there is also but one. 
 
 It thns seems to be established that among supposed nine-primaried birds, 
 the additional one, making ten in all, is normally represented by the second 
 one of these tiny quills which overlie the base of the outermost f uUy devel- 
 oped feather ; it being this same little quill which in ten-primaried Oscines, 
 iu Clamaiores, and probably other birds, comes to the front and constitutes 
 the first regular primary, either remaining quite short, when it is the so-called 
 "spurious" primary, or lengthening to equal or exceed the other primaries 
 in extent. 
 
 It becomes an interesting question whether both of these minute quills be 
 not rudimentary primaries, as one of them certainly is. I have failed to 
 detect any material difference between the two in size, shape, or position. 
 One overlies the other, indeed, as a covert should a primary, but the two are 
 together inserted side by side on the upper side of the first fully developed 
 quill ; both are rigid and acuminate, more like primaries than like coverts, 
 and both are abruptly shorter than the true primary coverts. So far, all 
 the evidence favors the supposition that both are rudiment ary primaries. 
 On the other hand, coloration is against such hypothesis, as in the original 
 case of Vireo flavifrons, in which Baird determined the underlying one of 
 these two little feathers to be the missing primary, mainly because it was 
 colored like the primaries, the overlying one resembling the coverts in colora- 
 
HISTORY OF THE GENUS VIEEO 487 
 
 The bistory of the genus began in 1807, when Yieillot estab- 
 lished Vireo upon species which had been referred by earlier 
 authors to Musoicapa — as MM. novtboracensis and oUvacea — and 
 described the new species " Muscicapa" gilva, "M." altiloq^ua, 
 and Vireo flavifrons, besides renaming the two earlier species, 
 which he called respectively Vireo " virescens " and Vireo 
 " musicus ". It is curious that, in establishing the genus Vireo, 
 he should thus have, nevertheless, described two Vireos as 
 " Muscicapa". In 1810, Wilson named " Muscicapa" solitaria, 
 "melodia", "sylvicola", and " cantatrix"; the first of these 
 holds, but the other three are respectively the same as gilvus Y., 
 flavifrons V., and noveboracensis Gm, ; the name cantatrix is 
 derived from Bartram, 1791. An extralimital species was 
 named hartramii by Swainaon in 1831, under the wrong im- 
 pression that it was North American ; the name gave trouble, 
 and was not eradicated from our lists until 1866. In 1838, Bona- 
 parte first proposed to divide tbe genus into Vireosylva and 
 Vireo, basing the former name on the long-billed, long-winged 
 V. olivaceus, with apparently only nine primaries. Vireosylva, 
 by which Bonaparte doubtless meant to say Vireosylvia (as Gr. 
 E. Gray wrote in 1848), was changed by Cabanis in 1847 into 
 Phyllomanes, for no obvious reason. Audubon added one 
 species, V. belli, in 1844. In 1848, William Gambel added a 
 species (the subsequent barbatulus) to our fauna under the 
 name of altiloquus. Cassin gave a monographic sketch of the 
 genus in 1851,* adding three new species, V. huttoni, V. phila- 
 
 tion. But the color test is often inapplicable, coverts and primaries being 
 usually like each other in this respect, and color sometimes points the other 
 way. Thus, in Sitta carolinenaia, a ten-primaried Oscine with spurious first 
 primary, the single remaining little feather is white at base across both webs, 
 like the primaries, the true primary coverts being white only on the inner 
 web. 
 
 The subject is further discussed in my paper, from which this note is 
 extracted, " On the Number of Primaries in Oscines ", <l}uJ?. Nutt. Ornith. 
 Club, i. no. 3, Sept. 1876, pp. 60-63. See also the following :— 
 
 1878.— Batohelder, C. F. Spurious Primaries in the Eed-eyed Vireo [Vireo 
 olivaceus]. <^£ull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii. no. 2, Apr. 1878, pp. 97, 98. 
 The -wiiter has apparently meivsnred the quill from the carpal joint, giving 
 dimensions much above those of the exposed portion of the feather. 
 
 *1851. Cassin, J. Sketch of the Birds composing the genera Vireo, Vieillot, 
 and Viieosylvia, Bonaparte, with a List of the previously known 
 and descriptions of three new species. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 
 V. 1851, FP. 149-154, nil. X, xi. 
 
 Vireo, 5 spp. ; Y. huttoni, p. 150, pi. i. f. 1, sp. n. Vireosylvia, 6 spp. ; V. flavo- 
 viridis, p. 152, pi. xi. ; V. philadelphica, p. 153, pi. i. f. 2, spp. na. 
 
488 HISTOEY OF THE GENUS VIREQ 
 
 delphica, and V. flavoviridis, the second of these being after- 
 ward made the subject of several special papers.* The following 
 year, Dr. 8. W, Woodhouse described the remarkable V. atri- 
 capillus, and Oabanis shortly afterward (1855) separated the 
 Ploridan barbatulus by name from the Antillean species, with 
 which it had before been confounded. John Xantus dedicated 
 a new species to Cassin in 1858 ; and in that year Baird gave 
 a new recension of the genus, which he divided into Vireo- 
 Sylvia, Vireo, and Lanivireo, basing the last name on V.flavi- 
 frons; he also described the Western form of gilvus under the 
 varietal name swainsoni. A notable incident in the career of 
 Vireo was the appearance of one of its species in England, as 
 recorded in 1864.t In 1866, 1 increased the number of known 
 species by three, discovered in Arizona— flumbeus, vicinior, 
 and pusillus; and the same year appeard that portion of Baird's 
 " Eeview " treating of the Vireonidce — for Sclater had raised 
 Vireo and its allied genera to the rank of a family in 1862. In 
 this notable monograph, by far the most elaborate and satis- 
 factory we possess, Baird rearranged the subdivisions of Vireo, 
 and added a fourth subgenus, Vireonella, based upon the Cuban 
 V.gundlacM. He added no Worth American species, but 
 described several new extralimital ones, which, with others 
 already and since described, form the complement of the genus 
 Vireo as now known to us. 
 
 But the various attempts which have been made to sub- 
 divide the genus have met with only a succ^s d^estime — in 
 fact, the species of Vireo seem scarcely susceptible of grouping 
 in subgenera without some violence, especially since we have 
 
 * 1857. Brewjsr, T. M. [Oq the characters, habits and distribution of Viieo- 
 sylvia philadelphica of Cassin.] < Proe. Boston Soo. Nat. Hist, i . 
 1857, pp. 108-111. 
 InclndiDg a letter from Th. Kumlein, of WiscoDsin. 
 
 1876. Deaot:, R. The Philadelphia Vireo [V. philadelphicus] in New Eng- 
 
 land. < Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, i. no. 3, Sept. 1876, p. 74. 
 Summary of ita recorded occurrencos there. 
 
 1877. Fox, W. H. Capture of the Philadelphia Vireo [V. philadelphicus] 
 
 in New Hampshire. <^Bull. Nutt, Ornith. Club, ii. no. 3, July, 1877, 
 p. 78. 
 
 1 1864. Brown, E. Occurrence of the Eedeyed Flycatcher [Vireo olivaceus] 
 in England. < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, pp. 8965-8967. 
 Extracted ftom " Natural History of Tntbury ", p. 385. 
 
 1864. Hadfield, H. Notes on th^ Eedeyed Flycatcher [Vireo olivaceus]. 
 < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, pp. 9020, 9021. 
 
VIREONINE TRAITS 489 
 
 learned that all are really 10-primaried. The most obvious 
 distinctioa is that which Bonaparte originally acted on in pro- 
 posing to range under " Vireosylva " such specimens as oKva- 
 ceus} but the arbitrary discrimination between those with an 
 obvious spurious quill, and those in which the Ist primary is 
 rudimentary, separates such intimately related species as gilvus 
 and philadel^hicus, while it unites others as distinct as flavifrons 
 is from olivaceus in most respects. I am led to return all the 
 Vireos under the original head, in view of the fact that almost 
 every single species has its own particular details of form as 
 well as of color. The specific characters in this group are for 
 the most part very constant and tangible, though requiring in 
 many cases nice discrimination, so curiously interrelated are 
 these birds. 
 
 They are an interesting and agreeable tribe of little birds, 
 simply-colored, in harmony with the foliage amidst which they 
 live, and numerous enough, both in species and in individuals, 
 to form a marked feature of our sylvan Ornis. Most of the 
 Greenlets, including all the larger species, as the Eed-eyed, the 
 Blue-headed, the Yellow-throated, and the Warbling Yireos, in- 
 habit high open woods, and the shade- trees of our parks, lawns, 
 and public streets; while the smaller ones, like the White-eye 
 of the East, and Bell's, and the Least Greenlet, live down in 
 the shrubbery with the Chats, Thrashers, and Oat-birds. Be- 
 ing mainly insectivorous, though they also feed on berries, they 
 are migratory in our country, and appear with all the periodicity 
 of the Warblers themselves; different Vireos nestle anywhere 
 in the United States, and some of them are among our most 
 numerous and conspicuous summer visitors ; few go much, if 
 any, beyond the United States, and only exceptionally reach 
 high latitudes. They are very agile and industrious birds, 
 indefatigable in the pursuit of insects, nervous and highly ani- 
 mated in bearing, voluble and versatile in song, each kind 
 having its own musical accomplishments. Though insignificant 
 in size, Greenlets are spirited birds — the plucky little Eed-eye, 
 for instance, will defend itself when wounded with all the cour- 
 age of a Hawk ; and some of the most touching scenes I have 
 ever witnessed among the birds have been those when Green- 
 lets sought to protect, encourage, and sympathize with a 
 stricken mate. The Greenlets all build one style of nests, a 
 rather slight and thin-walled, but neat and compact, pensile, 
 cup-like structure, suspended from the fork of a twig ; and the 
 
490 DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS — V. FLAVOVIEIDIS 
 
 eggs are alike white, rather sparsely but sharply speckled with 
 dark markings. 
 
 Many species of Tireo, unknown to the United States, 
 inhabit Mexico, the West Indies, and Central and South 
 America as far at least as La Plata, some of them having a 
 closely restricted geographical range. The thirteen North 
 American species, in the main, are divided, like the Dendrce- 
 cas, into Eastern and Western sets of species, the former being 
 VV. barbatulus, oKvaceus, solitarius, flavifrons, gilvus, philadel- 
 phicus, noveboracensis ; the latter are plumbeus, vicinior, hut- 
 toni, belli, ptisillus, atricapillus, to which cassini may be added 
 
 if substantiated as a spe- 
 cies. But gilvus is repre- 
 sented throughout the 
 West by a very slightly 
 different variety, swc(,in- 
 soni ; undoubted exam- 
 ples of solitarius occur on 
 the Pacific side, olivaceus 
 
 Fig 52.-Fireojto„OTmdis,Datnral size. jjg^g jjggjj fQ^jj jjj ^tah, 
 
 and noveboracensis west to the Eocky Mountains, while belli 
 occurs as far east as Illinois. V. atricapillus is known within 
 our limits only from Texas, barbatulus from Florida, and 
 none fewer than four, namely, plumbeus, vicinior, huttoni, and 
 pusillus, seem confined to the Southwest. An addition to 
 these, V. flavoviridis,* has been admitted to our fauna, and 
 may be expected to occur over our southern border. 
 
 In the following pages I take note of all the North American 
 species, giving synonymy and habitat in all cases, with descrip- 
 tive and biographical matter relating to those of the Colorado 
 Basin; all the species but one being illustrated with details of 
 structure of the wing and bill. The figures I am permitted to 
 
 * Vtreo HaTOTirldis.— Tellow-grreen Vlreo. 
 
 TlrcosylTla flaTOviridis, Oass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 152, pi. xi (Panama). -ScJ. PZS. 1856, 
 298 {Mexico).— Scl. PZS. 1859, 375 (Oaxaoa).— S. <« S. Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).— Set 
 Cat. AB. 1861, 44.—Lawr. Ann. Ljo. N. T. vii. 1861, 323 (New Grenada) .—Brf. Rev. AB. 
 
 1866, 336, flg iSalv. PZS. 1867, 137 (Veragua) .—iawr. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ix. 1868, 96 
 
 (Costa Eica).— s. Frantz. J. t. O. 1869, 295 (Costa Eica).— Sail). PZS. 1870, 184 (Vera- 
 gua).— i?. B. <£ iJ.NAB. i. 1874, 366, flg.— Zowr. Bull. Nat. Mns. 1876, 17(Telinantepeo). 
 
 Vlreo flavoTlrldls, Bd. BNA. 1858, 332.— Ooues, Key, 1872, 120, f. 01. 
 
 Pliyllomancs flaTOrlridls, Cab. J. t. 0. 1861, 93 (Costa Eica). 
 
 Since this article was prepared, and too late for the textual modification 
 required to treat formally of the species, its actual occurrence in Texas 
 has been announced. (Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii. no. 3, July, 1878, p. 152.) 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES OP VIEEO 491 
 
 use, a,s I did in the " Key ", through Professor Baird's kindness, 
 they having been originally prepared with reference to his 
 " Eeview ". 
 
 The North American species of Vireo may ordinarily be dis- 
 tinguished by the following 
 
 Analysis of Species 
 
 A. Primaries apparently only 9, the Ist being rudimentary and usually con- 
 
 cealed or displaced (occasionally quite visible). 
 
 1. Throat and breast rich yellow V. Flavifkons. 
 
 2. Throat and breast white. 
 
 a. Crown ashy, black-edged. 
 
 aa. Back olive ; sides of chin streaked ., V. barb atultjs. 
 
 65. Back olive; no streaks on chin V. olivaceus. 
 
 b. Crown ashy, not black-edged, quite like the back, V. philadblphicos. 
 
 B. Primaries evidently 10, the 1st being obvious, though short and " spu- 
 
 rious". 
 
 3. Crown black V. atkicapillus. 
 
 4. Crown not black. 
 
 c. 1st primary at least i as long as 2d, and wing 2i inches long. 
 
 V. TICINIOR. 
 
 d. 1st primary not ^ as long as 2d ; or, wing not 2^ inches long. 
 
 CO. Wiug-bands wanting : coloration as in ^ftiMeJpfticus. ..V. gilvus. 
 dd. Wing-bands present : length over 5 inches. 
 
 e'. Back olive, contrasting with ashy-blue crown V. solitarius. 
 
 /'. Back plumbeous, crown scarcely different V. plumbeds. 
 
 ee. Wing-bands present : length 5 inches or less. 
 
 g'. Wing equal to tail, 2i inches ; Ist primary i as long as 2d. 
 
 V. PUSILLUS. 
 
 h'. Wing longer than tail ; crown ashy ; chin and superciliary line 
 white V. BELLI. 
 
 i'. Wing longer than tail; crown olive; chin white; superciliary 
 line yellow V. noveboracensis. 
 
 h'. Wing longer than tail; crown olive ; chin and under parts yel- 
 lowish V. HUnONL 
 
 The following North American species are not known to 
 occur in the Colorado Basin : — 
 
 Tlreo calldrls barbatalns.— IHonstactacd Greenlet. 
 
 Vlreo gUvus, D'Orb. La Sagra's Cuba, 1839, 43. (Not of Authors.) 
 
 Vireo longlrostrls, t NuU. Mrh.!. 33 ed. 1840, 359. 
 
 Vlreo altiloauus, Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1848, 127 (Florida).— Bd. BNA. 1858, 334, excl. 
 
 syn. (Florida). (Not MuscUapa altiloqua of Vieillot.) 
 VlreosylTla altlloqaa, Oass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 158 (Florida) Cass, niust. 1853-4, 
 
 231, pi. 37 (partly ; inolndea trae oMiloquus, " Florida "). — Sry. Pr. Boat. Soo. Tii 1859, 
 
 113 (Babamaa). —Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1861, 206 (Caba). 
 Vlreosylva altiloqua, Bd. Kep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 328 (Florida). 
 Vlreo Tirescens, Poei/? (C!aba. Either this or oiwoceMs. Not ofVieill.) 
 Vlreo olivaceus, ZTticjiemann, J. f. 0. 1857, 147 (Cuba; egg). 
 
492 VIEEO BAKBATULUS — V. PHILADELPHICUS 
 
 Ftayllomanes barbatnlns. Cab. J. to. less, 467 (Cahst).— Brew. Pr. Boat. Soo. vil. 1860, 307 
 
 (Cuba).— Cfundi. J; f. 0. 1801, 324, 404 (Cuba). 
 VlreosylTla barbatula, Bd. Eev. AB. 1860, 331, f. 25958 (Cuba, Bahamas, and riorida). 
 Tireo altiloquus var. barbatnlus. Coma, Key, 1872, 120, f. 60 (Cuba, Bahamas, and 
 
 Florida). 
 VireosylTla calidrls var. barbatulus, B. B. <e B. NAB. i. 1874, 360, pi. 17, f. l (Cuba, 
 
 Bahamas, and Morida). 
 Virion verd&tre, D' Orb. I. a. 
 Black-wblskered Tireo, Whip-tom-kelly, Coues, 1. c. 
 Florida Greenlet, B.B.<6B.l.c. 
 Hab. — Cuba ; Bahamas ; Florida. 
 
 Note. — The Black-whiskered Vireo, or " Whip-tom-kelly ", which occurs 
 in Florida, has been identified with the species of Cuba and the Bahamas, 
 
 the first distinctive name of 
 which appears to be iaria- 
 tulus of Cabanis, 1855, ap- 
 plied to the Cuban bird. It 
 had before been well known, 
 under a variety of names, 
 even excluding those per- 
 taining to the other variety 
 (calidris of Jamaica, &c.). 
 Fig. 53.— Tireo barbatulus, natural size. jf y,Q may presume Nuttall 
 
 to have meant this species, he called it V. lougirostris (Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 
 359), supposing it to be the V. longirostris of Swainson, FBA. li. 1831, 237, 
 which, however, is the true V. altiloquus. Gambel attributed it to this coun- 
 try, under the erroneous name of V. altiloquus, which is the other variety 
 of Jamaica, &c. ( Vireosylvia altiloqua, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 320 ; Sol. PZS. 1861, 72 ; 
 March, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1863, 294). Some have also noticed it under the name 
 of Vireosylvia altiloqua — the original Museicapa altiloqua of Vieillot, OAS. 67, 
 pi. 38 (St. Domingo), having been pretty generally applied to the West 
 Indian Black-whiskered Vireos. This is also probably the species meant 
 by Professor Poey's Cuban V. virescens, and certainly the one whose eggs 
 Thienemann describes as those of V. oUvaceus. In 1666, Professor Baird 
 restricted the Liunseau name Motacilla calidris to the ordinary bird of 
 Jamaica, &c., adopting Cabauis's term bariatulus for the present species. 
 M. calidris appears in the 10th ed. 1758, 184, n. 2 ; as used in the 12th ed. 
 1766, 329, n. 2, it is compounded of Edward^s plate 121, fig. 2, Sloane, Jam. 
 ii. 299, iJoi/, 184, u. 27,and iJnss. App. 101, though the balance of evidence 
 enables us to follow Baird in restricting the name. In 1872, I reduced iar- 
 batulus to the grade of a race of " altiloquus ", which course was endorsed 
 by Baird and Eidgway in 1874 ; and I now think it best to follow Baird in 
 his interpretation of the applicability of the Linnjean term calidris to the 
 stock-species. 
 
 Vireo plilladelptalcns.— Brotberly-Iove Greenlet. 
 Vireosylvia pblladelphlea. Cam. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 153, pi. 10, f. 2 (Philadelphia).— 
 Brew. Pr. Bost. Soo. vi. 1857, 109 (Wisconsin ; habits).— & d S. Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guato- 
 mala).— -2(2. Eev. AB. 1866, 340, fig. —Lawr. Ann. Xyc. N. Y. ix. 1868, 96 (Costa 
 llioa).— D. Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 29S (Costa Hica,).— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 604.- 
 Salv. PZS. 1870, 184 (Veragua). 
 Vlrcosylva pbiladelpbica, Bd. Eep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 328. 
 
 Vireosylvia pbiladclpblcus, B. B. <6 B. NAB. i. 1874, 307, yL 17, f. 4.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. 
 xviL 1674, 440 (New England). 
 
VIEEO PHILADELPHICUS — V. FLAYIFEONS 493 
 
 Tlreo (TlreosylTia) plliladclphiciis, Eidgw. Anr>. Lyo. N. T. y. 1874, STO (Illinojs). 
 Vlreo pblladelphicns, Bd.BNA. 1858, 335; ed. of 1860, pL 78, f. 3 (Wisconsin and Ohio).- 
 
 Wheat. Ohio Agrio. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 365, 374 —Coma ^ Prent. Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 
 
 1862, i\0.—HamliM, "Eep. Maine Board 
 
 of Agrio. 1865, — " CWaterville, Me. ; 
 
 first New England record). — Coues, Pr. 
 
 Ess. Inst. V. 1868, ilt.— Allen, Mem. 
 
 Best. Soc. i. 1868, 517 (Illinois).— rurjift. 
 
 B. E. Pa. 1869, 26 ; Phila. ed. 19 (rare).— 
 
 Couea, Key, 1872, 120, f. 62.— Coues, 
 
 BNW. 1874, 91.— Wheat, apud Cmes, 
 
 BNW. 1874, S33.— Gentry, Life-Hist. 
 
 1876, 218.— .BrewsJ. Bull. Nntt. Club, i. _ .. _. i., j , .. ., , . 
 
 ,„,.,„,„ , ., -, . „ .„ „ Tig. 54. — VvreopKiladelphiciis,na,tiial8tze. 
 1876, 19 (Cambridge, Mass.) .—.Poa!, Bnll. 
 
 Nntt. Club, ii. 1877, 78 (Now Hampshire).— tonijdon, List B. Cincinnati, 1877, 7 
 
 (Ohio).—Miiiot, BNE. 1877, 159.— iferr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 33 (Connecticut, 
 
 "nndoubtedly"). 
 VlreosylTla cobanensls, Sel. PZS. i860, 463 (Coban, Vera Paz).— /ScL Ann. Mag. N. H. 1861, 
 
 328 (same). 
 Brotherly-loTe Vlreo, Ooues, 11. co. 
 Pblladelpbla Oreenlet, B. B. <£ a. 1. c. 
 rblladelpbla Vlreo, Deane, Bull. Nntt. Clnb, i. 1876, 74 {risumi of New England record). 
 
 Hab. — Eastern North America. North to Hudson's Bay. South to Cen- 
 tral America. No Mexican or West Indian record. The Mississippi Valley 
 appears to be the main line of migration of this species, where it is much 
 more numerous than it seems to he in the Atlantic States or New England ; 
 it is not recorded from any part of the West. 
 
 Tlreo flavlfrons.- Tellow-tliroated Oreenlet. 
 
 ?Musclcapa ocbroleuca, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 946, n. W.—Turt. SN. i. 1806, SBl.-Lath. 10. ii. 
 
 1790, 489, n. S^.-Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 376 (quotes M. sylvicola Wils.).— F. N. D. 
 
 d'H. N. xxi. 471.— F. EM. ii. 1823, 814. 
 t Sylvia ocbroleuca, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 187.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 446, n. 96 (quotes 
 
 Musdcapa ochroleuca (jrm., & Penn. AZ. n. 276). 
 » Mnlotllta ocbroleuca, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196. 
 Vlreo flavlfrons, F. OAS. i. 1807, 85, pi. 54.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acid. iv. 1824, m.—Bp. 
 
 Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 70.— JV«((. Man. i. 1833, 302.— Awd. OB. ii. 1834, 119, pi. 119.— 
 
 Bp. CGL. 1838, a.—Awd. Syn. 1839, 160.— Pea&. Eep. Orn.Masa. 1839, WS.-Aud. BA. 
 
 iv. 1842, 141, pi. 238.- (Hr. BLL 1844, 159.— Bp. CA. i. 1830, 330.— Oass. Pr. Phila. Acad' 
 
 1831, 149.— Hoj/, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853,309 (Wisconsin).— JJeosd, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 
 
 398 (Ohio).— TToodft. Eep. ZuBi &Colo. E. 1853, IS.—Thomps. Vermont, 1853, Tl.—Gundl. 
 
 J. f. 0. 1855, 468 (Cuba).— Pra«(en, Tr. 111. Agrio. Soo. i. 1855, 603.— P««n. Pr. Eas. Inst. 
 
 i. 1856, 213.— &!. PZS. 1857, 227 (Vera Cruz).— ifoxim. J. f. O. 1858, 188.— Bd. BNA. 
 
 1858, 341.— S. <« S. Ibis, 1839, 12 ((Juatemala).— Sci. PZS. 1860, 251 (Orizaba).— Ooii. 
 
 J. f. 0. 1860, 405 (Costa Eica).— Bt-cmi. Pr. Best. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— iowr. Ann. 
 
 Lyo. N. V. vii. 1861, 323 (New Grenada).— (3««dl. J. f. O. 1861, 404 (Cuba).— TTAea*. 
 
 Ohio Agrio. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 365.— Bam. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Ooue* <« 
 
 Frent. Smiths. Eep. for 1801, 1862, 410.— Ferr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 157. -Say, Smiths. 
 
 Eep. for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missouri).- JffamKn, " Eep. Maine Board Agric. 1865" ( W.iter- 
 
 ville, M.e.).—Mellwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 87 (Canada Wes^.-iaMir. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 
 
 viii. 1866, 285.— Oottes, Pr. Ees. Inst. v. 1868, 278 (New England) — Couea, Pr. Boat. Soc. 
 
 xil. 1868, 111 (SonthCarolina).- T«rn». B.E.Pa. 1869,27; Phila. ed. 20.— Wj/otf, Ibia, 
 
 1871, 324 (P'vneo').—! Irippe, Pr. Ess. Inat. vi. 1871, 117 (Minnesota!).— Pari«r, Am. 
 
 Nat T. 1871, 168.— (?«ii& J. f. 0. 1872, 403 (Cuba).— Poms, Key, 1872, 121, f 65.— Sco«(, 
 
 Pr. Best. Soc. xv. 1872, Hi.— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 5 (breeding).— IWppe, Pr. Best. Soo. 
 
 XV. 1873, 236 (Iowa).— C<m««, BNW. 1874, 99.— Snow, B. Kana. 3d ed. 1875, 6 (Kansas). — 
 
 Gentry, Life-Hist. 1876, 221.— AfiTWt, BNE. 1877, 153. 
 
494 NOTE ON MUSCICAPA OCHROLEUCA GM. 
 
 Vlrco (lanlTireo) flarin-ans, Bd. 1858.-ff«n«. J. f. 0. 1801, 324 (Cuba).— AHen, Pr.Ess. 
 
 Inst. iv. 1864, S7.—Eidgw. Ann. Lyo. N. T. x. 1374, 370 (Illinois). 
 LanlTireo flaTlfrons, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. ix. 1868, 96 (Costa Rica).— ». Frantz. J. f. 0. 
 
 1869, 295 (Costa Eica).— Alien, BuU.MCZ. ii. 1871.279 (Florida, winterj.— B. B. <t JR. 
 
 NAB. i. 1874, 379, pi. 17, f. 5.— Brew. Ft. Host. Soo. xvii. 1875, 440.— Lawr. Bull. Nat. 
 
 Mas. n. 4, 1876, 17 (Southwest- 
 ern Mexico). 
 VtreosylTla flaTlfrons, Bd. Eev. AB. 
 
 1866, 346, fig.— Srf. PZS. 1870, 
 
 164 (Veragna). 
 Vlreo flsTlflorcs, Gregg, Pr. Elmira 
 
 Acad. 1870. 
 Mnsclcapa sflTicoIa, Wtfe. AO. i. 
 
 1808, 117, pi. 7, f. 3 (nee Bart.).— 
 
 Bp. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 
 
 173. 
 fGoiaen-throat Flycatcher, Fenn. Kg. 55.- Fire<,/«»ifr<m,, natural size. 
 
 AZ. ii. 1783, 389, n. 276 ! (desor. orig. New York). 
 } Golden-throated Flycatcher, Lath. "Syn. Snpp. 17—, 173, u. 80".— Stepft. Gen. ZooL x. 
 
 1817, 376. 
 
 FauTette A gorge dor^e, V. EM. 1. c. 446. 
 Gobe-moucbe Jann&tre de New-Torck, T. EM. 1. c. 814. 
 Tireo & front Jaune, i^e JIfoine, 01s. Canad. 1861, 213. 
 Yellow-throated TIreo, Tellow-throated Oreenlet, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Eastern United States and British Provinces ; west only to Iowa 
 and Kansas. Breeds in most if not all of its North American range. Win- 
 ters in Florida and southward, Mexico, Central America, and British Colum- 
 bia. Cuba (rare). 
 
 Note. — It seems most likely that the proper name of this species is not 
 Vireo flavifrons V., as commonly supposed, but Vireo ochroleucua (Gm.). For, 
 as late critics of our nomenclature have generally failed to observe, Muecicapa 
 ochroleuca of Gmelin is based on the " Golden-throated Flycatcher " of Pen- 
 nant and Latham, which is described from " New York " in terms that can 
 hardly be misunderstood, and which is doubtless the present species. This 
 name ochroleuca, now indeed obsolete, was current for many years, espe- 
 cially with Vieillot, who reproduces it in various of his books, making of it 
 now a "Muscicapa", now a " Sylvia" ; Gray quotes it in 1848 under "Mni- 
 otilta ", and Stephens even goes so far as to quote "Mu8cicapa sylvicola Wils.'' 
 as its synonym I I think it as well established for the Yellow-throated Vireo 
 as either oUvaceus oi noveboracensis are for their respective species — better, in 
 fact, than olivaceus L. is, for that is a compound of Edwards and Catesby, 
 and unquestionably includes two species (see Baird, Rev. p. 335). We have 
 all accepted noveioracensis Gm., as based on the "Green Flycatcher" of 
 Pennant and the " Hanging Flycatcher " of Latham, which are scarcely or 
 not more satisfactorily identifiable with the White-eyed Vireo than this 
 "Golden-throated Flycatcher" of the same authors is with V.flamfrona; 
 and I am strongly disposed to recommend that the above name, Vireo ochro- 
 leucua, be adopted. 
 
SYNONYMY OP VIREO OLIVACEUS 495 
 
 .The Red-eyed Greenlet 
 
 Tlreo ollvacens 
 
 MnSClCapa oUracea, i. SN. i. 1766, 327, n. 14 {im part ,■ from Gates, i. 54 ; Edw. t. 93 ; Briaa. 
 li. 410; thna inclading the Jamaican bird).— Gm.SN.i. 1788, 938, n. 14 {in part; same 
 as Linn. ; ftlso quotes Brown, Jamaica, 476).— Lath. 10. 1 1790, 482, n. 61. — Jhirt. SIf. i. 
 1806, 575.— TTOs. AO. ii. 1810, 55, pi. 10, f. 3.— S«epA. Shaw's GZ. x. 1817, 379.— Bp. Jonrn. 
 
 Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, IW.— Brown, Zool. 1864, 8965 (England) Sadfiad,Zool.l864, 
 
 9020 (England).— floj/m. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 290. 
 
 Lantns oUvaceus, Licht " Verz. 1823, 49". 
 
 Tlreo Olivaceus, "TieiU. "—Bp. Ann. Ljc. N. T. ii. 1826, 71.-5'. d:R. FBA. ii. 1831, 233, flg. on 
 p. 835.— ifM«. Man. i. 1832, 312.— Atid. OB. ii. 1834, 287, pL 150.— Pea6. Eep. Orn. Mass. 
 
 1839, 299 Aud. Syn. 1839, 162.— AmS. BA. iv. 1842, 155,pl.243.— Gir.BLI.1644,157.- 
 
 Oabot, Nanm. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 65 (Lake Superior).- TToodA. Eep. Zuni & Colo. E. 1853, 
 76.- Soy, Pr. Phila. Ac^d. 1853, 309.— Pjttji. Pr. Ess. Inat. i. 1856, ZVZ.—Kned. Pr. Boat. 
 Soo. Ti. 1857, iM.— Maxim. J. f. 0. 1858, 187.— Sd. BNA. 1858, 331.— TTfliis, Eep. Smiths. 
 Inat. for 1858, 1659, 282 (Nova Scotia).- P«m). Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1660, 307 (Cuba).— 
 Ttkeat. Ohio Agrio. Eep. for I860, 1861, 364. -Barn. Smiths. Eep. for 1660, 1861,436.— 
 
 Coue8<tPrmt. Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862, 410.— Ferr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iiL 1862, 148 
 
 Terr. Pr. Bost Soc. ix. 1862, 138 (Anticosti).— Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 126.— 
 Blah. Ibis, 1862,5; 1863, 66 (Saskatchewan).— Dress. Ibia, 1865, 480 (Texas).- Hbj/, 
 Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missouri).— JfcIZtor. Tr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 87 (Canada 
 Weat).— CoMcs, Pr. Eas. Inst. v. 1868, 877 -Cones, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 111 (South 
 Carolina).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 35.— Titrnft. B. E. Pa. 1869, 26 ; Phila. ed. 19.— 
 tFinach, PZS. 1870, 565 (Trinidad).— TriBpe, Pr. Ess. Inst vi. 1871,117.— ParJ;er, Am. 
 Nat V. 1871, 168.— OotMS, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1871, 21.— Ooues, Key, 1872, 120, f. 59.— Allen, 
 Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 176 (mountains of Colorado, up to 11,000 feet; Ogden, Utah).— 
 Mayn. Pr. Bost Soo. xiv. 1873, 370.— ScoM, Pr. Bost Soo. xv. 1872, iiS.-iFrippe, Pr. Bost. 
 Soc XV. 1873, 236.- -Merr. Ann. Eep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 114.— Ooues, 
 BN'W.1874,96.— ffemsA.Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 42(Utah, Allen).— J.!Zen,Pr. Bost Soc. 
 
 xvii. 1874, 54 (Upper Missouri Elver). , Am. Nat. viii. 1874, in.—Hoffmun, 
 
 Pr. Boat Soc. xviii. 1877, 171 {Dakota,}.— Gentry, Life-Hlst 1870, 211.— Jlfiiio«,BNE. 
 1877, 155.— Batch. Bull. Nntt Club, iii. 1878, 97 (spurious primary).— Ooucs, Bull. Nutt. 
 Club, iii. 1878, 95 (nesting). 
 
 Vlreo oUracea, Xien»!/,PZS.1817,3S. 
 
 Vlreo ollTaceous, Thomps. Vermont 1653, Tt.—Pratten, Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 603.— 
 Merr. Am. Nat viii. 1874, 87. 
 
 Vlpeo oUraceus, Gregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870. 
 
 TlPeosylTa oliracea, JBp.CGL. 1838, 26.— iJeinA. Ibis, 1861,7 (Greenland). 
 
 VIreosylTia ollracea, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 3-29.—Ennh. "Tidensk. Meddel. for 1853, 1854,82' 
 (Greenland).— Cms. Pr. Philx Acad. 1851, 151.— BMmett,Pr. Boat Soo. iv. 1851, 116. — 
 
 Eeinh.J.t.0.ie54, 439 (Greenland) Scl. PZS. 1855, 439 (BogotA).— S. <£ S. Ibis, 1859, 
 
 12 (Guatemala).— Scl. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Mosfey, " N. H. Tutb. 1863, 385, pi. " 
 (Derby, England, May, 1859).— .Srf. Ibis, 1864,394 (England) — JSd. Eev. AB. 1866, 333, 
 Sig^-Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. viii. 1866, 285.— ioicr. Ann. Lye. N. T. ix. 1868, 96 (Costa 
 Eica).— a Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 295 (Coata Eica).— S. it S. PZS. 1870, 836 (Honduras).— 
 Allen, BnU. MCZ. ii. 1871, 270 (Florida, in winter).- HarMjisr, Man. Br. B. 1872, 99 (Eng- 
 land).— iJid^w. Am. Nat vii. 1873, l9S.—Layard, Ibis, 1873, 377 (Pari !). 
 
 Tlreosylyia olivaceus, B. B. a B. NAB. i. 1874, 363, pL17,f.2.-Brew.Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 
 1875, 440. 
 
 Vlreo (VlPeosylTla) ollTacens, Allen, Pr. Ess. Inat. iv. 1864, 66. 
 
 Phyllomanes olivacea, Odb. Mns. Heln. 1. 1850, 63.— Cta6. J. f. 0. 1860, 404 (Costa Eica). 
 
 Pbyllomanes ollvaceus, e«n<JI. J. f. 0.1872, 403 (Cuba); 
 
 Uusclcapa sylvlcola, Ba/rtr. Trav. Fla. 1791, 290 bie {nee 'WiU.). 
 
 Vlreo Tlreacens, YieiU. OAS. i. 1807, 84, pi. 53 (Pennsylvania).— ram!). B. E. Pa. 1869, 53; 
 Phila. ed. 42 (same). 
 
 VIreosylTia Tlrescens, Oass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 151. 
 
 Vlreo bogotensls, Bry. Pr. Boat. Soo. vii. 1859, 287 (Bogota) — Lawr. Ann. Lye. viii. 1863, 
 6 (New Grenada). 
 
496 
 
 CHAEACTKES OF VIEEO OLIVACEUS 
 
 Kefl-fy'd Ply-Catcher, Mnscicapa oculls mbrls, Gates. Car. i. 1771, 54, pi. 54 (lower flg.). 
 Olive-coloured Flycatcher, Sdw. "Gl. 93,pl.253". 
 
 Gobe-monche de la Jamalque, MnsclcapaJamalceii8lg,£m«.ii.lS60,4l0,n.37 (inpart). 
 Red-eyed Flycatcher, Perm. AZ. ii. 1785, 387, u. in.—La(h. "Syn. iL 351, n. 5l".—SUpK 
 
 Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 379. 
 MoucberoUe olire, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 160. 
 Red-eyed Tlreo, or Greenlet, Aud. di Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Chiefly Eastern North America to Hudson's Bay; Greenland (Eein- 
 liardt). West, however, to the Eocky Mountains, and even beycnd ; Wash- 
 ington Territory (Kenmerly) ; Utah (Allen). South to New Orenada and 
 Trinidad {Finsch, PZS. 1870, 565). Cuba alone of the West Indies. In Mex- 
 ico, chiefly replaced by S. flavoviridis (Xalapa, Sclater). Extremely abundant 
 in Eastern United States. Breeds at large in its North American range, and 
 ■winters from Florida southward. Accidental in England (see the references 
 in foregoing synonymy). 
 
 Fig. 56. — Yireo olivaceuB, natural size. 
 
 Oh. sp. — (J 9 Remigibus ix. Flavo-olivaceus, alls catiddque 
 fuscis flavo-olivaceo livibatis ; infrh albus, lateribus vix virescm- 
 tibus; pileo cinereo-plumbeofusco limbato, striga superciliari alba : 
 loris plumbeo-fuscis; iridibus rubris. 
 
 S 9 : Entire upper parts and the edgings of the dusky -wings and tail uni- 
 form yellowish-olive, extending on the sides of the neck and breast, but 
 weU defined against the color of the crown. No bars across ends of wing- 
 coverts. Beneath pure white, a little shaded with greenish-yellow along 
 the sides ; no dusky maxillary stripes. Cap ashy-plumbeous, bordered on 
 each side with a dusky line. A broad white superciliary stripe ftom nostrils 
 over the eye and ear ; below this a dusky loral line prolonged through the 
 eye; lower eyelid whitish. Bill dusky plumbeous above, pale horn-color 
 below; feet plumbeous ; iris red. No obvious spurious first primary. Length, 
 extremes, 5|-6J, generally about 6; extent, 9i-10} ; wing, 3-3 J; tail, 2J-2J; 
 bill along culmen, over ^ ; tarsus, f . 
 
 The sexes are indistinguishable, and the young resemble the old very 
 closely. Autumnal specimens, of both old and young, are more brightly 
 colored than old ones, with more decided yellowish-green shading on the 
 sides below, sometimes extended on the orissum. The young have the eyes 
 less decidedly red — rather reddish-brown. The species is readily recognized 
 by its large size, long bill, apparently only nine primaries, no maxillary 
 stripes, red eyes, and peculiar head-markings as above given. It is the only 
 species of its particular sub-group known to inhabit the West, though a 
 closely allied one, F. flavoviridis, has occured just over our soathern border. 
 
HABITS OP THE KED-EYED QEEENLET 497 
 
 TnE Eed-eyed is a Vireo of exceeding abundance in the 
 United States east of the Mississippi, yet one which 
 extends to the Eocky Mountains, and even beyond them. The 
 dispersion of this bird remains rather more extensive than that 
 of any other of the genus, even after excepting its casual occur- 
 rences in Greenland and England. In the Antilles, which pos- 
 sess their own Greenlets, it is only known in Cuba, where it is 
 rare ; and it seems to be mostly replaced in Mexico by the 
 closely allied Y. flavoviridis. Some representatives of the spe- 
 cies linger in winter along our southernmost shores, but the 
 true home of these birds at such season is in Central America, 
 where we have advices from Guatemala, Panama, and else- 
 where. Their breeding range apparently coincides with the 
 whole of their North American range ; but I think that in sum- 
 mer there are more Greenlets of this kind to the square mile 
 in the Middle States than anywhere else. The Eedeyes are 
 among the very commonest of a!l the birds that breed, for 
 instance, in the District of Columbia, where, during the heat 
 of summer, their energetic and voluble notes resound, no less 
 than the querulous plaints of the Wood Pewees, throughout 
 the woods. The persistency of these musicians is really remark- 
 able; they sing at all hours, even at the listless noon, which 
 invites most birds to rest in the shade, and prolong their ner- 
 vous notes to the very end of summer, long after the exal- 
 tation of other warblers has passed away. If we watch a 
 Eed-eye, as we may easily do, in the nearest piece of wood, or in 
 the shade-tree close by the house, we shall see him performing 
 in a very nonchalant, almost mechanical way, as he goes about 
 his business of fly-catching, sometimes stopping in the midst of 
 a bar to snap at an insect, and resuming the note as soon as 
 he has fairly cleared his throat. No one of the sylvan choir is 
 more simple and unaffected than this modest performer, who 
 seems to sing unconsciously or as if absorbed in reverie, while 
 his daily work goes on. 
 
 As to the musical quality of this performance, there may be 
 two opinions. The Eed-eye belongs, as we have seen, to the sec- 
 tion of the genus called Vireosylvia, and this includes V. calidris, 
 a bird known in Jamaica by the curious names of " Whip-tom- 
 kelly", or " John-to-whit", derived, like Whippoorwill, Chuck- 
 will's-widow, and many other designations of animals, from 
 the sound of its voice. The well-known and very true natural- 
 ist, Philip Henry Gosse, has described this curious ditty in his 
 32 B 
 
498 soNa OP the bed-eyed geeenlet 
 
 wonted agreeable manner. The Jamaican Flycatchers in gen- 
 eral, he sayp, " are not very vociferous, but this is pertinacious 
 in its tritonous call, repeating it with energy every two or three 
 seconds. ... On the 26th of March, on my return to Bluefields, 
 after a visit to Spanishtown, I heard its well-known voice, but 
 my lad had noticed it a week before. From this time, every 
 grove, I might almost say every tree, had its bird, uttering, 
 with incessant iteration and untiring energy, from its umbra- 
 geous concealment, — ' Sweet John!—John-towhitt — Sweet-John- 
 to-wliit! — John-fwhit ! — Sweet-John-to — whit I ^ I can scarcely 
 understand how the call can be written ' Whip-tomkelly ', as the 
 accent, if I may say so, is most energetic on the last syllable. 
 Nor have I ever heard this appellation given to it in Jamaica.[*] 
 After July we rarely hear 'John-to-whit^ — , but, ^to-ichit — 
 to-whoo', and sometimes a soft, simple chirp, or sip, sip, whispered 
 so gently as scarcely to be audible." All this is as applicable 
 to the Eed-eyed Greenlet, mut. mut., as if it had been written 
 for the latter — even to the criticism that ' Wbip-tom-kelly' is 
 an inept designation. Though Wilson says : " On attentively 
 listening for some time to this bird in his full ardor of song, it 
 requires but little of imagination to fancy that yon hear it 
 pronounce these words," — Nutta^i has, to my way of thinking, 
 rendered the song in a much more graphic manner, in saying: 
 "... the most lively or accidental fit of imagination, never 
 yet, in this country, conceived of such an association of sounds. 
 I have already remarked, indeed, that this singular call is, in 
 fact, sometimes uttered by the Tufted Titmouse. When our 
 Vireo sings slow enough to be distinctly heard, the following 
 sweetly warbled phrases, variously transposed and tuned, may 
 often be caught by the attentive listener: Hsho6e peweS peeai 
 mUsik 'du 'dU 'du, Hshodve 'hSre 'h^e, hear Mre, hear hire, ^IcHng 
 ^ritshard, ^p^sh^gru Hshevit, Hsheevoo, HshUvee peeait 'p6roi. The 
 whole delivered almost without any sensible interval, with earn- 
 est animation, in a pathetic, tender and pleasing strain, well 
 calculated to produce calm and thoughtful reflection in the sen- 
 sitive mind." I witness the fidelity of this description, and I 
 can even catch the rhythm or movement of the piece in the 
 quaint syllables Nuttall uses, though I must confess that I fail 
 to gain from them the slightest notion of the timbre or quality 
 
 * The name is traditional, having come down from the fathers : see Sloane, 
 Browne, Edwards (who figures it nnmistalsably, pi. 253), and the rest. 
 
NEST OF THE RED-EYED GREENLET 499 
 
 of the notes ; others perhaps, of nicer ear, may be more fortu- 
 nate. 
 
 There is one point about this Greenlet (shared to some ex- 
 tent by other Vireos) with which collectors are doubtless as 
 familiar as myself, but which has not been recorded in so many 
 ■words. I refer to the nicety of the plumage at all seasons. 
 There is something about the moult that keeps the bird in good 
 order. You may shoot Red-eyes in July and August, young 
 and old, always in fair condition for preservation, when most 
 other birds are ragged or full of pin-feathers. The vernal 
 birds, in their best feather, seem to be peculiarly smooth, 
 something like the Black-throated Bunting in comparison with 
 others of its family. I have recently learned another fact, 
 novel to me, from a Philadelphia correspondent, Mr. W. L. 
 Collins,* This young naturalist found a Eed-eye's nest upon 
 which the female was sitting, though the frame-work of the 
 structure was barely completed. The male bird presently flew 
 to the nest bringing some material in his bill, which he gave 
 to his mate to arrange while he went after more. The nest 
 contained at this moment three eggs, and it was not until 
 three or four days afterward that the fabric was finished. 
 Laying in half built nests is a common thing, however, and 
 probably more so than we may suppose, though less often 
 witnessed in such an instance as the present, where the pensile 
 structure must needs be well advanced to hold the eggs 
 securely. This Vireo keeps for the most part in high, open 
 woods, and there lorages for insects mainly among the upper 
 branches, where we oftenest see it tripping alone, and whence 
 its song oftenest falls on appreciative ears ; but in its choice of 
 a nesting-place it frequently descends within a few feet of the 
 ground. The smaller trees, especially those with slender, 
 straggling branchlets, are commonly selected, the neat cup 
 being suspended by the brim in the embrace of a forked 
 twig. The structure is usually very smooth and compact, 
 as if the materials were matted or even pasted together, 
 unlike the tough, but pliably woven, purses of the Orioles ; and 
 some have supposed, though without direct evidence as yet, 
 that the materials are agglutinated with the saliva of the bird. 
 
 * 1878. CouBS, E. Nesting of Vireo olivaceus. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii. 
 no. 2, Apr. 1878, p. 95. 
 
 CommiiDlcated by W. L. Collisa. — The bird laid in an unfinished nes^ 
 during its oonatructioc. 
 
500 EGGS OF THE RED-EYED GEEENLET 
 
 In any event, these nests are remarkably durable, hanging 
 for many months after they have been deserted; and when the 
 leaves have fallen, revealing the trees in their nakedness, these 
 structures become conspicuous along the roadside, around the 
 edges of clearings, and among the dogwoods and Judas-trees 
 that form the undergrowth of our noble oak forests. Wilson 
 says they are frequently used by mice, and that in one instance 
 a Yellowbird built its own nest in one of these deserted homes. 
 They are among the more frequent depositories of Cowbird 
 eggs ; and the owners seem to be as devoted as can be to the 
 lncu^ation of the alien eggs and subsequent care of the 
 young. Dr. Brewer narrates that in one instance a Red-eye 
 hatched three Cowbird eggs without laying any of her own ; 
 and gives the particulars of another case, in which a Vireo 
 laid two eggs, and then stopped to incubate them, together 
 with two Cowbird eggs, which had meanwhile beeu deposited 
 with her own. The Vireo's eggs are usually four in number, 
 measuring about four-fifths of an inch in length by three-fifths 
 in breadth, and are not peculiar in shape ; the shell is pure 
 white, sparsely sprinkled with small and sharp markings of 
 reddish-brown or dauk brown, chieflj' about the larger end. 
 Two broods are often reared each season by the same pair, and 
 such is probably the rule in the Middle and Southern States, 
 to judge from the great abundance of the birds, as well as 
 from the periods when newly-feathered young may be found. 
 In the District of Columbia, where these Greenlets are ex- 
 tremely abundant, I used to note their arrival daring the last 
 week in April, and have observed them as late as the 25th of 
 September, about which time they leave with one accord. 
 Kuttall, however, has witnessed their lingering in Massachu- 
 setts even so late as the 26th of October. 
 
 It is known that this Vireo is not exclusively insectivorous, 
 and the same is doubtless true of other Greenlets. Nuttall 
 observed them feeding greedily on the small berries of the 
 bitter cornel and the astringent Viburnum dentatum. The 
 same author gives some pleasant gossip about a young Vireo 
 which entered his chamber and became an inmate for a while. 
 He soon grew reconciled to the situation, became so gentle as 
 to take insects from the hand, and apparently used to seek 
 protection from an irascible Kingbird, who occupied the same 
 quarters, and who begrudged him his share of food. This 
 Greenlet used to eat viburnum-berries with a good appetite, 
 
SYNONYMY OF VIEEO GILVUS 501 
 
 and like the Flycatcher and birds of prey, regurgitated indi- 
 gestible portions of his food, as the skins and seeds of berries, 
 and the legs and wings of insects. He folded his head under 
 his wing to sleep, and rested soundly, unlike his fellow pris- 
 oner, who was never caught asleep for the period of eight 
 months during which he was under observation. But the little 
 Greenlet came to an untimely end, after the custom of pet 
 birds ; and a lock of hair found in his stomach was supposed 
 to have been the cause of his death. 
 
 Weistern 'Warbling Greenlet 
 
 Tireo gilrns svrainsoni 
 
 a. ffUvits 
 
 Musclcapa gllva, V. " OAS. i. 1807, 65, pi. 34 ".—Steph. Gen. ZooL x. 1817, 387. 
 
 Sylvia gllva, Y. ST. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 190.— F. Enoy. M6tli. iL 1823, 453, n. 116. 
 
 Tlreo gUvus, Bp. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. iv. 1S24, 116.— Sp. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ii 1886, 70 Nutt. 
 
 Man. i. 1832, 309.— Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 114, pi. 118.— £p. CGL. 1838. i6.—Avd. Syn. 1839, 
 161.— Aud. BA.iv. 1842, 149, pi. 241.— Oiraud, ELI. 1844, 161.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 330.— 
 Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 309. -Bead, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 398.— Wbodft. Eep. Znni & 
 Col. K. 1853, W.—Thomps. Vtrmoat, 1853, App. W.—Kennie. Tr. niinois Agric. Soc. 
 i. 1855, 5SZ.—Prattm, ibid. 003.— Pu««. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, il3.—Sd. PZS. 1858, 302 
 
 (Oaxaoa) Sd. BiSTA. 1858, 33i.— Willis, Smiths. Eep. for IS.'iS, 1859, iSi.- Wheat. Ohio 
 
 Agrio. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 364.— Bom. Smiths. Eep. for 18C0, 1861, 436.— Ooms cC- Prent 
 Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 18G2, 410 —Blakist. Ibis, 1862, 5 ; 1863, 66 (Saskatchewan).— Ferr. 
 Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 148.— Fcrr. Pr. Boat. Soc. ix. 1863, 234 (Maine).— Allen, Pr. Ess. 
 Inst. iv. 1864, 61.— Hay, Smiths. Eep. for 1864 186S, 437 (Missouri).- Dress. Ibis, 1865, 
 480 (Texas).- Jlfcl!«)r. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, SI —Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 149 
 (Texas).— Com*!, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, Vn.—Oows, Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 186H, ] 11.— Brown, 
 Ibis, 1868, 421 (Vanooaver).- Tur«6. B. E. Pa. 1869, 26 ; Phila ed. 19.—? 2Hj»j)e, Pr. Ess. 
 Inst. vi. 1871, 117.— Cot«s, Key, 1872, 120, f. 63.—Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 370.— 
 Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 223.— JVippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873,236 (Iowa) — Alien, 
 Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 54 (Dakota).— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 5.— Oottes, BNW. 1874, 97.- 
 etentry, Life-Hist. 1876, 218.— Jfinot, BNE. 1877, lil.—McCaidey, Bull. TJ. S. Geol. Surv. 
 iii, n. 3, 1877, 662 (Texas). 
 
 Tlero gUvus, Peai. Eep. Orn. Mabs. 1839, W9.— Gregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870, — . 
 
 Tlreo gllva. Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. vi. 1857, 109. 
 
 Tlreosylvla gllva, Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, K3.—Scl. PZS. 1856, 298 (Mexico).— Sd. Eev. 
 
 AB. 1866, 342, fig. Lcmr. Ann. Lyo. N. T. viii. 1866, 285.— SumicA. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 
 
 1869, 548 (Vera Cruz).— ijidic. 
 Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 198. 
 
 Vlreosylvla gllvoB, B. B. & B. NAB. 
 i. 1874, 368, pL 17, f. 3.— Brew. 
 Pr. Bost Soc. xvii.1875, 440. 
 
 Musclcapa melodla, WOs. AO. v. 1812, 
 
 85, pi. 42, f. 2.— Steph. Gen. Zool. 
 
 X. 1817, 382.— Bp. Joum. Phila. 
 
 Acad. It. 1824, 176. 
 eirlseons Flycatcber, Steph. 1. o. 
 Mouclierolle grls, V. OAS. 1. o. ^'G. 57.-Ftreo gilms, natnral size. 
 
 Panvette grlse fles titats-rnls, Y. 11. cc. 1817 & 1823. 
 Tlreo ou MoucheroUe grls, Xt!jlfaine,Ois.Canad. 1861, 213. 
 Warbling Flycatcher, Warbling Tlreo, Warbling Greenlet, Authors. 
 
 b. swainsoni 
 Tlreo gllvus. Towns Jonrn. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1855, 313; 
 
 1859, 106 (New Mexico).- Xont Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 191 (California).— Oocfp. <£ Sucil 
 
502 CHAEACTERS OF VIEEO GILVUS SWAINSONI 
 
 N. H. Wash. Terr. 1860, 188.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 35 (Eooky Mounti^s).— Allen, 
 
 Bnll. MCZ. iii. 1872, 156, 176 (Kansas, Colorado, Utah ; inclndes both varieties). 
 Tlreo gwalDSOnl, Bd. BNA. 1858, 336 (in text).— Coues, Ibis, 1865, 164 (Arizona).— Cotuw 
 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 73 (Arizona) Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 479. 
 
 Vlreo swalnsonii, Men-. Ann. Eep. TJ. S. GeoL Snrv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 714. 
 
 TlreosylTla swalnsonl, Sd. Eev. AB. 1866, 343, tg.— Aiken, Pr. Best. Soc. xv. 1873, 198 
 
 (Colorado). 
 rireoBflTla swainscnil, Stev. Ann. Eep. TJ. S. GeoL Snrv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 404. 
 Vlreo gllTUS var. swalnsoni, Coues, Key, 1872, 121, f. C4.— ifjrr. Ann. Eep. U. S. Geol. Snrv. 
 
 Terr, for 1872, 1873, 712.— Torr. <i Henish. Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874, Vi.—Hmth. ibid. 43, 77, 
 
 Wi.—Hewh. List B. Ariz. 1875, ISI.—Bemh,. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 221. 
 Tlreo gUvus 6. swalnsoni, Coues, BNW. 1874, 98. 
 
 Tlreosylvla gllva var, swalnsoni, Ridgw. Bnll. Ess. Inst v. 1873, 181 (Colorado). 
 Tlreosylvla gllrus var. swalnsoni, B. B. d B. NAB. 1. 1874, 371.— iatw. Bull. Nat. Mns. 
 
 n. 4, 1876, 17 (Tehuantepee). 
 Tlreosylvla gllva p. swalnsoni, Itidgw. Eep. Snrv. 40th Par. iv. pt. iii. 1877, 448. 
 
 Hab, — Ofgilvua proper, temperate Eastern North America, to the high cen- 
 tral plains. Breeds throughout 
 Its North American range ; win- 
 ters extralimital, in Mexico 
 and doubtless elsewhere, but 
 not known in the West Indies. 
 Of so-called "swainsoni", the 
 rest of the United States, in 
 wooded regions, from the plains 
 ITiG. 58. — yi/reo swainsoni, natnral size. ^q the Paciiic. 
 
 Ch. sp. — S 5 Bemigibus x. Ginereo-virescens, pileo sensim 
 cinerascente, necfnscolimhato ; uropygio virente, striga superciliari 
 albidd, orbitis fuscis; loris albidis; infra albidiis, sordide sub 
 flavivans, lateribus obscurioribus ; alts haudfasciatis. 
 
 i 9 , adult: With 10 primaries, the exposed portion of the first of which 
 is } or less of the length of the second, no obvious wing-bars, no blackish 
 stripe along the side of the crown, and no abrupt contrast between color of 
 back and crown. Upper parts greenish, with an ashy shade, rather brighter 
 on the rump and edgings of the wings and tail, anteriorly shading Insensibly 
 into ashy on the crown. Ash of crown bordered immediately by a whitish 
 superciliary and loral line; region immediately before and behind the eye 
 dusky ash. Below, sordid white with faint yellowish (sometimes creamy or 
 buffy) tinge, more obviously shaded along the aides with a dilution of the 
 the color of the back. Quills and tail-feathers fuscous, with narrow external 
 edgings as above said, and broader whitish edging of the inner webs ; the 
 wing-coverts without obvious whitish tipping. Bill dark horn-color above, 
 paler below ; feet plumbeous. Iris brown. Length, 5 inches, or rather more ; 
 extent, about &i ; wing, 2^; tail, 2i; bill, f; tarsus, f. 
 
 Specimens differ a good deal in the shade of the upper parts, and particu- 
 larly in the tint of the under parts. Birds of the year and autumnal speci- 
 mens generally are apt to be brighter than those of spring. It is a very plainly 
 marked species, but the above description should suffice for its discrimina- 
 tion among the species described in this work. 
 
 Western specimens were first doubtfully described as distinct under the 
 name of F. swainsoni, then rated as a good species, and finally quoted as a 
 
THE WARBLING OF THIS GEEENLET 503 
 
 geographical race. They average rather dnller colored than their Eastern 
 representatives, like most birds, in fact, of this dry region. I fail to appre- 
 ciate any tangible difference in general dimensions, or in shape of the bill. 
 The character of more rounded wing, which has been chiefly relied upon, the 
 2d quill being shorter icstead of longer than the 6th, does not hold as dis- 
 tinctive, for I find the same wing-formula in a specimen shot at Washington, 
 D. C. Without feeling much confidence in the reality of the distinction 
 which has been sought to be maintained, I have separated the synonymy 
 under two beads. The description is taken from Western specimens. 
 
 WARBLING Greenlets, whether of the Eastern or of the 
 Western type, inhabit all the woodland of temperate 
 North America. But in choosing their summer homes they 
 usually show good taste enough to seek the luxuries of city life, 
 displaying at the same time the force of character required to 
 escape its dangers. Neither disposed to undue familiarity, nor 
 given to over confidence, these urbane birds move in a quiet 
 circle of their own, in slight contact with less polished members 
 of society, quite apart from the vulgarity of the street and 
 market-place, and always with the easy self-possession that 
 marks the well-bred. We seldom see them, indeed ; they are 
 oftener a voice than a visible presence — just a ripple of melody 
 threadiug its way through the mazes of verdure, now almost 
 absorbed in the sighing of foliage, now flowing released on its 
 grateful mission. Their's is a tender, gentle strain, with just 
 a touch of sadness, borne on the same breath that wafts us 
 the perfume of April's early blossoms; and these are all the 
 sweeter for the instillation of such song. From the poplar that 
 glances both silver and green as its tremulous verdure is 
 stirred — from the grand old halls of the stately, splendid- 
 flowered liriodendron — from the canopied shade-weaving elm, 
 and the redolent depths of magnolia — issues all summer long 
 the same exquisite refrain, while the singers glide through their 
 hermitage unseen. Who would know these spirituelle musi- 
 cians better must be quick to catch a glimpse of a very small 
 sober-colored bird whose tints are those of its leafy home, and 
 whose course in the heart of the trees is as devious as the play 
 of the sunbeam itself. 
 
 The Warbling Vireo is no less agile a bird than his cousin 
 the Eed-eye, and equally tireless in the pursuit of his insect 
 prey ; both these birds sing as they go, with an unconscious 
 air, as if in a reverie; but the easy and wonderfully skilful 
 modulation of the former's flowing song contrasts to great ad- 
 vantage with the Eed-eye's abrupt and somewhat jerky notes. 
 
504 THE GOOD OFFICES IT EENDEKS 
 
 Both are among the most persistent of our musicians; in the 
 Middle States, for example, their notes are heard from the latter 
 part of April until far into September, and at all hours of the 
 day. But much as we may admire Gilvus in the agreeable sen- 
 timent which his song inspires, we owe him a higher and more 
 respectful consideration for the good services he renders us in 
 a very practical way. Inhabiting by choice our parks, lawns, 
 and orchards, and even the shade-trees of our busiest streets, 
 rather than the untried depths of the forest, these birds collec- 
 tively render efficient service by ridding us of unnumbered 
 insects, whose presence is a pest, as well as a continual annoy- 
 ance to sensitive persons. They take a foremost place among 
 the useful birds for whose good services in this regard we have 
 reason to be grateful, bfeing much more beneficial than the 
 European Sparrows, which we have imported for the same pur- 
 pose, and against whose insolent aggressions these tender birds 
 should be protected. The comparative abundance of these two 
 species being duly considered, there can be but one opinion in 
 the matter of their respective efficiency in destroying noxious 
 insects; for the Yireos are particularly insectivorous birds, 
 while Sparrows eat insects only at certain seasons, and then 
 only through caprice ; their natural food is seeds, and at pres- 
 ent, in this country, they feed for the most part on street- 
 garbage.* 
 
 There is nothing to distinguish the Eastern and Western 
 Warbling Vireos, so far as their habits and manners are con- 
 cerned. It is true that the former is more civilized just now ; 
 but this is a transitory circumstance, which will doubtless 
 yield to the settlement of the West, when we may expect 
 to find the Warbling Vireos of that portion of our country in- 
 
 » According to Mr. Gentry, who has paid such particular attentiou to the 
 food of our birds, this Vireo feeds chiefly upon dipterous and lepidopterous 
 insects, the larvae of many of which, as is Well known, are among the most 
 injurious. This gentleman has found in their stomachs remains of Muaca 
 domestlca, Tahanus lineola, T. cinctus, Tipula ferruginea, Culex tomiorhynohua, 
 and other Diptera ; the lepidopterous 4 »i«oni/a! vernata, A. poTnetaria, Zerene 
 catenaria, Ennomoa subsignaria, Eufitchia ribeaiia Angtronia crocataria, and 
 lAmacadea acopha ; with Apia mellifica, Selandria roaai, and MegacMle centun- 
 cularia amoug Hymenoptera ; together with various Aphides, or plant-lice. 
 
 Prof. Samuel Aughey gives the Warbling Vireo among the birds of Ne- 
 braska which destroy the scourge of that country — the grasshopper. " I 
 frequently saw it light down within a rod of me where locusts abounded 
 and feed on them. This species seemed to eat them in all stages of their 
 growth, and brought them constantly to their nests for their young. " — (First 
 Ann. Eep. U. S. Entom. Comm. for 1877, 1878, App. p. [27].) 
 
THE NtiSrS AND EGGS OF WAEBLING GKEENLETS 505 
 
 crease in numbers until they are as abundant in the towns 
 as our own variety has long since become. They are already 
 numerous in all suitable situations, where their periods of mi- 
 gration and areas of distribution in the breeding season corre- 
 spond perfectly with those of the typical Eastern gilvus. Such 
 are my own observations as far as they go, and we have many 
 others, unnecessary to cite, to the same effect. 
 
 Nor is there any appreciable distinction between the nests of 
 the two varieties or between their eggs. We know how much 
 alike the Vireos all are in these respects, and it would be sur- 
 prising if there were any difference between such closely- 
 related — in fact scarcely separable — varieties as the Warbling 
 and Swainson's Greenlets. Audubon has left us an account of 
 their nest-building, in which he describes with great particu- 
 larity the actions of a pair whom he watched for several days 
 whilst they were busied in the construction of their pretty pen- 
 sile fabrics. The nest is hung in a forked twig, and is peculiar, 
 in comparison with that of other Vireos, neither in this respect, 
 nor in materials nor workmanship; but it is commonly placed 
 higher up, sometimes fifty or a hundred feet from the ground, 
 right under the canopy of foliage of such large trees as the 
 elms, maples, and poplars, where it may sway in the breeze, 
 but is secure against ordinary accidents of the weather, and 
 remote from most enemies, the inevitable Cowbird alone ex- 
 cepted. Such high building, however, is not invariable, for Mr. 
 Ridgway speaks of several nests which he took in Utah, which 
 were built in aspens only about four feet from the ground. In 
 form, the nest is quite deeply cupped, with a somewhat con- 
 tracted brim, for the still greater safety of its precious freight, 
 firmly secured to its slender support, and with closely matted 
 walls. The eggs are usually four or five in number, pure white, 
 oftenest with the reddish- brown spots or even blotches, which 
 are the rule in this genus, but sometimes immaculate ; they are 
 nearly or quite three-fourths of an inch long, by a trifle over 
 half an inch broad, and of the ordinary shape. 
 
 The Blue-headed Ctreenlet 
 
 Vlreo solitarias 
 
 Musclcapa soUtarla, Wite. " AO. IL 1810, 43, pL 17, f. 6 ".—Steph. Shaw's Gen. ZooL x. 1817, 
 
 349.— £p. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 174. 
 Vlreo solitarius, Viettl. " N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, — '.—Bp. Journ. PhiltL Acad. iv. 1824, 175.— 
 
 Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, ^0.—Aud. OB. i. 1831, 147, pi. W.—Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 305.— 
 
 OrniJi. Oormm. Journ. Pljila. Acad. viL 1837, 193 ("Columbia River").- Up. CGL. 
 
 1838, in.— Towns. Journ. Phila^ Acad. viii. 1839, ISi.—Aud. Syn. 1839, 160.— ^ud. BA. 
 
 iv. 1842, 144, pi. 239.— Gir. BLI. 1844, im.—Qamh. Pr. Pliila. Acad. 1847, 159 (Call- 
 
506 SYNONYMY OF VIREO SOLITABIUS 
 
 fornia.)— ffamft. Jonrn. PMla. Acad. 1. 1847, 44 (California).— J!p. CA. i. 18i0, 330.- 
 Oeuit. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, IW.—Tkompt. Vermont, 1853, li.—Boy, Pr. Phila. Aoad. 
 1853, 309 CWisconsin).— TTenntc. Tr. Illinois Agrio. Soo. i. 1855, 582.— PrafieJi, ibid. 603.— 
 dundl. J. t. 0. 1855, 408 (Cuba).— Sci. PZS. 1856, 298 (Mexico).— .Brew). Pr. Boat. Soo. vi. 
 1856, 6 (Massachusetta).- Pu(». Pr. Ess. Inst. 1. 1856, 213 (same).— .Bd. BNA. 1858, 
 340.— 5c!. PZS. 1859, 375 (Oaxaca) ; 360 (Xalapa).— JCanfc Pr. Pliila. Acad. 1859, 191 
 (California).— Tftttis, Smiths. Eep. for 1838, 1859, 282 (Nova Scotia).— Coop. <e SmcW. 
 NHWT. 1860, 189 CWashington Territory) —WAeot. Ohio Agric. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 
 305.— iS. <e8. Ibis, 1860, 31 (Coban, Vera Vaz).-Brew. Pr. Boat. Soo. vii. 1860, 307 
 (Cuba).— Bom. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436 (Pennsylvania).— Oo««» <i Prent. 
 Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862, 410.— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. i862, 148 (Maine).— Boordm. 
 Pr. Bost Soo. ix. 1862, 126 (Maine).— Hoy, Smiths. Eep. for 1864. 1865, 437 (Missonri).— 
 J>ress. Ibis, 1865, 481 (San Antonio, Tex.).—Mellwr. Pr. Ess-Inst; v. 1806, 87 (Canada 
 West).— ioKir. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 285 (New York).— Brown, Ibis, 1868, 421 
 (Vancouver).— Oowj, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 278 (New England).— Coues. Pr. Bost. Soc. 
 xiL 1868, 111 (South Carolina).— Ooop. Am. Nat. ili. 1869, 4'i9.—Tumi. B. E. Pa. 1869, 
 26; Phila. ed. Id.-Cope, Am. Nat. iv. 1£70, 395-6.— Trtppe, Pr. Ess. InaLvi. 1671, 117 
 (Minnesota, breeding).— Coiws, Key, 1872, 191, f. 66.— Gundi. J. f. 0. 1872, 403 (Cnba).— 
 Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1873, 310.— Gentry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1873,354 (nestl.-JlfeiT. 
 Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 7-8.— Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 17.— Cones, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 
 541.— OoMes. BNW. 1874, bB.-JIensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 157 (Arizona).— HeMft. Zool. 
 Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 223 (Arizona, as migrant, with both var. CTssimond var. plum- 
 beus).— Gentry. LifoHist. 1876, 223.— J!fmi,(, BNE. 1877, Ki.—Brewtt. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 
 xi. 1875, 140 (Virginia).— AfcCaMZey, Boll. U. S. Geol.Smv. iii. u. 3,;877, toa (Texas). 
 
 Vlreo SOlitlareus, Mayn. Pr. Bost. 
 Soc. xiv. 1872, 370. 
 
 TlCPO solltarlns, Gregg, Pr. El- 
 mirn Acad. 1870, — . 
 
 Lanias soUtarlus, Licht. " Proia- 
 Veiz. Mex. Viig. 1830, 2"; 
 J. t 0. 1863, 58. 
 
 TlTco (Lanlvireo) soUtarins, Bd. 
 
 IBSS.-Gundl. J. f. O. 1861, 
 
 324 (Cuba).— Aiien, Pr. Eas. ^ ^„ IT. ,., . ... 
 
 , . Fig. 59. — Vireo solitanus, naUiral B1Z&. 
 
 Instiv. 1864, 67. 
 
 Vlreo (Lanlvireo) solltaria, Bidgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 370 (lUinoia). 
 
 VlreosylTla solltaria, Bd. Eev. AB. 1866, 347, flg.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 117 —Sumich. Mem. 
 Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 548 (Vera Cruz). 
 
 LanlTirco solltarlus, AUm, Am. STat. iii. 1869, 507, 579.— J? .B. a R NAB. i. 1874, 373, pi. 17, 
 t. S.—Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440 — £owr. Bull. Nat. Mna. n. 4, 1876, 18 (Tehuan- 
 tepeo),— iJtdsrao. Eep. Expl. 40th Par. iv. pt. iii. 1877, 450 (Humboldt Valley). 
 
 Solitary Flycatcher, Steph. 1. c. 
 
 Solitary or Blne-bcaded TIrco or Greenlet, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — The whole of the United States, in wooded regions, and Canada. 
 South through Mexico to Central America. Cuba. Breeds at large f in the 
 United States, but chiefly north of the 40th parallel; winters extralimital, 
 with some probable exceptions. 
 
 Ch. sp. — (J 9 Bemigibus x. Flavo-olivaceus, vertice et late- 
 ribus capitis ccEruleo-plumbeis, orbitis albis, loris fuscis ; infrh 
 albus, lateribus et axillaribus flavicantibus ; alls flavidalbido 
 Umbaiis necnon bifasciatis. 
 
 $ ? , adult : A large and very stoutly-built species, with short, stout bill, 
 a, spurious primary one-fourth as long as the second quill, decided contrast 
 betwixt colors of back and head, and conspicuous wing-bars. Upper parts 
 yellowish-olive or olive-green (same shade as in V. oUvaceus), the crown 
 and sides of the head bluish-ashy in marked contrast, with a white lino 
 
DISTRIBUTION OF THE BLUE-HEADED GEEENLET 507 
 
 from nostrils to and around (not behind) the eye, and dusky loral space. 
 Below pure white, the sides strongly washed with yellowish, with some 
 olive shading, the under wing- and tail-coverts quite yellowish. Quills and 
 tail-feathers blackish, strongly edged with white or with the color of the 
 back, or both, and the tips of the greater and middle coverts the same, 
 forming two conspicuous wing-bars. Bill blackish-plumbeous, not always 
 paler below; feet plumbeous; iris brown. Length about S-J; extent, 8J; 
 wing, 2J ; tail, 2i ; bill about i long, nearly half as deep at the base. 
 
 Immature specimens are rather brighter-colored. At any season there 
 may be rather less contrast than as above indicated between the color of the 
 back and bead, either owing to a slight ashy dorsal wash as in spring ex- 
 amples, or to an olivaceous shading of the bead in others. But there can 
 be no difficulty in recognizing the species by the characters above given. 
 
 THE movements of the Blue-headed Vireo are somewhat 
 difficult to trace with entire precision, and the mode of 
 its dispersion in this country has beea much in question. The 
 bird appears to be of rather irregular or uncertain distribution, 
 quite common in some districts, and rare in others which seem 
 equally suited to its requirements. Its history has never yet 
 been fully presented, and it is only within two or three years 
 that some important advices, before wanting, have come to 
 band, with respect more particularly to its occurrence in the 
 Colorado Valley, where it was long supposed to be absent, 
 though known to occur both in Texas and California. With 
 the materials now at our disposition, however, the history of 
 the species may be attempted with some confidence. 
 
 It was first described in 1810 by Wilson, who figured a speci- 
 men taken in October near Philadelphia, and saw altogether 
 no more than three individuals, though he also inspected a 
 drawing of one made in Georgia, where the bird was considered 
 to be rare. He simply remarks that it is a rare species and a 
 silent solitary bird, giving no further indication of its habits, 
 but surmising that it may have its headquarters in some por- 
 tion of the country unknown to him, Nothing whatever was 
 added to this meagre account until Audubon in 1831 gave some 
 further particulars, though in the mean while various compilers 
 and " systematizers" treated of the species. The short notice 
 in Nuttall's 'Manual' is entirely drawn from these two sources. 
 Audubon's account, though extended and circumstantial, and 
 including an unmistakable description of the bird, is to be taken 
 neverthelesss with some allowance for confusion of memory or 
 other source of error. He represents the bird as an abundant 
 inhabitant of the cane-brakes of Louisiana, in which he says 
 it breeds. But, as both Mr. Gentry and Dr. Brewer have 
 
508 DISTRIBUTION OP THE BLUE-HEADED QEEENLET 
 
 observed, his account of the nest does not agree with the known 
 facts in the case, nor has the species been since ascertained to 
 breed in Louisiana. Such state of the case tends to throw 
 doubt on other portions of Audubon's narrative, in which the 
 actions of the birds are described minutely ; especially as what 
 is said might apply as well to other species as to the present. 
 We learn, however, from Audubon, what is undoubtedly true, 
 that he found the bird both in Texas and Nova Scotia, and 
 that Dr. Bachman bad seen it in South Carolina, where " a 
 sweet and loud song of half a dozen notes" had been heard. 
 The same account includes, furthermore, the statements that 
 specimens had been procured by Townsend on the Columbia 
 Eiver, and a considerable notice by Nuttall of its nesting in the 
 same region. What is now known of the distribution of tlie 
 species confirms these observations, so far at least as the 
 locality is concerned. 
 
 We were thus put in possession of an outline of the geograph- 
 ical distribution of the species, — Texas to Nova Scotia and 
 Georgia to Oregon, — remaining to be filled in by subsequent 
 observers. The earliest of these was Dr. Gambel, who, in 1847, 
 in the papers above cited, speaks of the abundance of the 
 birds in thickets in California during the latter part of the 
 summer. Within a few years thereafter, the bird came to be 
 quite generally known from various localities in the United 
 States unnecessary to specify. In 1855, it was recorded by 
 Gundlach from Cuba, and in the following year by Sclater 
 from Mexico. Xantns and Heermann each shortly afterward 
 confirmed Gambel's California record, as Cooper and Suckley 
 did the earlier indications which Audubon had given for the 
 extreme northwest of the United States; while, just on the 
 heels of these important notices, came Messrs. Sclater and 
 Salvin's announcement from Guatemala. Mcllwraith in 1866 
 placed Canada among the localities in which the bird had 
 been actually observed. We thus had advices from practically 
 all of the United States, excepting only the Southern Eocky 
 Mountain region, Valley of the Colorado, and of course the 
 Great Plains ; and from Nova Scotia, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, 
 and Guatemala. It only remained to cover the Southern 
 Eocky Mountain region, as was not done until the observa- 
 tions of Eidgway in Utah and Nevada and of Henshaw 
 in Arizona completed the picture. These were not made until 
 very recently ; I had never seen the bird in Arizona, where it 
 
DISTKIBUTION OF THE BLUE-HEADED GKEENLET 509 
 
 is largely replaced by F. plumbeus in the breeding season, and 
 even in 1874 1 was obliged, according to the knowledge we 
 then possessed, to except the region in question from the habitat 
 of the bird, as was also done the same year by the authors of 
 the " History of North American Birds". We now know, how- 
 ever, theexception was unnecessary, the apparent absenceof the 
 species from the Colorado Valley being occasioned by the fact 
 that there it is rather a migrant than a breeder, and that V. 
 plumbeus is conspicuous in the breeding season in this region. 
 Mr. Henshaw's observations may be cited in support of these 
 statements : — 
 
 " The Solitary- Vireo appears to occur in the Southern Rocky 
 Mountains only as a migrant, and to be wholly replaced there in 
 summer by the nearly allied variety, the Plumbeous Vireo (var. 
 plumbeus). In its course southward from its northern breeding 
 ground, it appears to follow the mountain ranges, and to con- 
 fine itself to the pine region. During the latter part of Septem- 
 ber 1 found the species occurring quite numerously at Mount 
 Graham, where it was seen only among the lofty pines, usually 
 accompanying other birds, as the Audubon's Warbler and 'Sat- 
 hatches. It could scarcely be said to be in song ; yet, as it 
 moved about from branch to branch, it occasionally paused to 
 give utterance to a few strains, which, though broken and 
 detached, were suflQcient to bring to mind the beautiful melody 
 to be heard from this bird in the vernal season — in variety 
 and richness of notes not surpassed by the song of any of the 
 family." 
 
 Mr. Eidgway's recent paragraph is to like efifect : — " This spe- 
 cies was met with only during its autumnal migrations, when it 
 seemed to be not uncommon in the month of September among 
 the canon thickets of the western slope of the Clover Mountains. 
 A single specimen was also shot in a buffalo-berry thicket 
 in Buena Vista Canon, on the eastern slope of the West Hum- 
 boldt Mountains in September of the preceding year. It is 
 still a question whether such individuals of this species were 
 migrants from the higher portions of the mountains, or from a 
 more northern region ; but that their migration was not vertical 
 is most probable." This seems to be a judicious query ; for, 
 though we cannot yet afBrm that the Solitary Vireo actually 
 breeds in the Colorado Valley, we may remember that the evi- 
 dence against it is only negative ; and I infer, from our general 
 knowledge of the fauna of this region, that the bird will evi- 
 
510 MIGRATIONS OF THE BLUE-HEADED GREENLET 
 
 dently be found to breod in the higher portions of this water- 
 shed, where it is now only known as a migrant. 
 
 The two paragraphs just cited have already brought up the 
 next question to be considered — the method of the bird's dis- 
 tribution over the area already determined to be its habitat, 
 and the periods of its dispersal. It should be noted, in the first 
 place, that, though we have no satisfactory evidence of the 
 bird's wintering anywhere in the United States, and though 
 we know it well as a winter bird of Mexico and Guatemala, it 
 still seems probable that some individuals may linger along 
 our southern border during the season in question. In fact, 
 this is virtually attested by Bachman's early notice of the 
 species in South Carolina in February, if there be no mistake 
 about this ; and Gambel has something to the same effect for 
 Southern California. But there is no doubt whatever that the 
 great body of the birds pass beyond our limits in the fall. The 
 movement begins at the north in September, and by the end 
 of the following month the birds are already, as a rule, beyond 
 our confines. The return commences at the very opening of 
 spring, and by the middle of April these Vireos have already 
 become generally dispersed, though the limits of the migra- 
 tion, as in Maine, Canada, Wisconsin, and the Columbia Eiver 
 region, are not attained until the first or second week in May. 
 Thus, at Washington, D. C, where this Vireo is the rarest of 
 its kind. Dr. Prentiss find myself noted its arrival on the 25th 
 of April, and its departure October 20th. The Eev. Dr. 
 Turubnll's note for Enst Pennsylvania and New Jersey is sub- 
 stantially the same. In the vicinity of Philadelphia, says 
 Gentry, it usually arrives about the 15th of April, sometimes 
 not till the beginning of May, and retires during the latter 
 part of September or early in October. In Connecticut, where, 
 according to Merriam, it is not uncommon during the migra- 
 tions, and where a few breed, the same authority fixes the 
 time of its advent as the first week in May ; but he adds, that 
 it has been seen in the fall as late as the 13th of October. 
 Various New England writers agree upon the first or second 
 week in May as the time of appearance of the bird in their 
 midst. Mcllwraith's date for Hamilton, Canada West, is May 
 10th. The records from the Western States are less explicit, 
 but agree as far as they go ; and the same may be said of the 
 still fewer data we have received from the Eocky Mountain 
 region and the Pacific coast. 
 
NESTING OP THE BLUE -HEADED GEEENLET 511 
 
 Notwithstanding the regularity we may thus trace in the 
 movements of the Blue-head, the bird is by no means equably 
 distributed all over the great area it occupies; and the cause 
 of its rarity in some localities, no less than of its comparative 
 abundance in others, remains unexplained. On the whole, the 
 birds appear to pursue more especially two lines of migration 
 on opposite sides of the continent, where their numbers are 
 greater than they have ever been shown to be in the interior, 
 as the Mississippi watershed at large. This is the reverse of 
 the case which the Philadelphia Vireo offers ; it may be due, 
 in a measure, to the birds' inclination to follow along mount- 
 ain ranges rather than pass across stretches of low alluvium. 
 As already observed, it is only in the further half of the 
 United States that the Solitary Vireo ordinarily stops to breed. 
 The records we possess are unanimous in this regard, and it 
 would seem to be a very just statement of Dr. Brewer's that 
 " both at the East and the West it is undoubtedly only migra- 
 tory to about the 40th parallel, and does not, except in mount- 
 ainous localities, breed south of that lino." 
 
 Passing over several early accounts of its nidiflcation, as not 
 entirely free from suspicion — though it should be immediately 
 conceded that we have no obvious occasion to challenge Nut- 
 tail's Columbia River account — we find it first stated by Baird, 
 in 1844, that the bird breeds near Carlisle in Pennsylvania. 
 The breeding-habits, so long in question, have been studied 
 more attentively by Mr. Gentry than by any one else, for all 
 that appears, as may be inferred from the r6sum,4 of his observa- 
 tions, which I take pleasure in laying before the reader. 
 
 The Blue-headed Vireo (says Mr. Gentry) delights to build 
 on the borders of dense forests, and along unfrequented roads, 
 its favorite trees being the red cedar and red maple — the former 
 by the roadside, the latter on the edges of the woods. Both 
 sexes reach thir breeding grounds together, though the more 
 retiring and quieter females are not so often observed as their 
 mates. The birds appear to have lately become more abundant, 
 with the modification of the face of the country, and were 
 one season nearly as numerous as the Eed-eye. They began to 
 build in a week or two after their arrival, about the time when 
 the pin-oaks shed their catkins, which are largely, sometimes 
 exclusively, used in the construction of the nest. In other 
 cases, the nests are built chiefly of grasses. They are grace- 
 
512 NESTING OP THE BLUE-HEADED GREENLET 
 
 fully fixed in a forked twig, presenting a neat and cozy appear- 
 ance, and symmetrically cup-shaped, though the exterior may 
 bristle with the projecting tassels of the pin-oak. The female 
 adjusts the materials which the male brings, and the structure 
 is completed in about three days. The eggs are laid one a day, 
 and incubation, which devolves solely upon the female, con- 
 tinues for 10 or 11 days, during which time the brooding 
 bird is supplied with nourishment by her dutiful mate. The 
 female is so unsuspicious, and so lacking in timidity, that persons 
 may pass and repass within ten feet of the nes*; without exciting 
 her distrust or causing alarm. Should her confidence, how- 
 ever, prove misplaced, and her home seem in danger of viola- 
 tion, she glides silently away, leaving to her valiant mate the 
 effort to resent the threatened intrusion and deter assault^to 
 whose credit be it said, that he defends his home at the hazard 
 of his life. Both parents attend to the young, and are kept 
 busy enough in providing sufiicient food. They seek and bring 
 to the nest the larvae of the various geometrid motlis which 
 infest our trees; different kinds of flies and gnats, among them 
 species of Oynips, or gall-flies, as well as a few beetles — a snflB- 
 ciently varied bill of fare, and one which attests the benefit 
 which these birds unconsciously confer upon us whilst they 
 care for their offspring. Only one brood is reared each season ; 
 the young are able to provide for themselves when they are 
 about 10 or 12 days old ; the female has then again to look 
 after herself, and the male becomes a selfish gourmand. Though 
 insects still form much of their fare, they now feed with gusto 
 on the berries of the Gornus and Viburnum, and reassert the 
 quiet and retiring disposition which the exigencies of the breed- 
 ing season temporarily hold in abeyance. 
 
 Observing that in places frequented by this Vireo he had 
 often seen masses of pin-oak catkins which closely resembled 
 the nests themselves, Mr. Gentry questions whether some 
 principle of " protective mimicry" (as it is called by a certain 
 school) may not underlie the use of these substances as mate- 
 rials for the nests. " The utilization of such substances in the 
 manner of nests, from their fancied resemblance to loose clus- 
 ters of catkins, are best adapted to the security and well-being 
 of the species, and now constitute in certain localities the typi- 
 cal structure." 
 
 Other and qnite different styles of architecture are however 
 
NESTING OF THE BLUE-HEADED GREENLET 513 
 
 described by Dr. Brewer, whose excellent opportunities for ex- 
 amination of these structures have been fully utilized in his 
 contribution to the history of the species. I extract his inter- 
 esting account in full : — 
 
 " Seven nests of this species, found in Lynn and Hingham, 
 Mass., exhibit peculiarities of structure substantially identical. 
 In comparison with the nests of other Vireos, they are all 
 loosely constructed, and seem to be not so securely fastened to 
 the twigs from which they are suspended. One of these nests, 
 typical of the general character, obtained in Lynn, May 27, 
 1859, by Mr. George O. Welch, was suspended from the 
 branches of a young oak, about twelve feet from the ground. 
 The external depth of this nest was only two and a half inches, 
 the diameter three and a quarter, and its cavity one and three 
 quarters deep, and two inches wide at the rim. It was con- 
 structed externally of strips of yellow and of gray birch-bark, 
 intermingled with bits of wood and dry grasses. The external 
 portion was quite loosely put together, but was lined, in a more 
 compact manner, with dry leaves of the white pine, arranged 
 in layers. Another nest, found in Hingham, was but two feet 
 from the ground, on a branch of a hickory sapling. lu its 
 general structure it was the same, only differing in shape, being 
 made to conform to its position, and being twice as long as it 
 was broad. It contained four young, when found, about the 
 10th of June. One nest alone, built in a bush in Lynn, exhibits 
 an average degree of compactness in its external structure. 
 This is largely composed of cocoons, which are woven together 
 into a somewhat homogeneous and cloth-like substance. With- 
 in, decayed stems of grasses take the place of the usual pine- 
 needles. In the summer of 1870 a pair built their nest in a 
 dwarf pear-tree, within a few rods of my house. They were at 
 first very shy and would not permit themselves to be seen at 
 their work, and suspended all labor when any one was occupied 
 near their chosen tree. Soon after the construction of the nest 
 two Oowbird's eggs were deposited, which I removed, although 
 the female only laid two of her own before she began to sit 
 upon them. By this time she became more familiar, and would 
 not leave her nest unless I attempted to lay hands upon her. 
 She made no complaint in the manner of the White-eyed, nor 
 sought to attack like the Yellow-throated, but kept within a 
 few feet, and watched me with eager eyes, until I left her. 
 33 B o 
 
514 VIEEO SOLITARIUS CASSINI 
 
 Unfortunately, her nest was pillaged by a Black-billed Cuckoo, 
 and I was unable to observe her feed her young, as 1 had hoped 
 to do." 
 
 The eggs are four or five in number, in no respect remarkable 
 on comparison with those of other large Vireos, being of the 
 usual shape, with a pure white ground-color, to which the con- 
 tents lend a slight blush when the egg is fresh, and speckled 
 with reddish, sometimes over the whole surface, but oftener 
 chiefly about the larger end ; they measure about three-fourths 
 of an inch in length by one-half of an inch in breadth — rather 
 over than under those dimensions. 
 
 It has never happened to me to hear the nuptial song of the 
 Blue-headed Vireo, to which Mr. Burroughs accords such high 
 and feeling praise. Dr. Brewer regards it as bearing no 
 resemblance to that of any other Greenlet. " It is a prolonged 
 and very peculiar ditty, repeated at frequent intervals and 
 always identical. It begins with a lively and pleasant warble, 
 of a gradually ascending scale, which at a certain pitch sud- 
 denly breaks down into a falsetto note. The song then rises 
 again in a single high note, and ceases. For several summers 
 the same bird has been heard, near my house in Hingham, in 
 a wild pasture, near the edge of a wood, always singing the 
 same refrain, during the month of June." 
 
 Cassia's Greenlet 
 
 Tireo solitarins cassini 
 
 VIreo casslnll, Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1858, 117; 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cal,).— Bd. BNA. 
 
 1858, 340 ; ed. of 1860, pL 78, f. l.—Bd. Eev. AB. 1866, 347 (in text) lUdgw. Eep. Expl. 
 
 40tli Par. iv. pt. iii. 1877, 449. 
 lanlTirco soUtarlns var. casBinl, B. B. di iJ. NAB. i. 1874, 376. 
 Tlreo soUtarlns vwr. casstni, Sensh. Bep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 105 (Arizona).— ^.Ben;/!. List B. 
 
 Ariz. 1875, liS.Smeh. Zool. ExpL W. 100 Merid. 1875, 323 (Arizona). 
 
 In addition to typical solitarias, or -what has not been in any way dis- 
 tinguished from it, the Coloiadan region furnishes a somewhat peculiar, 
 though very closely allied, form, — the Vireo eassini of Xantus. This has lat- 
 terly been taken for the most part as a mere plumage of V. soUtariua, and it is 
 not yet certain that it is anything more. Though quoted by Professor Baird 
 and myself as a simple synonym, it has been more recently distinguished 
 varietally by Mr. Eidgway, and some facts which he gives of its association 
 with V. aolitarms seem to bear him out in this course. I deem it proper to 
 call attention to the matter, reserving an opinion until more material shall 
 have been examined. The points about the bird are its much duller and 
 more brownish olivaceous, with little contrast between the head and back, 
 impurity of the white loral line and orbital ring, together with a general 
 bofify or ochraceous tinge of the under parts, where solitariue is pure white. 
 
SYNONYMY OP VIEEO PLUMBEUS 515 
 
 I HAVE never recognized this supposed species as different 
 from solitarius, and have nothing to contribute to its 
 meagre history. Birds doubtfully supposed by Mr. Henshaw 
 to belong here fell under his observation in Arizona, appar- 
 ently only during the migration. " In 1873, it was observed 
 both by Dr. 0. G. Newberry and myself; the earliest date being 
 September 12. It was not uncommon along the Gila Elver, 
 where it usually kept in the tall cottonwoods. In 1874, it was 
 again met with by Dr. Rothrock and myself at Mount Graham, 
 and under precisely the same circumstances as the preceding 
 species [ V. solitarius]. They were, however, here quite rare as 
 compared with solitarius; but, near Camp Crittenden, the last 
 few days of August, quite a number were seen among the 
 deciduous trees. Their seeming preference for the deciduous 
 trees over the coniferous timber is the only point wherein their 
 habits seem to differ from those of the Solitary Vireo." Mr. 
 Eidgway has a note to the effect that this bird, which he char- 
 acterizes as " rare and little known ", was observed by him only 
 in the canons of the West Humboldt Mountains, where it was 
 not uncommon in September, having probably migrated thither 
 from some region lying northwestward. 
 
 The Plumbeous Orecnlet 
 
 Tireo plnmbens 
 
 Vlreo most like SOlltarlllS, Corns, Ibis, 1865, 164 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.)- 
 
 Vlreo plnmbens, Cones, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 74 (Arizona).— Cooj). Am. Ifat. iii 1869, 479.— 
 
 AUm, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 3i5.—Coues, Key, 1872, 351.— Merr. Ann. Eep. U. S. Geol. Snrv. 
 
 Terr, for 1872, 1873, 714. 
 Tlreosylvla plumbea, Sd. Eev. AR 1866, 349, &g.—Aitm, Pr. Bost. Soo. XV. 1872, 198 
 
 (Colorado). 
 lanlTlreo plumbeus, Bidgw. 
 
 Eep. Expl. 40th Par. iv. 
 
 pt iii. 1877, 451 (Rocky 
 
 Mountains). 
 Tireo solitarius var. plnm- 
 bens, AUen, Ball. MCZ. 
 
 iii. 1872, nS.—Coues, 
 
 BNW. 1874, 100.— Torr. 
 
 <£ Hensh. Bep. Om. 
 
 1874 IZ^HeTish Fig. 60. — Vireo pluTnbeus, natural size. 
 
 ibid. 1874, 43, 77, 105 (Arizona, &B.).—Hmsh. ListB. Ariz. 1875, ISl.—Remh. Zool. Expl. 
 
 W. 100 Merid. 1875, 224. 
 LanlTlreo solltarla var. plnmbea, JUdgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 181 (Colorado). 
 lanlTlreo soUtarlns var. plnmbens, B. B. a R. NAR i. 1874, 37, 377, pi. 17, f. lo. 
 Plnmbeons Vlreo, Oomcs, 11. cc. 
 lead-colored Tireo, S.B.(iR. 1. u. 
 Western Solitary Tireo, Hensh. l. u. 
 
 Hab. — Southern Rooky Mouatain region of the United States, and south- 
 ward into Mexico. 
 
516 CIIARACTEES OP VIREO PLUMBEUS 
 
 Ch. sp. — (J 9 Plumbeus, infrh albus, lateribus virentiplumbeo 
 lavatis ; alls cauddqve fuscis, albo limbatis, illis necnon albo 
 bifasciatis ; loris fuscis ; orbitis albis. 
 
 ^ 9 , ad alt t With the form of V. soUtarius ; rather larger, and nearly all 
 of the oli vacous of that species replaced by plumbeous. Entire upper parts, 
 including crown and sides of neck and head, uniform plumbeous or bluish- 
 ash, gaining a faint olive shade on the rump. Below pure white, with a 
 slight asliy-olive shade on the side. Lores dusky. A white line from nos- 
 trils to and arouud the eye. Two cross-bars on the wings, and edges of most 
 of the quills pure white. Tail similarly edged with white. Bill blackish- 
 plumbeous, very robust; feet plumbeous. Length, 5f-64; extent, Qf-lOJ; 
 wing, S-iV-^tV ; tail) 2i ; bill, i ; tarsus, f ; middle toe and claw, the same ; 
 spurious quill exposed f of an inch, or about a third of the length of the 
 second quill. 
 
 In freshly moulted specimens, the pure white edgings of the wings and 
 tail are very bro.ad and conspicuous, as are also the markings on the sides 
 of the head. In some cases, the upper parts are more tinged with olive than 
 as above described, showing an approach to solitarius, up to which the 
 species grades very closely. In discussing its relationships with that form, 
 the larger size of F. plumieus should be taken into consideration, as well as 
 the fact that typical solitarius, showing no approach to plumbeus, is found in 
 the same region. 
 
 IN the mountainous parts of Arizona, where this bird was 
 discovered, it is an abundant inhabitant of the pine-belt 
 during the summer, apparently replacing the Solitary Vireo at 
 that period of the year. I observed its arrival at Port Whipple 
 about the middle of April, and found it at frequent intervals 
 until October, when it disappeared from that elevated locality. 
 During the breeding season it is the characteristic species of 
 its family in the higher and northerly portions of the Territory, 
 as the Least Vireo is at the same season in lower portions of the 
 Colorado and Gila Valleys. These early observations respect- 
 ing the bird have been followed up by other naturalists, through 
 whose exertions we have become better acquainted with this 
 interesting species. It has been traced northward to Laramie 
 Peak by Dr. E. B. Hitz, and south to the plains of Colima by 
 Xantus. Mr. 0. E. Aiken has found it in Colorado and New 
 Mexico, while both Eidgway and Henshaw have met with it in 
 Utah. Its range is thus clearly seen to include the whole of 
 the Middle Province, or Southern Eocky Mountain region, 
 where it is for the most part isolated from its relatives during 
 the breeding season, though associated with various birds of its 
 own kind, especially the Solitary and the Least Vireos, during 
 its migrations. Its habits have not yet been very attentively 
 
SYNONYMY OF VIEEO VICINIOR 51 7 
 
 studied, but, as far as known, they do not differ from those of 
 the Blue-headed Greenlet. The nest and eggs, taken by Aiken 
 in Colorado, are described by Henshaw as substantially identi- 
 cal with those of soliiarius taken in New England. The nest 
 was composed of soft cottony substances, bound exteriorly 
 with strips of bark and other fibrous material, and lined with 
 fine dried grasses, and the eggs were white, spotted, chiefly at 
 the larger end, with reddish-brown. 
 
 A pair of these birds which I shot at Fort Whipple offered 
 one of the many touching spectacles it has been my fortune to 
 witness, in evidence of the devotion birds so often show to their 
 mates. The female, fatally wounded by my shot, crouched upon 
 a slender twig, where she balanced with the greatest difficulty, 
 breathing heavilyin dire distress; and I could plainly perceive a 
 fold of intestines protruding from a rent in the abdomen. Her 
 mate in a few moments came flying to her assistance. He 
 alighted by her side, caressed her tenderly with his beak, and 
 seemed to beseech her, in low, sympathetic accents, to fly the 
 fatal spot. She gathered herself for the effort, but only flut- 
 tered fainting to the ground, where she lay extended in the 
 agonies of death, with her bowels trailing in the dust; but her 
 brave mate, heedless of my presence, never left her side, nor 
 ceased his fond attentions, till he shared her fate. Let us 
 imagine them still together beyond the dark portals! Such 
 things are sad enough, and seem almost shameful, to look back 
 upon : it is the blot on a bright shield to remember, that quite 
 like tragedies are of incessant recurrence, and inseparable from 
 the practical pursuit of ornithology. Let us take what comfort 
 we may in the reflection that such acts of violence, committed 
 by men, are in the strict and evident order of Nature, who has 
 ordained that animals sliall torture, murder, and devour each 
 other forever. 
 
 The Gray Greenlet 
 
 Tireo ricinior 
 
 Vlreo vlclnlor, Couea, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 75 (deecr. orig. Port Whipple, ATiz.).—Bd. Eev. 
 AB. 1866, 361, flg. — Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 419.— Ulliot, " lUust. BNA. pi. 7 ",—Ooop. 
 B. Cal. i. 1870, 125.— Coues, Key, 1872, 123.— B. 3. c6 R. NAB. i 1874, 393, pi. 17, f. 7.— 
 Hansh. List B. Ariz. 1875, liT.—Sensh. Zool. ExpL W". 100 Merid. 1875, 227 (habits).— 
 Steph. Bull. Nntt. Club, iii. n. 1, Jan. 1878, 42 (California).*— SJei). Bull. Nutt. Club, iii. 
 n. 2, April, 1878, 93 (GUa River). 
 
 Gray Tireo, Coues, t o. 
 
 Irlzona Vlreo, B. B. d B. 1. o. ; Eensh. L c 
 
 Hab. — Arizona and New Mexico. 
 
 * Special paper : — 
 1876. Stephens, F. Vireo vicinior in California. <^BuU.Xiitt.Omith.C}al>, 
 iii. n. 1, Jan. 1878, p. 42. 
 
518 CHARACTERS OF VIREO VICINIOR 
 
 Ch. sp. — $ 9 Bemigibus x, 1"° 2*' dimidiato, digitis brevissi- 
 mis, alls cauddque cequalibus. Cinereo-p'umbem, uropygio vix 
 olivascente ; infra albus, lateribus vix fiavicantibus ; loris orbi- 
 Usque albidis. 
 
 $ 9 : Wing mnch rounded, and no longer than the tail ; spurioas quill half 
 as long as the second, which is about equal to the eighth or ninth ; fourth, 
 fifth, and sixth longest; third little shorter. Tail as long as the wings, 
 rounded, the feathers with very obtuse ends. Bill very short, robust. Toes 
 remarkably short, the middle, including its claw, much less than the tarsus, 
 and the tip of the inner claw falling short of the base of the middle one. 
 Entire upper parts dull grayish-ash, gaining a slight olivaceous tinge on the 
 rump. Below pure white, with the faintest possible yellowish wash on the 
 sides. Wings and tail grayish-fuscous, very slightly, if at all, bordered 
 with whitish. A whitish orbital ring and slight loral stripe ; no dusky ou 
 the lores ; no decided markings on the head. Bill and feet plumbeous ; iris 
 brown. Length, 5f ; extent, 8J ; wing and tail, each, 2^ ; exposed portion of 
 spurious quill, 4; of second quill, IJ ; bill, f ; tarsus, f ; middle toe and 
 claw, i ; inner toe and claw, ^ ; outer toe and claw, f . 
 
 Young : Aspecimen just from the nest is brownish-gray above, white below, 
 without a trace of olivaceous or yellowish on the body ; the quills and tail- 
 feathers have yellowish-olive edgings, rather stronger than in the adult, 
 and there is a slight whitish bar across the ends of the greater coverts. 
 
 The bird bears a superficial resemblance to a small faded specimen of F. 
 plumbeus, but is quite different, and belongs to typical Vireo (as restricted 
 to exclude Fireoaylvia and Lanivireo) in the neighborhood of such species as 
 Hoveboracensis, belli, &o. It will easily be recognized by the above charac- 
 ters. For convenience of comparison, the characters are here contrasted 
 with those of V. pltimbeus : — 
 
 V. plumbeus. — Wing, 3 ; tail, 2i.; spurious quill a third the length of the 
 second one, which is intermediate between fifth and sixth. Tail about even ; 
 the feathers obliquely truncate. Tarsus equalling the middle toe and claw 
 (f). Wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers broadly edged with pure white. 
 Sides of head with strong markings, the lores definitely dusky, interrupt- 
 ing the ring round eye. 
 
 V. mdnior. — Wing and tail, each, 2^. Spurious quill one-half the second 
 one, which is intermediate between eighth and ninth. Tail rounded, the 
 feathers with rounded ends. Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw 
 (|-i) Wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers scarcely edged with dull 
 white. Sides of head plain ; no dusky on lores ; white orbital ring uninter- 
 rupted. 
 
 THE type-specimen of Yireo vicinior, which I shot at Fort 
 Whipple on the 24th of May, 1865, remained unique for 
 nearly ten years, and nothing more was learned of the bird 
 until Mr. Ilenshaw gave us the welcome contribution to its his- 
 tory which I take pleasure in transferring to my page : — 
 
 " This Vireo was discovered by Dr. Coues at Prescott, Ariz., 
 and described in 1866, since which time the type of the species 
 
HABITS OS- VIEEO VICINIOE 519 
 
 has remained unique till the rediscovery of the species during 
 the past season in New Mexico and Arizona. Judging from the 
 wide separation of the localities at which the six specimens 
 were taken, it appears to be a widely distributed species, 
 though everywhere rare. It would appear not to be a bird of 
 the mountains, but, in respect to elevation, to occupy a posi- 
 tion somewhat intermediate between the higher districts and 
 the low valleys. The rocky hills, covered with a scanty growth 
 of bushes and scrub, are its favorite haunts, and it was in such 
 localities that all our specimens were obtained. They are not 
 specially active in their motions, but glean their insect food from 
 among the branches with the same deliberation of movement and 
 ease that mark the habits of the vireos generally ; but in their 
 choice of hunting ground they are rather peculiar. They do 
 not, like the Solitary Vireo and its allies, frequent the tops of the 
 larger trees, nor, like the "White-eyed and Bell's Vireo, keep 
 close to the ground, but move about constantly in the tops of the 
 bushes from six to twelve feet in height. On the Colorado Chi- 
 quito River, in New Mexico, July 8, 1 found a family of these 
 birds, the young, though fledged, being still dependent on the 
 old for food. Upon approaching the bush in which they were 
 lodged, the parents manifested the utmost solicitude, and flew 
 to meet me, uttering a variety of notes, now flying to the edge 
 of the thicket, and remonstrating with me with harsh cries of 
 anger and alarm, now returning to their young, and with earn- 
 est warning notes endeavoring to lead them away from a spot 
 which to them seemed fraught with danger. My suspicions that 
 they were not the Plumbeous Vireos had at first been aroused 
 by hearing the song, which seemed to me one of the most beau- 
 tiful I had ever heard from any of the family. It might per- 
 haps be best compared with the finest efforts of the Solitary 
 Vireo, yet to the beauty and variety of notes of that bird it had 
 added all the charm and mellowness of expression which is 
 pre-eminent in the song of the Yellow-throated Vireo. During 
 the few moments I spent in observing their actions, the female 
 led away two of the brood, leaving the male with two of the 
 nestlings, which I secured. Fall specimens differ from the type 
 which is in summer dress only in having the lower dorsal sur- 
 face, rump, upper tail-coverts, and outer webs of the inner sec- 
 ondaries, except the exterior pair, washed faintly with green, 
 which is also just perceptible on the sides and flanks. The 
 young in the first plumage do not differ materially from the 
 adult." 
 
520 
 
 SYNONYMY OF VIEEO NOVEBOEACENSIS 
 
 The White-eyed Crreenlet 
 
 Tlreo noveboracensis 
 
 Muscicaps nOTeboracenslS, Om. SN. i. 1738, 947, n. 81 (Green Flycatcher of Penn. AZ. 389, 
 n. 874).— iatA. 10. ii. 1790, 489, u. 92.—Turt. SN. i. ISOfi, 583.— StepA. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 
 
 see. 
 
 Husclcapa noTae-Boracensls, Lets. Man. i. 1S38, 153. 
 
 Tlreo noTeboracengis, Sp. Jonm. Phila. Acad. iv. 1891, ne.—Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii 
 1886, 70.— A«(J. OB. i. 1831, 328, pi. 63.— ifM«. Man. i. 1832, 306.— Bp. CGL. 1838,86.— 
 !l! Towns. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153 ("Col'imbiaEiver"i not since vtiifled).— 
 Aud. Syn. 1639, 161.— And. BA. iv. 1842, 146, pi. 840 (Nova ScotLi; not since veri- 
 fied) —eir. BLX 1844, 158.— ilp. C A. 1. :s;0, 330 (in part; includes Antillean species).- 
 0ms. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 150.— ^umctt, Pr. Bost. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— Thomps. N. H. 
 Vermont, lt53, 11.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1833, 309 (Wisconsin).— JBead, Pr. Phila. 
 Acad. 1853, 398 (Ohio).— GerharM, Nanm. iii. 1853, 3T.—6midl. J. f. 0. 1855, 469 
 (Cuba).— Pra«te«, Tr. Illinois Agrio. Soc. i. 1855, 603.— P««ri. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 213.— 
 Scl. PZS. 1857, 204 (Xalapa) j 228 (Santecomapam).— £ncei. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 234.— 
 Maxim. J. f. O. 1858, 187.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 328.— Jones, " Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 71" 
 (resident).— JfartijM, J. f. 0. 1859, 218 (Bermuda).- Bjfwid, Smiths. Eep.for 1858, 1859, 287 
 (Bermudas).- S. £ S. Ibis, 1860, 874 (Coban, Vera Faz).—Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii 1860, 
 307 (Cnba).—ff«ndl. J. f. 0.1861, 404 (Cuba).- W7iea«. Ohio AgricEep.for 1860,1861, 
 365.— Para. Smiths. Eep. lor 1860, 1861, ,436.— Terr. Pr. Ess. Inst. ill. 1862, 151.— Allen, 
 Pr. Ess.Inst.iv. 1864, 83.— Z>res«.Ibi8, 1865, 481 (San Antonio, Tex.).— JJd.EeT. AB. 1866, 
 354, fig.- iowr. Ann. Lyo. IT. Y. viii. 1866, 285 (New York).— Oouas, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 
 1868, 111 (South Carolina).— Turn!). B. E. Pa. 1869, 26 ; Phila. cd. 19.— Porter, Am. Nat. 
 V. 1871, 168.-Ai;era, BnU. MCZ. ii. 1671, 870 (Florida, winter).- Cojtes, Am. Nat v. 1871, 
 197 (Kansas).— OoM«8, Key, 1878, 122, £ 6S.— Alien, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 359,— Sco(«, Pr. 
 Bost. Soc. XV. 1872, ii3.—Gundl. J. t O. 1878, 404 (Cuba).— JJidjM. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 
 199.— Jferr. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 7, 8.— OoMes, BNW. 1874, 100.— A B. <t B. NAB. i. 1874, 
 
 385, pi. 17, f. 11 Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, H6.—L<mr. Bull. Nat. Mus. n. 4, 1876, 
 
 17 (Tehnantepec):- (?e»«ii/, Life-Hist. 1876, 229.— Jlfmoe, BNE. 1877, 160. 
 
 Tlreo DoreberaceDSls, Peah. Eep. Om. Mass. 1839, 298. 
 
 Tlreo neyoboracensls, Cabot, Nanm. ii. Heft iil. 1858, 66 (Lake Superior). • 
 
 Tlreo Doyeboracencts, Woodh. Eep. ZnSi & Colo. E. 1853, 75. 
 
 Tlreo nOTfeboracensIS, Coues, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 576 (Texas and Indian Territory).- AJtoi, 
 Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 507, 579.— OoMes, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1871, 21 (Fort Macon, N. C.) — 
 Tnppe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 117. 
 
 Tlcro noyahoracenslS, Oregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1670. 
 
 Lanius noyebracensis, ii«A«."Preis-Vorz. Mfx.Vog. 1830,2"j J. f. 0. 1863, 58. 
 
 Tlreo (laniylreo) noveboracensls, Bif. 1858— Gundi. J. f. 0.1861, 324 (Cuba). 
 
 Husclcapa cantatrix, JSarfr.Trav.Fla. 1791, 290 6«. 
 
 Tlreo cantatrix, Wils. AO. ii. 1810, 266, pi. 18, f. 6.— Pp. Joum. Phila. Acad. Iv. 1884, 175.— 
 Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1856, 290. 
 
 Tlreo mnglcus, F. OAS. i. 1807, 83, pi. 52. 
 
 Sreen Flycatcher, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 389, n. 274. 
 
 Banging Flycatcher, Lath. " Syn. Soppl. 174 ".— StepA. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 366. 
 
 Little Domestic Flycatcher, or Green Wren, Bartr. 1. o. 
 
 Whlte-cyefl Tlreo, or Greenlet, of Authors. 
 
 Fig. 6i.—Yireo noveioracensis, natural size. 
 
OHAEACTERS OF VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS 521 
 
 Hab. — Eastern United States, excepting perhaps paits of New England ; 
 west regularly to Dakota, Iowa, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Western 
 Texas, occasionally to eastern bases of the Reeky Mountains. Minnesota 
 (Irippe). "Nova Scotia" and ? "Columbia River" i^AiiAiibon). Breeds in 
 its United States range at large. Winters from South Carolina, Georgia, 
 Florida, and the Gulf States south to Guatemala. Bermudas, common, resi- 
 dent. Cuba, rare. 
 
 Sp. ch. — 9 <5 Olivaceo-virens, infra albidus lateribus et pec- 
 tore flavicantibus ; fronte orbitisqvs flavis, lorisfuscis; alisfuscis, 
 flavidalbido limbatis et bifasciaiis ; caudd fused, virentiolivaceo 
 limbatd, rostro pedibusque plumbeis, iridibus albis. Long. tot. 5; 
 alar. exp. 8; alee 2J-2J. 
 
 S 9 ) adult : A small, stoutly-built species, notable for the brightness of 
 the olive parts, and the richness of the yellow about the forehead and eyes 
 and along the sides ; furthermore, the iris is white. Length, 4i-5 ; extent, 
 ^S-SJ; wing, 9^-2^; spurious primary exposed about f of an inch, and 
 about half as long as the 2d primary ; 4th and 5th quills longest ; 3d and 
 6th little shorter ; 2d about equal to 8th ; tail, 2J-2i ; tarsus, i ; middle toe 
 and claw, ^ ; bill, along culmen, ^ or less. Upper parts bright olive-green, 
 including the crown, which, if anything, is more yellowish still; usually a 
 slight ashy shade on the hind neck ; forehead and orbital region bright 
 yellow ; a dusky loral line ; under parts white, but brightly tinted on the 
 sides, axillars, crissum, and sometimes quite across the breast, with yellow. 
 Wings and tail dusky, the feathers of the latter edged with the color of the 
 back, the wing-coverts crossed with two broad and conspicuous white or 
 whitish bars, and the quills edged with the same, especially the three inner- 
 most secondaries, on which the edging is very broad. Bill and feet blackish- 
 plumbeous ; the cutting edges of the mandibles, at least in dried skins, pale 
 horn-color. Iris white. 
 
 The sexes are indistinguishable in size or color, and the young are quite 
 similar. A newly-fledged bird which I shot August 11, 185?, is slightly 
 smaller than an adult, but not otherwise sufficiently different to require 
 separate notice. 
 
 NOW leaviag the ornamental park, the mantling woodland 
 of deciduous trees, and the perpetual robe of green that 
 the mountains wear, and losing as we go the band of Greenlet 
 musicians that sing in these shades, let us push into more 
 lowly places — for we have not done with the Vireos yet. Indeed, 
 the species of this group might be classed according to their 
 life's station, almost as well as by those technicalities which the 
 ornithologist discovers in beak and wing. One set of Greenlets 
 are large and emuloas birds — the Eed-eye, the Tellow-throat, 
 the Solitary, Plumbeous, and Warbling Vireos — living in wood- 
 land high above the level of the ground ; and these we have 
 already seen in their native haunts. With the White-eyed 
 
522 DISTRIBUTION Of THE WHITE-EYED GREENLET 
 
 Vireo we enter upou a group of siijaller species, whose sur- 
 roundings we shall find to be quite different ; for these live in 
 the thickets, down among the Oat-birds, Thrashers, Sparrows, 
 Chats, and Wrens. This group of nearly-related, bush-loving 
 species includes the Black-capped, the Least, and Bell's Vireos, 
 besides the more familiar White-eye, whose turn comes first. 
 
 This neat and pleasing little bird does not belong at all to 
 the fauna of the Colorado Valley, but I make a place for ii, 
 here, because it reaches to the very feet of the majestic mount- 
 ains that environ this watershed on the east. It is one of 
 the most abundant and most generally diffused of its family in 
 the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and is among 
 the various species whose range has been latterly traced west- 
 ward to these mountains. There is indeed a Townsendian 
 record of the occurrence of the White-eye in the Columbia 
 River region, but this lacks verification, and is presumed to be 
 erroneous. The same may be said respecting Audubon's 
 ascription of the species to Nova Scotia, though this is much 
 more likely to be confirmed. The New England writers are 
 nearly unanimous in deciding that the bird does not proceed 
 through their territory beyond Massachusetts, and it has 
 already become rare in some parts of that State. We may 
 therefore accept this as the usual terminus of the migration in 
 that direction ; and it agrees somewhat, as a matter of latitude, 
 with what we know of the extension of the bird in correspond- 
 ing latitudes further west, though the bird is cited by Trippe 
 from Minnesota, and by Cabot from the Lake Superior region.* 
 The western line of distribution passes through Dakota, Iowa, 
 Kansas, Colorado, the Indian Territory, and Texas, — even 
 western portions of the latter. The bird is resident in the Ber- 
 mudas, and we have sundry advices of its occurrence in Cuba, 
 but in no other of the West Indies, if the Jamaican representa- 
 tive, Vireo modestus, be regarded as a distinct species. The 
 breeding-range is coextensive with the whole United States 
 distribution of the bird, and also includes Bermuda. The 
 species, moreover, differs from some of its allies in wintering 
 among us, hs it does in numbers in the South Atlantic and 
 Gulf States, from South Carolina to Texas; though some indi- 
 viduals perform a much more extensive migration, making 
 Southern Mexico and Guatemala their winter residence. 
 
 * Whence it appears that Dr. Brewer's statement, that the bird has not been 
 found " north of the 43d parallel ", is incorrect. Mr. Trippe worked in the 
 region of the Mille Lacs, which lie between 46° and 47°. 
 
NESTING OF THE WHITE-EYED GEEENLET 523 
 
 This was one of the earliest known species of the genus, 
 having been described as the " Green Flycatcher" by Pennant, 
 and the "Hanging Flycatcher" by Latham, upon which Gmelin 
 based his Muscicapa noveboracensis. Almost immediately after- 
 ward it was renamed by Bartram as Museicapa cantatrix — a 
 term borrowed by Wilson, and which is commonly, though 
 wrongly, attributed to the latter writer. Wilson was familiar 
 with the bird, and with him appears to have originated the name 
 now current of "White-eyed", in allusion to the peculiar color 
 of the iris, by which single feature the species is distinguished 
 from any other treated in the present work. Wilson also calls 
 it the "Politician" by way of nickname, from the fact that it 
 is fond of newspapers — scraps of which are usually found 
 among the mass of odd materials that compose the nest. Au- 
 dubon adds that shreds of papery wasps' nests are also used ; 
 and Brewer enumerates "fragments of dry leaves, bits of de- 
 cayed wood and bark, coarse blades of grass, various vegetable 
 fibres, lichens, fragments of insects, mosses, straws, stems, &c." 
 Of whatever materials it may be constructed, the nest is always 
 built after the usual Vireonine style of architecture, being a 
 closely-matted cup swung pensile from a forked twig, nearly 
 hemispherical in contour, and rather large in proportion to the 
 size of the bird, as seems to be the rule with nests that are 
 built on or even near the ground, in comparison with those 
 placed at great elevations. Various authors have noted, since 
 Wilson, that this nest is one of the regular receptacles of Cow- 
 birds' eggs, and that the White-eye makes a faithful foster- 
 parent of the obnoxious parasite. The Vireo's own eggs are 
 not to be distinguished with certainty from those of other 
 species of this genus, being, like them, pure white, speckled 
 chiefly about the larger end with dark dots of purplish and 
 reddish-brown. Though the bird is less in linear dimensions 
 than most of its relatives of the Vireosylvia group, it is rather 
 portly in shape, and its eggs consequently do not yield in size 
 to those of some of the larger species, being rather over three- 
 fourths of an inch in length, by nearly or quite three-fifths in 
 breadth ; the usual number is five. In places where the White- 
 eyes are numerous, as they are, for example, about Washing- 
 ton, these nests are among those we may most frequently brush 
 against in threading our way through the thickets, and they 
 are usually placed so low that one may look into them when 
 standing on the ground. The tangled ravines along the course 
 
524 HABITS OF THE WHITE-EYED OJREENLET 
 
 of Eock Creek, near the city just named, marking where num- 
 berless rivulets make into thft main brook, are favorite resorts, 
 where the nests will be found in a bunch of sweet-brier, or ou 
 the wreathy stem of a blackberry-bush, or, perhaps still oftener, 
 at the very terminal fork of a slender, swaying branch of the 
 sapling, whose lower limbs reach into some shady nook just 
 over the bed of the rivulet — in any event, in a thicket, where 
 the Catbirds, Thrashers, Chats, Cardinal Grosbeaks, Maryland 
 Yellow-throats, and Carolina Wrens are all each others' neigh- 
 bors. The White-eye's liking for low watery places is still fur- 
 ther witnessed by its frequent resort to the swamps that border 
 the Potomac, in the same locality, where it nests about the very 
 edges of the reedy tracts, and even in their midst, on the 
 various little knolls that rise somewhat above the water-level. 
 In August and September, when one goes shooting Eeedbirds, 
 Blackbirds, and Sora Rails, in the marshes that lie about 
 Arlington, and along the course of the Eastern Branch, he is 
 pretty sure to be scolded for his pains by one after another of 
 these petulant little birds, which still linger in such places as I . 
 have described, in company with buffycolored young Maryland 
 Yellow-throats, and numberless reed-ragged Marsh Wrens. 
 
 The White-eyed Vireo has always been notable, even in 
 groups of birds whose spirit is high, for its irritable tempera- 
 ment; and during the breeding season, nothing can surpass 
 the petulance and irascibility which it displays when its home 
 is too nearly approached, and the fuss it makes when its temper 
 is ruffled in this way. It skips about in a panicky state, as 
 regardless of exposure as a virago haranguing the crowd on a 
 street corner, seemingly at such loss for adequate expletives 
 that we may fancy it quite ready to say " Thank you ", if some- 
 body would only swear a little. Like the Wrens and Titmice — 
 like various birds, in fact, which live habitually in shrubbery, 
 where they have to peer and pry about to see well — these Vireos 
 show a good deal of curiosity and inquisitiveneps when any- 
 thing is going on that they do not quite understand ; and if we 
 take care not to frighten them into a flutter of excitement, 
 they frequently come almost within arms' reach by slow and 
 devious approaches, poising curiously on one twig after another, 
 and soliloquizing the while in their quaint fashion. Their 
 uneasiness, however, is chiefly exhibited during the breeding 
 season, and all their vehemence is but the excess of their con- 
 cern for their little families, which, as they seem to be aware. 
 
SYNONYMY OF VIEEO HUTTONI 525 
 
 are peculiarly exposed to danger in their lowly homes ; their 
 ardor exhausts itself when the occasion is past, and what had 
 been excessive solicitude gives way to the simple sprightliness 
 and vivacity, which then appears as an agreeable trait. In 
 the springtime they rival their relatives in brilliancy and ver- 
 satility of song, which must be heard to be appreciated; it is 
 a curious medley, delivered with great earnestness and almost 
 endless variations, scarcely to be described in words, though 
 several authors have made the attempt — with what success the 
 reader who has listened to the performance may judge for him- 
 self on referring to the pages of Futtall or of Mr. Gentry. 
 
 I have only to add to this sketch of a bird I learned as a boy 
 to know pleasantly, that it is in no wise behind its relatives of 
 the same genus in doing service by destroying noxious insects. 
 Dr. Brewer says that it feeds eagerly upon the destructive 
 canker-worm, and is doubtless of considerable service in 
 restricting the increase of this scourge in some portions of the 
 country. Prof. Aughey has it down in the long list of birds 
 that feed in Nebraska on the still more destructive locusts, 
 stating that he watched them with a field-glass, and saw them 
 tear a large 'hopper in pieces to give to their young ones. Mr. 
 Gentry observes that the nestlings are fed with the larvae of 
 PlialcenidcB, as well as with diptera, spiders, aphides, and ants, 
 and that the birds devour immense numbers of coleopterous, 
 hymenopterous, lepidopterous. and dipterous insects — his for- 
 mal list of which is suflttciently extensive to prove that we owe 
 to this sprightly tenant of the shrubbery a debt of gratitude 
 that should privilege the bird to scold us, on occasion, as much 
 
 as it pleases. 
 
 Hutton's Greenlet 
 
 Tireo huttoni 
 
 Vlreo bnttODl, Oass. Pr. Phila. Acad, 1851, 150, pi. 10, f. 1 (Monterey, Ca\.).—Bd. Great Salt 
 
 Lake, 1853, m.—Sd. BNA. 1858, 339 ; 
 
 ed. of 1860, pi. 58,f.2.— Sci. PZS. 1858, 
 
 .302 (Oaxaca).-Sd. PZS. 1862, 19 (La 
 
 Parada, Southern Mexico). — M. Eev. 
 
 AB.1860, 357, flg.— <7ooi>.B. Cal. i.l870, 
 
 121.— Ooqp. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 17.— 
 
 Salv. Ibis, 1874, 99 ((Jnatemala).— iJ. 
 
 B. (t B. NAB. i, 1874, 387, pi. 17, f. 12. 
 Vlreo hnttonll, Ooues, Key, 1872, 123, f. 69. 
 Button's Vlreo, Cass. 1. o., and Authors. Fig. 62.— Tirco huttoid, natural size. 
 
 Hab. — Mexico, where resident ; uorth to Fort Tejon, California (Xantus) ; 
 to lat. 38° (Cooper); south to Guatemala (Salvin). 
 
526 CHARACTERS OF VIREO HUTTONI 
 
 3 9 : First quill rather less than half the second, which abont equals the 
 tenth ; third a little longer than seventh ; fourth and fifth nearly equal and 
 longest. Tail slightly rounded, shorter than the wings. Bill very small. 
 Above olive-green ; brightest behind, especially on rump and edging of tail ; 
 duller and more ashy toward and on top and sides of head and neck. Wings 
 with two bands on coverts, and outer edges of innermost secondaries rather 
 broadly olivaceous-white; other quills edged externally with olive-green, 
 paler toward outer primary, internally with whitish. Lateral tail-feathers 
 edged externally with yellowish-white. Feathers of rump with much 
 concealed yellowish-gray. Under parts pale olivaceous-yellowish, purest 
 behind, lightest on throat and abdomen ; the breast more olivaceous, the 
 sides still deeper olive-green, the breast soiled with a slight bnflfy tinge. 
 AxiUars and crissum yellowish, the inside of Wings whitish. Loral region 
 and narrow space around eye dull yellowish, in faint contrast to the olive 
 of head. Bill horn-color above, paler below ; legs dusky. Total length, 
 4.70; wing, 2.40 ; tail, 2.05. (Description copied from Baird, Rev. AB. 1866, 
 p. 357.) 
 
 HUTTON'S Vireo is one of the three species which Mr. 
 Cassin added to the genus in 1851, and a very near 
 relative of Y, noveboracensis and V. modestus. It was originally 
 described from Monterey, and has since been found to extend 
 on the one hand into certain portions of California, and on the 
 other to Guatemala. It is also cited from various localities in 
 Mexico, where it is stated to reside, according to Sumichrast, 
 in the Alpine region of Orizaba. I have never seen it alive, 
 and have no information to offer respecting its habits. A 
 memorandum of Mr. Xantus's is quoted by Dr. Brewer, to the 
 effect that a nest containing incubated eggs was found early in 
 May at Fort Tejon suspended from three high weed-stems, a 
 foot from the ground. Dr. J. G. Cooper has found this bird 
 wintering in California up to 38°, and supposed it to go further 
 north in summer, as he observed but few on the Coast Eange 
 in May. One that was shot by him at San Diego on the 9th 
 of May contained an egg ready to be laid. His observations, 
 as far as they go, indicate a bird whose habits, as might be 
 expected, are much the same as those of the White-eyed Vireo. 
 
 Bell's Greenlet 
 
 Tirco belli 
 
 Tlreo bellli. And. BA. vil. 1844, 33a, pi. 4S5,—Oass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 150.— Woodh. Eep, 
 Zufli & Col. E. 1853, le.—Rojj, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missouri).— Bii. Eev. 
 AB. 1B66, 358, ag.—Ooues, Key, 1872, 123, f. 10.— Allen, Boll. MCZ. iii. 1872, 176.— E%w. 
 Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 430 ; 1873, 199 (Illinois).— JW^pe, Pr. Boat. Soo. xv. 1873, 236 (Iowa).— 
 Coues, BNW. 1874, 101.— liidgw. Anu. Lye. N. T. x. 1874, 370 (Dllnois). 
 
SYNONYMY AND CHAKACTEES OF VJEEO BELLI 527 
 
 V!?eo lelll, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 330.— JSd. Eep. Great Salt Laie, 1852, 328.— Bd BNA. 1858, 337. 
 —CoMS, Ibis, 18C5, 158 (Kansas).- Dress. Ibis, 1865, 481 (San Antonio, Tex.).— B«teA. 
 Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 149 (Texas).— Co»es, Am. Nat. vi. 1871, 197 AUen, Am. Nat tH. 
 
 1873, 3C3 Trippe, Am. 
 
 Nat. TiL 1873, 498.— 
 B. B. <e B. NAB. 1. 1874, 
 389, pi. 17, f. 13.— -imes, 
 Bnll. Minnesota Acad. 
 
 1874, 57 (perhaps).— 
 Hensh. Eep. Orn. Specs. 
 1874,105 (Gila Elver).- 
 Siush, List B. Ariz. 
 
 1875, 157 (Arizona, to- Fig. 63.- Ftr«o ieiK, natural size, 
 gether with pusillitj),— 
 
 Hensh. ZooL BxpL W. 100 Merid. 1875, SSS.—lfels. Bnll. Nntt. Clnb, L 1876, 42 (Illinois, 
 abundant). — Lawr. BulL Nat. Mns. n. 4, 1876, 18 (Tebaantepeo). 
 Bell's yireo or Oreenlet, Avd. 1. c, and Authors. 
 
 Hab. — ■Western portions of the United States, and Mexico. East to 
 Illinois {Bidgway, Nelson); Dakota (Auduion) ; Kansas and Nebraska {Coues, 
 Goes) ; Iowa (Trippe) ; Missouri {Hoy) ; ? Minnesota {Ames) ; Texas {Dresser, 
 Butcher, Eeermann); Arizona {Henshaio) ; California (Cooper) ; Tehnantepeo 
 {Brnnichraat). 
 
 Ch. sp. — 3 9 Bemigibus x, Flavo-olivaceus vertice aliquan- 
 tulum obscuriore, infrhflavicans, gula albida; lorisfuscis, orbitis 
 albis, alls flavo-albido limbatis etfasciatis, caudd longioribus. 
 
 (J 5 : A very small species, quite a miniature of V. gilvus, the markings 
 of the head in particular being much the same ; but readily distinguished 
 by its smaller size, decidedly yellowish under parts, well-marked wing-bar, 
 and different wing-formula. Above yellowish-olive or olive-green (much 
 as in oUvcuiem), darker and ashler on the head, but without abrupt contrast, 
 brightest on the rump. Below decidedly yellowish, olive-shaded on the 
 sides, whitening on the throat and belly. A white line from nostril to and 
 around the eye, but scarcely or not prolonged behind as in gilvus ; lores 
 dusky. Wings and tail dusky, with considerable edging of the color 
 of the back, or whitish ; the wings with two whitish cross-bars, that on the 
 end of the greater coverts stronger than the other. Length, under 5 inches ; 
 wing, 2^ ; tail, less ; tarsus, |. 
 
 BELL'S Greenlet is one of the several species which 
 Audubon discovered on his excursion to the Upper 
 Missouri, and published in the Appendix to the last volume 
 of the octavo reprint of his splendid work, with Harris's 
 Mnch, LeOonte's, Baird's, Smith's, and Shattuck's Buntings, 
 Brewer's Blackbird, Ayres's Woodpecker, Nuttall's Wood- 
 pecker, Sprague's Lark, and other species, dedicated by the 
 amiable naturalist to his friends, some of whom were his com- 
 panions on that memorable journey. He found it as far up 
 the river as the mouth of the Yellowstone, and noted that its 
 resorts were the shrubbery of the bottom-lands, as those of 
 
528 HABITS OF bell's greenlet 
 
 the White-eyed Vireo would be under the same circumstances. 
 A few years later, Dr. Woodhouse found it in Texas, where he 
 states that it was abundant ; and several observers afterward 
 noted its occurrence in that country. Among them were Mr. 
 Dresser and Dr. Heermann, both of whom ascertained that 
 the bird breeds in that State. Other naturalists meanwhile 
 filled in the interval between these two widely separated local- 
 ities ; but the still broader area of distribution of the species 
 was not determined until very recently. Among the most inter- 
 esting observations in this regard should be mentioned those 
 by Mr. Eidgway and Mr. Nelson in Illinois, Dr. Cooper in Cali- 
 foinia, and especially by Mr. Henshaw in Arizona. 
 
 "The Vireo Bellii," says Mr. Eidgway, in the first of the 
 places above cited in the American Naturalist, " was found to 
 be a common, or at least not rare, species in the thickets on 
 the prairies. It was first seen on the 8th of June, when speci- 
 mens were shot, and being then in full song, there can be 
 little doubt that the species breeds there." 
 
 His later note in the same periodical gives further particu- 
 lars : — 
 
 "... During a lull in the chorus we heard, from the depths 
 of the thicket, a very curious gabbling, or sputtering song, 
 which was entirely new to us. We hastened to the thicket, 
 and, entering it as far as possible, lay in wait for the strange 
 songster to resume his vocal performance. In a few moments 
 a little grayish bird carefully approached, flitting cautiously 
 from twig to twig, now and then halting, and, after uttering 
 the peculiar notes which had attracted our attention, would 
 stretch out his neck and eye us with great curiosity and evi- 
 dent suspicion. After observing him carefully to our satisfac- 
 tion at a distance of hardly a rod, we found that he was Bell's 
 Greenlet (Vireo Bellii), a species of the plain east of the 
 Eocky Mountains from Texas northward, and not before 
 detected east of the Mississippi river. After we had become 
 satisfied of his identity we shot him ; but upon attempting to 
 secure our prize, we found the briary undergrowth too intricate 
 and powerful to allow a passage through it. In nearly all the 
 thickets others of the same species were frequently heard, so 
 that it appeared to be common in that locality. The little 
 White-eyed Greenlet (F. noveboracensis) was also common in 
 the same thickets, and was easily distinguished by his well- 
 known notes, an attempted translation of which gives it the 
 local name of * chickty-beaver bird.'" 
 
HABITS OF bell's geeenlet 529 
 
 Eeferring also to Illinois, Mr. E. W. Kelson states that Bell's 
 Greenlets were abundant in August, 1876, in the shrubbery of 
 Fox Prairie, Eichland County: — "They were exceedingly shy, 
 and although several could be heard uttering their curious song 
 and the same tune, and repeaited efforts were made to secure 
 them, only two specimens were obtained." Mr. Nelson subse- 
 quently saw a specimen which had been taken near Chicago in 
 June of the same year, and considers that they will eventually 
 be found throughout the State. The bird is one of several 
 Western species which, belonging to prairie land, extend their 
 range to Illinois, where the surface-conditions are essentially 
 the same as those of the western sides of the Mississippi Basin. 
 Among others may be mentioned the Western Meadow Lark, 
 LeConte's Bunting, Cassin's Finch, and the Painted Lark- 
 bunting. 
 
 Whilst journeying across the Plains in 1864, en route to Ari- 
 zona, I was detained for some days in the vicinity of Fort Eiley, 
 Kansas, by an " Indian scare " from the front, and employed 
 the time very profitably in observing and collecting birds along 
 the Republican Fork of the Kansas Eiver. The season — late in 
 May — was propitious, and the place proved to be a famous one 
 for birds, which thronged the river-botton. Bell's Vireos were 
 then in full song and feather, and no one could enter the 
 shrubbery without being oddly saluted by these inquisitive 
 little busy-bodies, who seemed to have pre-empted the whole 
 water-front of the country, and were quite ready to insist upon 
 their squatter sovereignty. I found no nests, however, proba- 
 bly because there were none yet built, and was obliged to content 
 myself with watching the curious ways of the birds, and skin- 
 ning a few for the further purposes of science. For all that I 
 saw of their habits, they might as well have been White-eyes ; 
 but their notes are different. 
 
 In 1861, we had advices from Dr. Cooper of the presence of 
 Bell's Vireo in the Colorado Valley, where he stated that it 
 occurred at Fort Mojave. But when shortly afterward the 
 nearly related V. pusillus came to be described, it was presumed 
 that the latter had been mistaken for V. belli. The reference 
 to the supposed belli from California was therefore turned over 
 to pusillus in my origiiiial notice of the latter, and it was entirely 
 ignored by Cooper himself in his recent " Ornithology of Cali- 
 fornia "- This left us without satisfactory evidence of the pres- 
 ence of Bell's Vireo west of the Eocky Mountains. A habitat so 
 34 B 
 
530 HABITS OF bell's GEEENLET 
 
 restricted as to exclude the Cooper record was given by Baird, 
 Brewer, and Eidgway in 1874, and at the same time I stated in 
 the " Birds of the Northwest" that this species had not been 
 observed in the Southern Eocky Mountain Eegion, " where re- 
 placed by V, pusillus^\ It seems, however, that we were all 
 wrong about this, the fact being that V. belli does inhabit Ari- 
 zona, whether the birds observed by Cooper were of this spe- 
 cies or the other. Such is shown to be the case by Mr. Hen- 
 shaw in the following paragraph : — 
 
 " This little Vireo appeared to be rather common along the 
 Gila River, inhabiting the dense thickets along the banks. At 
 this season, the middle of September, its quaint song was heard 
 during most of the day, but more particularly in the hot hours 
 of noonday. In addition to the song, which somewhat resem- 
 bles the White-eyed Vireo's, it has a harsh scolding note, which 
 it often repeats as it searches among the dense undergrowth 
 for its food. But a single specimen was obtained, as it was 
 rather timid, and on hearing the slighest noise would instantly 
 cease its notes and dive into the brush. The single specimen 
 secured appears on comparison to be quite typical of the spe- 
 cies ..." 
 
 It seems most probable, from the date at which these obser- 
 vations were made, and the glimpse given of the manners of 
 the birds, that they were migrating at the time, and it may 
 be that Bell's Vireo comes into the Colorado Valley in the fall, 
 like the true Solitary Vireo, these two species being there repre- 
 sented in the breeding season by V. pusillus sluA V.plumheus 
 respectively. This much, at least, may be fairly surmised from 
 what little we have learned of the movements of Bell's Vireo. 
 We know that it breeds from our southern border in Texas 
 to its limits of distribution northward, and that it occurs in 
 Mexico as far south as Tehuantepec, where Sumichrast found 
 it; but the periods of its migrations and the full extent of its 
 winter residence still remain to be ascertained. 
 
 The nest and eggs of Bell's Greenlet I have not taken occa- 
 sion to examine for myself, as they have been carefully described 
 by Dr. Brewer. A nest from Neosho Falls., Kans., found in June 
 by Mr. B. F. Goss, is pensiile, as usual, and suspended by three- 
 fourths of its brim from two small twigs. "Over these is 
 strongly bound a finely felted webbing of the flax-like fibres of 
 plants, interwoven with slender stems. With these are con- 
 nected and interwoven also the materials that make up the 
 
SYNONYMY OF VIEEO PUSILLUS 531 
 
 periphery of the nest itself. This is composed of long and slen- 
 der strips of bark, fragments of dry leaves, bits of wood, and 
 various other fragmentary substances. The nest, unlike others 
 of this family, is lined with down, and the fine long hair of 
 some animals, instead of with vegetable stems. The diameter 
 as well as the height of this nest is about two and a half 
 inches." Another nest, however, also described by Dr. Brewer, 
 was lined as usual with grasses and fine plant-stems ; and this 
 one was of a different shape, being nearly twice as wide as deep, 
 and with a contracted brim, the opening being only half as much 
 as the outside diameter. The eggs, as described by the same 
 eminent oologist, are from 0.73 to 0.76 in length by 0.52 to 0.56 
 in breadth, pure white in color, sparsely dotted with red around 
 the larger end. 
 
 The Lieast Greenlet 
 
 Vlreo pnsillas 
 
 Vlreo bellU, I Coop. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1861, 122 (Port Mojave, Ariz.). 
 
 Vlreo pnsiUus, Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 76 (desor. orig. j near fort Whipple, Ariz.).— 
 
 Bd. Eov. AB. 1866, 360, flg.— Oowes, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 83 (Arizona).— Cooj). Am. 
 
 Nat. iii. 1869, 186, 479.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 124.— Elliot, "Illust. BNA. pi. T'.—Ooues, 
 
 Key, 1872, 123, f. 'Il.—Ooop. Am. Nat. viii.1874, 11.— B. B. <iR. NAB. j. 1874, 391, pL 17, 
 
 f. U.-Hemli. List B. 
 
 Ariz, 1875, 157.— Herwft. 
 
 Zool. ExpL W. 100 
 
 Merid. 1875, 226.— 
 
 Bidgw. Eep. Expl. 4nth 
 
 Par.iv.pt. iii. 1877,451 
 
 (Sacramento, Cal.). — 
 
 Stevens, Bull. Nutt. 
 
 Club, iii. n. 2, apr. 1878, 
 
 93 (Gila Eiver). FiG. 64.— Tireo pusiUiu, natural size. 
 
 Least TireO) Cones, 1. c, artd Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Arizona, chiefly in its lower portions, and California from Sacra- 
 mento to Cape St. Lucas. (Doabtless also portions of Mexico.) 
 
 Ch. SP. — $ 9 Bemigibus X, l™" 2^^ dimidiate ; minimus; alis 
 cauddque wqualibus ; cinereo-plunibeus,, vix olivaceus, infrh albus, 
 lateribus vix flavicantibus, 
 
 ,J 9 : A very small species, quite like a miniature of V. vioinior in the dull 
 coloration and relative lengths of wings and tail ; more nearly related to 
 F. ielli, but differing in coloration, wing-formula, and relative lengths of 
 wing and tail. Above grayish-ash with slight olive shade ; below, including 
 under wing-coverts, white, slightly obscured on the breast, with faint yel- 
 lowish wash on the sides. A whitish line from nostrils over and around eye ; 
 lores slightly darkened ; two wing-bands — one stronger than the other — and 
 narrow edgings of wings and tail, dull white, sometimes faintly yellowish. 
 
532 CHABACTEES OF VIEEO PUSILLUS 
 
 Exposed portion of spurious quill half as long as the second quill ; fourth pri- 
 mary longest ; third and fifth subequal ; second about equal to eighth. Tril 
 very long, equalling the wings, with narrow acuminate feathers; tarsus 
 decidedly longer than the middle toe and claw. Length, about 5 inches 
 (rather less); extent, 7J; wing, 2i; tail, about the same; bill,^; tarsus, f; 
 middle toe and claw, i. 
 
 In its general pale dull coloration, with little trace of olive or yellowish 
 shades, this species is curiously similar to V. vidnior, and it shares with 
 that species the equality in the length of the wings and tail. The distinc- 
 tions, however, are too evident to require detailed comparison. From the 
 much brighter-colored V. belli, of about the same size and its nearest United 
 States relative, it may be distinguished by the following comparative 
 diagnoses : — 
 
 V. belli. — Spurious primary f the second one ; third longest ; second rather 
 longer than seventh. Wing decidedly longer than tail. Olivo-green above, 
 and strongly yellowish belowj 
 
 V.pusillus. — Spurious primary ^ the second one; fourth longest ; second 
 equal to eighth. Gray, with a slight olive tinge ; only a trace of yellowish 
 below. 
 
 I WELL remember when a copy of "Audubon" first opened 
 up to me what seemed like a revelation — with what inten- 
 sity I set myself to master the wonderful history — and the 
 boyish despcir I felt when I came to the Vireos I The very 
 name was a mystery without a meaning, with a foreign sound, 
 unlike Thrush, Warbler, or Sparrow, and there was such a lot 
 of these little myths, all alike greenish ! I should have scouted 
 the idea, had any one presented it, that there were any more 
 Vireos in the world than Audubon knew ; and that I should 
 ever discover a new one myself would have seemed like a 
 feverish dream. 
 
 The type-specimen of Vireo pusillus was shot on Date Creek, 
 in Arizona, June 6, 1865, but under circumstances that left me 
 no opportunity of observing it at my leisure; and I never saw 
 it again during my residence in the Territory. We were travel- 
 ling hastily and uncomfortably on one of the raids upon Apaches 
 that we occasionally made from headquarters at Fort Whipple, 
 when the loud and melodious song of a Vireo attracted my 
 attention, and I lost no time in securing the interesting bird. 
 It was a female, who doubtless had her eggs or young near by, 
 though the occasion was not one of the most propitious for 
 birds'-nesting. The same species had been previously taken by 
 Dr. Cooper at San Diego, and still earher by Mr. Xantus at 
 Cape St. Lucas, but it remained undescribed until the follow- 
 ing year, when I overhauled my Arizona collections at the 
 Smithsonian in Washington. 
 
SYNONYMY OF VIEEO ATRICAPILLUS 533 
 
 Mr. Eidgway has since found the Least Vireo to be abundant 
 in the vicinity of Sacramento, where he discovered a nest j and 
 several other observers, notably Mr. Heushaw, have met with 
 it in various portions of Arizona. It does not appear to reach 
 the more elevated parts of that Territory, in the pine-belt of 
 which Vireo vicinior is found and Y. plumieus is abundant. 
 Its habits, as far as known, correspond closely with those of 
 Bell's and the White-eyed Vireo ; and Dr. Brewer describes two 
 nests from Arizona as substantially like those of the former 
 species. Each contained three eggs, and in one of them there 
 was also a Oowbird egg, supposed, from its small size, to have 
 been laid by MolotJirus obsourus. The Vireo's eggs measured 
 0.C9 by 0.56, and were of crystalline whiteness, speckled with 
 red and reddish-brown — the markings being very minute and 
 scarcely discernible in some cases, in others larger and more 
 distinct. 
 
 Black-capped Greenlet 
 
 Vireo atricapillns 
 
 Vireo atrlcaplUa, Woodh. Pr. PhUa, Acad. Apr. 1852, 60 (Eio San Pedro, Te^iia).—Bd. Eep. 
 
 Great Salt Lake, IBSS, 328.— Woodh. Eep. ZuDi & Colo. E. 1853, 7.% pL 1. 
 Tlreo atricapillus, Cass. Ulust. B. Cal. & Tex. 1854, 153, pi. 24.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 337.— .Bd. 
 
 IT. S. & Mex. B. Surv. li. pt. ii. 1859 ; Birds, p. 12 (Devil's Eiver, Texas).— Bd. Eev. AB. 
 
 1866, 353, &g.—Coop. B. Cal. i. 1670, 121.—0oues, Key, 1872, 124.— B, B.iSB. NAB. i. 1874, 
 
 383, pL 17, f. 6 (Mazatlan). 
 Black-beadea tr Black-capped Tireo, Authors. 
 Hab. — Texas to Mazatlan. 
 
 Ch. sp. — Eemigibus x. 3 olivaceus infra alhus lateribus viren- 
 tibus, alis albido bifasciatis, rostra pileo genisqne nigris, loris 
 orbitisque albis. ? ? pileo schistaceo. 
 
 $ : Top and side of the head black, excepting a white eye-ring and white 
 loral stripe. Upper parts olivaceous ; lower parts white, tinged with pale 
 greenish on the sides and flanks. Wings and tail blackish, edged with 
 olivaceous, the former with two dingy whitish bars across the ends of the 
 greater and median coverts ; lining of wings yellowish. Bill black ; feet 
 dark; iris red. Length, 4J; extent, 7J ; wing, 2i ; tail, nearly 2; bill, i; 
 tarsus, J ; middle toe and claw, I ; first primary exposed for f of an inch. 
 
 A specimen from Mazatlan, supposed to be a female, is described by Baird 
 and Eidgway as having the black of the head replaced by dark slate color, 
 the upper parts duller olive, the lower somewhat buffy. The black cap of 
 the male renders the species conspicuous among all its congeners. 
 
 NO more than four specimens of this very rare Vireo are 
 known to naturalists. Dr. S. W. Woodhouse, the dis- 
 coverer of the species, procured two males in Western Texas, 
 near the head of the Eio San Pedro, on the 26th of May, 1851. 
 
634 THE BLACK-CAPPED GKEENLET 
 
 The following year it was described by him iu the Philadelphia 
 Academy's "Proceedings", and an indifferent figure was given 
 soon after in Captain Sitgreaves's Eeport. In 1854, Mr, Cassin 
 published a handsome colored plate, of life size, taken from one 
 of the original specimens. About the same time, and in the 
 same locality, Mr. J. H. Clark, one of the naturalists of the 
 Mexican Boundary Commission, procured another specimen, 
 which was described by Baird in 1858. Our knowledge rested 
 entirely upon these data, supplemented by the brief field-notes 
 which each of the naturalists mentioned communicated to 
 Mr. Cassin, until Col. A. J. Grayson secured at Mazatlan a 
 fourth specimen, probably a female, which Baird and Eidgway 
 noted in the "History of Korth American Birds". This 
 example is interesting, not only as indicating probably some 
 sexual differences in this species, but also as extending the 
 known habitat, hitherto represented by a single locality in 
 Southwestern Texas. We may safely infer that the rare and 
 curious bird will yet be found at intermediate points in New 
 Mexico and Arizona ; meanwhile, we await with interest fur- 
 ther contributions to its life-history. 
 
OHAPTEE XVII. — SHRIKES 
 
 Fam. LANIIDtE 
 
 THE present chapter concludes a series of lamilies by some 
 called Dentirostres, from the circumstance that the bill 
 as a rule presents a more or less obvious nick in the cutting 
 edge of the upper mandible near the end, and sometimes quite 
 a "tooth" is developed just back of the nick. Such structure 
 is particularly well marked in the Vireos, which appear to be 
 closely related to the Shrikes, and it may be seen in most of 
 the Turdine, Sylvicoline, and other birds we have already con- 
 sidered. In the Shrikes, which we now come to examine, 
 this character is found in its highest development; the 
 LaniidcB being characterized by the notched, toothed, and 
 hooked bill, the size, shape, and strength of which make it 
 quite like that of a bird of prey, in combination with small, 
 weak, and thoroughly Passerine feet. Nevertheless, the family 
 is quite a large one, consisting of numerous genera and some 
 two hundred nominal species, which differ so much in details 
 of structure that strict definition of the family is scarcely 
 . practicable. I find no satisfactory diagnosis of the group in 
 its entirety, nor am I prepared to furnish one; and authors 
 disagree very cordially respecting the natural limitation of 
 the family. It was formerly held to be much more extensive 
 than it is now usually admitted to be, having included the 
 ThamnopldlincB, Yireonidce, and some other groups which have 
 since been elsewhere assigned or allowed to stand by them- 
 selves. The Laniidce of Gray consist of three subfamilies, 
 the PachycepJialince, Laniince, and Malaconothice, the second of 
 which may be regarded as the central or typical group. 
 The family is thoroughly Old World, only two species of a 
 single genus occurring in America. 
 
 535 
 
536 THE GENUS LANIUS 
 
 SuBFAMiY LANIINJil: Typical Shrikes 
 
 This group is perfectly illustrated by its typical genus 
 Lanius, the only one with which we have here to do. 
 
 Genus LANIUS (Linnaeus) 
 
 Falco sp., lAnn. Syst. Nat. 1735. 
 
 Ampells sp., Linn. Syst. Nat. 1748. 
 
 CoUyrlo, Mcehring, Gen. A v. 1752, 28 (not available).- Gray, G. of B.—Bd. BNA. 1858, 323. 
 
 Lanius p., Linn. Syst Nat. 1758. 
 
 lanius p., BrUe. Orn. it 1760, 140. 
 
 lanius p., Linn. Syst. Nat. 1766. 
 
 Lanius of most Authors. 
 
 CoUuTio, Tigore, PZS. 1831, 42.— Bd. Eev. AB. 1866, 437. (Not of Kanp, 1829. ) 
 
 Chaes. — Wing of ten primaries, and tail of twelve rectrices, 
 both rounded in shape, and of nearly equal lengths. Point of 
 the wing formed by the 3d, dth, and 5th quills, the 2d not 
 longer than the 6th, and the Ist about half as long as the 3d. 
 Tarsus equalling or slightly exceeding in length the middle toe 
 and claw, strongly scutellate in front, and with the outer 
 lateral plate usually more or less subdivided, as is unusual 
 among Oscines. Lateral toes of about equal lengths, their claws 
 reaching to the base of the middle claw ; inner toe cleft nearly 
 
 to the base, the outer more 
 extensively coherent with the 
 basal joint of the middle toe. 
 Feet large and strong, but 
 without specially " raptorial " 
 development either of the 
 digits or of their claws. Bill 
 large and powerful, com- 
 pressed, deep, completely 
 Fig. 65.-Biiis of Shrikes. notchcd and toothed, and 
 
 strongly hooked, presenting the full accomplishment of a 
 raptorial character. Eictus ample and deeply cleft, and 
 strongly bristled; gonys short, only about half the length 
 of the lower mandible. Nostrils circular or nearly so, placed 
 well forward in the nasal fossa, more or less perfectly over- 
 hung and concealed by tufts of antrorse bristly feathers. 
 
 Body stout ; neck short ; head relatively large. Coloration 
 simple, the black, white, and bluish or grayish tints being 
 unrelieved by red or other bright color. 
 
EXCURSUS ON THE NAMES OF SHRIKES 537 
 
 Of the genas as restricted to include only the species that 
 conform to the foregoing diagnosis, there are about nine well- 
 determined species, inhabiting Europe, Asia, Africa, and 
 North America. 
 
 § 1. — On the Use and Meaning of Shrikes' Names 
 
 It is a very nice question, What is the proper name of this 
 genus under the current rules of nomenclature ? The answer 
 depends upon two important points, neither of which has been 
 definitely determined. One of these points is, the date to which 
 we may be permitted to go back to find a tenable generic name ; 
 the other is, by what method we may discover the type of a 
 Linnsean genus when, as in the present case, it covers more than 
 one Linnsean species. The present instance may be made to 
 furnish an important precedent, as it certainly answers all the 
 requirements of a test case. 
 
 George Eobert Gray, who paid great attention to loosing 
 synonymatic knots according to certain consistent, if not the 
 most judicious, rules, adopts the name Collyrio, Mcehring, 1752, 
 and his example was followed by Baird in 1858. He goes back 
 for genera to 1735, the date of the first edition of the Systema 
 Naturae, taking any applicable name he finds, of date 1735 or 
 later. As Linnaeus named no genus of Shrikes until the 10th 
 edition of his System, 1758, Moehring's term Collyrio, 1752, 
 clearly has priority. 
 
 The exceptions which most ornithologists, myself among the 
 number, would take to this course, are several. In the first 
 place, we are not to go back of the date of establishment of the 
 binomial nomenclature for any names, whether generic or 
 specific. Though the Linnaean rules were first definitely 
 promulgated in the Philosophia Botanica, published in 1751, 
 the first instance of the consistent use of the nomen triviale, or 
 the second term of the binomial nomenclature, is in the 
 Linnaean Species Plantarum, 1753, which the botanists gen- 
 erally concur in adopting as their starting-point ; but the bino- 
 mial nomenclature was not consistently applied by Linnaeus to 
 zoology until the 10th edition of the Systema Naturae, 1758. G. 
 E. Gray himself does not go behind this edition for his specific 
 names ; and most ornithologists are unwilling to go back of the 
 12th edition, 1766, for any names whatever, with one special 
 exception, in favor of Brisson's genera. It is urgently required 
 
538 EXCURSUS ON THE NAMES OF SHRIKES 
 
 for the stability of scientific nomenclature to have some fixed 
 starting-point, what one being a matter of less consequence. 
 It is also highly desirable that the initial point should be the 
 same for both generic and specific terms. In the case of the 
 latter, the ornithologist cannot go back of 1758, which I 
 strongly recommend to be taken as our starting-point, there 
 being various sound reasons why it is more eligible than 17C6, 
 Ornithologists, and, in fact, naturalists at large, are about 
 equally divided on this special point ; the present tendency in 
 this country is to "take Linnaeus at 1758", and this is the 
 course I adopt in my own writings. Mcehring's genera are of 
 course thrown out by this limitation of time. 
 
 Supposing, however, that for generic names we may revert to 
 1751 or even to 1735, either of which dates leaves Moehring in, 
 the question arises whether an author who does not conform to 
 the requirements of a system of nomenclature shall be allowed 
 to impose names to the prejudice of the names of others who do 
 conform to such system. With a saving clause for the genera, 
 but not the species, of Brisson (1760), ornithologists are nearly 
 unanimous that those who are not binomenclators have no 
 rights we are bound to respect in nomenclature. By those who 
 hold to this ruling, Mcehring is to be thrown out of court on 
 this count also, as he did not deal at all with specific names. 
 
 Discarding Collyrio of Mcehring, therefore, as untenable upon 
 one or both of the foregoing considerations, we take up the 
 next name in order, which is Lanius L., 1758. Admitting the 
 name as of this date, the question arises. For which one of 
 the modern genera of Shrikes must Lanius be retained? It 
 cannot, of course, be abolished, nor is it yet available in its 
 original acceptation, for Linnaeus made it cover not only all 
 the Shrikes he knew, but also the several other birds of differ- 
 ent families which he wrongly considered to be Shrikes; it 
 must, therefore, be used iu a new and much restricted sense 
 for some one of the several valid genera of the family — for 
 which one, however, cannot be easily decided. Linnaeus speci- 
 fied no type, and he, moreover, made his generic characters 
 comprehensive enough to more than apply to the whole family. 
 Failing any criterion in this and other Linnaean cases, by which 
 the author's meaning can be ascertained with the precision 
 requisite for the purposes of modern classification, or the appli- 
 cability of his generic name be narrowed to the required limits, 
 we are driven to an entirely arbitrary course. This is, to elect 
 
EXCURSUS ON THE NAMES OF SHRIKES 539 
 
 some one species as type of the genus, affix the original name 
 to this, and then apply other names to the other generic groups 
 at our discretion ; such being practically the universal custom. 
 
 Gray's rule appears to be, to select as the type the first 
 species given under the head of the genus ; and accordingly 
 he considers L. cristatus (which is an Indian species) as the 
 type of the genus Lanius Linn., 1758. The rule works well 
 enough in some cases, but obviously cannot be rigidly en- 
 forced. Dire confusion would follow the attempt to carry it 
 out to its full consequences. Scores, if not hundreds, of cases 
 might be cited, in which such a course is clearly impracticable. 
 
 It is impracticable, for instance, in this very case of Lanius, 
 for in 1766, in the 12th edition, the first species given under 
 Lanius is L. forflcatus ; whence it is clear that Linnseus had 
 no particular type in view. 
 
 Eecognizing such points, naturalists agree that a writer who 
 subdivides a typeless genus may restrict the original name to 
 any section he chooses, and rename the rest, and that his action 
 in these premises shall be in effect the same as if he himself had 
 first proposed the name. 
 
 The genus Lanius continued for some years to be used in 
 substantially its Linnsean acceptation ; but presently various 
 species of Linnsean Lanius were made the types of successive 
 new genera. Though the authors proposing these new names 
 did not formally subdivide the genus, we may concede that 
 their action was tantamount to this. In 1817, the Lanius forfl- 
 catus of Linnaeus, 1763, became the type of Udolius of Cuvier ; 
 in 1826, the Lanius collurio of Linnaeus was made by Boie the 
 type of his genus Enneoctonus ; in 1829, Kaup used Collurio for 
 what Boie had called Unneoctonus, and also proposed Phoneus 
 for another closely related section ; in 1831, Vigors used 
 Collurio for the group of which L, excubitor Linn, is the type. 
 Not to go further into the record, it may be said, in fine, that 
 every name which authors have imposed upon species of the 
 Linnsean Lanius has been based upon some other section of the 
 genius than that of which L. excuMtor is typical, down to 
 Collurio Vigors, 1831, which latter is antedated by Collurio 
 Kaup, 1829. Whence it appears that if Lanius is not tenable 
 for L. excubitor, it is not tenable at all. Yet it cannot be 
 abolished entirely. 
 
 It is with no little satisfaction that I find myself able to 
 restore the name Lanius to the present genus, upon principles 
 
540 EXCURSUS ON THE NAMES OF SHRIKES 
 
 of nomenclature which are recognized by the great majority of 
 naturalists. I submit the following resumS of the argument : — 
 
 1. Gollyrio Mcehring, 1752, is not available, being given by 
 a non-binomialist prior to the establishment of the binomial 
 nomenclature. 
 
 2. Lanius Linnaeus, 1758 and 1766, has no specified type ; 
 no type can be inferred except by the arbitrary method of 
 considering the first species given by Linnaeus as typical ; such 
 assumed type is different in 1758 and in 1766 ; in subdividing 
 the genus, an author is free to make any one of the Linnsean 
 species of Lanius the type of a new genus. 
 
 3. All the genera which have in fact been proposed for species 
 which were included by Linnseus in Lanius are based upon 
 other species than L. exeubitor and its allies, excepting Collurio 
 Vig., 1831, which is antedated by Collurio Kaup, 1829, the lat- 
 ter being based upon a species of a different genus, to wit, 
 Enneoctonv^ Boie, 1826. 
 
 4. Lanius therefore, in a restricted sense, becomes tenable 
 for the genus of which exeubitor is typical, upon that exclusion 
 of the several heterogeneous elements which authors have 
 successively effected, and it is untenable for any other genus, 
 all the rest having been provided with other names. 
 
 From such considerations of the technical aspects of the case 
 which affect our nomenclature, the transition is easy and natural 
 to the signification of these names, and their original applica- 
 tion to the birds of the present geuus. 
 
 KoXXupiiuv is used by Aristotle as the name of a bird, of what 
 kind, however, cannot be determined. Sundevall does not 
 identify the name, and the lexicons, some of which do not give 
 it at all, merely define it as the name of some bird — " avis 
 qucedam incerta". Nor do I know the etymology of the word; 
 none of the authorities consulted give any derivation; it 
 has no obvious connection with the Greek xoXXuptov, which was 
 a kind of medicament, either an eje-salve or a suppository, 
 according to different definitions, and which iu the Latiu shape 
 of eoUyrium is now a common medical term for an eye-wash. 
 From xoXkupiwv comes the familiar term Gollyrio or Collurio, 
 used both in a generic and a specific sense in modern orni- 
 thology. 
 
 Gesner indeed treats "de Collvrione", but only briefly, and 
 evidently without any clear idea of what Aristotle meant by the 
 
EXCURSUS ON THE NAMES OP SHRIKES 541 
 
 term. He rather makes it out to be a kind of Thrush, and cites 
 the opinion of William Turner, to the effect that it was the bird 
 called by the English the Fieldfare. He treats of the European 
 Shrikes in another part of his work, under a name of his own. 
 The name " Lanius", which means a butcher or executioner, 
 was excellently well chosen by Gesner to designate these 
 sanguinary birds, which had at that early day already made 
 their reputation for rapacity. That this was the first use of 
 the term in such connection, for birds which Gesner could not 
 identify with those described by any previous author, appears 
 from the subjoined quotation.* Gesner distinguishes two 
 European species, giving a figure of each, one of his notices 
 being "de Laniis, et primvm de cinereo"; the other "de alio 
 Laniorvm genere maiore". Of his Lanius cinereus, which is 
 cited by Linnaeus as one of the bases of his L. excubitor, 
 Gesner says that it was called in German ThorntrSer or Thorn- 
 kresser, "'quasi torquispinum vel spinilanium ", showing that 
 in his time one of the marked habits of the Shrike was already 
 a matter of common report. He also mentions that the bird 
 was called in some places N5nt8der or NfinmSrder, that is to 
 say, Nine-killer, from the vulgar belief that this was exactly 
 the number of birds which the Shrike was wont to destroy 
 daily. This curious tradition survives to the present day, as 
 witness the name "Nine-killer", still sometimes heard; and it 
 also gave rise to Boie's generic name Unneoctonus. Gesner is 
 less happy in his attempt to give the English equivalent of his 
 bird's name, which he renders asMrJce anymurder {sic in the 
 copy before me ; the fact being, that the Shrike does not shirk 
 any murder it can commit! This author very often mistook 
 our indefinite article for a part of the word succeeding it, and 
 the printer may be answerable for the rest of the blunder). In 
 another place, however, we find the word " Shrike " under the 
 quasi-Latin form of schricum. The derivation of this English 
 word is from shriek, one of a set of words, like screak, squeak, 
 screech, and numberless others, in different languages and 
 under various forms, which signify shrill kinds of outcry. The 
 Anglo-Saxon name of the bird was Scric, and in the Danish 
 
 * " Lanivm cinereum nostrum, alij aliter Latine Grseoeve nominari posse 
 coniecernnt, ego cum nullivetemm descriptloni satis earn accedere viderem, 
 nouo nomine lanium appellare malui : quod in alias anes non solum se 
 ininores, sed maiores etiam aliquas laniando sseuire soleat." (Quoted from 
 the ed. of 1617, which may not be literally true to the orig. ed. 1555.) 
 
542 THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF LANIUS 
 
 •we find ShriJca. The ordinary French name, Piegrieche, is 
 simply pica grceca, or Greek Pie. The name exeuhitor, adopted 
 by Linnaeus for one of the species, is the Latin word meaning 
 a sentinel (literally, an " outlier"). It is no less happily chosen 
 than Lanius, referring as it does to a characteristic habit 
 of the Shrikes, which is to perch in wait for their prey, like 
 sentinels. 
 
 §2. — On the American Species of Lanius 
 
 No more than two American species of this genus (one of 
 them, however, being represented by two geographical races) 
 have been satisfactorily established, though a large number 
 have been successively ascribed to this country by different 
 writers. It is the object of the present article to pass these 
 several alleged species in critical review, in chronological 
 order, and see what they amount to. * 
 
 1. Lanius excubitor, L. The well-known European spe- 
 cies, wrongly ascribed to North America by Forster, Wilson, 
 and others, whoso accounts are to be turned over to L. borealis 
 Vieill., to which they actually refer. 
 
 2. Lanius ludovicianus, Briss. (See the full synonymy 
 given beyond, p. 561.) 
 
 This name has had a checquered and rather curious history. 
 We first find it in Brisson, ii. 1760, 162, covering an excellent 
 description of a bird, now well known as the "Loggerhead 
 Shrike", said to be from the then extensive and rather indefi- 
 nite region of "Louisiana"; and the account is accompanied by 
 a figure (pi. xv. f. 2), which we have no difficulty in recognizing, 
 after we are informed what it is meant for. This same " Pie- 
 griesche de la Louisiane" of Brisson became the Linnaean 
 Lanius ludovicianus, and all is plain sailing so far, though 
 Linnaeus did not give a quite accurate diagnosis. But the 
 compilers promptly attacked the bird, and made sad havoc with 
 their operations at second-hand. Thus, in Latham's Synopsis, 
 i. 162, where Brisson and Linnseus are both correctly cited, we 
 are wrongly referred to PL Enlumin^e, no. 397, which is not 
 a Shrike at all, but apparently a species of Thamnophilus. 
 Gmelin naturally copies the mistake, through his habit of 
 indiscriminate compilation, and also misquotes Brisson, citing 
 ibe name canadensis, instead of ludovicianus, though he gives 
 the i)age and plate of the latter correctly. Next, in the Index 
 
THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF LANITJS 543 
 
 Ornithologicus, Latham proceeds to mix up the true L. hidoviei- 
 anus with a third species, namely, the "Black-crowned Shrike" 
 of Pennant {==L. americanus Gm.), which he brings in here 
 probably because Pennant merely surmised that his own 
 Black-crowned Shrike "seems to be" Brisson's L. ludovicianus. 
 Finally, all these mistakes are repeated by Latham in his general 
 History, with a climax of error in the surmise that his L. ludo- 
 vicianus (now become a thoroughly composite species, having 
 no existence in nature) might be a variety of his L. nengeta! — 
 which latter is itself an equally composite bird. This is, 
 indeed, " confusion worse confounded ". 
 
 Thus, as Swainson well remarks (FBA. ii, 119), "let us 
 remember that we first began to lose sight of the true L. Ludo- 
 vicianus by an unlucky error in the Systema Naturae [where 
 Linnaeus gave a faulty description ] : that it became more 
 obscure in Gmelin's compilation ; and that it was finally lost 
 in the Index Ornithologicus, the Ludovicianus of which work 
 and of the General History is an imaginary bird [i. e. a com- 
 posite species]." 
 
 It may be further observed, that there is in Gmelin another 
 "Lanius ludovicianus" (Lanius tyrannus, d, ludovicianus), which 
 is an entirely different bird, namely, the Kingbird, Tyrannus 
 carolinensis. 
 
 3. Lanius canadensis, L. SF. i. 134, n. 4. (Pie-griesche de 
 Canada, Lanius canadensis, Beiss. Orn. ii. 171, pi. 18, f. 3. — Fie- 
 gridche Jiuppie de Canada, Bxjpp. PL Enlum. 479, f. 2. — Four- 
 millier liupfS, BuPP. Hist. Nat. iv. 476. — Crested Shrike, Lath. 
 Syn. i. 182, n. 35; Penn. AZ. 239, n. 129.— Lanius cana- 
 densis, Gm. SN. 298 (=Linn.); Lath. 10. ii. 72 (=Linn.).— 
 Lanius atricapillus, Gm. SN. 303. — Turdus cirrhatus, Gm. SN. 
 826. — Lanius pileatu^. Lath. lO. i. 76. — Tyrannus atricapillus, 
 V. 0A8. 78, pi. 48.— T. canadensis, V. OAS. 79, pi. 49.) This 
 is neither a Shrike nor a North American bird, being a species 
 of Thamnophilus of Cayenne, &c., originally described by 
 Brisson from " Canada", probably by mistake for Cayenne. 
 
 4. Lanius ameeioanus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 1788, 308, n. 48. 
 This is based upon the " Black-crowned Shrike" of Pennant, 
 AZ. ii. 1785, 238, n. 128, said to inhabit "North America "- 
 Though Pennant says it "seems to be" the same as Beis- 
 SON, ii. 162 (=i. ludovicianus) and Latham, Synopsis, i. 1C2 
 ( = Louisiane Shrike), his bird is clearly not & Lanius; nor is it 
 a North American bird at all. Latham reproduces a "Lanins 
 
544 THE AMEEICAN SPECIES OF LANIUS 
 
 Americanus" in his Index Ornithologicus, i. 69, n. 9, basing 
 it, however, solely upon the Pie-griesche de la Louisiane, PI. 
 Enlum. 397. 
 
 5. Lanius natka, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 1788, 309, n. 50 {=L. 
 nootlca, Lath. IO. i. 1790, 80, n. 48; V. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 735). 
 This is based upon the "Katka Shrike" of Pennant, AZ. ii. 
 1785, 239, n. 130, described as from Nootka Sound. It has 
 never been satisfactorily identified, but is evidently not a true 
 Lanius, and probably not a North American bird at all. 
 
 6. Lanius septenteionalts, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 1788, 306, n. 
 37; Lath. IO. i. 1790, 76, n. 30; V. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 732, 
 is based upon the "Northern Shrike" of Latham, Syn. i. 165, 
 n. 11, described from " the northern parts of America ". Bona- 
 parte and some other authors revived the name for use in 
 connection with L. borealis, to which, however, it cannot be 
 properly referred. The species remains unidentified, and 
 probably cannot be now made out. 
 
 7. Lanius gkiscus, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, p. 289 Ms. This 
 name may have been intended to cover the larger of our two 
 species, L. borealis, as it is ascribed to Pennsylvania, in dis- 
 tinction from another species accredited to Florida; but the 
 account given does not suffice to decide the point. 
 
 8. Lanius aAREULUS, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, p. 289 Us. Un- 
 doubtedly intended for the Southern species, L. ludovicianus, 
 but insnfiBciently described. 
 
 9. Lanius boebalis, Vieill. OAS. i. 1807, 90, pi. 50. (See the 
 full synonymy beyond, p. 558.) Here we have the first unmis- 
 takable and exclusive description of the larger of our two 
 species, which had long previously been known, indeed, but 
 referred to the European L. excubitor. Vieillot's bird appears 
 to have been first taken up by Swainson, whose identification 
 has been accepted by Audubon, Baird, and later writers gen- 
 erally, though the bird was for a while called by the unavail- 
 able name of septentrionalis, which Swainson very properly 
 refused to recognize. Vieillot describes his bird minutely, 
 leaving no doubt of what he meant, and in the Encyclop6die 
 M6thodique he cites Wilson's plate 6, f. 1. 
 
 10. Lanius aedosiaous, Vieill. OAS. i. 1807, 81, pi. 51. 
 This species is less satisfactorily characterized than the other 
 one which Vieillot describes, but the sum and substance of the 
 account leaves no necessary doubt that it is the Loggerhead 
 Shrike, L. ludovicianus of Brisson. Swainson indeed, who dis- 
 
THE AMERICAN SPECIES OP LANIUS 545 
 
 cusses it elaborately, comes to the conclusion that it is "au im- 
 aginary species", that is to say, compounded of two; but his 
 argument in this case does not seem to me sound. He admits, 
 in fact, that were it not for a certain " if" which seems to me 
 quite immaterial, he "should have at once concluded that his 
 [Vieillot's] ardosiaceus was the same bird as Wilson's Caroli- 
 nensis ". 
 
 11. Lanius CAEOLiNENsrs, Wils. Am. Orn. iii. 1811, 57, pi. 
 22, f. 5. Wilson gave us two species of Shrikes, one of which, 
 "L. excubitor" Wils., nee L., is the L. iorealis of Vieillot; and 
 tl|e other, to which Wilson gave the new name of carolinensis, 
 is the L. ludovicianus of Brisson and Linnaeus. 
 
 12. Lanius bxotjbitoeides, Sw. FBA. ii. 1831, 115, pi. 34. 
 (See the full synonymy beyond, p. 562.) Swainson's descrip- 
 tion and beautiful figure first brought to notice the most 
 common and widely distributed species of Shrike of North 
 America — boreaUs being rather northerly, and typical ludovici- 
 anus being chiefly confined to the South Atlantic and Gulf 
 States. No doubt, Swainson's bird had been seen before, and 
 it may actually be involved in some of our accounts of each of 
 the other species, but without being recognized as different 
 from either one of them. It is, in fine, the usual style of 
 Shrike of the United States, and the only kind that is known 
 to extend into Mexico. It was currently rated as a good 
 species until very recently, when I reduced it to its proper 
 grade of a geographical variety, upon showing that the 
 ascribed characters are found to merge insensibly into those 
 of typical ludovicianus. 
 
 13. Lanius elegans, Sw. FBA. ii. 1831, 122. This species 
 has given much trouble. It is minutely described by its author 
 from a specimen in the British Museum, "to which it was pre- 
 sented, together with other birds from the fur-countries, by the 
 Hudson's Bay Company". The name occasionally occurs in 
 our literature (e. g. Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 287 ; Bd. Eep. 
 Great Salt Lake, 1852, 328; Bp. Eev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, 295) 
 entirely upon its original Swainsonian basis; and in 1870 
 (PZS. 595; see, also, EiDGW. Am Nat. vii. 1873, 609), Messrs. 
 Dresser and Sharpe announced, from examination of Swain- 
 son's type-specimen, that it was L. lahtora of Asia, described 
 by some mistake as North American. So much for L. elegans 
 of Swaiuson, 
 
 14. But Dr. Gambel, in 1843 (Pr. Phila. Acad. 1843, 261), de- 
 
 35 B 
 
546 SHRIKES m A STATE OF NATURE 
 
 scribed a Shrike, supposed to he from " California ", which he iden- 
 tified with Swainson's bird, and called L. elegam. Oassin (Pr. 
 Phil. Acad. 1857, 213) and Baird (BNA. 1858, 328, note; ed. of 
 18C0, atlas pi. 75, f. 1) accepted this identification of Gambel's 
 specimen, subsequently called Gollyrio elegans by Baird (BNA. 
 1858, p. XXXV.) and Oollurio elegans by Baird (Eev. A. B. 1866, 
 444 ; Hist. NAB. i. 1874, 414). On other pages of the last-cited 
 work, however, Baird renames Gambel's specimen Gollurio lu- 
 dovicianus var. robustus, giving it a new designation in view of 
 the fact that the true elegans of Swainson had been shown, as 
 above stated, to be an Old World species, L. lahtora. All these 
 later citations of "elegans", resting solely upon Gambel's spe- 
 cimen, are, of course, to be carefully discriminated from those 
 which refer to Swainson's type. Gambel's bird is said by Baird 
 and Eidgway to be "very decidedly different from any of the 
 recognized North American species"; and they also state that 
 they have " no reason to discredit the alleged locality of the 
 specimen ". Under the circumstances, however, I shall decline 
 to take further notice of the supposed species in the present 
 work. 
 
 15. Lanius mexicanus, Brehm, Journ. fiir Ornith. 1854, 145, 
 148 (see Sol. PZS. 1864, 173). The Shrike of Mexico, described 
 as distinct by 0. L. Brehm, seems to be reducible to L. excubito- 
 rides, with little probability of error. It may be noted, that 
 though Swainson identified the Mexican bird with L. caro- 
 line7isis Wils., this was done before he had distinguished L. excu- 
 bitorides. 
 
 16. COLLTEIO CHEMTTNGENSis, Gregg, Pr. Elmira Acad, for 
 1870. A name bestowed upon some plumage of L. borealis, 
 in which the rump is said to be "rufous". 
 
 § 3. — Of Shrikes in a Stute of Nature 
 
 Having thus seen something of the figure Shrikes cut in the 
 books, let us turn to a fairer and a broader page, to seek for 
 those traits which have made these birds famous from time 
 out of mind. I doubt not that the natural history of these 
 "sentinels" and "executioners" is more attractive than what 
 has just preceded; for all this naming and renaming distorts 
 most grievously the clean-cut picture which the Shrikes pre- 
 sent in their native haunts. We will here take up the Logger- 
 head and the Northern Butcher-bird together — for they are as 
 
THE SEAL OF THE SHEIKE OEDER 547 
 
 oue in all essential particulars — reserving for after considera- 
 tion the few points that mark their respective histories. 
 
 Looking at the bold, defiant aspect of the Shrike^ however 
 inadequately portrayed in the accompaying sketch, we cannot 
 fail to recognize a bird of extraordinary spirit, — the stout, 
 hooked beak, combining claw and tooth in one murderous 
 instrument, is surely the weaiion of a Hawk, or other rapacious 
 bird! In one sense, we certainly have here a bird of prey; 
 yet, if the portrait 
 were fl.m8hed at full 
 length, we should 
 find the feet as weak 
 and harmless as 
 those of a Thrush 
 or Sparrow, instead 
 of being furnished 
 with the talons 
 which confer such 
 raptorial prowess no. ee.-Aspeot of a shrike. 
 
 upon the Falcon, 
 
 the Eagle, and the Owl. If, furthermore, we should examine 
 the anatomy of the Shrikes, it would be merely to discover 
 that the entire structure of the internal organs is modelled 
 after a strictly Passerine type. Though the bone and muscle 
 indicate unusual strength and vigor, the beak itself is the 
 seal of the Shrike order — a mark as plain and unmistakable 
 as that which stamps the tribes of Israel, wherever dispersed 
 over the earth — the symbol of a spirit as bold and reckless 
 as ever dwelt in the breast of any one of the Hawks called 
 "noble" in the olden time, when falconry beguiled the leisure 
 hours of kings and royal mistresses. 
 
 Matching the bravest of the brave among birds of prey in 
 deeds of daring, and no less relentless than reckless, the 
 Shrike compels that sort of deference, not unmixed with indig- 
 nation, we are accustomed to accord to creatures of seeming 
 insignificance, whose exploits demand much strength, great 
 spirit, and insatiate love of carnage. We cannot be indifferent 
 to the marauder who takes his own wherever he finds it — a 
 feudal baron who holds his own with undisputed sway — an 
 ogre whose victims are so many more than he can eat, that he 
 actually keeps a private graveyard for the balance. 
 
 Lest such a picture may seem to be exaggerated, let me 
 
648 THE SPIRIT OF THE SHRIKE 
 
 make good my statements. The Shrike's food consists of such 
 birds, quadrupeds, and reptiles as he can capture and over- 
 power, together with insects, chiefly of the larger kinds, 
 and especially grasshoppers. These he pursues, attacks, and 
 destroys quite as a Hawk does ; and he has the very curious 
 habit of impaling their bodies upon thorns. 
 
 Numberless illustrations of the spirit the Shrike displays 
 might be given. Though smaller in stature than the least of 
 our Hawks, he habitually destroys birds and other animals as 
 large as those upon which some Hawks subsist, and quite as 
 capable of resisting attack. Appropriating to himself sufl- 
 cient territory, where no other bird may safely intrude, he 
 becomes the terror of the neighborhood; and woe to the 
 unlucky Finch or Warbler that ventures to trespass on these 
 hunting-grounds! Like a veritable sentinel on guard, the 
 Shrike stands in wait upon his chosen post, ready to pounce 
 with unerring aim upon the iirst little bird that may dare to 
 rustle in the nearest bush. His impetuosity and temerity are 
 well displayed in the onslaught he sometimes makes upon 
 cage-birds hanging at our windows; and he has even been 
 known to enter an apartment, bolting through the open sash 
 with perfect recklessness. Dr. Brewer narrates the case of a 
 Shrike who dashed at a Canary without perceiving that the 
 window was closed. He struck the glass with all the momen- 
 tum of his impetuous flight, and fell to the ground, stunned 
 by the force of the blow.* He revived, however, and was 
 kept in confinement for some time, during which he continued 
 sullen and fearless, and greedily devoured small birds which 
 were offered him for food, though refusing to eat raw meat 
 of other kinds. Notwithstanding the protection that a cage 
 affords, Canaries are not seldom killed by the Shrike unless 
 speedily relieved from his attack. Sometimes they are so 
 terror-stricken that they fall fainting to the bottom of the 
 cage; but they oftener flutter and dash themselves against the 
 wires, till seized by the bird of prey, who scalps them, breaks 
 in their skull, or takes their heads off. The small birds that 
 
 *A Bimilar instance of birds' inability to see glass is within my own 
 experience. Having on one occasion netted a large lot of Sparrows and 
 other small birds alive, I turned them loose in a vacant room. In their 
 terror and eagerness to escape, almost every one of them dashed against 
 the window in the course of a few moments, and successively fell stunned 
 and shivering to the floor — some to recover, others, more seriously hurt, 
 to die shortly. 
 
THE WAY THE SHRIKE CARRIES HIMSELF 549 
 
 the Shrike destroys in a state of nature are either captured at 
 a single dash, or caught in open chase, and killed with a blow 
 of the beak. They are then devoured upon the spot, or 
 carried to the "cemetery" and stuck upon a thorn, as I shall 
 presently describe with more particularity. 
 
 As if conscious of his prowess, the Shrike shows little fear in 
 the presence of man. Under some circumstances, indeed, I 
 have found a Shrike so wild that my endeavors to get a shot 
 were unavailing, but the very opposite is oftenest the case. 
 Tou may enter the thicket the Shrike has chosen as his hunt- 
 ing-ground, and the bird will regard you with contempt, return- 
 ing your regard with a gaze as steady and unflinching as if he 
 were the better man of the two and knew it. At such a time, 
 you will have a good opportunity to observe the easy noncha- 
 lant air with which he asserts himself. For all that the Shrike 
 is such a gallant marauder, it must not be inferred that he is 
 always on the war-path, intent on prodigies of valor. The 
 doughtiest knights lay aside their armor at times, and the 
 Shrike is fond of his ease in the intervals of his piratical enter- 
 prises. At such times, you may observe him lounging about 
 with his hands in his pockets, so to speak, and nothing on 
 his mind, when, as you approach, he will turn his head toward 
 you with languid curiosity, just for a moment, and then dismiss 
 you from further consideration. Sometimes you will see him 
 ready for business, scanning the neighborhood closely from 
 his watch-tower on the topmost twig of some bush or sapling, 
 where he stands stiffly, bolt upright, like a soldier on dress 
 parade, ready to move at a moment's warning. He makes a 
 rather imposing picture just then in his uniform of French 
 gray with black and white facings, which fits him "like a 
 dream": the next instant — whish! he is gone, and the piteous 
 cry of the Sparrow in yonder bush tells the rest of the story. 
 
 A good deal of the Shrike's business, however, is neither bril- 
 liant nor romantic. The green sward below his perch harbors 
 a great many field-mice of different kinds, according to the lay of 
 the land, and he has nothing to do but drop quietly down upon 
 these little innocents. At certain seasons of the year, more- 
 over, the fields swarm with grasshoppers, of which the Shrike 
 is very fond, as he is also of spiders, beetles, caterpillars, and, in 
 fact, almost any insect. In July and August, I have frequently 
 seen Shrikes skipping about in old weedy fields, apparently 
 amusing themselves ; but I generally found, on watching them 
 
550 THAT THE SHRIKE KEEPS A BUTCHER-SHOP 
 
 closely, that they were hunting for the 'hoppers, some of which 
 they devoured then and there, after beating off their long hind 
 legs, while others were carried to some tree near by and duly 
 impaled. 
 
 The tradition that the Shrike destroys exactly nine victims 
 a day, and which is preserved in the name "Nine-killer", still 
 sometimes heard, is very ancient, and I do not know to what 
 source it may be traced back. It is a staple myth, which has 
 been current for centuries in folk-lore, and may be found related 
 with gravity in some of the older treatises. 1 should very mnch 
 like to learn its source and the circumstances under which it 
 was first stamped with authority. The Shrike's most notable 
 trait, — the habit of keeping a butcher-shop, where the bodies of 
 the slain are exposed, — has also been remarked for many hun- 
 dred years, and various ingenious theories have been proposed 
 to explain what has been considered a wholly exceptional and 
 anomalous habit. When fully considered, however, I think it 
 will be found less Singular than it at first appears to be. 
 
 The Shrike is a veritable "butcher-bird", in as far as that 
 title may be given to a bird who kills what he does not eat, 
 and his operations in this line have been made the subject 
 of repeated observations, so that we are in possession of all the 
 facts in the case. The birds, mice, and insects are sometimes 
 impaled alive, and left to perish miserably ; sometimes their 
 dead bodies are similarly stuck upon the sharp twigs. The 
 shambles of the pitiless butcher may be found in some thorny 
 tree or bush, which in the course of time presents a curious 
 spectacle, with the numerous creatures sticking here and there. 
 Quite a museum of anatomy is sometimes thus brought together 
 in one place, bat as the Shrike is not particular about making 
 a collection of curiosities, we may recognize his work in single 
 specimens scattered anywhere about fields and shrubbery. 
 
 Some have surmised that the bodies are stuck up in this 
 conspicous way as decoys, to allure other victims within reach. 
 This "bait theory" in its fulness is set forth in the article 
 noted below,* which may be taken as a typical illustration of 
 this way of thinking. Mr. Heckewelder represents that whereas 
 the Shrike lives entirely upon mice and small birds (which is 
 
 • 1799. Hbckbwbldek, J. A letter from Mr. John Heckewelder, to Dr. Bar- 
 ton, giving some account of the remarkable instinct of a bird called 
 the Nine-Killer [Lanins borealis]. <[ Trans. Amer. Phihs. Soc. iv. 
 1799, pp. 1.24, 127. 
 
NOTIONS ABOUT THE SHKIKE's SHAMBLES 651 
 
 not the case), and whereas the grasshoppers are all stuck up 
 in natural attitudes as if they were alive (though they are not 
 80 fixed, in fact), therefore this is done to decoy birds that feed 
 upon grasshoppers ; for if this be not so, and if the insects be 
 stored up for future use, how long would one or even two grass- 
 hoppers last a Shrike 1 But if tlie intention be to seduce little 
 birds, then that number, or half as many, or fewer still, would 
 be good bait all winter. And so forth. 
 
 Wilson, with his usual good sense, has disposed of this theory, 
 "pretty fanciful," as he calls it, in a rather satirical as well as 
 practical way. He notes that grasshoppers themselves are the 
 favorite food of the Shrike, and that they would make the very 
 poorest bait for our small winter birds, which are mostly gra- 
 nivorous; that there is no necessity for a stratagem of such 
 refinement and cruelty, as the Shrike is abundantly able to 
 capture all the birds he wants in open chase ; and, finally, that 
 the Crow and Jay may be supposed with equal probability to 
 be laying baits for mice and flying squirrels, when they hoard 
 up their corn. The bait theory may be safely discarded. 
 
 Another idea is, that the Shrike avails himself of a thorn to 
 secure his prey whilst he is devouring it, just as a Hawk or 
 Owl would use his claws for the same purpose ; and that this 
 has become such a habit that the Shrike may spit, and then 
 leave untouched, the carcases he does not wish to devour. Un- 
 doubtedly, the bird's feet and claws are weak in comparison 
 with his stout beak, large head, and powerful muscles of the 
 neck and breast; but no one can doubt the bird's ability to hold 
 his prey securely while he tears it to pieces. Any one who has 
 had a Shrike scratch him should be satisfied of this. 
 
 There is another notion, that the Shrike impales his victims 
 in the excess of his cruelty, from sheer love of inflicting pain. 
 But this argues a moral obliquity which we can ascribe to no 
 bird, — if indeed any moral quality whatever can be discovered 
 in their actions. It is true that a cat tortures a mouse, and 
 seems to delight in inflicting pain. I cannot but believe, how- 
 ever, that the cat is unconscious of the mouse's misery ; that 
 what she enjoys is not the suffering of her victim, but the 
 exercise of her natural powers. Excessive destructiveness, as 
 when cats or weasels kill more animals than they can devour, 
 is very frequent ; but it implies neither cruelty (in a moral 
 sense) nor mere wantonness ; it is a legitimate result of their 
 rapacious nature, and for the rest, the animals may have a 
 
552 IS IT A SORT OF STOREHOUSE 7 
 
 natural prefereace for some part of their prey, as the blood or 
 brains, to secure enough of which they take more lives than they 
 would if they fed upon the whole of the flesh. In the case of 
 the Sbrilie, moreover, it is certainly the rule that the bodies 
 are impaled after death, not while still struggling in the 
 clutches of the captor. 
 
 Analogy goes for something in natural history; and the 
 analogy of the Shrikes' shambles to the storehouses of various 
 birds is too obvious to have escaped attention. I think the 
 right clue to the curious habit is thus found. Many birds lay 
 up stores of provisions, like mice and squirrels. Among those 
 of this country, birds of the Corvine tribe, as Crows and Jays, are 
 conspicuous in this respect. The " thievishness" of the Eaven 
 and Magpie in confinement is notorious ; but it is simply the 
 excessive development or perversion of their habit of hoarding 
 food that makes them steal and hide away articles of no possible 
 use to them, such as jewelry and silverware. The Californian 
 Woodpecker offers another notable instance of storing up food, 
 as it does sometimes with infinite pains. I have seen branches 
 of trees studded thickly with acorns, each stuck tightly by itself 
 in a little hole bored by the bird for its reception. In other 
 instances, the same bird has been known to insert acorns in 
 the natural crevices of wood. These facts relate indeed only to 
 the hoarding of fruits or inanimate objects ; but we see a still 
 closer resemblance to the habit of the Shrikes in the curious 
 practice of the Eed-headed Woodpecker, a versatile bird, one of 
 whose singular traits has just been told by Mr. H. B. Bailey, of 
 New York. This writer narrates * that a correspondent of his 
 observed a Woodpecker's frequent visits to an old oak post, 
 which on examination was found to present a large crack, in 
 which the bird had inserted about a hundred live grasshoppers, 
 and wedged them in so firmly that they could not escape. 
 Some farmers showed him other posts which had been put to 
 the same purpose. This was certainly a laying-up of stores for 
 future use, for the writer states that the Woodpecker later began 
 to eat his hoard, and that at length only a few shrivelled dead 
 'hoppers were left. 
 
 Wilson has observed, furthermore, that Jays and Shrikes 
 retain similar habits in confinement; the Jay filling every seam 
 and chink in his cage with grain and bread-crumbs, and the 
 * Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii. no. 2, April, 1878, p. 97. 
 
THE PACT IS, THAT WE DO NOT KNOW 553 
 
 Shrike " uailing " meat, insects, and the bodies of such birds 
 as may be thrown to him. 
 
 I have had my doubts in this matter ; and still, after observ- 
 ing Shrikes carefully in various parts of the country, must 
 admit that the matter is not Anally narrowed down to a simple 
 question of hoarding. Too many bodies are stuck up, too 
 promiscuously, and too few are made use of afterward, for us 
 to consider it simply as a piece of the bird's thrift. I suppose 
 the habit of impaling, considered simply as such, and without 
 reference to ulterior purposes subserved, may have been grad- 
 ually acquired as the result of the Shrike's physical organiza- 
 tion — the relatively little force of grasping with his feet he 
 possesses, in comparison with the power of his beak. The 
 talons of a Hawk, for example, are very effective instruments, 
 not only for striking and killing prey, but also for holding it 
 while it is torn by the beak. The Shrike has much less pre- 
 hensile power ; it strikes with the beak, and devours as best 
 it may. A Nuthatch, for example, will take an acorn to a 
 crack in the bark, and wedge it there while it hammers away 
 at it with the bill. Such a habit of fastening its prey having 
 been acquired, as something entirely unconnected with the 
 etoring up of provisions, may then have been turned to account 
 as a means of securiug its prey for future use, and thus become 
 the usual way of making a hoard. 
 
 It is certain, however, that the Shrike makes no great use of 
 his larder ; and that he sometimes impales and sometimes not, 
 apparently at his caprice. He is just as likely to eat a grass- 
 hopper as to stick one. He spits its victims as often when 
 food is plenty as when it is scarce; and the majority of the 
 bodies gibbeted are left to wither and be blown away, or be 
 eaten up by the bugs. On one occasion, when I watched a 
 Shrike closely for some time, I saw him impale a number of 
 grasshoppers in succession, and continue foraging for more, 
 which he ate upon the spot, as soon as caught. I never 
 witnessed the act of impaling a bird or mouse, but I suppose 
 it would be the same as for a grasshopper ; and in the instance 
 to which I refer the bird worked the unfortunate insect on 
 the thorn with his beak, pushing and pressing it down with 
 various strokes, until it was fixed to his satisfaction. 
 
 But we have not yet finished our study of Shrikes — having 
 still to consider their flight, their voice, and especially their 
 domestic habits. 
 
554 THE SHRIKE WHEN ON THE WING 
 
 There are two very different birds of this country which 
 the Shrike resembles iu the relative proportions of the wings 
 and tail, as well as iu the general conformation of the body. 
 These are the Mockingbird, Mimus polyglottus, and the Sharp- 
 shinned Hawk, Acoipiter fuscus. Now if we picture to our- 
 selves a bird whose attitudes, movements, and especially 
 whose mode of flight, may partake on occasion of those of 
 either of the birds just named, we shall have no wrong idea 
 of the varied actions of which the Shrike is capable. The 
 close general resemblance of the Shrike to a Mockingbird is 
 really remarkable. The two are of about the same size, shape, 
 and color — in fact, it is not the easiest thing to tell them 
 apart at a little distance, especially when they are flying. 
 The similarity has long since been duly noted and commented 
 upon ; in fact, Swainson went so far as to make it the basis of 
 a strong argument in favor of his fanciful quinarian theory 
 of afilnity. The mode of flight, then, of the Shrike, under 
 ordinary circumstances, is necessarily much the same as that 
 of a Mockingbird, being light, wayward, and even undulatory, 
 when the bird is simply moving about at his ease, or foraging 
 for the humbler kinds of prey that contribute to Lis support. 
 Yet even under these conditions there is a certain dash about 
 it, giving hint of the spirit he can infuse into his actions when 
 he calls his powers to their full display. Then, in the manner 
 of the Hawk, his flight is strengthened, firmly sustained for 
 long distances, and on occasion quickened at a prodigious rate; 
 the climax of this exploiting being reached when he plunges 
 headlong after his prey, hurtling like a very Hawk. He is 
 said at times to hover in the air, just over his intended victim, 
 as if taking aim before he stoops to his quarry ; but this can 
 hardly be a characteristic habit, or it would not have escaped 
 my attention. I do not remember to have ever witnessed it, 
 though it need not be doubted that the action is sometimes 
 performed. When not on the wing, we may observe in the 
 Shrike's habitual attitudes the same blending of Mockingbird 
 and Hawk; or rather, the transition from one to the other, 
 when his air of indifference and rather " slouchy" appearance 
 give way to the martial bearing which indicates that his 
 attention is riveted upon intended conquest. 
 
 So versatile and animated a spirit as that which the Shrike 
 possesses necessarily seeks expression. There is no reticence 
 about this bird, whose harsh outcries we may in turn interpret 
 
WHEN THE shrike's VOICE IS HEAED 555 
 
 to mean anger and exultation — the challenge and the con- 
 quest — while the course of his passionate life runs on iu almost 
 incessant warfare. These notes mean much the same as the 
 stridulation of the Kingbird, in whose temper there is much of 
 kinship with the Shrike, both being impatient and aggressive 
 birds. But notwithstanding the magnitude of his exploits, the 
 Shrike is not a very lofty character after all ; he picks many a 
 needless quarrel with his fretful fellows, and all the petulance 
 of a wilful, badly governed disposition may be traced in some 
 of the harshest of the cries that greet our ear. It is easy to 
 say, and quite safe to make the assertion, that nothing more 
 unmusical than the Shrike's notes is often heard; and it is 
 usual to compare the voice of this bird to the creaking of a 
 sign-board, or the grating of any other rusty hinge. But I 
 suspect, though I am not a competent witness in this case, 
 that those are right who ascribe to the Shrike some powers 
 of song, limited though they be. Technically speaking, the 
 Shrike is as truly Oscine as the Mockingbird itself; and no 
 d, priori reason appears why his notes should not at times be 
 modulated with a tuneful quality. Several authors have in 
 fact asserted such to be the case, protesting fairly against any 
 sweeping denunciation in this particular. Thus, in speaking 
 of the Great Northern Shrike, Audubon says : — " This valiant 
 little warrior possesses the faculty of imitating the notes of 
 other birds, especially such as are indicative of pain. Thus 
 it will often mimic the cries of Sparrows and other small birds, 
 so as to make you believe you hear them screaming in the 
 claws of a Hawk ; and I strongly suspect this is done for the 
 purpose of inducing others to come out from their coverts to 
 the rescue of their suffering brethren. On several occasions I 
 have seen it in the act of screaming iu this manner, when it 
 would suddenly dart from its perch into a thicket, from which 
 there would immediately issue the real cries of a bird on which it 
 had seized." Dr. Bachman further states that the Loggerhead 
 has other notes than the grating sounds Audubon attributes 
 to it: — "During the breeding season, and indeed nearly all 
 summer, the male ascends some cedar or other tree, and makes 
 an effort at a song, which I cannot compare to anything nearer 
 than the first attempts of a young Brown Thrush. He seems 
 to labour hard, making as it were almost painful exertions. 
 At times the notes are not unpleasing, but very irregular." 
 Many later observers concur in attributing moderate musical 
 
556 THE sheike's nest in the foeeqeound 
 
 ability to the Shrike, and I consider the fact established, 
 though I have never myself heard a bird of this kind sing. 
 But I am very sceptical respecting his asserted powers of 
 mimicry ; for the few allegations of mockery we possess seem 
 to be traceable to one or two sources, and to demand further 
 confirmation. 
 
 But we complete the portraiture of no bird's life and char- 
 acter until we place the nest in the foreground of the picture, 
 with all its natural surroundings. Our two kinds of Shrikes, 
 indeed, breed wide apart, and in some of the little details of 
 their domestic economy they may differ, but the general course 
 of events is the same in either case — " ccelum non animum mu- 
 tant", whether they be Loggerheads in South Carolina or 
 greater Butcher-birds in the northern wilderness. Knowing our 
 bird as we do now, we might suppose that he would make love 
 or war with equal assurance of success, and there is no doubt of 
 the fact that a Shrike is an impetuous and audacious wooer. 
 The main point is, however, that in operations of this kind he 
 has to deal with no shrinking, terrified Lark or Sparrow, glad 
 to make any terms with the tyrant, but with a bird who proves 
 to be his match in every particular. Set a Shrike to tame a 
 shrew — pit a pirate against a virago — and the whole neighbor- 
 hood may be congratulated when the stormy scene is over. 
 About the time the courtship grows a little monotonous, you 
 may look through the convenient thicket, where the saplings, 
 bushes, and weeds are grown up close together, or along yonder 
 hedgerow, with its lattice-work of creepers and greenbrier, to 
 find the nesting-place of the redoubtable couple. It will not be 
 hard to find, for the birds build low, and make a structure as 
 bulky in proportion to their size as a Hawk's nest. It is com- 
 monly built in a bush or sapling, within arms' reach from the 
 ground, the nest proper resting upon an extensive basement 
 of stout twigs, rather loosely laid together and bristling in all 
 directions. Upon such a support, the inner nest is built, of an 
 endless variety of soft, fibrous, vegetable substances, such as 
 grass-stems, weed-tops, bark-strips, catkins, leaves, mosses, 
 lichens, &o., all matted together in such quantity that the 
 cavity within is greatly reduced by the thickness of the walls. 
 Some nests also contain feathers or fur felted in with the 
 rest of the materials. There seems to be a good deal of differ- 
 ence in the structure of the nest, not so much according to the 
 species, as to the climate. The northern-built nests are usually 
 
THE SHRIKE A PUBLIC BENEFACTOR 557 
 
 found to be more compactly built, with a greater quantity of 
 soft, warm material, than those of the Loggerhead in the South- 
 ern States, which are smaller, more open, and rather loosely 
 woven than closely felted. 
 
 In such a bulky and rather rude receptacle, though a very sub- 
 stantial one, no fewer than five or six eggs may be deposited, 
 for a Shrike is as much in earnest in these matters as in the other 
 affairs of life. These vary in size, of course, according to the 
 species, the eggs of the Northern Shrike being about 1.10 by 
 0.80 inches, while those of the White-rumped, or Loggerhead, 
 only measure, on an average, little if any over an inch in length 
 by three-fourths as much in breadth. They are shaped and col- 
 ored exactly alike, however, being of rounded oval form, quite 
 blunt at the smaller end, and so profusely speckled or marbled 
 all over with various brownish, reddish, and purplish shades 
 that the greenish-gray ground-color is scarcely perceptible. 
 Should nothing go amiss, it is not long (Audubon says fifteen 
 days in the case of borealis) before the nest is crowded with a 
 clamorous and voracious brood, whose wants are an incesssant 
 tax upon the energy and devotion of the parent birds. The care 
 of the youngsters would seem to give them all they can attend 
 to, leaving no time for house-cleaning ; for, should you come 
 upon a family of Shrikes, well grown and soon to leave the nest, 
 yon would find things in an extremely untidy condition. 
 
 One nestful after another being thus turned loose upon the 
 world, the tribe of Shrikes waxes. Being prolific, and having 
 few enemies besides man, they are common birds in most portions 
 of the country, and we readily perceive that they play an im- 
 portant role in nature's economy. I must confess that I have 
 not drawn altogether the most flattering picture, even though I 
 have given the doughty warriors full credit for their military 
 operations ; and I am therefore the more anxious to show what 
 extremely useful birds they are, from the most practical stand- 
 point possible. So far as the Shrike's relations with ourselves 
 are concerned, the balance is entirely on one side of the ledger. 
 We are enormously in debt to these efficient destroyers of nox- 
 ious insects and injurious quadrupeds. Though they kill many 
 a bird we should wish to live, the whole result in this regard is 
 practically nothing to offset the check they put in the aggregate 
 upon grasshoppers and other undesirable forms of insect life. 
 
 Nay, more, the Shrike is entitled to our special thanks and 
 most favorable consideration, for his interference in our behalf 
 
558 SINONYMY OP LANIUS BOREALIS 
 
 against the bird-pest of this country — the European Sparrow. 
 In taking counsel with herself, that she might right the balance 
 of her forces, which we so fatuously interfered with when the 
 Sparrow madness seized us, she bethought herself of the 
 Shrikes, and in her own mysterious way she summoned these 
 trusty allies to her aid. The Shrikes, nothing loth, went right 
 to work, and were abating the nuisance very perceptibly, when 
 Bostonese idiocy confronted them and cut short their righteous 
 warfare. Men shot them down in the very acts of destroying 
 Sparrow after Sparrow ; at each murderous discharge of the 
 gun, a noble Shrike was martyred in doing his best for the good 
 of the community. I do not know who is responsible for this 
 outrage. I hope that it was merely the blunder of some igno- 
 rant underling, not instigated by any one professing or reputed 
 to be an ornithologist. If the act was committed under the color 
 of legal authority, there is work for the Nuttall Ornithological 
 Club to do in enlightening the community respecting their real 
 interests. Boston could hardly do a wiser thing, as far as the 
 Sparrow plague is concerned, than support a colony of Shrikes. 
 
 The Great IVorthera Shrike 
 
 Iianlns borealls 
 
 Lanlns excubltor, in part, of the early systematic writers, being partly based on Cates. 
 Car. App. 36. 
 
 Lanlus excubitor, Porse. Fn. Amer. Sept. 1771, 9; Philos. Trans. Ixii. 1772, 386, n. 9.— WUa. 
 AO. i. 1808, 74, pi. 5, f. l.—Bp. Joum. Pbila. Acad. iii. 1824, 357 ; Iv. 1824, ^-H.—Aud. OB. 
 ii. 1834, 534, pi. 192. 
 
 ?Iai)iU8 grlscns, Bartr. Tray. Fla. 1791, 289 Mi. 
 
 lanlus borcnlls, Y. OAS. i. 1807, 90, pi. 50.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 728, n. 5.— Sw. <fi Rich. 
 FBA. ii. 1831, 111, pi. W.— Towns. Jonrn. Philu Acad. viii. 1839, 152.— And. Syn. 1839, 
 15-1.— Aud. BA. iv. 1843, 130, pL 236.— Gir. BLL 1844, 155.— ffray, G. of B. 1847, 294.— 
 Smith, Zoologist, vli. 1849, 2495 (Scotland).— (Jortft, Zoologist, Tlii. 1850, 2649 (same).- 
 ffoj/, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 308.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853,75,flg.— Sennio. Tr. Illinois 
 Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 582 (Illinois). — Pratten, ibid. 605 (same).- Pufti. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 
 1856, 213.- Oass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1857, ii%— Maxim. J. t O. vl. 1858, 190.— Jones, Nat. 
 Bermnda, 1859, 51.— Martens, J.f. 0. 1859, 212 (Bermudas).- Tfiiiie, Smiths. Eep. for 
 
 1858, 1859, 281 (Nova Scotia) Furni. B. E. Pa. 1869, 28 ; Phila. ed. 19 (Alleghanies, 
 
 breeding).— Dress. <£ Sharpe, PZS. 1870, 591 (monographic).— IW^jpe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 
 1871, m.—Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem. iiL 1872, 39 (Alaska). 
 
 CoUyrlo boreana, Bd. BNA. 1858, 324.— Coop, a Suckl. PEKK. xii. pt. ii. 1859, 188. -Wheat 
 Ohio Agric. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 364.— JBom. Smiths. Eep. for 1860,1861,436 (Pennsyl- 
 vania) Coues (£ Prent. Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862,409 (Washington, D. C; rare).— 
 
 Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 162.— Terr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, US.— Boardm. 
 Pr. Best. Soc. ix. 1862, im.—BlaHst Ibis, 1862,5; 1863, 65.— Allen, Fi. Ess. Inst. iv. 
 1874, 66.— FeUner, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 425 (California).— Cojjm, Pr. Phila. Acad. 
 1866, 73 (Fort Whipple, Aiiz.).— Lord, Nat. in Vano. ii. 1866, 295.— iowr. Ann. Lye. 
 N. Y. viii. 1866, 285 (New York).— Jlfo/iM/r. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, ST.— Allen, Am. 
 Nat. i. 1867, n.— Woodh. Am. Nat ii. 1868, 380.— JWIer, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, C59.— Cfeoj). 
 Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 35.— Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 545.— ioctaood. Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 
 i36.—Haym. Cox's Geol. Snrv. Indiana, 1869, 219 (habits).- Da;! cfi Barnn. Tr. Chicago 
 Acad. i. 1869, SSO.-Stev. Ann. Eep. IT. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 464. 
 
CHARACTERS OP LANIU8 BOREALIS 559 
 
 CoUnriO borcalls, Bd. Rev. AB. 1866, iiO.—Ooues, Pt. Ess. lust. v. 1868, 217.— Coop. B. Cal. 
 i. 1870, 137.— Ooites, Key, 1872, 125, f. 13.— Aiken, Pr. Boat. Soo. xv. 1872, 198 (Colo- 
 rado).— Jfayn. Pr.Bost.Soo. xiv. 1872, 370.~Bid5'M). Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 181 (Colo- 
 rado).— iJidjjw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 609.— ilferr. TJ. S. Geol. Snrv. for 1872, 1873,677.— 
 Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soo. xv. 1873, 235.— Ooues, BNW. 1874, 101.— B. B. a B. NAB. i. 1874, 
 415, pL 19, f.l, 9.— rarr. ti Hemh.'Blep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 13.— Bensh. ibid. 1874, 43.— 
 Hensh. ListB. Ariz. 1875, 151.— Bensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 233. — Gentry, 
 Life-Hist. 1876, 234.— iftnof, BNE. 1877, 161.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soo. xvii. 1875, 440. 
 
 Lanius septentrionalls, Bp. Ann. Lyo. N. T. ii. 1836, 72, 438 (not Gmelin's bird of that 
 name, whicb is not identified).— ilp. C(}L. 1838, 26.— ffam6. Journ. PMla. Acad. i. 
 1847, 44 (California).- eam6. Pr. Phila. Aoad. 1847, 44 (California).— P«a5. Eep. Orn. 
 Mass. 1839, 291.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 363.— Bp. Eev. Mag. Zool. 1853, i9i.—Read, Pr. Phila. 
 Acad. 1853, 397 (Ohio).- Cogs. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1857, 213.— 27iee!. Pr. Bost. Soo. vi. 1857, 
 Wi.— Murray, Edinb. N. Philos. Joam. xi. 1859, 223. 
 
 Collyrlo ctaemungenslB) Qregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. i. 1870, — (p. 9 of reprint). 
 
 Great Butcher Shrike, White Wbisl£iJohn, Foret. 1. c. 
 
 Great Shrike, Perm. AZ. ii. 1785, 238, n. 127 (in part j but also includes L. cscmUtor). 
 
 Ple-griechc bor^aie, Y. 1. o. 
 
 Grand Ecorcheur, Le Maine, Oin. Canad. 1861, 222. 
 
 Great American Shrike, Northern Shrike, Butcher-bird, Authors. 
 
 Hab.— North America, northerly ; south in winter to about 35°. Allegha- 
 nies, breeding {TurtibulV). Bermudas {Jones). 
 
 Oh. sp. — $ $ CcBruleo-canus,fronte, strigd superciliari, scapu- 
 laribus tectricibusque caudalibus superioribus albicantibus ; infrd, 
 albus, fusco transversim undulatus; alls cauddque nigris albo- 
 notatis; vittd transoculari nigrd. 
 
 S 9 , adult : Upper parts clear bluish-ash, bleaching on the ends of the 
 scapulars and on the upper tail-coverts. Below white, more or less vermi- 
 cnlated with fine, wavy, transverse, dusky lines. A black bar from the base* 
 of the upper mandible past the eye to the ends of the auriculars, not meeting 
 its fellow on the forehead, and not enclosing the eye ; this stripe bordered 
 above with hoary white, which extends across the extreme forehead ; lower 
 eye-lid white. Wings black, many or most of the quills tipped with whitish, 
 and a large white spot at the base of the primaries. Tail black, the outer 
 feather with its outer web and half or more of the inner web white, the 
 next three or four white at the end for successively decreasing distances. 
 Bill and feet plumbeous-black ; .eye blackish. Length, about 10 inches ; 
 extent, 144; wing, 5i; tail rather more; bill, f ; tarsus, 1 or less; middle 
 toe and claw, f. 
 
 Young: The colors much less pure and clear. Above grayish-brown, 
 scarcely or not whitening on the scapulars, tail-coverts, and forehead. The 
 younger the browner, sometimes almost with a rusty tinge; grayer accord- 
 ing to age. Below brownish-white (the younger the browner), the wavy 
 dark markings stronger than i n the adult. The bar along the head poorly 
 defined, merely dusky, or quite obsolete. Wings and tail brownish-black, 
 with leas white than in the adult. Bill plumbeous-brown, flesh-colored at 
 base below. 
 
 At a very early age, the upper parts are probably vermiculated somewhat 
 like the lower, as in the same stage of L. ludovioianua ; but this state I have 
 not observed. In old age, the dusky vermiculation of the under parts is 
 
560 DISTKIBTJTION OP THE NORTHERN SHRIKE 
 
 mnch diminished, but I have never seen it absent altogether. This feature, 
 coupled with the particular character of the head-markings and the large 
 size and compartively short tarsi, will always distinguish the species from 
 L. ludovicianus or excuMtorides, and although the upper parts are paler than 
 in the last, there is less white on the scapulars and tail-coverts. 
 
 THIS species is very properly called the Korthern Shrike, 
 or Butcherbird, since its boreal habitat is the principal 
 point in its history in comparison with the Loggerhead and 
 White-rumped Shrikes. It is found in all portions of the Fur 
 Countries up to the limits of arboreal vegetation, if not still 
 farther north. In those regions, it is said to be called the 
 " White Whiskey- John " from its resemblance to the Canada 
 Jay, Perisoreus canadensis, commonly known as the " Whiskey- 
 John ", by a corruption of its Indian name WisJcacJion. Some 
 individuals not only pass the breeding season in these high 
 latitudes, but reside there throughout the year. The greater 
 number, however, migrate in the fall, and become generally 
 dispersed through the United States during the winter. This 
 migration is nevertheless restricted to some extent. Shrikes 
 of this species being far more numerous in the Northern and 
 Middle than in the Southern States. On the Atlantic side, I 
 have traced the Butcher-bird no farther south than Wash- 
 ington, where it is rare, though a few may be seen in the 
 , course of a winter, especially in severe weather. At Prescott, 
 Arizona, I once secured a specimen which I found dead in a 
 house, behind a piece of furniture, where it had taken refuge 
 during a storm. This occurred at the residence of Dr. G. C. 
 Leib, whom I was then called to attend in his last illness. His 
 name will be remembered by ornithologists in connection with 
 his papers in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy on 
 Fuligula ^^grisea" and on the nest and eggs of the Coot and 
 Blue- winged Teal. Ridgway found it in I^evada, and Henshaw 
 in Southern Utah ; while both Mr. Aiken and Mr. Trippe 
 attest its regular appearence in Colorado. Audubon speaks of 
 the occurrence of the species as far south as Natchez, Missis- 
 sippi, and states that it is not rare in Kentucky during the 
 winter. We have also many advices from the interior States ; 
 but I never saw anything of the bird in either of the Caro- 
 linas, and I believe that it has never been heard of in the 
 South Atlantic States. It has occurred in the Bermudas. 
 
 Though thus decidedly Northern, and chiefly a migrant into 
 the United States, this Shrike is well known to nestle occa- 
 
SYNONYMY OF LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS 561 
 
 sionally in mountainous districts from the Middle States north- 
 ward ; and I make no sort of doubt that it will also be found 
 to breed in various of the mountain ranges of the West. In 
 narrating an instance of its nesting on the last of April on a 
 low spruce-tree in New Brunswick, within twelve miles of 
 St. Stephen, Dr. Brewer is certainly mistaken in asserting 
 that " we know of a single recent instance in which this bird 
 has bred within the limits of the United States" If the 
 testimony of competent observers is to go for anything, its 
 nesting in mountainous parts of our country is a regular occur- 
 rence. Thus, "many nestle on the mountain ridges of the 
 AUeghanies," says the Eev. Dr. Turnbull (1869). Mr. Minot 
 also states, without qualification, that " they breed in the forests 
 of Northern Maine ", and such is unquestionably the fact. 
 
 The Common American Shrike 
 
 liBiilns IndoTlclanns excabltorldes 
 
 a, ludovici(mua 
 
 lanlas IndOTlclanns, BHbb. Orn. ii. 1760, 162, pL 15, f. 2 (" LooisiaDa " ; descr. orig.).— Ij. 
 SN. i. 1766, 134, n. 6 (based on Brias. ii. 162, pi. 15, f. 8).— ffm. SN. i. 1788, 298, n. 6 (in part 
 only ; Bame primary basis, but also quotes PE. 397. Not to be confounded with Gmelin, 
 
 p. 309, n. 138, whioli is Tyrannus).—Lath. 10. i. 1790, 69, n. 8 (in part) Turt. SN. i. 
 
 1806, 174 (= Gm.).—Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 26, 12.—Aud. OB. i. 1831, 300, pL 37.— 
 Bp. CGL. 1838, m.—Aud. BA. iv. 1842, 135, pi. 237.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, S63.— Burnett, 
 Pr. Bost. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— Gerlutrdt, Nanm. iii. 1853, 38.— Bp. Eev. Mag. Zool. 1853, 
 295.-0. L. Brehm, J. f. O. 1854, 145, 148 (monographic).- (Jandi. J. f. O. 1855, 469 
 (Cuba[!1?i cf.J. t. O. 1861, 404]).— iTemnw. Tr. Dlinois Agric Soc. i.l855, 582 (lUi- 
 nois).— P«(n. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 228 (attributed at second-hand to Massachusetts).— 
 Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1857, 213 (monographic).— JBIond, Eep. Smiths. Inst, for 1858, 
 1859, 287 (Bermuda).— Z)res8. <* Sharpe, PZS. 1870, 595 (monographic ; includes exmbi- 
 torides). 
 
 CoUyrlo Indovlcianns, Bd. BNA. 1858, 325.-,Tayl. Ibis, 1862, 128 (Florida).- e«Jn«j/, Am. 
 Nat. iii. 1869, 159. 
 
 OoUurio ludovlclanns, BiJ. Eev. AB. 1866, 443.— Co«es, Pr. Bost. Soc. xil. 1868, 112 (South 
 Carolina ; habits).— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 579, 580 ; vi. 1872, 266.— Pwdw, Am. Nat. 
 vii. 1873, 115 (Massachusetts, typical- see Bull. Nutt. Clnb. ii. 1877, 21). — Bidgw. Am. 
 Nat. vii. 1873, 609.— Jlferr. Am. Nat viii. 1874, 8, ff!.— Wheat, apud Oams, BN W. 1874, 
 233.— B. B. d: B. NAB. 1. 1874, 418, pi. 19, f. i.—Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvil. 1875, 441 (New 
 England).— Jferr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 34 (tJonnecticut).— ia?ig<J. List B. Cin- 
 cinnati, 1877, 8 (Ohio).— J.2^, Boll. Ess. Inst. x. 1878, 15 (Massachusetts ; three authen- 
 tic instances). 
 
 Lanlns garrulns, Bartr. Tray. Fla. 1791, p. 289 We (Florida). 
 
 Lanlns ardoslacus, FieiJI. OAS. i. 1807, 81, pi. 51. 
 
 Lanlus ardosiaceus, y. Enoy. M6th. Ii. 1823, 729, n. 8. 
 
 Lanlns ardeslacens, 9Bp. PZS. 1837, 112. 
 
 Lanlns caroUnensiS, Wils. AO. iii. 1811, 57, pi. 22, f. 5.—Bp. Joum. Phila. Acad. iii. 1824, 
 358; iv. 1824, mi.— Lees. Tr. Orn. 1831, 373 (= WUs.).— flartt. Naum. ii. 1852, 52 
 (Cuba[n»]). 
 
 Ple-grlesctae de la Lonlslane, Briss. Orn. ii. 1760, 162, n. 8, pi. 13, n. 2. 
 
 Lonlslane Shrike, Lath. Syn. i. pt. i 1781, 162, n. 5 (based on Briss. & Linn. ; esc. the 
 ref. to PE. 397). 
 
 36 B 
 
562 SYNONYMY OF LA.NIUS EXCUBITORIDES 
 
 Ple-grieche ardoisee, T. 1. c. 
 
 Ple-grleche de la Loulsiane, Le Maine, Ois. Ganad. 1861, 2S4. 
 
 Loggerbead Shrike, loggerhead, Southern Shrike, LonlBlana Shrike, Carolina Shrike, 
 
 AtlthOTB. 
 
 h, excvMtorides 
 
 lanlns carollnensls, Sw. Philos. Mag. i. 1827, 368 (Mexico).— iicAt "Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 
 1830, 2 " ; J. £ 0. 1863, 58 (Mexico).— Sm. Isis, 1834, 784. 
 
 Lanlus excubitorldes, Sw. <t Sieh. FBA. iL 1831, 115, pi. 34.—? Tomes, Zool. viii. 1850, 2734 
 (England).— Coss. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1857, 213 (monographic).- Sc!. PZS. 1857, 126 
 (California). 
 
 LanlUS excubltroldes, Peab. Eep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 292 (Boston, in winter, fide Nnttall). 
 
 Lanlns excubltoroldes, Bd. Eep. Great Salt Lake, 1853, 32S.—Woodh. Eep. ZaSi & Colo. E. 
 1853, 77.— flby, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 308 (Wisconsin).— Baj/m. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1856. 
 290 (Indiana).— «rf. PZS. 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).— Coop. Am. Nat iii. 1869, 476.— 
 Alien, Am. Nat iiL 1869, 579. 
 
 CoII;rio excubitoroldcs, Bd. BNA. 1858, 527 ; ed. of 1860, pi. 75, f i.—Eenn. PEER. x. 1859, 
 ii.—Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 191 (California).— Bd. Ives's Eep. Colo. E. 1861, pt v. 
 S.—Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1863, ISi.—Blakiet. Ibis, iv. 1862, 5 ; 1863, 66 (Sas- 
 katchewan).— Ooimj, Ibis, 1865, 164 (Arizona).— OoM«8, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 73 (Fort 
 Whipple, Ariz.).— JfcTZior. Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1866, 87 (Canada West). —.ButcA. Pr. Phila. 
 
 Acad. 1868, 149 (Texas).— Coop. Am. Nat iii. 1869, 34, 295 Coop. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1870, 
 
 IS.—Stev. Ann. Eep. F. S. Geol. Snrv. for 1870, 1871, 464. 
 
 Collnrlo excubltoroMes, Bd. Eev. AB. 1866, MS.—Ccues, Pr. Esa. Inst v. 1868, 277 (New 
 England, on other anthority). — Allen, Mem. Bost Soc. i. 1868, 504, 517.— SumicA. Mem. 
 Boat Soc. i. 1869, 548 (Vera Crnz).— Oooj>. B. Cal. i. 1870, 13S.— Aiken, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 
 1872, 198 (Colorado).- Jferr. Ann. Eep. V. S. Geol. Sorv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 677, 714.— 
 Sidgw. Am. Nat vii. 1873, 609.—IHppe, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 497. 
 
 LanlUS ludOTlClanns, Bp. PZS. 1837, 112 (Mexico).— OrreitA. Oomm. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 
 1837, 193 (" Columbia Eiver"). — Towns. Jonm. Phila. Acad. vlii. 1839, 153 (same).— 
 9 Vigors. Zool. Voy. Blossom, 1839, ll.—Oamb. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 44 (Califor- 
 nia).— Gam6. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1847, 200 (California).—? Woodh. Eep. Znfii & Colo. S. 
 1853, 76.— floj/, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 308 (Wiscon8in).—JHenry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1855, 
 312 (New Mexico).— Jlfoaim. J. f. O. 1858, 191 (Missoiiri Eiver).— ffoj/. Smiths. Eep. 
 for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missonri).- Jfinot, BNE. 1877, ICS (north to Massachnsetts). 
 
 Collyrlo IndOTlclanus, Smry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 106 (New Mexico).- Dress. Ibis, 1865, 
 480 (San Antonio, Tex.).— IHspe, Pr. Boat Soc. xv. 1873, 235. 
 
 Collnrlo lUdOTlClanus, Alien, Mem. Bost Soc. i. 1868, 499.— Allen, Am. Nat 1869, 579 (New 
 York and Canadian examples). — Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 176 (Sanaas, Colorado, 
 and Utah). — Purdie, Am. Nat vii. 187.3, 115 (Massachnsetts). 
 
 Collnrlo IndOTlclanus var. excubltoroldei, Ooues, Key, 1872, 125.— iSidpw. Bnll. Ess. Inst 
 V. 1873, 181 (Colorado).— Cot«s, BNW. 1874, 102.— Allen, Pr. Boat Soc. xviL 1874, 54 
 (Dakota).— B. B. a It. NAB. i. 1874, 421, pi. 19, f. 3.—Yarr. d Hensh. Eep. Orn. Specs. 
 1874, 13.— BensA. ibid. 43, 60, 78, 10^.— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, IS7.— Hensh. Zool. 
 ExpL W. 100 Merid. 1875, 233.— 2Ve!s. Pr. Boat Soo. xvii. 1875, 340, 346, 353 (Nevada and 
 TTtah) .—Zawr. Bull. Nat. Mua. n. 4, 1876, 18 (Tehnantepec).— Purdie, BuU. Nntt 
 Glnb, IL 1877, 21 (Ehode Island). 
 
 Collnrlo IndOTlclanus 0, excubltoroldes, Bidgw. Eep. Snrv. 40th Par. iv. pt iii. 1877, 453. 
 
 1 Lanlns mexicanus, 0. L. Brehm, J. f. 0. 1854, 145, 148.— Sd. PZS. 1859, 375 (Oaxaca).— (See 
 Scl. PZS. 1864, 173.) 
 
 American Grey Shrike, Sw. 1. o. 
 IVhlte-rumped Shrike, Authors. 
 
 Hab. — Of ludovicianuB proper, chiefly the South Atlantic and Gulf States, 
 from Carolina to Florida and Mississippi ; but also extending north into 
 the Valley of the Connecticut River, and west to that of the Ohio and 
 the Mississippi. Of excubitoridee, the rest of the United States, excepting 
 most of New England ; northeast to Canada, north in other British prov- 
 inces to 54° N, at least, and south into Mexico. 
 
CHARACTERS OP LANIUS EXCDBITOEIDES 563 
 
 Ch. SP. — i 5 Plumbeocanvs, infid, alhus ; fronte et fascia 
 lata per latus capitis ductd, oculum amplectante, cum alls cau- 
 ddque, nigris, his albo notatis ; scapularibus et tectricibus cau- 
 dalibus superioribus albis, 
 
 g 9 , adult : Leaden-gray or light slate color, whitening on the eoapularg 
 and upper tail-coverts. Beneath white, slightly shaded with the French 
 gray on the sides, but without dusky vermiculation. A narrow stripe across 
 the forehead, continuous with a broad bar along the side of the head, em- 
 bracing the eye, black, slightly, if at all, bordered with whitish. Lower 
 eyelid not white. Wings and tail black, with white markings, much as in 
 the last species. Bill and feet plumbeous-black; length usually under 9 
 inches ; extent, 12-13 ; wing and tail each about 4 ; bill, f ; tarsus, 1 or more. 
 Young : Vermiculated below with dusky, upon a brownish ground, about 
 to the same extent as is seen in very old examples of C. horealia. General 
 tone of the upper parts less pure than in the adult ; scapulars and tail-cov- 
 erts not purely white; black bar of head less firm, but as far as it goes 
 maintaining the characters of the species. At a very early age, the upper 
 parts, including the whitish of the scapulars and tail-coverts, is finely ver- 
 miculated with dasky waves. The ends of the quills, wing-coverts, and tail- 
 feathers often have rusty or rufous markings- 
 There will be no difficulty whatever in distinguishing this species from 
 the preceding by the foregoing description. Only the young birds are ver- 
 miculated below like C. iorealia. The species shades directly into the partic- 
 ular form of the South Atlantic States {ludovicianus), which is darker and 
 otherwise somewhat peculiar on an average. 
 
 DUEING the greater part of the year, and iu nearly all por- 
 tions of the United States, the smaller species of Shrike 
 replaces the Northern Butcher-bird. The true Loggerhead has 
 been supposed to be confined to the South Atlantic and Gulf 
 States, and the White-rumped variety to range over the rest 
 of the country, especially the West; but I have gradually 
 become satisfied that no such trenchant line can be drawn 
 between the supposed habitats of the two varieties. With 
 every desire to be precise in this matter, we need not be 
 "holier than the Pope", nor attempt to establish distinctions 
 that have no actual existence in Nature. It is certain that the 
 two alleged species grade into each other by insensible degrees ; 
 and the fame is true of the geographical areas they respect- 
 ively inhabit. I am not aware that anything but typical ludo- 
 vicianus — by which I mean the extreme of small size and dark 
 color, little, if any, relieved by hoariness — occurs in the South 
 Atlantic and Gulf States ; but " ludovicianus " has been quoted 
 from such remote quarters as New England, Oregon, and 
 Mexico, and I have examined different specimens from Obio, 
 
564 DISTRIBDTION OF LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS 
 
 which were certainly referable to both species, if our technical 
 characters are to be relied upon in the least. 
 
 The real Loggerheads, such as Wilson, Audubon, and Bach- 
 man talk about, are developed to the highest degree in the 
 South Atlantic States. I found them common in South Caro- 
 lina, and others attest their occurrence along the whole of the 
 same seaboard, where they seem to be specially numerous. But 
 tiiey are not confined to this area ; for, as just stated, they occur 
 in the Mississippi Valley and in New England, if not also in the 
 still more distant countries to which they have been accredited 
 by some writers. 
 
 The New England record is specially interesting. It has 
 long been asserted that a Shrike, not L. borealis, occurs occa- 
 sionally in this quarter ; but we have only recently acquired 
 satisfactory evidence that such is the case. L. excuMtorides was 
 originally given as a New England bird by Emmons and Pea- 
 body, apparently upon the authority of Nuttall, who stated it 
 to be a species " which in winter is seen in the vicinity of Bos- 
 ton " (Man. ii. 564). But this seemed so hypothetical that I 
 retained the species in my New England List of 1868 as one 
 " of very doubtful occurrence, though known in New York and 
 Canada West". Putnam's citation of "C. ludovicianus" rests 
 upon no more suf&cient evidence, as it refers in fact to the same 
 authorities, and Linsley's "Lanius carolinensis " is in no better 
 plight. Dr. Brewer was therefore right in excluding excuM- 
 torides from his category of observed inhabitants of New 
 England, until its occurrence there should be established by 
 positive proof. The required evidence has lately been fur- 
 nished by Mr. H. A. Purdie, who states (Bull. Nutt. Club, ii. 
 1877, 21) that "a typical example of this variety was shot by 
 Mr. Jencks in Cranston, E. I., September 2, 1873, and is now 
 in his collection." 
 
 So far as I am acquainted with the record, the occurrence of 
 any other Shrike than L, borealis in New England was first 
 established in 1873 by Mr. H. A. Purdie (Am. Nat. vii. 115), 
 who speaks of a specimen, considered to be a true Loggerhead, 
 procured in West Newton, Mass., October 21, 1872. This occur- 
 rence authorized Dr. Brewer to include ludovicianus in his list, 
 as he did, with the remark "accidental, (Mass.)'' The next New 
 England specimen, referred to the same variety, was also taken 
 in Massachusetts, at Newtonville, in 1874, as recorded by Mr. 
 C. J. Maynard (Amer. Sportsm. v. Feb. 13, 1875, pi 313). A 
 
DISTRIBUTION OF LANIUS EXCUBITORIDES 565 
 
 third was shot by Mr. W. W. Goe near Portland, Conn., in 
 November of 1876, as Mr. C. H. Merriam informs us iu his 
 admirable treatise on the birds of Connecticut. Mr. Merriam 
 also refers to another individual seen near New Haven in May, 
 1873, and which "might have been this species". In his late 
 List of the birds of Massachusetts, by fair the most authoritative 
 we possess, Mr. J. A. Allen speaks of still another individual 
 there first recorded, which was taken in Lynn, in November, 
 1877, by Mr. N. Viekary. This is the sum of the New England 
 record, so far as I am acquainted with it, and it warrants the 
 inference that the Loggerhead frequently pushes northward 
 into the Valley of the Connecticut Eiver, though it does not 
 appear to have been noted at intermediate points thence to 
 its well-known Southern home. It is neither in Lawrence's 
 nor in Turnbull's list, nor did I ever meet with it about 
 Washington. 
 
 Both varieties, as I have said, occur in the Western States 
 east of the Mississippi with regularity and frequency, and 
 the White-rumped form pushes eastward into New York and 
 Canada. The northern limit of the latter is stated by Swain- 
 son and Richardson to be the 54th parallel. I have myself 
 found it breeding in Dakota at 49°. It is said to occur in the 
 region of the Saskatchewan, where, however, I did not see it ; 
 and it is very generally distributed in suitable places through- 
 out the West, extending even into Mexico, whence we have 
 sundry advices of its presence. Like its Northern congener, it 
 is an imperfectly migratory bird ; a movement occurs each 
 season with some individuals, while others do not remove; 
 so that Shrikes of this variety may be found over the whole 
 area they inhabit at any season of the year, unless it be along 
 the northern border of their range. They appear to be most 
 numerous in intermediate regions, decreasing in numbers as 
 we proceed either way. The local records we possess for 
 various parts of the West are numerous and explicit, but 
 scarcely require to be set forth in detail upon the present 
 page. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX 
 
 lilSX OF FAUiVAli PUB1.ICAXION8 RFIiATINC} TO NOBXU 
 AmOBICAN ORNITHOI^OCir 
 
 A certain portion of my Bibliography of Ornithology has 
 advanced so far toward completion that it becomes available 
 in its present state for all practical purposes. It is accordingly 
 published in advance of the whole work, as an appropriate and 
 desirable Appendix to the present treatise on IsTorth American 
 Ornithology. The plan and scope of this piece of bibliography 
 should be stated explicitly, in order that those who wish to 
 use it may know exactly what it does, and what it does not, 
 contain. 
 
 It consists of the packet of titles representing the North 
 American section of the " Faunal Publications" series, includ- 
 ing titles and digests of works and papers relating solely to 
 Birds of North America indiscriminately, collectively, or in 
 general. In short, the titles are those that relate to the Birds 
 of North America as such — not as components of any genus or 
 family. Hence are excluded, for example, all such titles as 
 "A Monograph of the Tringece of North America", which 
 might seem to belong here; for such a title comes, in the 
 " Systematic " portion of my Bibliography, under Scolopacidce. 
 All general treatises on the birds of larger geographical areas, 
 even if including North America (like Sclater's " Catalogue of 
 American Birds" for example), are excluded, as are also all 
 general works on ornithology. By this means, the scope of 
 the present article is conveniently narrowed and rendered per- 
 fectly definite; and only in a few instances, for one or another 
 particular reason, is the rigidity of the rule of exclusion relaxed. 
 
 The bulk of the titles of course consists of "local lists" and 
 allied kinds of articles. As a " faunal publication " may relate 
 to any geographical area, from that of North America itself 
 to that of a single locality, the titles embrace a range of publi- 
 cations from the works of Wilson or Audubon down to the 
 
 567 
 
568 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX [2 
 
 least note on the subject ; and with them are also given, as 
 separate titles, the reviews and notices which appertain. As 
 already hinted, I give the benefit of the doubt to a few titles 
 whose claim to a place here is doubtful, or which are of such 
 mixed character that arbitrary decision is required ; for it is 
 well understood that a perfect classification of titles by sub- 
 ject-matter is a bibliographical impossibility. 
 
 For present purposes, " North America " is held to include 
 Greenland, Mexico, and the Bahamas and Bermudas; but 
 neither the West Indies nor America south of Mexico. 
 
 The titles herewith presented, nearly or about one thousand 
 in number, are simply those which I have thus far compiled for 
 my Universal Bibliography of Ornithology ; but they are sup- 
 posed to be about 95 per cent, of all that are extant on this 
 particular subject, and to represent some three or four per 
 cent, of the whole literature of ornithology. The whole num- 
 ber of titles I have in hand at present writing is believed to be 
 about 18,000. The present set of titles is arranged chronolo- 
 gically, with secondary alphabetization under each date. This 
 method, I am persuaded, tends to the best exhibit of the sub- 
 ject in its natural connections and bearings, because the move- 
 ment of the bibliography corresponds with the progress of the 
 science; and any objections to such an arrangement are re- 
 moved by the two indexes, of authors and of localities, by 
 which any desired title may be found at once. 
 
 There is little to be said of the way in which the work has 
 been done ; for if it cannot speak for itself, the less said the 
 better. It should be stated, however, that the compiler has 
 habitually regarded The Title as a thing no more to be 
 mutilated than a man's name ; and that he has taken the 
 utmost pains to secure transcription of titles verbatim, lite- 
 ratim et punctuatim. It may be added, that, excepting in 
 certain specified cases, no title in this Bibliography has been 
 taken at second-hand. 
 
 The remarks which follow most of the titles have been made 
 at the compiler's discretion, and are of the most miscellaneous 
 description. In general, however, they are in amplification 
 or explanation of the title, rather than in the way of criticism. 
 They are in general brief, and more so than might be expected 
 in a case like the present; but it will be remembered that they 
 form part of a commentary on many thousand titles, no one 
 Set of which is given preference — such extensive commentary 
 demanding of course the utmost condensation. 
 
3] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPE.^DIX, 1612-1615 569 
 
 Bibliography is never finished, and always more or less 
 defective, even on ground long gone over. It is earnestly 
 hoped that the errors and omissions of this piece of work may 
 be brought by those interested to the compiler's notice. In 
 fact, one object in printing the present batch of titles is to in- 
 vite criticism, to the end that the final Bibliography may be 
 bettered. The writer would be accurate; yet he feels the 
 weight of Stevens's satire : " If you are troubled with a pride 
 of accuracy, and would have it completely taken out of you, 
 print a catalogue." 
 
 With few exceptions, the books and papers here cited are in 
 the Library of Congress at Washington. It is a pleasure to 
 add, that I have enjoyed every possible facility of handling 
 them, through the courteous attentions of Mr. A. R. Spofford. 
 
 In the course of the preparation of the whole Bibliography, 
 the compiler has had, at different times, the assistance of Mr. 
 S. W. Keen of Washington, Mr. Ernest Ingersoll of New 
 York, and Dr. W. J. Hoftman of Eeading, Pa., to each of 
 whom he returns thanks for faithful service. During the print- 
 ing of the present collection of titles, he has enjoyed the kind 
 and valuable attentions of Mr. J. A. Allen, and has had the 
 benefit of revision by a finished proof-reader, Mr. William 
 Young of the Government Printing Office. 
 
 1612. Smith, J. A Map of Virginia. | With a DeBoripti- | on of the Covn- 
 trey, the | Commodities, People, Govern- | ment and Eeligion. | 
 Written by Captaine Smith, sometimes Go- | veruour of the Covn- 
 trey. | Wherevnto is annexed the | . . . . [etc., 14 lines]. | By 
 VV[illiam]. S[trachoy]. | [Design.] | At Oxford, | Printed by 
 Joseph Baraes. 1612. Sm. 4to in shape and by printer's sigs., sq. 
 16mo size. 4 p. II., pp. 1-39, map of Virginia, 2 11. (second title and 
 " To the reader"), pp. 1-110. 
 " Birds ": a paragraph begiiiniiig on p. 14 and ending on p. 15. 
 
 1615. Hamor, E. a trve | Diseovrse of the [ present Estate of Vir- | 
 ginia, and the successe of the affaires | there till the 18 of June. 1614. 
 I Together j With a Relation of the | senerall English Townes and 
 forts, theassn- | red hopes of that countrie and the peace | concluded 
 with the Indians. | The Christening of Powhatans daughter | and 
 her mariage with an English-man. | Writtn by Raphe Hamor the 
 yon- I ger, late Secretarie in that Colony. | Alget, qui non ardet. 
 I [Arms.] I Printed at London by lohn Beale for Wil- | liam 
 Welby dwelling at the signe of the | Swanne in Pauls Church-yard. 
 1615. 1 vol. 4to in shape and sigs., 16mo size. 4 p. 11. (title and 
 "Epistle"), pp. 1-69 -Fl. 
 Paragraph on "Fouleof dineia sorts ", p. 31. 
 
570 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1630-1628 [4 
 
 1620. Whitboukne, R. A | Discovrse | and Discovery | of Nevv-fovnd- 
 land, with | many reasons to prooue how worthy and be- | neficiall 
 a Plantation may there be made, | after a far hotter manner than | 
 now it is. I Together with the lay- 1 ing open of certain enor- | mities 
 and abuses committed by some that trade | to that conntrey, and the 
 meanes laide | downe for reformation | thereof. | Written by Cap- 
 taine Richard Whitbourne of | Exmonth, in the County of Deuon, 
 and pub- | lished by Authority. | [Design.] | Imprinted at London 
 by Felix Kyngston, for | William Barret, 1620. 1 vol. sm. 4to. 9 p. 
 U. (title, arms on reverse 11., "To his Majesty" 2 11., "To his Majesty's 
 subjects " 2 11., " Preface " 4 11.), pp. 1-69, one blank page, -|- 4 pp. 
 
 I have handled another ed., 1622; there is another, 1623. In both the two 
 first, on pp. 8, 9, are noticed " Land-fowle " and '* "Water-fowie ", among the latter 
 being a notice of Alca impennis : — " These Pengnins are as bigge as Geese, and 
 flje not, for ihey hane bnt a little short wing, and they multiply so infinitely 
 vpon a certaine fiat Hand, that men drine them from thence npon a boord, into 
 their boates by hundreds at a time." 
 
 1622. Whitbourne, R. A Discourse and Discovery of Newfoundland, [etc.] 
 London, 1622. 
 See tho orig. ed., 1620. 
 
 1624. Smith, J. The | Generall Historic | of | Virginia, | New-England, 
 and the Summer | Isles : with the names of the Adventurers, | Plant- 
 ers, and Govemours from their | first beginning An" : 1584. to this 
 present 1624. | With the Procedings of those Severall Colonies | and 
 the Accidents that befeU them in all their | Journyes and Discov- 
 eries. I Also the Maps and Descriptions of all those | Countryes, 
 their Commodities, people, | Government, Customes, and Religion | 
 yet knowne. | Divided into sixe Bookes. I By Captain lohn Smith | 
 SometymesGovernour | in those Countryes & Admirall | of New Eng- 
 land. I London. | Printed by I. D. and | I. H. for Michael | Sparkes. | 
 1624. 1 vol. folio. Eng. title, 6 p. 11., pp. 1-96, 105-248, 4 maps. 
 For the bird-matter, see the ed. of 1632. 
 
 1628. Hernandez, F. Rerum Medicarum Novsb Hispanise Thesaurus, sen 
 Plantarum Animalium Mineralium Mexicanornm historia ex Fran- 
 cisci Hernandi Noui orbis medici Primarij relationibus in ipsa Mexi- 
 cana vrbe conscriptis k Nardo Antonio Reecho. . . . Collecta ac in 
 ordinem digesta ^ Joanne Terrentio Lynceo notis illustrata; cum 
 Indice, et Historiae Animalium et Mineralium libro. Nunc primum 
 in natnraliii reru studiosor. gratia et utilitate studio et impensis 
 Lynceomm Publici iuris facta Pbilippo magno dicata. Romse. 
 M. DC. XXVIII Ex Tipograpbeio Jacobi Mascardi. Folio. En- 
 graved title, pp. 950, 17 11. ; " Historise Animalium ", pp. 90, (6). 
 
 Not seen— title from Sabin's Diet, where it is said :— " This edition was abridged, 
 and edited from the author's MS. by Dr. Reecho of Naples ; pp. 345-455 are addi- 
 tions by Terrentius de Constance, pp. 460-840 by -Tohn Faber, pp. 841-899 are 
 annotations by Fabio Colonno, the tables by Prince Cesi." Sabin describes an- 
 other ed., sm. 4to, Mexico, 1615, which he says is probably the work referred to 
 by Henry Stevens's Hibliotheca BMorica, No. 891, where the date is said to be 
 1604. — The "HietoriaeAnimalium", etc., forming thelatter90-|- 6 pp. of the whole, 
 separately paged, is sometimes cited as a separate work, and even attributed to 
 "Fernandez ", as if to a different author from Hernandez. See the ed. fully col- 
 lated beyond, 1651. 
 
5] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1630-16a2 571 
 
 1630. [HiGGiNSON, Francis.] New England's | Plantation. Or, | a Short 
 and trve { description of the commodities | and discommodities of 
 that Countrey. | — | Written by a reuerend Diaine now | there 
 resident. | — | [Seal.] | — | London, Printed by T. C. and E. C. for 
 Michael Sparke, | dwelling at the Signe of the Blew Bible in | Greene 
 Arbor in the little Old Bailey. 1630. 1 vol. 4to in shape and by sigs., 
 sq. 16mo size, consisting of 11 unpaged leaves. 
 
 On the 7th leaf begins, "Of the Aire of New England with the Temper of the 
 Creatares in it " ; and on the next leaf comes some bird.matter, amouuting tojust 
 one page.— Beprinted in Force's Historieal Tracts, voL i, Tract 13. 
 
 1632. Morton, T. New English Canaan ; Or New Canaan, containing An 
 Abstract of New England. Composed in three Bookes, [etc.] Writ- 
 ten by Thomas Morton, of Cliffords Inn, Gent. Upon ten Yeers 
 Knowledge and Experiment of the Country. Printed by Charles 
 Green. 1632. 
 
 Not seen.— Eeprintedin Force'sSist Tracts, voLil, Tracts, 1838.— See ed. of 1637. 
 
 1632. Sagard Tueodat, G. Le Grand Voyage | Dv pays des Hvrons, | 
 situ^ en I'Ameriqne vers la Mer | douce, 6b derniers confins | de la 
 nouuelle France, | dite Canada. { Oil il est amplement traitiS de tout 
 ce qui est dn pays, des { moeurs & du naturel des Sauuages, de leur 
 gouuernement | & fagons de faire, taut dedans lenrs pays, qu'allans 
 en voya- | ges : De leur foy & croyance; De lenrs conseils & guerres, 
 & I de quel genre de tourmens ils font mourir lenrs prisonniers. | 
 Comme ils se marient & esteuent leurs enfans: De leurs Me- | decins, 
 & des remedes dont ils vsent k lenrs maladies : | De leurs dances 
 & chansons : De la chasse, de la pesche &, des | oyseaux & animaux 
 terrestres & aquatiques qn'ils ont. Des | richesses du pays : Comme 
 ils cultiueut les terres, & accom- | modent leur Menestre. De leur 
 detlil, pleurs & lameuta- | tions, & comme ils enseuelissent & en- 
 terrent leurs morts. | Auec vn Dictionnaire de la langue Huronne, 
 pour la commodi- | t6 de ceux qui ont k voyager dans le pays, & 
 n'ont I I'lntelligence d'ioelle languo. | Par P. Gabriel Sagard 
 Theodat, EecoUet de | S. Franfois, de la Prouince de S. Denys en 
 France. | — | A Paris, | Chez Denys Moreav, rue S. Jacques, ^ | la 
 Salamandre d' Argent. | — | M. DC. XXXII. | Auec Priuilege du 
 Eoy. 1 vol. 16mo, with 12 prel. 11. (eng. title (1 1.), plain title 
 (1 1.), invocation to Jesus Christ (2 11.), to Henry de Lorraine (2 11.), 
 to reader (3 11.), contents and royal privilege, &c. (3 11.)), and 
 pp. 1-380, whereof pp. 295-380 are of Part Second. — Dictionary of 
 the Huron language, pp. 1-12, 1-132 (being 66 leaves, unpaged), 
 1-13 (being 7 leaves, unpaged). 
 
 Seconde Partie, Chapitre I, pp. 296-304, Des Oyseanx.— There is a copy of this 
 extremely rare work in the Congressional Library at "Washington. There is a 
 late textual reprint, 1865, giving facsimile of the original title-pages, indication 
 of the original pagination, etc., q. v. The work is not to be confounded with the 
 same author's History of Canada, 1636, of which there is a similar late reprint. 
 
 1632. Smith, J. The | General Historic | of | Virginia, . . . [etc.] | Lon- 
 don. I Printed by I. D. and | I. H. for Edward Blackmore | Anno 
 1632. 
 
 Excepting date and imprint, this is identical with the orig. ed,, 1624, q. v., even 
 to the break in the pagination between pp. 96 and 105; also same 4 maps. 
 
572 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1632-1636 [6 
 
 1632. Smith, J. — Continued. 
 
 Book 2, Of Virginia, paragrapli on Birds at p. 27.— Book 5, Of the Bermndas, 2 
 paragraphs on Birds at p. 171, describing, among others, the " Cahow" {see Joneses 
 Nat in Bermuda, 1859, p. — ) and Tropicke-bird.— Book 6, Of New England, para- 
 graph on Birds at p. 216. 
 
 1634. Wood, W. New Englands Prospect. A true, lively, and experiment- 
 
 all description of tjiat part of America, commonly called New Eng- 
 land : discovering the state of that Countrie, both as it stands to 
 our new-come English Planters; and to the old Native Inhabitants. 
 Laying downe that which may both enrich the linowledge of the 
 inind-travelling Eeader, or benefit the luture Voyager. By William 
 Wood. Printed at London by Tho. Cotes, for lohn Bellamie, and 
 are to be sold at his shop, at the three Golden Lyons in Corne-hill, 
 neere the Royall Exchange. 1634. Sm. 4to. pp. 112. 
 
 Kot seen. — Title taken as found in Yonng's Chronicles (8vo, Boston, 1846). 
 Tho treatise is said to contain, Chap. YIII, a considerable and curious account of 
 New England birds. 
 
 1635. Wood, W. New | Englands | Prospect. | A true, lively, and experi- 
 
 men- | tall description of that part of America, | commonly called 
 New England: | discovering the state of that Couu- [ trie, both as 
 it stands to our new-come | English Planters ; and to the old | Na- 
 tive Inhabitants, | Laying downe that which may both enrich 
 the I knowledge of the mind-travelling Reader, | or benefit the 
 future Voyager. | — | By William Wood. | — | [Desigu.] | Printed 
 at London by Tho. Cotes, for lohn Bellamie, and are to be sold | at 
 his shop, at the three Golden Lyons in Corne-hill, neere the | Eoyall 
 Exchange. 1635. 1 vol. 4to in shape and in sigs., about 16mo size. 
 4 p. 11., pp. 1-83 -f- 5, map. 
 
 Stevens's Bibl. Amer. give's two other eds., of 1634 and 1639 ; they appear to be 
 very similar, but not identicaL Copy of the present ed. in Congr. Libr. 
 
 Chap. Tni, pp. 22-27, "Of the Birds and Fowle both of Land and Water ", both 
 in prose and verse. Numerous species are cursorily treated. 
 
 1636. Sagaed Theodat, 6. Histoire | du Canada | et Voyages | que lea 
 
 freres mineurs recollects y out faicts pour | la conuersion des infi- 
 delles I divisez en quatre liures | Oilestamplementtraiot^deschoses 
 principales arriu^es | dans le pays depuis I'an 1615 iusques k la 
 prise qui en | a este faicte par les Auglois. — Desbiens&commoditez ] 
 qu'on en pent esperer. — Des moeurs, ceremonies, crean- | ce, loix & 
 coustumes merueilleuses de ses inhabitaus. — | De la conuersion ife 
 baptesrae de plusieurs, & des moyens | uecessalres pour les amener 
 k la cognoiasance de Diea. | L'entretien ordinaire de nos Mariniers, 
 & autres parti- | cularitez que se remarquent en la suite de I'his- 
 toire. I Fait et compost par le | V. Gabriel Sagard Theodat, | Mi- 
 nour Recollect de la Prouince | de Paris. | A Paris | Chez Claude 
 Sonnius, me S. Jacques h, I'Escu de I Basle & an Compas d'or. | 
 M. DC. XXXVI I Auec Priuilege & Approbation. 
 
 This is the title of the orig. ed., very rare ; there is a textual reprint, indi- 
 cating pagination of tho original, 4 vols. 12mo, Paris, 1866, g. v. — " Des oyseaux 
 plus communs du Canada," Chap. II, pp. 732-741 ; abrlef notice of a few leading 
 species, as the Hummingbird, Jay, Eagle, Crane. 
 
7] 
 
 BIBUOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 163'S'-I651 573 
 
 1637. Morton, T. Nev English Canaan | or | New Canaan. | Containing 
 an Abstract of New England, | Composed in three Bookes. | The 
 first Booke setting forth the originall of the Natives, their | Manners 
 and Customes, together with their tractable Nature and Love 
 towards the English. | The second Booke setting forth the naturall 
 endowments of the | Country, and what staple Commodities it | 
 yealdeth. ) The third Booke setting forth, what people are planted 
 there, | their prosperity, what remarkable accidents have happened 
 since the first | planting of it, together with their Tenents and 
 practise of their Church. | Written by Thomas Morton, of Cliffords 
 Inne gent, upon tenne | yeares knowledge and experiment of the 
 I Country. | Printed at Amsterdam, | By Jacob Frederick Stam. | 
 In the yeare 1637. 1 vol. very small 4to by printer's sig., nearer 
 16mo size. pp. 1-188, + 2 11. ("contents). 
 
 Copy in Congr. Llbr., bnt title-page gone; above title copied from Stevens's 
 Sibl. Amer. This is a 2d ed., orig. 1632. 
 
 The second Booke, Chap. IV, pp. 67-73, "Of Birds, and fethered fovvles," 
 Swannes, Geese, Duclis, Teales, Widggens, Simpes (=Snipes) Sanderlinge, 
 Cranes, Turtles, Pheisauts, Partridges, Qaailes, Owles, Crowes, a Lannaret, 
 Fawcons, Gosha-wkes, Martins, Sparhawkes, A hucning bird, "as small as a 
 Beetle," etc. 
 
 1649. [Unknown.] Perfect Description of Virginia, [etc.] Pamph. 4to. 
 1649. 
 Not seen. — Said to end with a catalogue of " Beasts, Birds, Fish, and Trees ". 
 
 1651. Hernandez, F. Eervm Medicarvm | Novae Hispaniae | Thesavrvs | 
 sev I Plantarvm Animalivm | Mineralivm Mexicanorvm ( His- 
 toria I ex Francisci Hernandez | Noui Orbis Medici Primarij rela- 
 tionibus | in ipsa Mexicana Vrbe conscriptis | a Nardo Antonio 
 Eeccho I Monte Coruinate Cath. Maiest. Medico | Et N( ap. Eegni 
 Archiatro Generali | lussu Philippi II. Hisp. Ind. etc. Regis | Col- 
 lecta ac in ordinem digesta | A loanne Terrentio Lynceo | Con- 
 stantiense Germ". Pho. ac Medico | Notis Illustrata | Nunc primii in 
 Naturaliu rer. Studiosor. gratia | lucubrationibus Lynceorii publici 
 iuris facta. | Qiiibns Jam excussis aooessere demum alia | quor. 
 omnium Synopsis sequenti pagina ponitur | Opus duobus volumini- 
 bus diuisum | Philippo IIII. Eegl Catholico Magno | Hispaniar. 
 vtriusq.SiciliieetlndiariietoMonarchaB | dioatum. | CumPriuilegijs. 
 I EomsB Superior, permissu. Ex Typographeio Vitalis Mascardi. 
 M.DC.XXXXXI. [0/-,] 
 
 Nova I Plantarvm, Animalivm | et Mineralivm Mexicanorvm | 
 Historia I a Francisco Hernandez Medico | In Indijs prsestautissimo 
 primum compilata, | dein a Nardo Antonio Eeccho in volvmeu 
 digesta, | a lo. Tereutio, lo. Fabro, et Fabio Colvmna Lynceis | 
 Notis, & additionibus longe doctissimis illnstrata. | Cui demum ac- 
 cessere | aliqvot ex prinoJpis Federici Cassii Frontispioiis | Theatri 
 Naturalis Phytosophic* Tabulae | Vna cum quamplurimis Iconibus, 
 ad ootingentas, quibus singula | contemplanda graphice exhibentur, 
 I [Tabula.] | Eomae MDCLI. ] Sumptibus Blasij Deuersini, & Za^ 
 nobij Masotti Bibliopolarum. | Typis Vitalis Mascardi. Superiornm 
 permissu. 1 vol. folio. Eng. title (first, above given), back blank, 
 ilium, title (second, just given), back blank, dedication to the king, 
 
674 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. leSl-lGTS [s 
 
 1651. Hernandez, F. — CoDtiaued. 
 
 1 1., printer to reader etc. 2 11., " Index plantarvra " etc. 7 11., " Index 
 Aothorvm " etc. 3 11. (= total of 30 unpaged p. 11.), pp. 1-950 (main 
 text), + 5 unpaged 11. (Indexes) ; with unnumbered illustrations 
 in the text. iThen follows, separately paged,] 
 
 HistoriEB Animalivm | et Mineralivm Novae Hispaniae | Liber 
 Vnicus I in sex Tractatvs divisvs | Francisco Fernandez Philippi 
 Secundi primario Medico | avthore. pp. 1-90, + 3 unpaged 11. (In- 
 dices and Errata). 
 
 Eervm medicamn Novae HispaDiae Nardi Antonii Eeoohi Liber nonns. AdI- 
 malia exhibet, pp. 313-334: Cap. vl, p. 317, De Ave paradisea, witli a cut of a 
 Bird of Paradise, from some old anthor. Cap. viii, p. 319, De Cozcaqvavhtli, 
 Begina aurarum. Capp. ix-xi, pp. 320-332, varions birds, with 7 cTits. Cap. xlx, 
 p. 331, De Tzopilotl, siue Aara, with cut. 
 
 AliorumNovaeHispaniaeAnimaliTm, Nardi Antonii Kecchiimaginesetnomiiia. 
 loannis Fabri Lyncei . . . expositione, pp. 460-840 ; birds being treated at pp. 
 672-720.— Alcatraz, Onocrotalns Mexicanns dentatns, p. 672, cut; Onoc.Mex.non 
 dentatns, p. 673, cnt; scholia eiasdem to p. 685. Acitli, Mergus americanas, p. 
 686, cut ; scholia eiusd. to p. 696. Picas americanus, p. 697, cut ; scholia eius- 
 dem to p. 704. Hoitzitziltototl, Auispicta americana, p. 705, cut; scholia eiusdem 
 to p. '09. Avis mexicana Psittaci colore, p. 709, cnt. Avis anonyma, Nouae His- 
 paniae, p. 710, cat; scholia einsdem to p. 720. 
 
 Historiae Animalivm . , . Liber Ynicas . . . Francisco Fernandez . , . 
 avthore, Tractatvs Secnndvs, Do Historiae Avivm Novae Eispania«, pp. 13-58, 
 Cap. i-ccxxix, treats of some 229 birds of Mexico, giving short descriptions, etc., 
 of each. 
 
 This famous work is cited by bibliographers and naturalists in such uncertain 
 ways, occasioning so much confusion, that I have thought best to give a reason- 
 ably full collation of the volume, and a complete exposition of the ornithological 
 matter it contains. It will be observed that the volume has two very different 
 titles for the same work, in the composition of which several authors are con- 
 cerned ; and that there are two very different works, separately paged, in the 
 same volume. The copy examined is lettered on the cover ' ' Hecchi Hist. Mexici ". 
 The date, 1651, is that of a later ed., as I find the work cited [is of 1628, g. v. 
 
 1672. JossELYN, J. New-Englands | Earities | Discovered : | In | Birds, 
 Beasts, Fishes, Serpents, | and Plants of that Country. | Together 
 with I The Physical and Chyrnrgical Eeme- | dies wherewith the 
 Natives con- | stantly used to Cure their Distem- | pers, Wounds, 
 and Sores. | Also { A perfect Description of an Indian | Squa, in 
 all her Bravery ; with a | Poem not improperly conferr'd | upon her. | 
 Lastly I A Chronological Table | of the most remarkable Passages 
 in that | Country amongst the English. | — | Illustrated with Cuts. 
 I — I By John Josselyn, Gent. | — | London, Printed for G. Wid- 
 dowes at the | Green Dragon in St. Pauls Church yard, 1672. 
 
 The foregoing title is taken from what is supposed to be a facsimile of the 
 original, in the Arclueologia Americana, or IVcww. and Coll. Amer, Antiq. Soc. 
 vol, iv, where the literal reprint occupies pp. 133-238. The collation of the origi- 
 nal is given by Field as " 24° Frontispiece, a dragon. Title and dedication, each 
 1 leaf. Text pp. 1 to 114. Advertisement, 1 leaf." 
 
 Pages 6-13 treat "First, of Birds", giviilg an account, more curious than edi- 
 fying, of a number of New ]Bogland species, ending with "What Birds are not 
 to be foond in New England ". The acconnt is interlarded with fanciful recipes 
 for curing diseases — and indeed the ornithology itself is not mnch less imagin- 
 ary. Among other species are treated the "Troculns" (OhcBtura), "Pilhannaw", 
 and the " Wobble". The last is interesting as attesting the then occurrence of 
 Alca impennia in New England. 
 
9] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 167^-1676 575 
 
 1674. JossBL-SN, J. An 1 Account | of two | Voyages | to | New-England | 
 
 Wherein yoa have the setting out of a Ship, | with the charges ; 
 The prices of all necessaries for | furnishing a Planter and his 
 Family at his first com- | ing, A Description of the Countrey, Na- 
 tives and I Creatures, with their Merchantil and Pysioal use ; The 
 Government of the Countrey as it is now pos- | sessed by the Eng- 
 lish, &c. I A large Chronological Ta- | ble of the most remarkable 
 passages, from the first | discovering of the Continent of America, 
 to the year 1673. | — | By John Josselyn Gent. | — | [Quotation.] 
 I — I London, Printed for Giles Widdows, at the Green-Dragon | in 
 St. Pauls-Church-yard. 1674. 1 vol. sm. 18mo, 8 leaves to a sig. 
 4 p. 1. (license 1 1., title 11., to the President & Fellows of the Eoyal 
 Soo. 1 1., to the Reader 1 1.), pp. 1-279 4- 3 pp. 
 Birds at pp. 95-103. See tbe otheT ed. , of 1675. 
 
 1675. Josselyn, J. An | Account | of two | Voyages | to New-England. | 
 
 Wherein you have the setting out of a Ship, | With the charges ; | 
 The prices of all necessaries for | furnishing a Planter & his Fam- 
 ily at his first com- | ing ; A Description of the Country, Natives and 
 I Creatures; The Government of the Countrey as | it is now pos- 
 sessed by the English, &c. A large | Chronological Table of the 
 most remarkable | passages from the first discovering of the Conti- | 
 nent of America, to the year 1673. | — | By John Josselyn Gent. 
 I — I The Second Addition. | — | [Quotation, 6 lines.] | London 
 Printed for G. Widdowes at the Green Dragon iu St. | Pauls Church- 
 yard, 1675. 
 
 Beprinted in Oollections of the MasBOchvseUs HUtoHcal Society, vol. ill, of the 
 third series, 1833, pp. Sll-396, whence the ahove title is taken, and where occurs 
 this remark : — " In the 12mo. volume from which this is printed, the title is pre- 
 ceded by a leaf, on the first page of which is the printer's device, viz. a dragon 
 with the letters G 'W over it ; and in the middle of the second page is ' Licensed 
 by Roger L'estrange Novenib, the 28, 1673.' The title-leaf (which is substituted 
 for one cut out, doubtless to give the book the appearance of a second edition) is 
 followed by two leaves, one bearing the Bedication, the other a list of Errata 
 . . . ." See the orig. ed., 1674. 
 
 Bird-matter occurs at pp. 95-103 of the original (pp. 274-280 of this reprint), in 
 the shape of some curious remarks of no earthly account (though I observe that 
 some of Josselyn's commentators attempt to interpret him), opening thus: — "Of 
 birds there are not many more than 120 kinds as our Naturalists have conjec- 
 tured, but I think they are deceived; they are divided into laud-birds and water- 
 birds, the land birds again into birds of prey, birds for meat, singing-birds and 
 others." A good many kinds of birds are gossiped about; e. g., the Filhanuaw, 
 " the biggest bird that is, except the Ostrich ". 
 
 1675. Josselyn, J. New England's Rarities Discovered iu Birds, Fishes, 
 
 Serpents, and Plants of that Country. Together with the Physical 
 and Chyrurgical Remedies, wherewith the Natives constantly use 
 [etc.]. By John Josselyn, Gent. 3d Addition, London. 1675. 
 Not seen. See the orig. ed., 1672. 
 
 1676. Glovek, T. An Account of Virginia, its Scituation, Temperature, 
 
 Productions, Inhabitants, and their manner of planting and ordering 
 Tobacco, &c. < Philos. Trans., xi, 1676, pp. 623-636. 
 
 Page 631 notices " lurkies, Tarkie Buzzards, Turtle-Doves, Partridges, Hawks 
 of several sorts ", and more particularly the Hooking-bird, Bed-bird, and Hum- 
 ming-bird, of which latter it is stated that it is " not much bigger than a Hornet 
 and yet hath all the parts of a bird entire ". 
 
576 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX, 1693-1714 [iC 
 
 1693. Clayton, J. Mr. John Clayton, Rector of Crofton at Wake6eld, Ma 
 Letter to the Royal Society, giving a farther Account of the Soil, 
 and other Observables of Virginia. < Philos. Trans., xvii, 1693, 
 pp. 978-999. 
 
 Pages 988-999, " Of the Birds", consist of a running commentary on quite a 
 large number of species, considering tlie early date. 
 1703. La Hontan, — , Baron db. Vpyagea dans rAmfiriqne .... 2 vols. 
 12mo. LaHayo. 1703. 
 The original, which I have not seen; see the English ed., 1703. 
 
 1703. La Hontan, — , Baron db. New | Voyages | to North-America. | Con- 
 taining I [etc. etc.]. I — I Illustrated with Twenty Three Mapps and 
 Cutts. I — I Written in French | By the Baron Lahontan, Lord 
 Lievtenant | of the French Colony at Placentia in New- | foundland, 
 now in England. | — | Done into English. | — | In Two Volumes. 
 I A great part of which never Printed in the Original. 
 I — I London : Printed for H. Bonwicke in St. Paul's Church- 
 yard ; I T. Goodwin, M. Wotton, B. Tooke, in Fleetstreet ; and S. 
 Manship | in CornhUl, 1703. 2 vols. sm. 8vo. Vol. I, 12 prel. 11. 
 (Title, Dedication, Preface, Contents), pp. 1-280, 12 maps and puts. 
 At pp. 237-242 of Tol. I occurs an annotated " List of tho Fowl or Birds that 
 frequent the South Countries of Canada"; a second List of the "Birds of tho 
 North Couutrics of Canada"; followed by "A Description of such Birds as 
 are not accounted for in my Letters "- 
 
 1709. Lawson, J. A New | Voyage | to | Carolina ; | Containing the | Exact 
 Description and Natural History | of that | Country: | Together with 
 the Present State thereof | and | A Journal | Of a | Thousand Miles 
 Travel'* thro' several | Nations of Indians. | Giving a particular Ac- 
 count of their Customs, | Manners &c. | By John Lawson, Gent, 
 Surveyor | -General of North Carolina. | London, | printed in the 
 year 1709. [No publisher.] 1 vol. sm. 4to. 
 
 This is the orig. ed., issued in numbers as a part of Stevenage Collection of 
 Voyages^ 1709. The copy examined in the Congressional Library lacks the title- 
 leaf and the map; otherwise the collation is: Dedication, 1 leaf; Preface, 
 1 leaf; Introduction and Journal, pp. 1-60 ; A Description of North Carolina, 
 pp. 61-258 ; Advertisement, 1 leaf; Animal plate at p. 181. The size is sm. 4to by 
 printer's sigs., or sq. 8vo. The bird-raatter is at pp. 135-151. The wort was re- 
 printed, with new title, beginning "The History of Carolina", etc., but in other 
 respects identical, 1714 ; another ed., precisely similar to the last, 1718 ; a 4th ed., 
 Dublin, 1737, attributed to Brickell. q. v. The 5th and last ed. was issued at Rar 
 leigh in 1860, q. v. There is also a German version, ,,Beschreibnng der Provinz 
 Carolina" u. s. w., 8vo, Hamburg, 1712. "Neither of the first three editions of 
 Lawson's work is often found complete, with the map, and animal plate." For 
 the ornithology of this work, see what is said under heads of Brickell, 1737, and 
 of {he edition of 1860. 
 
 1714. Lawson, J. The | History | of | Carolina ; | containing the | Exact 
 Description and Natural History | of that Country : | Together with 
 the Present State thereof. | And | A Journal | of a Thousand Miles, 
 Travel 'd thro' several | Nations of Indians. | Giving a particular Ac- 
 count of their Customs, | Manners, &c. | — | By John Lawson, Gent. 
 Surveyor General | of North-Carolina. | — | London : | Printed foi 
 W. Taylor at the Ship, and T. Baker at the Black- | Boy, in Pater- 
 NoBter-Row, 1714. 
 
 Identical in every respect, exceptiug the title, with the orlg. ed., 1709, q.v. 
 On actual comparison, this seems to be only other copies of the original, furnished 
 with a new title-leaf. 
 
n] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ITlS-lTSy 577 
 
 1718. Lawson, J. The | History | of | Carolina ; | containing the | Exact 
 Description and Natural History of that Country ; | Together with 
 the Present State thereof. | And A Journal | Of a Thousand Miles, 
 Travel'd thro' several | Nations of Indians. ( Giving a particular Ac- 
 count of their Customs, Manners, &c. | By John Lawson, Gent. Sur- 
 veyor-General I of North-Carolina. | London, | printed for T.Warner, 
 at the Black-Boy in Pater-Noster | Row, 1718. Price Bound Five 
 Shillings. 
 
 Kot seen — title from Field, who states that the collation is the same as that of 
 the od. of 1714 or 1709. Is it anything more than other copies ? 
 
 1730. Mortimer, [C] An Account of Mr. Mark Catesby's Essay towards 
 
 the Natural Hisiory of Carolina and the Bahama Islands, with 
 some Extracts out of the first three Sets. <^Pkilo8. Trans., xxxvi, 
 
 1730, pp. 425-434. 
 
 The commentary inclades Catesby's birds, Nos. 1-60. 
 
 1731. Mortimer, [C] A Continuation of an Account of Mr. Mark Catesby's 
 
 Essay towards a Natural History of Carolina and the Bahama 
 Islands, with some Extracts out of the fourth Sot. < Pldlos. Trans., 
 xxxvii,1731,pp. 174-178. 
 
 The commentary proceeds with Nos. 61-80. 
 
 1731-48. Catesby, M. The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the 
 Bahama Islands : containing .... 2 vols, folio. Loudon. Vol. I, 
 
 1731. Vol. II, 1743. 200 plates, and map. Appendix, 1748. 
 
 This is the editio prmceps, which I have not seen. There is a 2d ed. by G-. 
 Edwards, 1754 ; a 3d ed. by the Bame, folio, 2 vols., London, 1771, with the appendix 
 and Linnsean index which see, in/rd. See, also, Philos. Trans., xxxvi, 17.10, pp. 425- 
 434; xxxvii, 1731, pp. 174-178; xxxvii, 1732, pp. 447-450 ; xxxviii, 1734, pp. 315-318; 
 xxxix, 1735, pp. 112-117; xxxix, 1736, pp. 251-258; xl, 1738, pp. 343-350; xlv, 
 1748, pp. 157-173. SeUgmann'e SanmUung, 9 vols. 4to, Niimberg, 1749-1776, re- 
 produces Catesby, together with Edwards. 
 
 1732. Mortimer, C. A Continuation of an Account of an Essay towards a 
 
 Natural History of Carolina and the Bahama Islands, by Mark 
 Catesby, F. R. S. with some Extracts out of the fifth Set. <[ Philos. 
 Trans., xxxvii, 1732, pp. 447-450. 
 
 Commentary continues with Nos. 81-100, concluding the birds of vol. I, the 
 five next papers relating to vol. U, which has birds only in the Appendix. 
 
 1737. Brickell, J. The Natural | History | of | North Carolina. | With 
 an I Account | of the | Trade, Manners, and Customs of the | Chris- 
 tian and Indian Inhabitants. II- I lustrated wi I h Copper-Plates, 
 whereon are | curiously Engraved the Map of the Country, | several 
 strange Beasts, Birds, Fishes, Snakes, | Insects, Trees, and Plants, 
 &c. I — I By John Brickell, M. D. | — | Nostra nos in urbe pere- 
 grinamur. Cic. | Dublin. | Printed by James Carson, in Coghill's- 
 Court, Dame- | street, opposite to the Castle-Market. For the Au- 
 thor, I 1737. 1 vol. 8vo. Title, reverse blank, pp. i-vii, 1-408, wood- 
 cuts, folding map, and 2 folding plates of animals. 
 
 " Of the Birds ", pp. 171-213.— A cnrsory but detailed acconnt, descriptive and 
 general, of the species known to Lawson, several of which are figared on the plates 
 above cited. This was at the time, as the alleged author claimed, "the most exact 
 Acconnt that is [was] yet known of the Birds that are [were] to be met with in 
 2?orth Carolina"; and it constitutes one of the most notable faunal lists of Ameri- 
 can birds of the last century, comparable to Bartram's on Florida Birds, Belknap'i 
 
 37 B 
 
578 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. irST-lTAS [l2 
 
 1737. Brickeli,, J. — Continued. 
 
 on those of New Hampshire, etc. The names need are all vemacalar. "The 
 material for this work was stolen from Lawson with scarcely the disgnise of 
 change of form." 
 
 1741. Egede, H. Det gamle Gr^Jnlands | Nye 1 Perluatration, | Eller | Na- 
 turel-Historie, | Og | Beskrivelse over det gamle Gr^nlands Situa- 
 tion, I Loft, Temperament og Bcskaflfenhed ; | De gamle Norske 
 Coloniers Begyndelse og Undergang der | Samme-Steds, de itzige 
 Indbyggeres Oprindelse, VaBsen, Leve-Maade og Handtseringor, 
 samt Hvad eUers Landet | Yder og giver af sig, | saaaom Dyer, Fiske 
 og Fugle &c. med | hos ff<yet nyt Land-Caart og andre Kaaber- 
 Stykker | over Landets Naturaller og Indbyggernis | Handtserin- 
 ger, I Forfattet af Hans Egede, | Forhen Missionair ndi Grjin- 
 land. I — I Kji^benhavn, 1741. | Trykt hos Johan Christopli Groth, 
 hvende paa Ulfelds-platz. 1vol. sm. 4to. 6p. 11., pp. 1-131, + 1 1., 
 map, and 11 pU. 
 
 This is the ediii) princepe of Egede's celebrated wort on Greenland, thongh 
 there are some earlier (1729 and 1730) essays leading up to it, and the titles of 
 which begin similarly. There are very nnmerous editions, in various languages. 
 An English ed. of 1745, j.ji., is fully cited below.— ,,Adstilllg slags Si;(e Fugler", 
 Cap. vi, pp. 51-55. 
 
 1744. Charlevoix, F. X. de. Histoire | et | Description generale do la 
 
 Nouvelle France, | avec | le journal historique | d'un Voyage fait 
 par I'ordre du Eoi dans | TAmgrique Septtentrionnale. | Par le P. De 
 Charlevoix, de la Compagnie de Jesus. | Tome premier [-troisifeme]. 
 I [Vignette.] | A Paris, | Chez Nyon Fils, Libraire, Quai des Augug- 
 tins, h, rOccasion. | — | M. DCC. XLIV. | Avec approbation et privi- 
 lege du roi. 3 vols. 4to. Vol. I, 4 p. 11. (2 titles and dedication), 
 pp. i-xxvj, 1-664, 9 maps. Vol. 11,2 p. 11., pp.i-xvj, 1-582,1-56, 8 
 maps and 22 pU. (botanical). Vol. Ill, 2 p. 11., pp. i-xix, j-xiv, 
 1-543, 10 maps. 
 
 Vol. m, Des principales esp^cea des Oiseanx, qu'on voit en Canada, pp. 155 et 
 sniv. Aigles, pp^ 155,207; Canards, p. 156; Chathuant, p. 155 ; Corbeaux, p. 155 ; 
 Grues, 156 ; Oiseanx Monchea, pp. 157, 158; Perdrix, p. 155; Perroquets, p. 384; 
 Picverts, p. 156 ; Eoitelets, p. 156. 
 
 1745. Egede, H. A | Description | of | Greenland. | Shewing | The Natural 
 
 History, Situation, Boundaries, | and face of the Country ; the Na- 
 ture of the I Soil; the Rise and Progress of the old Nor- | wegian 
 Colonies; the ancient and modern | Inhabitants; their Genius and 
 Way of Life, | and Produce of the Soil ; their Plants, Beasts, | 
 Fishes, &c. | with | A new Map of Greenland. | And | Several Cop- 
 per Plates representing different Animals, | Birds and Fishes, the 
 Greenlanders Way of Hunting | and Fishing; their Habitations, 
 Dress, Sports | and Diversions, &c. | — | By Mr. Hans Egede, , 
 Missionary in that Country for twenty five Years. | — | Translated 
 from the Danish. | — | London : I Printed for C. Hitch iu Pater- 
 noster Row; S. Austen in | Newgate-Street; and J. Jackson near 
 St. James's Gate. | MDCCXLV. 1 vol. sm. 8vo. pp. xvi, + 2 11., 220, 
 with 12 copperpll. 
 
 Chap. Y, pp. 59-65, " Of the Land Animals, and Land Fowls or Birds of Green- 
 land ; and how they hunt and kill them." Chap. Yl, pp. 65-99, "Of the Green- 
 land Sea Animals, and Sea Fowl and Fishes"; especially "Of Greenland Sea 
 Birds", pp. 92-99.— See the orig. ed., 1741. 
 
13] 
 
 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1746-1748 579 
 
 1746. Anderson, J. Herm Johann Anderson, | I. V. D. | und weyland 
 ersten Bnrgermeisters der freyen Kayserlichen | Reiohstadt Ham- 
 burg, I Nacbrichten | yon Island, | Grronland und der Strasse Davis, { 
 zum wahreu Nntzen der Wissenschaften | und der Handlung. | Mit 
 Kupfern, und einer nach den neuesten und in diesem Werlje ange- | 
 gedenen Entdeokungen, genau eingerichteten Landoharte. | Nebst 
 ' einem Vorberiohte | von den Lebensumstauden des Herrn Verfas- 
 sers. I [Vignette.] | Hamburg, | verlegts Georg Christian Gruud, 
 Buchdr. 1746. 1 vol. sm. 8vo, 8 leaves to a sig. Vignette facing 
 title, title, reverse blank, 14 unpaged 11. (" Vorrede " and " Vor- 
 berioht "), pp. l-3a8, 3 unpaged 11. (" Eegister ") ; map, and 4 pll., at 
 pp. 43 (birds), 204, 224, 254. 
 
 The author's name may have been Andersen, but is printed Anderson in 
 three different editions I have examined. There are numerous editions; besides 
 the three I here give (see 1750 and 1756), there are these: German, Erankfort u. 
 Leipzig, 1747; "Danish, Copenhagen, 1748; Englisii, London, 1758, folio; and two 
 or three French versions of later dates tlian 1750.— See Cuv., M. A., iii, 331; Bohm., 
 £ibl., i, 769 ; AG. & Stbickl., BM., i, 127. 
 
 Nacbrichten von Island, Yogel, pp. 39-49, Taf. (Tauben, Snoriper [Lagopits] , Ad- 
 ler, Habichte, Falken, Ealeo, Kabon, See-Meve, Ganse, Enten, Lnmme, Geyervo- 
 gel [Alca iTn^ffnnis] u. s. w.). Nacbrichten von Gronland und der Straat Davis, 
 Vogel, pp. 173-184 (Landvogel, Waaservogel ; Beschreibnng einer Mallemucke 
 n. B. w.). 
 
 1748. Ellis, H. A | Voyage | to | Hudson's-Bay, | by the | Dobbs Galley 
 and California, | lu the Years 1746 and 1747, | For Discovering a 
 North West Passage; | with | An Accurate Survey of the Coast, and 
 a short | Natural History of the Country. | Together with | A fair 
 View of the Facts and Arguments from | which future finding of 
 such a Passage is | rendered probable. | By Henry Ellis, Gent. | 
 Agent for the Proprietors of said Expedition. | To which is pre- 
 fixed, I An Historical Account of the Attempts hitherto made | for 
 the finding a Passage that Way to the East-Indies. | Illustrated 
 with proper Cuts, and a new and correct Chart | of Hudson's-Bay, 
 with the Countries adjacent. | — | London : | Printed for H. Whit- 
 ridge, at the Eoyal Exchange. | M. DCC. XL VIII. 1 vol. sm. 8vo. 
 pp. xxviii, 336, map, and cuts. 
 
 There is also a German translation, Beise nach Hndsoos Meerbnsen, 8vo, 
 Gottingen, 1750. — At pp. 36-41 are described a few species of birds — the Pelican, 
 Heathcock, Horned Owl, and White-tailed Eagle being figured on two copper- 
 plates. 
 
 1748. Mortimer, C. A Continuation of an Account of an Essay towards a 
 Natural History of Carolina, and the Bahama Islands ; by Mark 
 Catesby, F. E. S. with some Extracts out of the Appendix. < Philos. 
 Trans., xlv, 1748, pp. 157-173. 
 
 This concludes Mortimer's Commentary on Catesby ; it treats of the few birds 
 given in the Appendix, vol. H. 
 
 1748. [SwAiNE, Charles.] An | account | of a | Voyage | For the Dis- 
 covery of a I North-West Passage | by | Hudson's Strelghts, | to 
 the I Western and Southern Ocean | of | America. | Performed in 
 the Year 1746 and 1747, in the Ship | California, Capt. Francis 
 Smith, Commander. | By the Clerk of the California. | Adorned with 
 Cuts and Maps. | Vol. I [II]. | London, Printed ; | And Sold by Mr 
 
580 B1BLI0GRA.PHICAL APPENDIX. 1748-1754 []4 
 
 1748. [SWAINE, Charles.] — Continued. 
 
 JolUffe, in St. James's-street ; Mr. Corbett, | in Fleet-street ; and 
 Mr. Clarke, under the Royal Exchange. | M.DCC.XLVIII. 2 vols, 
 sm. 8vo. Vol. I, 1 p. 1., pp. vil, 237. Vol. II, 1 p. 1., pp. 326, + 9 11. 
 Maps and cuts in both vols. 
 Somewhat ornithological piMnm. 
 
 1750. Anderson, J. Histoire | Naturelle | deL'Islande, | du Greenland, | du 
 Detroit de Davis, | Et d'autres Pays sitn^s sous le Nord, | Tra- 
 duite de I'Allemand | De M. Anderson, de I'Acad^mie | Imp^riale, 
 Bourg-mestre en Chef | de la Ville de Hambourg. | Par M * *, de 
 I'Acad^mie Impfiriale, & | de la Society Eoyale de Londres. | Tome 
 Premier [Second]. | [Device.] | A Paris, | Chez Sebastien Jorry, 
 Imprlmeur- | Libraire, Quai des Augustins, prfes | le Pont S. Michel, 
 aus Cigogues. | — | M.DCC. L. | Avec Approbation & Privilege du 
 Koi. 2 vols. 18mo. Vol. I, vignette facing title, pp. i-xl, map, pp. 
 1-314, folding pll. i, ii, opp. p. 84 (birds) and p. 188. Vol. II, 1 p. 1. 
 (title), pp. i-iv, 1-391, unnumbered pll. opp. pp. 54 (birds), 78, 108, 
 168, 220. 
 
 See tho orig. ed., 1746 ; there are said to be later French eds., of 1754 and 1764. 
 In the present French ed., the biid-matter of toL I, relating to Iceland, is at pp. 
 77-97, with the aamo plate of the Hawk and Owl as in the original , in vol. II, 
 the bird-matter of Greenland is at pp. 49-68, with a large folding plate of birds, 
 which is not in the copy of the original edition examined. ' 
 
 1753-61. Kalm,P. En | Resa | Til | Norra America, | PS, | Kongl. | Swenska 
 Wetenskaps | Academiens befallning, | Och | Publici Kostnad, | 
 Forrattad | Af Pehr Kalm, | Oeconomise Professor i Abo, samt Leda- 
 mot af I Kongl. Swenska Wetenskaps-Academien. [ Tom.. I [-III]. 
 I — I Med Kongl. Majits Allern&digste Privilegio. | — | Stockholm, 
 I Tryckt p& Lars Salvii Kostnad 1753 [1756, 1761]. 3 vols. 16mo size, 
 Svobysigs. Vol. 1, 1753, 2 p. 11., pp. 1-484, -(- 10 11., cuts in text. Vol. 
 II, 1756, title, pp. 1-526, -f- 11 11., cuts. Vol. Ill, 1761, title, pp. 1-538, 
 -f 7 11., cuts, and folded pi. opp. p. 200. 
 
 This is the editio prineeps. There are varions other eds., q. v., irtffrd; German, 
 1754-64; English, 1770-71, 1772, and 1812; Belgic, 2 v.4to, ITtrecht, 1772. "Ho 
 published the account of his journey by intervals, for want of encouragement, 
 and fearing the expences of publishing at once, in a country where few booksell- 
 ers are fonnd." 
 
 1754. Catesbt, M. The Natural History of Carolina, [etc.] 2 vols, folio. 
 London, 1754. 
 
 Not seen. This is the 2d ed., by Edwards. See the orig. ed., 1731-48, and the 3d 
 ed., 1771. 
 
 1754-64. Kalm, P. Des Herren | Peter Kalms | Professors der Haus- 
 haltungskunst in Aobo, und Mitglie- | des der Koniglichen Bchwe- 
 dischen Akademie der | Wiasenshaften | Besohreibung | der Reise | 
 die er | nach dem | nordlichen Amerika | auf den Befehl gedachter 
 Akademie | und offentliohe Kostrin | unternommen hat, | der erste 
 [-dritte] Theil. | Eine Uebersetzung. | — | Unter dem Koniglichen 
 Pohlnisohen und Chur- | furstl. Saohsischen allergnadigsten Privi- 
 legio. I — I Gottingen | im Verlage der Wittwe Abrams Vanden- 
 hoek, 1754 [1757, 1764], 3 vols. 8vo. Vol. I, 1754, 10 prell. 11., pp. 
 1-568, Taf. i-v. Vol. II, 1757, 1 p. 1., pp. 1-592, Taf. i, ii. Vol. Ill, 
 1764, 3 p. 11., pp. 1-648, Tali. 
 
15] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1754-l'y58 581, 
 
 1754-64. Kalm P.— Continued. 
 
 The vols, of tbis German tracalation severally appeared shortlj after the 
 snccesaive pablications of the original Swedish, 3 vols., 1753-1761. There Is aBel. 
 gian version, 2 vols. 4to, 1772, and at least three English ones, by Forster, with hia 
 notes and additional plates (mammals and birds), 3 vols., London, 1770-1771, and 2 
 vols., London, 1772; also, 4to, 1812, in Pinkerton^s Yoyag€g,Yo\. xiii. See these. 
 The present German version is said to be faithful and exact. 
 
 1756. Anderson, J. Besohry ving | van | Ysland, | Greenland | en de Straat 
 Davis. I Bevattende zo wel ene bestipte bepaling van de liggiug 
 en I grote van die Eilanden, als een volledige ontvouwing van hun- 
 ne I inwendige gesteltenis, vnurbrakende Bergen, heete en war- | me 
 Bronnen enz. een omstandig Bericht van de Vruchten | en Kruiden 
 des Lands ; van de wilde en tamme Landdie- | ren, Vogelen en 
 Vissohen, de Visvangst der Yslanders | en hunne ondersolieide 
 behandeling, toebereiding eu | drogeu der Visschen, voorts het 
 getal der Inwoon- | ders, hnnnen Aart, Levenswyze en Bezighe- 
 den, I Woningen, | Kledingen, Handteering, Arbeid, | Veehoe- 
 dery, | Koophandel, Maten en Ge- | wichten, Huwelyks Plechtigbe- 
 den, Opvoe- | ding hunner Kinderen, Godsdienst, Ker- | ken en Ker- 
 keubestuur, Burgerlyke Eege- | ring, Wetten, Strafoeffeningen en 
 wat I wyders tot de Kennis van een Land | vereischt word. | Door 
 den Heer | Johan Anderson, | Doctor der Beide Eeehten, en in Leveu 
 eersteBurgermeester | dervryeKeizerlykaRyksstadHamburg. | Ver- 
 rykt met Platen en een nieuwe naauwkeurige Landkaart der | ont- 
 dekkinge, waar van in dit Werk gesprokeu word. | Uit het 
 Hoogduits vertaalt. | Door | J. D. J. | Waar by gevoegt zyn de 
 Verbeteringen | Door den Heer Niels Horrebow, | Opgemaakt in 
 zyn tweejarlg verblyf op Ysland. | [Designs.] | Te Amsterdam, | By 
 Jan van Dalen, Boekverkoper op de Colveniersburgwal | by de 
 Staalstraat. 1756. 1 vol. sm. 4to. Full-page vignette, title, both 
 backed blank, 7 more unpaged 11. (" Voorbericht "), map, pp. 1-286, 
 -1-3 11. ("Bladwyzer"); with 5 pll. at pp. 34 (birds), 149 (birds), 
 172, 189, 216. To which is appended : Verbeteringen | Wegens de | Be- 
 sohryving | Van het Groot Eyland | Ysland, | Besohreveu | Door 
 den Heer | Johan Anderson. | Opgemaakt in een tweejarig ver- 
 blyf I op dat Eyland, | Door den Heer | Niels Horrebow. 5 unpaged 
 II., pp. 1-158. 
 
 See the orig. ed., 1746, and the French version, 1750. In this Dutch version, 
 the bird-matter relating to Iceland is at pp. 33-41, with the original plate of the 
 Hawk and Owl ; that relating to Greenland is at pp. 146-155, with a plate of the 
 " Mailetnuk", which I do not find in my copy of the original. 
 
 1758. Du Pbatz, Le P. Histoire | de la | Louisiane, | Contenant la D^cou- 
 verce de ce vaste Pays ; | sa Description g^ographique ; un Voyage 
 I dans les Torres ; I'Histoire Naturelle ; les | Moeurs, Cofltumes & 
 Religion des Natu- | rels, avec leurs Origines ; deux Voyages | dans 
 le Nord du nouveau Mexique, dont | un jusqu'il la Mer du Sud; 
 orn^e de deux | Cartes & de 40 Planches en Taille douce. | Par M. 
 Le Page du Pratz. | Tome premier [-troisifeme]. | A Paris, | Chez | 
 ... I — I M. DCC. LVIII. 3 vols. 12mo. Vol. I, pp. i-xvj, 1-358. 
 Vol. II, 2 p. 11., pp. 1-441. Vol. Ill, 2 p. 11., pp. 1-451 -|- 5. With 42 
 maps and pll. in all. 
 
 This is the orig. ed. ; there are several others ; see 1763 and 1774. 
 
 Vol. II, pp. 109-143, contains a commentary on various birds : Chap. IX, pp. 103- 
 
582 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ITSS-lVeT [lO 
 
 1758. Du Pratz, Le P. — Continued. 
 
 123, Des Oiseaax Carnaciers et Aquatiqnes. Chap, X, pp. 124-136, Des Oiseanx des 
 Bois ; Chasae aax Pigeons Eainiers ; Leor qaaDtit6 prodigieaae ; Chaase anx 
 EtouTDeaux. Chap. XI (lettered IV), p. 136, eej.. Suite des Oiseanx: des armes 
 et de la nonmtnre du Pic-bois ; du Colibri on Oisean-Mouche ; des Insectes 
 volans. Several of these species are rudely illustrated. The matter is very wUd, 
 and of no account. 
 
 1761. Charlevoix, F. X. de. Journal of a Voyage to North America .... 
 In a series of Letters to the Duchess of Lesdiguierres. Translated 
 from the French of P. de Charlevoix. In two volumes. London, 
 printed for E. and J. Dodsley in Pall Mall, 1761. Vol. I, half-title, 
 title, and table, pp. viii + map + pp. 382. Vol. II, half-title, title, 
 and table, pp. viii -\- 380 -(- (xxvi). 
 
 Not seen— t.tle abridged from Field, who says : — " This is a translation of the 
 third volume of the Sietoire de la NouveUe Frwwx. Another edition, and an 
 entirely independent translation of Charlevoix's work, was printed in London, 
 1763, entitled Letters to the Duchess of Lesdiguieres. It is printed in a much infe- 
 rior manner, and somewhat lesa complete." Whence it appears that the present 
 work should contain the bird-matter mentioned at 1744, q. v. 
 
 1763. Dn Pratz, Le P. The | History | of | Louisiana, | or of | The Western 
 Parts I of I Virginia and Carolina: | containing | A Description of the 
 Countries that lye | on both sides of the River Missisipi : | with | An 
 Account of the settlements, Inhabitants, | Soil, Climate, and Pro- 
 ducts. I — I Translated from the French, | (lately published.) | By 
 M. LePage Du Pratz; | with | Some Notes and Observations | re- 
 lating to our Colonies. I — I In Two Volnmes. | — | Vol. I [II]. | — 1 
 London, | Printed f„r T. Becket and P. A. De Hondt | in the Strand. 
 MDCCLXIII. 2 vols. 16mo. Vol. 1, 2 p. 11., pp. i-viii, i-1, map, pp. 
 1-368. Vol. II, 4 p. 11., map, pp. 1-272. 
 Vol. n, Chap. VII,pp. 75-90," OlBirds.andFlyinglnsects." Seetheorig. ed.,1758. 
 
 1765. Cranz, D. David Cranz | Historie | von | Gronlaud | enthaltend | 
 Die Beschreibung des Landes und | der Einwohner &c. { insbeson- 
 dere | die | Geschichte | der dortigen | Mission | der | Evangelischeu 
 Briider | zu | Neu-Herrnhut | und | Lichteufels. | — | Mit acht 
 Kupfertafeln und einem Register. | — | Barby bey Heinricb Detlef 
 Ebers, und in Leipzig | in Commission bey Weidmanns Erben und 
 Reich. I 1765. 2vols. 16mo size, 8 leaves to a s.g. Vol.1, 17 p. 11., 
 pp. 1-512. Vol. II, haU-title 1., pp. 513-1132, -|- 13 11. Maps and 
 pll. in both vols. 
 
 This is the editio princeps. For the bird-matter, see later eds., 1767 and 1820. 
 The author's name is David Cranz here ; David Crantz in ail the other editions 
 I have handled. 
 
 1767. Crantz, D. Historie van Greenland .... 3 vols. 8vo. Harl. 1767. 
 !Not seen. — See the English ed. of this date, and especially of 1820. 
 
 1767. Crantz, D. The History of Greenland, containing .... By David 
 Crantz. Translated from the High-Dutch, and illustrated with 
 Maps and other Copper-plates. In two Volumes. London, printed 
 for the Brethren's Society for the Furtherance of the Gospel among 
 the Heathen, 1767. Vol. I, pp. lix, 405, 2 maps, 5 pll. Vol. II, 1 
 p. 1., pp. 498, 2 pU. 
 
 Not seen — title abridged from Field, who says that this first English ed. 
 is a literal translation of the German, and vastly superior to the late English ed. 
 of 1620, stated to bo not only abridged, but interpolated. Field refers to an 
 ed. by La Trobe, 1760. For the bird-matter, see the ed. of 18£0. 
 
17j 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ITeS-iyTl 583 
 
 1768. Bossu, — . Nouveaux Voyages aux Indea Occidentales ; Contenant 
 une Kelation des diiferens Peuples qui habitant les environs du 
 grand Fleuve Saint-Louis, appele vulgaireinent le Mississipi ; leur 
 religion ; leur gouvernement, leurs moeurs ; leurs guerres & leur 
 commerce. Far M. Bossu, Capitaine dans les Troupes de la Marine. 
 A Paris, 1768. 2 vols. 12mo. Vol. I, pp. xx, 244, pL Vol. II, pp. 
 262, 2 pU. 
 
 Not seen— title and collation from Field. This is the orig. ed. See the Eng- 
 lish version, 1771. 
 
 1770-71. Kaim, p. Travels | into | North America ; | containing | Its 
 Natural History, and | A circumstantial Account of its Planta- 
 tions I and Agriculture in general, | with the | civil, ecclesiastical, 
 and commercial | state of the Country, | The manners of the in- 
 habitants, and several curious | and important remarks on various 
 subjects. I By Peter Kalm, | Professor of Oeconomy in the Univer- 
 sity of Aobo in Swedish | Finland, and Member of the Swedish 
 Eoyal Academy of Sciences. | Translated, into English | By John 
 Eeinhold Forster, F. A. S. | Enriched with a Map, several Cuts for 
 the Illustration of | Natural History, and some udditional Notes. 
 I — I Vol. I [-III]. I — I Warrington : Printed by William Eyres. | 
 MDCCLXX. [London: Printed for the Editor; | And Sold by T. 
 Lowndes, in Fleet-street. MDCCLXXL] 3vols.8vo. Vol. I, War- 
 rington, 1770, pp. i-xvi, 1-400 -1- 1 p., 1 pi. at p. 322. Vol. II, London, 
 1771, pp. 1-352, 4 pll. (3 pll. of birds, not in the orig., nor in the Ger- 
 man). Vol. Ill, London, 1771, pp. i-viii, 4 11., 1-310, 611., no pll. 
 This is the first English ed. There is another, 2 v. 8°, London, 1772, q. v. 
 
 1771. Bossu, — . Travels | through that part cf | North America | for- 
 merly called I Louisiana. | By Mr. Bossu, Captain in the | French 
 Marines. | Translated from the French, | By John Keinhold Forster, 
 F. A. S. I illustrated with Notes relative chiefly to | Natural His- 
 tory. To which is added by the translator | . . . | — | Vol. I [II]. 
 I — I [Quotation.] | — | London : | Printed for T. Davies in Euesel- 
 street, Covent-Garden. | M DCC LXXI. 2 vols. 8vo. Vol. I, pp. 
 i-viii, 1-407. Vol. II, 1 p. 1., pp. 1-432. 
 
 Vol. I, pp. 94-97, is a formal list of a few birds, by the editor, as footnote to a 
 mere paragraph of the author's. At pp. 368-375, the aathor describes a few 
 species, as the Karancro (i. e.. Carrion Crow), Flamingo, Stares, Parrots, The Pope 
 (Cyanospiza ciHs), Cardinal-bird, Hnmmingbird, Pelican, Spoonbill, etc. The 
 matter is not of the slightest conse(iuenoe. 
 
 1771. Catesby, M. The | Natural History | of | Carolina, Florida, | and | 
 The Bahama Islands : { containing the figures of | Birds, Beasts, 
 Fishes, Serpents, Insects, and Plants : | Particularly, those not 
 hitherto described, or incorrectly figured by former Authors, | with 
 their Descriptions in English and French. | To which is prefixed, | 
 A new and Correct Map of the Countries ; with Observations on 
 their Natural State, { Inhabitants, and Productions. | By the late 
 Mark Catesby, F. E. S. | Eevised by Mr. Edwards, of the Eoyal Col- 
 lege of Physicians, London. | To the whole is now added a Lin- 
 nsean Index of the Animals and Plants. | Volume the First [Sec- 
 ond]. I [French version of the title follows.] | London. | Printed 
 for Benjamin White, at Horace's Head in Fleetstreet. | MDCCLXXL 
 
584 BIBUOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1771-1772 [l8 
 
 1771. Catesby, M.— Continued. 
 
 Folio. Vol. I, coBtaining the Birds and PJaDts, 2 p. 11., pp. i-vii, 1-100, -(- 2 pp. 
 of LiniiEBaii Index, with pll. 1-100 intercalated with text opposite each page — 
 the numeration of the pll. being same as the pagination. Vol. II contains the 
 Mammals, etc. ; bnt the Appendix, pp. 101-120, -|- 3 pp., contains a few additional 
 birds, raising the total number treated to 113. Text in English and French, 
 in parallel colamns ; birds presented under names in both these languages, 
 but primarily imder Latin polynomial names. This is a later "revised" and 
 bettered edition (original edition, 1731-48), with Linnaean concordance at end of 
 each volume. The plates, though violent both in drawing and coloring, like 
 the Fl. Hjilum., are recognizable almost without exception ; most of the species 
 treated were described and figured for the first time in the original edition, 
 which furnished the source of many Linnaaan species. The work is classic, 
 conspicuous in merit inter congeneres aui temporis, and indispensable for occa- 
 sional consultation. 
 
 1771. FORSTKR, J. K. A I Catalogue | of the | Animals | of | North America. 
 
 I Containing, | An Enumeration of the known Quadrupeds, Birds, 
 I BeptUes, Fish, Insects, Crustaceons and { Testaceous Animals; 
 many of which are New, and | never described before. | To which 
 are added, | Short Directions { for Collecting, Preserving, and 
 Transporting, | all Kinds of | Natural History Curiosities. | By John 
 EeinlioldForster,F. A. S. | — | [Quotation.] | — | Loudon: | Sold by 
 B. White, at Horace's Head, in Fleet^Street. | — | M. DCC. LXXI. 
 8vo. pp. 43, pi. i (frontispiece). > Birds, pp. 8-17, 36, 37. 
 
 A scarce tract. It contains, of birds, a nominal list of 302 spp., some 
 named binomially, others not, with references to Pennant, Catesby, Edwards, etc. 
 The list, in connection with those of other classes of animals, is surprisingly 
 extensive, besides being the first of its kind. Many of the birds are marked 
 "n.s."; these names are given by permission from Pennant's MSS., and this 
 is actually the original appearance in print of various species subsequently 
 described by Pennant; bat as neither scientific names are imposed upon them, 
 nor descriptions appended, the brochure remains simply a literary curiosity, 
 which need not be referred to except as such. The plate is a fair likeness of 
 Falco sparverius, 
 
 1772. FoESTEE, J. E. An Account of the Birds sent from Hudson's Bay; with 
 Observations relative to their Natural History ; and Latin Descrip- 
 tions of some of the most uncommon. \ Philoa. Trans. Land., Ixii, 
 1772, art. xxix, pp. 382-433. 
 
 Fifty-eight species noticed, with descriptive and biographical matter. The 
 second part of the article, containing the above-mentioned Latin descriptions, is 
 separately entitled " Descriptiones Avium Bariorum e Sinu Hudsonis", and is 
 at pp. 423-433. The following seven are new species : — Falco S; adiceus, p. 383 ; 
 Strix Nebulosa, pp. 386, 424 ; Emberiza Lencophrys, pp. 403, 426 ,■ Eringilla Hud- 
 Bonias, pp. 406, 428 ; Muscicapa Striata, pp. 406, 428 ; Parus Hudsonicns, pp. 408, 
 430 ; Scolopax Borealis, pp. 411, 431. Several other actually new species are indi- 
 cated varietally without names, or under names of other known species "to which 
 they are wrongly referred . " Tnrdus no. 22 ", p. 400, is an early, if not the first, no- 
 tice of ^coiecopAa^its/cmtf^iTieu*, as "Hirundo, 35" is of Petrochelidon lunifnms. 
 
 1772. Kalm, p. Travels | into | North America; | containing | its Nat- 
 
 ural History, and | A circumstantial Account of its Plantations | 
 and Agriculture in general, | with the | civil, ecclesiastical and com- 
 mercial I state of the country, | The manners of the inhabitants, 
 and several curious and | important remarks on various subjects. | 
 By Peter Kalm, | Professor of Oeconoray in the University of Aobo 
 in Swedish Finland, ] and Member of the Swedish Eoyal Academy 
 
19] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ITTS-iyVS 585 
 
 1772. Kalm, p.— Continued. 
 
 of Sciences. | Translated into English | By John Eeinhold Forster, 
 F. A. S. I Enriched with a Map, several Cuts for the Illustration of 
 Natural | History, and some additional Notes. | — | The second edi- 
 tion. I — I In two volumes, | Vol. I [II]. | — | London, | Printed for 
 T. Lowndes, N° 77, in Fleet-street. 1772. 2 vols. sm. 8vo. Vol. I, 
 pp. i-xil, 1-414, 6 pll. Vol. II, map, pp. i-iv, 1-423, with 4 U. of 
 index. 
 
 This edition foUowed immediately after the first Eoglish version of 3 vols. 8vo, 
 1170-1771. " No circamstance interesting to natural history or to any other part 
 of literature has been omitted." The illastratious, as well as Forster's notes, 
 are additional to the original Swedish. Kalm was a good observer, and told 
 what he saw in a straightforward simple way. The book is fall of zoological 
 matter passim, in which ornithology is fairly represented, not under any special 
 head; and these accounts are among the bases of several Linn£ean species, 
 though largely anticipated by Cateaby and Edwards. Among the species noticed 
 are the Bluebird, Catbird, Crow, Gull, Hummingbird, Maize-thief (AgeUeits), 
 Martin, Mockingbird, Partridge, "Wild Pigeon, Cardinal Redbird, Snow Bunt- 
 ing, Ptarmigan, Swallow (with editor's eaxursus on the subaqueous torpidity of 
 these birds), Titmouse, Turkey, "Whippoorwill, "Woodpeckers (list of the latter, 
 I, pp. 377-379), etc. Figured in vol. I, Mockingbird and Eobin, pi. opp. p. 170 ; 
 Purple Grakle and Red-shonldered Blackbird, pi. opp. p. 368 ; Wild Pigeon, pi. 
 opp. p. 374.— O/. the orig. ed., 1753-61 ; and German version, 1754-64. 
 
 1774. Curtis, E. Particulars of the Country of Labradore, extracted from 
 the Papers of Lieutenant Eoger Curtis, of His Majesty's Sloop the 
 Otter, with a Plane-Chart of the Coast. < Philos. Trans, for 1774, 
 Ixiv, pt. ii, 1774, pp. 372-388. 
 Short account of the birds, pp. 377, 378. 
 
 1774. Du Pratz, Lb P. The | History | of | Louisiana, | or of | the western 
 parts I of I Virginia and Carolina : | Containing a Description of 
 the I Countries that lie on both Sides of the River Missisippi : | 
 With an Account of the | settlements, inhabitants, soil, climate, 
 and products. | — | Translated from the French | Of M. Le Page 
 Du Pratz ; | With some Notes and Observations relating to our 
 Colonies. | — | A new edition. | — | London, | Printed forT. Becket, 
 Corner of the Adelphi, in the Strand. | — | MDCCLXXIV. 1 vol. 
 8vo. 4 p. 11., pp. i-xxxvi, 1-387, 2 maps. 
 
 In this edition, Chap. VII, " Of Birds and Flying Insects ", is at pp. 271-283. 
 See orig. ed., 1758. 
 
 1776. Kalm, P. Beskrifning p& Norr-Americanske Mulbaretradet, Moras 
 
 rubra kalladt. < Kongl. Svensk. Vetens. Aoad. Handl., xxxvii, 1776, 
 pp. 143-163. 
 Mulberries as food of various birds, etc., p. 155. 
 
 1777. Charlevoix, F. X. de. Histoire de la NouveUe France Paris, 
 
 1777. 12mo. 
 Not seen. 
 
 1778. Carver, J. [Travels, etc.] 
 
 Theeditioprirweps; notseenbyme. ThereareBeveralothers,twoof whiohare 
 fully cited below, 1781 and 1796. The work of the celebrated traveller presents 
 formal notice and description of about 40 spp. of birds, including the tradi- 
 tional " 'Wakou-bird ", about which various Indian soperstitions cluster. 
 
586 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1780-1782 [sO 
 
 1780. Fabeicics, O. Favna | Groenlandica, | systematice sistens | Animalia 
 
 Groenlandiae ocoiden- | talis hactenvs indagata, qvoad uomen | spe- 
 cific vm, triviale, vemacvlvmqve; synonyma avcto- | rvm plvrivm, 
 descriptionem, locvm, victvm, genera- | tionem, mores, V8vm,captv- 
 ramqve siDgvli, provt | detegendi occasio fvit, maximaqve parte 
 secvn- I dvm proprias observationes | Othonis Fabricii | ministri 
 evangelii, qvondam Groen- | landis ad Coloniain Friderichshaab, 
 postliac Norvagis | Drangedaliae, nvno vero Danis Hopvnti ivtise, 
 mem- | bri societatis scientiarvm qvae est Hafniae. | [Design.] | — | 
 Hafniae et Lipsiae, | Impeusis Joannis Got.tlob Eothe, | avlae atqve 
 vnivers. Keg. Bibliopolae. | MDCCLXXX. [ 1 vol. 8vo. pp. xvi, 
 452, with 1 folded pi. > II. Aves. pp. 53-124. 
 
 The title is sufficiently explicit. ClasBiflcation cliiefly according to Miiller's 
 Prodrome. Species ostensibly 53 (54); none new; "Species liactenas ignotas, 
 vel saltern a scriptoribns claasicis, quatenus mihi notum, nondum descriptas, 
 asterisGO (*) notani. ... A me vel unnquam visae, vel minns rite luslratae, sed 
 secundum effatum aliornm allatae signum crucis (t) sibi adianctnm habent" 
 (p. xi). 
 
 1781. Cakvbr, J. Travels | through the | interior parts | of | North Amer- 
 
 ica, I in the | years 1766, 1767, and 1768. | By J. Carver, Esq. | Cap- 
 tain of a company of provincial | troops during the late | war with 
 France. 1 Illustrated with Copper plates, | coloured. | The third edi- 
 tion. I To which is added. Some Account of the | Author, and a 
 Copious Index. | London : Printed for C. Dilly, in the Poultry ; H. 
 Payne, in | Pall-mall ; and J. Phillips, in George- Yard, | Lombard- 
 Street. I MDCCLXXXI. I vol. 8vo. Eng. portrait, 2 p. 11., pp. 1-22, 
 -f 11 11., i-xvi, 1-543 -I- 10 11., 2 maps, 5 pU. > Chap. XVIII. Of the 
 Beasts, Birds, Fishes, Eeptiles, and Insects, which are found in the 
 interior Parts of North America, pp. 441-494. 
 Birds, pp. 466-476. — For notice of this publication, see eds. of 1778 and 1796. 
 
 1782. Jefferson, T. Notes on the state of Virginia ; written in the year 
 
 1781, somewhat corrected and enlarged in the winter of 1782, for 
 the use of a foreigner of distinction, in answer to certain queries 
 proposed by him respecting 1. Its Boundaries. 2. Rivers. 3. Sea 
 Ports. 4. Mountains, &c. LParis.] MDCCLXXXII. 8vo. pp.391. 
 This first edition of JoflFerson's "Notes" was printed in Paris for private cir- 
 culation (200 copies), Trithoat title-page, and is not to be regarded as published. 
 I have not seen a copy. Above title is quoted from Bartlett's Catalogue of the 
 Library of John Carter Brown. From this came a French version, 1786 ; some say 
 also 1785. For circumstances of the work prior to the regular publication of the 
 English edition, see Bartlett, op. cit., 192 ; and especially Randall's Life of Jeffer- 
 son, vol. i, p. 414 (8vo, New York, 1858). — The date, 1782, is supposed to be that of 
 preparation, not of printing, of the work. There have been numerous imprints ; 
 O'Callaghan's list of them (with some additional data) is as follows : — Ed. of 1782, 
 without a title-page, 200 copies [privately printed]. — Philadelphia, 1785 [sap- 
 posed to be merely circulation there of some of the copies of 1782 ed.]. — ^French 
 version, 8vo, Paris, 1785, and Paris, Barrels, 1TS6. — 8vo, London, Stockdale, 1787 
 [the first properly published edition, from which Jefferson's List of Birds acquires 
 date].— 8vo, Philadelphia, Prichard & Hall, 1788.— Philadelphia, 1798.- Philadel- 
 phia, Caroy, 1794.— 8vo, Baltimore, 1800.— 8vo, New York, Davis, 1801 [called the 
 "3d Amer. ed.", which it is not]. — 8vo, Philadelphia, Bawle, 1801, "1st hot pressed 
 ed."— Boston, Carlisle, 1801, the 8th Amer. ed.— 18mo, Boston, Sprague. 1803, the 
 9th Amer. ed.— 16mo, Trenton, "WUson & Blackwell, 1803 New York, 1804.— 
 
21] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1'?82-1'787 587 
 
 17S2. Jeffbkson, T. — Continued. 
 
 12ma, Philadelphia, Hogan & Tbompson, 1815.— Boston, 1829.— 16mo, Boston, 
 1833.— 8vo, Bichmond, Bandolph, 1853. Also, 8vo, Washington, 1854, being in vol. 
 viii of Jefferson's ""Worka". Many of these eds. are entered in the present 
 bibliography ; see some of them, especially 1786 and 1787. 
 
 1785. Pennant, T. Arctic Zoology. | Vol.11. | Class II. Birds. | [Engraving.] 
 
 1 Pied Duck, N° 488. | London : | Printed by Henry Hughs. | 
 M. DCC. LXXXV. [Author's name not on title-page.] 4to. pp. 
 167-586, with 7 additional 11. of " Index " and " Errata"; pagination 
 and numeration of species continued from vol. I, which consists of 
 the mammals. Pll. ix-xxiii. 
 
 The whole work, in 3 vols., dates 1784-1787 ; there is a German translation, 
 
 2 vols. 4to, Leipzig, 17^7, and a 3d ed., 2 vols. 4to, 1793.— "Designed as a sketch 
 of the Zoology of North America .... supplemented by a description 
 of the Quadrnpeds and Birds of the north of Europe and Asia, from latitude 
 60° to the farthest known parts of the Arctic World, together with those of Kam- 
 tschatka and the parts of America visited on the last voyage of the illnstrioas 
 Cook" .... in the form of an Appendix to each genus, and distinguished by n 
 Jleur de lis; and the species by literal instead of numeral marks which distin- 
 guish those of North America" (extract from advertisement in 1st vol.). Two 
 Divisions, of Land and Water Birds; 8 Orders, 59 genera, ostensibly 510 num- 
 bered North American species, with one additional under " Errata," and nnmerous 
 others of Europe and Asianot enumerated ; all given only under English names — 
 more's the pity ! — with moderately full Latin and other synonymy and references ; 
 text descriptive, geographical, historical, and biographical, inventoried with 
 marginal annotations. Many of the species are the bases of subsequent 
 binomial names of Gmelin and Latham ; important in this regard 1 The plates 
 are as follows : — pL ix, St. John's and Chocolate-colored Falcons ; i^\. ^, Swallow- 
 tailed Falcon ; pi. xi. Red, Mottled, and Barred Owls ; pi. xii, Baltimore Oriole, 
 cf , ?, nest; pi. xiii, Fermgineons Woodpeck and " Canada" [but the figure and 
 description are clearly of those of the Carolina] Nuthatch ; pi. xiv. Passenger 
 and Carolina Pigeon ; pL xv, Varied Thrush ; pi. xvi, Spotted Grosbeak and 
 White Crowned Bunting; pi. xvii. Black Throated and Cinereous Bunting ; pL 
 xviii, Aculeated Swallow and Long-winged Goatsucker ; pi. xix, Eskimaux Cur- 
 lew and Little Woodcock ; pi. xx. Clapper Kail and Semipalmated Sni;je ; pi. xxi, 
 American Avocet ; pi. xxii, Pied-billed Grebe and Marbled Guillemot ; pi. xxiii. 
 Falcated Duck and Western Duck. 
 
 1786. Jeffekson, T. Observations | sur | La Virginie, | Par M. J * * * . | 
 
 Traduites de I'anglois | [par l'Abb6 Morellet]. | [Vignette.] | A 
 Paris, I Chez Barrois, [etc.] | — | 1786. 13mo. 2 p. U., pp. viii, 290, 
 1 1., map, table. 
 
 A copy of the privately printed edition of 1782 having been surreptitiously 
 obtained, this French version was made, printed, and published in advance of 
 the authentic English edition of 1787. See what is said under beads of the edi- 
 tions of 1782 and 1787. The French revision is utterly condemned by Jefferson 
 (see RandaWs lAfe, vol. i, p. 414). The bird-matter in this ed. is at pp. 92-99. 
 
 1787. Clavigero, F. S. The | History | of | Mexico. | Collected from | 
 
 Spanish and Mexican Historians, | from | Manuscripts, and Ancient 
 Paintings of the Indians. | Illustrated by | Charts, and other Copper 
 Plates. I To which are added, | Critical Dissertations | on the | 
 Land, | the Animals, | and Inhabitants of Mexico. | By Abb6 D. 
 Francesco Saverio Clavigero. | Translated from the Original Ital- 
 ian, I By Charles Cullen, Esq. | In Two Volumes. | Vol. I [II]. | 
 London, | Printed for G. G. J. and J. Bobinson, No. 25, Pater-noster 
 
588 BIBLIOGKAPHICAL APPENDIX. lySV-lTOl [22 
 
 1787. Clavigero, F. S.— Continued. 
 
 Eow. I MDCCLXXXVII. 2 vols. 4to. Title-1., pp. i-xxxii, 2 U., pp. 
 1-476. Vol. II, 2 II., pp. 1-463. 2 maps and 25 pU. 
 
 Vol. I, Bookl, Sect.xi, pp. 46-56, "Birds of Mexico", with figure of the "King 
 of the Zopilots " on pi. iv. 
 
 The " second edition " of Cnllen's translation is cited beyond, 1807 ; there is a 
 Philadelphia ed., 3 vols. 8to, Dobson, 1817, and doubtless others.— According to 
 the Bibliographies accessible as I write, the orig. ed., in Italian, dates 1780-81, 
 4 vols. 4to. There is a German ed., Qeschichte Ton Mexico, etc., 2 vols. 8to, 
 Leipzig, 1789-90 ; and several Spanish ones. 
 
 1787. Jefferson, T. Notes | on the | State of Virginia. | Written by 
 Thomas Jeffeison. | Illustrated with | A Map, inclading the States 
 of Virginia, | Mary- | land, Delaware and Pennsylvania. | — | Lon- 
 don: I printed for John Stockdale, opposite | Bnrlington-Hoase, 
 Piccadilly. | M. DCC. LXXXVII. 1 vol. 8vo. 2 p. 11., pp. 382, map, 
 and folded table. 
 
 Contains, pp. 113-118, a nominal list of the birds of the State, 77 in number, 
 nnder Linnsean, Catesbyan, and popular names, with references to Brieson's 
 Oiseavx; a few others mentioned at end of the list. — The original draft of the 
 work, which bears date 1783, was printed (200 copies) for private circulation, 
 without title-page, and cannot be considered as published. There was an anony- 
 mous rxenoh version in 1786. The English edition of 1767 being the first one 
 published with sanction of the author, and avowed by him, is the one from which 
 Jefferson's List of the Birds acquires its proper date (see the eds. of 1782 and 1786). 
 
 1787. Pennant, T. Pennant's Arktische Zoologie. — ^Thiergeschichte der 
 
 niiidlicheu Polarlander aus dem Englischen des Herrn Thorn. Pen- 
 nant, mit Anmerkungen und Znsatzeu durch E. A. W. Zimmermann. 
 2 vols. 4to. Leipzig. 1787. 
 Ifot seen — ^tltle at second-hand, illiteral and defective. 
 
 1788. Jefferson, T. Notes | on the | State | of Virginia. | Written by 
 
 Thomas Jefferson. | — | Philadelphia : | Printed and Sold by Prioh- 
 ard and Hall, [etc.] | — | M. DCC. LXXXVIII. 1 vol. 8vo. 2 p. U., 
 pp. 244, 1 table. 
 A scarce edition. The bird-matter is at pp. 71-77. 
 
 1788. LosKlBL, 6. H. [History of his mission, etc.] . . . 
 
 Not seen. — This is the date of the German orig. ed. ; see the English ed., 1794. 
 
 1791. Baktram, W. Travels | through | North & South Carolina, | Geor- 
 gia, I East & West Florida, | the Cherokee Country, the extensive | 
 Territories of the Muscogulges, | or Creek Confederacy, and the | 
 Country of the Cbacta ws ; | containing | an account of the soil and 
 natural | productions of those regions, toge- | ther with observations 
 on the I manners of the Indians. | Embellished with copper-platoB. 
 I — I By William Bartram. | Philadelphia: | printed by James & 
 Johnson, | m,dcc,xci. 1 vol. 8vo. 1 p. 1., pp. i-xxiv, 1-522, pU. 
 
 The next edition was issued at London, and there was a second London ed., dated 
 1794. The ed. of Dublin, 1793, was a mere reprint of the 1st London ed. The 
 work was translated into German, and published at Berlin, in 1793, as thexth vol. 
 of the Magazin von merJewiirdigen neuen Jieisebeeckreibungen, with the editor's 
 (Zimmerman's) commentary. A French version appeared in 1799. I give all 
 these except the 1st London ed. 
 
 Contains ornithological matter passim, and especially, at pp. 288-296, a Cata- 
 logue of Birds of Eastern United States, in which many species are named 
 as new. For a complete exposition of the ornithology of this work, qf. COUES, 
 
23] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. IVOl-lTOa 589 
 
 1791. Baktram, W. — Continued. 
 
 Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875, pp. 338-3.')8j Allen, Am. Nat, x, Jan., 1875 ; 
 COUES, Am. Nat, x, Feb., 1875. Among Bartram's new binomial names are the 
 following :—Strix aretieua, 8. acclamator, S. peregrirtator, Yuttur sacra, V. attains, 
 p. 289 ; Falco regalis, F. piscatorius, F. aquilinus, F. gallinarius, F. puUarius, F. 
 niger, F, ranivorua, F. glaucus, F, subceruliits, Oorims carniv<yru8, 0. ■maritimus, 
 O.fmgivorua, O, floridanus, p. 290 ; Oraoula purpurea, Ouculus carolinensis, Sitta 
 varia, Oerthia ritfa, O. picta, Lanius griscus, L. garrulus, MusGicapa nuTwiola, M. 
 cristafa,M.rapax, M. awftmridw, p. 289bi8; M. caniatrix, M. sylvicola, Alaudacam- 
 pestris, A. Ttiigratoria, Tardus melodes, T. ininimus, M&rvZa Jlammula, M. mari- 
 landica, Qarrulus australis, Lucar (n. g.) limdus, Meleagris americanus (called if. 
 ocGidentalis at p. B3),Tetrao tympanua, T. mi?ior,p. 290 bia; Fmberiza livida,F. 
 varia, Oarduelus americanus, O. pinus, O. pusilus, Fringilla ru/a, F. fusca. Passer 
 domesticua, P. paiustris, P. agrestis, Oalandra pratensis, Sterwus predatorius, S. ster- 
 corarius, Motacilla fiuviatHis, M. doTnestica, M. paiustris, M. caroliniana, Reguius 
 grieeus, p. 291; Ii.peregrinu8, Euticilla americana, Parvs cristatus, P. luteus, P. 
 variua, P. cedrus, P. peregrinus, P. aureus, P. viridis, P. griccus, Sirundo cerdo, 
 Caprvmulgus lucifugus, O. americanus, Qrus ela/mator, p. 292 ; Q. pratensis, Ardea 
 vmmaculata, A. m/ugitans, A. clamator, A. parva, Tantalus pictus, T. ichtkyopkaguSi 
 p. 293 ; NumeniMS americana, N. fiuvialis, N. dnereus, Tringa rufa, T. dnerea, T. 
 maculata, T. fusca, T. parva, M&riTiella americana, Anser branta. Anas subcerulea, 
 A. leucocephala, A. caudacuta, A. principalis, p. 294 (' ' 492 ") ; A. migratoria, A. 
 Jistulosa, Oolymbus migratorius, C. floridanus, 0. colubrinus, O. musicus, Larus 
 alber, L. grieeus, Onocratalus americanus; PetreUa pvntada, p. 295 ; Oharadrius 
 maculatus, 0. minor, Fulica floridana, p. 296, epp. nn. — some of wbich are tenable 
 by all the rules, while others I never claimed to be so. Barton's "Fragments", 
 1799, q. v., isa valuable commentary on Bartram. 
 
 1791. Mbarbs, J. Voyages | Made in the Years 1788 and 1789, | from China 
 
 to the N. W. coast of America: | with | an introductory narrative | 
 of I a voyage | Performed in 1786, from Bengal, | in the Ship 
 Nootka. I To which are annexed, | observations on the probable ex- 
 istence I of { a north west passage. | And some account of | the trade 
 between the north west coast of America | and China ; and the latter 
 country and | Great Britain. | — | By John Meares, Esq. | — | Vol. I 
 [II]. I — I London : | printed at the Logographio Press ; | and sold 
 by I J. Walter, No. 169, Piccadilly, opposite Old Bond Street. | 1791. 
 2 vols. sm. 8vo. pp. i-xii, i-lxxii, 1-363, maps, pll. Vol. II, 2 p. U., 
 pp. 1-332, + 32 unpaged 11. (Appendix), maps. 
 
 Slightly ornithological passim; e. g., Vol. II, Chap. XXII, ** Various Kinds of 
 Birds. — Aquatic Fowls ", p. 29. 
 
 1792. Belknap, J. The | History | of | New-Hampshire. | Vol. III. | Con- 
 
 taining a geographical description of | the State ; | with sketches of 
 its natural { history, productions, | improvements, and | present 
 state of Society and Manners, | laws and government. | By Jeremy 
 Belknap, A. M. | Member of the Philosophical Society in Phila- 
 del- I phia, and of the Academy of Arts and Sciences | in Massachu- 
 setts. I Printed at Boston, for the Author, | by Belknap and Young, | 
 State street. I — I MDCCXCIL Sm.8vo. pp. 1-480, 1-8. > Chapter 
 X. Native Animals : Birds, pp. 165-174. 
 
 The whole work is in 3 vols., of wbich vol. Ill alone is here cited. There is 
 said to be another ed., 8vo, Boston, 1813. 
 
 Annotated list of 123 spp. of birds of New Hampshire. " The most full, which 
 has been collected, but cannot boast of perfection." Picus maculosus, p. 166; 
 Oharadrius maculatus,^. 169; FringiUa grisea, Muscieapa fusca, p. 173, spp. nn., 
 but no descriptions. I have seldom seen this work mentioned withreference to 
 ornithology, its connection with which is scarcely recognized. 
 
590 BIBUOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. ITOa-lVOd [24 
 
 1792. Cartwright, G. A | Journal | of | TransactionBandEveats, | dnriDg 
 a I residence of nearly sixteen years | on the | Coast of Labrador ; | 
 containing I many interesting particulars, | both of the | Country 
 and its Inhabitants, | not hitherto known. | Illustrated with proper 
 charts. | — | By George Cartwright, Esq. | — | In three volumes. 
 I — I Vol. I [-III]. I — I Newark: | . . . . | — | 1792. 3vol8.4to. 
 Vol.I, Ip. 1., pp. i-viii, 1-287. Vol. II, pp. i-x, 1-505. Vol.III,pp. i-x, 
 1-248, [1]-[15]. 
 ContaiDs informal notices of mammals and birds passim. 
 
 1792. Pennant, T. Arctic Zoology, etc. . . . London, 1792. 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 This I have not seen, and can say nothing about. See the orig. ed., 1785. 
 
 1793. Barteam, W. Travels | through | North and South Carolina, | Geor- 
 
 gia, I East and West' Florida, | the Cherokee Country, | the exten- 
 sive Territories of the Mascogulges | or Creek confederacy, | and the 
 country of the Chaotaws. | Containing an account of the soil and 
 natural produc- | tions of those regions; | together with observa- 
 tions on the manners of the Indians. | Embellished with copper- 
 plates. I — I By William Bartram. | — | Dublin : | for J. Moore, W. 
 Jones, E. McAllister, and J. Rice. | — | 1793. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. xxiv, 
 520, with 6 11. index, pU. 
 
 See the orig. ed., 1791. This Bnblin ed. is said to be a mere reprint of the first 
 London ed., identical therewith in title, size, pagination, plates, and index. 
 
 1793. Baktram, W. William Bartram's | Reiseu | durch | Nord- und Slid- 
 
 Karolina, | Georgien, Ost- und West-Florida, | das Gebiet | der 
 Tscherokesen, Krihks und Tschaktahs, | nebst umstandlichen 
 Nachrichten | vou den Einwohnern, dem Boden und don Natur- 
 produkten | dieser wenig bekannten grossen Lander. | — | Aus 
 dem Englischen. | — | Mit erlautemden Anmerkungen | von | E. 
 A. W. Zimmermann, | Hofrath und Professor in Braunschweig. 
 1 vol. sm. Bvo. pp. i-xxvi, 1 1., 1-469, pi. = Magazin von merk- 
 wiirdigen neuen Reisebeschreibnngen u. s. w. Zehnter Band. Ber- 
 lin, 1793. 
 
 See the orig. ed., 1791. In this edition, Bartram's list of Birds is at pp. 279-294, 
 and other bird-matter follows to p. 301. The list is partly given in the English, 
 partly translated, annotated with references to Seligmann's Catesby, and other- 
 wise bedevilled by the editor, who undertakes to identify most of Bartram's 
 species, and succeeds in many cases. Of Bartram's genus JJucar he remarks 
 very pertinently, "Dies Wort ist mir unbekannt, vielleicht ein Drncltfehler." 
 
 1794. Bartram, W. Travels | through ) North and South Carolina, | Geor- 
 
 gia, I East and West Florida, | the Cherokee country, | the ex- 
 tensive Territories of the Muscognlges | or Creek confederacy, | and 
 the country of the Chactaws. | Containing | an account of the soil 
 and natural produc- | tions of those regions ; | together with | ob- 
 servations on the manners of the Indians. | Embellished with 
 copper-plates. | — | By William Bartram. | — | The second edition 
 in London.) — | Philadelphia: Printed by James and Johnson. 
 1791. I London : | Reprinted for J. Johnson, in St. Paul's Churoh- 
 Yard. | — | 1794. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. i-xxiv, 1-520, -f 4 11. ; map, 
 frontispiece, and 7 pU. 
 
 See the orig. ed., 1791. In the present edition, which is substantially the 
 same as the original, the list of birds is at pp. 265-294, and bird-matter continues 
 to p. 300 i also occurs passim, as In the original. 
 
25] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1794-179G 591 
 
 1794. LosKiEL, G. H. History | of the | Mission | of the | United Breth- 
 ren I among the | Indians in North America. | — | In Three 
 Parts. I — I By I George Henry Loakiel. | — | Translated from the 
 German | by Christian Ignatius La Trobe. i — | London : | printed 
 for the Brethren's Society for the | Furtherance of the Gospel : | sold 
 at No. 10, Nevil's Court, Fetter Lane; | and by John Stoclsdale, 
 opposite Burlington House, | Piccadilly. | — | 1794. 1 vol. sm. 8vo. 
 Part I, pp. i-xii, map, 1-159. Part II, pp. 1-234. Part III, pp. 1-233, 
 + 11 unpaged 11. of index and ads. 
 
 Orig. German ed., 1788 ; in thepresentone, Parti, Chap. VII, " Birds ", pp. 89-94, 
 tliere are remarks upon a few large or otherwise conspionona species, such as 
 wonld be likely to attract the casual observation of a missionary. These are 
 presented for the most part under binomial Latin as well as vernacular names. 
 The ubiquitous " Wakon bird", here called "the bird of the Great Spirit, and 
 probably a species of the bird of paradise ", reappears, clothed in a very gorgeous 
 description. 
 
 1794. Williams, S. Natural and Civil History of Vermont. . . . 
 
 Walpole, N. H. 1794. 8vo. 
 
 Kot seen. There is a later edition, 1809, g. v. About a dozen pages are said to 
 be devoted to the birds of the State, some 50 species being treated, under tech- 
 nical names, with various notes. 
 
 1795. Hkarnb, S. a | Journey | from | Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's 
 
 Bay, I to I the Northern Ocean. | Undertaken | by order of the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company, | for the Discovery | of copper mines, A North- 
 west passage, &o. | In the years 1769, 1770, 1771, & 1772. | — | By 
 Samuel Hearne. | — | London: | printed for A. Strahan and T. 
 Cadell : | And Sold by T. Cadell Jun. and W. Davis, (Successors to | 
 Mr. Cadell,) in the Strand. I 1795. 1 vol. large 4to. pp. i-sliv, 1-458, 
 1 1., 9 maps and views. ]> Birds. Chap. X. pp. 398-448. 
 
 " The account of the principal quadrupeds and birds that frequent those North- 
 em regions in summer, as well as those which never migrate, though not de- 
 scribed in a soientiflc manner, may not be entirely unacceptable to the most sci- 
 entific zoologists, " says the author modestly, in his preface ; and I entirely agree 
 with him. He gives a good, faithful account of his observations on some fifty 
 or more species, among them the notable " Homed "Wavey " (p. 442), which after- 
 ward became Anser rossii of Baird. The whole story of " honest old Hearne " 
 is interesting as well as veracious, and may be profitably consulted to this day. 
 
 1796. Carver, J. Three years | Travels | through the | interioi parts | of | 
 
 North America, | for more than | five thousand miles; | containing | 
 an account of the great lakes, and all the lakes, islands, | and rivers, 
 Cataracts, mountains, minerals, | soil and vegetable productions of 
 the North- | west regions of that vast continent; | with a | descrip- 
 tion of the Birds, beasts, | reptiles, insects, and fishes | peculiar to 
 the country. | Together with a concise | history of the genius, man- 
 ners, and customs | of the Indians inhabiting the lands that lie | ad- 
 jacent to the heads and to the westward | of the great river Missis- 
 sippi ; I and an appendix, | describing the uncultivated parts of 
 America that | are the most proper for forming settlements. | — j 
 By Captain Jonathan Carver, | of the provincial troops in Amer- 
 ica. I — I Philadelphia: | Published by Key & Simpson; — 1796. 
 1 vol. "8vo" (half-sheets, 4 1. to a sig.). pp. i-xx, 1-360, 1-20. 
 >Chap. XVIIL > Of the Birds, pp. 309-316. 
 
592 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. IVDO-ITSO [26 
 
 1796. Carver, J. — Continued. 
 
 A list of a1)otit 40 species, witli formal notice of half as many, most of wlioli 
 are identifiaUe. Here, as in some other works of the period, appears the cele- 
 brated "'Wabon bird" (p. 314), an object of superstition among the Indians, 
 which has taxed the gnesaing faculty of ornithologists to no avail. Farts of 
 the description suit Milvulus ; but the bird is probably fictitious, the account 
 being drawn from ** made-up " specimens used for religious or ornamental pur- 
 poses.— See earlier eds., 1778, 1781. 
 
 1796. Hearke, S. a | Jonrney | from | Prince of Wales's Fort, | in Hudson's 
 
 Bay, I to I the Northern Ocean. | Undertaken | by order of the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company. | For the discovery of | copper mines, a north 
 west passage, &c. | In the Years 1769, 1770, 1771, & 1772. | — | By 
 Samuel Hearne. | — | Dublin : | Printed for P. Byrne, No. 108, and 
 J. Eice, No. Ill, I Grafton-street. | — | 1796. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. i-1, 
 1-459, 1 p., 9 maps and plans. 
 
 See the orig. ed., 1795. In the present ed., the bird-matter is at pp. 399-450. 
 Same as the original, excepting in form. There is said to be another ed., 1807. 
 
 1797. Bosc, L. A. G. Description des objets nouveaux d'Histoire Naturelle 
 
 trouv^s dans une traversfie de Bordeaux ^ Charlestown [S. Car.]. 
 < Bull. Sob. Philom., 1797, p. 9. 
 
 Not seen. 
 1799. Barton, B. S. Fragments | of the | Natural History | of | Pennsyl- 
 vania. I — I By Benjamin Smith Barton, M. D. | Correspondent- 
 Member of the Society of the Antiquaries of Scotland ; Member | of 
 the American Philosophical Society ; Fellow of the American Acad- 
 emy I of Arts and Sciences of Boston ; Corresponding Member of 
 the I Massachusetts Historical Society ; Member of the Phy- | sical 
 Society of Jena ; one of the Foreign Members | of the Linnsean 
 Society of London ; | and | Professor of Materia Medioa, Natural 
 History and Botany, | in the | University of Pennsylvania. | — | 
 Part First. | — | Neglecta, — sparsa oolligit, utilia seligit — . | Bag- 
 livi. I QusB Praesenti Opusculo desnnt suppleat .Sltas. | Quintilian. | 
 — I Philadelphia : | Printed, for the author, by Way & Groff, | No. 
 48, North Third-Street. | 1799. Folio. Paper-cover title; other title, 
 dedication, introduction, =pp. i-xviii; and pp. 1-24 of main text. 
 
 No more published. Very scarce. Copy in Congressional Library, formerly 
 presented to the Kational Institute of Washington by the author's son, Thomas 
 Pennant Barton. This tract, a mere "fragment", as the author says, is one of 
 the most notable special treatises on North American ornithology of the last cen- 
 tury. The author had every qualification of a great naturalist except success, 
 his actual achievements being far from commensurate with his eminent ability 
 and erudition. He seems to have lacked the faculty of utilizing what he Imew ; 
 like a saturated solution wanting some slight circumstance to crystallize, the 
 result was never realized. Had Barton reaped what he sowed, the fatherhood of 
 American ornithology would be put back of Wilson. As it is, hie work remains 
 about on a par with that of Bartram in present significance, and its author is to- 
 day chiefly known in ornithology by having proposed for the Barn Swallow the 
 name Sirundo horreorvm, which has been current sincd Baird revived it in 1858. 
 
 The whole tract is ornithological — a bird -picture drawn in the vicinity of Penn- 
 sylvania. The "Introduction ", in effect, is chiefly an essay on migration, alleged 
 torpidity, etc., based on extensive personal observation, set forth with elegance, 
 erudition, and veracity. The main text consists, forthe most part, of a calendary 
 enumeration of the migratory birds of Pennsylvania, collated with the progress 
 of vegetation and various meteorological and miscellaneous observations. The 
 birds are treated in two categories: Sect. I. The Spring and Summer Birds ot 
 
27] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1T99 593 
 
 1799. Barton, B. S.— Continued. 
 
 Passage. Sect. II. Aatamnal and "Winter Birds of Passage. Sect. Ill is an an- 
 notated List of the resident Birds of Pennsylvania, occupying two folios. Then 
 follow occasional or accidental residents, occasional visitants, and "Additions "■ 
 The "Appendix", pp. 15-24, contains observations on the greater number of the 
 birds which are mentioned in the preceding tables. 
 
 Barton was a strict binomialist ; his nomenclature, however, is very imperfect, 
 being modelled closely after Bartram ; his tract, in fact, furnishes a valuable 
 commentary on Bartram, and a quasi-concordance of the Bartramian nomencla- 
 ture. Some new names are given to birds, in Sects. I and II, as follows, though 
 mostly without proper description, if any •.— Fringilla domestica, p. 3, nodescr., 
 = Spizella socialis ; J?". ea;iii«,p. l,no descr. (undetermined); F. pimts [Bartram], 
 p. 1, nodescr.,^ Ohrysomitrispinus ; Cer(Aia/aniiZiarw, p. 3[necauct.],nodescr., 
 = Troglodytes aedon V., = Motadlla riomes(ica Bartram ; OerthiafloridaTia, p. 5, no 
 Ae8CT., = Thryofhorus ludovicianita ; StrixdMirnaUs,'p. 9, nodescr., indet. ; these 
 being those which are marked " mihi "in the calendar, though some of them are 
 Bartram's, and though the calendar also inclndes some other names I never saw 
 elsewhere. Nooe of these are described at all. In Sect. Ill, where the birds are 
 noted "in the order of the LinnBeanarrangement", and especially in the "Appen- 
 dix", we find a much better state of things; some new names occurring accom- 
 panied by sufBcient description to entitle them to recognition, like Hirundo hor- 
 reoruin for example, and many other species of Bartram's being here identified 
 and described under their Bartramian names. "Whence it is obvious, thatthose 
 who fight shy of Bartram's names, for whatever reason, must take a number of 
 them on BarU>n's characterization. The following commentary will make the 
 point clear at which I aim : — 
 
 Page 11. 
 
 "Falco BEGALisof Bartram. Travels. Great Gray Eagle. This is our largest 
 Eagle." (Obviously = Haliaetus leucocephalus, juv.) 
 
 "Falco aqutlinus of Bartram. Travels. Great Eed-Tailed Hawk. This is 
 the largest species of Hawk hitherto discovered in Pennsylvania. The tail is of 
 a red brick color." (Now, those who refase to accept the specific term aquUimis 
 from Bartram, 1791, may say BUTEO AQTJILINUS (Baiton, 1799)! instead of 
 B. horealis Vieill.) 
 
 *' Falco glaucus of Bartram. Travels" (Bartram's description is repeated. 
 Now, those who dechne to have anything to do with Bartram, on the ground of 
 his untenable nomenclature, will necessarily observe that ELANUS GLAUCUS 
 (Barton, 1799)! must replace .B. leitcurus Temm.) 
 
 " Stbix varius of Bartram. MS." (The description clearly indicates that 
 this is a synonym of S. nebulosa Forster, 1772.) 
 
 *' Lanius collurio ? Eed-backed Shrike." (Apparently intended for the 
 young plumage of L. borealis. ) 
 
 " CoRVus CORONE. Carrion Crow. (Crow ) This is the Corvus frugivorus of 
 Bartram." (As I recently contended in Pi: PhUa. Acad., 1875, 346.) 
 
 "Certhia fusca of Bartram. MS. Brown-Creeper." (Fally described. A 
 synonym of Oerthiarufa Bartram, Trav., 1791, = C.familiaris auct.) 
 
 Page 13. 
 
 "PsiTTACUS pertinax) HUnois Parrot? Either this or some other species of 
 the genus deserves to be mentioned among the birds of Pennsylvania." {Obvi- 
 ously referring 'to Oonunts caroUnensis.) 
 
 Page 15. 
 
 *'MU8CICAPA FUSCA. Thisls the Muscicapa nunciola of Bartaam. Travels." 
 
 "Alauda rubra. The Alauda migratoria of Bartram. Travels. The Alauda 
 fusca of the same gentleman." 
 
 " Fringilla D0ME8TICA (mihi). Motacilla domestica, or Eegulus rufus of Bar- 
 tram. Travels. In very mild winters, this sociable domestic little bird continues 
 with us. It is the earliest of our spring singing birds. Its note is tremulous 
 and agreeable. Catesby has figured it, Vol. i, P. 35." (This is very uncertain j 
 Catesby's pi. 35 has been supposed to be Spizella pusilla, but never satisfactorily 
 identified, and Bartram's Motacilla domestica is the House Wren.) 
 
 38 BO 
 
594 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ITOff-lSOO [ss 
 
 1799. Barton, B. S.— Continued. 
 
 "Feingilla ferruginea. I snspect this is tbe Hedge-Sparrow of Lawson, P 
 144. It istheFringillarnfaof Bartram. Travels. Edwards calls it Little Spar- 
 row. PL 354. In New-Tork it is called the Shepard." ( WilsoD caUa the Tox 
 Sparrow (PassereUaUiaca) "rnfa" in one place, after Bartram, and "ferraginea" 
 in another, probably after Barton. But what bird Barton means here is not 
 evident.) 
 
 " Frikgilla exilis [sp. n.]. This a good deal resembles the Motacilla Regnlns, 
 or Golden-crested "Wren. Perhaps, they are the same." (Not identifiable.) 
 
 "Gracula quiscula!" (The author carefully distingnishes two species of 
 Grakles, one being the common Crow Blackbird {Q.purpureus), the other, here 
 called " G. quiscula ! ", after Sartram, being evidenllythe Q, major ol authors, 
 or the Boat-tailed Grakle.) 
 
 Page n. 
 
 " HiRUNDO RU8TICA ? Thls 18 not the Hirundo mstica of Europe. It wants a 
 name. It may be called Hirundo horreorum, from its so generally frequenting 
 onr barns to build its nest." 
 
 Page 18. 
 
 " Motacilla troglodytes 1 This is the Motacilla palnstris, or Kegnlns mi- 
 nor, of Bartram. Travels." (That ia, Ciitothorus palustris.) 
 
 "Certhia FAMILL4RIS (mlhl). 1 now suspect, that this is no other than the 
 Certhia familiaris of LiuDseus," . . . (But it certainly is not, if he means the 
 same bird he called *' C. familiaris" on p. 3.) 
 
 " Lanius TTRANNUS. This I rather Consider as a spocles ofMuscicapa. It may 
 be called Muscicapa rex " (sp. n. =carolinen8is Gm.). 
 
 Page 20. 
 
 " Certhia i-xokibana (mihi). This bird I do not find figured or described. It 
 is mentioned by Mr. Bartram {Travels), under the name of Motacilla coroliniaoa, 
 or Kegulus magnus," etc. (Full description follows. The bird is evidently Tkry- 
 oth&rus ludovieianus (Lath.).) 
 
 " Fringilla pinus (mibi)." (Given as a new species ; bat the name Carduehis 
 pintts occurs in Bartram for the same species.) 
 
 1799. Bartram, W. Voyage | dans les parties snd | de I'Am^rique | septen- 
 
 trionale ; | Savoir : les Carolines septentrionale et m^ridio- | nale, 
 la Georgie, les Florides orientale et | occid^ntale, le pays des Chero- 
 k6es, le vaste | territoire des Muscogulges on de la conf^dfi- | ration 
 Creels, et le pays des Chactaws; | Contenant des details sur le sol et 
 les productions natu- | relies de ces contrfes, et des observations sur 
 les moeurs des Sauvages qui les habifcent. | Par Williams [sic] Bar- 
 tram. I Imprim^ k Philadelphie, en 1791, et h Londres, | en 1792, 
 et trad, de I'angl. par P. V. Beaoist. | Tome Premier [Second]. | A 
 Paris, I Chez j Carteret et Brosson, libraires, rue Pierre- | Sarrasin, 
 n^'lS et7. I jDugour et Dnrand, me et maison Serpente. | An VII. 
 [1799.] 8 vols. sm. 8vo. Vol. I, half-title, frontispiece, title, pp. 
 1-457, 1 1., map, and pll. Vol. II, half-title, title, pp. 1-436, 1 1., pi. 
 
 See the orig. ed., 1791. In this French version, the list of birds is in vol. II, at 
 pp. 40-56, and bird-matter continues to p. 66 ; also occurs elsewhere, as in the 
 original. 
 
 1800. D'Eres, C. D. E. Memoirs | of | Charles Dennis Eusoe D'Eres, | 
 
 A Native of Canada; | Who was with the Scanyawtauragahroo- 
 ote I Indians eleven years, with a particular | account of his Suf- 
 erings, &c. during | his tarry with them, and his safe | return 
 to Lis Family Connec- | tions in Canada ; j to which is added | An 
 Appendix, | containing | A brief account of their Persons, Dress, 
 
29] 
 
 IJIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPE:JDIX. 180Ji-1803 595 
 
 1800. D'ElJES, C. D. E.— Continued. 
 
 I Manners, Eeokoning, Time, Mode of Govern- | ment, &o. Feasts, 
 Dances, Hunting, Wea- | pons of War, &o. Making Peace, Diversions, 
 I Courtship, Marriage, Religious Tenets, | Mode of Worsliip, Dis- 
 eases, Method of ] Cure, Burying their Dead, Character | of the 
 Scanyawtanragahrooote Indians, | Particular Description of the 
 Quadru- | peds, Birds, Fishes, Reptiles and Insects, | which are to 
 be met with on and in the | vicinity of Scanyawtanragahrooote | 
 Island. I — I Copy Eight Secured. | — | Printed for, and Sold by 
 Henry Ranlet, Exeter. | — | 1800. 1 vol. sm. 12mo. pp. i-vi, 7-176. 
 Chapter XV, on the quadrupeds, birds, etc. (pp. 170-173), names many kinds of 
 the latter, and describes more particularly the Blackbird, Hummingbird, the 
 "Whetsaw {Coccygus erythropMJuUTnus?), anA the famous " Wacon-bird "- The 
 description of the latter is not reconcilable with any known species, but, in the 
 light of other accounts of the same bird, may be doubtfully considered a hint of 
 Milvulus forficatus. Field says of our author that " his narrative is at all events 
 little better than a fiction". 
 
 1800. Jefferson, T. Jefferson's | Notes, | on the State of Virginia; | with 
 
 the I Appendixes — complete. | — | To which is subjoiued, | [etc.] 
 I — I Baltimore: | Printed by W. Pechin, [etc.] | 1800. 1vol. 8vo. 
 pp. 1-194, (l)-(53), [1]-[21] (three -separate paginations). 
 In this edition, the list of the birds is at pp. 72-77. 
 
 1801. Jbffeeson, T. Notes | on the | State of Virginia. | — | By Thomas 
 
 Jefferson. | — | First hot-pressed edition. | — | Philadelphia. | E. T. 
 Rawle, Publisher, — June, 1801. | John Thompson, Printer. 1 vol. 
 Svo. 2 p. 1., pp. 436, .56, frontisp., 1 pi., and maps. 
 Birds in this edition at pp. 133-137. 
 
 1801. Jefferson, T. Notes | on the | State of Virginia. | With an | Appen- 
 
 dix. I — I By Thomas Jefferson. | — | Third American Edition. | — 
 I — I New-York : | Printed by M. L. & W. A. Davis. — For Furman 
 & Loudon, I [etc.] | — | 1801. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 392, frontisp., map, 
 and folded leaf. 
 
 Though this is called the " 3d ", there were certainly more than two previous 
 editions. Birds at pp. 102-107. 
 
 1802. Jefferson, T. Notes | on the | State of Virginia. | With an | 
 
 Appendix. | ^ | By Thomas Jefferson. | — | Ninth American 
 edition. | — | Boston : | Printed by H. Sprague, No. 44, Marlboro' 
 Street. | 1802. 1 vol. 18mo. pp. 368, map, tab., and pi. 
 Birds at pp. 95-100. 
 
 1802. Sewastianoff, — . Description d'une nouvelle espfece de Canard et 
 
 d'une variety de I'huitrier, qui se tronvent da^s le cabinet d'histoire 
 naturelle de I'Academie Imperiale des Sciences. < Nova Acta Acad. 
 Scienf. Imp. Petrop.for 1800, xiii, 1H02, pp. 346-351, pi. x. 
 
 Anas canagioa, sp. n., p. 349, pi. a, and a black Scematopus, not named {after- 
 ward K. niger Pall.), both from Northwestern America, 
 
 1803. Jeffbrson, T. Notes | on the | State of Virginia. | With an f Ap- 
 
 pendix I relative to the murder of Logan's family. | By Thomas 
 Jefferson. | — | — | Trenton : | Printed by Wilson & Blackwell, 
 for Mathew Carey, No. 118 Market-st, | Philadelphia. | — | 1803. 1 
 vol. 16mo. pp. 356, no illustr. 
 Birds at pp. 9-1-98. 
 
596 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ISOS-Ig©? [30 
 
 1805. Barton, B. S. Letter to M. Lacepede, of Paris, on the Natural His- 
 tory of North America. <^Tilloch'8 Pliilos. Mag., xxu,l80b,Tip.97- 
 103,204-211. 
 
 Only the second instalment of the article relates to birds. It notices the 
 migrations of a few North American species, asserts the torpidity in winter of 
 Swallows, Swifts, and Hummingbirds, and the breeding of Aix sponsa in trees. 
 
 1307. Barton, B. S. A | Discourse | on | some of the principal desiderata | 
 in I Natural History, | and on | the best means of promoting the 
 study I of this | Science, | in the United States. | — | Read before the 
 Philadelphia Linnean Society, | on the 10th of June, 1807. | — | By 
 Benjamin Smith Barton, M. D., | President of the Society ; one of 
 the Vice-Presidents of the | American Philosophical Society; pnd 
 Professor of | Materia Medea, Natural History and Botany, | in the 
 University of Pennsylvania. | — | Philadelphia : | Printed by Den- 
 ham & Town, No. 278, South Second-street. | — | 1807. "8vo" 
 (half-sheets). 3 p. 11., pp. 9-90. 
 A rare tract. Ornithological matter at pp. 20-22, 68, 79, 88-90. 
 
 1807. Clavigero, F. S. The | History | of | Mexico. | Collected from | 
 Spanish and Mexican historians, | from | Manuscripts and ancient 
 paintings of the Indians. | Illustrated by | charts, and other copper 
 j)lates. I To which are added, | critical dissertations | on the | land, 
 the animals, and inhabitants of Mexico. | By Abb6 D. Francesco 
 Saverio Clavigero. | Translated froin the original Italian, | By 
 Charles Cullen, Esq. | The second edition. | In two volumes. | Vol. 
 I [II]. I London : | printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Churchyard, 
 I by Joyce Gold, Shoe Lane. | — | 1807. 2 vols. 4to. Vol. I, map, 
 titles, pp. v-xxxii , 2 11. , pp. 1-476, pll. 24. Vol. II, 2 p. 11., pp. 1-463. 
 VoL I, Boot I, Sect XI, Birds of Mexico, in thisedition at pp. 46-56; asnmmary 
 account of sundry kinds, of no special value now, nnless it be for the Mexican 
 and Spanish names under which such as are identifiable are presented. 
 
 1S07. Hbarne, S. Journey to the Northern Ocean, etc. London, 1807. 
 Not seen.— See the earlier eds., 1795 and 1796. 
 
 1807. ViEiLLOT, L. p. Histoire Naturelle | des Oiseaux | de | L'Am^rique 
 Septentrionale, | contenant un grand nombre d'espfeces diScrites ou 
 figur6es | pour la premifere fois. | Par M. L. P. Vieillot, | continna- 
 teur de I'Histoire des Colibris et des Oiseaux-Monohes ; auteur de 
 celle des Jacamars, | des Grimpereaux, des Promerops, des Oiseanx 
 de Paradis et de la plupart des articles d'Ornithologie | du nouveau 
 Diotionalre d'Histoire Naturelle, etc. | Tome premier [second]. | — | 
 A Paris, | chez Desray, Libraire, Rue Hautefeuille, N" 4. | 
 M. DCCC. VII. I De I'lmprimerie de Crapelet. | 2 vols, folio, pll. 
 Vol. I, 2 p. 11., pp. iv, 90, pll. 1-57. Vol. II, 1 p. 1., pp. li, 74, pll. 57 
 6W-124 (In each vol. some numbers of the pll. duplicated). Stated 
 to have been published in 22 livraisons of 6 pll. each. Prfitre pinx. 
 Bouquet sculp. Langlois imp. 
 
 " C'est done cet Ouvrage, fruit d'une longue suite derecherches sur les mcBurs 
 et le genre de vie des Oiseaux de rAiu6rique septentrionale et de Saint-Domin- 
 gae, que je pr6sente an public. II contient I'histolre de pr6s de quatro cents 
 esp^ces, dont cinquante au moins sent nouvelles, et dont environ cent soixante 
 n'ont point 6t6 d6critcs par Catesby, Edwards et Bnffon." (Avertissement.) 
 Plusieures de ces esp^ces tiennent la priority sur oelles d6crites par Wilson 
 
31] 
 
 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1 807-1 80§ 597 
 
 1807. VlbilloTj.L. P. — Continued. 
 
 Lea nouvellea eapfioes sont indiqu^ea dans la Hate aui-vante.— Vol. L PI. 1, bees 
 de plusieurea esp^cea. S, Vnltur urnbu, n. a., p. 23. 9 bis, V. aura. 3, Aquila 
 leuoooephala. 3 bis, A. maouloaa, d. s., p. 28. 4, A. piaoatrix, n. s., p. 29. 5, Buteo 
 faaons, n. a., p. 31. 6, B. ferrugiDicaudua, n. a., p. 32. (B. gallinivorua, n. a., p. 33, no 
 • pi.) (B;fulvaa, n. a., p. 34, no pi.) 7, Ciroua hlemalia. 8, C. europogiatua. 9,0. 
 hndaonraa. (C. variegataa, n. e., p.37,nopl.) 10, Milvua furcatus. 10 6is, Mil- 
 vaa cenohria, n. s., p. 38. 11, Tinnnnoalus oolambarias. 12, 13, T. aparverius. 
 14, Accipiter atilatus, u. a.,p. 42. 14 bis, Accipiter rafioaudus, n. a., p. 43. 15, 
 Strix phalaenoides. 16, S. nudipea. 17, S. nebulosa. 18, S. nyctea. 19, Bubo 
 pinioola, D. a.,p.51. 20, B. clamator, n. s., p. 52. 21, B. asio. 22, B. nudipea, u. s., 
 p. 53. (B. striatua, n. s., p. 54, no pi.) 23, Caprimulgus Tirginianus [= Antroatomua] . 
 24, C. popetue, n. a., p. 50. 25, C. rufaa [Vieill., neo Bodd., = Antroat. carolinenais], 
 p. 57. 26, 27, Hirundo caeralea, n. a., p. 57. 28, 29, H. domlnicenaia. 30, H. vofa, 
 n.a.,p.60. 31, H.bicolor, n. 8.,p.t)l. 33, H. falva, n. s., i?. 62. 33, H. pelaagLi. 34, 
 Muacicapa gilva, u. a., p. 65. 35, 36, M. rnticUla. 37, M. albioapiUa, n. a., p. 66. 
 38, M. altiloqua, n. a., p. 67. 39, M. querula, n. a., p. 68. 40, M. fuaca. 41, M. flava, 
 n. 8., p. 69. 42, M. armillata, n. a., p. 69. (M. flaviventria, n. a., p. 'lO, no pi.) 43, Ty- 
 rannua aavana, u. o., p. 72. 44, T. pipiri, n. a., p. 73. 45, T. ludovioianus, n. a., p. 75. 
 46, T. griseua, n. a., p. 76. 47, T. sulphuratua. 48, T. atricapillua, n. a., p. 78. 49, T. 
 canadenaia. 50, Lauiua borealia, n. a., p. 80. 51, L. ardoaiacua, n. a., p. 81. 52,Yireo 
 mualcua, n. a,, p. 83. 53, V. virescena, n. a., p. 84. 54, T. flavifrona, n. a., p. 85. 
 55, loterla dumicola, n. a., p. 85. 56, Todua viridia. 57, Bombycilla cedrorum, 
 n. a., p. 88.— Vol. n. PI. 57 Ms,Turduafu8Catu8, n. 3.,p. 1. 58, T. plumbeua. 59, T. 
 rufus. 60, 61, T. migratorius. 62, T. muatelinua. 63, T. minor "Gm."(+fn3cu3 
 "Gm."]. 64, T. ooronatua, n. a., p. 8. 65, T. motaclUa, n. s., p. 9. 66, T. naBvina. 
 67, T. felivox, n. a., p. 10. 68, T. orpheua. 68 Ins, T. gilvua, n. a., p. 15. 69, 70, T. 
 palmarum. 71, Sylvia ruseeicauda, n. a., p. 17. 72, S. peneilia. 73, S. palmarum. 
 74, S. volata, n. a., p. 32. 75, 76, S. atriata. 77, S. mitrata. 78, 79, a coronata. 80, S. 
 cosTuleacena. 81, S. Eequinoctialis. 82, S. noveboracenais. 83, S. protonotariua. 
 84, S. leuooptera, n. s., p. 28. 85, S6, S. trichaa. 87, S. griaeicollia, n. a., p. 29. 88, S. 
 csernlea. 89, S. flava, n. s., p. 31. 90, S. ioterocephala. 90 6is, S. bioolor, ji. a., p. 32. 
 91, S. petechia. 92, S. virens. 93, S. maculoaa. 94, S. tigrina "Lath." 95, S. 
 aeativa. 96, S. blackburniaj. 97, S. cbrysoptera. 98, S. discolor. 99, S. torqoata, 
 11. a., p. 38. 100, S. pumilia, n. a., p. 39. 101, 102, 103, S. alalia. (S. vireaceaa, n. a., 
 p. 42, no pi.) (S. fiavopygia, n. a., p. 47, no -pi.) 104, 105, Kegulue rubineoa, n. s , 
 p. 49. 106, E.oriatatua[V., neo Lath.]. 107, Trogl. aedon, n. a., p. 52. 108, T. arundi- 
 nacens, n. a., p. 55. 109, Picua principalis. 110, P. pileatua. Ill, P. cinnaraomeus. 
 112, 113, P. erythrocephalus. 114, P. striatua, 115, P. pasaerina. 116, P. griseua, 
 n. a., p.62. 117, P. rubidicoUie, n. »., p. 63. 118, 119, P. variua. 120, P. villoaus. 
 121, P. pubeacena. 122, P. borealia, n. s., p. 66. 123, P. auratus. (P. flaviventria, 
 n. a., p. 67, no pi.) 124, P. birsutus, n. s., p. 68. (P. undulatus, n. a., p. 69, no pi.) 
 
 1808-14. Wilson, A. American Ornithology ; | or, | the Natural History | of 
 the I Birds of the United States : | Illustrated with Plates | En- 
 graved and Colored from Original Drawings taken from Nature. | 
 By Alexander Wilson. | Vol. I [-IX]. | Philadelphia : | Published by 
 Bradford and Inskeep. | Printed by Robert Carr [mut, mut.]. | — | 
 1808 [1810, 1811, 1811, 18l!>, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1814]. 9 vols., imp. 
 4to. Vol. I, 1808, pp. i-vi, 1-158, pU. 1-9. Vol. U, 1810, pp. iii- 
 xii, 13-167, pU. 10-18. Vol. Ill, 1811, pp. iii-xvi, 17-120, pll. 19-27. 
 Vol. IV, 1811, pp. iii-xii, 13-100, pll. 28-36. Vol. V, 1812, pp. iii- 
 xii, 13-122, pll. 37-45. Vol. VI, 1812, pp. iii-xx, 13-102, pll. 46-54. 
 .Vol. VII, 1813, pp. iii-xii, 13-132, pll. 55-63. Vol. VIII, 1814, pp. i-xi, 
 13-146, pll. 64-72, woodcc. opp. pp. 117, 118. Vol. IX, 1814, pp. iii- 
 Ivii, 1 1., pp. 61-133, + 11 1., pll. 73-76. 
 
 Vol. I, 1808. — Oorvtts cristatus, pi. 1, f. i ; FringiUa trisiis, f. 2 ; Icterus balti- 
 vwre, f. 3 ; Tardus melodus (ap. n., p. 29), pi. 2, f. 1 ; T. migratorius, 1 2 ; Sitla cara 
 
698 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX, 1§08 [^2 
 
 1808-14. Wilson, A.— Continued. 
 
 linensis, f. 3 ; Sitta varia (Bartr.), p. 43, pi. 2, f. 4 j Picus auratus, pi. 3, f. 1; JEm- 
 beriza americana, f. 2 ; Sylvia sialis, f. 3 ; Oriolus mutatus (ep. n., p. 64), pi. 4, rf* 9 , 
 yg". ©ffg; Lamus excid)itor, pL 5, f. 1; Loxia enucUater, f. 2; Sylvia ctdendula 
 f.3; J.Zcmda aZpe«<m, f.4; Sylvia marilandica (sp.ii.,p. 88),pl. 6, f. 1; Piprapoly- 
 glotta {8p. n.,p. 90), £2; Tanagra cestiva, f. 3, 4; Fri-n^lla eyarieUt f.5; 2luscicapa 
 ruticiUa, t 6j ATnpeiw am'ricana (sp. n., p. 107), pi. 7, f. 1; PIlus carollnu8,i. 
 2; J/7f5ac«pa syiuicoto (sp.n., p. 117), f.3; JVinyiHa pu-rpwrca, f. 4 ; Certkiafamili- 
 arts, pi. 8, f. 1 ; Sylvia regulus, f. 2 ; Honse "Wren (not here named Inuomially, but 
 with rof. to MotadUa domestica Bivtr.), f.3; Pants atricapiUuSff.4; P.bicolor, 
 f. 5 ; Syloia troglodytes ? [Winter Wren], f. 6 ; Pic-us crythrocepkaliis, pi. 9, f. 1 ; P, 
 vftrizi*, f. 2 ; P. mL'oOTi*, f. 3 ; P.puhescens^ f. 4. 
 
 Vol. II, 1810.— Tiirdits polygloUus, pi. 10, f. 1,2; l}rocMlus colubris, f.3, 4; Emb&- 
 riza erythropthalma [sic], f, 5, C; Loxia cardinalis, pL 11, £ 1,2; Tanagra rubra, 
 f.3,4; Emberiza oryzivora, pi. 12, f.1,2; Sylvia [Yireo'] olivacea, f.3 (teit disa- 
 grees); Certhia paZustris (&p. n. [Bartram], p. 58), f. 4; G. caroUniana, sp. n. 
 (Bartr.), p. 61, f. .5; Sylvia Jlavicollis, f. G ; Lanius ij/ra?i7iu*, pL 13, f. 1 ; Mundeapa 
 crinita, f. 2; M. qucrula {sp. n., p. 77), f. 3j M. nunciola(9'p. n. [Bartr.], p. 78), f. 4 ; Jf. 
 rapax (sp. n., p. 81), f. 5 ; Turdus rvfus, pi. 14, f. 1 ; T. aurocapilla, f. 2 ; T. lividus (sp. 
 ii.,p. 90),f. 3; Sylvia castanea (sp. n., p. 97), f. 4; S. pennsylvanica, f.5; S.philadeir 
 phia{ejt. n., p. 101), f. '•; Picus querulus (ay. n., -p. lOS), pi 15, f. 1; Sitta pusilla (sp.n., 
 p. 105j, f. 2 ; Falco columbarliis, f. 3 ; Sylvia solUaria (sp. n., p. 109), f. 4 ; 8. dtrinella 
 (sp. ii.,.p. Ill), f. 5; S. chry sopter a, f.G; S. canadensis, f. G7 ; Falco 8parveriu8,pl.i6, 
 f. 1 ; FHngiUa pusilla (sp. n., p. 121), f. 2 ; F. arborea (sp. n ., p. 123), f, 3 ; F. melodia 
 (sp. D., p. 125), f. 4 ; F. socialis (sp. n., p. 127), f. 5 ; F. nivalis (sp. n. (Bartr.), p. 129), 
 £6; F.pinus (sp.n., p..l33, Bartr.), pi. 17, £1; Loxia rosea {ap. n., p. 135), £2; 
 Sylvia virens, £ 3 ; ^S". coror.ata, £ 4 ; *S. cerulea (sp. n., p. 141), £ 5 ; Musdcapa soll- 
 taria (sp. n.,p. 143), £6; Fmberiza pecoris, -p\. 18, f. 1,2,3; Sylvia rnarilandica, ^, 
 £ 4 ; Mitseicapa ccerulea, f. 5 ; ilf. cantatrix (sp. n. (Bartr.), p. 1C6), f. 6. 
 
 Yol.llL, ISll.— Strix ncevia, pi. 19, f. 1; Aiauda majna, f. 2; Certhia maculata 
 (sp. n., p. 23), £ 3 ; Sylvia pinus, f. 4 ; TaTiajra ludoviciana (sp. n., p. 27), pi. 20, £ 1 ; 
 Odrvus columbiamts i&p.o., p. 29), £ 2; Picu« torquatus (ap. n.,p. 31), £3; Corvus 
 canadensis, pL 21, £ 1; Emberiza nivalis, f. 2; Gracula fsrru^inea, f. 3; Graeula 
 quiscdla, £ 4 ; Fringilla palustris (Bartr.) (sp. n., p. 49), pi 22, £ 1 ; Jl albicoUis, £ 2 ; 
 F. ru/a (Bartr.) (ap. n., p. 53), f.4;F, bavanna (t-p. n., p. 55), £ 3 ; Laniits carolinensis 
 (sp. n., p. 57), £ 5 ; Alcedo aleydn, pi. 23, f. 1 ; Siflvia magnolia (sp. n., p. 63), £ 2 ; S. 
 blackburnia, £ 3 ; & auturnnalis (sp. n , p. 65), £ 4 ; Turdus aquaiicus (sp. n., p. 66), 
 £5; Fmberiza ciiis, pi. 24, f. 1, 2 ; Sylvia protonotarius, £ 3; S.vermivora, £ 4; 
 Fringilla passerina, £ 5; Loxia ccerulea, £ 6; JViico misiaippiensis (sp.n., p. 80), 
 pi. 25, £ 1 ; Sylvia peregrina (sp. n., p, 83), f. 2 ; S./ormosa (sp. n., p. 85), £ 3 ; S. mi- 
 nuta (sp.n., p. 87), £4; Psittacus carolinensis, pi. •J6, £1; Musdcapa canadensis, 
 £2; M. cucullata,i\3; if.pwsiiZa (sp. n.,p. 103),£4; Tetrao cupido, pi. 21, f.l; Syl- 
 via rara (sp. n , p. 119), £ 2 ; S. rvficapiUa, £ 3. 
 
 Vol. IV, 1811.— Cwcu^us carolinensin (sp. n. [Bartr], p. 13), pi. 28, £ 1; O. ery- 
 thropthalma [sic] (sp. n., p. 14), £2 ; Sylvia pusilla (sp. n.,p. 17), £ 3; S.petechia, 
 £ 4 J Picus pri/ndpalis, pi. 29, f. 1 ; P.jnleatus, f. 2 (text disagrees) ; Sturnus preda- 
 iorius (sp. n. [Bartr.], p. 30), pi. 30, £ 1, 2 ; Sylvia striata, £ 3 ; Fringilla linaiia, £ 4 ; 
 Ourvirostra americana, pi. 31, £ 1, 2 ; C leucoptera, f. 3 ; Emberiza Icucophrys, £ 4 ; 
 E. graminea, £ 5 ; Strix nyctea, pi. 32, £ 1 ; Falco sparverius, £ 2 ; Falco lagopus, pi. 
 33, £ 1 ; Strix nebulosa, f. 2 ; S. brachyotos, £ 3 ; Strix passerina, pi. 34, £ I ; Fringilla 
 maritima (sp. n., p. 68), £ 2 ; F. caudacuta, t 3; F. sai anna, £ 4 ; Falco hyemalis, 
 pi. 35, £ 1 ; Corvus pica, £ 2 ; O. corone, £ 3 ; Falco leucocephalus, pi. 36. 
 
 Vol. V, 1812.— Falco halicetus, pi. 37, £ 1 ; Corvus osaifragus (sp. n., p. 27), £ -2; 
 Oharadrma hiaticula, £ 3 ; Tri/nga pusilla, f. 4 ; Hirundo americana (sp. u., p. 34), 
 £ 1, 2; H^. 73iridi« (sp. n., p. 44), f.3; H. riparia, £ 4 ; H. pelasgia, pi. 39, f.l; H. 
 purpurea, f. 2, 3 ; Sylvia agilis (ap. j., p. 64", £ 4 ; Caprimulgus americanus (sp. n., 
 p. 65), pi. 40, £ 1, 2 ; Caprimulgus vod/erus (sp. n., p. 71 ), pi. 41, £ 1, 2, 3 ; Strix asio, 
 pi. 42, £ 1 ; Musdcapa melodia (sp. n., p. 85), £ 2 ; Fringilla purpurea, £ 3 ; Alavda 
 rvtfa, £ 4 ; Columba carolinensis, pL 43, £ 1 ; Turdus soUtarius (sp. n., p. 95), £ 2 ; 
 r. mmtelinus (nee Gm., sp.n., p. 96), £3; Sylvia puiriUa (sp. n., p. 100), £4; Co- 
 lumba migratoria, pi. 44, f. 1 ; Sylvia montana (sp. n., p. 113 — never has been iden- 
 
33J 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1808 599 
 
 1808-14. Wilson, A.— Continued. 
 
 tified — is it not young D. virens 9), f. 2 ; S. pants (sp. n., p. 114), f. 3 ; Falco velox, 
 pi. 45, f. 1 ; Muscicapa rutidlla, f. 2 ; Sylvia coronata, f. 3. 
 
 Vol. VI, 1812.— Preface contains a " List of the Land Birds of the United 
 States, with their generic characters, according to the arrangement of Latham ". 
 In a few cases, the names do not agree with those in the text. The list is stated 
 to indicate the new species hy italics ; but it does not thus mark the many old 
 species to which "Wilson gave new names, and which are thus de jure new.— 
 Falco pennsylvanicus (s^.Ti ,^. 13), -p\,4G,i.l (this is Accipiter, afterward cooperi 
 Bp. , n-. t Buteo) ; Oolumba passerina, f. 2, 3 ; Scolopax gallinago^ pL 47, f. 1 ; Teirao 
 virginianus, i. 2 ; Rallus virginiamtis [= Forzana carolma], pi. 48, f. 1; Scolopax 
 ndnor, f. 2 ; Tetrao umbellus, pi. 49 ; Strix virginiana, pi. 50, f. 1 ; S. fiamtmea, f. 2 ; 
 Museicapa minuta, f. 5 (sp. n., p. 62 — never identified) ; Strix hudaonia, f. 6 (figs. 3 
 and 4 of this plate are quadrupeds) ; Falco uliginoaus, pi. 51, f, 1 ; Falco furca- 
 tu8, f. 2; Strix otu8, f. 3 ; Falco borealis, pL 52, f. 1; F. leverianus ?, f. 2 (young 
 of horealis); F. atricapillits (sp. n., p. 80), f. 3; F. niger (sp. n., p. 80), pi. 53, f. 
 1 ; var., f. 2 ; F. lineatus, f. 3 ; Oriolus baltimonts, f. 4 ; Emberiza erythropihalrna 
 [sic], f. i ; Falco pennsylvanicus bia, pi. 54, f. 1 (tbis is the huteo — not the Ac- 
 dpiter which is also called pennsylvanicus earlier in this volume) ; Caprimul- 
 gus carolinends, f. 2 ; Sylvia •mariti/ma (sp. n,, p. 99), t. 3 ; S. htriata, t 4. 
 
 Vol. VII, 1813 — the last published by the author himself .—i'Viico /wiyi*s, pi. 55, 
 f. 1; Falco ossifragus, f. 2; Scolopax borealis (nee Lath., sp. n., p. 22), pi. 56, f. 1; 
 3}rvnga alpina, f. 2 ; Scolopwx semi-palmata, f. 3 ; S. fedoa, f. 4 ; Tringa interpres, pi. 
 57, f. 1 ; T. d/nereat f. 2 ; 2\ dnclus, f. 3 ; Charadrius apricarius, f. 4 ; (Dringa rufa 
 (sp. n., p. 43), f. 5: Scolopax noveboracensis, p. 58, f. I ; Hecurvirostra himantopus, t 
 2 ; Tringa solitaria {sp. n., p. 5'J), f. 3 ; Scolopax fiavipes, f. 4 ; S. vociferus (sp. n,, p. 
 57), f 5; Tringa macularia, pl.59,f.lj T. &ar(ramm (sp. n., p. 63), tl 2; T.hiaticula 
 f. 3 ; Oharadrius calidris, f . 4 ; 0. pluvialis, f. 5 ,- 0. vod/era, f. 6 ; Sterna hirundo, pi. 
 60, f 1 ; S. minuta, f. 2 j S.plumbea (sp. n., p. 83), f. 3 ; Ehynchops nigra, f. 4 ; Procel- 
 lariapelagica, f. 6 — there is no fig. 5 ; Ardea virescens, pi. CI, f.l; A. nycticorax, f. 2, 
 3 ; A. egretta, f. 4 ; Mallus virginianus bis, pi. 62, f. i (this is rightly so named) ; R. 
 crepitans, f. 2 ; ,4 rdea ccerulea, f . 3 ; J. candidissim a, f. 4 ; Platalea ajaja, pi. 63, f. 1 ; 
 Mecuroirosira americana, f. 2 j Charadrius rubidus (sp. n., p. 129), f. 3 ; Tringa semi- 
 palmata (sp. n., p. 131), f. 4. 
 
 Vol. VIII, 1814 — " which was left unfinished by its ingenious and indefatigable 
 author", anil appeared under the editorship of G. Ord, who furnished the preface. 
 " The historical pare of the present volume was fully completed and printed off; 
 and all th*) plates, except one, were engraved, under the superintendence cf.the 
 author himself." — Ardea ludovidana (sp. n., p. 13), pi. 64, f.l; Haemaiopus ostro- 
 legus, f. 2 ; Ardea [ Gms] americana, f. 3 ; Numenius longirostra (sp. n., p. 23), f. 4 ; 
 Ardea violacea, pi. 65, f . I ; A. herodias, f. 2 ; A. minor, f. 3 ; A. exdis, f. 4 ; Tantalus 
 loeulator, pi. 66, f. 1 ; T. ruber, f. 2 ; T. albus, f. 3 ; Fhoenicopteros ruber, t. 4 ; An/is 
 perspidllata, pi. G7, f. 1; A. albeola,f.2,'3; Ayias canadensis, f. 4; A. fuligula, f. 5 ; 
 A.clangula,f.(j;A.clypeata,f.l ; Mergus merganser, i.l.G8,i'. 1,2; Anas acuta, f. 3; A. 
 discors, f. 4 ; A. hyperborea, f. 5 ; Mergus cucullatus, pi. 69, f. 1 ; M. serrator, f. 2 ; Anas 
 Tnarila, f. 3 ; A. americana, i. 4; A. hyperborea, yg., f. 5 ; A. labradora, f. 6 ; A. glad- 
 alis, pi. 70, f. 1, 2 ; A. sponsa, f. 3 ; A. crecca, f 4 ; A. valisineria ([sic], sp. n., p. 103), f. 
 5 ; A.fenna?, f.Q; A. boschas, f.l; A. strepera, pi. 71, f. 1 ; A. mollissima, f. 2, 3 ; Mer- 
 gits albeUus, f. 4 ; Anas rubidus (sp. n., p. 128), f. 5, 6 ; A. bemicla, pi. 72, f. I ; A. 
 nigra, f. 2 ; A.fusca, f. 3 ; A. histrionica, f. 4 ; A. obscura, f. 5 ; Sterna aranea (;ip. n., 
 p. 143), f. 6 ; S, fuUgvnosa, f. 7. 
 
 Vol. IX, 1814— published, like VIII, undereditorshipofGr. Ord, who signed the 
 preface, and furnished the "Biographical Sketch of Alexander "Wilson", pp. 
 xiii-xlviii. A "List of the "Water Birds of the United States, with their generic 
 Characters, according to the arrangement of Latham ", follows (pp. xlix-lv: i).— 
 Fulicaatra (sp. n.,p. 61),pL 73, f. 1 ; GaUinula porphyrio,f. 2; Phalaropus lobata, 
 f. 3; Phalaropus hyperborea, f. 4; Oharadrius Wilsonia (Ord, sp. n., p. 77), f. 5; 
 Plotus melanogaster, pL74, f. 1,2; Colymbus gladalis, f. 3; Larus rudibundus, 
 f. 4 ; Alca alle, f. 5 ; Yultur aura, pL 75, f. 1 ; Yultur atratus, f. 2 ; Ccrvus coraac, 
 f. 3; Falco per^rinus, pi. 76. (Fringilla linaria, ref. topi. 333, f. 4; Falco leuco- 
 
600 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. *®^® [34 
 
 1808-14. Wilson, A.— Continued. 
 
 cepkalus, ret to -pi 3G; MerguamerganseTyV&i. topl.68,f.l.) "Generollndex" and 
 *'Liat of Subscribers" conclude the volume and the work. It is no< necesBary, 
 though often done, to call this work Wilson's Ornithology "with Ord's Con- 
 tinuation ". "Wilson's work was simply completed nnder Ord's editorship, bnt the 
 latter did not " continue " it. Some of the text in vol. VIII, and IX, are by Ord, 
 but the editor himself would have been the last person to claim joint-authorship. 
 
 No other work on American ornithology has been so much talked and -vj-.iiten 
 about as this; and the time for comment on its character is long gone by. The 
 "melancholy poet-naturalist" occupies a placo as changeless as tbe hills, and 
 wholly peculiar. He stands toward American ornithologists in a position corre- 
 Bponding somewhat to that which is occupied in England by "W hite of Selbourae, 
 in Gei-many by Bechstein, and, I wiU add, among anglers by Izaak Walton. 
 Perhaps no other work on ornithology of equal extent is equally free from error ; 
 and its truthfalness is illumined by a spark of the " fire divine ". This means 
 immortality. Among the disproportionately large number of new species de- 
 scribed by Wilson, there are but two {Sylvia montana and Museicwpa frdnuta) 
 remaining unidentified. Being no scholar, in fact a very unlearned man, he 
 labored under the usual disadvantage of insuflBcient knowledge of his predeces- 
 Bors' labors; consequently he renamed many species as new which were not 
 such, and wrongly referred many that were new to previously described ones. 
 Science would lose little, but, on the contrary, would gain much, if every scrap 
 of pre-Wilsonian writing about United States birds could be annihilated. 
 
 What ia, or at least long was, the most valuable commentary on " Wilson", is 
 Bonaparte's "Observations on the Nomenclature of Wilson's Ornithology"" 
 (1824-25 and 1826, q. v.). The total number of species described and figured by 
 Wilson is said to be 27«. 
 
 There are said to be, and there doubtless are, a "Supplement" by Ord, "Phila. 
 1825", and a "2d ed., Pbila. 1824-28,3 vols. 4to"; neither of which have I seen. 
 
 The editions and continuations of ''Wilson" which have come to my knowl- 
 edge are as follows ; — 
 
 1808-14. Wilson : ediHo princeps, as given above. 9 vols. 4to. Philadelphia. 
 
 1825-33. BoNAPABTE : American Ornithology. 4 vols. 4to. New York. An en- 
 tirely different work, buj in similar style, and incorporated by subsequent 
 editors with " Wilson ". 
 
 1828-29. Okd's ed. 3 vols. 8vo. 1 folio atlas. New York and Philadelphia. 
 Does not contain "Bonaparte". Th^e are later issues of this. 
 
 1831. Jameson's ed., forming part of Constable's Miscellany. 4 vols. 18ino. 
 Edinburgh. Contains "Bonaparte ", nnd much irrelevant matter. 
 
 1832. Jardine's e(?. 3 vols. 8vo. London and Edinburgh. Contains "Bona- 
 parte". 
 
 1840. Brewee's ed. 1 vol. 12m o. Boston. Contains "Bonaparte", and an 
 original synopsis by the editor. There are later issues of this. 
 
 (date unknown). Editor unknown. An edition published io London, by 
 
 W. Spooner. 16mo! 18mo? No. 1, containing 8 plates. (1840 or later?) 
 
 18 — . Wilson, A. American Ornithology. | Illustrations | of ) American Or- 
 nithology; I reduced from the I original work of Alexander Wil- 
 son. I London : | published by William Spooner, 259, Kegent Street, 
 I Oxford Street; | Hurst, Chance, and Co., 65 St. Paul's Church- 
 Yard; I and Constable and Co., Edinburgh. | [No date.] 16mo? 
 18mo ? (say 4x6 inches). No. 1, containing 8 plates. 
 
 I am favored, through the attentions of my friend Prof. A. Newton, of Cam- 
 bridge, England, with the above title of an edition of Wilson I never otherwise 
 heard of. Prof. N. ha« no further information to convey respecting it. It would 
 seem to indicate an undertaking, which may not have been carried ont to com- 
 pletion, of an edition of the work (but this is only a guess of mine, quite in the 
 dark). WiU any bibliomaniac or sane person resolve the uncertainty ? 
 
35] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1809-1814 601 
 
 1809. Williams, S. The | Natural and Civil | History | of | Vermont. | — | 
 By Samuel Williama, LL. D. | Member of the Meteorological Society 
 in Germany, of the Philosophical Society In Philadelphia, and of 
 the I Academy of Arts and Sciences in Massachusetts. | — | In two 
 volumes. | : : : : : : | Volume I [II]. | : : ; : : | The second edition, 
 corrected and | much enlarged. | — | Burlington, Vt. | Printed by 
 Samuel Mills. ] Sold at his Bookstore in Burlington, by Mills and 
 White, I Middlebury, Isaiah Thomas, Jun. Worcester, Thomas | and 
 Andrews, Boston, Thomas and Whipple and | S. Sawyer and Co. 
 
 Newburyport. | | 1809. 2 vols. 12mo size, but only 4 11. to a 
 
 Big. Vol. I, map, pp. 1-514, 1 1. Vol. II, pp. 1-487 + 1 p. 
 
 Orig. ed., 1194, q. v. Vol. I, Chap. VI, pp. 98-159, Birds, pp. 134-141). A cursory 
 account, in wliicli tlie birds are treated by lists in several categories, as '* birds 
 of passage", " singing birds ", "water fowl", .^Dd those "wliich do not foil under 
 either of the iibove descriptions " (!). There are also miscjllaneous accounts of 
 several species, as the Snow Bird [Junco hyemaUs]^ "Wild Goose, Passenger 
 Pigeon, and ospecially sundry l^inds of Swallows — direct and circumstantial evi- 
 dence being ofiEercd of the subaqueous torpidity of Swallows, and of the hiberna- 
 tion of the Chimney "Swallow" [Ckcetura pelagiea]- in hollow trees. "From 
 these accounts," s.iys the author, referring to what he has Jnst narrated, "I am 
 led to beheve that the house swallow [by which he means the Ghcetura] gene- 
 rally resides during the winter, in the hollow of trees ; and that the ground 
 swallows [Gotyle riparia], find security in the mud, at the bottom of lakes, 
 rivers, and ponds" (p. 14.'i). 
 
 1812. Kalm, p. Travels into North America ; | containing | its Natural His- 
 tory, and a circumstantial account of its | plantations and agricul- 
 ture in general, | . . . . < Piukerton's Voyages, vol. xiii, pp. 374-700. 
 4to. London, 1812. 
 
 This is from the 2d London ed., Forster's translation, 2 vols. 8vo, 1772. — See 
 above for various earlier eds., 1753-61, 1754-64, 1770-71, 1772. 
 
 1814. Lewis, M., and Clarke, W. History | of | The Expedition | under the 
 command of | Captains Lewis and Clark, | to | the sources of the 
 Missouri, | thence | across the Eocky Mountains | and down the ; 
 River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean. | Performed during the years 
 1804-5-6. I By order of the | Government of the United States, j 
 Prepared for the press | by Paul Allen, Esquire. | In two Volumes, i 
 Vol. I [II]. I Philadelphia : | Published by Bradford and Inskeep ; 
 *nd I Abm. H. Inskeep, Newyork. | J. Maxwell, Printer. | 1814. 2 
 vols. 8vo. Vol. I, pp. i-xxviii, 1-470, maps. Vol. II, pp. i-ix, 1-522, 
 maps. > Vol. II, Chap. VII, " A general description of the beasts, 
 birds, and plants, &c. found by the party in this expedition," pp. 
 148-201. 
 
 This is the editio princeps of the authentic narrative See especially CouES, Bull. 
 
 U. S. Geol. and Oeogr. Surv. Terr., idser., No. 6, Feb. 8, 1876, pp. 417-444, giving an 
 account of the boolis of this series, and a commentary on the zoology they con- 
 tain. There are sundry accounts of birds, passim, in these volumes ; and a 
 formal notice of the birds at the place above marked. None of the species are 
 given under technical names ; but here we have the first accounts of various spe- 
 cies, subsequently, in 1815, named by G-. Ord, in Guthrie's Geography. See be- 
 yond for various later editions and versions of this work, under 1814, 1815, 1816-18, 
 1817, and 1842-75. 
 
 1814. Lewis, M.,and Clarke, W. Travels | to the | Source of the Missouri 
 Eiver | and across the | American Continent | to the | Pacific Ocean. 
 
602 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. l§14-181i [36 
 
 1814. Lewis M., and Clarke, W. — Continued. 
 
 I Performed | by order of the Government of the United States, i in 
 the Years 1804, 1805, and 1806. | — | By Captains Lewis and Clarke. 
 I — I Published from the Official Report, | and | illustrated by a map 
 of the route, | and other maps. | — | London : Printed for Long- 
 man, Hurst, Eees, Orme, and Brown, | Paternoster-Row. | — | 1814. 
 lvol.4to. pp. i-xxiv, 1-G63, lfoldingand2full-page maps. >Chap. 
 XXIV, "A general Description of the Beasts, Birds, and Plants, &c., 
 found by the Party in this Expedition," pp. 4.')0-489. 
 
 *' The present edition is printed nearly verbatim from the original ; the plieets 
 of -whicli were forwarded to this country by the American prcprietors : the only 
 liberty that has been taken with the language, has been merely the correction of a 
 few inadvertent griiramatical or typographical errors. The American copy con- 
 tained an Appendix drawn up by Captain Lewis on the State cf tbo Indian Na- 
 tions; .... but aa the subject is altogether of a local nature, and the observa- 
 tions possess little interest for the British reader, it has been omitted." Besitles 
 the who'e of the Appendix, which occupies 89 pages of the original, tbo Life of 
 Lewis and the American editor's Preface are also omitted ; in place of tbo latter 
 being introduced a new preface by the English editor. Excepting these points 
 and those mentioned al)ove in quot.ation-marks, this English 4tu ed. is identical 
 with the original 'I vol. 8vo American one, q, v. 
 
 1815. Clinton, DeWitt. An Introductory Discourse delivered en the 4th of 
 
 May, 1814. < Trans. Lit. Sr Philos. Soo. NewYorh, i, 1815, pp. 21-184. 
 The character of the discourse may be inferred from the man and the occasion. 
 The paper is cmithological at pp. 60-C3, and in the fallowing particulars: — Note 
 K, pp. 121-125, review of Wilson's Ornithology and eulogy of its author. Note S, 
 pp. 125-128, on the origin of the Turkey, .and on the plumages and migrations 
 of the Bobolink Note T, p. 12D, on the Eaven. Note V, pp. 131-133, on the mi- 
 gration of birds. Note W, estimates of the total number of birds known. 
 Note X, pp. 134-137, on various birds which are or may be domesticated forusefnl 
 or orn»\meutal purposes. 
 
 1818. Lewis, M., and Clarke, W. Travels | to the toun e of | the Missouri 
 River | and across the | American Continent | to | the Pacitic 
 Ocean. | Performed by order of | the Government of the United 
 States, I in the yeais 1804, 1805, and 1806. | — | By Captains Lewis 
 and Clarke. | — | Published from the Offlcial Report, | and ilhih- 
 trated by a map of the route, | and other maps. | — | A i.ew edition, 
 in three volumes. | Vol. I [11, III]. | — | Loudon : | Printed for 
 Longman, Hurst, Rets, Orme, and Brown, | Paternoster-Row. | 1815. 
 3 vols. Svo. Vol.1, pp. i-xxvi, 1 1. not paged, 1-411, 3 map^. Vol.11, 
 pp. i-xii, 1-434, 3 maps. Vol. Ill, pp. i-xii, 1-394. > Vol. UI, Chap. 
 XXIV, " A general description of the beasts, birds, plants, &e., 
 found by the party in this expedition," pp. 1-73. 
 
 Except in form, and in some minor details of typography incident to resetting 
 of the type, this is identical with the 4to ed. of 1814. This edition, conveni- 
 ent in form, and otherwiso unexceptionable, is a favorite one, perhaps oftener 
 met with, even in this country, than the original of 1814. It was reissued under 
 date of 1817, apparently from the same plates ; though I obst rve, on the last two 
 pages of voL I, a slight discrepancy in the set of the type. 
 
 1815. Lewis, M., and Clarke, W. "Tagebuch e. Entdeckungsreise durch 
 Nord-Amerika iu d. Jahren 1804-6. Aus d. Engl. v. Weyland. Hit 
 1 Karte." <^Neii^ BiMiothek der wichtigsten Besohreibungen u. s.w. 
 (Weimar, gr.-8o, Bd. I, 1815). 
 Title of a German version, quoted from Kayser. See the original, 1814. 
 
37] 
 
 BlBLIOGEAPHICAIi APPENDIX. 1815-181 7 603 
 
 1815. Ord, G. a New | Geographical, Historical, | and | Commercial Gram- 
 mar ; I and present state of the | several Kingdoms of the world. | 
 Containing | .... | to which are added | . . . . | Second American 
 Edition. Philadelphia. Johnson & Warner. 1815. "2 vols." 8 vo. 
 Vol. II, 2 p. 11. (title and contents), pp. 603, maps. > Ornithology, 
 pp. 313-357. 
 
 Above title defective after the flrst two lines, the only copy I ever handle:! 
 having part of the title-page torn off. 
 
 This edition of "Guthrie's Geography " contains articles, important in some 
 respects, on the zoology of North America, by George Ord. The work does not 
 appear to be common, and tho zoological articles can scarcely be said to have 
 come into current quotation until 1857-58, when S. F. Baird's citation and 
 necessary adoption of some of Ord's names called attention to them . The ornitho- 
 logical portion consists of a bare list of vernacular and binomial names, appar- 
 ently compiled from Turton's (at any rate, from some) edition of Linnaeus, with 
 addition of two new species, and a few others described by Lewis and Clarke. 
 To these latter, scientific names are now for the first time given. This list, pp. 
 315-319, is followed, pp. 320-357, with biographical sketches of a number of lead- 
 ing species (under vernacular names only), mainly drawn directly from Wilson, 
 and is preceded, pp. 313-315, by a few general remarks, chiefly from tho same 
 source. The following are tho " new species "; — Yultur columbmnus, p. 315 (Lewis 
 and Clark, ii, 183) ; Falco ccesius, p. 315 (no description or reference) ; Pi<m3 mon- 
 tanus,-p. 316 (L. & C, i, 398) ; Pliaiianus columiianus, p. 317 (L. & C, ii, 180); 
 Tetmo phaiianellus, p. 317 (L. & €., ii, 161) i T. ftuca, p. 317 (L. & C, ii, 132) ; 
 Sterna Philadelphia and Larus delawarensiti, p. 319, descrr. origg.; Atios columbi- 
 rniuSt p. 319 (L. & C, ii, 192). Tho last named is a Cygnus, The list contains, 
 besides nnmerous nominal species of the older writers, quite a number that .ore 
 certainly not North American. 
 
 1816-18. Lewis, M., and Clakkb, W. Reize | naar | de Bronnen van den 
 Missouri, | en door het vaste land van America | nar de Zuidzee. | 
 Gedaan op last van deregeringder Vereenigde Staten van America, j 
 in de jaren 1804, 1805 en 1806. | Door de Kapiteius | Lewis en 
 Clarke. | Met eene kaart. | — | XJit het Engelsch vertiiald door | N. 
 G. VanKampen. | — | Eerst-i, [tweedo, derdo en laatste,] deal. | * | 
 Te Dordrecht, | bij A. Blus8(5 & Zoon, | 1816 [1817, 1818]. 3 vols. 8vo. 
 Vol. I, 1816, pp. i-xxxii, 1-398, map. Vol. II, 1817, pp. i-viii, 1-390. 
 Vol. Ill, 1818, pp. i-xii, 1-335. 
 
 This appears to be a fair and complete version, probably made from the Lon- 
 don 3-vol. ed. of 1815, q. v. 
 
 1817. Bradbury, J. Travels | in | the interior of America, | in the | Years 
 1809, 1810, and 1811 ; | including | a description of Upper Louisiana, 
 I together with | tho States of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and | Ten- 
 nessee, I with the I Illinois and Western Tirritories, | and contain- 
 ing I remarks and observations | useful | to | persons emigrating to 
 those countries. | — | By John Bradbury, F. L. S. London, | [etc.] 
 I — I Liverpool : | printed for the author, | By Smith and Galway, 
 I and published by Slierwood, Neely, and Jones, London. | — | 1817. 
 1 vol. 8vo. pp. i-xii, 9-364. 
 Very slightly ornithological passim ; "Wood Pigeon described, p. 44. 
 
 1817. Lbwis, M., and Clarkb, W. Travels, etc. 
 
 Merely a reissue of the 3-vol. 8vo London ed. of 1815, q. v. 
 
 1817. Lewis, M., and Clarke, W. Travels, etc. 
 
 An Irish ed. of the work, which I have not seen; "2 vols. 8°, Dublin, J, 
 Christie, 1817." Said to be like the original. 
 
604 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 181§-1§19 [38 
 
 1818. O'Ebili.y, B. Greenland, | the | Adjacent Seas, | and | the North-west 
 Passage | to | The Pacific Ocean, | Illustrated in a voyage to Davis's 
 Strait, I during the Summer of 1817. | — | With charts and numer- 
 ous plates, I from drawings of the author taken on the spot. | — | By 
 1 Bernard O'Reilly, Esq. | — | London : | printed for Baldwin, Cra- 
 dock, and Joy, | 47, Paternoster-Row. | — | 1818. 1vol. 4to. pp. 
 viij, 293,pll. 
 
 I have nowhere seen this work cited in ornithology ; nevertheless, it gives a 
 formal account (pp. 135-147) of various (15 spp.) hirds, several of which are de- 
 scribed as new, and figured ; the narrative portion of the wort, moreover, abounds 
 with allusions to birds. PL xii, £ 2, Procellaria glacioMs; p. 140, pi. xii, 1 1, Procal- 
 
 laria gravis, n. sp. ( = Puffinus ) ; p. 141, pi. xiii, Larus maximum, u. sp. 
 
 ( = L.glaiKue); pi. xiv, f. 2, CoZj/mIi«s grylle; p. 146, pi. xiv, f. I, Oolymbus gloci- 
 tans, n. sp. (, = Mergulus alle). 
 
 1818. Rafinksqub, C. S. Further Account of Discoveries in Natural His- 
 tory, in the Western States, by Constantino Samuel Rafiuesque, 
 Esq. communicated in a Letter from that Gentleman to the Editor. 
 < Am. Monthly Mag., iv, 1818, pp. 39-42. 
 
 The only ornithological matter is Jiimamphvs (usually quoted liktmanphus) 
 citrinits, gen. sp. n., p. 41, supposed to be the MotaciUa cestiva Gm. 
 
 1818. Rafinesque, C. S. General Account of the Discoveries made in the 
 Zoology of the Western States. < Am. Monthly Mag., iv, 1818, pp. 
 106, 107. 
 On p. 106 are named, but not described, Hampjwsteon and Symphemia, genn. nn. 
 
 1818. Sabinb, E. A Memoir on the Birds of Greenland ; with Descriptions 
 
 and Notes on the Species observed in ihe late Voyage of Discovery 
 in Davis's Straits and Baffin's Bay. <[ Trans. Linn. Soo., xii, pt. ii, 
 1818, pp. 527-559, pi. 30. 
 
 A notable paper, well known and often cited, giving extended field-notes, de- 
 scriptions, synonymy, etc., of 28 spp. Concordance of the 54 spp. given by 
 !Fabriciu8. Trachese of Somateria spectaMlis and Anas glacialis figured, pL 30. 
 
 1819. [Akon.] Americanische Ornithologie, oder Naturgeschichte der Vogel 
 
 der vereinten Staaten. Mit nach der Natur ges;ochenen und ausge- 
 malten Kupfern ; von Alex. Wilson. 9 Bde in Folio. Philadelphia. 
 1809 bis 1814. (Bibl. univ. 18.) < Oken's /sis, Jahrg. iii, 1819, pp. 
 116-130. 
 An extended editorial notice. 
 
 1819. Leach, W. E. Notice of some Animals from the Arctic Regions. 
 <^ Thomson's Annals of Philos., xiii, 1819, pp. 60, 61. 
 
 Aves, p. 61. A "hasty list" (the author says) of 23 spp., among them Grylle 
 scapularis, Uria/rancsii, spp. nn. Leach introduces the Fork-tailed Gull in the 
 
 following letters and figures :— " 19. ? Sabini A paper on this bird 
 
 (which forms an intermediate genus between Larus .and Sterna) has been read to 
 the Linnean Society, by Joseph Sabine, Esq. who named it Larus sabini, after 
 his brother who first killed it." He also says in a foot-note, " See Linnsean So- 
 ciety report, p. 67." This may be .actually the first publicaticn of the species, 
 though it appears to have been first formally described and figured in Tram. 
 Linn. Si c. xii, 1818, 520, pi. 29. 
 
 1819. Rafinesque, C. S. Prodrome de 70 Nouveaux genres d'animaux 
 d^couverts dans I'intdrieur des fitats-Unis d'Am^rique durant 
 I'annde 1818. <^Journ. de Phys. Chim. et d'Bist.Nat., Ixxxviii, juiu 
 1819, p.417,sc2. 
 Not seen — cited from Baird. Genera Kimampkus. Selmitheros, Symphemia. 
 
39] 
 
 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1819-1§20 605 
 
 1819. Ross, J. ? A I Voyage of Discovery, | ma.de under the orders of the 
 Admiralty, | in | His Majesty's ships | Isabella and Alexander, | for 
 the purpose of | exploring Baffin's Bay, | and inquiring into the 
 probability of a | Northwest Passage. | — | By John Ross, K. S. 
 Captain Royal Navy. | — | London : | — | John Murray, Albemarle- 
 street. | — | 1819. 1 vol. 4to. 2 p. 11., pp. i-xl, 1-252, 1 1., pp. 
 i-cxxxvi, maps, plates. 
 
 Appendix II, pp. xlviii-lx, contains an article on the birds observed, about 20 
 in number. The authorship is not clear. Eoss acknowledges his indebtedness 
 "for the article" to J. Edwards and C. J. Beverley, respectively surgeon and 
 assistant surgeon of the ' Isabella'; but the birds are apparently treated by E. 
 or J. Sabine and "W. E. Leach. Qrylle scapularis "Leach", p.li; VHa francsii 
 "Leach", p. lii; Xema ("Leach", but named first in 1816) fia&wi "Sabine", "non- 
 descript", p. lvii,j>Zaie (but with reference to Thomson's A.nn. of Philos.^ vol. xiii), 
 are described as if spp, nn., but were named elsewhere earlier. 
 
 1819. SCORESBY, W., JuN. Narrative of an Excursion upon the Island of Jan 
 
 Mayen ; containing some Account of its Appearance and Produc- 
 tions. <C Edinb. Philos. Journ., i, 1819, pp. 121-126. 
 Contains slight allusions to the birds. 
 
 1820. [Anon.] Die Expedition des Kipitaus Ross zu Erforschung der Baf- . 
 
 finabai und Untersuchung der Mijglichkeit einer nordwestlichen 
 Durchfahrt. <^ Oken's Isia, Jahrg. iv, 1820, Litter. Anzeig., pp. 
 120-127. 
 
 Bemerkungen des Herausgebers, nebst des Leach'schen Verzeichnissos von 
 25 Arten, pp. 115-119, mit Anmerknngen von dem Originale. Grylle scipularis 
 Leach, p. 116 ; TTriafrancaii Leach, p. 116 ; Xema sahmi Leach, p. 118. 
 
 1820. Crantz, D. The | History of Greenland: 1 including | an account of 
 the Mission | carried on by the | United Brethren | in that country. 
 I — I From the Ge^paan of David Crantz. | — | With | a continua- 
 tion to the present time; | illustrative notes; | and an appendix, 
 containing a sketch of the Mission | of the brethren in Labrador. 
 1 — I [Quotation.] | — | In Two Volumes. | Vol. I [II]. | Loudon: 
 I printed for Lon^an, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, | Paternos- 
 ter-row. I 1820. 8vo. Vol. I, frontisp., pp. xi, 359, map, plates. 
 Vol. II, frontisp., pp. vi, 323. 
 
 Vol. I, Book II, Chap. I, pp. 66-84.— m. Land birds. IV. Different varieties of 
 sea-fowl. V. First class, with spoon-shaped bills. VI. Second class, with short 
 wings. VII. Third class, with long wings. VIII. Nourishment of sea-fowl and 
 their propagation. This bird-matter occupies pp. 71-84, being a very respectable 
 treatise on Greenland ornitholog,v, considering when it was written ; the species 
 are readily identifiable, for the most part, and the remarks are those of an actual 
 observer. This is a late edition ; see 1765, and especially what is said at 1767 ; I 
 am unable to make an actual comparison. 
 
 1820. Harmon, D. W. A | Journal | of | Voyages and Travels | in the | In- 
 teriour of North America, | between the 47th and 58th Degrees of 
 Latitude, . . . [etc., 11 lines]. | Illustrated by a map of the coun- 
 try. I By Daniel Williams Harmon, | a Partner iu the North West 
 Company. | — | Andover: | Printed by Flagg and Gould. | 1820. 1 
 vol. sm. 8vo. pp. i-xxiii, 25-432, portrait, map. 
 
 Ends with "A concise account of the principal animals which are found in the 
 northwestern part of North America", pp. 415-432; but this is confined to mam- 
 mals, and the book is scarcely citable as to ornithology ; still it contains some 
 Blight notices of birds, here and there. 
 
606 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1820-1§2S [40 
 
 1820. Lbach, [W. E.] Leach hat zu gluioher Ileit fol^jendes Veizeinhniss in 
 Thomson's Annals of Philosophy 1819. mitget.heilt. <^ Olceu's Isia, 
 Jahrg. iv, 1820, pp. 127, 128. 
 
 Die aaf der ties Kapitans Rosa Reise nacli dem Nordpol gesammelton Viigehi j 
 22 Aiten. Vergl. 1819, Leach, "W. E. 
 
 1820. [Ord, G.] a I Universal Geography; | or, | a- view of the present 
 state of I the known world. | Containing | . . . | To which are 
 added, | . . . | Originally compiled | By William Guthrie, Esq. | The 
 astronomical part by James Ferguson, F. E. S. | To which have been 
 added | . . . | Accompanied with twenty-one correct maps. | Third 
 American edition, | with extensive additions and alterations, by 
 several American editors. | In Two Volumes — Vol. I [II]. | — | 
 Philadelphia : | Published by Benjamin Warner, No. 171, High street. 
 I ... I — I 1820. 2 vols. 8vo. Vol. I, Title, Contents, (pp. i-iv), 
 Adv. (1 1.), pp. 1-514. Vol. II, Title (1 1.), Contents (1 1.), pp. 9-640. 
 1 vol. of maps. 
 
 VoL I, Zoology, pp. 141-189 ; Birds, pp. 155-187 —This matter consists of that 
 given in the second ed., 1815, q. v., but with the omission of the systematio lists, 
 which represented the whole of the technical value of the matter. Ord's name 
 does not appear in connection with this performance. 
 
 1822. Manby, G. W. Journal | of a | Voyage to Greenland, | in the yepr 
 
 1821. I — I With graphic illustrations. | By George William Manby, 
 E q. I — I London : | Printed for G. and W. B. Whittaker, | 13, Ave- 
 Maria Lane. | 1822. pp. viii, 143, maps, pU., and woodcc. 
 
 Orig. ed. — see also 2d ed., 1823. Plate of Lestriu parasitica opp. p. 90; cut of 
 Fratercula a/rcUca on p. 106. 
 
 1823. [Anon.] Journey to the shores of the Polar Sea ; . . . par J. Franklin. 
 
 ... Appendice Zoologique ; par J. Sabine, esq. . . . Londres ; 
 
 1822. . . . <^^(«ss. £wi?.,2« sect., iii, 1823, pp.406, 407. 
 Une revue anonyme de I'ouvr.age ; voir 1823, Sabine, J". 
 
 1823. CoRMACK, W. E. Account of a Journey across the Island of Newfound- 
 land. < Edinl). Philos. Journ., x, 1823, pp. 156-162. 
 Here allusion to some of the birds seen. 
 
 1823. Manby, G. W. Journal | of a | Voyage to Greenland, | in the year 
 1821. I With graphic illustrations. | — | By George William Manby, 
 Esq. I — I The Second Edition. | London : | Printed for G. and W. B. 
 Whittaker, | Ave-maria Lane. | — | MDCCCXXIIL 1 vol. 8vo. 
 pp. xi, 225, maps, pU., and woodcc. 
 
 Ornithological passim. Pbte of Zestris parasitvia facing p. 141. Orig. ed. 4to, 
 London, same imprint, 1822, q, v, 
 
 1823. Eeinhardt, J. Sur I'^tat actuel de nos Connaissances relativement h 
 I'Ornithologie du Greenland. <C_Tidskr. Nat. Fidensfc., vii, 1823, pp. 
 
 52 . {F&uss. Bun.,^'' sect., i, 1824, p. 86.) 
 
 Not seen — above French version of the title derived from Ac. & Strickl. Bibl. 
 
 1823. SabinK, J. Narrative of a Journey | to the shores of | the Polar Sea, | 
 in the years 1819, 20, 21, and 22. | By | John Franklin, Captain E. N., 
 F. E. S., I and commander of the expedition. | — | With an appen- 
 dix on various subjects relating to | science and natural history. | 
 Illustrated by numerous plates and maps. | — | Published by 
 authority of the right honorable the earl Bathuist. | — | London : | 
 
41] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. l§::3-]l§24 GOT 
 
 1823. Sabine, J. — Continnod. 
 
 John Murray, Albemarle-street. ,| — | MDCCCXXIII. 1 vol. 4to. 
 pp. XV, 783, maps, & pll. > Zoological Appendix, by Joseph 
 Sabine, Esq. .Birds, pp. 669-703. 
 
 An extended and important contribution to North American Ornithology. 
 The collection upon which the report is based was chiefly procured ot Cumber- 
 land House ; but many of the specimens were from the route to Great Slave 
 Lake, and on its borders. Corvus hudsonius, p. 671, sp. n. 
 
 1823. Sat, T. Account | of | an Expedition | from | Pittsburgh to the Rocky 
 Mountains, | perfonied in the years 1819 and '20, | by order of | 
 the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Sec'y of War: | under the command of 
 I Major Stephen H. Long. | From the Notes of Major Long, Mr. T. 
 Say, and other gen- | tlemeu of the exploring party. | — | Compiled 
 I by Edwin James, | botanist and geologist for the expedition. | — | 
 In two Vols.— With an Atlas. | Vol. I [11]. | — | Philadelphia: | H.C. 
 Carey and I. Lea, Chestnut st. | 1823. 2 vols. 8vo. Vol. 1, 2 p. U., pp. 
 1-503. Vol. II, 3 p. 11., pp. 1-442, i-xcviil. 
 
 Long's Expedition bore excellent ornithological fruit, in the shape of the many 
 important notices and descriptions of new species by Thomas Say, which are 
 scattered inconveniently through the book in foot-notes. Vol. I, FringUla gram- 
 macd, p. 139; Sylvia celatustf p. 169; S.bi/aaciata,Limosascolopacea,p. 170; Pelidna 
 pecioraiis, p. 171 ; Pelidna cindus var. [= bcmapartii Schleg.], p. 172. List of Birds, 
 pp. 370-375. Observations on Birds at Engineer Cantonment, pp. 376-378. Vol. 
 II, Troglodytes obsoleta, p. 4 ; Oolwniba/asciata, p. 10 ; Tetrao obgciirus, p. l3 ; Fringilla 
 psaliria, F.frontalis, p. 40 ; Hirzmdo lunifrons^ Emheriza amo^rm, p. 47 ; Tyrannvs 
 verticalis, p. 60. (All good spp. except: S. bifasdata^ Dendroecacosrulea ; Limosa 
 scolopacea = Maerorha/mphus grisaus ; Pelidna peotoralitt ^= Tringa Tnaeulata.) 
 
 1823. Say, T. Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky 
 Mountains. ... 3 vols. 8vo. London. 1823. 
 
 An English edition, nothandledbyme. There are also various other accounts 
 of Say's zoological matter, which will be found fully cited in this Bibliogr.aphy. 
 
 1823. ScoRBSBY, W., Jr. Journal | of a voyage to the | Northern Whale- 
 
 fishery ; I including | researches and discoveries on the eastern 
 Coast I of I West Greenland, | made in the summer of 1822, in the 
 ship I Baffin of Liverpool. | By William Scoresby, Junior, | F. E. 
 S. E., M. W. S. &c. &c. I Commander. | — | Edinbarfjh : | printed 
 for Archibald Constable and Co. Edinburgh: | and Hurst, 
 Robinson and Co. Cheapside, London. | — | 1823. 1 vol. sm. Hvo. 
 pp. xliii, 472, maps, and pll. > App. No. III. List of Animals met 
 with on the Eastern Coast of West Greenland, with Notes and 
 Memoranda, pp. 416-429. II. Aves, pp. 421, 422. 
 Annotated list of 17 spp. 
 
 1824. [Anon.] Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky-moun- 
 
 tains. 1819, 20. compiled by Edwin James, botanist and geologist. 
 3 Vol. London, 1823. 8. < Oken'a Ms, Jahrg. viii, 1824, Litter. 
 Anseig., pp. 225-291. 
 
 An extended review of Long's Expedition, with copious extracts, and repro- 
 ducing Say's descriptions of new species in German.— Frmt/iHa grammaca, Sylvia 
 celatits .', p. 252 ; S. bifaseiata^ Limosa acolopa^ea, p. 2.53 ; Pelidna pectoralis, P. 
 cinclus var., p. 254. Nominal list of 146 spp., pp. 257-260. Troglodytes obsoleta, p. 
 271; Oolumba fasmata, p. 272; Tetrao oiwcMnw, p. 273 ; Fringilla psaltria, y. 273: 
 Fringilla frontalis^ p. 274; Em})eriza amcena, p. 277; Kirundo lunifrons, p. 277; 
 Tyrannus verticalis, p. 281. 
 
608 BIBLIOGKAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§24-1825 [4.2 
 
 1824. Desm . . ST, [Desmaeest,A. G.] American Ornithology or the History 
 of the birds of the United States, etc. . . par Alex. Wilson. . . . 
 < F4rM8. Bull, 2" sect., iii, 1824, pp. 77-79. 
 Une revue de rouvrage. 
 
 1824. Sabinb, E. A | Supplement | to | the Appendix of Captain Parry's 
 
 Voyage for the | Discovery of a north-west passage, | in the years 
 1819-20. I Containing | an account of the snbjects j of | Natural 
 History. | — | London ; | John Murray, Albemerle-street. | — | 
 MDCCCXXIV. 4to. 5 p. 11. each backed blank, pp. clxxxiii-cccx, 
 with 6 pU. 
 
 The copy examined of this Supplement to the Appendix of Parry's Pirst 
 Voyage is bouDd together with the Appendix to Parry's Second Voyage. A 
 good deal of confusion exists in citing the zoological matter of Parry's several 
 Voyages, and -writers may he cautioned that they can hardly be too careful to 
 Bay what they mean, and, if possible, to handle the volumes instead of guessing 
 at second-hand. The present article, as far as the Birds go, is by Capt. E. Sabine ; 
 it occupies pp. cxciii-ccx, and treats of 32 spp., with descriptive matter, field- 
 notes, and some little synonymy. It refers to the same collection upon which 
 was based E. Sabine's Memoir on the Birds of Greenland, in vol xii of the 
 Trcmt. lAnn. Soe., 1818, q. v. 
 
 1824-25. Bonaparte, C. L. Observations on the Nomenclature of Wilson's 
 Ornithology. <^ J&mn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii-v, 1824-1825, in sev- 
 eral parts, published at different times, as follows: — Part 1st: III, ii, 
 pp. 340-352 (read Mar. 9, pub. Apr. 5, 1824, containing Nos. 1-22 of 
 Wilson's list, in vol. vi of Am. Orn.), pp. 353-371 (read Mar. 9, pub. 
 Apr. 27, 1824, Nos. 23-58). Part 2d : IV, i, pp. 25-32 (read Mar. 2b, 
 pub. July, 1824, Nos. 59-69), pp. 33-66 (read Mar. 23, pub. Aug. 1824, 
 Nos. 70-112). Part 3d : IV, i, pp. ia3-200 (read Nov. 9, pub. Dec. 1824, 
 Nos. 113-167). Part 4th : IV, ii, pp. 251-277 (read Nov. 23, 1824, pub. 
 Feb. 1825, Nos. 168-184, with various Nos. previously treated re- 
 viewed). Part 5th : V, i, pp. 57-64 (read May 31, pub. July, 181:5, Nos. 
 185-194), pp. 65-106 (read May 31, pub. Aug. 1825, Nos. 195-227). 
 
 Marked " to be continued "; butlhereisno more of it in this publication. Also 
 published separately, 1vol. 8vo, Philadelphia, Finley, 1826 — See F^russ. Bull., i\, 
 182,'i,115; vii, 1826,244,375; xi, 1827, 110. 
 
 A critical commentary on 227 of Wilson's species, seriatim; and as buch oneof 
 the most notable and in some reepects the most important of early American 
 papers. Vieillot comes in also for a large share of criticism, chiefly unfavorable 
 to hlra. Contains many new identifications and much rectification of synonymy. 
 Spiza, iv, 45, HemipcUa/ma, v, 87, genn. nn. No new species are proposed, but 
 many species here appe.ir under new combinations of geuf ric and specific terms, 
 and several are renamed specifically for one reason or another, constituting de 
 jure new species. Snchaie: FalcovrUsonii, Hi, 348; !Purdu8wilsonu,iv,34; Icterus 
 agripennis, iv, 48; FnngiUa locusteUa, iv, 51 ; Sylvia pardaUTia, iv, 179; Sylvia 
 viilsonii, iv, 179 ; Sylvia sphagnoaa, iv, 199 ; Cbaradrius semipalmatus, v, 98. 
 
 1825. Bonaparte, C. [L.] Descriptions of two new species of Mexican 
 
 Birds. < Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1825, pp. 387-390. 
 Oonms uUramarimus, p. 367 ; Icterus melanicterus, p. 389. 
 
 1825. Bonaparte, C. [L.] Additions to the Ornithology of the United 
 States. < Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, pp. 28-31. 
 
 Falco mclanopterua, Sylvia palmaram, Colunba Icwxcephala, C. zenaida (u. sp., 
 p. 30); liallus gigantctis {o. sp., p. 31); Sterna cayai.a — C spp. collected in Florida 
 by T. K. Peale. 
 
43] 
 
 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1825 609 
 
 1825. Dbsm . . ST, [Dbsmarest, A. 6.] Observations sur la nomenclature 
 . de I'ornithologie de Wilson ; par Charles Bonaparte. . . < F^rms. 
 Bull, 2» sect., iv, 182.5, pp. 115-117. 
 Extrait. Voir 1824-25, Bonapaete, C. L. 
 1825. MM. Lbs Profbsseurs. ExtraitD'nn Rapport fait h I'AdminiBtration 
 du Museum par une Commission oompos^e de plnsieurs de MM. les 
 Professeurs, sur les r6sultats de la mission que M. Milbert a rempli6 
 aax Etats-Unis d'Am^rique pendant sept ans (de 1817 a, la fin de 
 1823). < M4m. du Mus. c^Hiat. Nat., xii, 1825, pp. 18-29. 
 Oiseaux, 2,000. Voir pp. 21, 23, 29. 
 
 1825. Richardson, J. Appendix | to | Captain Parry's Journal | of a | 
 Second Voyage | for | the discovery of a northwest passage from | 
 the Atlantic to the Pacific, | performed in | his Majesty's Ships Fury 
 and Hecla, | in | the years 1821-22-23. | — | Published by authority 
 of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. | — | London: | John 
 Murray, | Publisher to the Admiralty and Board of Longitude. | — | 
 MDCCCXXV. 4to. 2 p. 11., pp. 1-432. > Zoological Appendix.— 
 No. I. Account of the Quadrupeds and Birds, by John Richardson, 
 M. D. , M. W. S. pp. 287-399. 
 
 Birds, pp. 342-379. An extended and formal notice of 38 spp., "with synonymatic, 
 descriptive, and miscellaneoua m.atter. The page looks wonderfully like that of 
 the Fa/wna Boreali-America/na, and doubtless Bichardson drew upon this article 
 for that work, 
 
 1825-33. BONAPARTB, C. L. American | Ornithology ; | or, | The Natural 
 History | of | Birds inhabiting the United States, | not given by 
 Wilson. I With figures drawn, engraved, and coloured, from Na- 
 ture. I By I Charles Lucian Bonaparte. | Vol. I [-1V]. | Philadel- 
 phia : I Carey, Lea, & Carey — Chestnut Street. | Loudon : — John. 
 Miller, 40 Pall Mall. | William Brown, Printer. | 1825 [1828,1828,. 
 1833]. 4 vols. imp. 4to. Vol. 1, 1825, pp. i-vi, 1 1., pp. 1-105, pll. 1-9. 
 Vol. II, 1828, pp. i-vii, 1 1. , 1-94, pll. 10-15. Vol. Ill, 1828, 2 p. 11., pp. 
 1-60, pll. 16-21. Vol. IV, 1833, 2 p. II., pp. 1-142, pll. 22-27. 
 
 This is a quasi-continuation of Wilson, gotten up in similar style, if not spirit ; 
 it is nnitiid with Wilson by several of the editors of the latter, m.aking a " Wil- 
 son and Bonaparte's " American Ornithology. But the original distinotion ind 
 complete separation of the two works must be fully recognized. See Jameson's, 
 .Tardine's and Brewer's " Wilson ", 1831, 1832, 1840. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1825. — PL 1, f. 1, Museicapa aavana; f. 2, Myiotluira obsolcta,- f. 3, Sylvia 
 chrysoptera ?. PI. 2, f. J, Muscicapa/orjicataf f. 2, M. verticalis; f. 3, M, saya, 
 ep. n., p. 20 ; f. 4, Beguius criatatus. PJ. 3, f. 1 </, 2 ? , Icterus i^terocepJmlus, sp. n. ! 
 (nee L. ; exd. the synonymy here given !), p. 27 ; f. 3, Sylvia ■maritvma $ . PL 4, 
 f. lcf,2 9t 6'''*i''''"* "wyo''. P1.5, f.l, Q. versicolors f.2, Sylvia celata ; t3,Frin- 
 gilla grammaca. PL 6, f. 1 rf, 2 $ , Pyrrhula frontalis ; f. 3, FringiOa psaltria ,- 
 14 'i , F. tristis ; f. 5, F.amcena. PL 7, fA,B:irun''o lunifrons; f.2, Strix cunicu- 
 laria. PL 8, f. 1, 2, Picus varivs; f. 3, Oolumbafaadaia. PL 9, Meleagris gaUopavo. 
 
 Vol. n, 1828. — PL 10, f. 1, Falco cooporii, sp. n., p. 1 ; f. 2, Sylvia palmarwm. PL 11, 
 FaUo dispar \ f. 2$, Sylvia azurca. PL 12, Falco cyaneus. PL 13, f. 1, Garmlus 
 atelleri; f. 2^, 3 9, Embenza lapponica. PL 14, f. 1, Oarrulus Jloridanvs ; t. 2, 
 Picus tridactyhis ; f. 3, Picas eryfkrocephalus. PL 15, f. 1, FrhigiUa vesperiina; 
 t2^,FringiUaludtiviciana; f. 3 ^ , Loxia leucoptera ; L4 f , Fringllla cyanea. 
 
 VoL m, 1828.— PL 16, f. 1, Oinclus paUasii; f. 2, Bombycilla gamda; £ 3 ?, 
 Pyrrhula enudeator. PL 17, £ 1, Oolumha leucocephala ; f. 2, O. zenaida, PL 18 J , 
 Teirao obsounts. P\.19,T.phasiaveUu8. PI. iQ, Tetrao canadensis c^ [this ia frank- 
 lini !]. PL 21, f. 2, the same, 9 . PL 21, f. 1, X. vrophasiarms (text and number of 
 flgg. on this pi. disagree). 
 
 39 B C 
 
610 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1835-1S26 [44 
 
 1825-33. BONAPARTB, C. L. — Continned. 
 
 VoL IV, 1833.— PI. 22, Oathartes gryphus. PI. 2.1, f. 1, lUafaUmaius ; f. 2, Tringa, 
 
 pcctoralis; t 3, Scolopax grisea. PI. 24, f. I, Phalaropua vnUonii; f. 2, Tringa 
 
 schimiis f. 3, Oharadrius melodue. PI. 25. f. 1, Phalaropm wilsoni juv. ; f. 2, P. 
 
 hyperboreus; i. 3, Tringa himantopits; f. 4, Oharadrius semipilmatus. PI. 26, 
 
 f. I, Ardeo peaZu; f. 2, jiramjM scoIoiioceiM; f. 3, Numenius boreaiis. PI. 27, f. 1, 
 
 Gallinula galeata ; f. 2, Ballus noveboracensis. 
 1826. [Anon.] Vogel von Gionland, von E. Sabine, beobachtet im Jahr 
 
 1818. < Oken's IsU, Jahrg. x, 1826, pp. 97-99. 
 Aus Linn. Trans., xil, pt. ii, pp. 527-559, q. v., 1818. ,, Synonymio nnd Beachrei- 
 
 bungen sind aehr ausfiihrlich ; wir geben nur den Auazug." 
 
 1826. Bonaparte, C. L. [Catalogue of the Birds of the United States, etc.] 
 "8vo, London, 1826." 
 
 !N ot seen. If there is any suuh tract, it must be a mere reiHsne, or different 
 imprint, of one given elsewhere. 
 
 1826. Bonaparte, C. L. [Comparative Catalogne, in parallel columns, of 
 the Birds of Eome and Philadelphia.] " 8vo, London, 1826." 
 Not seen. Is there any snch tract ? Compare beyond, 1827-32. 
 
 1826. Bonaparte, C. L. Observations | on the | Nomenclature ) of | Wil- 
 son's Ornithology. | — | By Charles Lncian Bonaparte. 1 — | Phila- 
 delphia : I Published by Anthony Finley. | — | 1826. 1 vol.8vo. 125 
 unpaged 11. 
 
 Keissned, -withont pagination, from the Joum. Pkila. Acad., which see, 1824-25. 
 The observations relate to 278 spp. of Wilson's; 119 of Wilson's names are 
 changed; only 8 of bis species are rejected as nominal Bonaparte here raises 
 the total number of United States species to 360, which he disposes in 80 genera. 
 
 1826. Desm . . . 8T, [DB8MARB8T, A. G.] American ornithology or the nat- 
 ural history of the Birds etc. . . . par Charles Lucien Bonaparte. 
 Tom. 1 .. . <Fe>«8s.£«7J., 2« sect., vii, 1826, pp. 100, 101. 
 Revne da tome 1" de cet ouvrage. 
 
 .1826. Lesson, [E.] P. Observations sur la nomenclature de I'Ornithologie 
 de Wilson ; par Charles Bonaparte. ... < F&uts. Bull., 2« sect., 
 vii, 1826, pp. 244, 245. 
 Joum. Acad. Phila., iv, 1824-25, q. v. 
 
 .1826. Less[on, K. p.] Observations sur la nomenclature de I'Ornithologie 
 de Wilson ; par Ch. Bonaparte. ... -^ F4ruas. Bull., 2« sect., vii, 
 1826, p. 375. 
 Joum, Acad. Phila., v, 1825, q. v, 
 
 1826. Less[on, E. P.] Supplement to the American Ornithology, . . : par 
 George Ord. ... < i^^uss. .BmZZ., 2« sect., •vii, 1826, pp. 438-440. 
 
 1826. Eoss, J. C. Journal | of a | Third Voyage for the discovery of a | 
 North-west Passage | fromthe Atlantic to the Pacific; | performed in 
 the years 1824-25, | in His Majesty's Ships | Hecla and Fury, | under 
 the orders of | Captain William Edward Parry, E. N., F. E. S., | and 
 commander of the expedition. | — | Illustrated by plates and 
 charts. | — | Published by authority of the Lords Commissioners | 
 of the Admiralty. | — | London : | — | John Murray, | publisher to 
 theAdmiralty, and Board of Longitude. | — | MDCCCXXVI. 1 vol. 
 4to. pp. i-xxviii, 1-186, 1 1., 1-151, maps, pll., and woodcc. > Ap- 
 pendix. Zoology. By Lieut. James Clark Eoss. Birds, pp. 96 
 (Jis)Tl08 {bU). 
 A formal treatise ; synonymy and fleld-notea on 29 spp. of birds. 
 
45] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1827 611 
 
 1827, [Anon.] Mr. Audubon's Ornithology of the United States of Americ!ii. 
 
 < Edinb. Journ. Sol, vi, 1827, p. 184. 
 A short anticipatory notice. 
 
 1827. Bonaparte, C. L. Catalogue of the Birds of the United States, sys- 
 tematically arranged in Orders, Families, Genera, and Subgenera. 
 
 < Contrib. Maelurian Lyo. Arts and Sou, i, 1827, pp. 8-34. 
 
 Nominal list of 363 species under 81 genera, SB families, 5 orders, with some 
 little synonymy and a few notes. 
 
 1827. BuoNAPAKTB, C. L. Supplement to the Genera of North American 
 Birds, and to the Synopsis of the Species found within the territory 
 of the United States. < Zoological Journ., lit, 1827, pp. 49-53. 
 
 The number of genera named raised from 80 to 83 ; of species to 366.— Phaleris 
 cerorhynca {sic), p. 53, sp. n. 
 
 1827. Lesson, [R. P.] Addition h I'omithologie des fitats-Unis; par Ch. 
 Bonaparta . . . < Mritss. Bull., 2» sect., x, 1827, pp. 399-400. 
 Journ. PhUa. Acad., 1835, p. 28. 
 
 1827, Lesson, [R. P.] Genera des Oiseaux de I'Am^rique-Septentrionale, et 
 Synopsis des espfeces . . .; par Charles Lucien Bonaparte. . . . 
 ■i^Firusa. Bull., 2= sect., xi, 1827, pp. 108-110. 
 Prficis de cet ouvrage : Ann. N. T. I/yc, vol. ii, p. 7. 
 
 1827. Lesson, [R. P. ] Observations on the nomenclature of Wilson's Orni- 
 thology . . . ; par Charles-Luoien Bonaparte. . . . <^ F^russ. Bull., 
 2» sect., xi, 1827, pp. 110, 111. 
 
 Sealement nne notice de son article : Journ. FhUa. Acad. 
 
 1827. Lesson, [R. P.] Genera des oiseaux du nord de I'Am^rique et Sy- 
 nopsis des esp&ces qui vivent aux fitats-Unis ; par Charles- Lucien 
 Bonaparte. . , . < F&ms. Bull, 2« sect., xii, 1827, pp. 337, 338. 
 Analyse de son travail : Ann. 1/yc. N. Y., ii, p. 101. 
 
 1827. SWAiNSON, W. A Synopsis of the Birds discovered in Mexico by W. 
 Bullock, F. L. S. and H. S., and Mr. William Bullock, jun. < Philos. 
 Mag., i, 1627, pp. 364-369, 433-442, 
 
 Important from the number of new species described ; 101 species in all arc 
 given. The descriptions of the new ones are all shoTt, and in many cases insuf- 
 ficient ; they have given much trouble. A large number of new genera are also 
 here named, but not characterized ; these names actually anticipate in point of 
 date (May and June) their publication with characters in Zool. Journ., No. 10 
 (which is here referred to, before its publication), hut the year is the same (1837), 
 and they are generally accredited to the latter journal. Hirundo melanogaster, 
 S. thalassinua, Platyrhynchus pusilhis, p. 3fi6 ; Tyrannula (g. n.) obscura, T. a£l- 
 nis, T. barbirostris (not Mexican, but West Indian), T. nigricans, T. pallida, p. 
 367; T. musica, Setophaga (g. n.) miniata, S. rubra, Ptiliogonyn {g.n.) cinereus. 
 Ci-nclus mexicanus, p. 368; Merula fiavirostris, M. tristis, M. silens, Orpheus (g. n.) 
 earvirostris, O. ccerulescans, Seiurus (g. ii.) temdrostris. Sialia (g. n ) azurea (descr. 
 nulld), p. 369; Trichas (g.n.) personalus (renaming of old 8p.),p. 433; ^Ivicola 
 (g. n.,p, 433) inornata, Vermivora (g.n.), Pipilo maeronyx, P. maculata, P. fusca, 
 P. rv/escens, p. 434 ; Ammodramus (ir. n.) bimaculatus, Chondestes (g. n ) strigatus, 
 Fringilla cinerea, Oarduelis mexicanus, Dolichonyx (g.n.), p. 435; AgeXaus {sic) 
 (g. n.) longipes, Xanthomus buUocHi, Cassiculus (g. n.) coronatus. Icterus cucullatus, 
 p. 436 ; Scaphidurus (g. n.)palu'itris, Garrulus sordidus, 6. coronatus. Pica formasa, 
 Spermag^a (g. n.) cryikrocephala, p. 437; Pyranga Umda, P. hepatica. P. bidentata, 
 Tiaris (g. n.) pusUlus, Guiraca (g. n.) melanocephala, Psittacus leucGrhynchus, p. 
 438; Macrocercus pachyrhynchits, Picusform'clvorzts, P. clegans, P. albi/rons, p. 439; 
 
612 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. ISaV-lSaS [46 
 
 1827. SwAiKSON, W. — Continued. 
 
 Oolaptes (g. n.) mexicanus, XiphorhyncTiui (g. n.) leitcogaster, G. fiavigaster, Oxy- 
 glossus (g. n.) maculatus, Oueulus macvXatus, Orotopkaga sulcirostris, Trogon mexu 
 canus, p. 440 ; TrochUug fidgens, T. tkalagsinus, T. melanotus, T. platyarcus, Cynan- 
 tkus {g. n.) latirostria, O. bifurcatwt, 0. minimus, p. 441 ; 0. lueifer, Lampomia {g. 
 n.) amethystinug, Mo-motzts mexicanus, p. 442, spp. nn. For all the new genera, 
 excepting Scaphidurug, which is Bimplj proposed as a snbstitate for Quisealus, 
 preoccnpied in botany, reference is made to the then still nnpablished No. 10 of 
 Z06L Joum.for 1827. 
 
 1827-32. Bonaparte, C. L. Specohio comparative delle Omitologie di 
 Eoma e di Filadelfia. 8vo. Pisa, Nistri, 1827. — Snpplemento alia 
 Specchio comparative, etc. 1832. 
 Kot seen — cited from Baibd. 
 
 1827-38. Audubon, J. J. The | Birds of America ; | from Original Draw- 
 ings I By John James Audubon, | [etc., etc.] | London. | Published 
 by the Author. [Mut. mut.] 4 vols., double elephant folio, size 
 about 3S X 28 inches. Vol. I, 1827-1830, title-leaf .and Plates I-C. 
 Vol. n, 1831-1834, title-leaf and Plates CI-CC. Vol. Ill, 1834-1835, 
 title-leaf and Plates CCI-CCC. Vol. IIII, title-leaf and Plates 
 CCCI-CCCCXXXV. 435 colored plates (1065 figures). 
 
 Originally published in 87 parts, supposed to be of 5 pll. each (^435 plL), 
 during the years specified ; subsequently bound in 4 vols., each furnished with 
 a title-leaf, but no other text. More strict dates of some of the earlier parts are : — 
 Parts i-v, pll. 1-2.1, 1827. Parts Ti-x, pit 26-50. 1828. Parts xi-xv, pll. 51-75, 1829. 
 P.irts xvi-xx, pll. 76-100, 1830. The series was completed June 20, 1838. "The 
 plates were published without any text, to aroid the necessity of famishing 
 copies gratis to the public libraries in England, agreeably to the Jaws of copy- 
 right. Triibner, p. 174, quotes the work with plain plates. I have never seen one 
 in that condition. Owing to the destruction by fire of the stock and copper- 
 plates the work baa become extremely rare, and even small sections command 
 high prices" (Sabin). A perfect copy now fetches about 81,000. Purchasers 
 should see that the size is not much, if any, less tlian above given, otherwise 
 the Turkey's head may be trimmed off. There are some defective copies of the 
 original in the market, containing selections of some of the smaller plates, or 
 with someof the larger oneafoldedormutilated, or lacking title-leaf, etc. There 
 is a late imaUer folio ed. of 1S61, containing only 140 pll., to be carefully distin- 
 guished from the original. 
 
 This is by far the most sumptuous ornithological work ever published. The 
 accomp.tnying text, entitled "Ornithological Biography", etc., is in SlargeSvo 
 vols., 1831-1839, q. v. 
 
 1828. Audubon, J. J. Account of the Method of Drawing Birds employed 
 
 by J. J. Audubon, Esq. F. E. S. E. < Edinl. Journ. Sci., viii, 1828, 
 pp. 48-54. 
 
 1828. Bonaparte, C. L. TheGeneraofNorth American Birds, and a Synopsis 
 of the Species found within the territory of the Uuited States; 
 systematically arranged in Orders and Families. <^Ann. Lyo. 
 Nat. Hist. New York, ii, 1828, pp. 7-128, 293-451. (Bead Jan. 24, 
 1826.) 
 
 This is the ostensible date, being that of tho completed volume of the AnnaU; 
 and the separate issue of the paper is also dated 18-28. But it is certain that the 
 paper, or parts of it, appeared earlier, fori" is reviewed in Fenissac's Bui eUn, 1827. 
 The actual date, of a pari of tho paper at least, is probably lt-26; but my efforts 
 to fix it with precision have been unavailing. 
 
 A notable article, occupying tho greater part of the volume. 382 spp. ; charac- 
 ters of the higher groups as well as of the species ; synonymy and much miscel- 
 laneous critical matter ; distribution, and notes on habits. An Appendix (pp. 
 
47] BIBLIOGEA.PHICAL APPENDIX. l§a8-lS29 613 
 
 1828. Bonaparte, C. L.— Continued. 
 
 433-451) retraces the ground, giving additional p.articnlarg. Accounts of various 
 Bpecies, not North American, are interpol.ited. I find no new specific names in 
 these articles, Bonaparte's new species having been j ast previously character- 
 ized. Cerorkinca, g. n., p. 4^7. The article was republished in one voL 8vo, New 
 York, Seymour, 1828. 
 
 1828. Bonaparte, C. L. The Genera of North American Birds. ... By 
 Charles Lucian Bonaparte. 1 vol. 8vo. Now York, Seymour, 1828. 
 pp. 1-128,293-451. 
 
 Not seen, — The work commonly quoted as "Bonjiparte'e Synopsis" ; consisting 
 of his paper in the Ann. Lye. N. T., separately issued, without repagination. 
 
 1828. Bonaparte, C. L. Further Additions to the Ornithology of the 
 United States ; and Observations on the Nomenclature of certain 
 Species. <^Ann. Lye. Nat. Bist. New Tork, ii, 1828, pp. 154-161. 
 (Head Nov. 6, 1826.) 
 
 Ardea pealii. p. 154 (Florida); Tringa kimantopus, p. 157 (New Jersey), spp. 
 nn. Allied species trcatod for comparison. Synopsis of the genus PAatoropiw. 
 
 1828. Lesson, [E. P.] Genera des Oiseanx du Nord de VAmSrique, et 
 Synopsis des espfeoes qui vivent aux £tats-Unis; par Charles- 
 Lucien Bonaparte. . . . <F^)-«ss.BttW.,2»sect.,xiii, 1828, pp. 122-125. 
 "Dans un premier article, nous avons pr6sent6 les esp^ces d6crites parM. 
 Ch. B. ; dans celui-ci, nous r6uniron3 cellea que cet auteur signale comme nou- 
 velles, ou comme ayant 6t6 mal d6crites ou peu connues."— 18 espdces. 
 
 1828. Lesson, [E. P.] Birds of America from drawings made during a resi- 
 
 dence of twenty-five years in the United States and its territories. 
 . . . par John James Audubon. <^ Fii-uas. Bull., 2» sect., xv, 1828, 
 pp. 301-303. 
 Une Gourte notice du commencement do I'onvriTige. 
 1828-29. Wilson, A. (ed. Ord, G.) American Ornithology ; | or, | the Natural 
 History | of the | Birds of the United States. | Illustrated with 
 plates I engraved and coloured from original drawings taken | from 
 nature. | By Alexander Wilson. | — | With a sketch of the author's 
 life, I by George Ord, F. L. S. &c. | — | In three vols.— Vol. I [-III]. 
 I — I Published by Collins & Co., New York, | and | Harrison 
 Hall, Philadelphia. | 1828 [1829]. 3 vols. 8vo. Vol. I, pp. i-cxoix, 
 1-231, 1828 ; II, 1828 ; III, 1829. With a folio atlas of 76 pll., 1829. 
 
 In this edition, which consists of three 8vo. vols, of text and one folio atlas, the 
 species are rearranged in systematic order, with synonymy and references to the 
 plates. The preliminary matter consists of contents (pp.iii, iv), editor's preface 
 (pp. V, vi), preface to life of Wilson (pp. vi-viii), and Ord's skotoh of the author's 
 life (pp. ix-cxcix). It does not appear who was the editor. The text appears to 
 be that of the original in full, and many notes, some of them signed ' G, Ord', are 
 interpolated. — The folio atlas has no text except the title: — American Orni- 
 thology ; I or, I the Natural History | of the | Birds of the United States. | — | By 
 Alexander Wilson. 1 Plates | Engraved and Coloured from Original IJrawings 
 taken from Nature. | — | Published by Collins & Co. New York, | and | Harri- 
 son Hall, Philadelphia. | 18-29. It consists of 76 colored plates. This is the ediHo 
 princepsCi What was a " 3 vol. 4toed. Phila. 1824-1828"!) of " Obd'b WlLjon " ; 
 there are later issues of the same. 
 
 1829. [Anon.] Sur les oiseaux chanteurs de l'Am6rique [du nord] ; par 
 
 M. Eennie. ... < Mruss. Bull, 2" sect., xviii, 1829, p. 4.54. 
 Extrait du Magaz. Nat. Hist., mars 1839, pp. 414-421. 
 
 1829. Committee. Report of a committee appointed by the Lyceum of Nat- 
 ural History af [sic] New York to examine the splendid work of Mr. 
 
614 BIBLIOGEAPHICAI. APPENDIX. 1829-180.1 [48 
 
 1829. COMMITTBB. — Continned. 
 
 Audubon upon the Birds of North America.. May, 1829. < Sillim. 
 
 Aw,. Joum. Sou, xvi, 1829, pp. 3.53, 354. 
 1829. Douglas, D. Observations on some Species of the Genera Tetrao and 
 
 Ortys, natives of North America ; with Descriptions of Four new 
 
 Species of the former, and Two of the latter Genus. < Trans. Linn. 
 
 Soc, xvi, 1B29, pp. 133-149. ("Read" Dec. 16, 1828. Published 
 
 in 1829. Whole vol. dated 1833.) 
 Tetrao wrophastanus, p. 133 (not new ; see Bp., Zool. Joum., iii, 212) ; T. uropha- 
 
 sianelltts, p. 136 ; T. satrimi, p. 137; T. /ranklinii, p. 139; 1'. richardsonii ("Sabine 
 
 MSS."), p. 141 ; Ortyx picta, p. H3 ; O. dmiglami (" Vigors MSS."), p. 145, spp. nn. 
 
 1829. Douglas, D. Observations on some species of the Genera Tetrao and 
 Ortyx, natives of North America, with descriptions of four [lately] 
 new species of the former, and two of the latter genus. < Philos. 
 Mag., v, 1829, pp. 73, 74. 
 From Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi, 1829, pp. 133-149, q. v. 
 
 1829. Eennie, J. Sketches of Twenty-four [North] American Song Birds. 
 
 < Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist., i, 1829, pp. 414-421. 
 
 In evidence against a prejudice of their inferiority aa songsters. 
 1829. SWAINSON, W. Some Account of the Work now publishing by M. 
 Audubon, entitled The Birds of America. < Loudon's Mag. Nat. 
 Hist, i, 1829, pp. 43-52, figg. 19, 20. 
 Highly commendatory. 
 
 1829. Vigors, N. A. On some species of Birds from the North-west Coast of 
 
 America. < Zool. Joum., iv, Oct. 1828— Jan. 1829 (1829), pp. 352-358. 
 A sab-head of Art. XLVII, "Sketches in Ornithology, &o.", p. 345.— Birds of 
 Beechey's Voyage. Pica beecheii. Pica collieii, p. 353; Coccothraustes ferreo- 
 rostris, Pious icapularis, Colaptes collaris, Ortyx douglasii, p. 354; StrepsUas 
 jnelanocephalus, N'umenius r^cfiventris, Hecurvirostra occidentalis, p. 356 ; Arias 
 urophasianus, Viia brevirostris, p. 357 ; Pratereula carinata, Lams beJ^heri, p. 358, 
 sppinn. 
 
 1830. Bonaparte, C. I/. Nachtrag zu den nordamericanisohen Vogeln. 
 
 < Oken's Ms, Bd. xxiii, 1830, p. 1068. 
 Ana d. Zool. Joum., iii, 1827, pp. 49-53, q. v. 
 
 1830. Douglas, D. Ueber einige nordamericanische Ga.ttnngen von Tetrao 
 u. Ortyx. < Oken's Ms, Bd. xxiii, 1830, pp. 917-921. 
 Tlebersetzt aas d. lAnn. Trans., xvi, 1829, pp. 133-149, q. v. 
 
 1830. Lesson, [R. P.] Observations sur quelques esp6ces des genres Tetrao 
 
 et Ortyx, do I'Am^riqne septentrionale, . . . par M. David 
 Douglaa. . . . < F4ru8s. Bull., 2» sect., xx, 1830, pp. 326-331. 
 Les descriptions originoles se trouvent r6produitea ici. Voir 1829, Douglas, D. 
 
 1831. [Anon.] Ueber einige Vogelgattungen von den nordwestkiiste von 
 
 America. < Oken's Ms, Bd. xxiv, 1831, pp. 218-220. 
 Zool. Joum., iv, 1829, pp. 352-358; vergl. 1829, Vigors, N. A. 
 1831. [Editor.] Compendium of American Ornithology, by Thomas Nut- 
 tall, A. M., F. L. 8., &c. <5iiiim.^m. Jaitrn. ,Sci.,xx, 1831, pp. 154, 155. 
 Announcement of the work. 
 1831. Less[on, R. p.] Les genres des oiseaux du nord de I'Am^rique, aveo 
 uu synopsis des espfeces qui vivent snr la territoire des iStats-Unis; 
 par Charles-Luoien Bonaparte. < Firuss. Bull., 2« sect., 1831, pp. — . 
 Un tJibleau dea families, des genrea et des eapfecea, en oommen^ant au 4" ordro, 
 nux (Jr.-aios on Eoh-oeeiora, tirfi des Ann. Iiyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1827, pp. 293 et suiv. 
 
49] 
 
 BIBLIOGKAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1831 615 
 
 1831. " Ornithophiltjs." [Swainson,"W.?] EemarksonAudubons "Birds 
 of America," and *' Ornithological Biography." <^Edinb. New Philos. 
 Journ,, X, 1831, pp. 317-332. 
 
 A very elaborate and extended review, intended to be impartially critical, and 
 evincing a very just appreciation of the great work. 
 
 (1811) 1831. Pallas, P. S. Zoographia | BosBO-Asiatica, | Bistens | omnium 
 auimalium { in extenso Imperio Rossico { et | adjacentibus maribas 
 observatorum | recen8ionem,domicilia, mores etdescriptiones, | ana- 
 tomen atque icones plurimorum. | Auctore { Petro Pallas, | £q. 
 Aur. Academico Petropolitano. | — | Volumen prlmum [secun- 
 dum]. I — I — I Petropoli | in officina Caes. Academize Scientiarum 
 impress. MDCCCXI. | Edit. MDCCCXXXI. [ 3 vols. 4to (with folio 
 atlas?). Vol.1. > Imperii Eossici | Aves. | — | Pars prima, pp. 
 297-568, pll. 9. Vol. II. Imperii Eossici | Aves. | — | Pars altera, 
 pp. vii, 374, pll. 15. 
 
 This celebrated work is differently qnoted at 1811 and 1831 ; but, as it clearly 
 appears upon the title-page that it was not published until 1831, though printed 
 in 1811, the later date must be taken as that of the introduction of the new 
 apecies, whatever may have been the actual opportunities for consulting and 
 quoting tbe pages during the twenty years they remained iried. The title-page 
 sufficiently indicates the scope of this general systematic account of the birds of 
 the Asiatic-Russian Empire, 425 in number. In consequence of the previous 
 writings of this author coV^ering much the same ground, it is difficult to say 
 which are tbe new names of this work. The following are figured on the (un- 
 numbered) 4to colored plates accompanying: — (Vol. I.) Stryx barbata, p. 318; 
 Aquila pelagica, p. 343 ; Corvus da/uricun^ p. 387 ; C.eyanus, p. 391 ; Tardus fu8catiw, 
 p. 451 ; T. ruJicoUis, p. 452 ; Musdcapa albidlla, p. 462 ; Motadlla cyanura, p. 490 ; 
 Alauda mongolica, p. 516 ; Hiruado alpesiris, p. 534. ( VoL II.) Passer pudlliis, p. 
 28 ; P. ro8eu8, p. 42 ; Ewiberiza fuscata cT ?, p. 41 ; E. rustica, p. 43 ; JE. coronatti, p. 
 44 ; £1. chrysophrys, p. 46 ; E. chrysopSt p. 45 ; Tetrao arenaria, p. 73 ; T. caticasica, 
 p. 76 ; Oharadrius caspius, p. 136 ; Trynga giareola, p. 194 ; Aiiser cynoides ferus, 
 p. 218; A.hyperboreu8,p. 227; A. pictua^ p. 233; Phalacrocorax pygmceuSt p. 300; 
 Larus niveus, p. 320; Cepphus perdix, p. 351. 
 
 The following are the references to plates given in tbe text ( ! to the folio atlas 
 accompanying the work, not seen by me ; it is quoted as fa'^c. 1-6, Petrop. 1834- 
 1842, fol.) :— PL i, Stryx doliata. ii, S. ba/rbata. iii, Falco gyr/alco. iv, v, F. peregri- 
 nus. vi, F. vesp&rtinus. vn, F. aeecUon. Tiii, Aquila nobilis. — t A. pelagica. x, 
 Accipiter lagopus. xi, A. astur, xii, A. nisus. xiii, Yultur barbattts. xiv, F. 
 tneleagris. xv, Gorvus dauricus. xvi, C cyanus. xvii, O. stelleri. xvili, Sturnus 
 cinclus. xix, Xanthornus caucasicus. — 1 Merops persica. xsi, Tardus leueoeellus. 
 xxii ("xii"), r./itscatus. :s.xiii, T. ruficoUis. x^iv, A. muscicapa grisola. — ? fig. 
 
 1, M. albidlla. xxv, MotaciUa rubicola. xxvi, If. Tnontanella. xxvi, f. 1, M. cyanea. 
 xxvii, M. aurorea. xxviii, M. leucomela. xxix, M, calliope, xxx, f. 1, M. cyanura. 
 xxiv, f. 9, M. melanope. xxxl, M. cUrinella. xxxii, Alauda tartaHca. xxxiii, f. 2, 
 A. leucoptera. xxx, f. 2, Hirundo alpestris. — ? Panta cyanus. xxxlv, f, 2, P. pa- 
 luairis. xxxvi, Pyrrkula erythrina. xxxvii, P. caudata. xxxviii, Passer carduelis. 
 xxxix, P. calcaratus. xl, xli, P. arctous. xlii, P. ro^eus. xliii, f. 1, P. pusillus. f. 
 
 2, Emberiza hyperborea. xliv, F. piihyorids. xlv, F. da. xlvi, F. fucata. xlvii, 
 f. 1,F. pusilla. f . 2, E. rust'ca. xlviii, f. 1. E. chrys'ps. f. 2, F chrysophrys. xlix, 
 i'.l, E. pyrrhuloides. -i.^ E. spodocephala. I, E. aureola. li,F.rutila. Iii, Tetrao 
 tetrix. ** , T. caucafdca. liv, Gras Itucogeranvs. Iv, Ardea comvta. lvi,Chara- 
 drius gregarius. \\u, C. inorinellus. Iviii, G.caspius. \ix, C. hypomelanuti. Ixi, 
 Trynga salina. — ! Trynga cinclus. Ixii, Phalaropus ruficclhs. Ixiii, 7^. rvfun. 
 Ixiv, Anser cygnoides. \xv, A. hypirboreuB. "Ixvii" (=\^vi1), Anser rvJiCLLis. 
 Ixvii, A. pictus. i:s.viii, Anas stederi. \xix, A. rujiua. \xx, A./alcata. Wx'i,A.glO' 
 citans. Ixxii, A. hyemalis. Ixxiii, A. mersa. Ixiv, f. 1, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus. 
 Ixv, f. 2, P. bieristatus. Ixxvi, P.peLagicus. Ixxvi, Larua niveus. Ixxvii, L. ictdhy- 
 
616 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18311 [50 
 
 (1811) 1831. Pallas, P. S.— Continued. 
 
 aetv^, Ixiviii, Sterna caspia. Ixxx, Cepphus perdix. Ixxxii, Lunda drrhata. 
 Ixxxiii, Lunda arctica. l^xxiv, Lunda psittacula. Ixxxv, Vria senicula. Ixxxvi, 
 U. cristiitella. Ixxxvii, J7. dubia. Ixxxviii, JJ. tetracula. Ixsxix, U. mystacea. 
 xc, 77. pusUla.—l cannot resolve the nncertainty about theae plates and should 
 be thankful for information. They are said to have appeared (some or all of 
 them), and I have scon them quoted as "Icones ad Zoographiam Kosso-Aaiali- 
 cam, fasc. i-vii, 1834 et seq." 
 
 1831. Richardson, J. [Exhibition of New Species of Birds from British 
 America, about to be described in the forthcoming * Fauna Boreali- 
 Americana'.] < P. Z. 5., i, 1831, p. 132. 
 Twenty-three species; names only. 
 
 1831. Swainson, W., and Richardson, J, Fauna | Boreali-Americana ; | or 
 the 1 Zoology | of the | northern parts | of | British America: | con- 
 taining I descriptions of the objects of natural history collected 
 by the late northern land | expeditions under command of Captain 
 Sir John Franklin, E.N. | Part Second, | The Birds. | By William 
 Swainson, Esq., F. R. S.,F.L. S., | honorary or correepouding mem- 
 ber of several foreign societies. | And John Richardson, M. D., F. R. 
 S., F. L. S., I member of the geographical and zoological societies of 
 London, of the Wernerian natural history society of Edinburgh, of 
 the I literary and historical society of Quebec, and foreign member 
 of the geographical society of Paris, | Surgeon and Naturalist to 
 the Expeditions. | — | Illustrated by numerous plates and wood- 
 cuts. I — I Published under the authority of the right honourable 
 the Secretary of State | for colonial affairs. | — | London : | John 
 Murray, Albemarle-street. | — | MDCCCXXXI. 1 vol. 4to. pp. 
 lxvi,524, pll. 24-73 (cont. from vol.1), and 41 woodcc. 
 
 The influence which this work exerted cannot well be overstated. It occu- 
 pied in the present century the place previously filled by the works of Edwards, 
 Forster, Pennant, and Latham, so far as the birds of America north of 49° N. 
 lat. are concerned ; for forty years following its pnblication, it was the chief 
 source of inspiration of numberless writers upon the same subject, and it con- 
 tinues to be a standard authority. The book has considerable unwritten his- 
 tory, touching its joint-authorship and tiome other matters, scraps of which 
 have come to the surface, as, for instance, in a passage of the memorable contro- 
 versy between Mr. Swainson and I^". A. Vigors; but Dr. Richardson's policy 
 seems to have always kept the surface smooth, whatever went on underneath. 
 
 The work has a twofold character — it is aji account of the Birds of the Fur 
 Countries, interspersed with contributions from Mr. Swainson to general orni- 
 thology—the latter in the shape of disquisitions, foroi<;n to the scope 'atid 
 purpose of the book, upon the quicary, miscalled the natural, system; wildly 
 speculative articles which, though in the fasbion at the time, add considerably to 
 the bulk of the volume without perceptibly increasing its value, and are chiefly 
 noticed now because they include several new tenable generic names. 
 
 Dr. Kichardson's Introduction (pp. i-xl), constituting a treatise by itseli, opens 
 with a historical sketch of the subject. The collectiors made on the Arctic 
 coasts during the voyages of Eoss and Parry are described along with those 
 made in the interior on the Franklin expeditions which Tr. Richardson accom- 
 panied. The circumstances under which the latter were made are detailed, and 
 the general character of the avifauna is sketched. Various elaborate tables 
 follow, displaying the several categories of species, their movements, etc. The 
 remainder of the Introduction is occupied by Mr. Swainson, more suo; the Pre- 
 face is from the same hand, though it is less distinctively quinarian. The body 
 of the work treats formally of 238 species, giving detailed descriptions, miscel- 
 
51] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1831 617 
 
 1831. SwAiNSON, W., and RichaedsoNj J. — Continued. 
 
 laneous biographical items, and considerable synonymy, together with the for- 
 eign disquisitions above commented upon, which are discontinued, however^ at 
 page 342. The nomenclatnre, as well as the classification, appears to bo Mr. 
 Swainaou's for the land birds; for the rest, Temmincli's Manual is followed. 
 The minute descriptioDs suffice for the identification of nearly every species of 
 the work, while Swainson's plates have long been famous for their faithfulness 
 both in drawing and coloring , copies vary, however, in the latter respect. 
 
 The following appear to be new names (some of extralimital species), de- 
 scribed for the most part by Mr. Swainson, some being, however, by Dr. Kich- 
 ardson, and two or three by the authors conjointly : — Accipiter jnexicamis, p. 45 ; 
 Buteo (CvrciiB) cyaneus? y^v.^ Arn-ericanus, p. S."!; Lanius excubitorides, p. 115; 
 L. elegans, p. 122 ; Tyrannus borealis, p. HI ; TyranniUa. pusilla, p. 144 ; T. richard- 
 soni, p. 146 ; CineluB ATnericanits, p. 173 (altered name from O. Tnexicamts of 1827] ; 
 Orpheus mefruloides, p. 187 [renamed from confessedly beforenamed species] ; 
 Sialia mexicana^ p. 203 ; Erythaca {Sialia) arcUca, p. 209 ; Vireo Bartramii, p. 235 ; 
 Y: longi/rostriSf p. '231 ; Emberiza {Plectrophanes) picto, p. 250; Emberiza pallida, 
 p. 251; Pyrgita {Pipilo) a/rctica, p. 260; Lmaria (Leiicosticte) tephroeoHs, p. 265; 
 QarnUus brachyrynchits, p. 296 ; Picus auduboni, p. 306 ; Picus (Aptem-us) arcticus, 
 p. 313 ; Tetrao Franklinii, p. 348 ; Tetrao (Lagopus) leitcurvs, p. 356 ; Tringa Dou- 
 glaaii, p. 379 ; Limosa Edwa/rdsLi, p. 398 ; Scolopax Drummondii, S. Douglasii, and 
 S. Braziliensis, p. 400 ; Larus Hutchinsii, p. 419 (note) ; i. zonorhyrichus, p. 421 ; 
 L.brachyrhynchus, p. 422; L. Franklinii, p. 424; L.Bonapartii, p. 425j Lestris 
 Bichardsonii, p. 433 ; Oidemia avnericana, p. 450 ; Cygnus buccinator, p. 464 ; Ajiser 
 Hutchi''mi, p. 470 ; Pelecanus { Carbo) dilophus, p. 473. 
 
 The work closes with two appendices by Mr, Swainson, in which a number 
 of new genera and other groups are characterized. Appendix No. 1, "Charac- 
 ters of genera and sub-genera hitherto undefined," pp. 481-497. New generic 
 names, many of which were, however, used in earlier pages of the work, are 
 ostensibly as follows (but all of them are not actually new here): — Telophonts, 
 Laniellus, p. 481 ; Platyl(yphu8, Teprodomis, AnalHpus, p. 482; Erudvora, Oxynoius, 
 p. 483; Saurophagus, Tyrannula, p. 484; Brachypus, Andropadus, Hcematomis, 
 p. 485; Micropus, Phyllastrephus, Datsycephala, Ohaetops, p. 486 (O. Burchelli, 
 n. 8., p. 487) ; Pellorneum {P. ruficeps, n. s.), Orateropus, p. 487 ; Aipunemia, Ery- 
 thaca^ p. 48:i ; Phcenicura, Thamnobia, Dumecola (Z>. ru/icauda, n. s.), p. 489 ; Pari- 
 soma, Lessonia, Leiothrix, p. 4'JO ; Pteruthius, Calyptura, Metopia, Phosnicirctts, 
 p. 91; Ohrysoptcryx (O. erythrorhynchus, n. s.)^ Laniisoma, EopsaUna,^. 492j 
 Zonotrichia, Leihcosticte, p. 493; Scaphidurvs, Scolecophagus, Molothrus, p. 494; 
 Dysomithia, Oyanurus (a composite group, embracing several more recent gen- 
 eriu foims ; no type named, 0. cristatus mentioned first), Anthreptes, p. 495 ; Selas- 
 phorus, Ohordeiles, Centrocercus, p. 496 ; Lyrurus, Dendronessa, p. 497. Appendix 
 No. II, pp. 498-501, discusses affinitie8,and presents (ScoiojHKcieucwrws, sp. n., p. 501. 
 
 The plates, mainly representing new species, are as follows (they are not 
 bound consecutively) : — 24, Falco sparverius ; 25, F. aesalon ; 26, Accipiter (Astur) 
 palumbarius ; 27, Buteo vulgaris ; 28, B. lagopus ; 29, Circus cyaneus var. Ameri- 
 canus ; 30, Bubo arcticus ; 31, Strix cinerea ; 32, S. tengmalmi ; 33, La/nius borealis ; 
 34, L. excubitorides ; 35, Tyrannus borealu- ; 36, Merula minor ; 37, Merula solita- 
 ria [marked "35"]; 38, Orpheus meruloifies; 39, Erythaca (Sialia) arctica; 40, 
 Sylvicola maculosa ; il, Sylvicola petecMa ; 4%Sylvicola (Verinivora) rubricapiUa, 
 np. fig., and S. (V.) pengrina, low. fig.; 43, Seiurus aquaticus ; 44,Anthu8 aquati- 
 CVS; 4^, Tyrannula say a; 46, T.^usiWa, up. fig., T. WcAardsonn, low. fig.; 41, Seta- 
 pha.ga Bonapartii; 4fi, Plectrophanes lappoiiica; 49, P.picta; 50,Livaria tephro- 
 coiis; Di, Pyrgita (Pipilo) arctica <S', 52,eadem, ?; 53, Pyrrhula {Coryihus) cn-i- 
 clcator; 54, Garrulus stelleri ; 55, G. brachyrhynchus ; 56, Picus tridactylus ; 57. 
 P. arcticus; 58, Oentrocercus urophasianus ; 59, Tetrao obscurus d; GO, idem, 9; 
 61, T. Franklinii, marked T. " canadentds d*"; 6-;i, T. canadensis ?; 63, Lagopus 
 leucurus; 64, i. rupestris ; 6D,Numeniui borealis; 66, Tringa, Douglasii; 61, To- 
 tanuts semipalmatus ; 68, Coccothraustes vespcrtina ; 69, Phalaropus Wilsonii; 70, 
 Clangula Barrovii ; 11, Larus Franklinii ; 1% L. Bonapartii ; 13, Lcstris Richxr/rd- 
 
618 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1831 [52 
 
 1831. Wagler, J. Einige Mittheilnngen uber Thiere Mexicos. < Oken's 
 Isis, Bd. xxiv, 1831, pp. 510-535. 
 
 n, Aves, pp. 515-533, 74 spp. Larus pipixcan, p. 515 ; Parra gjmnostoma, p. 517 ; 
 FuMca Icucopyga, p. 518 i Oolumba flavirostris, p. 519 ; Scolopax trachydactyla, p. 
 521 ; Phalaropus ttenodactylus, p. 523 ; Geococcyx variegata (= Oaculus viaticua 
 Licht., Mas. Berol.}, p. 5i24 ; Fringilla haemorrhi a (Licht., M. B.) ; F. xanthoma- 
 sc/ia!i5, p. 525 ; AtUipetes (g.n.) piUatus^ lunco phaemtotuit'p.^^ii; Corvus cacalotl, 
 p. 527 ; Toxostoma (g. n.) vetula, p. 528 j Muscicapa vulnerata, p. 5£9 ; Alauda ckry- 
 solaema, -p. 530; Ardeale88onn,p, 531, spp. nn. Sowie Oiisruficolliii,-p. 520, sp. n., 
 ans Stidafdka, 
 
 1831. Wilson, A., and Bonaparte, C. L. (ed. Jameson, K.) American 
 Ornithology; | or the | Natural History | of | the Birds of the United 
 States. I By Alexander Wilson, { and Charles Lucian Bonaparte. | 
 Edited by Robert Jameson, Esq. F. R. S. E. & L. F. L. S. M. W. S. | 
 Eegius Professor of Natural History in the University | of Edin- 
 burgh, &c. I In four volnmes. | Vol. I [-IV]. | Edinburgh: | 
 Printed for Constable and Co. Edinburgh ; [ and Hurst, Chance, and 
 Co. London. | 1831. 4 vols. 18mo. Vol. I, pp. xcvi, 271. Vol. II, pp. 
 ix, 334. Vol. Ill, pp. viii, 3;J0. Vol. IV, pp. x, 362. Each vol. with 
 engr. title, and the 1st with portrait of Wilson. (No other illnstra- 
 tions.) Forming vols. LXVIII-LXXI of Constable^s Miscellany. 
 
 The first European edition of " WilsoD ", including Ord's additions and Bona- 
 parte's continuation, with rearr.angement in systematic order of the matter by 
 the editor, and frequent commont.iry by him ; with a memoir of Wilspn, by 
 W. M. HetheringtoD, prefixed to the 1st vol. The concluding volume contains 
 "Bonaparte " ; also, an Appendix, in which are given some extracts from Audu- 
 bon, considerable matter from Swainson and Kichardson, and outlines of Brehm's 
 arrangement of various groups. 
 
 1831-39. Audubon, J. J. Ornithological Biography, | or an account of the 
 habits of the | Birds of the Unitfed States of America; | accom- 
 panied by descriptions of the objects represented | in the work en- 
 titled I The Birds of America, | and interspersed with delineations 
 of American ] scenery and manners. | By .John James Audubon, 
 r.R.SS. L. & E. I [etc., 5 lines.] | [Vol. I.] Edinburgh: | Adam 
 Black, 55. | North Bridge, Edinburgh ; | [etc., 5 lines.] | — | 
 MDCCCXXXI. 
 
 Vol. I, as above, pp. i-xxiv, 512, -J- 15 pp. of Prospectus, &o. It 
 is the text to plates I-C of the elephant folios. The date is 1831. 
 This same Ist vol. (other copies) is said to also bear the imprint 
 " Philadelphia, E. L. Carey and A. Hart, MDCOCXXXII," and to be 
 often missing. 
 Vol.11. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, . . . MDCCC- 
 
 XXXIV. pp. i-xxxii, 1-588. Date 1834. The text to i^lates CI-CC. 
 Other copies said to also bear the imprint " Boston, Hilliard, Gray, 
 and Company, MDCCCXXXV." 
 
 Vol. III. Edinburgh : Adam and Charles Black, . . . MDCC- 
 
 XXXV. pp. i-xvi, 1-638, 9 woodcuts in text. Date 1835. The text 
 to plates CCI-CCC. 
 
 Vol. IV. Edinburgh : Adam & Charles Black, . . . MDCCC- 
 XXXVIII. pp. i-xxviii, 1-618, with 39 woodcuts in text. Date 1838. 
 The text to plates CCCI-CCCLXXXVII. 
 
 Vol. V. Edinburgh : Adam & ChOides Black, . . . MDCCC- 
 XXXXIX [sic.'], pp. i-xl, 1-664, with 93 woodcuts in text. Date 
 
53] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§S1-1§38 619 
 
 1831-39. Audubon, J. J.— Continued. 
 
 1839. The test to plates CCCLXXXVIII-CCCCXXXV, ending at 
 p. 304. Vol. continues with " Descriptions of species found in 
 North America, but not figured in the ' Birds of America' ", pp. 305- 
 336 ; and with an " Appendix ; comprising additional observations 
 on the habits, geographical distribution, and anatomical structure 
 of the Birds described in this work ; together with corrections of 
 errors relative to the species ", pp. 337-646. 
 
 Five vols. roy. 3vo, printed by Neill & Co., Old Fishmarket, Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 The work above described is the editio princeps of the text beloii,^ng to the 
 elephant folio plates. In 1840-44, the whole text was systematically rearranged, 
 with omission of the " Delineations of American scenery and manners", the 
 addition of some new matter, and the renaming of the species to agree with the 
 "Synopsis" of Wid. "With the text thus modified were intercalated the folio 
 plates, reduced by camera Incida, and renumbered to agree with the rearrange- 
 ment; and the whole work, thus modified, became the 7-vol. roy. 8vo ed., 
 entitled "The Birds of America", etc., 1840-44, q.v. 
 
 Vol. I, 1331. — Muscicapa bonapartiij p. 27, pi. 5 (pub. 1827) ; M. seUtiij p. 46, pi. 9 
 (pub. 1827) ; Falco washingtonii, p. 58, pi. 11 (pub. 1827) ; Troglodytes bevnckii, p. 
 96, pi. 18 (pub. 1827) ; Tardus ludovicianus, p. 99, pi. 19 (pub. 1827) ; Sylvia roscoe, 
 p. 124, pi. 24 (pub. 1827) ; Sylvia vigorsii, p. 153, pi. 30 (pub. 1828) ; Sylvia childrenii, 
 p. 180, pi. 35 (pub. 1828) ; Fdlco stanleii, p. 186, pi. 36 (pub. 1828) ; Musdeapa traillii, 
 p. 236, pi. 45 (pub. 1828) ; Begultis ouvierii,, p. 288, pi. 55 (pub. 1829) ; Sylvia car- 
 bOTiata, p. 308, pi. 60 (pub. 1829) ; Sylvia rathtonia, p. 333, pi. 65 (pub. 1829) ; Embe- 
 riza henslowii, p. 3G0, pi. 70 (pub. 1829) ; Falco temerarlus, p. 381, pi. 75 (marked 85 
 in text) (pub. 1829) ; Anthus pipi&ns, p. 408, pi. 60 (pub. 1830) ; Faico harlani, p. 
 441, pi. 86 (pub. 1830), spp. nn. 
 
 Tol. II, laM.—Emberiza tovmsendii, p. 183 (pi. 400, iig. 4) ; FringiUa macgil- 
 livraii, p. 285 (pi. 355) ; <7oraus americanus, p. 317, pi. 156; Parus caroiitiengis, p. 
 341, pi. 160 ; FringiUa bachmami, p. 366, pi. 165 ; Troglodytes americana, p. 452, pi. 
 179; Sylvia bachmanii, p. 483, pi. 185; FringiUa lincolnii, p. 539, pi. 193; Sylvia 
 swainsonii, p. 563, pi. 198, spp. nn. 
 
 Vol. Ill, 1835.— JJailM6 elegans, p. 27, pL 203; Phalaerocorax fioridanas, p. 387, 
 pi. 252 ; Ardea occidentalis, p. 542, pi. 281, spp. nn. 
 
 Vol. IV, 1838. — Pelecanus americamis, p. 88, pi. 311 ; Anas brewori, p. 302, pi. 
 338 ; Oorvus nuttalli, p. 450, pi. 362; Hirundo serripennis, p. 593, figs. 1, 2, 3, in text, 
 uo pi., spp. nn. 
 
 Vol. V, 1839. — Falco harrisii, p. 30, pi. 392 ; Sylvia macgillivrayi, p. 75, pi. 399; 
 JHomedea fu£ca, p. 116, pi. 407 ; Sterna havelli, p. 122, pi. 409, fig. 1 ; S. trudeaui, p. 
 125, pi. 409, f. 2 ; Plialoorocorax resplendeiis, p. 148, pi. 412, f. 1 ; P. townsendii, p. 
 149, pi. 412, f. 2; Picits martince, p. 181, pi. 417, figs. 1,2; P. phillipm, p. 186, pi. 
 417, f. 5, 6 ; p. harrisii, p. 191, pi. 417, figs. 8, 9 ; PtiUgonys townsendi, p. 206, pi. 419, 
 f. 2 ; FringiUa townscndi, p. 236, pL 424, f. 7 ; Scematopus bachmani, p. 245, pi. 427, 
 f. 1 ; K. lownsendi, p. 247, pi. 427, £ 3 ; Aphriza (g. n.) townsendi, p. 249, pi. 438 ; 
 Vria townsendi, p. 251, pi. 429, f. 1 ; Sylvia delajieldii, p. 307, no pi. ; Troglodytes 
 parkmanii, p. 310, no pi. ; FringiUa mortonii, p. 312, no pi. ; Picus gairdnerii, p. 317, 
 no pi. ; Larus occidentalis, p. 320, no pi. ; Diomedea nigripes, p. 327, no pi. ; Pro- 
 cellaria pacijwa, p. 321, no pi. ; P. tcnuirostris, p. 333, no pi., spp. nn. ; and the fol- 
 lowing, "not characterized": Falco bachmanii, Strix forficata, Tantalus fuscus, 
 p. 334 ; PhaHanus americanus, Oaprimulgus nuttallii, Picas pyrrhonotus, p. 335 ; 
 FringiUa chlorura, Tardus townsendi, Phalaerocorax Uucurus, P. l&uconotus, p. 336. 
 
 1832. [Anon.] American Ornithology or the natural history of the birds of 
 the united States. Illustrated with plates, engraved and coloured 
 from original Drawings taken from Nature, by Al. Wilson. Phila- 
 delphia by Bradford, i-ix, 1808-1814. 4. 76 pi. < OA;en's /sis, Bd. 
 XXV, 1832, pp. 979-987. 
 Uebersicht. Inhaltsverzeichniss. Stiick der Classification hier mitgetheilt. 
 
620 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1832 [54 
 
 1832. [Anon.] American Ornithology or the natural history of Birds inhab- 
 iting the United States, not given by Wilson. With figures drawn, 
 engraved and coloured from nature. By Charles Lucian Bona- 
 parte ; gr. 4. Philadelphia. K^Oken's lais, Bd. xxv, 1832, pp. 987-991. 
 Inhaltsveizeicliiiiss. Bescbreibong der neaen Arten. 
 
 1832. [Anon.] [Keview of Swainson andKichardson'sFauna Boreali-Ameri- 
 cana. Part. II., containing the Birds. London, Murray, 1831.] 
 <^Loudon'a Mag. Nat. Hist., v, 1832, pp. 360-364. 
 1832. Bonaparte, C. L. L. C. Bonaparte. Die Sippen der nordamericani- 
 schon Vbgel nnd eine Synopsis der Gattungen in den vereinigten 
 Staaten. Gelesen am 24. Jann. 1826 (Annals of the Lyceum of nat. 
 history of New-York. Vol. II, 1828, p. 1-128 et 293-451. < Oken'a 
 • lais, Bd. xxv, 1832, pp. 1135-1107. 
 Tollstandig, nach dem Origlnole. 
 1832. [Editor.] A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and 
 Canada. By Thomas Nuttall, A. M. F. L. S. Cambridge, Hilliard 
 & Brown, pp. 682. <CSilUm. Am. Journ. Sd., xxii, 1832, pp. 178, 179. 
 Keview of the first volume of Nuttall'a work. 
 
 1832. Green, J. Fragmente znr Thiergesohiohte. <^ Oken's laia, Bd. xxv, 
 1832, p. 1042. 
 Friangilla trietis, Orwlusphceni^seus ; Am. Journ. Science, vol. iv, 1822, p. 309. 
 
 1832. Jameson, W. Eeise in der Davisstrasse 1820. <^Oke«,'a laia, Bd. xxv, 
 1832, p. 594. 
 Anszag aos The Edinb. Philos. Journ., Bd. iii, 1821, Heft 5, p. 309. 
 
 1832. ElCHARDSON, J. Ueber Clima und Vegetation an der Hudsonsbay. 
 <0feeB'8 laia, Bd. xxv, 1832, p. 607,608. 
 Auszug ans The Edinb. Philos. Journ., Bd. xii, 1825, Heft 24, p. 197. 
 1832. Wilson, A. American Ornithology, or the Natural History of the 
 birds of the United States. . . . The illustrative notes and life of 
 Wilson by Sir Wm. Jardine, Bart. 3 vols. 8vo. London and Edin- 
 burgh. 1832. 
 Not seen ! Above title quoted from memory of a catalogne. 
 
 1832. Wilson, J. Ueber einige neue Tetrao (Grouse), von D. Douglas in den 
 Eockygebirgen von Nordamerica entdeckt. -K^Oken'a laia, Bd. xxv, 
 1832, p. 919. 
 Auszng ana The Edinburgh New Philos. Journ., 1830, Bd. viii. Heft 16, p. 372. 
 
 1832-34. Nuttall, T. A | Manual | of the | Ornithology | of the | United 
 States and of Canada. | By | Thomas Nuttall, A. M., F.L. S. | — | 
 [Vol. I.] The Land Birds. | — | — | Cambridge: | Hilliard and 
 Brown, | booksellers to the university. | — | MDCCCXXXII. | 12mo. 
 pp. viii, 683, 53 woodoc. [Vol. II.] The Water Birds. | — | — | Eos- 
 ton : I Hilliard, Gray, and Company. | — | MDCCCXXXIV. 12mo. 
 pp. vii, 627, woodcc. 
 
 The original edition, long ont of print, and not common. Vol. I: Siihama, g. 
 n., p. 290 ; Falco butevides, p. 100 ; Muscicapa cooperi sive AT. inomaia, p. 282 ; Regu- 
 his tricolor, p. 420 ; Troglodytes brevirostris, p. 435 ; Pringilla ambigua, p. 484 ; F. 
 littoralis, p. 504, spp. nn. Vol. II : Heteropoda, p. 135 ; Euliga, p. 167 ; MiaopUra, 
 p. 192 ; Amblyrhynchus, p. 247 ; Bydroka, p. 259 ; Gymyiathus, p. 403 i Gymnura, 
 p. 425, genn. nn. ; Ardea discors, p. ^4; Numemus intermedins, p. 100; Tritiga 
 wHsonii, p. 121; Tringa awdu&onu, p. 140, spp. nn. — Nutt:iU, like good wine, does 
 not deteriorate with age, and needs none of my bush here. 
 
55] BIBLI0(3RAPHICAL API ENDIX. 183S 621 
 
 1833. AuDCBOX, V. G. Mr. Audubon, Jun., iu Eeply to Mr. Waterton's 
 Remarks ou Audubon's Biograpby of Birds. <^ Loudon's Mag. Nat, 
 Hist., vi, 1833, p. 369. 
 
 1833. Douglas, D. Observations on some Species of the Genera Tetrao and 
 Ortyx, natives of North America ; with Desoiiptions of Four now 
 Species of the former, and Two of the latter Genus. <f Trans. Linn. 
 Sac, xvi.pt. iii, 1833, pp. 133-149. (Read Dec. 1828; pub. 18?9.) 
 
 T. urophasianus Bp. fully described ; T. urophasiatiellus, p. 136 ; T. sabini, p. 
 137 ; T. franklinii, p. 139 ; T. richardsonii " Sab. MSS;", p. 141 ; Oriijx picta, p. 
 143; O.' douglassii " Vig. MSS.", p. 145, spp. nn. Acconnt of habits of some 
 of these is full; followed by field-Dotes oa various other North American 
 Tetraonidce. (See same title, under its actual date, 1829.) 
 
 1833. Emmons, E. A Catalogue of the Animals and Plants of Massachusetts. 
 II. Birds. By Ebenezer Emmons, M. D. etc. <^ Hitclicock'a Eep. 
 Geol. Min. Bat. and ZoSl. Mass., Amherst, 1833, pp. 545-551. 
 
 "A list of 160 species, sparingly annotated; symbols employed 1^ indicate 
 whether rare or common, resident or migratory, and whether known to breed in 
 the State. The list includes two synonyms, but only one species (Rhynchops 
 nigra), not confirmed as an inhabitant of the State. Very incomplete, but, so 
 far as .it goes, trustworthy and important. The first attempt at a scientific 
 enumeration of the birds of Massachusetts." — (J. A. Allen, in epist.) 
 
 1833. JossBLYN, J. An Account of Two Voyages to New England. . . . 
 <[ Collect. Mass. Historical Soc, 3d ser., iii, 1833, pp. 211-396. 
 
 A reprjnt — see the original, 1674. 
 
 1833? NuTTALL, T. Remarks and Inquiries concerning the Birds of Massa- 
 chusetts. <^ Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., new ser., I, 1833, pp. 
 91-106, fig. on p. 98. (Actual date probably 1831.) 
 
 44 spp. treated. Troglodytes brevirostris, p. 98, fi;;., Muscicapa inornata, p. 102, 
 marked as nn. spp., and article dated April, 1831 ; the pagination is quoted 
 in Man. Om. [1(332], so that this may be the original notice of these spp., though 
 the vol. containing it is dated 1833. 
 
 1833. " R. B." Observations on Mr. Waterton's attacks ou Mr. Audubon. 
 
 < Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, 1833, pp. 369-372. 
 
 1833. Vigors, N. A. [On a Collection of Skins of Birds from California.] 
 
 < P. Z. S., i, 1833, p. 65. 
 Only a short paragraph. 
 
 1833. Watbeton, C. On the " Biography of Birds " of J. J. Audubon. 
 
 < Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, 1833, pp. 215-218. 
 
 "Waterton appears to have been satisfied that Audubon was a lying charlatan, 
 and accordingly attacked him with a very pointed pen. Audubon's friends ral- 
 lied to his vindication, and Waterton then abused him worse than ever. I have 
 probably missed some of the papers, but most of the controversy is duly entered 
 here. 
 
 1833. Wilson, J. Historical view | of | the progress of discovery | on 
 the I more northern Coasts | of | America, | from the earliest period 
 to the present time. | By Patrick Eraser Tytler, Esq., | F. R. S. «& 
 F. S. A. I With I descriptive sketches | of the | Natural HistofJ? 
 of the North American | Regions. | By James Wilson, Esq., 
 F. E. S. E. & M. W. S. I — I To which is added an appendix, con- 
 taining I remarks on a late memoir of Sebastian Cabot, with | a 
 
622 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§33-183« [56 
 
 1833. Wilson, J.— Coutioued. 
 
 vindication of Richard Hakluyt. | — f| Illustrated by a map, and 
 nine engravings by Jackson. | Second Edition. | — | Edinburgh : | 
 Oliver & Boyd, Tweeddale-court ; | and Simpkin & Marshall, Lon- 
 don. | MDCCCXXXIII. lUmo. pp.444. > Chap. Vn. The Birds of 
 the Northern Regions of America, pp. 357-382, pi. 
 
 Summary and cursory aketch of North American ornithology, treating 
 various leading spcciea at some length. The plate represents Laru^ sabinei. 
 
 1834. [Anon.] Audubon's " Birds of America," and " Ornithological Biogra- 
 
 phy." < Edinb. New PMlos. Journ., sviii, 1834, pp. 131-144. 
 Highly laudatory review. 
 1834. Bachman, J. Remarks in defence of the author of the "Birds of 
 America." < Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, pt. i, 1834, pp. 15-31. 
 
 Chiefly occupied in a discussion of the scansorial ability of Crotalus, repre- 
 sented by Audubon as attacking the nest of Mi'mus polyglottus, and in estimat- 
 ing the value of Audubon's experiments on the senses of sight and smell in 
 Oathartea. 
 1834. Emmons, E. Observations on the time of the appearance of the 
 Spring Birds, in Williamstown, (Mass.) in the years 1831, 1832 & 
 1833. < Sillim. Am. Journ. Sd., xxvi, 1 834, p. 208. 
 Twenty-three species. 
 1834. Gould, J. [On a Collection of Birds from North America, presented 
 by Mr. Folliott.] < P. Z. S., ii, 1834, pp. 14, 15. 
 Critical remarks on a few species. 
 1834. GoDLD, J. [Remarks on exhibition of some Birds from the United 
 States.] < Lond. and Edinh. PMlos. Mag., v, 1834, pp. 72, 73. 
 From P. Z. S., Feb. 25, 1834. 
 1834. " 0." Notices on [^sic'] a few of the Birds of Lower Canada. < Lou- 
 don's Mag. Nat. Hist, vii, 1834, pp. 508-511. 
 
 1834. SWAiNSON, W. Synopsis von Bullocks Vogeln aus Mexico. < Oken's 
 
 Ids, Bd. xxvii, 1834, pp. 783-788. 
 Auszug aus d. FhOos. Magaz., Bd. i, 1827, pp. 364-369, 433-442, q. ».— 103 Arten. 
 
 1634. Waterton, C. Mr. Audubon and his Work, the Biography of Birds. 
 <^ Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist., vii, 1834, pp. 66-74. 
 Further instalment of this person's flippant and supercilious animadversion. 
 
 1835. [Anon.] Audubon's Biography of Birds. <^ North American Eeview, 
 
 July, 1835, pp. 194-231. 
 
 One of the mo3t extended and minute accounts (formal biographies aside) ex- 
 tant of the "American backwoodsman" and his great work. 
 
 1835. [Anon.] Manuel of the Ornithology of the united states and of Canada, 
 by Thomas Nuttall. Cambridge by Billiard. Vol. I. 1832. 8. 683. 
 II. 1834. 627. fig. 296. < Oken's Isis, Bd. xxviii, 1835, pp. 68-72. 
 Hier nur ein Verzeichnias der beschriebenen Arten. 
 
 1835. B. [Review of Audubon's Ornithological Biography.] <^Loudon's 
 Mag. Nat. Hist., viii, 1835, pp. 184-190. 
 
 1835. Brown, Thomas. Illustrations of the American Ornithology of Alex. 
 Wilson and Charles Lucien Bonaparte, with all the new discoveries, 
 and the addition of the whole Forest Sylvia. Folio, Edinburgh, 1835. 
 Not seen— title from Ao. & Sthickl. BiU. 
 
"] 
 
 BTBLIOGEAPniCAL APPENDIX. 1835-1836 623 
 
 1835. Franklin, J. [Verzeichniss der neuen Arten von seiner Polfabrt.] 
 < Oken's Ms, Bd. xxviii, 1835, pp. S51, 35.J. 
 Anszug aas P. Z. S., Sept. 87, 1S31, p. 133. 
 
 1835. Eoss, J. C. Appendix | to the Narrative | of a | Second Voyage in 
 search | of a | North-west Passage, | and of a | Residence in the Arc- 
 tic regions | during the years 1829, 1831, 1832, 1833. | By | Sir John 
 Eoss, C. B., K. S. A., K. C. S., &o. &c. | Captain in the Eoyal 
 Navy. I Including the reports of | Commander, now Captain, James 
 Clark Eoss, E. N., F. B. S., F. L. S., &c. | and | the discovery of the 
 northern magnetic pole. | — | London : | A. W. Webster, 156, Ee- 
 gent street. | — | 1835. 1 vol. 4to. pp. i-xii, 1-120, I-CIII, pll. 
 > Birds, pp. xxv-xlv. 
 
 This Appendix forms a separate vol., treating of varions matters. Of birds, 41 
 species are given, -with local synonymy and fleld-notes. Of. Areh. f. Naturg., 
 1836, (1), pp. 193-201. 
 
 1835. Taylor, E. C. On the Geology and Natural History of the North- 
 
 Eastern Extremity of the Alleghany Mountain Eange in Pennsyl- 
 vania, United States. ^Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist., viii, 1835, pp. 
 529-541. 
 
 Contains, pp. 539, 540, list of 56 spp. 
 
 1836. Bachman, J. On the Migration of the Birds of North America. Bead 
 
 before the Literary and Philosophical Society of Charleston, (S. C.) 
 March 15th, 1833. <C,Sillim. Am. Journ. /Sci.,xxx, 1836, pp. 81-100. 
 
 One of tlie earliest, if not the first, of ttie scientifio treatises on tliis subject. 
 1836. Fox, C. Notice of some American Birds. <^SiUim. Am. Journ. Sci., 
 xxix, 1836, pp. 291-294. 
 
 Seolopax pygmcea? (=^Trmga aubarqaata) shot on Long Island, May 27, 1835; 
 Fhalaropits hyperboreus ; Corvus canadeTisis ; Umberiza peeoris ; with list of about 
 40 epp. of birds seen in Fulton Market, New York City. 
 
 1836. King, E. Narrative | of a | Journey to the shores | of | The Arctic 
 Ocean, | in 1833, 1834, and 1835; | under the command of Capt. Back, 
 E. N. I By Eiohard King, M. E, C. S., &c. | surgeon .and naturalist 
 to the Expedition. | In two volumes. | Vol. I [II]. London : | Eicb- 
 ard Bentley, | Publisher in Ordinary to His Majesty. | New Burling- 
 ton street. | 1836. 2 vols. 12mo. Vol. I, pp. ix, 312, pll. Vol. U, 
 pp. viii, 321, pll. 
 Ornithological notes paaaim. 
 
 1836. King, E. Temperature of Quadrupeds, Birds, Fishes, Plants, Trees, 
 and Earth, as ascertained at different times and places in Arctic 
 America, during Captain Back's Expedition. <^Edinb. New Fhilos. 
 Journ., xxi, 1836, pp. 150, 151. 
 
 1836. EiCHARDSON, J. Narrative | of the | Arctic Land Expedition | to the 
 mouth of I the great Fish river, | and | along the shores of the arc- 
 tic Ocean, | in the years 1833, 1834, and 1835 ; | by | Captain Back, 
 E. N., I commander of the Expedition. | — | Illustrated by a map 
 and plates. | — | London : | John Murray, Albemarle street. | 
 MDCCCXXXVI. 1 vol. 8vo. (other copies in 4to). pp. i-x, 1 1., 1- 
 663, map, and pll. > Appendix No. 1. Zoological Eemarks, by John 
 Eiohardson, M. D. F. K. S. &c. pp. 477 et seq. 
 
 Nominal list of 81 spp. of birds, pp. 4S2-485i followed, pp. 502-518, by a com- 
 mentary on many of tbem. There is also, pp. 590-594, a table giving the temper- 
 ature of m.ammals, birds, etc., at different times and places, by Mr. King. 
 
624 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§36-1837 [ss 
 
 1836. Taylor, R. C. A Supplement to the List of Species of Birds occuirent 
 on the North-eastern extremity of the Alleghany Mountain Range, 
 printed in [op. olt.] VIII. r)39, 540 ; and Information on Traits in the 
 Habits of the Passenger Pigeon (Columba migratoria), and of the 
 Wolf (Canis Lupus). -C^Loudon's Mag. 2fat. Hist., ix, 1836, pp. 72-74. 
 
 1836. WiEGMANN, A. F. A. Zoolcgische Resultate von John Ross zweiter 
 
 Nordpol-Reise. <^Arch.f. Naturg., ii, (1), 1836, pp. 183-203. 
 Togel, pp. 192-201 j 41 Arten. 
 
 1837. [Anon.] American ornithology by Alex. Wilson , with a continuations 
 
 by Ch. Lucian Bonaparte. The illustrative notes et life of Wilson 
 by W. Jardine, in three volumes. London Whittaker. 1832. 8. 
 408,390,507. Tab. 1-76. 1-21. <0J;en'8 Jsis, Bd. xxx, 1837, p. 261. 
 Take this and the next as samples of the hideous manner in which the Isii 
 reviewers used to componnd their titles. 
 
 1837. [Anon.] Ornithological Biography, or an account of the habits of the 
 birds of the united States of America by John James Audubon. 
 Edinburgh, Black ; London, Havell, Longman etc. I. 1831. 8. 512. 
 II. 1834. 588. III. 1835. 638. <_0ken'8 Isis, Bd. xxx, 1837, pp. 922-928. 
 
 1837. Brewer, T. M. Some additions to the catalogue of the Birds of Mas- 
 sachusetts in Prof. Hitchcock's Report, &c. <^Journ, Boston Soc. 
 Nat. Hist., i, pt. Iv, 1837, pp. 435-439. (Read Dec. 6, 1836.) 
 Forty-five species. 
 
 1837. Editorial. [Summary of J. Richardson's Report on North American 
 Birds, sixth meeting of Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci.] <C.Mag. of Zool. and 
 Bot., i, 1837, p. 300. 
 See the Report itself, this date, Eichaedsoh, J. 
 
 1837. Graah, W. a. Narrative of an Expedition | to the | East Coast of 
 Greenland, | sent by order of the King of Denmark, | in search 
 of I the lost colonies, | under the command of | Capt" W. A. Graah, 
 of the Danish Royal Navy, | Knight of Dannebrog, &c. | — I Trans- 
 lated from the Danish, | by | the late G. Gordon Macdougall, F. R. 
 S. N. A., I for the | Royal Geographical Society of London. | With 
 the I original Danish chart completed by the Expedition, | — | Lon- 
 don : I John W. Parker, West Strand. | — | M.DCCCXXXVH. 1 vol. 
 8vo. pp. xvi, 199, map. 
 
 The Appendix contains, pp. 178, 179, a list of Greenland birds, 24 in nnmber, 
 among them Oygnus musicxcs. 
 
 1837. Richardson, J. Report on North American Zoology. <[ iJep. Sixth 
 Meeting Brit. Ass. Adv. Sd.for 1836, v, 1837, pp. 121-224. 
 
 Important. In its scope arc included an enumeration of the animals inhabit- 
 ing North America ; the peculiarities of the fauna which they constitute ; the 
 geographical range of groups or individual species, with influencing circnm- 
 st.'inces, such as configuration of the land, climate, vegetation, etc. .4yeif, pp. 
 164-197 : .innotated list of the species inhabiting N. A. (including Mexico), un- 
 fortunately classified in a fanciful manner, caught from Swainson, and inter- 
 spersed with reflections on "quinary" matters. The historical portion of the 
 paper and that relating to tbe migration of species are full of interest. This 
 paper was probably also published separately, under a diflereut title, ae I have 
 seen it quoted simply " List ", and I think with a different pagination. 
 
 1837. ToWNSBND, J. K. Description of Twelve New Sppcios of Birds, chiefly 
 from the vicinity of tbe Columbia river. < Joun. Acad. Nat. S<A. 
 Fhila., vii, 1837, pp. 187-193. 
 
59] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1837-1839 625 
 
 1837. ToWNSEND, S. K.— Continued. 
 
 E.ead Nov. 15, 1836. Sialia occddentalis, Fringilla oregana, p. 1P8; F. bicolar, 
 Plectrophanes orrtaJa, p. 189 ; Pants rufescens, P. minimus, Sylvia ocddentalis, p. 
 190; S. nigrescens, S.auduboni, A'. tow?i*en.rfi ''Kntt.", p. 191; Orpheus montanus, 
 Charadrius montanus (quotes Audub., Om. JBiog., pi. 350), p. 192. CoDcludes with 
 a list of 72 app., "prepared by the Ornithological Committee" , from the Colum- 
 bia Itiver. 
 
 1838. [Anon.] Eeise des Prinzen Maximilian von Wied durch Nordamerioa. 
 
 Coblenz bey Holacher. 1838. Heft 3. 4. 4. Bogen 13-33. 8 Tafeln 
 in Fol. < Oken'8 Isis, Bd. sxxi, 1838, pp. 794-796. 
 1838. Bonaparte, C. L. A | Geographical and Comparative | List | of the | 
 Birds I of | Europe and North America. | — | By Charles Lucian Bo- 
 naparte, I Prince of Mueignano. | — | London: | John Van Voorst, 
 7, Paternoster-Row. | 1838. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. vii, 67. 
 
 Systematic list of names, with a few references and iDdication of habitats, in 
 parallel colnmns. European, 503 spp. ; American, 471 sp. European, not North 
 American, 403 J American, not European, '371; 100 spp. thus peculiar to each 
 country. The list was much uaed and quoted, especially by American writers, 
 for several years. 
 
 There are a number of new names, generic and specific, in the list; but as 
 there is no indication which are newly proposed, it is the business of the orni- 
 thologist, and not the duty of the bibliographer, to find them out. The familiar 
 Bonapartean "Nobs" are with lavish impartiality distj^-bnted through the 
 list, not necessarily, however, indicating a new name, but merely that method, 
 happily characterized by Temminck as "am^i la cargaison" , in which Bona- 
 parte was an expert beyond other men. The list has proven full of errors and 
 omissions, though it was perhaps up to the then times, at least as far as Amer- 
 ica was concerned. Of. Ann. Mag. Nat Hist., voL i, 1839, 318 ; Arch, fur Naturg., 
 1839, (2), pp. 395, 396. 
 
 1838. Eeinhaedt, J. Ichthyologiske Eidrag til den Gronlandiske Fauna 
 
 .... Indledning, indeholdende Tillseg og Forandringer i den 
 fabriciske Fortegnelse paa groulandsbe Hvirveldyr. <^Kongel. 
 Danske Vid, Sehk. Kaiurvid. og Math. Afh.j vii. Deel, 1838, pp. 85-105, 
 pU. 1-3. 
 
 B. Fugle. 1. Tilvaext af Eaglearter som ere faelleds for Europa og Nord- 
 amerika, 22 spp. 2. Tilvaext af Fuglearter, som ere ebendommelige for den 
 ostlige Hemisphere, 2 spp. 3. Tilvasxt af Fuglearter, som ere ebendommelige 
 for Nordamerika eller fortrinsviia forekommeder, 9 spp. PL I, f. 1, Selmintho- 
 phaga " rujicapilla" 0). PI. I, f. 2, Zonotrichia leucophrys. PI. II, Nwmeniu»- 
 hudsonicus (borealis "Wils.). PI. HI, Platypus barrovni. — Uebersetz. Isis, 1848^ 
 pp. 247-258. See 1848, Reinhardt, J. 
 
 1839. Audubon, J. J. A | Synopsis of the Birds | of | North America. 
 
 I By I John James Audubon, P. R. SS. L. & E. | Member of various 
 scientific associations in | Europe and America. | Edinburgh i | 
 Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh ; | Longman, Rees, Brown, 
 Green, and Longman, London. | MDCCCXXXIX. | 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 
 xii, 359 -f 1. 
 
 A descriptive, synonynaatic, and geographical list of 491 species systematically 
 arranged, with characters of the genera and higher groups, the main reference 
 being to the plates of the folio ed. of the Birds of Americ .-, to which the 
 present publication serves as a methodical index. The very notable changes 
 throughout in classification and nomenclature from those adopted in the work 
 just mentioned have obviously their source in "W. Macgillivray ; but as the 
 arrangement between him and Audubon was presumedly mutually satisfactory, 
 it is no part of the public's to enquire into their respective Bhare%pin the author- 
 ship of the present volume. 
 40 B C 
 
626 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1839 [eO 
 
 1839. [Editorial.] Ornithology of the United States. <^SiUim. Am. 
 Joum. ScL, xxxvi, 1839, p. 201. 
 J. K. Towneend'a proposed work— notice of Part L 
 
 1839. LiCHTENSTEiN, H, Beitrag zur ornithologischen Fauna von Oaliforuien 
 nebst Bemerkungen iiber die Artkenuzeichen der Pelikane und liber 
 einige Vogel von den Sandwich-lnseln. <^ Ahhand. Konigl, Akad. 
 Wise. B&i'lin aus dem Jahre 1838, 1839, pp. 417-451, pll. 1-5. (Gelesen 
 Juni 1837.) 
 
 Vultus caK/omMrnws, p. 424,pl. 1. Falco (Buteo) ferrugineus, -p. 428, sp.n. Strix 
 frovtalis, p. 430, sp. q. Fringilla hvdsonia, Foret., p. 432. Felecanus trachyrynchus, 
 p. 433, pi. 2, p. 440, pi. 3, f. 5. P. mitratits, p. 436, pi. 3, f. 2, sp. n. P. onocrotalus, p. 
 436, pi. 3, f. 1. P. crispus, p. 437, pi. 3, f. 4. P. ru/escens, p. 439, pi. 3, f. 3. P./uscus, 
 p. 441, pi. 3, f. 6. P. conspicillatug, p. 444, sp. n. Sylomanes momotula, p. 449, pi. 4, 
 sp. n. (Mexico) ; Scmignathus obscurus, p. 449, pi. 5, f. 1 (Oahu) ; H. lueidus, p. 451, 
 pL5, f. 2,3 (Oahn), spp. nn. — Nocli eine epatere in der J.^ erschieneDe Ausgabe 
 dieses Artikels geben wir, 1844. 
 
 1839. Peabody, W. B. O. Reports | on the | Fishes, Reptiles and Birds | 
 of I Massachusetts. | — | Published agreeably to an order of [ the 
 Legislature, | by the Commissioners ou the Zoological and Botanical 
 I Survey of the State. | — | Boston : | Button & Wentworth, State 
 printers. | — | 1839. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. xii,426, pll. iv. > A | Report 
 I on the I Ornithology of Massachusetts. I By ( William B. 0. Pea- 
 body, pp. 255-404. 
 
 Biographical notices, more or less extended, of 265 spp. known or believed to 
 occnr in Massacliu setts, given in form of a communication to the G-overDor uf 
 Massachusetts, d:ited and signed in conclusion. The author was one of several 
 persons commissioned to take charge of the State Survey above mentioned, 
 according to resolution of the Legislature ol 12th April, 1837. His report, with 
 the two others, together constituting the present volume, was presented to 
 G-ovemor Everett, February 11, 1839, and the volume ordered to be printed by 
 Legislature, resolution of April 9, 1839, in an edition of 1,500 copies. The book 
 has become somewhat scarce. In consequence, perhaps, of difficulty of consul- 
 tation, the ornithological portion has been quoted as if it appertained to Pro- 
 fessor Hitchcock's later report on the Mineialogical and Geological Survey of the 
 State, the coatiunation of which was directed by the Legislature at the same 
 time that the Zpological and Botanical Survey was ordered. Hitchcock's origi- 
 nal report was published in 1833, which see. Hitchcock was appointed by act 
 of Legislature of June 5, 1830, to make a geological examination of the Common- 
 'weoltb of Massachusetts in connection with the general Trigonometrical Survey 
 ordered by act of March 3, 1830, and by act of February 3, ItJSl, was directed to 
 cause to be annexed to his report u- list of the native mineralogical, botanical, 
 and zoological productions of the Commonwealth, us far as practicable and 
 within the limits of the appropriation. 
 
 1839. TOWNSEND, J. K. List of the Birds Inhabiting the Region of the 
 Rocky Mountains, the Territory of ti.e Oregon, and the North West 
 Coast of America. < Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.j viii, 1639, pp. 
 151-158. 
 
 231 spp.— names only. A few names occur which bad not apparently up to that 
 time been debcribed, some of which have not since been described. 
 
 1839? TowNSEND, J. K. Ornithology of the United States. The descrip- 
 tive part by J. K. Townsend. The drawings from nature by French 
 Artists. 8vo. Philadelphia. J. B. Chevalier. (About 1839?) 
 
 Not seen — cited from Baird, who says, — " This was apparently only a specimen 
 number." See ivifrd, 1849, same author. 
 
61] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENJ)1X. 1839 627 
 
 1839. TOWNSEND, J. K. Narra ive | of a | Journey across the Rocky Mount- 
 ains, I to I The Columbia River, | and | a visit to the Sandwich 
 Islands, Chili, &o. | With | a Scientific Appendix. | By John K. Town- 
 send, I Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- 
 phia. I Philadelphia : | Henry Perkins, 134 Chestnut street. I Bos- 
 ton: Perkins & Marvin. | — | 1839. 8vo. pp. viii, 352. > Ap- 
 pendix: Catalogue of Birds found in the Territory of the Oregon, 
 pp. 331-352. 
 
 The personal narrative of a journey, performed by the author in 1834 under 
 Captain 'Wyeth, in company with Thomas Nutt.ill, which resalted in the addi- 
 tion of some 25 spp. of birds to the fauna of the United States. These were 
 described pai-tly by the author, partly by Audubon. There is ornithological mair 
 teTpaBSim; but the portion of the Appendix above quoted is the only part of 
 the work that foimally treats of birds. It consists of a nominal list of 208 
 spp., followed by descriptions of 24 "new" species. All of these discoveries, 
 however, had been previously named anddescribed. either by the author himself, 
 in pt ii of vol. vii (1837) of the Philadelphia Academy's Journal, or by Mr. Au- 
 dubon, in vol. iv of the Orn. Biogr., these works being cited in every case. A 
 few others are indicated in the catalogue, but neither named nor described. It 
 is to be noted that the bird named Pkalacrocorax " reaplendens '" by Audubon is 
 here given as P. '"splendens" Towns. MS., making in fact a synonym; and that 
 a curious generic term, Frinca, is applied to the Aphriza. It looks like a misprint 
 for Tringa, but is twice printed, with an asterisk, to indicate novelty. Audubon 
 dedicated no fewer than seven of the species to Mr. Townsend. 
 
 1839. Vigors, N. A. The | Zoology | of | Captain Beechey's Voyage ; | com- 
 piled from the | collections and notes made by Captain Beechey, | 
 the officers and naturalist of the expedition, | during a voyage to 
 the Pacific and Behring'S straits performed in | his majesty's ship 
 Blossom, I under the command of | Captain F. W. Beechey, E. N., 
 
 F. E. S., &c. &c. I in the years 1825, 26, 27, and 28 | By | N. A. 
 
 Vigor,s, Esq., A. M., F. R. S., &c. ; [and others]. | — | Illustrated 
 with upwards of I fifty finely coloured plates by Sowerby. | — | Pub- 
 lished under the authority of the Lords Commissioners of the Ad- 
 miralty. I — I London : | Henry G. Bohn, 4, York Street, Covent 
 Garden. | — | MDCCCXXXIX. 1 vol. 4to. pp. xii, 1-11, 9'-13», 
 13-180, pU. col'd i-xliv, 1-3. > Ornithology, pp. 13-40, pll. iii-xiv. 
 "The expedition touched at various points, without making a lengthened stay 
 at any ; and the collection consequently consists of a variety of species met with 
 at detached and distant localities, rather than cf an extensive series which mi^ht 
 serve to Illustrate the zoology of a particular spot" (p. 13). The specimens also 
 appear to have reached naturalists in poor state of preservation. The matter 
 appears to have been written .about 1830, but the appearance of the volume w.ts de- 
 layed several years by J. E. Gray's dilatoriness iu prep.iring the MoUusca.— Text 
 descriptive, synonym.atic, and briefly biographical ; — it is asubject of lasting regret 
 that indications of locality are not more frequent and more precise. Of about 100 
 spp. treated, three-fourths are North American, and the principal collections 
 appear to have been made on the coast of California. The collection afforded 
 Mr. Vigors numerous new species (few of which h.ave proven really new) ; many 
 of these were previously desciibed by him in the Zoological Journal, though 
 here marked "n. s." several years sub^^equently. Those so marked without 
 reference to this journal are as follows: — Muscicapa semiatra, Tyrannus cinereus, 
 Orpheus Icucopterus, p. 17 ; Sialia ca&ruleocollis {pi. iii), Motacilla leucoptera. Trog- 
 lodytes spilurus (pi. iv, f. 1), p. 18; SaxicUa cenanthoMes. Saltator rufivcntris, 
 Frinff!^ crissalis, Fringilla mtruloides, p. Itl ; Pyrrhula inornata, p. 20 ; Oarrulus 
 mlifornicus (pi. v), p. 21 ; Picus chrysogenys, Colaptes collaris (pi. ix), p. 24 ; Sitta 
 pygmcea (pi. iv,f.2), Oo!«m6a metoiiicffl, p. 25; O. monilis (pi x),p.2B; Nycticorax 
 crassirostris, p. 27; Uergulus drrocephalus, p. 32.— See 1829, Vigors, N. A. 
 
628 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1839-1840 [62 
 
 1839. Vigors, N. A.— Continued. 
 
 Plates additional to those just noted are : — Pica beecheii, pi. vl ; P. coUiei, pi. rii ; 
 Ooccothraustes ferreo-rogtris, pi. viii ; Ortyx douglasii, pi. xl ; Iteeurvirostra oceU 
 d&ntalis, yl.^ii; Anas carolinensis, ph'^iu] A. uropha9ianui,]}\.xiv. 
 
 1839-41. Maximilian, Prinz zu Wied. Eeise | in | das Innere Nord- 
 America | in den Jahren 1832 bis 1834 | von | Maximilian Prinz zu 
 Wied. I — I Mit 48 Kupfero, 33 Vignetten, vielen Holzschnitten 
 und einer Charte. | Erster [Zweiter] Baud. | — | Coblenz, 1839 
 [1841]. I Bei J. Hcelscher. 2 vols. 4to. Vol. I, 1839, pp. v-xvi, 2 U., 
 pp. 1-654, 1 1. Vol. II, lfj41, p,'. i-xxiv, 1-688. 
 
 Omithologisches poasim. Vol. I, Anhang, Eeilage B, Terzeicbniss der in den 
 "Wintermonaten am Wabasch vorkommenden Vogel, pp. 643, 644. Vol. 11, 
 Anhang, Beilage A, Vogelkalender lur die Gegend der Mandau-Dorfer im 
 "Winter 1833-34, pp. 654-657, Vol. I, Cathartes septentrionalin, p. lf!3, ep. u. 
 Vol. II, Qytnnorhinibs (g. n.) cyanocephalus, sp. n., p. 22. Vou dieser wichtigen 
 Arbeit kennt man verschledene Audagen and TTebersetzangen, franzosiscbe 
 nnd engliacbe. 
 
 1840. Bachman, J. Ueber den Zug der Viigel in Nordamerica. < Olcen'a 
 
 Ids, Bd. xxxiii, 1840, pp. 171-176. 
 
 TTebers. aus d. Am. Jour. Sci. amd ArU, Bd. xxx, 1836, pp. 81-100. 
 1840. [Editorial.] A Synopsis of the Birds of North America . . . The 
 Birds of America, from drawings made in the United States and 
 their Territories. <^Sillim. Am. Jowrn. Sd., xxxix, 1840, pp. 343-357. 
 
 Formal review. 
 1840. GossE, P. H. The | Canadian Naturalist. | A series of conversations | 
 on the I Natural History of Lower Canada. | By | P. H. Gosse. | Corr. 
 Mem. of the Nat. Hist. Soc. of Montreal, and of the | Lit. and Hist. 
 Soc. of Quebec. | [Vignette ] | " Every kingdom, every province, 
 should have its own monographer." | Gilbert White. | Illustrated 
 with forty-four engravings. | London : | John Van Voorst, 1 Pater- 
 noster Row. I M.DCCCXL. 1 vol. 12mo. pp. iii-xii, 1-372, 44 
 woodcc. in text. 
 
 Pleasant gossip here and there abont birds, several of which are figured. 
 1840. NnTTALL,T. A | Manual | of the | Ornithology | of the | United States 
 and of Canada. | By | Thomas Nuttall, A. M.,F.L.S. &c. | Second 
 edition, wilh additions | — | [Vol. I.] The Land Birds. | — | — | 
 Boston : | Hilliard, Gray, and Company. | — | mdcccxl. [Vol. II.] 
 I The Water Birds. | [Same imprint and date.] 2 vols. 12mo. 
 Vol. I, pp. viii, 832. Vol. II, pp. — , — ; ■woodcc. in both vols. 
 
 While the general appearance and arrangement remain the same as in the 
 Urst edition, there are a good many additional species, and other nt'W matter, 
 derived partly from the jonmey which the author and J. K. Townsend performed 
 across the continent, partly from Andabon, and Swainson and Kicbardson. 
 
 Vol. I. Buteo monta/na i==8wam8oni Bp.), p. 112; Agelaius calacephalus, p. 
 186 ; Tardus cesUdatus, p. 400 (ustulatus, corrected, p. vi) ; Trickas tephrocotis, p. 
 462; Troglodytes maculosa, p. 492; FriTtgilla querula, p. 555: F. aurocapdla, p. 
 555 ; F. gambeln, p. 556 ; F. guttata, p. 581 ; Pious eeptentrioTialis, p. 684 ; P. rubri- 
 capiUuSj p. 685; Mniotilta borealia, p. 705; Trochilus icterocephalus, p. 712; Penelope 
 borealis, p. 780, spp. nn. 
 
 1840. Pbabody, W. B. O. A report on the Birds of Massachusetts made to 
 the Legislature in the Session of 1838-9. ■< Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. 
 Hiat., iii, pts. i-il, 1840, pp. 65-266. 
 The same as that in the State Eeport, 1839, q. v. 
 
63] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§40 629 
 
 1840. Wilson, A. {ed. Brewer, T. M.) Wilson's | American Ornithology, | 
 with I notes by Jardine : | to which is added | A synopsis of Ameri- 
 can Birds, I including those described | by | Bonaparte, Audubon, 
 Nuttall, and | Eichardson ; | by T. M. Brewer. | — | Boston : | Otis, 
 Broaders, and Company. | — | 1840. 1 vol. 12mo. pp. viii, 746, pll. 
 (not numbered), figg. 315 on the pll., and a few woodcc. in text. 
 
 Out of print for several years, and now ratber scarce. The only American 
 edition of "Wilson except the original and one other (Ofiu's). The original test 
 and nomenclature are followed, with interpolation of the nomenclature and com- 
 mentary of .Jardine. The illustrations are the orifjinals, but uncolored, and so 
 greatly reduced that three of Wilson's 4to plates generally constitute one 
 plate of the present 1^.2mo edition ; the pit. are not numbered, bat the numera- 
 tion of the individual figg. is consecutive, 1-315 ; figg. 316, 317, 318, 322, are wood- 
 cats in text. The special feature of the edition is the editor's synopsis of the 
 Birds of North America (pp. 683-746), 491 spp. ; those not givue by Wilson 
 being briefly described, with .additional biographical items in many cases. The 
 classification and nomenclature of this synopsis are 1839 Audubonian. 
 
 There is another issue of tljis work, " Bvo, Now York, 1852"- Communicat- 
 ing with the editor, respecting this issue, not seen by me, I am informed by 
 him that " when Weeks and Jordan failed the plates were bought by some per- 
 sons in New York and a cheap edition w-as printed and sold for awhile ; it was 
 identically the same." 
 
 1840-43. Maximilien, Prince de Wibd-Neuwied. Voyage | dans l'int6- 
 rieur | de | l'Am6rique du Nord, | ex^out^ pendant les ann^es 1832, 
 1833 et 1834, | par | le prince Maximilien de Wied-Neuwied. | Ou- 
 vrage | accompagnfi d'un Atlas de 80 planches environ, | format demi- 
 colombier, | dessin^es sur les lieux | par M. Charles Bodmer, | et | 
 gravies par les plus habilesartistesdeParisetdeLondres. | — | Tome 
 premier [deuxifeme, troisifeme]. | — | Paris, | chez Arthus Bertrand, 
 ^diteur, | Libraire de la Socifitd de Geographic de Paris, | et de la 
 Society royale des antiquaires du Nord, | Rue Hautefeuille, 25. | — | 
 1840 [1841, 1843]. 3 vols. 8vo. Vo!. 1, 1840, 2 p. 11., pp. 383. Vol. II, 
 1841, 2 p. 11., pp. 487. Vol. Ill, 1843, 2 p. 11., pp. 407, deux cartes. 
 
 Dans cette Edition fran9aise, les notes zoologiques oiigin.alemeut affixfies aux 
 chapitres sent r6unies an fin du tome III. 
 
 1840-44. Audubon, J. J. The | Birds of America, | from | drawings made 
 in the United States | and their Territories. | By John James Audu- 
 bon, F. E. SS. L. & E. I [etc. etc.] | — | Vol. I [-VII]. | — | New 
 York: | published by J. J. Audubon. | Philadelphia: | J. B. Cheva- 
 lier. 1 1840 [-1844]. 7 vols, large 8vo. Vcl. 1, 1840, pp. i-viii, 9-256, 
 pll. 1-70. Vol. II, 1841, pp. i-viii, 9-205, pll. 71-140. Vol. Ill, 1841, 
 pp. i-viii, 9-233, pll. 141-210. Vol. IV, 1842, pp. i-viii, 9-321, + 1 1., 
 pll. 211-280. Vol.V,1842, pp. i-viii, 9-346, + 11., pll. 281-350. Vol. 
 VI, 1843, pp. i-viii, 9-457, -|- 1 1., pU. 351-420. Vol. VII, 1844, pp. 
 i-ix, 9-371, + 1 1., pll. 421-500. 
 
 This is the first 8vo ed., which may be distinguished from subsequent 8vo re- 
 issues by the difi'erent dates of the vols., number of vols., allotment of plates to 
 each vol., the double imprint (Chevalier's name not in vols, vi and vii), and 
 other particxilars above given. There are several later 8vo issues, some of a 
 different number of vols., some without plates, some not d-ated. See 1856, 1856 
 again, 1861, IStJl again, 1865, and 1871. The present is the only 8to od. published 
 by the author himself; it was issued in 100 parts, to be bound in 7 vols., at the 
 dates above given. Since "Audubon " was reduced to this 8vo shape, there has 
 been no material change in the text of his work, no matter what changes in the 
 
630 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1840-1841 [61 
 
 1840-44. AuDUBOx, J. J.— ConliDued. 
 
 make-tip of the volumes were introdacod in succesaivo issues ; und the numera 
 tion of all the 8vo plates ia the same, however indifferent the coloring may be 
 found in some of the late issues. 
 
 This work consists of the original "Ornithological Biography" ; with omiss'ou 
 of tlie "Delineations of American scenery and manners ", which were interpo- 
 lated in the original; with systematic rearrangement of the articles ; with changes 
 in nomenclature of the genera and species to conform with the authors Synopsis 
 of 1839 ; and with addition, in the 7th vol., of an appenfdx containing a number of 
 species not described or figured in the original. The plates arc reduced by the 
 camera lucida from the originals. in folio, systematically rearranged and renum- 
 bered, conformably with the sequence of the species in the t«xt, in which they are 
 interpolated. In quoting Audubon's platea, therefore, it ia necessary to state 
 whether the numbering of the foLo or 8vo series is meaLt. In the original folios, 
 there are only 435 pll. ,■ in the present 8vo ed., there are 483, exclusive of the 17 
 additional ones in the Appendix (500 in .ill). The discrepancy arises from the 
 fact that ill the original several species were occasionally introduced on the same 
 plate, but all such being given a separate plate in this edition. The additional 
 speciea of this edition are the following, being chiefly those procured during 
 the author's journey to the Upper Missouri in 1843 -.—FringiUa harrUdi, p. 331, 
 pL 484 ; Yireo bellii, p. 333, pi. 485 ; Alaudaspragtteii, p. 334, pi. 486 ; Plectrophanes 
 stmthii, p. 336, pi. 487 j Emberiza LcConteii, p. 3J8. pi. 488; StuTTiellaneglecta, p. 339, 
 pi. 489 ; Musdcapajlaviveutris (Baird, not sp. u.), p. 341, pL 490 ; M. minima (Baird, 
 notsp. n.), p. 343, pi. 491 ; Quiscalits &rewjcm, p. 345, pi. 49'2; Einberiza shattuckii, 
 p. 347, pL 493 ; Pious ayresii, p. 348, pi. 494 ; Oaprvmulgus nuttallii, p. 350, pi. 495 
 (named in the Orn. Biogr.,Y,Tp.3'!i5); Golv.mba trudeauii, p. 353, pi. 496; Alauda 
 rufa (" Lath."), p. 353, pi. 497 ; Fuhgxda marila (auct.), p. 355, pi. 498 ; Icterus wX- 
 ga/ria Daud., p. 357, pi. 499 ; Emberiza bairdii, p. 359, pi. 500 ; all of which, with the 
 six exceptions noted, ai-e spp. nn. An index to the whole work concludes vol. VII. 
 
 If a trace of sentiment be permissible in bibliography, I should say that the 
 completion of this splendid series of plates with the name bairdvi was significant ; 
 the glorious Audnbonian sun bad set indeed, but in the dedicating of the species 
 to " his young friend Spencek F. Baikd" the sceptre was handed to one who was 
 to wield it with a force that no other ornithologist of America has ever exercised. 
 
 1841. Barnston, G. ObservatioDs on the Progress of the Seasons as afifeot- 
 ing Animals and Vegetables at Martin's Fulls, Albany River, Hud- 
 son's Bay. < Edinb.New Philos. Journ.j xxx, 1841, pp. 252-256. 
 General observations, and calendar of natural phenomena, Mar. 15-Nov. 20. 
 
 1841. Bonaparte, C. L. Neue Vogel aus Mexico und Siidamerica. <^0ken'8 
 1818, Bd. xxxiv, 1841, pp. 937-939. [ProtJ. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837 (Nov. 
 14), p. 107.] 
 
 Verzeichniss dor Aiten, nebst AnmerkungeD iiber die neuen Arten und 
 GattnngeD. 
 
 [To AUTHOK :— Tou have omitted the original in P. Z. S., 1837, and also the 
 Italian version in Kuovi Atti Sc. Bologna.—PuooFREAVza.] 
 
 1841. GiRAiD, J. P. A DesoriiJtion | of | Sixteen new Species | of | Nortbi 
 American Birds, | described in the Annals | of the New York Ly- 
 ceum. I of Natural History. | By Jacob P. Giraud, Jr. | Collected in 
 Texas, 1838. | — | New York, j George F. Nesbitr, printer, Tontine 
 Building, | corner of Wall and Water streets. | — | 1841. 1 vol. 
 folio, not paged (18 11.), pll. (not numbered) viii. 
 
 The 16 spp. were never described in the "Annals", as stated, and arc therefore 
 here spp. nn. They are Ic ems audubonii, folio 3, no pi. ; Mttscicapa texensis, fol. 5, 
 pi. 1 ; M. lawrenceii, fol. 7, pi 2, f. I ; M.fulvi/rons. fol. 9, pi. 2, t. 2 ; Sylvia haleeii, 
 fol. 11, pi. 3, f. 1 ; Muscicapa '* derhamii " (should bo I>e Jiharni ; named on pi. 
 "Derahras" Flycatcher, and sometimes quoted '■ Durhami"), lol. 13, pi. 3, f. 2; 
 
65] 
 
 iilBLIOGEAPHICAL APPEJSDIX. 1841-1843 631 
 
 1841. GiEAUD, J. p.— Continued. 
 
 M. belli, fol. 15, pi. 4, f. i! ; Parvs leucotU, fol 17, pi. 4, f. 1 ; Fringilla texensia, lol. 19, 
 pi. 5, f. 1 J Pipragalericulata, fol. 81, pi. 5, f. 2 ; Musdcapa leucowms, fol. 23, pi, 6, f. 1 j 
 M. brasierii, fol. 25, pi. 6, f. 2 ; M. rubri/rone, fol. 27, pi. 7, f. 1 ; Sylvia oUvacea, foL 29, 
 pi. 7, f. 2 ; Cerihia albi/rons, fol. 31, pL 8 ; Alauda minor, fol. 33, no pi. Doubt is 
 usually entertained that these birds were taken in Texas; butthe author stoutly 
 80 maintained to the day of his death, and recent discoveries along our southwest 
 border render it more probiible than it formerly seemed. Most of the species 
 have been identiiied with earlier named ones ; the work has been made the sub- 
 ject of several special critiques; cf. especLally Solatek, P. Z. S., 1855, pp. 65, 66. 
 
 1841. Haldeman, S. S. [Note on Habits of four species of North American 
 Birds.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1841, p. 54. 
 Falco peregrinus, Qui^scalus versicolor, Anser hyperboreiM, Cygnus americanua. 
 1841. KiRTLAND, J. P. Fragments of Natural History. No. II. Ornithology. 
 
 < Sillim. Am. Journ. Sci., xl, 1841, pp. 19-24. 
 
 Desultory field-notes on a dozen species of North American birds. 
 1841. Leib, G. C. [Description of the nest and eggs of Fulica Americana 
 and Anas disoors.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1841, pp. 124, 125. 
 
 1841. Moore, E. [Exhibition of some Newfoundland Birds.] <P.Z. /8.,ix, 
 
 1841, p. 24. 
 
 1842. Abbott, S. L. [Remarks on exhibition of some Birds from Connecti- 
 
 cut.] < Proc. Post. Soo. Nat. Hist., 1, 1842, p. 56. 
 1842. Abbott, S. L. [Remarks on exhibition of 3 spp. of United States 
 birds — Larus Tridactylus, L. atrlcapilla, Numenius longirostris.] 
 
 < Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1842, p. 61. 
 
 1842. [Anon.] Ornithologlciil Biography, or an account of the habits of the 
 birds of the united-States of America, by J. J. Audubon. Edin- 
 burgh by Adam. iv. 1838. gr. 8. 618. <:i01cen's laia, Bd. xxxv, 1842, 
 pp. 157, 158. 
 
 1842. Brandt, J. F. " Dissertatlo Inauguralis sistens topographiam medicam 
 portus novarohaugelcensis," auct. Blaschke. St. Petersburg. 1842. 
 
 Not seen — cited from Baird, who took it from Baer and Helmerson, who are 
 said to state that it contains a list of the birds of Bussian America by Brandt. 
 
 1842. Cabot, S., Jr. [Remarks on Meleagris and other GalllnsB of North 
 
 America.] < Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1B42, pp. 80, 81. 
 1842. [Editorial.] The Birds of America, from drawings made in the 
 
 United States aud their Territories ; . . . <^ Sillim. Am. Journ. Soi., 
 
 xlii, 1842, pp. 130-136. 
 Review of vol. II of Audubon's work. 
 1842. Haldeman, S. S. Notice of the Zoological Writings of the late C. S. 
 
 Rafinesque. < Sillim. Am. Journ. Sci., xlii, 1842, pp. 280-291. 
 A very useful summary and commentary for those who have to refer to the 
 
 writings of this enigmatical man. 
 
 1842. Reinhardt, J. Meddelelse af nogle hidiudtil i Giouland ikke trufne 
 Fugle. < KrfSyer's Naturh. Tidshift, iv. Heft 1, 1842, pp. 72-75. 
 Compare 1843, same author. 
 
 1842-75. Lewis, M., and Clarke, W. History | of | the Expedition | under 
 the command of | Captains Lewis and Clarke, 1 to | the sources of 
 the Missouri, thence across the Rocky | Mountains, aud down the 
 River Columbia to the | Pacific ocean : performed during the | years 
 1804, 1805, 1806, | by order of the | Government of the United 
 
632 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1S43-1§43 [66 
 
 1842-75. Lewis, M., and Claeke, W.— Continned. 
 
 States. I Prepared for the press | by Paul Allen, Esq. | Revised and 
 abridged by the omission of unimportant de- | tails, with an intro- 
 duction and notes, I by Archibald M'Vickar. | In two volumes. | Vol. 
 I [II]. I New York : | Harper & Brothers, Publishers, Franklin 
 Square. | 1868. Two vols. 18mo, some of the issues forming part of 
 Harpers' series, "The Family Library." Vol. I, pp. i-vi, i*-v*, vil- 
 li, 53-371, 3 maps. Vol. II, pp. i-x, 11-395, 3 maps. > Vol. II, Ap- 
 pendix, "Farther enumeration and description of the Quadrupeds, 
 Birds, Fishes, and Plants noticed during the Expedition," pp. 339- 
 378. 
 
 Memoranda of the dates of the sncceasive issues, most of "which consisted of 
 250 copies :— September, 1842,- J.aDnary, 1843; May, 1843; January, 1844 ; July, 
 1845; April, 1847; M.ay, 1850; Angnst, 1851; June, 1853; AprU, ia')8; Novem- 
 ber, 1860; February, 1868; March, 1871 (vol. 11); April, 1872 (voLI); February, 
 1874 (vol. II) ; December, 1875 (vol. I) — in .ill, fourteen issues of the whole work, 
 under sixteen different dates. 
 
 This is an editorial abrid^ent, or digest, of the original ; the natural-history 
 chapter, besides being releg.ited to an appendix, is tr.ansposed as to its botanical 
 and zoological portions, the botany coming first in the original, the zoology in 
 the present edition ; it is, furthermore, like the rest of the work, abridged at the 
 editor's discretion, the omissions being indicated by asterisks ; a new feature, 
 moreover, is introduced, being foot-note references to the pages of the body of 
 the work on which the v.irious species were before mentioned. This is a valu- 
 able set of cross-references, for the narrative accounts scattered through the 
 work are often no less important than the formal notices themselves. 
 
 1843. Gambel, W. Descriptions of some new and rare Birds of the Rocky 
 Mountains and California. < Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1843, 
 pp. 259-262. 
 
 Pieus nuttalii, Varus Trwutanim, Fringilla blandingiana, Lophc/rtyx gambdii 
 " Nutt.", p. 260, spp. nn. Six other species treated. 
 
 1843. Haldeman, S. S. A | Geography of Pennsylvania : | containing | an 
 account | of the | . . . | to which is appended | . . . | — | By Charles 
 B. Trego, | . . . | — | Philadelphia : | Edward C. Biddle, 6 South 
 Fifth street. | Stereotyped by C. W. Murray & Co. | — | 1843. 1 vol. 
 sm. 12mo. pp. 384, map, cuts. 
 
 At pp. 77, 78, occurs a short note on the birds of the State by Professor Halde- 
 man (as appears by Preface, p. 6). Here occurs the first use of the term SUUia 
 smlis for the Bluebird. 
 
 1843. HOLBOLL, C. Bemierkninger over nogle Pattedyrs og Fugles Dyk- 
 keevne. < Kr<jiyer'a NaturMst. Tidak., iv, 1843, pp. 277, 278. 
 
 1843. HolbOll, C. Ornithologiske Bidrag til den gr^inlandiske Fauna. 
 < Kroner's Naturh. Tidek., iv, 1843, pp. 361^57. 
 
 An extended and one of the more important of the earlier contributions to this 
 subject, the species, nearly or about 90 in number, being treated in detail. Corvug 
 corax var. Uttoralis, n. v., p. 390 ; Linota homnemanni, p. 398 ; Larus brachytarsus, 
 p. 422, spp. nn. ; Zejna for Xema, p. 423. — A German translation, by Dr. Paulsen, 
 was published at Leipsic in 1846, and reissued in 1854. See 1845, same author. 
 
 1843. LiNSLEY, J. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Connecticut, arranged 
 according to their natural families. •< Am. Joum. Sci. and Arts, xliv, 
 No. 2, Apr. 1843, pp. 249-274. 
 
 302 spp., including, with those actually detected in the State, thoso presumed 
 to occur, and also domesticated species ; this list is reduced by Merriam's analy- 
 sis to 239, oliminating 63 spp. See especially Mkruiaji, Trams. Conn. Acad., iv, 
 1874, iip. 144-147. Obitu.ary of the author, op. cit., xlvi, 1844, 216. 
 
67j 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX 1843-1844 633 
 
 1843. Ekiniiakdt, J. Mittheiluug fiber einige bisber in Grcioland nioht 
 angetroffene Vogel. <^ Okeii's Isis, Bd. xxxvi, 1843, pp. 59, 60. 
 
 Krfyer's Tidskri/t, Bd. iv, Heft 1, 1642, pp. li-li.—Tyrannula phoebe, Sylvicola 
 corov>oia, JcUrus freTiatus, tiylvia *' mexicaTWt Licht." 
 
 1843. ElCHAKDSON, K. Geographical Distribution of Some [North] Amer- 
 
 ican Birds. <^Ann. 4" Mag. Nat. Hist., xi, 1843, p. 484. 
 
 Merely a list of 12 spp. collected at Fort Simpson, McKenzie's E., lat. 62° 11' 
 !N., by M. HcPherson. NothiDg on geographical distribution beyond "what the 
 collection Indicates. 
 
 1844. [Anon.] Raise in das innere Nordamerica in den Jabren 1832 bis 1834, 
 
 von Maximilian, Prinz zu Wied. Coblenz bey Hiilscher. I. 1839 
 
 gr. 4° 654. II. 1841. 687. Taf. 33. in fol., 48 in gr. fol. ; neue 
 
 Charte nebst vielen Holzschnitten. <; Oken's Isis, Bd. xxxvii, 1844, 
 
 pp. 297-299. 
 1844. [Anon.] Ch. L.Bonaparte, a geographical and comparativeList of the 
 
 Birds of Europe and North-America. Loudon 1838. 8. <^ Oken'a 
 
 Isis, Bd. xxxvii, 1844, p. 604. 
 1844. [Anon.] A Synopsis of the Birds of North- America by J. J. Audubon. 
 
 London 1839. 8. 359. < Oken's Isis, Bd. xxxvii, 1844, pp. 713-718. 
 Yerzeichniss der Arten. 
 1844. Baird, W. M., and Baied, S. F. List of Birds found in the vicinity of 
 
 Carlisle, Cumberland County, Penn., about Lat. 40'' 12' N., Lon. 77° 
 
 11' W. <^Sillim,. Am. Journ., xlvi, 1844, pp. 261-273. 
 201 spp., annotated ; breeders marked and times of appearance given. Stun- 
 
 mer visitors, 112; permanent residents, 38 ; -winter visitors, 14 ; 4 other spp. 
 
 indicated. 
 
 1844. Brandt, J. F. Eine Liste voq Thieren, welche der Gouverneur Ku- 
 prianoff aus den- russiseh americauischen Colonien geschenkt hat, 
 <^Oken's Isis, Bd. xxxvii, 1844, p. 133. 
 EuU. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Peters., Bd. ix, 1841, p. 281. 10 Arten der Vogel. 
 
 1844. De Kay, J. E. Zoology | of New- York, | or the | New- York Fauna ; | 
 comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed 
 within the | State of New- York, with brief notices of those occa- 
 sionally found near | its borders, and accompanied by appropriate 
 illustrations. | — [By James E. De Kay. | — | Part II. Birds. | Al- 
 bany: I printed by Carroll and Cook, printers to the Assembly. | . . . . 
 I 1844. 1 vol. 4to. Eng. title-p., pp. xii, 380, 1 1., pll. col'd 141. 
 
 A systematic treatise, the species jind higher groups formally characterized, the 
 former treated also with synonymy and general account of habits, distribution, 
 etc. At the conclusion of each genus, the North American species not found in 
 the State are enumerated and briefly characterized. 308 spp. formally treated in 
 the work are figured in colored lithographs, each plate containing two or three fig- 
 ures. The plates are all recognizable illustrations, but not of the highest order of 
 artistic merit, the drawing being especially defective. Appearing at a time when 
 American works on ornithology of similar magnitude were very few, the work 
 held for a time a high place j but its scientific character is nat such as to per- 
 manently maintain that position. Though still constantly quoted — .ind properly 
 to be referred to — it has ceased to he regarded as an authority. 
 
 1844. GiEAUD, J. p. The | Birds of Long IsJand. | — | By J. P. Giraud, 
 Jr., I Member of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York, corre- 
 sponding I member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel- 
 phia, &o. I — I New York: | published by Wiley & Putnam, 151 
 
634 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. lS4i-lS46 [68 
 
 1844. GiRAUD, J. P.— ContiLued. 
 
 Broadway. | Tobitt's Print, 9 Spruce st. | 1844. 1 vol. 8vo. (4 11. to 
 a. sig.). pp. xxiv, 397. 
 
 The book bas become scarce. Audubon's classification and nomenclatnre. 
 Some little s;^ nonymy, from Audubon. Sbort chamcters of genera and species, 
 and general account of tbe latter. 
 
 1844. Lafkesnayi!, F. de. Oiseaux ucuveaux du Mexique. <^Eevue Zoolo- 
 
 gique, vii, 1844, pp. 41-43. 
 Merula ivfvMaUi, SaZtator magnoideSf S. icterophrys^ S. niMcoides, p. 41 ; Colaptea 
 
 TnexicanoideSt'p. 42. 
 1844. LiCHTENSTEiN, H. Beytrag zur orriithologischen Fauna von Cali- 
 
 fornien, nebst Bemerkungen iiber die Artkennzeichen der Pelicane 
 
 und iiber einige Vogel von den Sandwichineeln. < Oken's Isie, Bd. 
 
 XXX vii, 1844, p. 851. 
 Aus Abkand. Berlin. Acad., xxii, Jabrg. 1838, erscbicnen 1839, pp. 417-451, mit 5 
 
 Taf. Ynltnr californianns, Falco (Buteo) feirugineus, Strix frontalis, FringiUa 
 
 Uudsonia, Pelecanus tracbyrbynchua u. b. w. Tergl. 1839, Lichtenstein, H. 
 
 1844. [Unknown.] Verzeicbnisa der in Labrador befindlichen Landsange- 
 
 thiere und Vogel. < Bullet. Akad. MUnchen, 1844, pp. 122, ]29. 
 Kot seen — title from Giebel. 
 
 1845. Baird, S. F. Catalogue of Birds found in the neighbourhood of Car- 
 
 lisle, Cumberland County, Pa. <[ Lit. Eec. and Journ. Linn. Assoe. of 
 Penna. College, i, 1845, pp. 249-257. 
 
 Annotated list of 202 + 1 spp. Breeding, 104 ; summer visitors, 66 , resident, 
 38; transitory in spring and antnmn, 90; seen in autumn only, 8. Compare J.m. 
 Jmrn. Sei. xlvl, 1844, pp. 261-273. 
 
 1845. Cabot, S., Jr. [List of 5 species of Birds observed to breed on the Ma- 
 galloway River.] < Proo. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1845, p. 55. 
 
 1845. Gambel, W. Descriptions of new and little known Birds, collected in 
 Upper California. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. PItila., ii, 1H45, pp. 263-266. 
 
 Sarpes (g. n.) redivivua, p. 264; Parus inoma(M*, p. 265 ; Mergulus cassinii.'p. 
 2C6, spp. nn.; with uote on LeptonomaloTifficauda Sw. 
 
 1845. HolbOll, C. Ornithologischer Beytrag zur grouliiiidischen Fauna. 
 <[ Oken's Isia, Bd. xxxviii, 1845, pp. 739-792. 
 Kriiyer'a Naturh. Tidtk., Bd. iv, 1843, pp. 361-457, q. ».— 88 Arten. 
 
 1845. Storer, D. H. [OccuiTecce of FringiUa pinea (sic) and Bombycilla 
 
 garmla iu Ohio, in July.] < Proc. Dost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1845, p. 52. 
 
 1846. Abadik, E. H. List of North American Birds [collected and pre- 
 
 sented by him to the Institute]. Arranged in accordance with the 
 nomenclature of C. L. Bonaparte. < Fourth Bull, of the National 
 Institute of Washington, 1846, pp. 526-530. 
 
 Merely a list of names, preceded (p. 525) by letters from Dr. Abadie and Surg. 
 Gen. Lawson relative to the collection. 
 
 1846. [Anon.] Ornithologischer Beytrag zur Fauna Gronlands von C. Hol- 
 boll, iibersetzt vou Dr. J. H. Paulsen. Leipzig bey E. Fleischer. ' 
 1846. 8. 102. < Ofeere'g Isi«, Bd. xxxix, 1846, p. 794. 
 
 1846. Gambel, W. Remarks on the Birds observed in Upper California. 
 <^Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila.,ui, 1846, pp. 44-48, 110-115, l.'54-158, 
 200-205. 
 
 Extended field-notes on numerous species, with some little critical matter, 
 constituting one of the most import.ant of our earlier advices on the habits and 
 dictribution of Ca'ifornian Lirds. 
 
69] BISUOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§46-1S48 635 
 
 1840. HolbOix, C. Ornithologischer Beitrag zur Fauna Gronlands 
 
 XJebersetzt und mit einem Anbange von Paulsen. Leipzig, 1846. 
 8vo. 2d ed. Leipzig, 1854. pp. 102, pi. 1. 
 
 JSTot seen.— A German tr.inelation of " Ornithologiske Bidrag til den gronland- 
 iske Fauna", Kr^yer'a Naturh. Tidsk., 1843, pp. 361-457. 
 
 1846. Paekee, S. Journal | of an Exploring Tour | beyond the Rocky 
 Mountains, | under the direction of the | A. B. C. F. M. | containing | 
 [etc.] I with a map of Oregon Territory. | — | By Eev. Samuel Par- 
 ker, A. M. I — I Fifth edition. | — | Auburn : | J. C. Derby & Co. ; 
 I [etc.] I 1846. 1 vol. 12mo. pp. i-xvi, 17-422, map, cut. 
 Chap. 2V, pp. 216-219, brief and uaimportant summary of Oregon birds. 
 
 1847-49. Gambbl, W. Remarks on the Birds observed in Upper California, 
 ■with descriptions of New Species. <^Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 
 i, pt. i, Dbc. 1847, pp. 2.5-56, pll. viii, ix ; pt. iii, Aug. 1849, pp. 215-229. 
 176 spp., extensively and variously annotated with descriptive, critical, and 
 biographical matter. The said "new species" were before described in Proc. 
 Acad. Fhila., except Saurophagus bairdii, p. 40. Chamcea, p. 34, Cleptcs, p. 4fi, 
 genn.nn. PI. viii, f. 1, Pants montonus ; t2,P.inomatu8; i.^.OJuimcEa/asGiatai 
 ph ix, 1. 1, Zonotrickia chl&rura ; f.%Picu8''8calaris" d* ; f.2,do. ^i:=nuUalU}. 
 
 1848. Abkrt, J. W. Notes of a military reconnolssance, | from Fort Leaven- 
 worth, in Missouri, | to | San Diego, in California | . . . . | By W. H. 
 Emory | . . . . | Washington: | Wendell and Van Benthuysen, Print- 
 ers. I — I 1848. 1 vol. 8vo. > Appendix No. 6. Notes of Lieuten- 
 ant J. W. Abort, pp. 386-405. 
 
 An itinerary, with continual reference to plants and animals observed en route. 
 The birds collected on this journey perhaps — at any rate by Lieut. Abert in New 
 Mexico about this time — are elaborated by S. F. Bairi) {Pipilo abcrti, etc.) in H. 
 Stansburt's Rep. Expl. Great Salt Lake, 1852, q. v. 
 
 1848. [Anon.] Zoology of New York. Part. 11. Birds, by James J. E.de 
 Kay. Albany 1844. 4. 380. tab. 141. < Oken'a Isis, Bd. xli, 1848, 
 pp. 1035-1040. 
 Gives a list of the species treated in De K.ay'8 work. 
 
 1848. Cassin, J. Catalogue of Birds collected by Mr. Wm. S. Pease, during 
 the March of the Army of the United States from Vera Cruz to the 
 City of Mexico. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1848, pp. 87-91. 
 
 45 spp., with brief critical and field notes. Micrastur guerilla, p. 87, sp. n. 
 The article is marked, " To be continued." 
 
 1848. Gambbl, W. Contributions to American Ornithology. < Proc. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1848, pp. 126-129. 
 
 Bostrhamus somabilis, Tireo altUoquus, Egretta pealei, p. 127. Sterna frcnata, p. 
 128; S.regia,p.liS; «. elfj/ajw, p. 129, spp. nn. 
 
 1848. Gambel, W. Ueber die in Oberkalifornien beobachteten Vogel. 
 < Arch. f. Natarg., 1848, (1), pp. 82-117. 
 
 Aus den Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1846, }. v. Mit Bemerknngen von J. 
 Cabanis. 
 
 1848. GiBBES, L. R. Report | on the 1 Geology of South Carolina ; | by | M. 
 Tuomey, [etc.] | — | Columbia, S. C. | Printed and published, for 
 the State, by | A. S. Johnston. | 1848. 1 vol. 4to. 2 p. U., pp. i-vi, 1- 
 293, i-lvi, maps and pll. > Appendix. Catalogue of the Fauna of 
 South Carolina. (By Lewis E. Gibbes). 2. Class. Birds, pp.iii-viii. 
 Nominal list of the birds of the Stiite (271 spp. umlor 111 genera), with short 
 characters of the families and higher gioups. The list appears to be a mere 
 
636 BIBLIOGKAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1848-1849 [: 
 
 1848. GiBBES, L. E. — Continued. 
 
 compilation of species whose range is given as including South Carolina by Au- 
 dubon in his Synopsis of 1839. 
 
 1848. McCall, G. a. Some notes on Mexican Birds [Orpheus curvirostris, 
 Columba leucoptera], heretofore not fully described. <^ Proc. Acad. 
 Nat. Soi. Phila., iv, 1848, pp. 63, 64. 
 
 1848. Eeinhaedt, J. [UeberVogel aus Gronland.] < Oftere's Jsis, Bd. xli, 
 1848, pp. 129, 130. 
 " K. Dansk. Yid. Selsk. Kopenh., vi, 1836-37, pp. xxl-xxii." 
 
 1848. Eeikhabdt, J. Ichthyologische Beytrage zur gronlandischen Fauna ; 
 Einleitung, enthalteud Zusatze und Veriinderangen zu dem Fabrl- 
 cius'schen Veizeichiiisse gionlandischer Wirbelthiere. <^ Oken'e 
 Isis, Bd. xli, 1848, pp. 247-299. 
 
 Uebers. ana d. Kongel. DaTisk. Yid. SeUk. Nat og Math. Af hand., Deel-vii, 1838, 
 pp. 83-196. — Vogel, pp. 248-258. I. Einleitung, enthalteud Zusatze und Ver- 
 andei-ungen zu dem Fabricius'soben Yerzeichnisse gronlandischfcr Wirbel- 
 thiere. B. Vogel. 1. Zuwschs an Vogelarten, welcheEuropa und Nordamerika 
 gemeinschaftlich Bind — 22 Arten. 3. Zuwachs an Yogelarten, wtlcbe der 
 ostlichen Hemispbare eigentbiimlich angehoren — 2 Arten. 3. Zuvracbs an Yo- 
 gelarten, -welche Nordamerika eigentbiimlich sind oder dort vorzugsweise 
 Torkommen — 9 Arten. Yergl. 1638, Beinuardt, J. 
 
 1848. SlEDHOP, Caul. Naturgeschichtlichea aus den Vereinigten Staatei 
 
 von Nordamerica. <^ Olcen'a Isis, Bd. xli, 1848, pp. 409-421. 
 Behandelt Frocellariidce, Turdidce, Oorvidce, Fringillidat u. s. w. 
 
 1849. McCall, G. a. Some Notes on Mexican Birds, heretofore not fully 
 
 described. <^ Am. Journ. Sci., vii, 1849, pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Orpheus curvirostris ; Columba leucoptera. From Proc. Acad. Nat. Sd. PhU/i., 
 1848, pp. 63, M. 
 
 1849. Strachey, W. The | Historie of Travaile | into 1 Virginia Britannia ; 
 I expressing the | cosmographie and comodities of the country, | 
 togither with the manners and | customes of the people. | Gathered 
 and observed as well by those who went | first thither as collected 
 by I William Strachey, Gent., | tho First Secretary of the Colony. | 
 — I Now first edited from the original manuscript, in the | British 
 Museum, by | E. H. Major, Esq., | of the British Museum. | London : 
 I Printed for the Hakluyt Society. | M.DCCC.XLIX 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 
 i-viii, i-xxxvi, 3 II., 1-203, map, pll. 
 
 Caputs, Of the commodities of the country, &c., pp. 125, 126, mentions various 
 birds — Turkeys, Partridges, Parakitoea, a kind of Wood Pigeon, and others. Qf. 
 1612, Smith, J. 
 
 1849. TowNSKND, J. K. Ornithology of the United States of North America, 
 or descriptions of the Birds inhabiting the States and Territories of 
 the Union, with an accurate figure of each drawn from nature. 
 Edited by John K. Townsend, Vol. I. Philadelphia : J. B. Cheva- 
 lier. 1849. 8vo. pp. 12, pll. 4. 
 
 Not seen. — "Of this volume and work only the first number of 12 pp. and 4 
 plates (Cathartes 3 species and Pnlyborus) was published. It was then super- 
 seded by the work of Mr. Audubon, in 8vo." 
 
 1849-50. [Jardine, W.] Ornithology of the Bermudas. <^Jard.Contrih. 
 Orn., 1849, pp. 76-87 ; 1850, pp. 5-14, 35-38, 67. 
 
 From notes and olmervations of Lieut. Wedderburn and H. B. Tristram. Gen- 
 eral sketch of the subject, and several extended annotated lists of species. 
 
71] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1850-1832 fi37 
 
 1850. Cabot, J. E. Lake Superior : | its physical Character, Vegetation, and 
 Animals, | compared with those of other and similar Regions. | By | 
 Louis Agassiz. | With a narrative of the Tour. | By | J.Elliot Ca- 
 bot. | [Woodcut.] I And I contributions by other Scientific Gentle- 
 men. I Elegantly illustrated. | Boston : | Gould, Kendall and Lin- 
 coln, I 59 Washington Street. | [Apr.] 1850. 1 vol. 8vo. pp.x + 2, 
 9-428, pU. > Chap. VIII. Report of the Birds collected and ob- 
 served at Lake Superior. By J. E. Cabot, pp. 383-385. 
 
 Cart general observations ; nominal list of 69 epp. Corvus cedrorutn, n. sp. 
 (error for Ampelis cedrorum) ; Ampelis cacaloU, n. sp. (error for Oorvus cacdiotl). 
 There is a German transl. by Zncbold, Naumannia, ii, Heft iii, 1852, pp. 64-66. 
 
 1850. Gray, G. R. Narrative | of an | Expedition to the Shores | of | the 
 
 Arctic Sea 1 in 1846 and 1847. | — | By John Raie, | Hudson Bay 
 Company's Service, commander of the Expedition. | — | With 
 Maps. I London : | T. & W. Boone, 29, New Bond Street. | — | 1850. 
 1 vol. 8vo. pp. viii, 247, maps. 
 
 Contains, pp. 201-204, "List of the species of Birds Collected by Mr. Eaednring 
 his late Expedition, named according to the 'Fanna Boreali- Americana', by G. E. 
 Gray, Esq., F. L. S." ; being a nominal list of 81 spp, 
 
 1851. BuRNKTT, W. I. [Notes on the Fauna of the Pine B.arrens of upper 
 
 South Carolina.] < Proc. Boston Sac. Nat. Hist., iv, 1851, pp. 115-118. 
 List of numerous spp. of birds observed, with a few words on the *'oonlbr- 
 mability of individuals of the Fauna to each other " — whatever that may be. 
 
 1851. GuRNEY, J. H. Notes on the Zoology of California. < Zoologist, ix, 
 
 1851, pp. 3297-3299. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Gurney ; anonymous (by A. S. Taylor!), from Mon- 
 terey ; brief, no scientific names. 
 
 1851. Harris, E. List of Birds and Mammalia found on the Missouri River 
 from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Union , at the mouth of the Yellow- 
 stoneRiver. <_FiftliAnn. Rep. Smiths. Inst.forl850, 1851, pp. 136-138. 
 Merely a nominal list of about 120 spp. 
 
 1851. McCall, G. a. Some Remarks on the Habits, &c., of Birds met with 
 
 in Western Texas, between San Antonio and the Rio Grande, and in 
 New Mexico; with descriptions of several species believed to have 
 been hitherto undescribed. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1851, 
 pp. 213-224. 
 
 68 spp. Oyanocorax eassinii, p. 216 ; OtocorU occidentalw, p. 218 ; Oarpodaeut 
 obscurus, p. 220, spp. nn. 
 
 1852. Baird,S.F. Special Session, J g < Executive. |_| Ex- 
 
 March, 1851. > i No. 3. ' ' 
 
 ploration and Survey | of the | Valley | of the | Great Snlt Lake of 
 Utah, I including | a reconnoissance of a new route through | the 
 Rocky Mountains. | By Howard Stansbury, | Captain Corps Topo- 
 graphical Engineers, | U. S. Army. | Printed by order of the Senate 
 of the United States. | Philadelphia : | Lippincott, Grambo & Co. | 
 
 1852. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 487, pll. > Appendix C— Birds. By 
 Spencer F. Baird. pp. 314-335. 
 
 31 spp. (one, Sialia macroptera, p. 314, n. s.), with field-notes and some synonymy, 
 followed by a similar list of 9 spp. of birds collected in New Mexico by Lt. Abort 
 {Pipilo aberti, p. 325, n. s.) ; supplemented by a nominal " List of Birds inhabitinfj 
 America "West of the Mississippi, not described in Audubon's Ornithology " (a 
 few species from east of the Mississippi being included). This list of 153 spp. 
 
638 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1852 [72 
 
 1852. Baird, S.F.— CoBtinued. 
 
 contains a large proportion of eynonyma or species not since satisfactorily de- 
 termined to inhabit NortJi America north of Mexico. The list makes no appa- 
 rent claim to critical precision, ostensibly showing what species have been 
 ascribed to the region in question, bnt not necessarily voncbing for their occnr- 
 rence there. "California " long remained a vague term with ornithologists. 
 
 1852. Baird, S. F. An | Expedition | to the | Valley of the Great Salt 
 Lake | of | Utah : | including | a description of its Geography, Na- 
 tural History, and | Minerals, and an analysis of its ■waters : | with 
 an I Authentic Account of the Mormon Settlement. | Illustrated by 
 numerous beautiful plates, | from Drawings taken on the spot. | 
 Also, I A Eeconnoissance of a New Eoute through the | Rocky 
 Mountains, | and | two large and accurate maps of that region. | — | 
 By Howard Stansbury, | Captain Corps Topographical Engineers, 
 United States Army. | — | Philadelphia : | Lippincott, Grambo & 
 Co. I 1852. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 487, pll. 
 
 This is merely a reissue, from the same stereotypes, of the original of&cial 
 publication, under a modified title ; the text and illustrations being identical. 
 
 1852. Baird, S. F. Zoology of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah. 
 . . . Extracted from Capt. H. Stansbury's Report. . . . 8vo. 
 Philadelphia, 1852. 
 
 Not seen in this form, which is merely a pamphlet ed., separate, of Baird's 
 zoological matter, published and distributed in June, 1652. 
 
 1852. Brewer, T. M. A few Ornithological Facts, gathered in a, hasty 
 Trip through portions of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, in June, 
 1850. < Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, pt. iii, 1852, pp. 297-308. 
 
 On habits of Somateria moUisnma, Clangula Jiistrionica, Thalassidroma leaehii, 
 Larus argentatus, Turdus brunneus (palUuti auct. recent), Plectrophanes nivalis, 
 Zonotrichia (i. e. Spi^Ua) monticola. 
 
 1852. Brewer, T. M. [On some Species of North American Birds' Eggs.] 
 < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, 18.52, p. 167. [C/. p. 168.] 
 TurdidcB, 2 spp. — Empidonaz "trailhi", Vria briinnichii. 
 
 1852. Cabot, J. E. Btricht iiber die am Obersee gesammelten und beo- 
 bachteten Vfigel. < Naumantiia, ii. Heft iii, 1S52, pp. 64-66. 
 Deutsch Yon Zuchold, ans Louis Agasaiz's „Lake Superior", Boston, 1850, q.v, 
 
 1852. Cassust, J. QEemarks on the Birds of the Arctic Regions, presented 
 by Dr. E. K. Kane.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PMla., vi, 1852, p. 107. 
 
 1852. Hartlaub, G. Ueber einige neue oder weniger bekannte Vogel 
 Amerika's. Aus briefliohen Mittheilungen dee Herzogs Paul Wil- 
 helm von Wtirttemberg mitgetheilt und mit Anmerkungen verse- 
 hen von Dr. G. Hartlaub. < Naumannia, ii, Heft ii, 1852, pp. 
 50-56. ' ! 
 
 50 spp. Kos. 1-55, Lebensweise, Lokalitiit. Falco mercuriQlia, F. pluitibweps, 
 p. 58 ; Strix d&minicensis, C&rvus erythrophthalmus, p. 54 ; Oorvus solitdrius, Fitui 
 ■ leucuTus, CQccyzxia rujigularis, Saurothera do7ninge:tMS, Ooccyzus viridiroatris, 
 p. 55; Flectropho/nes atrolff,rvatus, Oerthiola dusice, Ohamaepelia hortulctTW', Tyran- 
 nusezimius, Dafila earibaea, p. 56. — "Herz. v. Wiirtt." 
 
 1852. Lawrence, G. N. Descriptions of new species of Birds of the gt-nera 
 Conirostrum, D'Orb. et Lafr,, Embernagra, Less., and Xanthoinus, 
 Briss., together with a List of other species not heretofore noticed 
 as being found within the limits of the United States. <'jAnn. Lye. 
 Nat. Hist. New York, v, 1852, pp. 112-117, pi. v. (Read Apr. 28, 1851.) 
 
73] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1S53-18S3 639 
 
 1852. Lawrence, G. N. — Continued. 
 
 0. ornatum, p. 112, pi. v, f. 1 j M. rufivirgata, p. 112, pi. v, f. 2 ; X affmis, p. 113.— 
 CoDCludea with a "List of Birds from Texas with short specific descriptions", 
 giving 11 spp. new to TJ. S. fanna. 
 
 1852. Lawrence, G. N. Additions to North American Ornithology. No. 1. 
 
 < Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New Yorh, v, 1852, pp. 117-119. (Read 1851.) 
 ThalasHdromafregetta, Ceryle americwna. 
 
 1852. Lawrence, G. N. Descriptions of New Species of Birds, of the Gen- 
 era Toxostoma Wagler, Tyrannula Swainson, and Plectrophanes 
 Meyer. < Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New Torlc, v, 1852, pp. 121-123. 
 (Read Sept. 8, 1851.) 
 Toxostoma Le Oontei, Tyrannula cinsrascens, p. 121 ; P. McOownii, p. 122, 
 
 1852. Lawrence, G. N. Additions to North American Ornithology. No. 2. 
 
 < Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, v, 1852, pp. 123, 124. (Read 1851.) 
 Oenturus Santa Oruzi, Oulicivora atrkapilla, SpermophUa albigularis. 
 
 1852. Lawrence, G. N. Ornithological Notes. [No. 1.] < Ann. Lye. Nat. 
 Hist. New York, v, 1852, pp. 220-223. 
 On 9 spp. of North American birds. 
 
 1852. WooDHOUSE, S. W. Descriptions of new species of Birds of the gen- 
 
 era Vireo, Vieill., and Zonotrichia, Swains. <^ Proe. Aead. Nat. Soi. 
 Phila., vi, 1852, pp. 60, 61. 
 Y. atricapiUa, Z. cassinii, p. 60. 
 
 1853. Allan, G. W. " On the Land-birds wintering in the neighbourhood 
 
 of Toronto." < Canad. Journ., i, 1853, pp. 169-172. 
 Good running commentary on the whole series, with some descriptive matter. 
 
 1853. Bonaparte, C. L. Notes snr les collections rapportfies en 1853 par 
 M. A. Delattre, de son Toyage en Californie et dans le Nicaragua. 
 
 < Bev. et Mag. de Zool., v, 1853, pp. ,577-579. 
 
 It6snm6 d'un "remarqnable" travail omithologiqne la le 28 Nov. 1853 & 
 TAcad. de Paris. Premiere communication, Perroquets et Kapaces, Accipiter 
 fontanieri, A. castaniline, p. 578. Secondo Partie, lu le 5 D6c. 1853, Passereaux 
 oultrirostres. Ostinopa guatimozinus, Thilius major, p. 583. Continuation, 19 
 D6c. 1853, Passereaux conirostres, Ghondestes rufioanda, Paaserculas alaudi- 
 nus, p. 583 ; P. anthinus, CUorospingus spodocephalus, p. 584, spp. nn. (Plu- 
 sieures lectures en suite; la lecture du 3 Avril 1854 forme la fin des communi- 
 cations sur ce sujet. Le travail complet se trouve tir6 k part, Paris, iu-4°, 1854.) 
 
 1853. Cassin, J. [Untitled fasciculus of his Illustrations of the Birds of 
 Texas, California, etc.] 
 
 The first part issued of this work waa a trial or specimen number, which was 
 cancelled as unsatisfactory, and is therefore scarcely citable. Several bound 
 copies, however, are extant : they bear no title, date, or imprint, and are not 
 paged. They consist of 15 11. of text and 5 pll., representing Xanthura luxuosa. 
 Melanerpe8 formicivorus, Okam(ea fasciata, Lophophanes atriGristatuSj and 
 Oyrtonyx massena. See 1853-55, and 1856, CAsam, J. 
 
 1853. Gekhardt, A. Etwas iiber den Vogelgesaug im siidlichen Nord- 
 Amerika. <^Naumannia, iii, 1853, pp. 37-39. 
 
 Kurze unbedeutende Bemerkungen iiber circa 30 Arten. Mnige dieser Arten 
 konnen nioht identifizirt werden ; als, Itegulua mihi, B. ttTneriacmua, Parus cana. 
 densis. 
 1853. Gbrhakdt, A. Die jagdbaren Vogel der Vereinigten Staaten von 
 Nord-Amerika. <^Naumannia, iii, 1853, pp. 378-391. 
 Bemerkungen iibei verachiedene OalUnis, Inmicolce, und Anssres. 
 
640 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§5S [74 
 
 1853. Hartlaub, G. [Notiz fiber das zu erscheinende Werk J. Cassin's: 
 „ Birds of Texas, California " n. s. w.] < J.f. 0., i, 1853, p. 80. 
 
 1853. Hbbrmann, A. L. Notes on the Birds of California., observed during 
 a residence of three years in that country. <^Journ, Acad. Nat Sd. 
 Phila., ii, pt. iii, Jan. 1853, Art. xxv, pp. 259-272. 
 
 Systematic list of about 130 spp. of land birds, with notes of habits, distribn- 
 tion, etc. 
 
 1853. Hoy, P. R. Notes on the Ornithology of Wisconsin. <^Proc. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, pp. 304-313, 381-385, 425-429. 
 
 Annotated systematic list of 283 spp. It was reissued, with additions, in the 
 Trans. Wise. State Agrw. Soc. of same date. Peteria (lege Jcteria) ! g. n. 
 
 1853. Hoy, P. E. Notes on the Ornithology of Wisconsin. <^ Trans. Wis- 
 consin State Agric. Soc. for 1852, vol. ii, (18.53), pp. 341-364. 
 283 spp. From Pr. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1853, q. v., with additions. 
 
 1853. Jbfpbrson, T. Notes | on the | State of Virginia, | by | Thomas 
 Jefferson : | illustrated with | a map, including the States of Vir- 
 ginia, Maryland, | Delaware and Pennsylvania. | A new edition, | 
 prepared by the author, | containing notes and plates never before 
 published. | — | J. W. Bandolph, | 121 Main street, Richmond, Va. | 
 18.13. 1vol. 8vo. pp. vi, 1 1., pp. 275, cuts, pll., maps, and fold. tab. 
 The list of birds, pp. 73-77, is reprinted ixom one of the old editions without 
 ostensible alteration, being thus one of the most curiously antiquated of late 
 ornithological lists — matching the 1860 ed. of Lawson's Carolina, for example. 
 
 1853. Lawrence, G. N. Descriptions of New Species of Birds of the Gen- 
 era Ortyx Stephens, Sterna. Linn., and Icteria Vieillot. <CAnn. Lye. 
 Nat. Hist. New York, vi, 1853, pp. 1-4. 
 
 Ortyx texanus, p. 1 ; Sterna pikei, p. 3 ; Icteria longicauda, p. 4. 
 
 1853. Lawrence, 6. N. Additions to North American Ornithology.— No. 3. 
 <^Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. Neiv York, vi, 1853, pp. 4-7. 
 
 BphialteseJioliba, Puffinus ? {i.e.AdamiastortypusB^.), ProceUaria capenm. 
 
 1853. Lawrence, G. N. Ornithological Notes, No. 2. <^Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. 
 New York, vi, 1853, pp. 7-9. 
 
 On Stercorarius catarractcs, Sylvia pensUis, Butco pennsylvamicus. 
 
 1853. McCowN, J. P. Fiicts and Observations from Notes taken when in 
 Texas. <^Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vi, 1853, pp. 9-14. 
 Field-notes on 18 spp. 
 1853. Read, M. C. Catalogue of the Birds of Northern Ohio. < Proe. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, pp. 395-402. 
 
 Shorfly .annotated list of 145 spp. ; land birds only. Harked " To be con- 
 tinued." No continuatioii found. 
 
 1853. Thompson, Z. Natural | History of Vermont, | with | numerous En- 
 gravings, I and an | Appendix. | 1853. | — | By Zadook Thompson. 
 I — I [State Arras.] | Burlington: | published by the Author. | Stacy 
 & Jameson, Printers. | 1853. 1 vol. " 8vo " (half-sheets, 4 11. to a sig., 
 double columns). 2 p. 11., pp. 1-224, 1-63 (Appendix), with Ii 11. 
 (Indexes). > Chapter III. Birds of Vermont, pp- 56-112, with 
 additions a,t pp. 20-28 of the App. 
 
 The volume above described appears to be a reissue of Part I (on the Xaturol 
 History) of the author's "Natural, Civil and Political History of Vermont". 
 which was published in 1842 ; the copies thus reissued being farnlBhod with a 
 
75] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1853 641 
 
 1853. Thompson, Z.— Continued. 
 
 new title-page, preface, and a sepatately-paged Appendix, relating chiefly to nat- 
 nral history. The preface states the circumstances which resulted in this mode 
 of publication. The Appendix may very likely he found separate.— Chap. Ill 
 is deroted to the Ornithology, and there is supplementary matter of the same 
 kind at pp. 20-28 of the Appendix ; 161 spp. altogether (being about three-fourtha 
 the avifauna of the State) are described, with brief biographical items, and illus- 
 trated by numerous small woodcuts, reduced from various well-known originals. 
 The nomenclature of Nutiall's Manual is followed. 
 
 -«-« «, « -.-rr 32d Conffress, ) q ,„ ( Executive, , , „ 
 
 1853. WOODHOUSE, S. W. ^^ ^J.^^^ ] Senate. | ^^^^^_ ' | _ | Re- 
 
 port of an Expedition | down the | Zuni and Colorado Rivers, | by | 
 Captain L. Sitgreaves, | Corps Topographical Engineers. | — | Ac- 
 companied by maps, sketches, views and illustrations. | — | Wash- 
 ington : I Robert Armstrong, Public Printer. | 1853. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 
 198, pll., map. > Birds. By S. W. Woodhouse, M. D. pp. 58-105, 
 pU. i-vi. 
 
 The report of the Expedition occupies only the first 39 pages, the remainder 
 being devoted to natural history. Ornithology occupies, besides the pages above 
 given, portions of pp. 33-40; 919 spp. are given, with field-notes and some syno- 
 nymy. As the ground actually passed over is greater than appears from the 
 title of the book (Indian Territory and Texas to California), including portions 
 of different fannal provinces, ornithologists have had frequent occasion to legret 
 that geographical discriminations were not more strictly made. Various species 
 discovered on this expedition were previously named in the Philadelphia Acad- 
 emy's Proceedings, vol. vi, excepting Acanihylis saxatolis {sic), hero n. sp.,p 64. 
 PI. I, Yireo atricapillus ; II, missing; III, Struthus canicepa; IV, Passerculua 
 cassini; Y , Ectopietes margindlus ; Yl, Numenius occldentalis. 
 
 1853-54. Bonaparte, C. L. Notes sur les collections rapport^es en 1853, par 
 M. A. Delattre, de son voyage en Californie et dans le Nicaragua. 
 < Compt Mend. de. VAcad, ScL, xxxvii, 1853, pp. 806-810, 827-835, 913- 
 925 ; xxxviii, 1854, pp. 1-11, 53-66, 258-266, 378-389, 533-541, 650-665. 
 
 The Delattre collections are but a slender thread of text, on which to string 
 an intricate running commentary and criticism on the classification and nomen- 
 clature of birds of the groups represented and of others. The paper is a notable 
 one, containing indications of many of the classificatory changes which Bona- 
 parte was in the ha-bit of making toward the end of his life ; remarkable for 
 its numerous impressive and authoritative blunders, and the sarcamss directed 
 against Cabanis, who published early parts of the Mw*. Sein. about the time of 
 Bp.'s Oonsp. Av. Many new genera and species are named in this paper, but 
 generally indicated in such loose way as not to show whether they are really 
 new, or lately described by him elsewhere. I indicate the names that may 
 be new : the species are from all parts of the world. The paper is also separately 
 published, 4to, Paris, 1854. 
 
 Premiere communication, 1853, pp. 806-810; Perroquets et Kapaces: Sittace 
 primoli, Psittacula pyrilia, p. 807. — Accipiter (leraspizia) fontanieri. Ace. cas- 
 tanilius, p. 810. 
 
 2" comm., pp. 827-835; Passereaux cultrirostres.— Garmlus cervicalis, G-azzola 
 typica, p. 828. Physocorax, Amblycorax, Lycocorax, p. 829. Lamprocorax, 
 Hartlaubins, p. 830. Melnnopyrrhus, p. 831. Ostinops guatimozinus, p. 833. Ba- 
 nanivorns, p. 834. 
 
 3'» comm., pp. 913-925 ; Pass, conirostres. Passer pallasi, Passer confucius, p. 
 914. Pyrgitopsis, p. 915. Chlorospiza aurantiiventris, Gymnoris petria, p. 916. 
 Auripasser muUeri, Sycalis aureipectus, Metoponia, p. 917. Passerculus alaudi- 
 nus, Chondestes ruficauda, p. 918. Passerculus anthinns, p. 920. P. geospizopsis, 
 p. 921. Chlorospingus spodocephalus, p. 922. Hemiapingus veneris, p. 922. Salta- 
 t«r plambeus, p. 923. Melopyrrha, p. 924.— FuUca cornuta !, p. 93.i (19 D6c. 1853). 
 
 41 B 
 
642 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1S53-1854 [76 
 
 1853-54. Bonaparte, C. L.— Continued. 
 
 4*' comm., 1854, pp. 1-11; Chanteurs enbnlirostres. Tardue densas, p. 9; Pla- 
 nesticus, p. 3 ; Tardus (Plan.) lerebonlleti, Plan, albiventer, p. 3 ; PL cabani^i, p. 4 ; 
 Cicblalopia, Cichlopasser, Agricola, Oreicola, Gervaisia, p. 6 ; Thamnolsea casio- 
 gastra, Myrmecocichla quartini, Saxicola stricklandi, p. 7; Bemieria, Drymoi- 
 pus, p. 11. 
 
 5", pp. 53-66, le8 mfimea. Leucodioptron "Schiff", p.55j Malaciaa, p.56; Brig- 
 lodytes (g. n.) albicilius, p. 57 ; Meropixns, Ixooberas, p. 53 ; Apalopteron " Schiff", 
 Trichophoropsis typue, p. 59 ; T. viridis ; Troglodytes bonapartei " Mus. Prancf.", 
 Campylorhynchns pardus (Verr., descr. nalld), p. 61. 
 
 6°, pp. 258-266, Chanteurs cnrvirostres. Caereba trinitatis, p. 258; Cortbiola. 
 znmima, C. minor, G.albigula, p. 259; Xantbomelus, p. 262; Myzomela melano- 
 gastra, p. 263 ; M. major, Oreosterops, Malacirops, Cyclopterops, p. 264. 
 
 70, pp. 378-389, Chant, dentirostrea. Yireolanius icteropbrys, V. chlorogaster, 
 p. 380 ; Basilentems delatrii, p. 383 ; B. medins, B. majusculue, B. maximns, Seto- 
 phaga minor, p. 384 (dficrits, "sans les nommer"); Thanmasioptera "ScMfif'.p. 
 389 (type inconnu). 
 
 8», pp. 533-541, les mdmes. Caiicalicus, p. 535 ; Balicassins, p. 539 ; Bicrums 
 coracinas, GraucaluB lagnnensis, p. 540; Lalage nropygialis, p. 541. 
 
 9", pp. 650-665, Chant, fiasirostres, etc. Metabolus, Pomarea, Symposiachrua 
 [sic],Hyleota violacea,p. 650; Charidhylas, p. 651; Erythrosterna tricolor (Kuhl 
 et Tan Hasa. in6d.), Uromitris, Artomyias, Xeocephns, Elminia, Todopsis, p. 
 652; Dasycephala citreopygia, Myiodynaates luteiventris, p. 657 ; Picolaptes ver- 
 reauxomm, Dendrocincla delatrii, Pachyrampbus latirostris, p. 658; Procellaria 
 melania, p. 662; Antigone montignesiana, p. 661 ; Tinamus delatrii, T. jnlins, p. 663. 
 
 1853-55. Cassin, J. Illustrations of the Birds of California, . , . 
 
 These are the dates of issue of the 10 parts of voL I of the work, completed 
 and bound in 1856, q.v. See also 1853, Cabbin, J. 
 
 1854. Barry, A. C. [On the Ornithological Fauna of Wisconsin.] <^Proc. 
 Boston Soc. Nat. Hi8t.,\, 1854, pp. 1-13. 
 Systematic list of 218 spp., annotated. Anser bruchi, Rp. n. 1 
 
 1854. Brewer, T. M, [List of Birds, found both in Europe and America, 
 with others not identical, hut confounded together from close re- 
 senablances.] < Proc. Boston Soc, Nat, Hist, iv, 1854, pp. 324-328. 
 113 spp., including the stragglers from eitber country. 
 
 1854. Couch, D. N. Descriptions of New Birds of Northern Mexico. <^Proc. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1854, pp. 66, 67. 
 
 Oorvus cryptoleucus, Icterus scottii, p. 66; Struthus atrimentalU, p. 67. 
 
 1854, Gerhardt, A. Skizzen aus dem Vogelleben Nordamerika'e. <C Nau- 
 mannia, iv, 1854, pp. 192-194. 
 Kurze Bemerkungen iiber einige Viigel des nordlicbcn Ploridas. 
 
 1854. Hopkins, W. [Letter containing a List of eight Birds of Auburn, 
 N. Y.] < Proc, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v, 1854, p. 13. 
 
 1854. LeConte, J. Notice of American Animals, formerly known, but now- 
 forgotten or lost. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sd, Phila., vii, 1854, pp. 8-14. 
 
 Of birds, Yultur sacra, Bartr. ; Perruginous Woodpecker, Lath. ; Florida 
 Pheasant, p. 20 of Stork's Introd., Bartram's Trav. ; Norton Sound Bastard, 
 Penn. ; Ked-billed Heron, Penn. 
 
 1854, Keinhardt, J. Notitser til Gronlauds Ornithologie. <^Videnslc. Med- 
 del. Naturh. Foren.for Aaret 1853, 1854, pp. 69-85, 
 
 A. EuropsBiske Arter, 5; B. Nord Amcrikaniske Arter, 12— Podiceps bolbollii, 
 p. 76; Larus affinis, p. 78, spp. nn. C. Arter, som forekomme i begge Hemisphae- 
 rer, 1. Arter fundce i Gionland, 107. 
 
77] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1854-1855 643 
 
 1854. EKiNnARDT, J. Bemerkungen znr Ornithologie Gronlanda. <[ J.f. 0., 
 ii, 1854, pp. 423-443. 
 
 Ans dem YidenahabeUge Meddcldser fra den naturhistoriske Forfyninfj i Kjobcn- 
 haim fiir das Jahr 1853, 1854, S. 69 u. fgg,, q. v. — Mit Bemerkungen von J. Cabanis 
 und C. "W. L. Gloger. 
 
 1854. Waijles, B. L. C. Eeport | on the | Agriculture and Geology | of | Mis- 
 
 sissippi. I Embracing a sketch of the | Social and Natural History 
 of the State. | By B. L. C. Wailes, | Geologist of Mississippi ; | [etc. 
 etc.] I — I Published by order of the legislature. | — | Lippincott, 
 Grambo, and Co., | for E. Barksdale, | State printer. | [No place of 
 publication given.] j 1854. 1vol. 8vo. pp. xx, 371, map and pU. 
 > VI. Fauna. > Class II. Aves, or Birds, pp. 317-32T. 
 
 Very defective nominal list of 89 spp., followed by brief general commentary 
 on tbe avifaana of the State. 
 
 1855. Head, J. F. Some Remarks on the Natural History of the country 
 
 about Fort Ripley, Minnesota. <C Ninth Ann. Bep. Smiths. Inst, (for 
 1854), 1855, pp. 291-293. 
 
 List of about 60 spp. of birds observed, with brief remarks. 
 1855. Henry, T. C. Notes derived from observations made on the Birds of 
 New Mexico during the years 1853 and 1854. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. 
 Phila., vii, 1855, pp. 306-317. 
 
 Field-notes of habits; 170 spp. 
 1855. Kennicott, R. Catalogue of Animals observed in Cock County, 
 Illinois. < Trans. III. State Agric. Soc. for 1853-54, i, 1855, pp. 577- 
 595. > Birds, pp. 580-591. 
 
 List, briefly annotated, of 187 spp., to which are added a few species (28) of 
 Middle and Southern Illinois omitted from H. Fratteu's List, 18.55, q. v. 
 
 1855. Lb Barok, W. Observations upon some of the Birds of Illinois most 
 interesting to the agriculturist. <C Trans. III. State Agric. Soc. for 
 1853-54, i, 1855, pp. 559-565. 
 
 "I have thus hastily run over those families of land birds which are most 
 interesting to the agriculturist, either for the depredations they commit, or for 
 the benefits they confer . . . ." — (Author.) 
 
 1855. Peattbn, H. Catalogue of South Illinois Birds. A contribution to 
 the Natural History of Illinois. < Trans. III. State Agric. Soc. for 
 1853-54, i, 1855, pp. 596-609. 
 
 Nominal list of 184 spp. " The following catalogue of the birds of the State 
 is, by no means, a complete one. With the exception of a few of the water birds, 
 which were shot on the Ohio Eiver, they were all obtained in the two coun- 
 ties of Wayne and Edwards." — (Author's preface.) 
 
 1855. SCLATER, p. L. Note on the Sixteen Species of Texan Birds named 
 by Mr. Girand of New York, in 1841. <^P.Z.S., xxiii, 1855, pp. 
 e.'i, 66. 
 Identifications and rectifications of nomenclature in cases of nearly all of them. 
 1855. Strang, J. J. Some Remarks on the Natural Hittory of Beaver 
 Islands, Michigan. <C_Ninth Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst, {for 1354), 1855, 
 pp. 282-288. 
 Birds merely mentioned in a paragraph of three lines. 
 
 1855. Wolford, H. L. On the Importation and Protection of useful Birds. 
 
 < Agnc. Bep. U. S. Paterd Office for 1854, 1855, pp. Tl . 
 
 Not seen. 
 
644 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§55-1§56 [7S 
 
 1855-56. Gbrhardt, A. Ueber die Lebensweise der Vogcl Nordaraerikas, 
 welche im Staate Georgia vorkommen. < ^a«m<ra«ja, v, 1855, pp. 
 380-397, 458-469 ; vi, 185C, pp. 1-18. 
 Kebst einem Verzeiclinisse der Vogel Georgias nach "White. 273 Arten. 
 
 1856. AuDDBON, J. J. The | Birds of America, | from | drawings made in 
 tbe United States | and their Territories. | By | John James Audu- 
 bon, F. R. S., &o., &c. I Vol. I [-VII]. I New York : | Published by V. 
 G. Audubon, I 1856. 7 vols. roy. 8vo. Vol. I, pp. i-viii, 1 1. (signed 
 J. J. Audubon, and dated New York, Nov., 1839), pp. 11-246, pll. 1-70. 
 Vol. II, pp. i-viii, 1 1. (J. J. A., N. Y., August, 1840), 11-199, pll. 71-140. 
 Vol. Ill, pp. i-viii, 9-233, pll. 141-210. Vol. IV, pp. i-viii, 9-321, pll. 
 211-280. Vol. V, pp. i-viii, 9-346, pll. 281-350. Vol. VI, pp. i-viii, 
 9-457, plL 351-420. Vol. VII, pp. i-x, 11-371, pll. 421-500. 
 
 This is the first republication of Audubon's 8vo ed. — a mere reissue, retitled, 
 DOS. of vols, and the text and plates the same. It "will be observed that the title- 
 page bears no regular pnbllsber's imprint ; nor does the person who occasioned 
 the reprint make any explanatory note. There are defective copies of this, 
 without any plates, same date, q. v. 
 
 1856. Audubon, J. J. The | Birds of America, | from | drawings made in 
 the United States | and their Territories. | By | John James Audu- 
 bon, F. R. S., &c., &o. I Vol. I [II, III, IV, ?, VI, VII]. I New York: | 
 Published by V. G. Audubon, | 1856. Roy. 8vo in size, 4to by printer's 
 sigs., ostensibly in seven vols. Vol. I, pp. iii-viii, 11-246. Vol. II, 
 pp. i-viii, 11-199. Vol. Ill, pp. i-viii, 9-233. Vol. IV, pp. iii-viii, 9- 
 321. Vol. V missing. Vol.VI, pp. iii-viii, 9-456. Vol. VII, pp. i-viii, 
 9-372. No plates. 
 
 This is the same as the last, without the plates. It is a singular circumstance 
 that the fifth volume of the set is missing, or at least not in general circulation ; 
 I have never seen it. It may have been destroyed by accident, or, possibly, "was 
 never reproduced. Owing to this imperfection of the set, and the absence of 
 illustrations, this edition is very cheap — itmay be bought for about §1 a volume. 
 My copy has pencilled on the title of voL VI what seems to be directions to 
 printer for getting up the 1861 ed., Now York, Lockwood & Son, as a reissue 
 by John W. Audubon, q, v. 
 
 1856. [BiLLiKGS, E.] On some of the Game Birds of Canada. <^Canad.Nat. 
 and Geol., i, 1856, pp. 284-305, fig. 
 Five species. The article is anonymous. 
 
 1856. Brewer, T. M. [Note on the occurrence of Plotus anhinga and Tan- 
 talus loculatorin Illinois.] <^ Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v, 1856, 
 p. 391. 
 
 1856. Cabanis, J. Die wissenschaftliche Ansbente der neuesten Reise- 
 unternehmung des Herzogs P. W. v. Wiirttemberg [in Amerika]. 
 <J.f. 0., iv, 18.56,p.336. 
 
 1856. Cassin, J. Illustrations | of the | Birds | of | California, Texas, Oregon, 
 British and | Russian America. | Intended to contain descriptions 
 and figures | of all | North American Birds | not given by former 
 American authors, | and a | General Synopsis of North American Or- 
 nithology. I By John Cassin, | Member of the Academy of Natural 
 Sciences of Philadelphia ; of the American Philosophical | Society ; 
 of the Horticultural Society of Pennsylvania ; of the National Insti- 
 tute ; I of the South Carolina Natural History Society ; of the New 
 
79] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1856 645 
 
 1856. Cassin, J.— Continued. 
 
 York I Lyceum of Natural History ; of the Natural History | Society 
 of Montreal, etc. etc. | 1853 to 1855. | — | Philadelphia : j J. B. Lip- 
 pincott & Co. I 1856. 1 vol. large 8vo size, 4to by sigs. pp. viii, 
 298, pll. 50. 
 
 Issncd in 10 "parts", ■with coDtinnous pagination, during the years specified; 
 collected in 1 vol. in 1856, with preface, contents, and index, forming the "first 
 series" of a work discontinued at this point. Text technical, descriptive, hio- 
 graphical (fiom field-notes of various correspondents, especially G. A. McCall 
 and A. L. Heermann), and general. 50 spp. described and figured in colors; 
 besides which all the then known North American species of PariTue^ Falco- 
 nidce, StrigidcB, and FisHrostres are system.atically treated in the "General 
 Synopsis ", interpolated at pp. 17-20, 85-120, 175-197, 335-256. New species are :— 
 Falco mgriceps, p. 87 (Dec, 1853) ; Falco polyagrus, pp. 88, 121, pi. 16 ; Buteo insig- 
 natus, pp. 102, 198, pi. 31 (March, 1854). See 1853, and 1853-55, Cassin, J. 
 
 1856. Cassin, J. Notes on North American Birds iu the Collection of the 
 Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and National Museum, 
 Washington. ■< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philu., viii, 1856, pp. 39-42. 
 
 Critical and descriptive. 7 spp. Spizella breweri, p. 40 ; Ariser albatm, p. 41, 
 spp. nn. 
 
 1856. Cassin, J. Ornithology of the United States, and British and Russian 
 America. < United States Magazine, iii, 1856, pp. 18-29, 109-114, 
 205-207, 481-484, tigg. 13. 
 
 In consequence of the suspension of the Magazine, the contemplated series of 
 articles was discontinued with the fourth instalment. The matter consists of a 
 general popular, hut strictly scientific, account of Cathartidce and Falconidfe. 
 
 1856. Haymond, R. Birds of South-eastern Indiana. <C Proo. Acad. Nat. 
 Sd. Phila., viii, 18.56, pp. 286-298. 
 Systematic list of 139 bpp., shortly annotated. 
 1856. Henry, J. Registry of Periodical Phenomena. <[ Tenth Aim. Eep. 
 Smiths. Inst, (for 1655), 1856, pp. 259-263. 
 
 Includes a list of 16 spp. of birds whose movements, etc., should be noted In 
 connection with observation of meteorological phenomena. 
 
 1856. KENNERi.Y,C.B.R. ^f/s:^,fr'| Senate, {^x^,^- | - | Re- 
 
 ports ! of I Explorations and Surveys, | to | ascertain the most prac- 
 ticable and economical route for a railroad | from the | Mississippi 
 River to the Pacific Ocean. | Made under the direction of the Secre- 
 tary of War, in | 1853-4, | according to acts of Congress of March 3, 
 1853, May 31, 1834, and August 5, 1854. | — | Volume IV. | — | Wash- 
 ington : I Beverley Tucker, printer. | 1856. 4to. > Part VI. Re- 
 port on the Zoology of the Expedition. No. I. Field Notes and 
 Explanations. By C. B. R. Kennerly, M. D., Physician and Natural- 
 ist to the Expedition, pp. 1-17. 
 
 This is simply a preliminary account of the game animals of Lt. Whipple's 
 Koute near the thirty-fifth parallel, with a summary statement of the zoological 
 collections. A note appended states that " the remainder of the Zoological Re- 
 port [of this particular Route] will appear in a subsequent volume ''. It ap- 
 peared in the x. vol. of the series of P. R. E. Reports, entirely superseding the 
 present article, which is scarcely citable for any practical purposes. 
 
 1856. McClintock, [P. L.] Extracts from Captain M'Cliutock's Diary 
 (plate IV). < Nat. Hist. Eev. {Pr. Soc), iii, 1856, pp. 40-42. 
 
 Kept in the Arctic regions during the search for Sir John Franklin. Many 
 allusions to the birds. 
 
646 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1856-1857 [sO 
 
 1856. MOSCHLER, — . Notiz zur Ornitbologie Gronlands. < J. f. 0., iv, 
 1856, p. 335. 
 AXca cirrhata, Toianus fiavipes, Ficus awatus. 
 1856. MiJLLisR, J. W. VON. Einige Notizen uber die Vogel des hocbsten 
 Nordens von Amerika. < J.f. 0., iv, 1856, pp. 304-306. 
 Yon Dr. Etisha Kent Kane dem Verfasser mitgetheilt. 
 
 1856. Putnam, F. W. Catalogue of the Birds of Essex County, Massachu- 
 setts. < Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, pp. 201-231. 
 
 Annotated list of 235 spp. with 10 additional stragglers; and appendix of 48 
 spp. given on other authority, of Massachusetts birds not observed in Essex 
 County. The classificatioa and nomenclature accord with Audubon's Syiwpsis, 
 
 1856. SCLATEB, P. L. Note on the Sixteen Species of Texan Birds named 
 by Mr. Giraud of New York, in 1841. < Ann. Mag. Nat. Sist., (2), 
 xvii, 1856, pp. 426-427. 
 From P. Z. S., March 27, 1855, pp. 65, 66, q. v. 
 
 1856. SCLATBR, P. L. Catalogue of the Birds collected by M. Augusta SaUfi 
 
 in Southern Mexico, with Descriptions of New Species. <[ P. Z. S., 
 xxiv, 1856, pp. 283-311, pll. (Aves) cxx, cxxi. 
 
 333spp., with brief miscellaneous annotations. Oerthiolamexicmia, p. 286 ; Atio- 
 bates ruHginosus, A. cervinigulff.ris, p. 288 ; Anahazenops varugaticeps, Xenops 
 mexicamts, p. 289 ; Scleruriis mexicanus, Scytalopus prostheieucus, p. 290 ; Parw« 
 ineriMonalis, p. 293 ; Formicarius monUiger, p. 294 ; Todiro8tTU7ii eineregvlare, 
 p. 295 ; Tyrannvla sulphureipygui, p. 296 ; Elaenia variegata, p. 297 ; Pipra men- 
 talis, p. 299, pi. cxxi ; Myiadestes unicolor, p. 299. The other plate represents 
 OranateUiis sdUoA. 
 
 1857. Baird, S. F. American Oology. <^Edinh. New Philso. Journ., new 
 
 ser., v, 1857, p. 374. 
 Extract from a letter relating to T. M. Brewer's work. 
 
 1857. Bekslby, T. Geology | of | the County of Cape May, | State of | New 
 Jersey. | [State arms.] | Trenton : | printed at the office of the True 
 American. | 1857. 1 vol. 8vo. Frontisp., pp. 211, map. > Birds, 
 pp. 138-145. 
 
 At the pp. indicat^-d, a " Catalogue of the Birds of the County of Cape May. 
 By Thomas Beesley, Esq. " 196 spp., briefly annotated; the breeders marked 
 with an asterisk (*). 
 
 1857. Blakiston, T. Notes of a Naturalist on his Passage towards the Far 
 West. ^ Zoologist, xv, 1857, pp. 5840-5843. 
 Voyage from England to York Factory, Hudson's Bay. 
 
 1857. Brendel, F. Vogel der Umgegend Peorias in Illinois. <^ Zeitschr. 
 gesammt. Naturw., ix, 1857, p\<. 420-425. 
 
 ..Nachfolgend theile ich das Verzeichniss der in der Gegend von Peoria von 
 mir bis jetzt beobachteten Vogel nebst eiuigen speziellen Untersuchungen mit, 
 indem ich mir vorbehalte, dasaelbe durch spatere Mittheilungen zu vervoU- 
 Btandigeu." — Namenverzeichniss von circa 80 Arten, nebst kurzen Beraer- 
 kungen; auch anatomische Notizen iiber Salicetua leucocepkalvs und Suteo 
 borealia. 
 
 1857. Brewer, T.M. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. | — | North 
 American | Oology. | By | Thomas M. Brewer, M. D. | — | Part I. — 
 Eaptores and Fissirostres. | — | [Accepted for publication, Febru- 
 ary, 1856.] | [Washington: 1857.] lvol.4to. pp. viii, 132, pll. v 
 (figg. 74). (Forming part of vol. xi, 1859, of Smithsonian Contributions 
 to Knmvledge. Originally thus publithed separately, 1857.) 
 
81] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1857 647 
 
 1857. Bkewke, T. M.— Contitiued. 
 
 The foregoing is the title of the work as it appears in the separate copies. 
 The fuller title of the work, as one of the papei-s of the Smithsonian ContrihU' 
 ti(ms^ is, " North American Oology ; being an account of the geographical distri- 
 hution of the Birds of North America during their breeding season, with figures 
 and descriptions of their eggs." The work was not continued beyond Pait I, 
 which treats of the Raptores and the " Fissirostres " (i. e., CapHmulgidce, Hirun- 
 dinidce, Cypselidce, and Alcedinidce). The text is a general account of the habits, 
 to some extent, of the species during the breeding season, as well as of the sub- 
 jects mentioned in the full title, and includes a copious synonymy ; no descrip- 
 tive, technical, or critical matter. Sixty species are treated, the eggs of 49 of 
 them being beautifully figured, printed in colors, and touched up by hand— 74 
 figures, on 5 plates— too many to be here recapitulated. Only a small part of the 
 edition, however, is in colors; the regular ed. in the S. I. Cont being plain, 
 printed from another set of stones. The work is notable as the only purely 
 oological treatise of any extent as yet prodnced in America, and is the standard 
 as far as it goea. It contains a fair pioportiou of blunders, most of which have 
 been exposed in the critiques the work has called forth from time to time, though 
 no one has been more zealous than the author iu setting them right. The egg 
 oi Buteo borealis ? is figured for that of Asttir atHcapilliis ; of Accipiter cooperi? 
 for that of Falco columbarias ,- o£ Sirundo lunifrons ? for tha;t of H. thalassina f 
 and that figured as Archibuteo ferrugineus is doubtful C/. Eeewer, Am,. Nat, i, 
 1867, pp. 121-123 ; COUES, B. Colorado, i, 1878, 421. 
 
 1857. Brewek, T. M. List and Descriptions of Eggs obtained in California 
 by E. Samuels. < Proc. Boston Soc, Nat. Sisi.j vi, 1857, pp. 145-149, 
 [See p. 66.] 
 Sixteen specimens. 
 1857. Bryant, H. A list of Birds observed at Grand Manan and at Yar- 
 mouth, N. S., from June 16 to July 8, 1856. <, Proc. Boston Soc, Nat. 
 Eist, vi, 1857, pp. 114-133. [Continued by discussion, by several 
 ornithologists, on various points relative to North American Orni- 
 thology, pp. 123-125.] 
 55 spp. ; fully annotated. 
 1857. Bryant, H. [Kemark on the early migration of certain American 
 
 Birds ibis year.] ■< Proc. Boston Soc, Nat. Hist.y vi, 1857, p. 170, 
 1857, Cassin, J. Notes on the North American species of Archibuteo and 
 Lanius, and description of a new species of Toucan, of the genus 
 Selenidera, Gould. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ix, 1857, pp. 211-214. 
 Archibuteo, 3 spp. ; Lanius, 5 spp. ; Selenidera spectabilis, p. 214. 
 1857. D'Ukban, W. S. M. Notes on the Land Birds observed round [sic] 
 Montreal during the winter of 1856-7. < Canad. Nat. tf* GeoLj ii, 
 1857, pp. 138-145. 
 Field-notes on a score of species. 
 1857. D'Urban, W. S. M. Notice of the Occurrence of the Pine Grosbeak 
 and Bohemian Chatterer, near Montreal. <[ Canad.Nat.^- Geol.j i, 
 1857, pp. 465-472, fig. 
 More extended notice, with figure of the latter, by E. BilliDgs, appended. 
 
 1857. GiEBEL, C. G. Bemerkungen zu Vorigem [d. h. Vogel der Umgegend 
 Peorias in Illinois von Fr. BrendelJ iiber Cathartes aura, Falco albi- 
 cilla, F. lagopus und F. buteo, <^ Zeitschr. gesammt. Naturw.j ix, 
 1857, pp. 426-433. 
 
 ,, Die vorstehenden Mittheilungen Herrn Brendels . . . veranlassen mich aus 
 Ohr. L. Nitzsch' handschriftlichem Nachlass hier die anatomiscben Notlzen 
 theils zur Ergiinzung, thejls znr -weitern Vergleichung der nachst verwandten 
 Arten anzuschliessen.-' Vergl. 1857, Buendel, F. 
 
648 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. l§5'y [82 
 
 1857, Hadfield, H. W. Notes and Eemarks on the Storm Petrel, Americaii 
 Bittern, Night Hawk, &c. [i. c, other birds of Canada.] < Zoolo- 
 gist, XV, 1857, pp. 5798-5804. 
 
 1857. Holmes, E. Birds [ofNorth America] injurious to Agriculture. <^Bep. 
 U. S. Patent Office, Agric.,for 1856, ia57, pp. 110-160, pU. 15-46. 
 
 1857. Kneeland, S. On the Birds of Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior. 
 <iProc. Boston See. Nat. Hist, vi, 1857, pp. 231-241. 
 
 Partially annotated list of 147 spp.— Musical notation of song of Zonolriclaa 
 albicollis, 
 
 1857. Newberry, J. S. ^^^d'sesSoT' | House of Representatives. | ^^"j"- 
 I — I Reports | of | Explorations and Surveys, | to | asoertaiin the 
 most practicable and economical route for a railroad | from the | 
 Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. | Made under the direction of 
 the Secretary of War, in | 1854-5, | according to Acts of Congress 
 of March 3, 1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | — | Volume 
 VI. I — I Washington : | A. O. P. Nicholson, printer, | 1857. | 4to. 
 > Part IV. Zoological Report. No. 2. Report upon the Zoology of 
 the Route. By J. S. Newberry, M. D. > Chapter II. Report upon 
 the Birds, pp. 73-110, pll. xxvi and xxxiv, with pp. i-iv of index. 
 
 This well-written and interesting article gives the ornithological results of 
 the California and Oregon routes ; it consists of field-notes on a large number 
 of species. Picua wiUiameonii, p. 89 (descr. nulld), pi. xxxlv, up. flg., sp. n. PI. 
 xxxiv, low. flg., Icteria Umgieauda. PI. xxvi, Pica nuttaUii. 
 
 1857. Reinhardt, J. Naturhistoriske Bidrag | til | En Beskrivelse af Gr^n- 
 land, I af I J. Eeinhardt,J. C.Schi0dte,O. A.L.M)iirch,C.F.Lntken, | 
 J. Lange, H. Rink. | — | Sserskilt Aftryk af Tillseggene til „ Gr^n- 
 land,geographiskogstatistiskbeskrevet" af H.Riik. | — | Kj(!ben- 
 havn. I Louis Kleins Bogtrykkeri. | 1857. 1 vol. 12mo size (8 11. 
 to a sig.). 2 p. 11., pp. 3-172, map. >Tillaeg Nr. 1, Fortegnelse 
 over 6ri|inland8 Pattedyr, Fugle og Fiske, af Professor J. Reinhardt. 
 pp. 3-27. 
 
 Fugle, pp. 12-20. — Nominal list of 111 sp., slightly annotated. 
 
 The same list, somewhat modified, was translated and published in Anton von 
 BtzeVs G-ronland geograpbisch und statistisch beschrieben. Aus daniechen 
 Quellenschriften. Stuttgart, J. G. Cotta'scher Yerlag, 1860. 
 
 1857. SCLATER, P. L. On some New Species of Birds collected by M. Au- 
 gnste Sall6 in Southern Mexico. < .4k?!. Mag. Nat. Sist., (2), xix, 
 1857, pp. 418-423. 
 From P. Z. S., July 8, 1856. See 1856, Sclatee, P. L., bis. 
 1857. Sclatee, P. L. On Parus meridionalis and some other species men- 
 tioned in the Catalogue of Birds collected by M. Sall^ in Southern 
 Mexico. < Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), xx, 1857, pp. 3ril, 382. 
 From P. Z. S., May 12, 1857. 
 1857. ScLATER, P. L. List of Birds collected by Mr. Thomas Bridges, Cor- 
 responding Member of the Society, in the Valley of San Jos6, in the 
 State of California. < P. Z. 8., xxv, 1 857, pp. 125-127. 
 33 spp., shortly annotated. 
 1857. SCLATBR, P. L. List of additional species of Mexican Birds, obtained 
 by M. Auguste Sall6 from the environs of Jalapa and S. Andres 
 Tuxtla. < P. Z. S., xxv, 1857, pp. 201-207, woodcc. 
 62 spp., annotntei.—Oamptoatomaimierbe, gen. sp. n., p. 203. 
 
83] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. l§5'y-1858 649 
 
 1857. ScLATERj P. L. On a Collection of Birds made by Signer Matteo 
 Botteri in the vicinity of Orizaba in Southern Mexico. <^P.Z. S.j 
 XXV, 1857, pp. 210-215. 
 
 38 spp., shortly annotated. Neochloe (g. n.) hrevipennis^ p. 213; ZonotTvckixi hot- 
 terii, p. 214, epp. nn. 
 
 1857. ScLATER, P. L. On a Collection of Birds received by M. SalI6 from 
 
 Southern Mexico. < P. Z. -S., xxv, 1857, pp. 226-230. 
 29 spp., annotated. JHplopterus exceUens, p. 339, sp. n. 
 
 1858. Baikd, S. F., Cassin, J., afid Lawrence, G. N. ^|d^s°e°f[o^r' \ ^^^^® 
 
 of Representatives.) ^^ g^' | — | Reports | of | Explorations and 
 
 Surveys, | to | ascertain the most practicable and economical route 
 for a railroad | from the | Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. | 
 Made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in | 1853-6, | 
 according to Acts of Congress of March 3, 1853, May 31, 1854, and 
 August 5, 1854. I — I Volume IX. I — | Washington: | A. O. P. 
 Nicholson, printer. ] 1858. 4to. Subtitled as follows : Explorations 
 and Surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River to the 
 Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | -^ | Birds: | by Spencer F.Baird, 
 I Assistaut Secretary Smithsonian Institution. | With the co-opera- 
 tiou of I John Cassin and George N. Lawrence. | — | Washington, 
 D. C. I 1858. pp. i-lvi, 1-1005. (No illustrations.) 
 
 This work is "Part II" of the " General Report upon the Zoology of the Several 
 Pacific liailroad Routes " (Part I being the corresponding report on the Mam- 
 reals, which constitutes the viii. toI. of the series', and Parts III and IV, on 
 Reptiles and Fishes respectively, being contained in the x. vol. of the series). 
 The preface states: — "The present report is a continuation of a systematic 
 account of the vertebrate animals of North America, collected or observed by 
 the different parties organized under the direction of the "War Department for 
 ascertaining the best route for a railroad from the Mississippi river to the Pacific 
 ocean. The collections of these expeditions having been deposited with the 
 Smithsonian Institution by the War Department, in compliance with an act 
 of Congress, the undersigned was charged by the Secretary of the Institution 
 with the duty of furnishing the series of general reports upon them, as called 
 for by the Department. The account of the mammals having been published in 
 1857, that of* the birds is herewith furnished, prepared according to the plan 
 announced in the preface to that volume. As in the volume on the mammals, 
 by the insertion of the comparatively few species not noticed by the expeditions, 
 this report becomes an exposition of the present state of our knowledge of the 
 birds of North America, north of Mexico. This addition, while rendering the 
 work more valuable to the reader, was absolutely necessary for the proper 
 understanding of the western iauna, the species of which are generally so 
 closely allied to the eastern forms aa to require in most; cases more minute and 
 detailed descriptions of the latter than have been published. Certain portions 
 of the report have been prepared by Mr. John Cassin, of Philadelphia, and Mr. 
 George N. Lawrence, of New York, well known as the leading ornithologists of 
 the United States. Mr. Cassin has furnished the entire account of the Raptores, 
 from p. 4 to 64, of the GraUse from p. 689 to 753, and of the Alcidas from p. 900 to 
 918, in all about 135 pages. Mr. Lawrence has written the article on the Longi- 
 pennes, Totipalmes, and Colymbidas from page 820 to 900, making 80 pages." The 
 preface continues with recapitulation of the different surveying parties and less 
 official or wholly individual sources whence the collections upon which the 
 report is based were received. 
 
 Contents :— Various titles, etc., pp. i-xvi. Table of the Higher Groups, pp. xvii- 
 xxiv. List of Species, pp. xxv-lvi, 738 in number, with geographical distribution. 
 
650 BIBLIOGEAPUICAL APPENDIX. 1858 [84 
 
 1858. Baird, S. F., Cassin, J., a?(dLAWKENCE, G. N.— Continued. 
 
 General text, pp. 1-920. Appendix A, Additional Kemarks on Nortli Amoiican 
 Birds, pp. 921-925; Appendix B, Birds found at Fort Bridger, Utah, pp. 926, 927 ; 
 Appendix C, List of Authorities referred to (an important piece of bibliography), 
 pp. 928-954 ; Indexes, pp. 955-1005. 
 
 This report is complete in itself, and entirely independent of the varions 
 special articles by different naturalists of the several Surveys; an elaborate 
 formal treatise on all the birds of North America north of Mexico. It repre- 
 sents the moat important Mingle step ever taken in the progress of American 
 ornithology in all that relates to the technicalities. The nomenclature ia 
 entirely remodelled from that of the immediately preceding Audubonian, period, 
 and for the first time brought abreast of the then existing aspect of the case. 
 It was adopted by the Smithsonian Institution, and thousands of separately 
 printed {4to and 8vo) copies of the "List of Species" were distributed during 
 succeeding years to institutions and individuals ; the names came at once into 
 almost universal employ, and so continued, with scarcely appreciably diminished 
 force, until about 1872. The synonymy of the work is more extensive and elab- 
 orate and more reliable than any before presented ; the compilation was almost 
 entirely original, very few citations having been made at second-hand, and these 
 being indicated by quotation-marks. The general text consists of diagnoses or 
 descriptions of each species, with extended and elaborate criticisms, compari- 
 sons, and commentary, Of the general character of the specific determinations, 
 it may be said that the authors' tendency was to push specific discriminations 
 beyond a point now usual ; so that, though the work contains notably few purely 
 nominal species, it has many that have proven to be simply geographical races. 
 Tabular lists of the specimens examined, with localities where procured, col- 
 lector, date of collection, and many measurements, are given. The work includes 
 no biographical matter, nor is it illustrated. 
 
 The appearance of so great a work, from the hands of a most methodical, 
 learned, and sagacious naturalist, aided by two of the leading ornithologists of 
 America, exerted an influence perhaps stronger and more widely felt than that 
 of any of its predecessors, Audubon's and Wilson's not excepted, and marked 
 an epoch in the hi&tory of American ornithology. The synonymy and specific 
 characters, original in this work, have been used again and again by subsequent 
 writers, with various modification and abridgment, and are in fact a large basis 
 of the technical portion of the subsequent History of North American Birds by 
 Baikd, Bheweb,. and Ridgway. Such a monument of original research is likely 
 to remain for an indefinite period a source of inspiration to lesser writers, while 
 its authority as a work of reference will always endure. 
 
 Many of the novelties secured by the different surveying parties were pre- 
 viously described; the following are the genu, and spp. nn. of this work:— 
 Picoidea dorsalis, p. 100 ; Sphyrapicus, p. 101 ; 8. nuchalin, p. 103 ; Sylatomus, 
 p. 107 ; Colaptes hybriditSf p. 122; N^hocaetes, p. 142; Tyrannus couchii, p. 175; 
 £!mpidonax dijicilis, p. 198; E. wrigktii, p. 200 ; Turdus nlicicB, p. 217 ; Protono- 
 toWa, p. 239; Oporornis, -p. 246; Oroscoptes, p. 346; Oaiherpes^-p.Zr^G; Thriotkorus 
 belandieri "Couch", p. 362; Parus occidentalism -p. 391; Oarpodacuu califomicus, 
 p. 413; Plectrophanes melanomus, p. 436; Oentronyx, p. 440; Pooccetes, p. 447; 
 Melospiza, p. 476 ; M. Iieermanni, p. 478 ; M. gouldii, p. 479 ; Passerella schistacea, 
 p. 490; Cyanospiza, p. 500; Pipilo megalonyx, p. 515; Gorvus americanus var. 
 Jloridanus, p. 568; C. caurinits, p. 569; Cyanocitta woodhoiiseii, p. 585; Ortalida 
 McGallii, jj. Gil ; PediocaeteSf p. 625; Oreortyx, p. 642; G-ius fraterculus Casu., p. 
 656 ; Hydranassa, p. 660 ; H&rodias egretta var. califomica, p. 667 ; Ardea wurde- 
 manni, p. 6C9 ; Florida, p. 671 ; Aegialitis nivosa Cass., p. 096 ; Arquatella, p. 714 j 
 Tringa cooperi, p. 716 ; MiGropalaTna, p. 726 ; Heteroscelus, p. 734 j Anser frontaUSt 
 p, 762; Aribtonetta, p. 793; Bxicephala, p. 795; Pelionetta trcwbridgi% p. 806; 
 Podiceps occidentalis Lawr., p. 894 ; P. clarkii Lawr., p. 895. 
 
 Many copies of this volume were reissued in J8G0 under an entirely different 
 title {Birds of America, etc., q. v.), acci-mpauied by a second vol. of pll.— these 
 platCH being all those which belonged to the various detached oi'iiitbological 
 reports of the several naturaliyts of the Pacific Kailroad Surveys, those of the 
 Mexican Boundary Survey, and many new ones, raising the total to 100. 
 
S')] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1858 651 
 
 1858. Baird, S. F., Cassin, J., and Lawrence, G. N.— Continued. 
 
 In closing a short notice of this tJie General Report on the Oruithology of tbo 
 Pacific Railroad Snrveys, it will be well to recapitulate the several special asso- 
 ciated reports, scattered through the scries of volumes in such irregular fashion 
 that their accurate quotation becomes amatterof the greatest difficulty, — in fact, I 
 have never seen a full and precise citation made by any one not thoroughly con- 
 versant with the compositi. n of the whole publication. In the present Biblio- 
 graphy, I Lave adop'ed the method of quoting in full the general title-page of 
 the whole volume in which each report appears, following this with quotation of 
 the special sub-title page of the zoological portion, and this with quotation of the 
 particular title of the ornithological article, giving the pp. and pU. only of the 
 latter. 
 Bird-matter is found in the following volumes: — 
 Vol. IV, 1856. Part VI, No, 1, Kennerly's Meport, pp. 1-17 (being preliminary 
 
 to his final report, which appeared in vol. X, 1859). 
 Vol. VI, 1857. Part IV, No. 2. Newberry's Report, pp. 73-110, -f-i-iv, pU. 
 
 ("Williamson's & Abbot's Routes in California and Oregon). 
 Voh IX, 1858. Baird's General Report, occupying the whole vol. 
 Vol. X, 1859. The first half of this singularly composite voh is occupied with 
 Saikd's General Report on Reptiles of all the Surveys (plates only— text 
 never published), and Gil^ard's General Report on the Fishes (text and 
 plates). The rest consists of a great number of detached deferred zoologi- 
 cal articles, huddled together pell-mell, belonging to reports which con- 
 stitute previous vols, of the series ; among them are four bird-articles, as 
 follows :~BAniD's, on Birds of Gunnison's and Bechwith's Routes near 38«A, 
 39(A, and ilst parallels, being No. 2, pp. 11-16, pll., and belonging to the 
 report published in the ii. vol. of the series ; Kennerly's, on Birds of 
 Whipple's Route near 35tA parallel, being No. 2, pp. 19-35, pll., of Part VI of 
 report published in the iv. voL of the series ; Heermann'b, (1), on Birds of 
 Parke's Route near ZM parallel, being No. 1, pp. 9-20, pll., of report pub- 
 lished in the vii. voL of thw series; Hebrmank's, (2), on Birds of William- 
 son's Routes in California near 35(7i and 32d parallels, being No. 2, pp. 29-80, 
 pll., of Part IV of report published in the v. vol. of the series. The dis- 
 continuous pagination of this vol. X, and the fact that the " Parts " which 
 appear to refer to it really refer to portions of previous vols., render it 
 impossible to cite these articles except by reference to the routes by 
 name, or to the printer's signatures at bottom of the pages. 
 Vol. XII, 1860. Book II. Part III, No. 3, Chaps. I, II. pp. 140-290, pll. 
 Cooper & Sdgkley's, on Birds of Governor Stevens's Route near 47fA and 
 A^th parallels. 
 
 1858. Baird, S. F. Birds found at Fort Bridgerj Utah. < Pacific B. U. 
 Hep., ix, 1858, App. B, pp. 926, 927. 
 Merely a list of 104 spp., collected by C. Drexler. 
 
 1858. Baird, S. F. Catalogue | of | North American Birds, | chiefly iu the Mu- 
 seum of the I Smiihsonian Institution. | By | Spencer F. Baird, | As- 
 sistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. | — | Washington: 
 Smithsouian Institution. | October, 1858. 4to, paper. 1 p. 1., pp. 
 
 xvii-lvi. 
 
 Separate reissue, v. t p., with new title-page, of pp. xvii-lvi of the author's 
 main work. Besides the list of 7c8 spp., with habitats, these sheets contain a 
 tahlo of the high( r groups, list of extrallmital species (23) which are included in 
 the work, and of those (31) claiming to be North American, but not so identified, 
 and a summary of the total number as variously given by "Wilson, Bonaparte, 
 and Audubon. The species being all numbered, the brochure was much used 
 for several years for practically convenient reference to the species by number. 
 
 1858. Bkidges, T. Notes on Californian Birds. With Eemarks by P. L. 
 Sclater. < P. Z. S., xxvi, 1858, pp. 1-3, pi. (Aves) cxxxi. 
 
 11 p,-piy.—Mclanerpesrubrigulari8 ScL, p. 2, pi cxxxi, Bp.n.,=:Picvsv}illiamsoni 
 Newb., =P. tkyroideus Cass., cT- 
 
652 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1858 [sB 
 
 1858. Hayden, p. V. Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and 
 
 Dakota, in the years 1855-'56-'57, by Lieut. G. K. Warren 
 
 Washington, 1856. 8vo. pp. 125. 
 
 This title is taken from a separate lepaged reprint, made in ISTS, of Hayden's 
 article in Warren's Eeport. The article, whether of 1858 or of 1875, contains an 
 extensive List of the Birds of the TTpper Missouri Region, substantially the same 
 as that published in the 4to Keport, Philadelphia^ 136:2, q. v. 
 
 1858. Heney, T. C. Descriptions of new Birds from Fort Thorn, New Mex- 
 ico. •< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sd. Fkila., x, 1858, pp. 117, 118. 
 ToxosUyma crissaliB, Juiico dorsalis, p. 117. 
 
 1858. KiTTLiTZ, F. H. VON. Denkwiirdigkeiten | einer Eeise | nach dem 
 russischen Amerika, nach Micronesien | und durch Kamtschatka 
 Von F. H. V. Kittlitz. | — | Erster [zweiter] Band. | — | Gotha. | 
 Verlag von Justus Perthes. | 1858. 2 vols. 8vo. Vol. I, pp. xvi, 384. 
 Vol. II, 2 p. 11., pp. 464. Plates and cuts in both vols. 
 
 Contains much interesting matter relating to natural history, and ornithology 
 in particular, pagsim. Several birds are figured in the text. Cf. J, f. 0., 1859, pp. 
 45-51. 
 
 1858. Kittlitz, F. H. von. Nachtragliche Bemerkungeu zu den im Verlage 
 von Justus Perthes in Gotha so eben erschienenen : „ Denkwiirdig- 
 keiten einer Eeise nach dem russischen America, nach Mikronesien 
 und dnrch Kamtschatka." < J.f. 0., 1858, vi, pp. 387-390. 
 Kebst Anmerkungen des Herausgebers. 
 1858. Saussuee, H. db. Observations | sur les | Moeurs de divers Oiseaux 
 I du Mexique | par M. H. de Sanssure | — | Genfeve | Imprimerie 
 Eamboz et Schuchardt | Rue de rH6tel-de-ViUe, 78 | — | 1858 8vo. 
 pp. 55, pi. 1. 
 
 Eeissned repaged from the Bibl. Univ. Gertie, 1858-69 ?, q. v. 
 1858. SCLATER, P. L. Notes on some Birds from Southern Mexico. < P. Z. S., 
 xxvi, 1858, pp. 95-99. 
 14 spp,, with critical annotation. 
 
 1858. ScLATER, p. L. On a CoUeotion of Birds received by M. Angnste 
 
 Sall6 from Oaxaca in Southern Mexico. < P. Z. S., xxvi, 1858, pp. 
 
 293, 294. 
 5 spp. Ohloroapingtis cmtaneieoUie, p. 893 ; OaUiste eyanotU, p. 294, spp. nn. 
 1858. SCLATER, P. L. On a Collection of Birds received by M. Auguste 
 
 Sal)6 from Oaxaca in Southern Mexico. <[ P. Z. S., xxvi, 1858, pp. 
 
 294-305. 
 
 86 spp., with critical annotation. Petroehelidon swaimoni, p. 296 ; Trogloiytea 
 
 brumieicollU, p. 397 ; Formicivora boucardit p. 300 ; Eitipldonax bairdi, p. 301 ; 
 
 Pipilo aUneollis, p. 304, spp. nn. ; Ohamaeospizat p. 304, g. n. 
 
 1858. Xantus, J. Descriptions of two new Species of Birds from the vicin- 
 iry of Fort Tejon, California. <Ptoc. Acad. Nat. Sd. Phila.., x, 1858, 
 p. 117. 
 I}yram3iula hammondii, Vireo easHnii. 
 
 1858-59 ? Saussure, H. de. Observations sur les Mosurs de Divers Oiseaux 
 dn Mexique. <_Arch. des Sc. Phys. et Nat. {Bibl. Univ. Genhe), 2= s6r., 
 i, 1858, pp. 331-338, pi. iv ; iii, 1858, pp. 14-25, 168-182 ; iv, 1859 (pub. 
 1858?), pp. 22-41. 
 
 I. Les Pics (" Colaptes rubrioatus", i.e. Melanerpes formioivorus). n. Les 
 Colibris. III. Les Oiseaux de Proie (Vauteurs, Aigles). IV. Les Troupiales 
 (Icteridae). V. Les Couroucous. YI. Sur lea Anis, les Eoccos et les F6n61opes. 
 
87] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. • 1858-1859 653 
 
 1858-59. WiED, Max, Peinz vow. Verzeichnies der Vogel, welohe auf einer 
 Eeise in Nord-America beobachtet wurden. <^J.f. 0., vi, 1858, pp. 
 1-29,97-124, 177-205, 257-284, 337-354, 417-445; vii, 1859, pp. 81-96. 
 A eystematic account of very many species, with mucli descriptive matter, but 
 chiefly valuable for the indications of geographical distribation and accounts of 
 habits. JButeo gutturaU8,p.l7; Sylvieola miimriensis, p. in ; lAnaHa americtma, 
 p. 338, spp. nn. 
 
 1859. [Anon.] Birds of North America. <^Sarper's Neiv Monthly Mag.,vo\, 
 xviii, 1859, p. 692. 
 
 Advance notice of a proposal to repnblish Audubon's Birds of North America ; 
 with comments upon Audubon and his labors. 
 
 1859. Baird^S. F. ^^^g^ ge^fon!^' \ House of Representatives. | ^0,^35°' 
 
 I — I Report I on the | United States and Mexican Boundary 
 Survey, | made under | the direction of the Secretary of the Inte- 
 rior, I by William H, Emory. | Major First Cavalry and United 
 States Commissioner. | — | Volume II. | — | Washington : | Corne- 
 lius Wendell, Printer. [ 1859. 4to. > Part II. Zoology of the 
 Boundary, > [2d article.] Birds of the Boundary, by Spencer F. 
 Baird, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, with 
 notes by the Naturalists of the Survey, pp. 32, 1 1., pll. coFd 25. 
 
 The whole work is in 2 vols. 4to, but the 2d vol. is usually found bound in 2 
 '*parts", each of which is separately titled and paged; and the several articles 
 in each part are moreover separately titled and paged. Vol. I is the general 
 official report, with which we have here nothing to do. Vol. II, Part I, is the 
 Botany of the Boundary, to which no fewer than seven different title-pages are 
 prefixed in the copy examined. Vol. II, Part II, contains four independent, 
 separately paged and titled articles on the Zoology of the Boundary, the second 
 of which relates to the birds. This article is merely a list of the sptcimens col- 
 lected by the Commission, under the names given by Prof. Baird in the ix. vol. 
 of the Pacific Railroad Beports (where the species are all worked up), with field- 
 notes on some of them by various naturalists of the Survey. The lext is there- 
 fore comparatively unimportant ; but it is accompanied by 25 beautiful colored 
 plates, which confer great value. PI. i, Scopa McCalli; ii, Trogon " mcxicanus'' ; 
 iii, f. 1, Picus scalaris; f. 2, P. nuttalU; iv, Centunts fiaviventris ; v, f. 1, 2, Selas- 
 phorus platycercus ; 3, Trochilus alexandri; vi, Chordeiles iexensis; vii, Ce/yle 
 a/mericana; viii, Moraotus co&ndeiceps ; ix, f. 1, Pachyrhamphits aglaice ; f. 2, 
 Bathmiduru8W€Jor ; f.3, Myiarehus lavrrencii; x, Tyrannus vod/erans ; si, f. 1, 
 T. couchii; f. 2, T. melancholicus ; f. 3, Empidonax dbscurus ; xii, Toxoetoma 
 lecontei; xiii, T. curvirostris ; xiv, T. longir: stris ; sv, f. 1, Lophrphanes zoollwe- 
 J>eri; f. 2, Aegitkalus fiaviceps ; f. 3, Psaltriparus melanotis ; xvi, f. I,0hrysomitri8 
 mexicanus ; f. 2, 3, Spermophila morelettii; xvii, f. 1, Spizella atrigularis ; f. 2, 
 Embernagra rufivirgata ; xviii, f. 1, Cyanoloxia pareUina ; f.% Spiza versicolor ,- 
 xix, f. 1, Icterus parisoi-um, ; f. 2, 1, wagleri ; xx, Quiseahts macrourus ; xxi, Cy- 
 anocitta woodhousei ; xxii, f. 1, O.sordida; f. 2, C. ultramarina ; xxiii, Columba 
 Jlavirostris ; xxiv, Ortyxtexanus ; xx.y, Dendrocygria autumnalis. This series of 
 illustrations subsequently formed part of the atlas of 100 plates of Baird's Birds 
 of North America (1860). In view of the several different title-pages preceding 
 this article, it will be advisable to quote it simply aa " Baird, U. S. and Mex. 
 Bound. Surv. ii, pt ii, Birds, p. — , pL — ." 
 
 1859. BAIKD, S. F. 3|^,Sr \ Se-te- { "ifo.^Tr I " I ^"P-^^ ' "^ 
 Explorations and Surveys, | to | ascertain the most practicable and 
 economical route for a railroad | from the | Mississippi River to the 
 Pacific Ocean. | Made under the direction of the Secretary of War, 
 
654 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX 1859 [ss 
 
 1859. Baied, S. F.— Continued. 
 
 in I 1853-6, | according to acts of Congress of March 3, 1853, May 
 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | — | Volume X. | - | Wasliiugton : | 
 Beverley Tucker, printer. | 1859. 4to. > Route near the 38th and 
 39th paiallels, explored by Captain J. W. Gunnison, and near the 
 41st parallel, explored by Lieutenant E. G. Beckwith. Zoological 
 Report. >No.2. Report on Birds collected on the Survey. By S. 
 F. Baird. pp. 11-16, pll. xii, xiii, xiv, xv, xvii, xxxii, xxxv. 
 
 The report to wliich this deferred zoological article pertains is in vol. H of the 
 series. The article is brief and nnimportant, consisting of a short description of 
 most of the 25 app. and list of specimens collected. Pll. xii, xiii, Buteo swain- 
 sonii; pi. xiv, Suteo calurus; pL xv, B. oxypterus; pL xvii, Ohordeilea henryi; pi. 
 xxxii, Eremophila eornuta var. ; pL xxxv, Sialia occidentalU. 
 
 1859. Baird, S. F. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. | — | Catalogue 
 I of I North American Birds, | chiefly in the Museum of the | Smith- 
 sonian Institution. | By | Spencer F. Baird. | [First octavo edi- 
 tion.] I [Medallion.] | Washington: | Smithsonian Institution. | 
 1859. 6vo. 2 p. 11., pp. 19 + 2. 
 
 Constitnting article IV of vol. II of the series of Smiths. Misc. OoU., but chiefly 
 known as a separate pablication. It is a reprint, with some changes, from the 
 4to list which formed part of voL IX, Pacific BaUroad Reports, and which was 
 published separately in 1858. There are also other separate copies, printed on 
 one aide of the paper only, for labelling. Ostensibly 738 spp., but some of the 
 numbers are duplicated ; names only. The supplementary 2 pages are an alpha- 
 betical list of N. A. genera. 
 
 1859. Baibd, S. F. Notes on a collection of Birds made by Mr. John Xantus, 
 at Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, and now in the Museum of the 
 Smithsonian Institute. <^ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PMla., xi, 1859, pp. 
 299-306. 
 
 42 spp. Myiarchus pertmax, pp. 301, 303 ; OardiTuUis igneus, Pipito aJMgida, 
 Ohamtepelia (passerina? var.) pdtlesceiis, p. 305, spp. nn. 
 
 1859. Blakiston, T. Scraps from the Far West. < Zoologist, xvii, 1859, 
 pp. 6318-6325, 6373-6376. 
 
 Cursory fleld-notea on birds observed from York Factory, Hudson's Bay, to 
 Tort Carlton on the Saskatchewan. 
 
 1859. Bland, — . List of Birds of Bermuda. <^{TMrteenih)Ann.Bep.Smitha. 
 Inst, {for 1858), 1859, pp. 286-289. 
 
 ZTominallistof 114 spp., with 12 'probabilities', and a note adding 35 spp. from 
 Wedderbum and Hardis (in JoNBe's Nat. iniJermiida, 1859, g.??.). The list in- 
 cludes 4 European spp. 
 
 1859. Bryant, H. [Notes on some of the Birds observed in East Florida.] 
 <^Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., yii, 1859, pp. 5-21. 
 Extended field observations of habits ; much description of nesting, eggs, etc. 
 
 1859. Brtant, H. A List of Birds seen at the Bahamas, from Jan. 20th to 
 May 14th, 1859, with Descriptions of New or Little Known Species. 
 <^Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vii, 1859, pp. 102-134. 
 
 Xrochilus tahamensis, p. 106 ; Dmpidonaa bahamentis, p. 109 ; Hirundo eyaneovi- 
 ridi*. p. Ill, Lanivireo craesirostris, p. 112; Mimus bahamensis, p. 114, spp. nn. j 
 Sula elegans, n. sp. proband., p. 125. The article is extensively annotated with 
 field observations of habits, especially such as relate to breeding, oological and 
 anatomical descriptions, etc. 
 
8a] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1859 655 
 
 1859. Cottle, T. A List of Birds found in Upper Canada. <^Canad. Nat. 
 and Geol, iv, 1859, pp. 231-233. 
 
 Nominal list of 146 spp., with 7 short foot-notes. 
 
 1859. Des Murs, O. Observations sur les Mceurs de divers Oiseaux du 
 Mexique, par M. de Saussure. ■< Bev. et Mag. de Zool., xi, 1859, pp. 
 274-276. 
 
 £6snin4 du m£molre dans la BibliothSqne TJniverselle de GenSve, Archives, 
 1858, — observations concemant principalement une esp^ce de Pic, k tort nomm6e 
 Oolaptes rubricatiis (i. e. Mdanerpeeformidvoruf). 
 
 1859. Des Mtjks, O. North American Oology ; by Thomas M. Brewer, m. d. 
 <^Bev. et Mag. de Zool, xi, 1859, pp. 450-454. 
 Eevne de la premiere partie de cet ouvrage. 
 1859. D'Ubban, W. S. M. Observations on the Natural History of the Val- 
 ley of the River Rouge, and surrounding townships in the Counties 
 of Argenteuil and Ottawa. <Conad. Nat. and Geol., iv, 1859, pp. 252- 
 276. 
 Contains, pp. 258-268, an annotated list of 75 spp. of birds. 
 
 1859. Editorial. [S. F. Baird's r^sum^ of ornithological field operations in 
 progress in America, etc.] < 7Jis, i, 1859, pp. 334, 335. 
 
 1859. Fowler, S. P. Ornithology of the United States, its Past and Present 
 History. <Pj-oo. Essex Inst, ii, 1859, pp. 327-334. 
 
 A short sketch of the sabject ; with reference to Capt. J. Smith, A. TVilson, T. 
 Alorton, W. 'Wood, 3. Josselyn, P. Gollinson, La Hontan, Dn Pratz, Hennepin, 
 Charlevoix, Gatesby, Kalm, Carver, Loskiel, Bonapaite, DeKay, and sundry 
 later writers. 
 
 1859. GosSB, P. H. Letters from Alabama, | (U. S.) | chiefly relating to | 
 Natural History. | — | By | Philip Henry Gosse, F. R. S. | — | Lon- 
 don : Morgan and Chase, | Tiohborne court, 280, High Holborn. | 
 1859. 1vol. 16mo (half-sheets?, 81. to a sig.). pp. xii, 306, with 11. 
 advts., many woodcc. 
 
 These letters appeared before in the form of contributions to a magazine enti- 
 tled " The Home Friend", from which they are reproduced, with revision. Though 
 chiefly relating to insects, the author of the "Birds of Jamaica" is in this 
 volume delightfully ornithological passim. I know of no other work treating 
 exclusively of the birds of this State. Many of the cuts represent birds. 
 
 1859. "A. 6." Death of Mr. Nuttall. < Am. Journ. ScL, xxviii, 1859, p. 444 ; 
 xxix, 1860, pp. 441,442. 
 
 Bom at Settle, Yorkshire, 1784; died September 10, 1859, near Preston, in Lan- 
 cashire, cet. 75.— The notice is by Asa Gray. 
 
 1859. Hadfibld, [H.] W. Birds of Canada observed near Kingston during 
 the Spring of 1858. < Zoologist, xvii, 1859, pp. 6701-6709, 6744-6752. 
 Original observations on the times of appearance, habits, etc., of a large 
 number of species. 
 
 1859. Hadfield, H. [W.] Birds of Canada observed near Kirgston during 
 the latter part of the Summer and in the Autumn of 1857. <^Zoolo- 
 gut, xvii, 1859, pp. 6781-6787 ; concluded, xxii, 1864, pp. 9297-9310. 
 
 1859. Heermann, A. L. ^|^d Sessfr.'' \ S«°^*«- \ N^o.^S."" I " I ^^P""^*^ I 
 of I Explorations and Surveys, | to | ascertain the most practicable 
 and economical route for a railroad | from the | Miseissippi River to 
 
656 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1859 [90 
 
 1859. Heermann, A. L. — Continued. 
 
 the Pacific Oceiin. | Made under the direction of the Secretary of 
 War, in | 1853-6, | according to act8 of Congress of March 3, 1853, 
 May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | — | Volume X. | — | Washing- 
 ton : I Beverley Tucker, printer. | 1859. 4to. > Boute near the 
 thirty-second parallel, from the Eio Grande to the Pimas Villages, 
 explored by L'eutenant J. G. Parke, Corps of Engineers, 1853-'54. 
 >No. 1. Report upon Birds collected on the Survey. By A. L. 
 Heermann, M. D. pp. 9-20 -f- 1 1., pll. i, iv, vi. 
 
 A deferred article, pertaining to a report given in a previons volnme. It con- 
 Biets of speciiic chars, of, and field-notes on, 25 spp. PI. i, Hypotrwriihis femo- 
 ralis. PL iv, f. 1, PasBerculua ataudinuB ; f. 2, Peuc<za caggini. PL vi, Actidwnu 
 ncettiue. 
 
 1859. HEERMAim, A. L. 3|^ ^""fj^""' | Senate. \ ^§-^:^; \ - | Reports | 
 
 of I Explorations and Surveys, | to | ascertain the most practicable 
 and economical route for a railroad | from the | Mississippi River to 
 the Pacific Ocean. | Made under the direction of the Secretary of 
 War, in | 1853-6, | according to Acts of Congress of March 3, 1853, 
 May 31, 1854, and August 5, ia54. | — | Volnme X. | — | Washing- 
 ton: I Beverley Tucker, printer. | 1859. 4to. ]> Routes in Cali- 
 fornia, to connect with the Routes near the thirty-fifth and thirty- 
 second parallels, explored by Lieut. R. S. Williamson, Corps of Top. 
 Eng., inl853. Zoological Report. ]> Part IV. No. 2. Report upon 
 Birds Collected on the Survey. By A. L. Heermann, M. D. pp. 29-80, 
 pi. ii, iii, V, vii-x. 
 
 A deferred article pertaining to the Eeport in vol. V of the series, being a por- 
 tion of Part IV of that Eeport. It consists of extended iield-notes on a large 
 namher (about 140) of species. Pll. ii, iii, Sut^o elegami; ^}.Y,Myiarchu8 nt£Xi- 
 canua (of BuirS); j^i. wii, StrepsUas melarwcephalus ; pl.viii, Podiceps califomUus ; 
 pi. ix, PodilymJms lineatua; pi. x, Pkalacrocorax pcnwUlatus. 
 
 1859. Henry, T. C. Catalogue of the Birds of New Mexico as compiled from 
 Notes and Observations made while in that Territory, during a resi- 
 dence of Six Years. •< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., xi, 1859, pp. 
 104-109. 
 198 spp., partially annotated. 
 
 1859. Jones, J. M., Weddeeburn, J. W., and Hurdis, J. L. The | Natural- 
 ist in Bermuda ; | a sketch of the | Geology, Zoology, and Botany, | 
 of that remarkable group of islands ; | together with | meteorologi- 
 cal observations. | By John Matthew Jones, Esq., | (Of the Middle 
 Temple.) | Assisted by | Major J. W. Wedderburn (Late 42nd Roy. 
 Highlanders), and J. L. Hurdis, Esq. | — | With a map and illustra- 
 tions. I — I [Quotation.] | London : | Reeves & Turner, 238, Strand. 
 I — I 1859. 1 vol. 12mo size. pp. i-xii, 1-200, mop, 10 cuts in text. 
 
 More than half of this interesting treatise is devoted to hirjs : it is claimed to 
 contain "the first ncconnt ever submitted to the public of the Natural His- 
 tory of the Bermudas", and certainly is the best authority we have on the birds 
 of those islands. Birds occupy pp. 33-97 ; the .account consisting of "Notes and 
 Observations on the resident and migratory Birds of the Bermudas ", by Major 
 Wedderburn, pp. 23-56, and "Pnrther Notes and Observations" on the same, by 
 J. L. Hurdis, pp. 56-97. The occurrence of the European Alaudi arvcfms makes 
 perhaps the most notable single item ; other European stragglers are Saxieola 
 
9l] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1859 657 
 
 1859. Jones, J. M., Weddeeborn, J. W., and Hurdis, J. L. — Continued. 
 
 osnanthe and Orex pratevMs. Unexpected American stragglers from tbe North 
 are Nyctea nivea, Lanims borcalis, and Plectrophanes nivalis. There is an ex- 
 tended account of the migrations of Oharad/riu8 virgvnicus, and an essay on the 
 " Cahow " of Smith (1624), which is identified as Pufflniie oiscurue. {Of. J.f. O. , 
 1859, pp. 211-22fi.) 
 
 1859. KENKER.V, C. B. E. =^^^0^^' \ ^e-te. \ ^^ _^-- 1 - | Ee- 
 ports 1 of I Explorations 3.nd Surveys, | to | ascertain the most prac- 
 ticable and economical route for a railroad { from tbe { Mississippi 
 Elver to tbe Pacific Ocean. | Made under the direction of tbe Secre- 
 tary of War, in | 1853-6, | according to acts of Congress of March 3, 
 1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | — | Volume X. | — | Wash- 
 ington : I Beverley Tucker, printer. | 1859. 4to. > Route near the 
 thirty-fifth parallel, explored by Lieutenant A. W. Whipple, topo- 
 graphical engineers, in 1853 and 1854. >No.3. Eeport on Birds col- 
 lected on the Route, pp. 19-35, pll. xviii-xx, xxii, xxvii, xxix-xxxi, 
 xxxiii, sxxvi, xxxvii. 
 
 This is a deferred article belonging to the Beport which appeared in the iv. 
 vol. of the series ; it consists of field-notes on 88 spp., ■with list of specimens 
 of each collected. PI. xviii, up. fig., Ohcetura vauxii ; low. fig., Panyptila rtidano- 
 leuca. PI. xix, Attkis coatee. PI. xx, Cormta c(v:alotl. PI. xxii, 0. cryptoleueus. 
 PI. xxvii, f. 1, Oarpodaoui casami ; f. 2, MeUspiza fallax. PL xxix, Pipilo meso- 
 leumg. F\. xsx, P. ffberti. F\. ^xxi, Pyrarma hepatiea. Pl.xxxiii, f. la-6, PoKop- 
 tilaplumbea; f.^, PsaltriparuspluTnbeiM ; f. 3, Sitta acuieata ; t. 4, S. caroUnensis. 
 PI. xxxvi, Oenturus wropygialis. PI. xxxvii, Grusfraterculus. 
 
 1859. Lb Moinb, J. M. Notes on Land and Sea Birds observed around 
 Quebec. < Canad. Nat. and Geol., iv, 1859, pp. 411-414. 
 Very light. 
 1859. Martens, E. von. Die Vogel der Bermuda-Inseln, nach Wedderburn 
 und Hurdis. < J.f. 0., vii, 1859, pp. 211-226. 
 A full account, compiled from J. M. Jokes'b Naturalist in Bermuda, 1859, g. v. 
 
 1859. MttLLBR, J. W. VON. Eeisen in Mexico. < J. f. 0., vii, 1859, pp. 
 226-237. 
 Jleisebeschreibnng, nebst znfalliger Erwahnung der Vogel. 
 
 1859. Murray, A. Contributions to the Natural History of the Hudson's 
 
 Bay Company's Territories. Part III. — Aves. ■< Edini. New Fhilos. 
 
 Journ., new ser., ix, 1859, pp. 221-231, pi. iv, figg. 1-3. 
 Systematic annotated list of 82 spp. Serniola leucolcema, p. 226, pi. iv, f. 1, 
 
 n. sp. Hends of B. camadene'^ {t 2) and £. hutchirm (!. 3) on the same plate. 
 1859. Saussuke,H. DE. Note sur quelques Oiseaux du Mexique. <C_Sev. et 
 
 Mag. de Zool., xi, 1859, pp. 117-122, pi. 3. 
 I. Description de trois espfecea nouvelles — Falco ferrugirwus, p. 117, pL 3, f. 1 ; 
 
 Aeanthylis semicollaria, p. 118, pi. 3, f. 6 ; Quiscalus mmichrasti, p. 119, pL 3, f. 3, 4. 
 
 II. De la conlenr des yenx, des pattes et du bee chez divers oiseaux de I'Amteiqne 
 
 ^qninoxiale. 
 1859. SCLATBR, P. L. [Exhibition of two rare Arctic Birds— Colymbus 
 
 adamsi and Eurinorbynchus pygmaeus.] K.P- Z. S., xxvii, 1859, 
 
 p. 201. 
 1859. Sclater, p. L. On a Collection of Birds from Vancouver's Island. 
 
 < P. Z. S., xxvii, 1859, pp. 235-237. 
 35 spp., briefly annotated. 
 
 42 b c 
 
658 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1859-1860 [92 
 
 1859. ScLATBB, P. L. On a Series of Birds collected in the ■vicinity of Ja- 
 lapa, in Southern Mexico. < P. Z. S., xx-vii, 1859, pp. 362-369. 
 
 226 8pp., briefly annotated. Cotylefidvipennis, p. 364 j Dejidromie eryfhropygia, 
 p. 366 ; Piaya th^rmophila, p. 368, spp. no. 
 
 1859. SCLATBR, P. L. List of Birds collected by M. A. Boncard in the State 
 of Oaxaca in Soutb-westem Mexico, with Descriptions of New 
 Species. < P. Z. S., xxvii, 1859, pp. 369-393. 
 
 236 spp. .briefly annotated. Campylorhyjichu8joco»ue, Thryothorus fefix, p. 371; 
 Cyphorinus pusUlus, p. 372 ; MylophUus ochracelceps, p. 375 ; Ccereba cam&ipes, p. 
 376; Oryzoborii8ftmerea,-p.yt%; SpermophilacorTfma,-p.yi9\ Dendromanes anaba- 
 tinus, D. homochrous, p. 382 ; Lipangus unirufus, p. 385 ; Columba nigrvrostris, p. 
 390 ; Tinamus boucardi " SaI16 ", p. 391 ; Ti-namus meserytkrugf p. 392, spp. nn. 
 
 1859. Willis, J. R. List of Birds of Nova Scotia. Compiled from notes 
 by Lieutenant Blakiston, R. A., and Lieutenant Bland, R. E., made 
 in 1852-1855, by Professor J. K.Willis, of Halifax. <i(Thirteenth) 
 Ann. Rep. Smilhs. Inst, {for 1858), 1859, pp. 280-286. 
 205 spp. ; the list briefly annotated. 
 
 1859. XaStcs, J. Catalogue of Birds collected in the vicinity of Fort 
 Tejon, California, with a description of a new species of Syrnium. 
 < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sd. Pliila., xi, 1859, pp. 189-193. 
 
 Nominal list of 144 spp. Syrnium occidentale, p. 193. Tbe identiflcntions are 
 Tinderstood to have been made by S. F. Baird. 
 
 1859. Xantds, J. Descriptions of supposed new species of Birds from Cape 
 
 St. Lucas, Lower California. <^ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., xi, 1859, 
 ■ pp. 297-299. 
 
 Ficus lucasanus, Campylorhyiwkits ajjinia, Harporhynchus ci/nereua, p. 298; 
 Brachyrhomiphus hypoleucus, p. 299. 
 
 1860. Ambrose, I. [Extract from a letter containing an iiccount of a visit 
 
 to Green Island, ofC the mouth of Chester Bay, Nova Scotia. ] <:^ Proc. 
 Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, 1860, pp. 367-369. 
 The whole island was found perforated by Petrels; species not mentioned. 
 
 1860. Baibd, S. F. The Birds | of | North America ; i the descriptions of 
 species based chiefly on the collections | in the | Museum of the 
 Smithsonian Institution. | By | Spencer F. Baird, | Assistant Secre- 
 tary of the Smithsonian Institution, | with the co-operation of | 
 John Cassin, | of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 
 I and I George N. Lawrence, | of the Lyceum of Natural History of 
 New York. | With an Atlas of One Hundred Plates. | Text. | — | 
 Philadelphia : | J. B. Lippincott & Co. | 1860. 4to. 2 p. 11. (Title, 
 Advt.), pp. i-lvi, 1-1005. Atlas, pll. 100. 
 
 A reissue, retitled, of vol. IX, Pacific Railroad Reports, 1858, q. v. The main 
 text is identical, apparently from the same plates ; and so the preliminary matter 
 seems to be, excepting new Title, Advt., Explanation of Plates (pp. vii-xii), and 
 Systematic List of lUnstrations (pp. xiii-xv). — Helmmthophaga virginice, p. xi 
 (pi. 79, f. 1), Bp. n. The Atlas consists of 100 pll., about half of which are new, 
 the remainder being from the Pacific Railroad B^orts and Mexican Boundary 
 Survey, retouched and relettered, in some cases redrawn, for this edition. 
 
 1860. CoiNDE, J. p. Notice sur la faune ornithologique de I'lle de Saint- 
 Paul, suivie de l'§num6ration de quelques espfeoes d'iuseotes (Col6- 
 optferes) des AWoutiennes et du Kamtschatka. < Bev, et Mag, de 
 Zool, xii, 1860, pp. 396-405. 
 9 spp.— Larm wamecU, p. 401, sp. n. 
 
93] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APIENDIX. 1860 659 
 
 1860. Collins, W. O. Eeport of Senate Select Committee, upon Senate 
 BiU No. 12, " For the protection of Birds and Ga.me ". < Fifteenth 
 Ann. Eep. Ohio State Board of Agrie., 1860, pp. 381-390. 
 
 Facts in the natural Matory of the birds, upon which are based recommenda- 
 tions for legislative action. 
 
 1860. COOVMR, 3. G., and Suckley,G. fgt^sSn: } Senate, p^" ^°<'- | - 
 
 I Eeports | of | Explorations and Surveys, | to | ascertain the most 
 practicable and economical route for a railroad | from the | Missis- 
 sippi Eiver to the Pacific Oceaji. | Made under the direction of the 
 Secretary of War, in | 1853-5, | according to acts of Congress of 
 March 3, 1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | — | Volume XII. 
 Book II. I — I Washington : | Thomas H. Ford, printer. | 1860. 4to. 
 ^ Part III. Route near the forty-seventh and forty-ninth parallels, 
 explored by I. I. Stevens, Governor of Washington Territory, in 
 1853-'55. Zoological Eeport. > No. 3. Eeport upon the Birds col- 
 lected on the Survey. Chapter I. Land Birds, by J. G. Cooper, M. 
 D. Chapter II. Water Birds, by Dr. G. Snckley, U. S. A. pp. 140- 
 291, pU. xi, xvi, xxi, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xxviii, xxxviii. 
 
 The whole vol. in which thia article appears is oftenest cited as Vol. XII, Part 
 H ; but its proper quotation is Vol. SII, Book II, as per general title-page. The 
 zoology, which occnpies most of the vol., is officially Part III of Gov. Stevens's 
 Beporc, Part I (General, constituting Booli I) and Part II (Botanical, constitut- 
 ing a portion of Booli H) of which do not relate to zoology. Part HI, then, of 
 Book n, of Vol. XII, is the zoological portion of this report, No. 3 being orni- 
 thological. It consists of field -notes by Cooper and Snckley, on the birds, accom- 
 panied by the specific characters and some synonymy of each species, copied 
 from Baird's General Keport (Vol. IX). Each author contributea hia fiold- 
 notes over his initials to both chapters ; thia singular division of the oatenaible 
 authorship of the Land and Water Birda having resulted from some personal 
 matters of which I am cognizant, but which need not be hero published. Fol- 
 lowing the general account is a compiled "List of Birds heretofore reported as 
 found in the northwest part of America, but of which no specimens have been 
 procured by recent explorers " (pp. 288-291). The species figured are the follow- 
 ing: — l?l.xi,F(UconigriC€p8; jil. xyif £uteo cooperi ; pi. xxi, Corvus chrnivorus ; pi. 
 xxiii, 0. a/mericanus ; pi. xxiv, O. caurinus ; pi. xxv. Pica hudsonica ; pi. xxviii, f. 1, 
 Juvco dorsali3y f. 2, Passerculus sandwichensis ; pi. xxxviii, Fodiceps oceidentalis. 
 
 Copies of this book were reissued under an entirely different title {N^atural 
 History of Washington Territory, etc.) ; but they are printed from the same plates, 
 and are substantially identical. The copies examined, both of the original and 
 of the reissue, date 1860 ; but I think other impres.sion3 of the original date 1859. 
 
 1860. Editorial. [Notice of Ornithological Operations in North America. 
 Note on Amazilia xantusi ( 9, = Heliopsedica castaneocauda S), 
 and other Trochilidse lately described by G. N. Lawrence.] -i^ Ibis, 
 ii, 1860, pp. 309, 310. 
 
 1860. Fowler, S. P. Changes produced by Civilization in the Habits of our 
 [Massachusetts] common Birds. < Proe. Essex Inst., iii, 1800, pp. 
 31-36. 
 
 1860. Jackson, E. M. S. The | Mountain. | By | E. M. S. Jackson, M. U., 
 [etc.] I [CJuotation.] | Philadelphia: | J. B. Lippincott & Co. | 
 1860. 1 vol. 12mo. > Chapter V. The Fauna of the Mountain, 
 pp. 288-427 : Mammals, pp. 289-316 ; Birds, pp. 317-360. 
 
 A work of some curiosity, perhaps never before cited in any ornithological 
 connection. Contains a long and fully annotated list of the Birds of the Alle- 
 gheny Mountains of Pennsylvania. 
 
660 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. I860 [94 
 
 1860. JossELYN, J. New England's Earities discovered : by John Josselyn, 
 Gent. — With an Introduction and Notes, by Edward Tuckerman, 
 A.M., [etc.] <^ Trans, and Coll. Amer. Antiquarian 80c., iv, 1860, pp. 
 105-238. 
 
 See the original, 1672. This iH a literal reprint, indicating pagination, and 
 giving what seems to be a facsimile of the title of the original. In this yolnme, 
 the bird-matter, at pp. 142-148, is fully annotated by the editor. 
 
 1860. Lawson, J. The | History of Carolina, | containing the | exact 
 description | and | Natural History of that country, [etc.] | — | By 
 John Lawson, | Gent. Surveyor-General of North Carolina. | — | 
 London : | Printed for W. Taylor at the Ship, and F. Baker at the | 
 Black Boy, in Pater-Noster Row, 1714. | — | Raleigh [North Caro- 
 lina] : I printed by Strother and Marcom at their book and job 
 office, I 1860. 1 vol. 12mo. pp. i-xviii, 19-390. 
 
 This late reprint I have been unable to compare with the original. It has the 
 air of being faithfully done, though the text is literally modernized, pp. 222- 
 248, "Birds of Carolina", a nominal list of upward of 100 spp., followed by a 
 commentary on many of them. See the early eds., 1709, 1714, 1718. 
 
 1860. Lb Moinb, J. M. Birds | observed round Quebec. | By J. M. Le Moine, 
 Esq. I After the System of the Smithsonian Institution. 8vo. pp.3. 
 List, with brief annotation. 
 1860. Le Moine, J. M. Ornithologie | du | Canada. | — | Quelqnes gronpes 
 I d'aprfes la nomenclature du 1 Smithsonian Institution, | de Wash- 
 ington. I — I Par J. M. Le Moine, Avocat. | — | Ifere Partie. | — | 
 Quebec : imprim6 par E. R. Frechette, | 21, Rue la Montague. | — | 
 1860. 1 vol. 12mo. 1 p. 1., pp. i-iv, 1-95. 
 Contenant les oiseaax de proie et les palmipedes. 
 
 1860. McIlwkaith, T. List of Birds observed in the vicinity of Hamilton, 
 C. W., arranged after the system of Audubon. <^ Canad. Journ., 
 V, 1860, pp. 387-396. 
 
 Annotated. — Substantially the same as that published afterward in the Proc. 
 {Oomm.} Essex Inst, v, 1866, pp. 79-96- 
 
 1860. Rbinhakdt, J. [Ueber die Vogel Gronlands u. s. w.] <[ Anton von 
 Etzel's GrSnland geogr. und statist, leschrieten. Aus ddnischen Quellen- 
 schriften. Stuttgart, 1860. 
 
 Not seen — title from Gill and Coues. Said to be a translation of Reinhardt's 
 article of 1857, q. v., without the references to the authorities. 
 
 1860. Saussurb, H. db. Skildringer af Fuglelivet i Mexiko. < Tidsak. Pop. 
 Fremst. af Naturv., 2en Rsekke, ii, 1860, pp. 220-257. 
 
 BUI. Univ. de Omhie, 1858.— See 1853, and 1858-591, Eedihaedt, J., and 1859, 
 Des Mdrs, 0. 
 
 1860. Sclatee, p. L. Notes on a Collection of Birds from the Vicinity of 
 
 Orizaba and neighbouring parts of Southern Mexico. < P. Z. S., 
 
 xxviil, 1860, pp. 250-254, pi. (Aves) clxiii. 
 44 spp. Ooccothraustes maculipennis, p. 251, pL clxiii; Tin(i/mu8 robustus, p. 253. 
 1860. ScLATER, P. L. [Exhibition of some bird skins procured by Capt. 
 
 Herd at Fort Churchill, Hudson's Bay. ] < P. 2. &, xviii, 1860, p. 418. 
 1860. Vennor, H. G., Jr. Notes on Birds wintering in and around Montreal. 
 
 From Observations taken during the winters of 1856-57-58-69-60. 
 
 < Canad. Nat. and Geol., v, 1860, pp. 495-430. 
 Annotation on 29 spp. ; 23 residents and 4 "loiterers". 
 
95j 
 
 BIBLIOGKAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1S60-1§61 661 
 
 1860. Walker, D. Ornithological Notes of the Voyage of 'The Fox' [final 
 
 search for Sir J. Franklin] in the Arctic Seas. < Ibia, ii, 1860, pp. 
 165-168. 
 General narrative. 21 spp. observed at Godhavn. 
 
 1860-61. Le Moink, J. M. Ornithologie | du | Canada. | — | [Quotation 
 from Michelet's L'Oiseau.] | — | Par J. M. Le Moine, Avocat. | — | 
 Premifere [Seconde] Partie. | — | Quebec : | imprim6 par E. R. Fre- 
 chette, I 21, rue la Montague. | — | 1860 [1861]. 12mo. Tvro parts 
 issued in paper, pagination continuous, probably to be bound in one. 
 I, pp. — , 100 ; II, 1 p. 1., pp. vi, 101-398, with 1 1. errata. The wrap- 
 per reads : Histoire Naturelle | du | Canada. | — | Les Olseaux. | — | 
 [etc.] A few woodc. tail-pieces. 
 
 A work to ■which no oinitliologist turns for infonnation. Matter miscellane- 
 0Q8— descriptive, effaslve, and poetical, with copious quotation. The notable fea- 
 ture is that for the first time since Tieillot, and probably for the iirst time in any 
 American publication, a large series of N. Am. birds receive French names. 
 Many of these are original, and the author will be chiefly remembered in this 
 connection. English equivalents are added in brackets, and the binomials of 
 Baird and Audubon in footnotes. "Cette la<june" [zoologique dans le champ 
 des lettres du Canada] " nous n'avons certes pas la pretension de Tavoir com- 
 bl6e ; tant s'en faut " (extrait de I'avant-propos, partie II, p. i). 
 
 1860-63. Allen, J. A. Birds of New England. <[ New England Farmer 
 {weekly), for Aug. 11, 25, Sept. 22, Oct. 6,20, Nov. 3, 17, Dec.l,2<!, 
 1860; Jan. 5, 26, March 2, May 18, June 15, July 20, Sept. 21, Oct. 26, 
 Nov. 23, 1861 ; April 26, July 26, Aug. 16, Sept. 13, Oct. 18, 25, Nov. e, 
 Dec. 6, 1862. Also, republished in the same newspaper (tnonthl!/), large 
 8vo,/or Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec, 1860, Jan., Feb., March, April, June, 
 Jnly,Aug.,Oct.,Nov., Dec, 1861, June, July, Sept., Nov., Dec, 1862, 
 and Jan., 1863. 
 
 Twenty-five articles in all, taking the birds of New England in order from 
 Acoipitres to the middle of the FriTigiUidce. Popular biographical accounts, writ- 
 ten to interest farmers in the feathered life of their fields. 
 
 1861. Albrecht, R. Die Vogel der Bahama-Inseln. Aus dem Englischen 
 
 mitgetheilt von R. Albrecht. < J.f. 0., 1861, ix, pp. 48-60. 
 
 Modifizirte TJeberzetzung, herausgegeben nach H. Bryant's Verzelchniss ent- 
 halten in F/oa. Boat. Soc, vii, 1859, pp. 102-134, q. v. 
 
 1861. Audubon, J. J. The Birds of America. From Drawings made in the 
 United States and their Territories. By John James Audubon. Re- 
 issued by J. W. Audubon. New York, Roe Lockwood & Son, Pub- 
 lishers, 1861. 
 
 Not handled in preparing this bibliography. Sabin, ficom whom I copy the 
 title, says:— "This is a selection of one hundred and forty plates, only, from the 
 first edition, reproduced in colored lithographs ; much inferior to the former edi- 
 tion. The letter press to this selection forms 4 vols, royal 8vo, . . . Indeed, 
 this reissue is an unfinished publication, and the intelligent collector will only 
 accept it as a cheap substitute for the previous work." Ihave seen the single gr. 
 folio vol. of plates, to which I suppose reference is here made, and 4 roy. 8vo 
 vols, of text— the latter uniform with Audubon and Bachman's "Quadrupeds " (!). 
 The edition here meant is not to be confounded with the 7 vol. roy. 8vo ed. of 
 same date, g. v. 
 
 1861. Audubon, J. J. The Birds of America, . . . Re-issued by J. W. Audu- 
 bon. New York, Roe Lockwood & Son, 1861. 7 vols, imptr. 8vo. 
 Vol.I,pp.viii,246; II,pp. viii,200; III,pp. viii,234; IV,pp.viii, 322; 
 
662 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1861 [96 
 
 1861. Audubon, J. J.— Continued. 
 
 V, pp. viii, 346 ; VI, pp. viii, 456 ; VII, pp. viii, 372. 500 col'd pU. 
 10 X 7 inches. 
 
 Not aeen — title and collation from Sabin. This is J. "W. Audubon's reissue, to 
 be distinguished from his folio plL and 4 toL 8vo text of same date, and also 
 from y. G. Audubon's earlier reissue of 1656. See later reissues of this, 1865 and 
 1871, in 8 Tols. 
 
 1861. Baird, S. F. Report | upon the | Colorado Eiver of the West, | explored 
 in 1857 and 1858 by | Lieutenant Joseph C. Ives, | Corps of To- 
 pographical Engineers, | under the direction of the Office of Ex- 
 plorations and Surveys, | A. A. Humphreys, Captain Topographical 
 Engineers, in charge. | — | By order of the | Secretary of War. | — | 
 Washington : | Government Printing OfBce. | 1861. 1 vol. 4to. 
 > Zoology. By Professor S. F. Baird. pp. 1-6 (this part dated 1860). 
 List of Birds collected on the Expedition, pp. 5, 6 ; 65 spp. ; with localities. 
 
 1861. Batinaed, V. A Catalogue of the Birds of Chester County, Pennsyl- 
 vania, ■with their Times of Arrival in Spring, from observations 
 annually for Ten successive years. < {Fifteenth) Ann. Bep. Smiths. 
 Inst, {for 1860), 1861, pp. 434-438. 
 191 species. 
 
 1861. Bell, K. Catalogue of Birds collected and observed around Lakes 
 Superior and Huron in 1860. <^Canad. Nat.andGeol.,vi, 1861, pp. 
 270-275. 
 
 rrom the Seport of the Geological Survey for 1860. 77 spp., annotated. 
 
 1861. Bryant, H. Eemarks on some of the Birds that breed in the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence. <Proc. Boston Sac. Nat. Hist., viii, 1861, pp. 65-75. 
 Very full on the habits of a dozen species.— Q/- Ibis, 1862, pp. 110, 111. 
 
 1861. Bryant, H. Eemarks on some of the Birds that breed in the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence. <^Canad. Nat. and Geol., vi, 1861, pp. 255-267. 
 Eeprinted from Proc. Bost, 8oc., viii, 1861, pp. 65-75. 
 
 1861. Cooper, J. G. New Californian Animals. < Proo. Gala. Acad. Nat. 
 Soi., ii, 1861, pp. 118-123. 
 
 Athene whiineyi, p. 118; Selmintkophaga ludce, p. 120,6pp. nn. ; with 16 spp. 
 new to the State of California. 
 
 1861. CoUES, E. Notes on the Ornithology of Labrador. ■^Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. Phila., xiii, 1861, pp. 215-257. 
 
 Extended notes of habits, etc. ; critical and descriptive matter under .AepwtAiM 
 and Tringece. Aegiothus fuacescens, p. 222, sp. n. Of. lUa, 1862, pp. 85, 86. 
 
 1861. Holder, E. H. Birds of Illinois. — Catalogue. <^Trans. Illinois State 
 Agric. Soc. for 1859-60, iv, 1861, pp. 605-613. 
 A nominal list of 247 spp. 
 
 1861. Holmes, E. Zoology of Maine. Birds. <^Sixth Ann. Bep. Se<^y Maine 
 Board of Agric, 1861, pp. 113-122. 
 
 Nominal list of 193 spp. Addenda (13 spp.) are found in Second Ann. Vep. NaL 
 Mitt and Geol, 0/ Maine, ie62,^. 118. 
 
 1861. [Kbnnicott, E.] Catalogue | of the | Trowbridge Collection | of | 
 Natural History [ in the museuni of | the University of Michigan. 
 I — I Published by | theUniversity of Michigan, | Ann Arbor. | 1861. 
 Painpbl. imp. 8vo. (4to according to printers' marks), pp. iv, 32. 
 
97] BIBLIOGBAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1861 663 
 
 1861. [Kbnnicott,R.] — Continued. 
 
 Pages 3-15, list of specimens of N. Am. Birds and their eggs, with locality, donor, 
 etc. Nomenclature according to Smithaonicm Checklist Page 24, a few exotic 
 hirds catalogued. The specimens were from among duplicates of the Smithson- 
 ian collection, presented to the uni-versity iu part to discharge ohligations duo to 
 Lieut W. P. Trowbridge, U. S. A. 
 
 [1861.] Khider, J. Ornithological | and | Oological List | of | North Amer- 
 ica. I — I John Krider, | Taxidermist, | North-east corner of Second 
 and Walnut streets, I Philadelphia, U.S. A. [1861.] 4to. pj). 16. 
 738spp. Merely a copy, on blue writing-paper, for working purposes, of Baikd's 
 Catalogue of 1858, q. v. 
 
 1861. Llavb, Pablo be la. MiSmoires d'histoire naturelle du docteur D. 
 Pablo de la Llave, extraits du Eegistro trimestre public h Mexico 
 en 1832. -CMev. et Mag. de Zool., xiii, 1861, pp. 241-244. 
 
 Traduction frangaise par A. Sall6.— De la recherche des objets d'histoire nata- 
 relle dans les regions cbaudes du Mexiqne. 
 
 1861. McIlwraith, T. Notices of Birds observed near Hamilton, C. W. 
 
 < Canad. Journ., vi, 1861, pp. 6-18, 129-138. 
 
 Excellent running commentary on the habits, etc., of a largo number of 
 species. Of. Froc. (Oomm.) Essex Inst., v, 1866, pp. 79-96. 
 
 1861. Miles, M. A Catalogue of the Mammals, Birds, Eeptiles and Mollusks, 
 of Michigan. <[ jFfrst Bep. Geol. Surv. Michigan, 1861, pp. 219-241. 
 Birds, pp. 332-232. List of 203 spp. , slightly annottaed. 
 
 1861. Keinhardt, J. List of the Birds hitherto observed in Greenland. 
 
 < Ihis, iii, 1861, pp. 1-19. 
 
 Historical introduction. 118 spp., with various critical and field notes, the 
 several categories of breeders, stragglers, etc., typographically distinguished. 
 This remains one of the chief authorities on the subject. 
 
 1861. ElCHARDSON, J. The | Polar Eegions | by | Sir John Richardson, 
 LL. D. I F. E. S.Lond. ; Hon. F. E. S. Edin. etc. etc. | Edinburgh : | 
 Adam and Charles Blacl:. | 1861. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. ix, 1 1., 400. 
 > Chap. XVII. Zoology, pp. 274-284. 
 Cnrsory allusions to a few birds. 
 
 1861. Eoss, B. E. An account of the Animals useful in an economic point 
 of view to the various Chipewyan Tribes. <^ Canad. Nat. and Geol., 
 vi, 1861, pp. 433-444. 
 
 Of birds, mere mention of a few, chiefly Anatidce, in this connection ; but the 
 article contains, p. 441 to end, a list of the birds collected in the Mackenzie 
 Kiver district during 1860-fil, 81 in number, with indication of those that winter. 
 Page 433, "Zonotrichia Eairdii (if new species)" (which it is not), no descr. 
 
 1861. Eoss, B. E. Mammalia and Birds of Arctic [American] Eegions. 
 <^ Edhih. New Philoa. Journ., new ser., xiii, 1861, pp. 161-164. 
 Containing a nominal list of 94 spp. of birds. 
 1861. SalliS, a. Liste d'Oiseaux k vendre provenant des chasses faites 
 en Am&ique. Par M. A. SaI16, 13 Eue Guy de la Brosse, k Paris. 
 His sale-list of Mexican birds. 
 1861. Wheaton, J. M. Catalogue of the Birds of Ohio. < Fifteenth Ann. 
 Bep. Ohio Utate Board of Agric.fm- 1860, 1861, pp. 359-398. Addenda, 
 p. 480. 
 
 285 spp., with 17 "probabilities"; the rarer or more interesting species fully 
 annotated. Includes, p. 381, seq., reports of legislative action for protection of 
 birds. Also printed separately, repaged, without the legislative reports. 
 
664 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1861-1S63 [93 
 
 1861. Wood, W. [Eapaoious] Birds of Connecticut. < Hartford Times 
 (newspaper, daily and weekly;, Mar. 16, 23, 30, Apr. 13, 20, May 4, 
 11, 18, 25, June, 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, July 6, 20, 27, Aug. 10, 17, 24, 1861. 
 
 The foregoing dates are according to the weekly edition ; some of the articles 
 also appeared in the daily edition. Treatsof the Accipitres only ; S6 spp. (inclnd- 
 ing Saliaetus " washingtoni" and JButeo " hyemalis "). 
 
 1861. WtJEDEMAK[N], G. Letter relative to the obtaining of specimens of 
 
 Flamingoes and other Birds from South Florida. <. (Fifteenth) Ann. 
 Bep. Smiths. Inst, (for 1860), 1861, pp. 426-430. 
 1861-62. Blakiston, T. On Birds collected and observed in the Interior 
 of British North America. < Ibis, iii, 1861, pp. 314-320; 1862, iv, pp. 
 3-10. 
 
 120 spp., with field-notes on aboat one-fouith of them (of all the Saptorei) ; 
 localities merely of the rest. The same subject is resumed by the writer, at 
 greater length, same jonrnal for 1863, q. v. 
 
 1862. [Anon.] Catalogue of the Birds of Maine. <^Proc. Portland Soe. 
 
 Nat. Hist., i, pt. i, 1862, pp. 66-71. 
 
 Names only of about 330 spp. Prefatory note states th»t the list is based 
 upon a catalogue in the Trelimi/na/ry Bepiyrt of the Scientific Survey of the State, 
 and information furnished by E. A. Samuels. 
 
 1862. BOAKDMAN, G. A. Catalogue of the Birds found in the vicinity of 
 Calais, Maine, and about the Islands at the mouth of the Bay of 
 Fundy. < Proo. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, 1862, pp. 122-132. 
 Edited by A. E. Yerrill. 327 spp., annotated ; 4 others added by the editor. 
 
 1862. CouES, E. Synopsis of the North American Forms of the Colymbidte 
 and Podicipidae. <^Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., April, 1862, pp. 
 226-233. 
 
 Article descriptive, syuonymatic, and critical. OolywMdce, 5app.; Podioipida!, 
 4 genn., 9 spp. ; ^chmophonis, g. n., p. 229. 
 
 1862. CouES, E. Supplementary note to a " Synopsis of the North American 
 Forms of the Colymbidse and Podicepidae [sic] ". < Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. Phila., Sept., 1862, p. 404. 
 On the breeding plumage of JEckTnophorus clwrkii. 
 
 1862. Codes, E., and Pkentiss, D. W. List of Birds ascertained to inhabit 
 the District of Columbia, with the times of Arrival and Departure 
 of such as are non-residents, and Brief Notices of Habits, etc. 
 < (Sixteenth) Ann. Bep. Smiths. Inst, (for 1861), 1862, pp. 399-421. 
 
 226 spp. ; residents, 44; winter visitants, 44; summer do., 59; migrants in 
 spring and fall, 54 ; stragglers, 25. Of. Ibis, 1S64, p. 125. 
 
 1862. Editorial. [Notice of E. Kennicott's operations in the Yukon 
 Kegion.] < Ibis, iv, 1862, pp. 307, 308. 
 
 1862. GE0BEB, P, Die Farallones-Inselu und deren Naturprodukte. < Cali- 
 fornia Chronih, 13. Juli 1862, 20. Juli 1862, 27. Juli 1862. 
 Enthalten ornithologisohe Kotizen. 
 1862. Hadfibld, H. Observations and Remarks on Scolopax gallinago and 
 Corvus corone of Wilson. < Zoologist, xx, 1862, pp. 8284-8287. 
 Differences from their respective European allies. 
 
 1862. Hall, Archibald. On the Mammals and Birds of the District of 
 Montreal. < Canad. Nat. and Geol., vii, 1862, pp. 44-78, 171-193, 
 289-316, 344-376, 401-430. 
 
 The first article. In vol. VI, relates only to the mammals. The whole of the 
 series quoted relates to the birds ; it is elaborate and painstaking, and by far 
 
99] BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1862 665 
 
 1862. Hall, Archibald. — Continued. 
 
 the most important Canadian contribution to ornithology extant ; notwithstand- 
 ing, it is seldom referred to. The matter is descriptive, biographical, and briefly 
 synouymatic. A table, pp. 44-49, gives the number and color of the eggs of the 
 breeders. 199 spp. are treated. An editorial preface states that the MS. of 
 153 pages -was prepared in 1839 for the Natural History Society of Montreal, 
 receiving a silver medal ; that it was subsequently intrusted to Mr. Cassio, to be 
 used in the preparation of a work of bis, and only returned by him a short time 
 before its publication. Falco dawsonis, n. sp., p. 68. Strix dalhousii Kail, p. 77, 
 was first published in Macgillivray's ed. of Cuvier, Edinburgh, 1839. 
 
 1862. Hayden, F. v. On the Geology and Natural History of tlie Upper 
 Missouri. <[ Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc, (2), xii, 1863, pp. 1-218. 
 
 " Bead July 19, 1861 "; and, though contained in the vol. for 1863, was published 
 in 1863, as appears from the retitlod separate issue (4to, Philadelphia, G. Sher- 
 man &, Son, 1862; 2p. U., pagination otherwise the same as in the original). Con- 
 tains, pp. 151-176, a fully annotated list of the birds of the region, from original 
 observations, the identification of the species resting upon Baird's examination 
 of the collection at the Smithsonian. 
 
 1862. Holder, K. H. Birds of Illinois. — Catalogue. < Trans. Illinois Nat. 
 Hist. Soc, 2d ed., 1862, pp. 77-85. 
 Merely a nominal list of 248 spp. 
 1862. Holmes, E. Birds of Maine — (Addenda.) <^ Second Ann. Eep. Nat. 
 Hist, and Geol. of Maine, 1862, p. 118. 
 Adds 13 spp. to former catalogue. See 1861, Holmes, E. 
 
 1862. Rein, J. G. [Briefliche Naohricht aus don Bermuda-Inseln.] < Zool. 
 GarU, iii, 1862, p. 143. 
 Erwahnt einige Vogelarten. 
 1862. Boss, B. E. List of Mammals, Birds, and Eggs, observed in the Mc- 
 Kenzie's River District, with Notices. <[ Canad. Nat. and Geol., vii, 
 1862, pp. 137-155. 
 
 Of birds, p. 148 to end, 192 spp., briefly annotated; winter residents marked 
 with an asterisk (*), those of which eggs were procured with an obelisk (t). 
 
 1862. Ross, B. R. On the Mammals, Birds, etc., of the Mackenzie River 
 District. < Nat. Hist. Bev., 2d ser., ii, 162, pp. 269-290. 
 Birds, pp. 276-290 ; annotated list of 192 spp. 
 1862. SCLATER, P. L. On some Birds to be added to the Avi-fauna of Mex- 
 ico. < P. Z. S., xsx, 1862, pp. 368, 369, pi. xlvi. 
 8 spp. Tireo hypoohrys&us, p. 369, pi. xlvi, sp. n. 
 1862. S[timpson], W. On the Ornithology of Labrador ; by Elliott Coues. 
 <^ Am. Journ. Sci., xxxiii, 1862, p. 298. 
 A short notice of the paper, by " W. S. " 
 1862. Taylor, G. C. Five Weeks in the Peninsula of Florida during the 
 Spring of 1861, with Notes on the Birds observed there. <CTbis, 
 1862, iv, pp. 127-142,197-207. 
 Narrative of observations : partial list of 61 spp. 
 1862. Verrill, a. E. Notes on the Natural History of Anticosti. <. Proc. 
 Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, 1862, pp. 132-143. 
 
 Includes a catalogue, fully annotated, of the birds observed, 61 spp., p. 137 to 
 end. 0/.iJij,1863,p.473. 
 1862. Verrill, A. E. Catalogue of the Birds fonnd at Norway, Oxford Co., 
 Maine. < Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, pp. 136-160. 
 
 Annotated list of 159 spp., followed, pp. 156-160, by a similar list of 107 Maine 
 birds not observed at Norway ; 266 spp. 
 
666 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. t§63 [lOO 
 
 1863. Audubon, J. J. The Birds of North America : a popular and scientific 
 description of the Birds of the United States and their Territories. 
 New edition. New York, 1863. 
 
 Not seen.— I know nothing of this ed., which I should suppose to be merely 
 a reissue of the ed. of 1856 or lfi61, qq. w. 
 
 1863. Baird, S. F. [Notice of R. Kennicott's and J. Xantus's movements 
 in North America.] < Ibis, v, 1863, pp. 238, 239. 
 
 1863. Baird, S. F. [Letter on J. Xantus's collections at Colima, Mexico.] 
 
 < Ifyis, V, 1863, p. 476. 
 
 1863. Blakistox, T. On the Birds of the Interior of British America. 
 
 < IhiSj V, 1863, pp. 39-87, 121-155. 
 
 A nearly complete list of Birds of British America east of the Kooky Mount- 
 ains, bringing the Babject fairly up to date; with more or less elaborate field- 
 notes and biographical and geographical items, chiefly &om personal observa- 
 tions, but also reducing and including material fipom the Fn. Bor.-Am., Muerat 
 {EdinbuTghN.PhilJourn.,ApTil,lB59),'Ro8&iNat.Si8tRev.,Jiily,1862),saidot^eT 
 sources. The original matter has been found more reliable than that from either 
 of the last-mentioned sources. Neocorys spraguei is the focus of this important 
 contribution. Of. also the author's List of species collected in the same region, 
 IHs, Dec. 1861, Jan. 1863. 
 
 1863. LiCHTENSTEiN, H. LichteDstein's Preis-Verzeichniss mexicanischer 
 Vogel etc. vom Jahre 1830. <CJ.f. 0., xi, 1863, pp. 54-60. 
 
 **Auf mebrfachen Wunsch geben wir hier den Abdruck einer seltenen Druck- 
 Bchritt, welche liir die Prioritat mancher mexikanlechen Vogelart von Wichtig- 
 keit ist. Das Lichtensteiusche Verzeichnias ist auf 3 Qnartseiten enthalten, 
 deren jede in 2 Spalteu getheilt ist. Der Dmck ist dem Originale aanahemd 
 ahnlich wiedergegeben. Eine Kritlk der neuen Arten, nach den Typen des 
 Berliner Museums, wird In einem spateren Hefte dieses Journals geliefert 
 werden. D. Herausg.'' 153 Vogelarten. — Psittacus strenuus, Eamphastos poeci- 
 lorynchus, Trogon glocUans, OuciUus viatieus, Picus melampagon, P. miHfrons, P. 
 oleagineus, P. poliocephalus, TrochUits beryUinus, T. verticalis, T. ciocuUiger, T. curvi- 
 pennis, T. kemileucurus, T. coruscus, Stumus kolosericeus, Icterus guJaris^ Icterus 
 dives, Gorvus morio, O. azureus, Fringilla epopoea, F. rhodocampter, F. ifuper- 
 ciliaris, F. pusio, F. haemorrhoa, F. mela/noxaniha, Alauda glacialis, Fhiphone 
 iibicen, Tanagra ignieapUla, T. gnatho, T. grandis, T. auricoUis, T. erythromelas, 
 T. abbas, T. rutila, T. celaeno, Sylvia fiavicollis, S. petasodes, S.cuUcivora, Troglo- 
 dytes murarius, T. mexicwmis, T. latifasciatits, Shirdus erytfirophthaltmis, T. de- 
 fiexus^ T. helvohis, Muscicapa obtioleia, M. Iwrvata, M. inesaleitcaf M. airata, Hi- 
 rundo prasiTia, S.co/onata, Falco anthrac'/nus, Trmgad^tpii. Alle diese Vogel 
 sind Liobtensteinsche Arten, ob neu oder nicht. 
 
 1863. MiCHEXER, E. Agricultural Ornithology. <^Rep. Corner of Agric. for 
 1863, 1863, pp. 287-307. 
 Substantially an annotated list of the Land Birds of Chester Co., Pa. 
 
 1863. Samuels, E. Mammalogy and Ornithology of New England, with 
 reference to Agricultural Economy. <1 Bep. of Corner of Agric. for 
 1863,1863, pp. 265-286. 
 A general sketch of the subject. 
 
 1863. Verrill, A.E. Additions to the Catalogue of the Birds found in the 
 Vicinity of Calais, Me., and about the Bay of Fundy. <^Proc, Bos- 
 ton Soc. Nat. Hist, ix, 1863, pp. 233, 234. 
 Twelve species. 
 
lOl] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. lSC3-lg64 667 
 
 1863. Walker, D. Natural-History Notes made during a passage from Liv- 
 
 erpool to Vancouver Island (Dec. 1862 to June, 1863). < P. Z. &., 
 xxxi, 1863, pp. 378-380. 
 Cursory allusions to various birds. 
 
 1864. Allen, J. A. Catalogue of the Birds found at Springfield, Mass., with 
 
 Notes on their Migrations, Habits, &c. ; together with a List of 
 those Birds found in the State not yet observed at Springfield. 
 <; Proo. Essex Inst., iv, art. iv, 1864, pp. 48-98. 
 
 195 spp. at Springfield ; 296 in Massaohusetts, of -whioli 131 breed, 28 are resi- 
 dent, 67 winter visitors, 75 migrants, 106 summer visitors, 35 stragglers. 
 
 1864. Bryant, H. Description of two Birds from the Bahama Islands, hith- 
 erto undescribed. < Proe. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, 1864, pp. 279, 280. 
 Fitangus bahamensis, p. 279 1 Saurothera bahamensis, p. 280. 
 
 1864. Hitchcock, C. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Maine. <_ Proe. Port- 
 land Soc. Nat. Hist., i, pt. i, 1864, pp. 66 . 
 
 Not seen. 
 
 1864. Hough, F.B. Results | of | Meteorological Observations, | made under 
 the direction of the | United States Patent Office and the Smithsonian 
 Institution, | from the | year 1854 to 1859, inclusive, | being a report 
 of the I Commissioner of Patents | made at the first session of the 
 thirty-sixth Congress. | — | Vol. II. — Part I. | — | Washington. | 
 Government Printing Office. | 1864. 4to. > Observations upon the 
 Periodical Phenomena in Plants and Animals, from 1851 to 1859, 
 with tables of the dates of opening and closing of lakes, rivers, hai- 
 bours, etc. Arranged by Franlilin B. Hough, M. D. pp. 1-232. 
 
 Includes, pp. 183-206, dates of appearance of 19 spp. of K. Amer. birds during 
 the period stated, from observations made at numerons points in the United 
 States ; being the most extended and elaburate set of statistics of this particular 
 kind ever made in this country. 
 
 1864. Lord, J. K. List of Birds collected and presented by the British North 
 American Boundary Commission to the Royal Artillery lustitutiou. 
 < Proc. Boy. Art'ij. Inst., 1864, pp. 110-126. 
 
 87 spp., shortly annotated, with localities of the specimens. "The paper is of 
 some value in determining the geographical distribution of birds in North-western 
 North America." — Zool. Sec. for 1864, p. 55. 
 
 1864. Samuels, E. A. Ornithology of Massachusetts — List of species. 
 <[ Eleventh Ann. Bep. Sec'y Mass. Board of Agric. for 1863, 1864, App., 
 pp. xviii-xxix. 
 
 267 spp., annotated. Beprinted, repaged, retitled, and issued separately, as 
 follows : — 
 
 A I Descriptive Catalogue | of the | Birds of Massachusetts. | — | 
 By E. A. Samuels. | — | Boston : | Wright & Potter, Printers, 4 
 Spring Lane. | 1864. 8vo. pamphl. pp. 14 -f 1. 
 
 No descriptive matter. Many of the species here given do not reappear in his 
 later work. The additional page gives brief directions for collecting. 
 
 1864. Sclatek, p. L. List of a Collection of Birds procured by Mr. George 
 H. White in the vicinity of the City of Mexico. <^ P. Z. S., xxxii, 
 1864, pp. 172-179. 
 156 spp., with little annotation ; several new to Mexico ; no spp. nn. 
 
6t38 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1864 []02 
 
 1864-65. MuLLER, J. W. von. Eeisen in den Vereinigteu Staaten, Canada 
 und Mexico von Baron J. W. von MUUer. Leipzig : 1864-5. 3 vols, 
 roy. 8vo, 
 
 Das Werk selbst war mir nicht zuganglicb. Titel und Commentar eind dem 
 Zool. Rec. entnommeD. Enthiiltsyatematiachea Verzeichuias der Vogel Mexico'a, 
 Bd. III., SS. 551-594; 611 Arten. Trogon erythronotus, Tachyphonus schlagintr 
 weiti, Meloispiza pectoralis, AimophUa tolteca, spp. nn. Bd. III. erschien beaondera 
 nnter dem Titel : „ Beitrage zur Geschichte, Statistik nnd Zoologie von Mtxico. " 
 
 [1864-66.] Bairb, 8. F. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. | — 181 — | 
 Review | of | American Birds, in the Museum of the | Smithsonian 
 Institution. | By | S. F. Baird. | -— i Part I. North and Middle Amer- 
 ica. I — I [Medallion.] | Washington : | Smithsonian Institution. | 
 [No date on title : June, 1864, to p. 33 ; July, 1864, to p. 81 ; Aug., 
 1864, to p. 129; Sept., 1864, to p. 149; Oct., 1864, top. 161; Nov., 
 1864, to p. 177; Apr., 1865, to p. 241; May, 1865, to p. 321; May, 
 1866, to p. 417; June, 1866, to end.] 1 vol. 8vo, originally issued 
 in sheets as successively printed, at above dates, pp. iv, 450. 
 
 This work, which was discontinued before the completion of the lat part, con- 
 slats of critical notices, syoonymatic, descriptive, geographical, of the North 
 and !MaddIe (and acme South) Amencan species, contained in the Smithsonian 
 Mosenm (and some others), of the families Turdidce, OivSidcB, Saxicolidcet 
 Syhmdce, OhamaeidcB, Pcmdce (incl. Sitta), CerthiidcB, TroglodyUdce, Motacillidce, 
 Sylvicolidce, Sirundinidce (1864-65), Vireonidce, AmpeUd/s, and La7iiidce (1866, the 
 last three not being included in the table of contents, p. iv). It may be regarded 
 as complementary to the same anther's well known work of 1856 (with J. Caasin 
 and G. N. Lawrence), and as having been suspended in anticipation of his later 
 work (1874, with T. M. Brewer and E. Kidgway), which latter o,mpUfiea its plan 
 and scope. Many new apecies or varieties and aome new genera are deacribed, 
 as follows :— IVrdus audtiboni, p. 16 ; T. confinis, p. 99 ; Platyciehla (n. g.) brevipes 
 pp. 32, 436 ; Mimodchla sckuitacea, p. 37 ; FolioptUa nigriceps, p. 69 ; Auri- 
 parus, li. g,, p. 85 (type Aegithalits Jlaviceps Sand.) ; ThryopkUus rufalhvs var. 
 poliopleura, p. 128 ; T. sinaloa, p. 130 ; T. schottii, p. 133 ; Troglodytes cedon var. 
 aztecus, p. 139; T.vnquietvs (Lawr. liSSi^. ^= hypcedon Lawr. 1861, nea Scl.); T. 
 hyemalis var. padjicusy p. 145 ; Oistotkorus paZustrU var. patudicola, p. 148 ; Ifotw- 
 corye et Pedioeorys, nn. gg., p. 151 (Anthtis rvfita and A . bogotensis respectively) ; 
 Panda inomata, p. 171 (brasUiana S- & S., nee Licht.) ; PeriasogloBsa^ n. g. (type 
 Mot tigrma Gm.), p. 180; DendroiAia gundUtchi, p. 197 {cestiva auct., ex Cuba) ; B. 
 rufigula, p. 204 ; D. gracice (Coues MSS.), p. 210 ; D. adelaidce, p. 212 ; Geothlypis 
 melanopa, p. 222 ; G. poliocepJiala, p. 225 ; GranateHus/rancescce, p. 232 ; Idiotes, n. g., 
 p. 237 (type Setophaga rujlfrons Sw.) ; Myiohorus, n. g., p. 237 (type Set. verticals 
 Sw.) ; BasiUuterus melanogenys, p. 248 ; Setophaga aurantiaca and S. torqitata, 
 p. 261 ; Progne elegans, p. 275 ; P. cryptoleuca, p. 277 ; P. furcata, p. 278 ; P. leuco- 
 gaster; PJuxoprogne, n. g. {JRrundo fusca V,), p. 283; CalUchelidon., Bryant 
 MSS., n. g. (0. cyaneowridU)^ p. 303; Noiiochelidon, u. g. (type Attieora pile(i.ta 
 Gould), p. 306 ; Pygochdidon, n. g. (type Rirundo cyanolettca V.), p. 308 ; Attieora 
 cyanoleuca Yur. montaTia, p. 3i0 ; StelgidopteryxfvZvigula, p. 318; Yireonella, n. g., 
 p. 326 (gwndlachi, etc.); Vireogylvia propvnqua, p. 348; Vireo carmioli, p. 356; 
 Yireo latiTneri, p. 364 ; Vireolaniits cximius, p. 398 ; Myiadestes solitarius, p. 421. 
 Most of the new generic names are proposed as merely subgenera; mnny of the 
 new apecies are not, in point of fact, new, but are new names required through 
 rectifications of synonymy, or are proposed as varietal designations. The 
 analysis of linked forms ia carried to an extreme. The last fascicle (1866) is illus- 
 trated with numerona woodcut outlines of head, feet, wings, and tail ; theae 
 fignrea are not numbered seriaHm, but bear the Smithsonian numbers of the 
 specimens whence they are taken. C/. Am. Journ. Bd , xxxviii, 303, 431 ; xxxix, 
 115; x],142; xlii, 134- 
 
103j BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1864-1865 669 
 
 [1864-66.] Baikd, S. F.— Continnea. 
 
 There ia another ed. of this, aa finally if-sued altogether, -with the title slightly 
 modifiod, dated 1864-72 ; it is identical in pp. 1-450 with orif^nal ieeue in sheets, 
 but is preceded by redated pp. i-vi,and followed by additional pp. 451-478, these 
 being a ** List of Species described ", and "Alphabetical Index of Species ". 
 
 1864-75. Reinhardt, J. [On Greenland Birds.] <C_Viden/ik. Meddel, l8(iA, 
 246; 1865, 241 ; 1872, 131 ; 1875, 127. 
 
 Not seen ? — The above looks like one of my memoranda for private purposes, 
 which, however, I nm nnable to vei'LCy at present printing. 
 
 1865. Ambrose, J. Observations on tiae Sea-l)ird8 frequenting the coast of 
 St. Margaret's Bay, N. S. <^ Trans. Nova Scotia Inat. Nat. ScL, i, pt. 
 iii, 1865, pp. 51-59. 
 
 Vernacular names of 29 spp., with their scientific equivalents in most cases, 
 followed by a general sketch of the subject. 
 
 1865. Audubon, J. J. The Birds of America, ... 8 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Merely a later edition of J. "W. Audubon's reissue, but with the pagination 
 changed, and the vols, made 8 instead of 7. 
 
 1865. Cassin, J. [Letter relative to the engraved copper-plates of Vieillot's 
 ' Ois. Am.-Sept.' and Andebert and Vieillot's 'Ois. Doras', pro- 
 posed to be sold by the Philadelphia Academy for what they would 
 fetch as old copper.] < Ibis, 2d ser., i, 1865, p. 116. 
 Sic transit, etc. 
 
 1865. Clifeord, E. A. Birds [of Illinois] Injurious and Beneficial to the 
 Horticulturist. <[ Trans. Illinois State Agric. Soc.for 1861-64, v, 1865, 
 pp. 925-927. 
 Seven species. 
 
 1865. COUBS, E. Ornithology of a Prairie- Journey, and Notes on the Birds 
 of Arizona. < Ibis, 1865, 2d ser., i, pp. 157-165. 
 
 Sketch of route; running commentary on numerous spp. Cf. Zo l.Jiec. for 
 1865, pp. 79, 80. 
 
 1865. CoUBS, E. [Notes on various birds observed at Fort Whipple, Arizona.] 
 < Ibis, 2d ser., i, 1865, pp. 535-538. 
 
 A letter to the editor giving a general commentary on the bird-fauna of this 
 locality. 
 
 1865. Dodge, J. R. Birds and Bird Laws. < Eep. U. S. Agric. Dept. for 
 1864, 1865, pp. 431-446. 
 Treating N. A. Birds in general from an economic and legislative standpoint. 
 
 1865. DUVAN, J. H. Some additions to the Game of Nova Scotia. < Trans. 
 Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Sei., i, pt. iii, 186.5, pp. 59-69. 
 
 Suggestions for the naturalization of certain exotic GaUirue, etc. 
 
 1865. Eu-iOT, D. G. The " Game Birds " of the United States. < Report 
 U. S. Agric. Dept. for 1864, 1865, pp. 356-385, pU. ( woodco.) xlii-xlvi. 
 GallintB; Columbce; some Limicolee ; {no Anatidcet). 
 
 1865. Feilnbr, J. Exploration in Upper California in 1860, under the 
 Auspices of the Smithsonian Institution. <^ (Nineteenth) Ann. Sep. 
 SmitTia. Inst, (fm- 1864), 1865, pp. 421-430. 
 
 Narrative, including extended notes on the habits of about a score of birds, pp. 
 425-429. 
 
670 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1865 [l04 
 
 1865. Hamlin, C. E. Catalogue of Birds fonnd in the vicinity of Water- 
 ville, Kennebec County [Maine]. <^ Tenth Ann. Bep. Se(fy Maine 
 Board of Agrie., 1865, chap, v, pp. 168-173. 
 Nominal list of 135 app., with brief introductory remarlss. 
 
 1865. Hoy, P. E. Journal of an Exploration of Western Missouri in 1854, 
 under the Auspices of the Smithsonian Institution. <f {Nineteenth) 
 Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst, {for 1864), 1866, pp. 431-438. 
 
 The narrative relates largely to birds, and concludes with a nominal list of 
 153 spp. 
 
 1865. Lord, J. K. Catalogue of Birds' Nests and Eggn collected in North- 
 West America. < Proo. R. A. Inst. Woolwich, 1865, pp. 337-339. 
 The nidiflcatory habits of 18 spp. are briefly described (cf. IWs, 1866, p. 808). 
 
 1865. Macfib, M. Vancouver Island and | British Columbia. | Their 
 History, Eesources, and Prospects. | By | Matthew Macfie, F. E. 
 Gr. S. I Five years resident in Victoria, V. I. | London : | Longman, 
 Green, Longman, Eoberts, & Green. | 1865. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. xil + 
 1 1., 574, maps, pll., and woodcc. 
 
 Chap. XII, p. 297, On the Animal and Vegetable Productions, contains, pp. 
 301-303, a cursory notice of various birds. 
 
 1865. Mt)Li,EK, J. W. Systematisohes Verzeichniss der in Mexico beobach- 
 teten und gesammelten Vogel. 8vo. pp. 26. 
 
 "It appearsfrom Dr. Hartlaub's ' Bericht' for 1864 that this list, which is said to 
 be the fullest yet published of the birds of Mexico, is from the third volume of 
 the author's ' Reisen in Mexico und den Vereinigten Staaten'. The separately- 
 printed copy we have seen bears no author's or printer's name or date or place 
 of publication ; 621 spp. ate enumerated, and a few synonyms added." (Not 
 seen— title and comment from Zoot Bee. for 1865, p. 80.) 
 
 It appearsfrom Zool. Rcc.for 1866, p. 62, that this copy was only a proof; "for 
 several alterations appear to have been made in the list" as finally published in 
 " Keisen in den Vereinigten Staaten " etc., voL III, pp. 551-594. 
 
 1865. Newton, A. [Notice of movements of E. Coues.] -^lUs, 2d ser., 
 i, 1865, pp. 117, 118. 
 
 1865. Newton, A. [Notice of E. Kennioott's Alaskan projet.] < Ibis, 2d 
 ser., i, 1865, pp. 239, 240. 
 
 1865. Sagard Thbodat, G. Le Grand Voyage | du | Pays des Hurons | 
 Sitn6 en I'Am^rique vers la Mer | douce, fes derniers confins | de 
 la I Nouvelle Prance | dite Canada | aveo un Dictionnaire de la 
 languo Huronne | par F. Gabriel Sagard Theodot | Eecollet de S. 
 Frangois, de la province de S. Denys en France | — | Nouvelle 
 (Sditiou I publico par M. fimile Chevalier | — | Paris | Librairie 
 Tross I 5, rue Nenve-des-petits Champs | — | 1865 ] vol. sm. 8vo. 
 4 prel. 11. (new titles, etc.), pp. i-xxvi (orig. titles, etc.), 1-268, and 
 1-12 -\- 74 11. (Huron dictionary, etc.). 
 
 This reprint is stated to be "une copie complete, exacte, mat^riellement 
 aussi iid61e que possible"; it gives fac-similes of the original titles, and indicates 
 throughout the pagination of the original, which is now extremely rare. In this 
 edition, the bird-matter is at pp. 209-214 (= pp. 296-304 of the original). 
 
 1865. Samdbls, E. A. Oology of some of the Land Birds of New England, 
 as a means of identifying injurious or beneficial species. < Bep. 
 U. S. Agric. Dept. for 1864, 1865, pp. 386-430. 
 
 Treats of a large number of species, on what principle of selection does not 
 appear. 
 
105] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§65-I§fi6 671 
 
 1865. ScLATBR, P. L. [Exhibition of a collection of Birds' skins formed by 
 M. Adolph Boucard in thie vicinity of Vera Cruz, Mexico. ] <^ P.Z. 
 S., xxxiii, 1865, p. a97. 
 
 1865. Whitely, H. Catalogue of North American Birds and Eggs, arranged 
 
 in cabinets in the museum of the Royal Artillery Institution, Wool- 
 wich. Woolwich: 1865. Roy. 8vo. pp.23. 
 
 Not seen— title from Zodt Bee. for 1865, p. 80, where A. Newton suggests the 
 character of the pablication hy stating that he notices it chiefly for the purpose 
 of drawing attention to the flourishing museum at "Woolwich. 
 
 1865-66. Downs, A. On the Land Birds of Nova Scotia. < Trans. Nova 
 Scotian Inst. Nat. Sd., i, pt. iii, 1865, pp. 38-51 ; pt. iv, 1866, pp. 130- 
 136. 
 
 Field-notes on 9l8pp. "0'inclt«amencant«8",inthis list, means Siurus v.<eviTi8. 
 
 1865-66. Dresser, H. E. Notes on the Birds of Southern Texas [and Mex- 
 ican vicinity]. < IMs, 1865, 2d ser., i, pp. 312-330, 466-495 ; 1866, 
 2d ser., ii, pp. 23-46. 
 
 Narrative introduction. More or less extended fleld-notes, from original ob- 
 servations, on S73 species, being apparently most of those occurring there. In- 
 terspersed with notes of A. L. Heermann. Eemains to date one of the chief 
 authorities for this locality. 
 
 1866. Baird. S. F. The Distribution and Migrations of North American 
 
 Birds . < Am. Joum. Sd., xli, 1866, pp. 78-90, 184-192, 337-347. 
 
 Abstract of a memoir presented to the National Academy of Sciences, Jan., 
 1865. Reprinted, /6m, 1867, pp. 2.'i7-293 ; translated, X /. O., 1866, pp. 244-269, 338- 
 352 ; Extracts, Ann. Mag. N. B., xviii, 1866, pp. 141-144. Of. especially Zool. Bee. 
 for 1866, pp. 59, 60. 
 
 A very notable paper, in which the whole subject is elaborated with care upon 
 the data furnished by the enormous Smithsonian collections. There are many 
 comparative lists of species, in evidence of the facts of distribution presented. 
 To the six Sclaterian " Eegions " the author adds a seventh, the "West Indian. 
 North America is divided primarily into two great Zoological "Provinces ". the 
 "Eastern" and the "Western"; the latter subdivided to afford a third, the 
 "Middle". The dividing line of Ihe two major divisions coincides approxi- 
 mately with long. 100 W. G. in the United States, but in higher latitudes trends 
 rapidly westward, gaining the Pacific in Northern Alaska. TheMiddle Province 
 extends to the P.iciflc Slope, which latter constitutes the Western Province 
 proper. The ornithological data accord with those derived from other branches 
 of zoology ; and subsequent investigation has only confirmed the main features 
 of the present mapping, whatever the modification in detail I'equired. The 
 migrations of the birds ere treated in the same thorough manner, the interchange 
 of species between Europe and America being perhaps the most interesting 
 aspect of this portion of the subject. Variation under climatic influences is also 
 discussed in its technical bearings on the questions of nomenclature; the facts 
 of decrease in size with latitude and of lessened intensity of coloration with 
 aridity are also set forth. 
 
 1866. Baird, S. F. Prof. Spencer F. Baird. Die Verbreitung und Wande- 
 rungen der Vogel Nord-Amerika's. < J. f. 0., xiv, 1806, pp. 244- 
 269, 338-352. 
 Ans dem American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xli, 1866, iibersetzt. 
 
 1866. Brewer, T. M. The Food of Bi ds. < Harper's Ntw Monihhj Mag., 
 
 xxxiii, 1866, pp. 241-244. 
 1866. CouES, E. From Arizona to the Pacific. </6ts, 1866, 2d ser., ii, 
 
 pp. 259-275. 
 
672 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1860 [l06 
 
 1866. COUES, E. — Continued. 
 
 Ornithological narratlTe of a journey from Fort Wliipple, Arizona, to San 
 Pedro, California, with special reference to the birds of the last-named locality. 
 aj. Zool Ttee.Sm 1866, pp. 60, 61. 
 
 1866. CoTiES, E. List of the Birds of Fort Whipple, Arizona : with which 
 are incorporated all other species ascertained to inhabit the Terri- 
 tory ; with brief critical and field notes, descriptions of new species, 
 etc. < Proc. Ami. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, pp. 39-100. 
 
 245 spp., with critical and field notes, introdnced with sketch of the locality. 
 ificrathen^, p. 51; Asyndesmus, p. 55; Podasoc7/s, p. 96, genn.nn.; Mitrephorus pai- 
 lessens, p. 63 ; Vireo plumheus, p. 74 ; V, vicinior, p. 75 ; Y, pttsillus, p. 76, spp. nn. ; 
 Ohrysomitris meaAcanus Tar. arizcnce. p. 82, Tar. n. Certhiola ^'Jlaveola" is a mis- 
 take. This paper was the first connected acconnt of the birds of the region. 
 It was reissned separately, v. I. p., but repaged and nnder different title. Of. 
 Ibis, 1867, pp. 130, 131, and 247; Zool Bee. for 1866, p. 61. 
 
 1666. CouBS, E. [Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Philadelphia 
 Academy of Natural Sciences, January 1866.] | — [ Prodrome of 
 a Work | on the | Ornithology | of | Arizona Territory. | By Elliott 
 Coues, M. A., M. D. | (Ass't Surgeon U. S. Army.) | — | Philadel- 
 phia : I Merrihew & Son, Printers. | 1866. 8vo. pp. 64. 
 
 Fifty copies repaged under this coTer-title; no other change. 
 
 It is proper to remark, that the promise implied in the title of this little treatise 
 is fulfilled at length in the work to the first volume of which this present Bihli- 
 ography forms the Appendix. A thousand or more folios of MS., as originally 
 prepared, were destroyed by accident at Fort Macon, IS. C, in 1869. 
 
 186- J HlNCKS, W. "Catalogue of Birds known to Inhabit Western Can- 
 ada, systematically arranged according to the method adopted in 
 
 the Museum of the University of Toronto." ? 
 
 Not seen.— (y. Oanad. Joum., xi, 1866, pp. 245-247. 
 
 1866. HiNCKS, W. Notes of a few new and interesting Canadian Birds, ex- 
 hibited by George McKay, Esq., Mr.Passmore taxidermist, and from 
 the Museum of the University. <" Gonad. Joum.,-s.\, 1866, p. 72. 
 Oentrocereiis phasia/nellus ; Anser hutchitisii. Cygntts passniori,ap.n. 
 
 1866. HiNCKS, W. List of Birds observed near Hamilton, C. W., by Thomas 
 Mcllwraith. Extracted from the Proceedings of the Essex Institute, 
 Vol. V. 1866. < Canad. Joum., xi, 1866, pp. 245-247. 
 EeTiew — with addition of seTeral species. 
 
 1866. King, W. R. The Sportsman and Naturalist in Canada. By Major W. 
 Ross King, &o. &c. Illustrated with Coloured Plates and Woodcuts. 
 London : 1866. Roy. 8vo. pp. 334. 
 
 Not seen. — " Contains an account of some of the birds of Canada, drawn up 
 with more regard to scientific accuracy than is usual among sporting writers." 
 Of. lUs, 1867, pp. 125, 126 ; Zool. Ttec.for 1866, p. 62. 
 
 1866. Lawkencb, G. N. Catalogue of Birds observed on New York, Long, 
 and Staten Islands, and the adjacent parts of New Jersey. < Ann. 
 Lyo. Nat. Hist. New York, viii, 1866, pp. 279-300. 
 
 327 spp., many of which are annotated ; but otherwise the list makes no dis- 
 tinction of the several categories of residents, migrants, etc., under which the 
 species come. This is doubtless the first list of N. A. birds to Include Passer 
 dom£sticus. 
 
 1866. Le MoiNE, J. M. The Birds of Canada. < The Saturday Reader, ii, 
 June 16, 1866, pp. 229-231. 
 
 Substance of an address before Lit. and Hist. Soo. of Quebec, 25th April, 1866— 
 being a general survey of Canadian ornithology. 
 
]07] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1866 673 
 
 1866. Lord, J. K. The Naturalist in Vancouver Islaud and British Colum- 
 bia. By John Keast Lord, V. L. S., Naturalist to tho British North 
 American Boundary Commission. London : 1866. 2 vols. sm. 8vo. 
 woodcc. Vol. L pp. 358 ; II, 375. >Vol. IL Appendix, pp. 291-,301. 
 
 Not seen. — " Contains a good deal that is interesting respecting the habits of 
 many of the birds .... Mr. Lord has small reason t« be gratefol to his printer 
 or woodcutter." List of 226 spp. of birds at the place noted. Of. Ibia, 1867, p. 126 ; 
 
 1868, p. 116i Zool Sec. for 1866, p. 62. 
 
 1866. McIlwraith, T. List of Birds observed near Hamilton, Canada 
 West. < Froc. (Comm.) Essex Inst, v, 1866, art. v, pp. 79-96. 
 Eesnlts of 10 years' observations ; annotated list of 241 spp. 
 
 1866. Mdrrat, A. " Contributions to >he Natural History of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company's Territories. — Birds. III. Edinburgh, 1866." 
 Not seen. — Compare 1859, Mubhat, A. 
 
 1866. Roosevelt, Eoberi' B. The | Game-Birds | of the | Coasts and Lakes 
 of the Northern States | of America. | A full account of the sport- 
 ing along our sea- | shores and inland waters, with a com- | parison 
 of the merits of breech- | loaders and muzzle- | loaders. | By Robert 
 B. Roosevelt, | Author of " The Game-Fish of North America," 
 " Superior Fishing," | "Country Life," etc., etc. | [Trade-mark.] | 
 New York : | Carleton, Publisher, 413 Broadway. | M DCCC LXVI. 
 1 vol. 12mo. pp. 1-vi, 7-S36, woodc. on p. 139. 
 
 1866. Saqard Thbodat, G. Histoire | du Canada | et Voyages | que les 
 frferes Mineurs recollects y ont faicts | pour la conversion des infi- 
 dfeles I depuis I'an 1615 | par Gabriel Sagard Theodat | avec un dic- 
 tionnaire de la langue Huronne | Nouvelle edition | publics par M. 
 Edwin Tross. | — | Premier [ — Quatri&me] Volume. | — ] Paris | 
 Libraire Tross | 5, rue neuve-des-petits-champs, 5. | 1866 4 vols, 
 sm. 8vo. > Vol. III. 
 
 A textual reprint of the original of 1636, indicating pagination and typo- 
 graphy of title of the orlginaL In this ed., the bird-matter is at pp. 666-674 
 (vol. III). 
 
 1866. Verrili., A. E. Note on .the Distribution of North American Birds. 
 
 < Am. Journ. Soi., xli, 1866, pp. 249, 250. 
 
 On the limits of the Canadian and AUeghanian faunae of the Eastern Province. 
 
 1866. Vbrrill, A. E. [On the Geographical Distribution of North Amer- 
 ican Birds, with reference to the physical causes that determine 
 their limits in latitude.] < Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., x, 1866, pp. 
 259-262. 
 
 1866. Weiz, S. List of Vertebrates observed at Okak, Labrador, by Rev. 
 Samuel Weiz, with Annotations by A. S. Packard, Jr., M. D. 
 
 < Proe. Boston Soc. Nat. Eist, x, 1866, pp. 264-277. 
 
 89 spp. of birds, pp. 267-269, scarcely annotated ; chiefly valuable for the Esqui- 
 maux names given. 
 1866-69. Elliot, D. G. The | New and heretofore Unfigured Species of | 
 the Birds | of | North America. | By | Daniel Giraud Elliot, [etc. ] 
 I Vol. I [II]. I New York: | published by the author. | [1866 to] 
 
 1869. 2 vols. imp. folio. Not paged ! pll. not numbered ! ! cuts 
 pasted in text. 
 
 Cover-title of the parts simply " The Birds of North America", etc. 
 
 43 B 
 
674 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1S66-1S6'7 [l08 
 
 1866-69. Elliot, D. G.— Continaed. 
 
 This work, taking a foremost place among the great illustrated books of N. A. 
 birds, was issued originally in fifteen parts, lft66-69, mostly of five plates each, 
 to be bound in two imp. folio toIs., and furnished with 18 additional unpaged 
 leaves, being title-pages, Dedication to "Wilson, List of subscribers, Preface, In- 
 troduction, Explanations, etc., List ofplates and species. Parts i, ii, 1866 ; iii-viii, 
 1867; ix-xii, 1868; xiii-xv. 1869. Of. Ibis, 1866, p. 417; 1867, p. 376; 18C8. p. 345; 
 1870, p. 277; Zoo;.J2ec. /or 1866, p. 61; 1867, p. 67; 1868, p. 54; 1869, p. 47. 
 
 The introduction treats of 114 spp., forming a critical commentary ou most of 
 them, and contains 18 woodcuts. According to this, the species figured are as 
 follows : — 
 
 Vol. I, plate 1, SarporhynchuB cmereus; 2, Parus montanus; 3, LophopJianes 
 momatus; 4^ Oampylorhynchtis affinis ; h, Relminthophaga lucicB ; 6, Dendrceca 
 gradce; 7, Yi/reo plumbeus, Y. vwinior, V. swa-msoni, Y. pusUlus ; S, Ohrysomitris 
 lawrencei; 9, Aegiothus exilipes ; 10, A. fusceacetis,' 11, JJeucosUcte grist^ucha ; 12, 
 Passer domesticus ,- 13, PassercvZvs alaudvaus ; 14, Zonotrichia belli ,- 15, Pipilo 
 aVngula; IQ, Cardinalisigneus; n, Cyanuramacrolophus; 18,0ontopit8pertinax; 
 19, Mitrephorus fulvifrons; 20, Kephcecetes niger; 21 Attkis heloisce; 22, Seliopee- 
 dica ceantusi; 23, Stellula calliope; 24, X&nopi<ms albolarvatus ; 25, Sphyrapicus 
 thyroideus; 26, Oolaptes ckrysoides; 27, Scops JcennicotUj 28, S. jUimmeola ; 29, 
 MiGTotkeTie whitneyi. 
 
 Vol. II, plate 30, Falco candiccms; 31, F. islandicus; 32, F. aurantius; 33, Buteo 
 zonocercus; 34, JSaXicetus pelagicus; 35, EC. albidUa ; 36, Cathartes hurrovianus; 37, 
 Scardafella inca ; 38, Meleagris mexicana ; 39, Podasocys ■montanus ; 40, Macro- 
 rhatnphtts scolopaceus ; 41, Ereunetes ocddentalis ; 4Z, Chenalbatus; 4Z,0hencaervr 
 Uscens ; 44, Fxanthemops (g. n.) rossii; 45, Chloephaga canagica; 46, BucephaUi 
 islandica; 47, Lampronetta Jischeri; 48, Somateriav-nigra; 49, Qraculits bairdii ; 
 50, G. perspiciUatus ; 51, G. dncinnatiis ; 5%Laru8califomicu8,L.oceidentalis; 53, 
 L. brachyrkynchus, L. hutchinsii; 54, Bissa kotzebui, B. nivea; 55, StercoraHus 
 catarracies ; 56, Tkalasseits caspvus ; 57, Haliplana discolor ; 58, JHoTnedea chloro- 
 rkynchus; 59, Ossifraga gigantea ; 60, MstrelMa hcesitxUa ; 61, Oymochorea TneUmia, 
 Halocyptena microsoma; 62, Nectriti amaurosoma, N./itliginosits ; 63, OolyTribits 
 adarnsi; 64, Podiceps cali/omicus; 65, Fratercula gladalis; 66, Sagmatorrhina 
 lathami; 6T, Phaleris tetracula; 68, P. pv^lltts ; 69, PtychorJutmphus aleuUcus; 
 70, Ombria psittacula ; 11, Brachyrhamphiis termtAnckii ; 12, B. hypoUucus. Bat 
 the assignment of plates to species by number, as here given, differs in the ''List 
 of plates and species ", and this again is different from the order in which they 
 were published ; so that, the pll. not being numbered on their face, the confusion 
 in citing them becomes complete and endless. 
 
 1867. Allen, J. A. Winter Notes of an Ornithologiet. < Am. Nat, i, 1867, 
 pp. 38-48. 
 
 Belat«3 to Massachusetts -55 or 60 spp. there in winter, consisting mainly of 
 permanent residents and visitors from the Kortb. 
 
 1867. Allen, J. A. Ornithological Calendars. < Am. Nat.j i, 1867, pp. 54 
 [for March], 109 [for April], 160 [for May]. 
 Appearances of migratory birds in Massachusetts in the spring months. 
 
 1867. Allen, J. A. The Birds of Spring. < Am. Nat., i, 1867, pp. 141-144. 
 Kelates to New England— 280 spp. there at the season named. 
 
 1867. [Anon.] Prodrome of a work on the Ornithology of Arizona Terri- 
 tory. By Elliott Ooues, M, D., U. S. A. Philadelphia. 1866. 8vo. 
 pp. 64. < Am. Nat., i, 1867, pp. 209, 210. 
 A review of this paper, supposed to be by the editors of the journal cited. 
 
 1867. [Anon.] Ornithology and Oology of New England. By Edward A. 
 Samuels. Boston : Nichols & Noyes. 1867. 8vo. Illustrated. 
 < Am. Nat, i, 1867, pp. 318-320. 
 A review of this work, supposed to be by the editors of the journal cited. 
 
109] 
 
 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1867 676 
 
 1867. Baird, S. F. The Distribution and Migrations of North American 
 Birds. < Ibis, 1867, 2d ser., iii, pp. 257-293. 
 Reprinted from Am. Journ. Set. and Arts, xli, Jan., Mar., May, 1866. 
 
 1867. Bhewbr, T. M. Some Errors regarding the Habits of our [North 
 American ] Birds. < Am. Nat, i, 1867, pp. 113-123. 
 
 Of. Ibis, 1868, p. 347.— Corrections of Wilson, Nnttall, Audubon, and Brewer. 
 
 1867. Bouv^, T. T. [Announcement of the death of Henry Bryant.] 
 
 < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xi, 1867, pp. 134-136. 
 
 1867? Bryant, H. Additions to a List of Birds Seen at the Bahamas. 
 
 < Proa. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xi, 1867, pp. 63-70. [Pub. 1866 ?] 
 
 31 spp. Lew:o7ni'mus, Skotiomimus, p. 68, genu, nn.; Fsittacus coUarius var. 
 bahamengis, p. 65 ; ^Pyrcmmula stolida var. lucayHensis, p. 66 ; OeotUypis rostratus, 
 p. 67, woodc., spp. nn. Of. Pr. Boat. Soc, vii, p. 102 ; Ibis, 1868, pp. 229, 230 ; Zool 
 Bee. for 1867, p. 68. 
 
 1867. [COTIES, E.] The Birds of New England. < The Bound Table (news- 
 paper, New York), No. 140, Sept. 28, 1867, pp. 213, 214. 
 Extended review of Samnels'a Ornithology and Oology of 2few England. 
 
 1867. CouPBR, Wm. [Annotated List of the Birds of Quebec, Lower Ca- 
 nada]. <^ E. A. Samuels's Ornith. and, Ool. of New England, pp. 80, 81, 
 368-372, 396, 477, 478, 571-573. 
 
 1867. FowLBR, A. The breeding habits of [three New England] Birds. 
 
 < Am. Nat., i, 1867, pp. 496, 497. 
 
 Criticising E. A. Samnels's statements respecting Ceryle alcyon, Scops asio, and 
 Circus hudsonius. 
 
 1867. Hartt, C. F. The recent Bird Tracks of the Basin of Minas [in Nova 
 Scotia]. < Am. Nat., i, 1867, pp. 169-176, 234-243. 
 
 Popular observations, leading up to geological considerations, in similar style, 
 on the same subject. 
 
 1867. Jones, J. M. A Fortnight in the Backwoods of Shelburne and Wey- 
 mouth. <^ Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Sci., ii, pt. i, 1867, pp. 48-60. 
 Ornithological passim. 
 
 1867. Samuels, E. A. Ornithology and Oology | of | New England : | con- 
 taining I full description of the birds of New England, and adjoin- 
 ing I States and Provinces, | arranged by a long-approved classifi- 
 cation and nomenclature; | together with | a complete history of 
 their habits, times of arrival and departure, | their distribution, 
 food, song, time of breeding, and | a careful description of their 
 nests and eggs ; | with | Illustrations of many Species of the Birds, 
 and accurate Figures | of their Eggs. | By Edward A. Samuels, | Cu- 
 rator of Zoology in the Massachusetts State Cabinet. I Boston: | Nich- 
 ols and Noyes, | 117, Washington Street. | 1867. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. vii, 
 583, figg. (not numbered), pU. iv. 
 
 A popular book, received with general favor, except by ornithologists. Claflsi- 
 flcation and nomenclature those of Prof. Baird, from whose work (B. N. A., 1858} 
 the whole of the technical and descriptive matter is taken. Main test largely 
 extracted from "Wilson, Nuttall, and Audubon. The illustrations consist of a 
 number of small woodcuts, some of them new, and a series of full-paged ones 
 (nearly the same that appeared in a Patent Oflice Keport— redrawn on wood from 
 Audubon's 8voed.). The 4 pU. are colored illustrations of the eggs of 30 spp., 
 and constitute the leading feature of the work. Mr. Wm. Conper contributes 
 
676 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§67-186§ [lio 
 
 1867. Samuels, E. A. — CoDtinued. 
 
 an annotated List of the Birds of Quebec (see Coupee, 1867). Of. Am. Nat., 1867, 
 pp. 318-320; "The Sound Table", newspaper (New York), No. 140, Sepf28,1867, 
 pp. 213, 214 ; Pr. Essex Inst., t, 1668, p. 252 ; Zool. Kecfm- 1867, pp. 67, 68. There 
 are sundry later editions, q. v. 
 
 1867. Stimpson, W. lUnstrations of North American Birds in the Museum 
 of the Chicago Academy of Science. < Trans. Chicago Acad., i, pt. i, 
 1867, pp. 128, 129, pU. xvi-xix. 
 
 4 spp. : Rhamphoccelus passerinU, pi. xvi ; Ohrysomitris bryantii, pL xvii j Gfnw 
 americanus, pL six ; Afiser cceruUscejis, pi. XTiiL 
 
 1867. Tkippb, T. M. The Awakening of the Birds. < Am. Nat, i, 1867, pp. 
 401-403. 
 Hours of the day at which several species of N. Am. birds begin to sing. 
 
 1867. Wyman, J. An account of some Kjoekkenmceddings, or Shell-heaps, 
 
 in Maine and Massachusetts. <[ Am. Nat., i, 1867, pp. 561-584 (espe- 
 cially p. 578, seq.), pU. 
 Bemains of various birds noted, especially of Alca impennis. 
 
 1868. Abbott, C. C. Catalogue of Vertebrate Animals of New Jersey. 
 
 < Cook^s Geol. of Netv Jersey, 1868, App. E., pp. 751-830. 
 
 Birds, pp. 761-798--an extensively anootated list of about 301 spp., forming 
 qnite a treatise on the subject. The names are very badly prmted. 
 
 1868. AiXBN, J. A. Notes on Birds observed in Western Iowa, in the months 
 of July, August and September ; also on Birds observed in Northern 
 Illinois in May and June, and at Richmond, Wayne Co., Indiana, 
 between June third and tenth. < Mem. Bost, Soc. Nat. Hist.,i,pt. 
 iv, art. xiii, Dec, 1868 (read June, 1868), pp. 488-526. (Also issued 
 separately, 4to, paper.) 
 
 Very full : includes some critical commentary on geogr.ipliical distribution in 
 general, and on relationships of certain disputed species. IoW4, 108 spp. ; Illi- 
 nois, a, Ogle Co., 84 spp. ; 5, Cook Co., 94 spp., with monographic account of cer- 
 tain TurdidcB ; Indiana, 72; the annotations in each case chiefly field-notes. 
 
 "Range in the breeding-season must form the basis for defining the limits of 
 different ornithological districts .... Among migrants of the same species 
 the examples which ariive in spring the earliest are bigger and more brightly 
 tinted than those which come later, and, conversely, on their return the exam- 
 ples last seen are bigger than the summer specimens. Hence it would appear 
 that the largest individuals are those which go furthest north in summer, and, 
 he also adds, are those which live further north in winter. Some character- 
 istics of the ornithological provinces of North America are next briefly men- 
 tioned; and then follow the lists of the species observed, as stated in the 
 title. In Iowa about 108 or 110 species were seen, of which at least 100 breed in 
 the State. For Illinois two lists are given, one of 84 species in Ogle County, the 
 other of 94 species in Cook County. At Richmond 72 species were observed by 
 himself and Dr. Haymond. Some critical notes on supposed species (Turdidce, 
 Laridce) are added in the course of the paper." — From Zool. Mec. 
 
 1868. AlxEN, J. A. [Abstract of a paper on the Birds of Iowa and Illinois, 
 with special reference to their migration. ] <[ Proc. Boston Soc Nat. 
 Hist., xii, 1868, p. 85. 
 See the full memoir, cited above. 
 
 1868. [Anon.] The Ornithology and Oology of New England. < Barper's 
 New Monthly Mag., xxxvii, 1868, p. 712. 
 Being a review of E. A. Samuels's Birds of New England. 
 
Ill] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APF2NDIX. 1868 677 
 
 1868. Brewer, T.M. Song-birds of North America. <^ Atlantic Almanac. 
 
 1868. Brown, R. Synopsis of the Birds of Vancouver Island. < IMa, 1868, 
 2d ser., iv, pp. 414-428. 
 
 List of 1D3 epp. (5 of which are doubtful), briefly £mnotated; preceded by 
 sketch of the locality and some slight bibliography ; followed by a nominal list of 
 numerous (62 spp.) birds to be looked for on the island. Of. Zool Bee, for 1868, 
 p. 53. 
 
 1868. Butcher, H. B. List of Birds collected at Laredo, Texas, in 1866 and 
 1867. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila., xx, 1868, pp. 148-150. 
 A nominal list of 8D spp., with dates of observation. 
 
 1868. C0UBS,E. Listof BirdscoUectedin Southern Arizona by Dr. E. Palmer; 
 with remarks. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xx, 1868, pp. 81-8.5. 
 
 56 spp., 4 additional to former paper in Proc. PkUa. Acad., 1866, q. v. Collector's 
 field-notes. Of. Ibis, 1868, p. 485 ; Zool. Sec. for 1868, p. 53. 
 
 1868. COUES, E. Synopsis of the Birds of South Carolina. ^ Proc. Boston 
 Soc. Nat. Hist, xii, 1868, pp. 104-127. 
 
 294 spp., folly annotated, partly compiled. Preliminary general considerations. 
 Peculiar species indicated. Of. Ibis, 1869, pp. 118-120; Zool. Bec.for 1868, p. 53. 
 
 1868. CouES, E. Catalogue of the Birds of North America contained in 
 the Museum of the Esses Institute ; — with which is incorporated A 
 List of the Birds of New England. With Brief Critical and Field 
 Notes. ^Proc. {Coram.) Essex Inst., v, 1868, art. xii, pp. 249-314. 
 
 Preceded by bibliography and general considerations; the Museum Catalogue 
 and Fannal List typographically distinguished. 335 New England spp., and vari- 
 ous probabilities indicated. Oversheets of this paper were issued separately, 
 repaged, with new title and index, giving the Faunal List the precedence over 
 the Museum Catalogue. Of. Ibis, 1869, pp. 228, 229 ; Zool. Bee. for 1868, p. 53. 
 
 1868. CoUES, E. A List | of the | Birds of New England. | By Elliott Coues, 
 I Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A. | — | [Reprinted from the Proceed- 
 ings of the Essex Institute, Vol. V.] 1 — I Salem, Maes. | Essex Insti- 
 tute Press. I 1868. 8vo. 1 vol., paper, pp. 71. 
 
 Pages 1-66 correspond with pp. 249-314 of the Essex Institute Proceedings; pp. 
 67-71 is an index, not in the original issue. Only 50 copies extant. 
 
 1868. DuGiis, A. Aper^u g^n^ral sur la faune de Guanajuato (Mexique). 
 < Bull. Soc. Acclim., 2« s^r., v, 1868, pp. 545-578, figg. 
 Oiseaux, pp. 558-560, 562-567. Of. Zool. Bee. for 1868, pp. 53, 54. 
 
 1868. [Editors.] The Distribution of our [North American] Birds in the 
 Breeding Season. <[ Am. Nat., ii, 1868, p. 329. 
 
 Editorial notice of a circular of Professor Agassiz's, asking for information in 
 the matter. 
 
 1868. Frost, S. T. Survivors of Civilization. <, Harper's Neiv Monthly Mag., 
 xxxvi, 1868, pp. 471-475. 
 "Wild birds lingering along the Hudson Eiyer. 
 
 1868. GcNN, D. Notes of an Egging Expedition to Shoal Lake, west of Lake 
 Winnepeg. -^{Twenty-second) Ann. Eep. Smiths. Inst, {for 1867), 1868, 
 
 pp. 427-432. 
 
 The ornithological matter, as npart from the personal narrative, relates chiefly 
 to habits of Podieeps cccidenialis iind some other water birds. 
 
678 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 186§-1869 []12 
 
 1868. Kinney, D. F. Report [to the Illinois State Horticultural Society] 
 on [6 spp. of fruit-eating] Birds. <[ Trann. Illinois State Agric. Soo. 
 for 1H65-66, vi, 1868, p. 371. 
 
 1868. MiNiER, G. W. Report of Special Committee [ to the Illinois Horticul- 
 tural Society] on Birds [injurious or beneticial to Horticulture]. 
 < I>-o««. Illinois State Agric. Soc. for 1865-66, vi, 1868, pp. 396-406. 
 
 Consisting mainly of letters addressed to him by varions persons, and minutes 
 of a discnssion in meeting. 
 
 1868. Samukls, E. A. Among the Birds : | A series of sketches for | young 
 folks, I illustrating the | Domestic Life of Our Feathered Friends. | 
 By I Edward A. Samuels, | author of " Ornithology and Oology of 
 New England," | " Mammalogy of New England," etc. | Boston : | 
 Nichols and Noyes. | 1868. 1 vol. 16mo. pp. viii, 223, pU. iv, 
 woodcc. 
 
 An agreeable little book, well adapted to interest the young folks in birds. 
 
 1868. Samuels, E. A. The Breeding Habits of [three species of] Birds. 
 Am. Nat., li , 1 868, pp. 47, 48. 
 Reply to A. Fowler's strictures, op. cit, i, 1867, 496, 
 
 1868. Samdels, E. [A.] Our Neighbors the Birds, -i^ Harper's Neio Monthly 
 
 Mag., xxsvii, Oct., 1868, pp. 661-666. 
 Biogi'apbical notes of some ^ew England birds. 
 1868. Samuels, E. A. Value of Birds on the Farm. < Bep. U. S. Agrio. Dept. 
 
 for 1867, 1868, pp. 201-208. 
 
 1868. Sears, J. H. Return of the Birds. < Am. Nat., ii, 1868, p. IGS. 
 
 Dates of arrival of 21 spp. at Banvers, Kass. , spring of 1868. 
 1868. Streckbr, H. Albinism in Birds [Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Turdus 
 migratorins]. < Am. Nat., ii, 1868, pp. 491, 492. 
 
 1868. Wood, W. A Review of some of the Articles published in this Jour- 
 
 nal respecting the Habits and Nesting of our [North American] 
 Birds, with Additional Facts. < Am. Nat., ii, 1868, pp. 377-380. 
 Befers chiefly to articles by Endicott, Fowler, and Samuels. 
 
 1869. A[llen], J. A. W. L. T., Minneapolis, Minn. < Am. Nat., iii, 
 
 1869, p. 504. 
 Notes on Vvreosylvia philadelphica and Umpidcmax Jlaviventriii. 
 
 1869. Baily, W. L. Our own Birds | a familiar natural history | of the | 
 Birds I of | the United States. | By William L. Baily. | — | Re- 
 vised and edited by | Edward D. Cope, | Corresponding Secretary of 
 the Academy of Natural Sciences. | — | Philadelphia : | J. B. Lip- 
 pincott & Co. I 1869. 1vol. 16mo. pp. i-x, 11-265, mauy cuts, in 
 text and on sep. pages. 
 
 "The object of this book is not to treat the subject of Ornithology scientifically, 
 but simply to present in a concise and familiar manner to the youthful reader, 
 some interesting facts relating to the birds of our own country " — (preface) — an 
 object accomplished in a very readable manner. The book is profusely illus- 
 trated with cuts, mostly irom Audubon originally and from Samuels immedi- 
 ately, but many of them are original. 
 
 1869. Baird, S. F. On Additions to the Bird-Fauna of North America, 
 made by the Scientific Corps of the Russo-Americau Telegraph 
 Expedition. <^ Trans. Chicago Acad., i, pt. ii, 1869, pp. 311-325, 
 pU. xxvii-xxxiv. 
 
lis] 
 
 BIB1.I0GRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1869 679 
 
 1869. Baird, S. F— ContinueU. 
 
 Scops kevnUottii, pi. xxvii ; Budytes Jlava, pi. xxx, f. 1 ; Phyllopneuite keiaii- 
 cotti, sp. n., p. 313, pi. xxx, f. 2; FroylodyUs alaacensis, sp. ii., p. 315, pi. xxx, f. 3; 
 Pyrrhula cocdnea var. casHnii, var. n., pi. xxix, f. I ; Leucpstictc fjriaeinucka, pi. 
 xxviii, f. 2; L. littoralis, sp. u., p. 3iy, pi. xxviii, f. 1 ; Melogpiza i7isignu, sp. u., p. 
 319, pi. xxix, f. 2; Spermophila badiiventris "Lawr.", pi. xxviii, f. 3 ; lAtnoba uro- 
 pygialis, pi. xxxii ; SUrno aleuiica, sp. n,, p. 321, pi. xxxi, f. 1^ Graclus bicriniatus, 
 pi. xxxiii ; Fv_ffinus tenuirostris, pi. xxxiv, f. 2 ; Fulmarus rodgersi, pi. xxiv, 1. 1 ; 
 Larus borealis ; SimorhyncMis casHni, pi. xxxi, f. 2. 
 
 An important paper, adding several Old "World foims to the Ainericau fauna. 
 All tbe new species were named in Dall and llannister's immediately preceding 
 p-iper, but are here first chai acterized. The connection of the Spermophila -whh 
 the other subjects of the paper is not obvious ; it belongs to tropical AmerJca. 
 See 1869, Dall and Bannistee. 
 
 1869. Benton, M. B. Shy FrieudB. <^Putnam'8 Magazine, iv {neyf series), 
 1869, pp. 85-93. 
 
 Biographical notes upon several birds, and comments upon the attraction civil- 
 ization has for them. 
 
 1869. BOARDMAN, G. A. Breeding of [five species of] Karo Birds fat Mill- 
 town, Maine]. < Am. Nat., iii, 1869, p. 222. 
 
 1869. BoARDMAN, G. A. The Black Vnlture in Maine. <Jm. A'at, iii, 1869, 
 p. 498. 
 Occurrence of Oathartes atratus, and also of Gallinula martinica, at Calais. 
 
 1869. Brbwer, T. M. [Obituary notice of John Cassin. ] •< Am. Joum. Sci., 
 xlvii, 1869, pp. 291, 292, 435. 
 
 Born September 6, 1813, Upper Providence Township, Delaware County, Pa. ; 
 died January 10, 18G9, at Philadelphia, Fa., cet. 57. 
 
 1869. Brewer, T. M. Sea-side Ornithology. < Am. Nat., iii, 1869, pp. 22.''>- 
 235. 
 Kemarks on the birds of the New En£land coast. 
 1869. [Brewer, T. M.] John Cassin. < Bull. JCanex Imt., i, No. 1, 1869, 
 pp. 15, 16. 
 A short obituary, 
 
 1869. Cooper, J. G. The Fauna of Montana, Territory. < 4m. iVai., ii, 1869, 
 pp. 596-600 ; iii, 1869, pp. 31-35, 73-84. Corrections, p. 224. 
 About 110 spp. are included. 
 1869. Cooper, J. G. The Naturalist in California. <^ 4»i. A'iait., iii, 1869, pp. 
 182-189, 479-481. 
 
 Contains notices of birds seen on the Plains of Los Angeles, the Cajon Pass, 
 the Desert, and the Colorado Valley. 
 1869. Cooper, J. G. Not< s on the Fauna of the Upper Missouri. < Am. 
 Nat, iii, 1869, pp. 294-299. 
 Includes a good many ornithological notes. 
 
 1869 ? Cooper, J. G. Some recent additions to the Fauna of Californiai. 
 
 < Proc. Cat. Acad. Sci., iv, (1868), pp. 3-13. [Pub. 1869 ?] 
 
 ■' Ornithology occupies the most of this paper (pp. 7-13) ; and it contains notes 
 on upward of 50 spp. out of 353 now known to occur within the limits of the 
 State, an increaee of 33 since the author's former estimate in 1668 {op. eit., iii, p. 
 23)."— Zooi. Bec./OT 1869, p. 46. 
 
 1869. Coues,'E. Sea-side Homes [North Carolina]: and what lived in them. 
 
 < Am. Nat, iii, 1869, pp. 337-349. 
 
 delates chiefly, to the breeding of Sterna antiUarum and ^gialitis wilsonia. 
 
680 BIBLIOGEAPniCAIi APPENDIX. 1869 [114 
 
 1869. Daix, W. H., and Bannister H. M. List of the Birds of Alaska, with 
 Biographical Notes. < Trans. Chmgo Acad, of Nat. Sci., i, 1869, pp. 
 267-310, pU. xxvii-xxxiv. 
 
 Also foand separately, with or withoat the plates, original pagination pre- 
 served. 212 spp., extensively annotated. Several new species, named and fignred 
 in tJiis paper, are not deecribed, however, until later in the same vol., in a special 
 paper by S. F. Baird (one of them is from Central America). Baird's article is 
 a oontinnation of the present. The plates belong to either article. This Is a 
 very notable contribution to a little-known avi-fauna, the iield-notes being 
 especially valuable. It gives some species new to science, and varions others 
 new to the N. A. fauna. Of. Am. Nat, 1870, pp. 367-371 ; Ibis, 1870, pp. 520-523; 
 Zool Bee., vi, p. 47. See 1869, Baibd, S. F. 
 
 1869. Dug6s, A. Cat^logo de Animales Vertebrados observados en la 
 Eepiiblica Mexicana. <^ La Naturaleza, i, 1869, pp. 137-145. 
 
 Aves, pp. 138-143 ; 190 espeoies. — Los nombres cientificos, vnlgares, y mexi- 
 canos (de la historic de Hernandez) . En ouanto al lugar de cada p^aro, el nombre 
 de los Estados. 
 
 1869. FowLBR, A. The Butcher Bird [Lanius borealis] and Mottled Owl 
 [Scops asio]. <^Am. Nat, ii, 1869, p. 659. 
 Biographical notes. 
 
 1869. Jones, C. M. The Breeding Habits of Birds .... < Am. Nat, iii, 
 
 1869, pp. 48, 49. 
 
 Notes on Oeryh alcyon, Otus vtUgarie, RaMua Ungirostris, Bonaea umbellus, (Hrcus 
 hudsonius. 
 
 1869. Jones, J. M. On some of the Rarer Birds of Nova Scotia. <; Tram. 
 Nova Scotia Inst Nat Sci., ii, pt. ii, 1868 (pub. 1869), pp. 70-73. 
 
 Generalities of the subject— 6 spp. in partionlar. Ardea alba (i. e., Herodioi 
 egretta), Ardea candidissima, and Tringa mba/tquaiatiT^ the only notables. 
 
 1869. Haymond, E. Birds of Franldiu County, Indiana. < Co^a Geol. 
 Surv. Indiana, First Ann. Sep. for 1869, 1869, pp. 209-235. 
 An annotated list of 164 spp. 
 
 1869. Mauey, T. B. The Dumb Guides to the Pole. < Putnam's Mag., 
 XV (new series), 1869, pp. 727-740. 
 Birds in boreal latitudes, indicating an open polar sea. 
 1869. [Hunger, C. A.] Four American Birds. -C^Pntnam's Monthly Mag., 
 iii (new series), June, 1869, pp. 725-731. 
 
 Popular account of Icterus balti-nwre, Dolichonyx orysivora, Turdus nrnstelvmu, 
 Antrostomus voG^ferus. 
 
 1869. Nauman, C. H. Ornithological. < Am. Nat, iii, 1869, p. 390. 
 
 32 eggs from a nest of Troglodytes oMon; 28 from a nest of Tyrannua earoli- 
 nensis, etc. 
 
 1869. [Newton, A.] [Obituary notice of J. Cassin.] < Itis, 2d ser.,v, 1869, 
 p. 244. 
 
 1869. Eebks, H. Notes on the Zoology of Newfoundland. < Zoologist, 2d 
 ser., iv, 1869, pp. 1609-1614, 1689-1695, 1741-1759, 1849-1858. 
 Includes 312 spp. 
 
 1869. EiDGWAY, E. Notices of certain obscurely known Species of Ameri- 
 can Birds. < Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila., xxi, 1869, pp. 125-135, 
 woodco. 
 
 I. The North American Woodthrushes, HyVMAcMa, ^ spp. H. On the uni- 
 formly red species of Pyranga, 6 spp. 1 P. eooperi, n. e., p. 130, flg. III. The 
 smaller QidsocUi of the United States, 3 spp. i Q. cenem, n. s., p. 134, f. 3. (y. Ibis, 
 
 1870, pp. 281, 262. 
 
115] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1869 681 
 
 1869. ScLATBR, P, L., and Salvin, O. On a Collection of Birds made by Mr. 
 H. S. le Strange near the city of Mexico. <^ P. Z. S., xxxvii, 1869, 
 pp. 361. 
 Critical notes on 15 of the 262 spp. in the collection. 
 
 1869. SUMICHKAST, F. The Geographical Distribution of the Native Birds 
 of the Department of Vera Cruz, with a List of the migratory 
 species. By F. Sumichrast. Communicated to the Smithsonian 
 Institution, and published by permission of the Secretary. Trans- 
 lated from the French [MSS.], by T. M. Brewer. < Mem. Bost. Soe. 
 Nat. Hist., i, pt. iv, art. xvi, Mar. 1869 (read Dec. 1868), pp. 543-563, 
 woodo. 1. (Issued separately, 4to, paper. 
 
 175 spp., fully annotated ; with resuTn^ giving lists of the species of the hot, 
 temperate, and alpine regions respectively; with a special note on habits of 
 Melanerpes /ormicivorus. Only land birds are treated. This article is the most 
 important one upon regional ornithology of Mexico. Of. Zool. Eec. /or 1869, vi, 
 p. 48 i IWs, 1870, pp. 278-280. 
 
 1869. Sumichrast, P. [Abstract of a paper on the geographical distribu- 
 tion of the native birds of the Department of Vera Cruz, Mexico.] 
 < Froe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, 1869, pp. 222-225. 
 
 Nominal list of 74 spp. of the hot region, 27 of the temperate region, 52 of the 
 alpine region. 
 
 1869? Tbrrill, J. J. G. [Analytical chart of the Birds of Canada.] 
 Not seen. Of. Canad. Nat and Geol., n. s., iv, 1869, p. 101. "242 spp." 
 
 1869. TURNBULL, W. p. The | Birds of East Pennsylvania | and New Jer- 
 • sey I By | William P. TurnbuU. LL. D. | Author of the "Birds of 
 East Lothian ;" | Member of the Academy cf Natural Sciences of 
 Philadelphia; | Of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York ; | Cor- 
 responding Member of the Natural History Society of Glasgow, 
 etc. I [Illustration of Sturnella magna.] | Glasgow: Printed for pri- 
 vate circulation [by A. K.Murray & Co.]. I 1869. 1 vol. roy. 8vo, 
 and also in 4to. pp. xii, 62, with 20 illustrations drawn on stone by 
 Frank Bott, some being from the portfolio of Alexander Wilson, 
 one of them bearing his autograph and date of 1805. 
 
 *' The object of the writer has been to present in a simple and compact form 
 the Ornithology of a small portion of North America, comprising that part of 
 Pennsylvania eastward of the Alleghany Mountains, and of New Jersey, in- 
 cluding the coast line which extends from Sandy Hook to Cape May" (p. vli). 
 A catalogue of 342 spp. —114 summer visitants, 57 winter visitants, 60 mi- 
 grants, 52 residents, 59 stragglers— with field-notes of times of appearance, 
 breeding, relative frequency, etc. 
 
 This is a sumptuous and elegant book — the best printed treatise on American 
 birds extant. One of my amanuenses, being set to the task, reported, " No typo- 
 graphical error found after close scrutiny." The book is scarce — there were 
 only 150 impressions of this Uthographio edition, in 8vo (2 of them on vellum), 
 and 50 in 4to. The edition was bought up by J. Sabine & Sons, N. Y., who ad- 
 vertise the 4to copies at $i. There is an American ed., Philadelphia, Grrambo 
 & Co., same date, which I believe appeared before the present Glasgow ed. ; 
 the two differ in the words " popotue " and " virginianus "; but this is the only 
 textual discrepancy 1 have found. The work was edited by Eobert Gray, of 
 Glasgow, though the fact does not appear. Of. Ibis, 1870, 12G, ahd Zool Bec/or 
 1869, p. 49. 
 
682 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ISeO-lSVO [l]6 
 
 1869. TcRNBUii, W. P. The | Birds of East Pennsylvania | and New Jer- 
 sey. I By I William P. TumbuU. LL. D. | Author of the " Birds of 
 East Lothian ;" | Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 
 Philadelphia ; | of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York ; | Cor- 
 responding Member of the Natural History Society of Glasgow, 
 
 etc. I aves, solatia ruris, | Asauetum silvis, innoouuraque 
 
 genus, I QuEB facitis nidos, qnse plumis ova fovetis, | Et facili dulces 
 editis ore modos. — Ovid. | Philadelphia: | Henry Grambo & Co., 
 Chestnut Street. | 1869. 1 vol. 8vo, pamphlet. 2 p. 11. (title, dedica- 
 tion), pp. v-viii (preface), 5-50; no illust. 
 
 The main text, pp. 5-50, is verb, lit, punct. identical witli that of the G-lasgow 
 edition (apparently from the same plates}, and is the same page for page; hnt 
 the pagination is different, owing to omission of the illastrations of the other 
 edition; the preface is abridged, and modified in one place; the title-page is 
 altered by substitution of the t^aotation from Ovid for the picture of StumeUa 
 magna of the original. The name of the OhordUes is changed. This edition is 
 common, and sells for one-third the price of the otber, to which it is inferior in 
 style, though still a handsome pamphlet. It was issued in paper covers, the 
 title on the wrapper being the same as that inside, but without punctuation, 
 with omission of theautlior's titles, and substitution of an engraving of two birds 
 for the Latin quotation. The customary quotation of the work is according to 
 the pagination of this edition, the original not being generally accessible. 
 
 1869. ViLLADA, M. M. Aves del Valle de Mexico. <^ La Naluraleza, i, 
 
 1869, pp. 94-100, 146-154. 
 Con la colaboracion de D. Antonio Pegafiel y D. Jesns Sanchez. 
 
 1869-70. Allen, J. A. Notes on some of the Earer Birds of Massachusetts. 
 < Am. Nat., iii, 1869, pp. 505-519 ; iii, 1870, pp. 568-585, 631-648. 
 
 315 spp. [cf. footnote, p. 647] in Massachusetts. The paper is supplementary to 
 the author's Massachusetts catalogue published five years before in Proc. Essex 
 Jnst ; it contains critical comments on the rarer or less generally known species, 
 and discusses the cases of some doubtful ones. The supposed Buteo "cooperi" 
 proved to be Uneatus. 
 
 1870. Abbott, C. C. Notes on certain inland Birds of New Jersey. < Am. 
 
 Nat, iv, 1870, pp. 536-550. 
 Miscellaneous observations on about 30 spp. 
 
 1870. Allen, J. A. Catalogue of the BirJs of Iowa. < White's Geolog. Sur- 
 vey of Iowa, vol. ii, 1870, Appendix B, pp. 419-427. (Des Moines, 
 Iowa. 8vo. pp. viii, 443.) 
 
 Nominal list of 283 spp., those actually observed to breed within the limits of 
 the State being marked with an asterisk. A few of the species are to be regarded 
 rather as stragglers, chiefly winter visitors from the North; some, however, from 
 the "West and South. 
 
 1870. Baird, S. F. Fossil Birds of the United States. < Harper's New 
 MontMij Mag., xl, 1870, pp. 467, 469, and 470. 
 Brief notices of current discoveries. 
 
 1870. Baird, S. F. New link between Reptiles and Birds. <^ Harper's New 
 Monthly Mag., xl, 1870, p. 628. See, also, p. 469. 
 
 1870. Brkndbl, F. The Fauna of Peoria. Forming Chap, xxxix, pp. 217- 
 223, of "The History of Peoria, Illinois." By Chas. Ballance. 16mo? 
 Peoria, 1870.. 
 Barely annotated list of 176 spp. of birds. 
 
117] 
 
 BIBLIOGHAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§70 683 
 
 1870. Burling, Gilbert. American Birds. -c^Appleton's Journ., iv, 1870, 
 pp. 256, 308, 408, 520 ; 6 illust. of common species. 
 
 1870. Chadbourne, P. A. Birds of the North. < Putnam's Magazine, v (new- 
 series), 1870, pp. 636-639. 
 
 1870. Cooper, J. G. Geological Survey of California. | J. D. Whitney, State 
 Geologist. I — I Ornithology. | Volume I. | Land Birds. | Edited by 
 S. F. Baird, | from the manuscript and notes of | J. G. Cooper. | — | 
 Published by Authority of the Legislature. | 1870. 1 vol. (no 2d vol. 
 has appeared to date) large 8vo. 1 p. 1., pp. xi, 591, many woodco. 
 
 A general account of the birds of the State (and eome others). System and 
 nomenclature closely according to Eaird (1858), from ■vrhich most of the syno- 
 nymy and much of the technical matter are taken. Dr. Cooper's biographical and 
 general matter. Introduction by J. D. "Whitney. Illustrations consist of small 
 full figures of a species of each genus, with many life-size figures of heads and 
 other parts, together "with outlines of generic details; nearly all from nature, 
 drawn by E. Sheppard, J. H. Eichard, H. W. Elliott, and A. Schonbom, cut by II. 
 H. Nichols, the outline details engraved by the Jewett process. These cuts are 
 remarkable for artistic excellence and practical utility. Most of them reappear in 
 Baibd, Brewer, and KmGWAY's History of N. A. Birds. Appendix by S. F. Baird, 
 containing 2 additional spp. {Dendroeca gradce Cones; Junco annecten*, sp. u., p. 
 564) ; a copious glossary of technical terms, alistcf Spanish names of Californian 
 birds, the latter by J. Xantus ; and indexes of scientific and Temacnlar names. 
 The work has been pronulinced rather disappointing to the general student (cf. 
 Zool. Bee. for 1870), and advances the science less than was to have been antici- 
 pated. Of. lUs, 1871, pp. 481, 482. 
 
 1870. Cooper, J. G. The Fauna of California and its geographical Distri- 
 bution. < Pr. Cala. Acad. Sd., iv, Feb., 1870, pp. 61-81. 
 
 1870. Cope, E. D. Observations on the Fauna of the Southern Alleghanies. 
 <4m. Nat., iv, 1870, pp. 392-402. 
 The remarks chiefly relate to distribution during the breeding season. 
 
 1870. [CoUES, E.] Ornithological Eesults of the Exploration of the North- 
 west. <4m. Kat, iv, 1870, pp. 367-371. 
 
 An extended anonymous review of Messrs. W. H. Dall and H. M. Bannister's 
 and S. F. Baird's papers in vol. i, arts, ix, x, of the Chicago Academy's Transac- 
 tions, on the Birds of Alaska, g, v., 1869. 
 
 1870. Dall, W. H. Alaslja | and | its Eesources. | By W. H. Dall, | Director 
 of the Scientific Corps of the late Western Union | Telegraph Ex- 
 pedition. I [Design.] | Boston: | Lee and Shepard. | 1870. 1 vol. 
 large 8vo. pp. xii,627,map,eDgrs., and woodcc. > Appendix, pp. 
 
 527-609. 
 
 Contains, pp. 580-586, an annotated list of the Birds of Alaska, with 3 figg. 
 Also slightly ornithological passim, e. g., p. 235, fig. 
 
 1870. Dall, W. H. A Winter's Day in the Yukon Territory. <^Am.Nat., 
 iv, 1870, pp. 218-225. 
 
 1870. DuG:fiS, A. Cat^logo de Animales Vertebrados observados en la repli- 
 blica Mexicana. < Naturahza, i, 1870, pp. 137-145. 
 
 Aves, pp. 138-143 ; 228 spp. — *' Los nombrea vulgares indicados son los que se 
 nsan en Guanajuato ; los mexicanos los he sacado de la Historia de Hernandez. 
 En cnanto al Ingar de cada animal, el nombre de los Estados, me he limitade & 
 dar el nombre de los Estados en que yo 86 ban encontrado." Eete catilago fnS 
 hecho en Paris con la cooperacion del Sr. D. Jnlio Verreaux. 
 
684 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. ISVO [ll8 
 
 1870. [Editorial.] [Obituary notice of Jacob P. Girand.] <^Am. Journ. 
 Sei.,\, 1870, pp. 293, 294. 
 Died at Ponghkeepaie, N. Y., July 19, 1870, (Bt. 59. 
 1870. [Editors.] Alaska and its resources. <^m. Nat, iv, 1870, pp. 
 430-434. 
 A review at W. H. Ball's work of the same name (Boston, 1870, 8vo, pp. 627). 
 
 1870. FiNSCH, 0. UebereineVogelsammlungausNordwest Mexico. <^6ft. 
 Nat. Far. zu Bremen, 1870, pp. 322-363. 
 
 44 spp., many of great rarity, chiefly collected by A. J. Grayson at Mazatlan 
 and the Tres Marias ; CcUocUta degans, n. s. List of 26 papers on Mexican birds. 
 Monographic account of Otocorys. Cf. Ibis, 1871, 432. 
 
 1870. Gregg, W. H. Catalogue of the Birds of Chemung County, New York. 
 8vo pamph. Elmlra, N. Y. 1870. pp. 13. 
 
 Osteneibly from the ProcElmiraAcad. Sci. Gives 200 spp., annotated, includ- 
 ing several without evidence of their occurrence. CoUyrio chsmungensis, p. 9, ep. 
 n. (= Lanius borealie). The paper bristles with typographical errors. 
 1870. J. F. W[hitbaves ?]. Notes on Canadian Birds. <^Canad. Nat. and 
 Quart. Journ. (n. s.), v, 1870, p. 103. 
 
 Records occurrence of ii'aico "ccmdicans" i1),NyctaU "atbi/roru", andCar- 
 dinalis virginiana in Lower Canada. 
 1870. Jones, J. M. Eare Birds in Nova Scotia. <^m. Nat, iy, 1870, p. 253. 
 Stercorarius pomat&rhinus and Qallinula martiniea. 
 
 1870. MAEbH, 0. C. Notice of some new Fossil Mammals and Birds, from 
 the Tertiary Formations of the West. <^ Am. Journ. Sd., 3d ser., ii, 
 1870, pp. 120-127. 
 
 Aquila dananus, Pliocene, Nebraska, p. 125 ; Meleagrie antiquus, Post-pUocene, 
 New Jersey, p. 126 ; Bubo leptesteui, Lower Tertiary, Wyoming, p. .126. 
 
 1870. Marsh, O. C. Notice of Some Fossil Birds, from the Cretaceous and 
 Tertiary formations of the United States. <^Am. Journ. 8oi., xlix, 
 1870, pp. 205-217. 
 
 The remains of nine new species of fossil birds, five from the Cretaceous and 
 four from the Tertiary formations, are described. Those from the former belong 
 to extinct and now unrepresented forms ; those from the latter are referred to 
 Fujfinus, Caimractes, Gnis, and Qra£ulu8. 
 
 Laonm edwardHanus, g. sp. n., p. 206. PalaeotHnga littoralis, g. sp. n., p. 208 ; 
 P. veiu£, sp. n., p. 209. Telmatomis prieeus, g. sp. n., p. 210; T. affl/nia, ep. n., p. 211. 
 Pu^nusc(mradi,'p.2l2. Catarra4:te8 antiquv£,y.U3. Grushaydeni,p.m. Gracur 
 lu8 idahensia, p. 216, spp. nn. 
 1870. Marsh, 0. Notice of the Fossil Birds from the Cretaceous and 
 Tertiary Formations of the United States. By Prof. O. C. Marsh. 
 Ivol.Svo. pp.16. (Eeprintedfrom^m. Journ. <Soi., Mar., 1870, g.i).) 
 
 1870. Maynard, C. J. Catalogue of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts, 
 
 with notes relative to their migration, habits, etc., etc., etc. < The 
 
 Naturalist's Guide, ^ Part II, pp. 81-170, 
 The above is the title of Part II of the taxidermal work entitled The Natural- 
 
 iets's Guide. It is a very good list of 299 spp., extensively annotated. 
 1870. Eeeks, H. Bare Eggs from North America. < Zoologist, 2d ser., v, 
 
 1870, pp. 2326, 2327. 
 Descriptions and measurements of 8 spp. 
 1870. Samdbls, E. a. The | Birds of New England. | By | Edward A. 
 
 Samuels. | . . . | Boston : | Noyes, Holmes, and Company, | 117, 
 
 Washington Street. | 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. vii, 591, many woodcc. 
 
 pll. col'd viii. 
 
119] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 189'0-1§71 685 
 
 1870. Samuels, E. A.— Continued. 
 
 This is an edition of the "Ornithology and Oology of New England ", said to 
 be the 5th (!), -with the letter-press and woodco. the same as in the first, being 
 printed from the same stereotype-plates, but with the addition (pp. ST.'j-SSS) of 
 an Appendix containing 70 (!) spp., mostly those of New England, omitted in 
 the orig. ed. ; with new title-page j and with the fuU-page woodcut illustrations 
 of birds and plates of eggs of the orig. ed. here replaced by eight colored plates 
 of birds, of about six figures eaoh. ' 
 
 1870. SCLATER, p. L., and Salvin, 0. On some recent Additions [5 spp.] 
 to the Avifauna of Mexico. < P. Z. S., xxxviii, 1870, pp. 550, 551. 
 
 1870. VCerrill, a. E.] Geological Survey of California ; Ornithology, vol. 
 I. < Am. Jom-n. Sei., i, 1870, p. 70. 
 Eeview of Dr. J. G. Cooper's work, 1870, q. v. 
 
 1870. Waddle, W.,Jun. The Game Waterfowl of America. <i Harper's 
 
 New Monthly Mag., xl, 1870, pp. 433-437. 
 
 1870-71. Goodhue, D. Catalogue of and Observations on the Birds of Ver- 
 mont. <^Arcli. Sci. and Trans. Orleans Co. Soc, i, Nos. 1-3, Oct. 1870- 
 April, 1871. 
 Not seen — said to contain only the beginning of the article. 
 
 1870-71. Reeks, H. Notes on the Birds of Newfoundland. < Canad. Nat. 
 and Quart. Joiirv. Sci. (d. s.), v, 1870-71, pp. 38-47, 151-159, 289- 
 304, 40(3-416. 
 From the Zoologist, 1869, g. v. Eield-notes on many spp. 
 
 1870-71. SuMiCHRAST, P. E. Distribucion geografica de las aves del Eatado 
 de Veracruz y lista de las especie.s emigrantes. < La Naturaleza, i, 
 1870, pp. 298-312 ; ii, 1871, pp. 29-39. 
 
 Tradnocion del SeBor Don ^niceto Moreno: Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 
 1869, pp. 542-563, q. v. 
 
 1870-74. [Anoimymb. — L'All^ Provancher?] Faune Canadienne. Les 
 Oiseaux. < Naturaliste Canadien, ii, 1870, pp. 6,5-67, 97-103, 125-128, 
 157-162, 193-196, 224-230, 253-257, 285-288, pi. ii, 317-319, 349-351; 
 iii, 1870, pp. 8-13 ; iii, 1871, pp. 33-49, 65-69, 97-101, 225, 226, 257, 258, 
 289-291,321-32.-1,355-356; iv, 1872, pp. 6-9, 38-42, 65-68,96-100, 129- 
 132, 161-164, 192-197,233-235,257-260,289-292,321-327,353-358; v, 
 1873, pp. 7-11,47-50, 79-84, 111-115, 145-149, 209-212, 342-345, 396- 
 398, 399-404, 431-435, 465-467 ; vi, 1874, pp. 9-12, 36-39, 68-72, 97-1 00, 
 129-133, 161-166, 193-200, 225-250. 
 
 Dne revne syst6matique des Oiseaux Canadiens, donnant les caractfires sp6- 
 cifiques, g6n6rique8, etc., avec quelqnes observations cotirtes snr les mceurs 
 appartenantes pour le pltipart ii la distribution g6ographique. En suite, une clef 
 8y8t6matique pour ridentification des esp^ces, etc. 
 
 1871. Allen, J. A. The Fauna of the Prairies [of the United States]. 
 
 <Am. Nat., v, 1871, pp. 4-9. 
 
 Allusions to various birds at p. 6. 
 1871. Allen, J. A. On the Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida, 
 with an Examination of certain assumed Specific Characters in 
 Birds, and a Sketch of the Bird-Faunae of Eastern North America. 
 < Suit Mus. Camp. Zool, ii. No. 3, 1871, pp. 161-450, pU. iv-viii. 
 
 Part I, The Topographical, Climatic, and Fannal Characteristics of East 
 Florida. (Part II, On Mammals.) Part III, On Individual and Geographical 
 Variation among Birds, considered in respect to its bearing upon the value of cer- 
 
686 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ISVl [l20 
 
 1871. Allen, J. A. — Continued. 
 
 tain assumed specific characters — a highly important philosophic treatise upon 
 the general subject, which is discussed at length with force and logical con- 
 sistency ; the author's broad views upon this subject had at once a marked 
 influence upon ornithological thought. Variation in general size and proportion 
 of parts, both individual and climatic, are illustrated with numerous tables of 
 measurements. An essay on species and varieties follows. Part IV, List of the 
 "Winter Birds of East Florida, with annotations, — field-notes, measurements, and 
 much synonymy and technical criticism. Part V, On the Geographical Distribu- 
 tion of the Birds of Eastern North America, with special reference tothe number 
 and circumscription of the Ornithological Fannse. After general introductory 
 remarks, the natural Provinces of the North American Temperate Begiou are 
 discussed, and the Ornithological Faunse of the Eastern Province are treated. 
 The following Faunae are laid down and characterized : — I. Floridan, 2. Louis- 
 ianian. 3. Carolinian. 4. Alleghanian. 5, Canadian. 6, Hudsonian. 7. Ameri- 
 can Arctic. Various tabular summaries follow, with general remarks on the 
 distribution and migration of the birds of the Eastern Province. A copious 
 bibliography of American Ornithological literature concludes. The plates illus- 
 trate the variation in the bill of many species. The article gained the Humboldt 
 Scholarship, and is one of the most important of American ornithological works. 
 Of. lUs, 1872, pp. 189-191; Zool. Bee. for 1871, pp. 24, 25; Am. Nat., v, 1871, 
 pp. 364-373. 
 
 1871. [Anon.] [Biographical notices of certain Birds.] <^ Appleton's Journal, 
 iv, p. circ. 258. 
 
 1871. [Anon.] Die Leyigh [sic — Uge Lehigh] Co., landwirthschaftliohe Ge- 
 sellschaft in Pennsylvania set.zte 1867 200 Dollar {_sic^ aus, um in- 
 selitenfresfende Vogel aus Deutschland einzufiihren. <^ Zool. Gart., 
 xii, 1871, p. 378. 
 
 1871. AuDDBON, J. J. The | Birds of America, | from | drawings made in 
 the United States | and their Territories. | By | John James Audu- 
 bon, F. K. S.,&o.; &c. I Vol. I [-VIII]. | New YoA : George E. 
 Lockwood, I late Eoe Lockwood & Son, | 812 Broadway. [No date. 
 1871.] Eight vols. imp. 8vo. Vol. I, pp. i-viii, i-xv (memoir), 
 11-246, pU. 1-70. Vol. II, pp. i-vii, 11-199, pU. 71-140. Vol. Ill, pp. 
 i-viii, 9-233, pU. 141-210. Vol. IV, pp. i-viii, 9-321, pU. 211-280. Vol. 
 V, pp. i-viii, 9-346, pU. 281-350. Vol. VI, pp. i-vii, 9-298, pU. 351-394. 
 Vol. VII, pp. i-vii, 9-285, pll. 395-440. Vol. VIII, pp. i-viii, 9-256, 
 pU. 441-500. 
 
 A reissue of the 8vo 8-vol. ed, of 1865. In citing these 8-vol. eds. be careful to 
 80 state, for the pagination changes from the orig. 7-voL 8vo ed,, 1840-44. The 
 numeration of the plates, however, is the same. No one should cite Audubon 
 later than 1840-44 without specifying which of the several editions he means. 
 
 1871. BOAUDMAN, G. A. Ornithological Notes from Maine. < Am. Nat, v, 
 1871, p. 662. 
 
 Gallinula galeata at Calais, Me, ; melanotic Coltzptes auratus; albino Fvlia 
 ajfflnis ; Aythya amerieana breeding at Calais, Me. 
 
 1871. Bruhin, T. a. Ueber Ankunft und Briitezeit einiger nordamerika- 
 nischen Zugvogel. < Zool. Gart., xii, 1871, pp. 10-18. 
 
 On the arrival and breeding of various birds in the vicinity of Milwaukee. 
 The article would not be regarded as authoritative by one familiar with the 
 matters treated. 
 
 1871. Burroughs, J. [Design.] | Wake-Robin | by | John Barronghs | 
 [Monogram.] | New York | published by Hard and Houghton | Cam- 
 bridge : Riverside Press | 1871 1 vol. 16mo. 1 p. 1., pp. i-iv, 1 1., 
 pp. 3-231, 
 
121] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. l§'yi 687 
 
 1871. Burroughs, J.— Continued. 
 
 *' Though written leas in the spirit of exact science than with the freedom of 
 love and old acquaintance, yet I have in no instance taken liberties with facts," 
 . . . (Extr. from Preface.) It is a delightful book, mainly about birds of North 
 America, and " in fact," ae the author claims, " is a careful and conscientious 
 record of actual observations and experiences, and is true as it stands written, 
 every word of it." There is at least one later edition. 
 
 1871. Chittenden, L. E. Occurrence of Land Birds far out at Sea. < Am. 
 Nat., V, 1871, pp. 167, 168. 
 Six or eight species, 589 miles from New Xork, lat. 41° 40'N., long. 64° 9' "W. G. 
 
 1871. Cooper, J. G. Monterey in the Dry Season. < Jm. Nat., iv, 1871, pp. 
 756-758. 
 Allusions to numerous birds observed. 
 1871. CoUES, E. Progress of American Ornithology. <yim. Nat., v, 1871, 
 pp. 364-373. 
 
 An extended review of J. A. Allen's paper on Florida Birds {Bull. Miis. Comp. 
 Zool., ii, 161, q. v., 1871). Pipilo alleni, sp. n., p. 366. 
 
 1871. CouES, E. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon, N. C, and 
 Vicinity. (No. 1.) < Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. PMla., xxiii, 1871, pp. 
 12-49. > II. Birds, pp. 18-47. (Addenda, op. ci/., 1878, pp. 22-24.) 
 
 122 spp., which came under the writer's personal observation ; field-notes, in 
 some cases extended, of habits; little descriptive and no critical or synony- 
 matic matter ; description of embryos of Ballu^ longirostris ; woodc. of asym- 
 metrical sternum of PuffinuB fvMginosus. Eleven spp. added in 1878. 
 
 1871. Editors. Arrival of Birds [4 species, at Salem, Mass.]. <C^Am.Nat., 
 
 V, 1871, p. 176. 
 1871. Harting, J. E. Catalogue of an Arctic Collection of Birds presented 
 
 by Mr. John Barrow, F. E. S., to the University Museum at Oxford ; 
 
 with Notes on the Species. <P. Z. S., xxxix, 1871, pp. 110-123. 
 Most of the specimens obtained during the various Arctic expeditions between 
 
 1848 and 1855 came into Mr. Barrow's possession ; and this paper shows that many 
 
 species have a more northern range than was hitherto supposed. — Zool. Hec. 
 
 1871. J. F. W[hiteave8?]. Notes on Canadian Birds. < Canad. Nat. 
 and Quart. Journ., v, 1871, pp. 230-231. 
 Occnrrence of 8 spp. near Quebec. 
 
 1871. Knbeland, S. [On the Habits of some of the Water Birds observed 
 between San Francisco and Panama.] <Proo. Boston Soo. Nat. 
 Hist, xiv, 1871, pp. 137-139. 
 
 1871. Lewis, E.J. The American Sportsman, containing hints to Sports- 
 men, notes on Shooting, and the Habits of the Game-birds. Phila- 
 delphia. 8vo. pp. 510, many cuts. 
 
 This is not the original edition, which appeared much earlier. The defective 
 title is abstracted from the Zool. Sec. The treatise is one of the best and most 
 nearly scientific of the sporting books ; more than half the work Is given to 
 birds, and a large number of species, particularly Oallince, Oraltce, and Anseres, 
 are described and figured, with notes on their habits, and instructions for their 
 destruction. 
 
 1871. Palmer, C. Ornithological Notes. <4m. Nat., v, 1871, p. 120. 
 
 Ibis ordi, Perisoreus canaderms, Picoides arcticus, Pinicola canadenais, in 
 Maine; ref. to Allen, op. cit, Jan., 1870. 
 
 ISri. Parker, H. W. Iowa Birds. <Am. Nat., y, 1871, pp. 168-170. 
 
 Adds 54 spp. to the 108 given by J. A. Allen, In a paper on the same subject, 
 Mem. Boston Soc, pt. Iv, vol. i, pp. 488-526, 1868, q. V. 
 
688 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§'5'1 []22 
 
 1871. EOSS, A. M. The | Birds of Canada : | with | Descriptions of their 
 Habits, Food, Nests, | Eggs, Times of Arrival and Departure. | By | 
 Alexander Milton Eobs, | M. A., M. D., | Member of the Entomologi- 
 cal Society of London, England ; | Corresponding Member of the 
 Zoological Society of London, England ; | Member of the Entomo- 
 logical Society of Canada, etc. | With | Eight Plates and Thirty- 
 eight Woodcuts, expressly | engraved for this work. | Toronto: | 
 Henry Eowsell, King Street. | 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. viii, 132, 
 frontispiece, and 1 1. advt. 
 
 A fnll description of tbls work iB contaiDed on the title-page. Text briefly 
 descriptive and biographical. The birds treated consist of the permanent and 
 summer residents, and also anch as regularly or accidentally stop in Canada 
 dnring the spring and antnmn migrations. 307 spp. are treated, 42 of them 
 being illustrated by woodcuts, a few of which are original, the rest being poorly 
 executed copies from Audubon and "Wilson. "The text is valueless." — ZoolRei. 
 
 1871. [SoDBEiEAN, J. L.] Le commerce des Oiseaux en Am^rique. <^Bull. 
 Soc. Acclim., 2" s^r., viii, 1871, p. 157. 
 
 1871. Stevenson, J. A List of Mammals and Birds collected lu Wyo- 
 ming Territory, by Mr. H. D. Smith and Mr. James Stevenson, 
 during th^ Expedition of 1870. < Ann. Sep. U. S. Geological Suivey 
 of the Territories (Hay den's) for 1870, 1871, pp. 461-466. 
 
 Birds at pp. 4&2-466 ; nominal list of 124 spp., with localities of the specimens 
 collected and their number. The list is understood to have Smithsonian au- 
 thority. 
 
 1871. Thorpe, T. B. Bird [wildfowl] shooting on the coast of New Jersey. 
 < Appletons' Joum., vi, Sept., 1871, p. 379, eight illust. 
 
 1871. Tbippe, T. M. Some Differences between Eastern and Western [North 
 American] Birds. < Am. Nat., v, 1871, pp. 632-636. 
 
 Contrasts the habits and manners of a certain few well-known species in 
 populous and thinly settled regions. 
 
 1871. Tbippe, T. M. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. < Froo. {Comm.) 
 Essex Inst., vi, 1871, art. vi, pp. 113-119. 
 An annotated list of 138 spp.; nomenclature and classification of Audubon^s 
 
 1871. Tristeam, H. B. Notes on some Passerine Birds, chiefly Palsearctic. 
 < Tlie Ibis, 3d ser., vol. i, No. 2, April, 1871, pp. 231-234. 
 
 Contains notes on Alaskan birds collected by Kennicott, Dall, and Bannister. 
 Sasicola cenanihe and Budytes flava are identical with Palsearctic specimens; 
 Phyllopn^uHte Jcennicotti, Baird, = P. b<}realis, Blae. A synopsis of the known 
 species of Pyrrhula (including P. cassini, Baird — a good species) is given. Also, 
 notes on Anthus ceniinus and its aflines. 
 
 1871. Walkbb, B. Two Ornithological Items. <] Am. Nat., v, 1871, pp. 
 437, 438. 
 
 Sespen'phona vespertina, Jan. 12, and newly fledged Srem^hila alpestris, April 
 15, at Detroit, Mich. Comments by E. C[oues]. 
 
 [1871.] Wilson, A., and Bonaparte, C. L. Wilson and Bonaparte. | — | 
 American Ornithology ; | or, | The Natural History | of the | Birds of 
 the United States. | Illustrated with Plates | engraved and colored 
 from original drawings from Nature. | By Alexander Wilson | and | 
 Charles Lucian Bonaparte. | With a Sketch of the Life of Wil- 
 son, I By George Ord, F. L. S., J and | A Classification of the genera 
 and species of American Birds, | By Spencer F. Baird, | of the Smith- 
 sonian Institution. | Vol. I [II, III]. | Philadelphia: | Porter and 
 Coates. I [No date. 1871.] 3 vols. imp. 8vo, with folio atlas in 2 
 
123] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ISVl-lSTS 689 
 
 [1871.] Wilson, A., and Bonaparte, C. L. — Continued. 
 
 vols, of 76 + 27 pll. (nearly 400 figg.). Vol. I, pp. cxxxii, 214; II, 
 pp. viii, 9-390 ; III, pp. viii, l*-xvi*, 9-426. 
 
 This late edition of "Ord'B Wilson" and "Bonaparte" is a very fine one. 
 Ord's Memoir on "Wilson, pp. xi-exxxii. Bonaparte's portion occupies pp. 135 to 
 end of vol. HI. The species are systematically arranged. A novel feature is the 
 interpolation, pp. i*-xvi* of vol. Ill, of Prof. Baird's Catalogue of JV". Arn. Birds, 
 reprinted from the 8vo ed., 1858. Editor's preface states: — "In preparing for 
 the press this edition of "Wilson's Ornithology, the editor has adhered to the 
 original text, correcting only some erroneous references, and a few verbal inac- 
 onracieg. . . . The original plates, engraved under the eye of "Wilson, are 
 employed in this edition, after having been carefully examined and retouched 
 by Mr. Alexander Lawson, by whom most of them were executed ; and who as 
 an engraver of objects of natural history, stands unrivalled. The birds have 
 been colored by sltilful artists, from recent specimens, or from the beautiful pre- 
 parations belonging to the Philadelphia Museum." 
 
 The atlas ^^pf plates accompanying this edition is in 2 vols, folio, each sepa- 
 rately entitled, and both titles are different from that of the vols, of text ; so 
 that they will doubtless yet be found quoted in catalogues as different works. 
 The atlas to "Wilson's 7fi plates is entitled :— American Ornithology ; | or, | the 
 Natural History | of the | Birds of the "United States. 1 Plates ) engraved and 
 colored from original Drawings taken from Nature. [ By 1 Alexander "Wil- 
 son. I [Trademark.] ( Philadelphia: I Porter & Coatee, [ 822 Chestnut street. The 
 other atlas, of 27 pll., is simply entitled:— Bonaparte's Ornithology | Plates. 
 Each atlas has a leaf of text (index). The two will probably be found bound 
 together in some cases. 
 1872. Allen, >T. A. Ornithological Notes from the West. < Am. Nat., 1872, 
 pp. 263-275, 342-351, 394-404. 
 These articles contain a summary of a paper in Bull Mits. C. Z., iii, pp. 113-183; 
 1872. A[llen], J. A. Birds of Kansas. < Am. Nat., m, 1872, pp. 359, 360. 
 
 A review of F. H. Snow's Birds of Kansas (8vo, 1872, pp. 8). 
 1872. A[llbn], J. A. Ornithological Works in Prospect. <C^Am. Nat., yiy 
 1872, pp. 478-482. 
 
 Anticipatory notices of E. Coues's Key to North American Birds, S. F. Baird, 
 T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway'e History of North American Birds, and C. J. 
 Maynard's Birds of Florida. 
 1872. A[llen], J. A. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macou, N. C, 
 and "Vicinity. < Am. Nat., vi, 1872, pp. 546-549. 
 
 An extended review of E. Coues's paper, I^oc Acad. Nat. Sci. Fhila., 187J, 
 pp. 12-49, 120-148. 
 1872. A[llen], J. A. The Birds of the Tres Marias and Socorro Islands. 
 < Am. Nat., vi, 1872, pp. 681, 682. 
 
 A review of A. J. Grayson, ed. G. N. Lawrence, Proe. Boston Sot. Nat. Hist., 
 xiv, 1872, pp. 261-303. 
 1872. A[llen], J.A. Birds of Kansas. < Jm.iVot.,vi, 1872,p.765. 
 
 A favorable notice of the second edition of F. H. Snow's List of Kansas Birds 
 (8vo, pp. 16, Oct., 1872). 
 1872. Allen, .J. A. Notes of an Ornithological Eeconnoissance of Portions 
 of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. < Bnll. Mus. Comp. Zool., 
 iii, No. 6, Jnly, 1872, pp. 113-183. (Also sep. pamph.) 
 
 After general introductory, the author gives :—l. List of Birds observed at Fort 
 Leavenworth and Topeka, Kansas, spring of 1873 (121 spp.ji 2. At Fort Hays, 
 Kansas, May-July, 1871 (61 spp.) ; 3. In Northwestern Kansas, Dec, 1871, Jan., 
 1873 (25 spp.) J 4. At Cheyenne, "Wyoming, Aug., 1871 (41 spp.); 5. In Colorado, 
 July-August, 1871 (81 spp.); 6. In South Park, Colorado, July, 1871 (54 spp.); 7. 
 On Mount Lincoln, Colorado, July, 1871 (36 spp.) ; 8. Ogden, Utah, Sept.-Oct., 1871 
 (137 spp.) ; 9. General Summary or Combination of all the Observations (328 spp.). 
 
 44 BG 
 
690 BIBLIOGRAPniGAL APPENDIX. 1878 []24 
 
 1872. Allen, J. A. — Continued. 
 
 Besides tbo extended field-notes, there is mncli critical annotation. The article 
 is very complete, and highly interesting from its bearing on general questions. 
 
 1872. Allen, J. A. [On Geographical Variation in Mammals and Birds.! 
 
 < Proc. Boston Sob. Nat. ffist., xv, 1872, pp. 156-159. 
 
 1872. Allen, J. A. Geographical Variation in North American Birds. 
 
 < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xv, 1872, pp. 212-219. 
 In amplification of a previous verbal communication. 
 
 1872. [Anon.] Some Western Birds. < ^m. iSporisman, ii, 1872, pp. 50, 51. 
 Biographical notices of Cupidonia eupido, Peduecetes phasia/neUut^ Cormt^ 
 coraz, Sieganopus wilsoni, and Grus canadensis. 
 
 1872. B[rewer], T. M.,ALLLEN],J.A.,a«^ Snow.F. H. Prof. Snow's List 
 of Kansas Birds. < ^m. JVa«., vi, Aug., 1872, pp. 482-484. 
 
 T. M. Brewer's observations on F. H. Snow's List, with implied ref to J. A. 
 Allen's former critique (torn, cit , p. 359), J. A. Allen's rejoinder, and the author's 
 addition to his List of 45 spp., upon information received from S. F. Baird and J. 
 A. Allen. 
 
 1872. Brewster, W. Birds new to Massachusetts Fauna. <; Am. Nat., vl, 
 1872, pp. 306, 307. 
 Of the 6 spp. given, one, IHnga bairdi, is now to Massachusetts. 
 
 1872. Bruhin, T. a. Unsere gefiederten Wintergaste. < Zool. Gart., xiii, 
 1872, pp. 157, 158. 
 Brief desultory remarks on about 20 spp. of the winter birds of "Wisconsin. 
 
 1872. Bruhin, T. A. Zur nordamerikaniscUenVogelsprache. <^Zool. Gart., 
 xiii, 1872, pp. 187, 188. 
 Phonetic word-rendering of the notes of some half dozen Wisconsin birds. 
 
 1872. Bruhin, T. A. Anliunft von Vogeln. < Zool. Gart., xiii, 1872, pp. 
 221, 222. 
 Unimportant note on 3 spp. of Wisconsin birds. 
 
 1872. Burroughs, J. Birds' nesting. < Appletons' Journ., viii, July, 1872, 
 p. 41. 
 
 1872. Cooke, Joshua. Autumn Game on the Prairies. < Scribner's Monthly, 
 iv, 1872, pp. 697-705, 7 woodco. 
 
 1872. Cope, E. D. Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves of 
 North America. <^ 2>. Am. Philos. Soe., xiv, pp. 1-250, pll. i-xiv. 
 Meleagris auperbus, p. 339 ; Sula loxosiyla, p. 336, spp. nn. 
 
 1872. CoUBS, E. Key | to | North American Birds : | containing a concise 
 account of every species of | living and fossil Bird | at present 
 known from the continent north of the Mexican | and United States 
 Boundary. | Illustrated by 6 steel plates, and upwards of 250 
 woodcuts. I By | Elliott Coues, | Assistant Surgeon United States 
 Army. | — | Salem : Naturalists' Agency. | New York : Dodd and 
 Mead. | Boston : | Estes and Lauriat. | 1872. 1 vol. imp. 8vo. 4 p. 
 11., pp. 361 + 11., pU. 6, figg. 238. (Pub. Oct., 1872.) 
 
 Designed as a manual or text-book of the birds of Korth America, and claim* 
 ing to be an exponent of late views on classification and nomenclature. The 
 introductory part gives a general account of the structure, and more particu- 
 larly the external characters, of birds, with special reference to their classifica- 
 tion, and an explanation of the technical terms usually employed in description. 
 An artificial "Key" or analysis of the North American genera follows, pre- 
 pared upon a plan found practically useful in botany, but seldom applied to 
 zoology, whereby a specimen may be readily referred to its proper place. The 
 body of the work consists of brief diagnoses of the Korth American species, 
 
125] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ISTS 691 
 
 1872. CouES, E.— Continued. 
 
 with references to a few leading authorities ; the families and higher groups 
 heing also characterized. The work introduces the iirat decided changes that 
 were made in the- nomenclature of the North American species since 1858, 
 mainly by the recognition as geographical races of a great many previously 
 accredited species. It also contains the first systematic account ever given of 
 the fossil species, prepared under the revision of Prof. O. C. Marsh. The plates 
 illustrate details of external form. The woodcuts, of mlBcellaneous character, 
 are, with some exceptions, very poorly executed, adding little to the value, and 
 detracting from the general appearance of the work. 
 
 Cf. Nature, May 8, 1873 ; Saturday Review, Feb. 22, 1873 ; Atlantic Monthly, 
 , 1873; American SportsTnan, Nov. 22, 1873; Nation, Apr. — ,1873; Ports- 
 mouth Journal, Apr. 26, 1873 ; Independent, Mar. 13, 1873 ; Army and Navy 
 Journal, Nov. 30, 1872, Mar. 15, 1873 ; Golden Age, Jnly 5, 1873, and Sept 7, 14, 21, 
 1872; Literary Bulletin,0<it. ammo-v., 1872; .Am. 2fat., vi, 1873, pp. 478, 479; Zool. 
 2Jcc. /or 1872, p. 33; Am. Jotim. iSci., v, 1873, pp. 314,315; Pop. Sci. Monthly, 1813, 
 p. 751 ; Turf, Field and Farm, Mar. 6, 1874 ; Forest and Stream, Jan. 29, 1874, Mar. 
 12, 26, 1874 ; Field and Stream, Apr. 4, 1874. 
 
 1872. FiNSCH, O. Zur Ornitbologie Nordwest-Amerikas. -K^ Abhand. Naturw. 
 Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, pp. 17-86. 
 
 Sehr wichtig; behandelt 113 Arten der Vogel Alaska's, einschliesslich der- 
 jenigen von Kittlitz, Baird, Dall und Bannister; nebst Beschreibungen, Mes- 
 sungen, Synonymik und Kritik; auch ein genaues Verzeichnias der nicht pub- 
 lizirten Kupfertafeln Brandt's, die derselbe als eine Fortsetzung zu Fallas' 
 Zoograph. Kosso-As. vorbereitete. 
 
 1872. Grayson, A. J. On the Pbysical Geography and Natural History of 
 the Islands of the Tres Marias and of Socorro, off the Western Coast 
 of Mexico. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xiv, 1872, pp. 261-30'2. 
 
 Edited by G-. N. Lawrence. Of birds of Tres Marias, 52 app., treated with ex- 
 tended field-notes of habits — Haliplana fuliginosa var. cri^salis Baird, MSS., p. 
 285. Of Socorro Island birds, 14 spp. The article also includes a personal nar- 
 rative, with much allusion to ornithology. Cf. Am. Nat., vi, 1872, p. 681. 
 
 1872. HoLDEN, C. H. Notes on the Birds of Wyoming and Colorado Terri- 
 tories. By C. H. Holden, Jr. ; with additional Memoranda by C. 
 E. Aiken. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xv, 1872, pp. 193-210. 
 
 Edited by T. M. Brewer, who neglected to discriminate properly between the 
 two categories of species, or to preserve indications of locality. 142 app., fully 
 annotated. First appearance of Junco hyemalis var. aikeni, n. v., p. 201, no descr. 
 
 1872. Marsh, O. C. Discovery of a remarkable Fossil Bird [Hesperornis 
 regalis]. ■< Am. Journ. Sci., iii, 1872, pp. 56, 57. 
 
 1872. Marsh, O. C. Notice of some New Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Birds. 
 <4m. Journ. Sci., iv, 1872, pp. 256-262. 
 
 Aletomie (g. n.) nobilis, A.permx, p. 2.'56; A. venustus, p. 257; A. gracilis, A. 
 belius, p. 258 ; Uintornis (g. n.) lucaris, Oatarractes afinis, p. 259 ; Meleagris altus, 
 p. 260; M. celer, Orus proavus, p. 261,8pp. nn. 
 
 1872. Marsh, O. C. [Ichthyornis dispar.] < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 3d 
 ser., iv, p. 344. 
 
 1872. Marsh, O. C. Preliminary Description of Hesperornis regalis, with 
 Notices of four other new Species of Cretaceous Birds. <^Am. 
 Journ. Sci., iii, 1872, pp. 360-365. 
 
 Hesperornis regalis, " g. ap. n." (but already noticed, torn, cit, p. 56), p. 360 ; Ora- 
 culavus (g.n.) velox, p. 363; G.pumUus, 0. anceps, p. 364; Palteotringa vagams, p. 
 365, spp. nn. 
 
692 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1872 [i26 
 
 1872. Marsh, O. C. Discovery of a remarkable Fossil Bird [Hesperornis 
 regalis]. <| Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, (4), ix, 1872, p. 326. 
 From SiUiitum's Journ., Jan., 1872, pp. 56, 57. 
 1872. Marsh, O. C. Description of Hesperornis regalis, with notices of four 
 otlier new Species of Cretaceous Birds. < Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 
 X, 1872, pp. 212-217. 
 From Am. Journ. Sei., n. s., iii, May, 1872, pp. 360-365. 
 1872. Matnard, C. J. A Catalogue of the Birds of Coos Co., N. H., and Ox- 
 ford Co., Me., with annotations relative to the breeding habits, 
 migrations, etc. By C. J Maynard. With Notes by Wm. Brewster. 
 <; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xiv, for Oct., 1871, pub. 1872, pp. 
 356-38.5. 
 164 spp., very fally annotated, with iield-notes of habits, movements, etc. 
 
 1872. Eeinhardt, J. Et Tillseg til Gronlands Fuglefauna. < Notiser Sallsk. 
 pro Fn. et Fl. Fenn. Fork., 1872, pp. 132-134. 
 Pandion haliaettts, Botaurus siellaris. 
 1872. Eeinhardt, J. Et Tillseg til Gronlands Fuglefauna. < Vid. Medd., 
 1872, pp. 132-134. 
 
 Adds FaTidion JuHia'itus and Botaurus steUarU, bringing the nnmber up to 125, 
 inclusive of 56 stragglers. 
 
 1872. Eidgway, R. New Birds in Southern Illinois. < Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 
 pp. 430, 431. 
 
 Vireo belli, Peiiccea cestivalis, Cyanobpiza dris, Agturina plagiata, and Falco 
 mezicanua — five additions to fauna of the State. 
 
 1872. Eoss, A. M. A Classified Catalogue of the Birds of Canada. Toronto. 
 18. 2. 8vo. pp. 9. 
 Not seen — said to be a mere list of names. 
 
 1872. Snow, F. H. Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas. <iKansas Educa- 
 tional Journal (newspaper — since dead) for April, 1872. Also, a few 
 separate copies, supposed to be perfect reprint, for private distri- 
 bution, pp. 8, 1872. 
 
 An annotated list, defective and replete with typographical errors, of 239 spp., 
 the breeders marked by an asterisk. This, which may be called the first edition, 
 was the one severely criticised by J. A, Allen, and inconsiderately defended by 
 T. M. Brewer, Am. Nat., vi, pp. 359, 482. One good result of the criticism was the 
 almost immediate addition by the author of 45 spp. to the list, in Am. Kat., vi, 
 pp. 484, 465, and the issue of a second edition, as follows : — 
 
 1872. Snow, F. H. A Catalogue | of the | Birds of Kansas | contributed to 
 the I Kansas Academy of Science | by | Frank H. Snow, | Professor 
 of Natural History and Meteorology, in the University | of Kansas, 
 at Lawrence. | — | Second Edition, | October, 1872. | — | Kansas 
 City : I Bulletin Steam Book and Job Printers and Engravers. | 1872. 
 Small 8vo pamph., tinted paper, pp. 16. 
 
 282 spp., annotated as in the 1st ed., hut with 45 additions and one subtraction, 
 and the serious typographical blunders of the original corrected. This was the 
 original shape of the 2d ed., published independently by the author,- it was 
 immediately communicated to the Kansas Academy of Science, and reprinted in 
 the TraTisacliom of that body. See 1873, Ssow, F. H. 
 
 1872. Trippe, T. M. Birds Found Breeding in the Catskill Mountains. 
 <4m. Nat., vi, 1872, pp. 47, 48. 
 7 spp. of Oscinea, with a note on PetrocheUdon lunifrons. 
 
127] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1872-5 873 693 
 
 1872-73. EiDGWAY, E. On the relation between Color and Geographical Dis- 
 tribution in Birds, as illustrated in Melanism and Hyperchromlsm. 
 <^m. Joum. Sd., iv, Dec., 1872, pp. 454-460 ; v, Jan., 1873, pp. 39-44. 
 Myiodioctes pusUlitB var. pUeolata, p. 457 ; Hdminthopha^a cdatct var. lutescens, 
 p. 457 ; Qeothlypis polwcephala var. caninucha, p. 459 ; Cardinalis virginmnus var. 
 coccineus (descr. nuM), p. 39 ; Cyanurastelleri^3.r. frontalis, p. 43, nn. varr. Of. 
 CouES, Am. Nat., vii, July, 1873, pp. 415-41B i Eidgwat, Am. Nat, vii, Sept., 1873, 
 pp. 548-555. 
 
 1872-78. Maynard, C. J. The | Birds of Florida : | containing | original de- 
 scriptions of upwards of Two hundred and fifty species, | with notes 
 on their habits, etc., | by C. J. Maynard. | With five [mut.J plates 
 drawn and colored from nature. | By Helen S.Farley. | — | Part One 
 [mut. mut.]. I — I Salem : | Naturalists Agency [mut. mut.]. | 1872 
 [-1878]. 4to. Part One, 1872, pp. 1-32, pi. i. Part Two, 1873, pp. 
 33-64. Part Three, Ipswich , Mass., C. J. Maynard, 1874, pp. 65-88, pi. 
 ii. Part Four, title changed to The | Birds | of | Florida | with the | 
 Water and Game | Birds | of | Eastern North America, | by C. J. 
 Maynard. | — | Illustrated. | C.A. Walker, Boston. | — | C. J. May- 
 nard ik, Co., I Newtonville, Mass. | 1878. pp.89-H2, pi. [iii] ; pub. 
 May, 1878. Part Five, July, 1878, pp. 113-13C, pU. iv, v. Part Six, 
 
 Sept., 1878, pp. 137 , pi. vi. 
 
 A prospectus, issued in 1872, contained 8 pp. of letter-press on Eostrhamus 
 soeiabilis, ■with pi. i of same. New prospectus ■with Part Four, 1878. — PL ii, Pho- 
 nipara zena ; pi. [iii], Fasserculus princeps ; pi. iv, Pipilo leucopsia (= F. alleni 
 Coues) ; pi. ^, Amm.odromu3 melanoleucus (= A. maritimus var. nigrescens 
 Bidgw.) ; pi. vi, 23 figs, of anatomical and other details ; pi. vii, 66 figs, of eggs. 
 
 Publication continues ; a latur prospectus, issued ■with Part Four when the 
 work was resumed, announces completion in 15 parts, of about 400 pp. j perma- 
 nent title may differ from each of the above cover-titles. The above six parts 
 carry the subject nearly through Oscities—ruiio Cormdce. The work is a system- 
 atic treatise, thus far with brief technic, partly anatomical, and much new and 
 interesting biography from original investigations. 
 
 1873. Adams, A. L. Field and Forest Rambles, with Notes and Observations 
 on the Natural History of Eastern Canada. London, 1873. 8vo. 
 pp. 333. 
 
 Not seen — said to contain an account of the birds of New Brunswick, a list of 
 which is given in the Appendix, pp. 296-302. 
 
 1873. Aiken, C. E. A Glimpse at Colorado and its Birds. <^Am. Nat, Vn, 
 1873, pp. 13-16. 
 Field-notes on a few species of Oscines. 
 
 1873. A[iXEN], J. A. The Birds of Florida. < Am. Nat, vii, 1873, pp. 
 165, 166. 
 A review of Part I of C. J. Maynard's work of that name (4to, Salem, 1872). 
 
 1873. A[llen], J. A. AText Book of North American Ornithology. < Am. 
 Nat., vii, 1873, pp. 308, 309. 
 A review of B. Coues'b Key to North American Birds. 
 
 1873. [Anon.] Taming Birds. ■< Am. Sportsman, ii, 1873, p. 59. 
 Note of a lady in Florida taming the wild birds about her house. 
 
 1873. [Anon.] The Birds of April. < ^m. iSporisman, ii, 1873, p. 104. 
 Quoted from The Atlantic Monthly. 
 
 1873. [Anon.] The Importation of Foreign Birds. < Am. Sjaorisman, ii, 
 1873, p. 137. 
 
 1373. [Anon.] " Key to North American Birds." < Am. Sportsman, iii, 
 1873, p. 113, fig. 1. 
 Being a review of E. CouEs's Key to North Americcm Birds. 
 
694 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1873 [i28 
 
 1873. [Anon.] Eail or Ortolan. <.4m. (Sporfsmaji, iii, I873,p. 141. 
 
 DoUckonyx oryzivorus and Porzana Carolina known as "Ortolans", but shown 
 to be distinct from the tme Ortolan (Emheriza hortula/na). 
 
 1873. [Anon.] [Birds of Florida.] < .4m. .^oWsmoji, iii, 1873, p. 165 ; see, 
 also, iv, 1874, p. 41. 
 Advance notice of C. J. M atn ard's Birds of Florida. 
 
 1873. [Anon.] The Birds of Florida. <, Forest and Stream, i, Oot. 16,1873, 
 p. 158. 
 Eeview of first two parts of TA* Birds of Florida, by C. .J. Maynard. 
 
 1873. [Anon.] [Instances of albinism.] <^ Forest and Stream, 1, Dec. 4, 
 
 1873, p. 263. 
 1873. [Anon. — Hallock, C] Migrations of Birds and the Telegraph. 
 
 < Forest and Stream, i, Dec. 24, 1873, p. 312. 
 
 1873. [Anon.] Introduction of European Birds in the United States for 
 Economic Purposes. < Zoologist, 2d ser., viii, 1873, p. 3696. 
 Prom Nature, Ang. 14, 1873. 
 
 1873. Baird, S. F., and Eidgway, E. On some new Forms of American 
 Birds. < Bull. Essex Inst, v, No. 12, Dec, 1873, pp. 197-201. 
 
 "Continaed from the October number of the American Naturalist, Tii, 1873." 
 We have here the original preliminary notices, published to secure priority, of 
 various spp. ostensibly described as new in the History of North American Birds, 
 which appeared very shortly afterward. The paper was prepared by the junior 
 author, and the following new names are his, with three exceptions : — Leucosiitte 
 tephrocotis var. australis Allen, Ammodromus maritimus var. nigrescens, Zono- 
 trichia leucophrys var. intermedia, Poospiza belli var. nevadensis, Dolickonyx ory- 
 zivorus var. albimicha, p. 198 ; Perisoreus canadensis tslt. capitalis Bd., P. cana- 
 densis var. obscurus, Cyanocitta ultramarine var. arizonce, 0. Jloridana var. sitmi- 
 ckrasti, Canace obscura vav.fuliginosa, Oupidonia cupido var. paUididncta, p. 199; 
 Strix fiammea var. guatemalce, Syrnium n^bulosum vat. sartorii, Scops asio var. 
 floridanus, S.asio rar.enano Lawr., MS.,p. 200; Falco communis vai. pealei, F. 
 columbarius var. suckleyi, p. 201. — See 1873, Eidgway, it. 
 
 1873. Batty, J. H. The U. S. Geological Survey. < Forest and Stream, i, 
 Aug. 28, 1873, p. 35. 
 Some rare birds of Colorado. 
 
 1873. Brewer, T. M. The Avifauna of Colorado. < Am. Nat, vli, 1873, 
 pp. 631, 632. 
 
 Reply to E. Couea's criticism of his editorship of the paper on this subject, 
 Proc. Post. Soc, XV, 1872, pp. 193-210.— See 1872, Holden, C. H. 
 
 1873. Brewer, T.M. Description of some Nests and Eggs of Arizona Birds. 
 
 < Proo. Bost Soo. Nat Hist, xvi, 1873, pp. 106-111. 
 
 From Lieut. C. Bendire's collection. 14 spp., several described for the first 
 time. For "Myiadestes townsendii"readPAoBnoi?)!pZam(ens; for "Carpodacus 
 cassinii " read 0. frontalis. Cf. CouES, Am. Nat., viii, Sept., 1874, p. 542. 
 
 1873. Bruhin, T. A. Zoologische Mittheilungen aus Wisconsin. < Zool. 
 Gart, xiv, 1875, pp. 431, 432. 
 Mentions a very few birds. 
 
 1873. CouBS, E. A I Check List | of | North American Birds. | — | By | El- 
 liott Coues. I — I Salem. | Naturalists' Agency. | 1873. 8vo pamph. 
 2 p. 11., pp. 1-137 + 2 11. 
 
 The body of the list was printed, and some early copies were dlstribnted, in 
 Dec, 1B73 ; but its full publication was held over until 1874, to insert In an ap- 
 
129] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1873 695 
 
 1873. CouES, E.— Continued. 
 
 pendix some species then about being pablisbed. It is issued in two forms ; 
 one, as separate pamphlet, 'with title as above; the other, as forming the latter 
 half, separately paged, of the same author's Field Ornithology (1874). The spe- 
 cies are numbered consecutively from 1 to 635, the numerous "varieties" not 
 being numbered, excepting when a variety is the only !North American repre- 
 sentative of a species. The fossil spp. are 29 in number. The List contains a 
 very few species discovered since the author's Key to North Arnerican Birds 
 was published ; otherwise, the arrangement and nomenclature are identical with 
 those of that work. Various additions and corrections, however, are given in 
 the appendix. The names are printed only on one side of the page, to leave 
 room for MS. notes and in order that the List may be cut up for labelling pur- 
 poses if desired. 
 
 1873. CoUES, E. Report | on the | Prybilov Group, or Seal Islands, of 
 Alaska. | By | Henry W. Elliott, | Assistant Agent Treasury De- 
 partment. I — I Washington : | Government Printing Office. | 1873. 
 
 1 vol. oblong 4to (bound to open portfolio-wise, size of type-bed 
 5| X 8f inches), not paged, 48 full-page photographic illustrations, 
 
 2 woodcc. ]> Appendix. Ornithology of the Prybilov Islands. 
 By Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A. 
 
 The ornithological portion, based on Mr. Elhott's MSS. and collections, con- 
 sists of a formal treatise on the birds of the island, with considerable synonymy 
 and other teehuicality, but with special reference to the habits of the species. 
 Tringa pUlocnemis (nota, sub T. "crassiroslris"), sp. n. The article is literally 
 reprinted in Elliott's "A Keport upon the Condition of Affairs in the Territory 
 of Alaska " (8vo, Washington, 1875). A digest of the zoological matter, includ- 
 ing the ornithology, with some extraneous matter, was published by J. E. Hart- 
 ing (Bvo, London, 1874, from letters to The Meld newspaper). The original 
 edition is very scarce, fetching $50 to ©75. The impression was of only 125 
 copies, " 75 to the Secretary of the Treasury, 50 to the Library of Congress," 
 and the types were distributed without stereotyping. The work was never'in 
 the trade, the few copies purchasable mainly coming from a very particular 
 source. The 8vo leprint of the ornithology is the same as the original, e. & o. e. 
 
 1873. C[ouES],E. New England Ornithology. < Am, Nat,^ vii, 1873, pp. 
 42, 43. 
 
 A review of C. J. Maynard's paper, Proc, SosUm JSoc. Nat. Hist., xiv, 1872, pp. 
 356-385, q.v. 
 
 1873. C[ouES],E. Ornithology of the West. < ^m. Nat, vii, 1873, pp. 
 221-223. 
 
 A review of J. A. Allen's paper, BuU. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, pp. 113-183. 
 
 1873. Coues, E. Some United States Birds, New to Science, and other 
 
 Things Ornithological. < Jm. Nat, vii, 1873, pp. 321-331, figg. 65-70. 
 
 Based on MSS. and collections of C. Bendire. Peuccea carpalis, p. 322 ; Harpo- 
 
 rhynchus bendirei, p. 330, spp. nn., with field-notes on a dozen or more species, 
 
 and a sketch of the genus Sarporhynchus, with figg, of heads of 6 spp. 
 
 1873. C[oues],E. New Avian Subclass [Odontornithes]. <i Am. Nat.j vii, 
 1873, p. 364. 
 (y. Marsh, tom.cit., 115; Am.Joum.Sci., Feb., 1873. 
 
 1873. C[ouES], E. Color- variation in Birds Dependent upon Climatic Influ- 
 ences. <Am. Natf vii, July, 1873, pp. 415-418, 
 
 A criticism of E. Eidgway's paper on this subject, Am. Journ. Sd., iv, 1872, pp. 
 454-460, and v, 1873, pp. 39-44, q. v. 
 
696 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18»3 [130 
 
 1873. C[ouES], E. Late Local Lists. <^»n. Nat, vii, 1873, pp. 418-421. 
 
 Reviews of W. H. Dall, Proo. Gala. Acad., Feb , 1873 ; and of C. J. Holden, Jr., 
 and C. E. Aiken, ed. T. M. Brewer, Proc. Boston Soc, xv, 1872, p. 193, and of W. 
 D. Scott, ibid., p. 219. 
 
 1873. CoUBS, E. Notes od Two little-known Birds of the United States. 
 < Am. Nat, vii, Nov., 1873, pp. 695-697. 
 
 Field observations on Centronyx bairdi and Neoeorys spraguii. 
 1873. Cooes, E. Specimens of Bird Architecture. <^Am. Sportsman, iii, 
 1873, pp. 129, 245, 313 ; iv, p. 19. 
 
 Nests of Jcteru^ baltimore, Oindus mexicanua, Oluetura pelagffia, andthegronp 
 of burrow-nestera. 
 
 1873. Dall, W. H. Notes on the Avifauna of the Aleutian Islands, from 
 Unalashka Eastward. <^Proc. California Acad. Nat Set, v, 'April, 
 1873 (pub. in advance separately with different pagination, Feb., 
 1873), pp. 25-35. 
 Field-notes on 54 app., chiefly water birds. See 1674, Dall, W. H. 
 1873. Editors. Tbe Game Birds of the Jlorthwest [United States]. < Am. 
 Nat, vii, 1873, pp. 314, 315. 
 
 Notice of a circular on this subject distribnted by E. Cones to officers of the 
 U. S. Army, oalllng for information. 
 
 1873. FiNSCH, 0. [Eeisebericbt iiber Nord-Amerika.] < J./. 0., 1873, pp. 
 
 458-460. 
 1873. Gentry, T. G. [On the molestation of certain Birds by Sciurus hud- 
 
 sonius.] <^Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila., xxv, 1873, pp. 101, 102. 
 1873. Herrick, Harold. A partial Catalogue of the Birds of Grand 
 
 Menan, N. B. < BtM. Essex Inst, v, No. 2, Mar., 1873, pp. 28-41. 
 194 spp., folly annotated. 
 
 1H73. LocKWOOD, S. Our native Birds [i. e. of the United States] acquiring 
 new habits. KPop. Soi. Monthly, Mar., 1873, p. 633. 
 
 1873. Marsh, 0. C. Notice of anew Species of Ichthyornis [I. celer]. <4m. 
 Joum. Sci., V, 1873, p. 74. 
 Afterward made the basis of the genus Apatomis. 
 
 1873. Marsh, 0. C. On a New Subclass of Fossil Birds (Odontornithes). 
 <Am. Journ. Sci., v, 1873, App., pp. 161-163. 
 
 Based on Ichthyomitt diapar. The former Ichthyornis celer of Marsh is made 
 the type of a new genns, Apatmnis, p. 162. 
 
 1873. Marsh, 0. C. Fossil Birds from the Cretaceous of North America. 
 <^m. Joum. Sci., v, 1873, pp. 229, 230. 
 
 List from CouEs's Key to N. Am. Birds, with additions to date, 13 spp. Oracur 
 lamie agUis, p. 230, sp. n. 
 
 1873. Marsh, O. C. Notice of a New and Bemarkable Fossil Bird [Ichthy- 
 ornis dispar]. <^Am. Nat, vii, 1873, p. 50. 
 Editorial extract from Am. Joum. Sci. 
 
 1873. Marsh, 0. C. On a New Sub-class of Fossil Birds (Odontornithes). 
 <iAm. Nat, vii, 1873, pp. 115-117. 
 Beprinted from Am. Joum. Sd. for Feb., 1873, pp. 161-163. 
 
 1873. Maynard, C. J. The Strange and Rare Birds of North America. 
 <Jm. Sportsman, ii, 1873, p. 155 ; iii, 1873, pp. 10, 36, 66, 115. 
 
 PUius anhinga, Sula baesana, Utamania torda, Tachypetes aquilua, Viia troile, 
 Lotus tridaetylus. 
 
13l] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ISVS 697 
 
 1873. Mbrriam, C. H. Report on the Mammals and Birds of the Expedi- 
 tion [Hayden's, of 1872, which surveyed portions of Montana, Idaho, 
 Wyoming, and Utah]. < Sixth Annual Bep. U.S. Geologioal Survey 
 of the Territories for 1872, 1873, pp. 661-715. 
 
 Birds at pp. 670-715. A systematic list of the species, with tal)les of speci- 
 mens procnretl, annotated extensively with field-notes, to p. 704. Follows a 
 similar article on the nests and eggs collected, to p. 712. Succeeded by separate 
 nominal lists of species fonnd in Idaho and "Wyoming respectively, pp. 712, 713. 
 Concluded with a compiled nominal list of all the species known to oconr in 
 Utah, 176 in number. The determinations are understood to have been made 
 under Smithsonian supervision. 
 
 1873. MoNTBBEixo, G. DB. Sur quelques animaux de I'Am^rique du Nord. 
 Extrait d'uue lettre adress^e k M. A. Geoffrey Saint-HUaire. 
 
 < Bull. Sac. AccUm., 2= s^r., x, 1873, pp. 381-384. 
 
 Traite presqne enti^rement de divers Oiseaux, Tetrao cupido, T. umbellus, 
 Meleagris, Ortyx, quelctues 6chas8iers et canarHs. 
 
 1873. N[bwcomb], E. L. [Rare birds on the Massachusetts coast.] 
 
 < Forest andJStream, i, Dec. 11, 1873, p. 378. 
 
 1873. PuKDiB, H. A. Notes on some of the Rarer Birds of Massachusetts. 
 
 < Am. Nat., vii, 1873, pp. 692, 693. 
 Mention of about 25 spp. 
 
 1873. RiDGWAY, R. The Prairie Birds of Southern Illinois. <^ Am. Nat., 
 vii, 1873, pp. 195-203. 
 
 95 spp. observed in two visits ; about 140, of which 25 are water birds, breed 
 in the locality. 
 
 1873. EiDGVTAY, E. The Relation hetween the Color and the Geographical 
 Distribution of Birds. <^ Am. Nat., vii, Sept., 1873, pp. 548-555. 
 
 Chiefly controversial, being a rejoinder to E. Coues's criticism, op. (yit., pp. 41f>- 
 418, of the paper in Am. Jour. Sei., iv, 1872, pp. 454-460 ; v, Jan., 1873, pp. 39-44, 
 q.v. 
 
 1873, RiDGWAY, R. On some New Forms of [chiefly North] American 
 Birds. < Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, pp. 602-619. 
 
 CatherpesmexicanusvsLT.conspersus, p. G03; SdTnintfiophaciacelatavax.lute^cena, 
 p. 606 ; Dendroica vieilloiU var. hryanii, p. 606 ; Dendroica dominica var. albilora 
 "Baird", p. 606; Dendroica gracice var. decora, p. 608; Myiodioctes punUus var. 
 pileolata (ea: Pallas), p. 608; ColluHo ludovicianus var. rolni^tus "Baird" [= ete- 
 gans Bd., nee Sw.], p. 609 ; Certhiola newtoni " Baird", p. 611 ; 0. caioli, O. barba- 
 dengis, C. frontalis Baird, p. 612 ; Junco aikeni, p. 613 [in type before, but not 
 described, from Eidgway's MSS., Pr. Bost. Soe., xv, 1872, p. 201] ; Peuccea cesti- 
 valis var, arizonce, p. 616, are the new species or varieties. Analytical synopses 
 of Certhiola, Juneo, and Oardinalis are introduced, the former being by S. F. Baird. 
 —These novelties are those then about to appear in the Hist. JK A. Birds, the 
 notices being anticipatory, to secure priority ; the article Is virtually continued in 
 BuU. Essex Inst., v, Deo., 1873, pp. 197-201. See 1873, Baied, S. F., wnd ElDG- 
 WAT, E. 
 
 1873. RiDGWAY, R. Notes on the Bird-fauna of the Salt Lake Valley and 
 the adjacent portions of the Wahsatch Mountains. <^Bull. Essex 
 Inst., V, No. 11, Nov., 1873, pp. 168-173. 
 
 Based on the same material that was afterward fnUy elaborated in Clarence 
 King's Eeport of the Survey of the Fortieth Parallel. See 1877, same author. 
 
 1873. RiDGWAY, R. The Birds of Colorado. < BuU. Essex Inst., v, No. 11, 
 Nov., 1873, pp. 174-195. 
 
 An elaborate paper, giving a risumi of our present knowledge. 1. Eastern 
 species found in Colorado, 30. 2. Others found at more western points, not yet 
 
698 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1873 [l32 
 
 1873. EiDGWAY, E. — Continued. 
 
 detected In Colorado, 15. 3. Species of the southern border of the United States 
 found in Colorado, 10. Western species found in Colorado not occurring in cor- 
 responding latitudes In the Great Basin, 5. Complete catalogue of Colorado 
 birds, distingnlshlBg the breeders, and indicating their range in the breeding 
 season, 243 spp. Critical notes on sundry spp., pp. 189-195. 
 
 187:5. EiDGWAY, E. The grouse and quails of North America. Discussed 
 in relation to their variation with habitat. <^ Fm-est and Stream, i, 
 Deo. 18, 1873, p. 289. 
 
 1873. EiDGWAY, E. The Eelation between the Colour and Geographical 
 Distribution of Birds. < Zoologist, 2d ser., viii, 1873, pp. 3790-3797. 
 Eeprinted from the American Naturalist, Sept., 1873, pp. 548-555, q. v. 
 
 1873. Scott, W. D. Partial List of the Summer Birds of Kanawha County, 
 West Virginia ; with Annotations. <^ Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., 
 XV, 1873, pp. 219-227. 
 86 species. 
 
 1873. " Snap Shot." Quail vs. Partridge — Esquimaux Curlew. < Am. 
 Sportsman, iii, 1873, p. 11. See, also, p. 106. 
 
 Inquiries concerning proper name of Ortyx virginiana, answered by Prof. S. 
 F. Baird. — Numcnius horealia breeds in Wyoming. 
 
 1873. Snow, E. H. Harlan's Hawk and the Mexican Cormorant. <, Jm. 
 Nat., vii, 1873, pp. 172, 173. 
 
 The birds named Harlan's Hawk and Florida Cormorant in his catalogue of 
 Kansas birds prove, upon examination by S. F. Baird, to be Buteo harlani indeed, 
 but Ch'aculits tnexicanus instead of G. Jloridamus. 
 
 1873. Snow, F. H. Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas. <^ Trans. Kansas 
 State Board of Agriculture (comprising Trans. Kans. Acad. Sei.)for 
 
 1872, April, 1873, pp. 375-386. Also, a few separate oversheets, re- 
 paged, pp. 12. 
 
 The only change from the previous "second edition" (of which this is a re- 
 print) is at No. 41, by insertion of Oolaptes mexicanus; O. hyhridus. No. 41 of Sd 
 ed., being reduced to No. 40*. 382 spp. ; to this state of the list additions were 
 made in 1874, q. v. 
 
 1873. Trippe, T. M. The Irregular Migrations of Birds. < Am. Nat., vii, 
 
 1873, pp. 389-394. 
 
 On some of the causes of distnrbances in the movements of birds, with refer- 
 ence to North American spp. 
 
 1873. Tkippb, T. M. Ornithological Queries. < Am. Nat., vii, 1873, p. 498. 
 Asks for information on the geographical distribution of 9 N. Am. birds. 
 
 1873. Trippe, T. M. Notes on the Birds of Southern Iowa. < Proo. Boston 
 Soo. Nat. Hist., xv, 1873, pp. 229-242. 
 162 spp., annotated with many interesting observations. 
 
 1873. Verkill, a. E. Key to North American Birds. ... By Dr. Elliott 
 Coues, U. S. A. < Am. Journ. Sci., v, 1873, pp. 314, 315. 
 Review of the work of that name. 
 
 1873. " Veteran." Our Game Birds. < Am. Sportsman, ii, 1873, p. 170 (see, 
 also, iii, 1873, p. 11) ; iii, 1873, pp. 6, 124, 326. 
 
 On Nuiaeniiee horealis, Oharadrius marmoratua (i. e. O. fulvus var. virgmictta), 
 Meleagrie gallopavo, Oygnua buccinator, etc. 
 
133] 
 
 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX, IS74L 699 
 
 1874. <' Alaska." [H. W. Elliott.] A Ton of Bird's Eggs Picked up in an 
 Hour. < Am. Sportsman, iv, 1874, p. 170. 
 
 "Visit to the breeding ptrounds of Laridee, BraadidrB, etc., along the shores of 
 Behring's Strait. 
 
 1874. Allen, J. A. Laws of Geographical Variation in North American 
 Mammals and Birds. < Am. Nat., viii, 1874, pp. 227-229. 
 
 Chiefly oontroversial, with reference to E. Coues, op. eit, July, 1873, pp. 415-418, 
 and E. Eidgway, ibid., Sept., 1873, pp. 548-555. 
 
 1874. Allen, J. A. Geographical Variation in North American Birds. 
 < Am. Nat., viii, 1874, pp. 534-541. 
 Eeprinted from Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Sist., xv, 1873, pp. 212-219. 
 
 1874. Allen, J. A. Notes on the Natural History of Portions of Dakota 
 and Montana Territories, being the substance of a Report to the 
 Secretary of War on the Collections made by the North Pacific Eail- 
 road expedition of 1873, Gen. D. S. Stanley, Commander. < Proc. 
 Bost. Soc. Nat. Mist., xvii, 1874, pp. 33-86. Also separately published, 
 8vo, Boston, 1874, pp. 1-61. 
 
 HI, Report on the Birds, pp. 44-68. 118 epp., fully annotated ; the list preceded 
 by general considerations of the avifauna of the region, and several partial local 
 lists. An important contribution. C/. Zool. Bee. for 1874, p. 31. 
 
 1874. A[LLEN], J. A. Field Ornithology. < Am Nat., viii, 1874, pp. 418-420. 
 A review of E. Coues's work of that name (8vo, Salem, 1874). 
 
 1874. [Anon.] [Birds of North America.] < Am. Sportsman, iii, 1874, 
 pp. 229, 265. 
 
 Notices of first four parts of Birds of North Ajnerica, by Theodore Jasper. 
 The second notice expresses opinions diametrically opposed to those of the first. 
 
 1874. [Anon."] [A History of North American Birds.] <lAm. Sportsman, 
 iii, 1873-74, p. 349. See, also, p. 412. 
 
 Being a review of A History of North American Birds, by Baird, Brewer, and 
 Eidgway, 4to, vols. I-III, Boston, 1874. 
 
 1874. [Anon.] [Field Ornithology.] < ^m. Sporfemon, iv, 1874, p. 25. 
 Eeview of Dr. Elliott Coues's Fi^iLd Ornithology, 8vo, Salem, 1874. 
 
 1874. [Anon. "J [Review of] An Annotated History of the Birds of Utah. 
 By H. W. Henshaw. <i_ Am. Sportsman, iv, 1874, p. 235. 
 
 1874. [Anon.] [Painstaking persistence of Audubon.] <^ Am. Sportsman, 
 iv, 1874, p. 394. 
 Anecdote copied from Trenton (N. J.) State Gazette. 
 
 1874. [Anon.] American "Wild-fowl Shooting, [etc.] < Am. Sportsman, 
 V, Nov. 7, 1874, p. 89. 
 
 Eeview of American Wild-fowl Shooting, by Joseph "W. Long, New York, 
 1874, 12mo, pp. 285. 
 
 1874. [Anon.] [Food of various Insectivorous birds, with remarks on 
 the utility of Turdus migratorius and Corvus americanus.] < Am. 
 Sportsman, v, Nov. 21, 1874, p. 124. 
 
 1874. [Anon.] A new work on Ornithology. < Am. Sportsman, v, Dec. 5, 
 1874, p. 145. 
 Preliminary notice of COUEB'S Birds of the North-west 
 
700 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18*4 [l34 
 
 1874. [Anon.] The Birds of North America. < Forest and Stream, i, Jan. 1, 
 1874, p. 333. See, also, p. 348. 
 Eeview of The Birds of North America, by Theodore Jasper. 
 
 1874. [Anon.] Key to North American Birds, [etc.] <, Forest and Stream,!, 
 Jan. 29, 1874, p. 398. 
 Eeview of Key to North American Birds, by Dr. Elliott Cones, 8to, Salem, 1873. 
 1874. [Anon.] Field Ornithology. < Forest and Stream, ii, April 9, 1874, 
 p. 141. 
 
 Eeview of Field Ornithology, a Mamud, etc., by Dr. Elliott Coaes, Bvo, 
 Salem, 1874. 
 
 1874. [Anon.] History of North American Birds. <i Forest and Stream, ii, 
 April 30, 1874, p. 179. 
 
 Eeview of vol. Ill of the History of North American Birds, by S. V. Baird, E. 
 Eidgway, and T. M. Brewer. 
 
 1874. [Anon.] The Introduction of Singing Birds into the Country [i. e., the 
 United States]. < Forest and Stream, ii, June 4, 1874, p. 264. 
 Account of labors of Cincinnati (Ohio) Acclimation Society. 
 1874. [Anon.] Field Ornithology. < Forest and Stream, ii, July 2, 1874, 
 p. 332. 
 Eeview of Meld Ornithology, by Elliott Cones, Bvo, Salem, 1874. 
 
 1874. [Anon.] An Annotated List of the Birds of Utah. <^Forest and 
 Stream, ii, July 30, 1874, p. 387. 
 Eeview of pamphlet (title as above), by H. "W. Henshaw, 8vo, Salem, 1874. 
 
 1874. [Anon.] Les Oiseaux Insectivores. <^NaturaUsteCanad.,\i,l874,'pp. 
 205-3^,250-253. 
 
 1874. Baird,S.F., Brewer, T.M., and Eidgway,E. A | History | of | North 
 American Birds | by | S. F. Baird, T. M. Brewer, and E. Eidgway | 
 Land Birds | Illustrated by 64 colored plates and 593 woodcuts | 
 "Volume I [-III]. I [Vignette.] | Boston | Little, Brown, and Com- 
 pany I 1874 3 vols. sm. 4to. Vol. I, pp. i-xxviii, 1-596, i-vi, cuts, 
 and pll. i-xxvi. Vol. II, 3 p. 11., pp. 1-590, i-vi, cuts, and pll. xxvii-lvi. 
 Vol. HI, 3 p. 11., pp. 1-560, 1 1., i-xxviii, cuts, and pll. Ivii-lxiv. 
 
 The whole dates 1874, and appnared about December of that year. The work 
 has not been completed by the voL or vols, on the Water Birds. Tt is issued 
 with plain or colored plates ; in some copies, the woodcuts in text are also colored. 
 A considerable portion of the woodcuts are the same as those of Baird ed. 
 Cooper's Ornithology of California, for which they were originally prepared ; 
 most of the rest are original ; bnt sorae, drawn by Wolf and engraved by 
 Whymper, first published in *' British Birds and their Haunts ", were furnished by 
 the London Soc. for Difiil Christian Knowledge ; and others, prepared for an ined. 
 wort on the birds of Germany, by Blasius, were obtained from Messrs. Vieweg & 
 Sohn of Braunschweig. Nearly all the drawings of the full-length figures were 
 made on wood by E. L. Sheppard of Philadelphia, while the heads were exe- 
 cnted mostly by H. W. Elliott and E. Eidgway ; both series were engraved by 
 H. H. Nichols of Washington. The generic outlines (outs in text) were drawn 
 by A. L. Scbonbom and engraved by the Jewett process. " The technical or 
 descriptive matter of the present work has been prepared by Messrs. Baird and 
 Eidgway, that relating to the Itaptores entirely by Mr. Eidgway ; and all the 
 accounts of the habits of the species are from the pen of Dr. Brewer. In addi- 
 tion to the matter supplied by these gentlemen, Professor Theodore N. Crill has 
 furnished that portion of the Introduction defining the class of Birds as compared 
 with other vertebrates j while to Dr. Cones is to be given the entire credit for 
 
135] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18y4 701 
 
 1874. Baird, S, p., Brewer, T. M., and Eidgway, E.— Continued. 
 
 the pages embracing the tables of Orders and Families, as well as for the Grlos- 
 sary beginning on page 535 of VoL 111"— (Extract from Preface,) 
 
 For the biographies of the species, the most prodnctive source of informa- 
 tion "has been the great amotmt of manuscript contained in the archives of 
 the Smithsonian Institution in the form of correspondence, elaborate reports, and 
 the field notes of collectors and travellers, the use of -which for the present work, 
 has been liberally allowed by Professor Henry. By far the most important of 
 these consist of notes made by the late Robert Kennicott in British America, 
 and received from him and other gentlemen in the Hudson Bay Territory, who 
 were brought into intimate relationship with the Smithsonian Institution through 
 Mr. Kennicott's efforts. . . . Equally serviceable has been the information re- 
 ceived from the region of the Yukon River and Alaska generally, including the 
 Aleutian Islands, . . ." — (Preface.) In elaborating these materials, Br. Brewer 
 further supplements his own knowledge with information derived from the pub- 
 lished notes of thenaturalists of the Pacific Rail road and other "Western Surveys, 
 and from the general literature of the subject, with less thorough digestion of 
 these materials than might be desired. 
 
 It has apparently been deemed advisable, in a work of this character, to reduce 
 the synonymatic and bibliographical matter to Its lowest terms. 
 
 The technical matter (diagnostic and descriptive) is based, and for the most 
 part derived, from Baird'b J3. JN". A., 1858, and Beview, 1864-66 ; the specific char- 
 acters, etc., being often directly transferred from those works to the present, with 
 such addition or modification as might be required. To this statement is to be 
 excepted the whole of Mr. Ridgway's extensive monograph of the Eaptores, and 
 Prof. Baird's article on Certhiola, which latter apparently represents a before 
 unpublished continuation of his IReview; with the further and principal excep- 
 tion of Mr. Ridgway's numerous elaborate analytical tables, which include, as 
 a rule, not only the N. Am. species, but also tbeir Cent, and S. Am. allies. 
 
 The classification and general arrangement accord in the main with those 
 previously used by Baird ; but the nomenclature and details of the handling of 
 the birds are very different, numerous reputed species being reduced to "vari- 
 eties ", according to the prevalent views of what is sometimes called in Eng- 
 land the "American School". The result in this regard agrees more closely 
 with that exhibited in the present writer's Key of 1S72, Checklist of 1873, and 
 B.N. fT.of 1874. In addition to the variousnovelcombinations of generic, specific, 
 and varietal terms resulting from this, the following species or varieties are 
 named as new J but most of them were actually published previously by Mr. 
 Ridgw5.y in the Amer. Nat, vii, 1873, pp. 602-619, and Bull Essex Inst, v, 1873, 
 pp. 197-201, qq. vv. : — 
 
 Vol. l.—Sarporhynchits curvirostris var. palmeri R., p. 36 ; Oatkerpes mezicantts 
 var. eonspersus R., p. 138 ; Helminthophaga ruficapilla varr. ocularis and gutturalis 
 E., p. 191 ; JET. celata varr. lutescens and obscura R., p. 192; Dendroica vieilloti var. 
 hryanti R., p. 218 ; D. dominica var. aWilora R., p. 220 j D. grades var. decora E., 
 p. 230 ; Qeothlypis poliocephala var. caninucha R., p. 296 ; Yireosylvia calidris var, 
 harbadense R-.P- 359; Y. magister B., p. 359; CoUurio ludovidanus var. robustus 
 B., p. 413 (= elegans Bd., 1858-66) ; Certhiola caboti, 0. newtoni B., p. 427 ; O. bar- 
 badensis frontalis B., p. 428; Hesperipkona vespertina var. montana R., p. 449; 
 Coturniculus pa8serinus\SLV. perpallidus R., p. 549 ; Junco hyemalis var. aikeni R., 
 p. 579 (first published by Aiken in Pr. Bost Sac, 1872) ; Poospiza belli var. n^va- 
 densis R., p. 590. 
 
 Vol, II. — Meloepiza melodia var. nticxicana R., p. 18; Pewcoea cestivalis var. 
 oHzonoBlt., p. 38; Hedyineles melanocephalus var. eapitalis 'R., p. 70; Cardinalis 
 virginianus var. cocdneus R., p. 99; Cyanurus stelleri var. frontalis R., p. 272; 
 Cyanodtta calif omica var. sum^ichrasti R., p. 283; C. ultramarina var. aordida R., 
 p. 284 ; Perisoreus canadensis var. obscurus R., p. 298 ; var. eapitalis B., p. 298 j 
 Empidonax brunneus R., p. 363 (= Empidochan£S fuscus) ; E. axillaris R., p. 363 
 (= Empid. aV)igularis Scl.) ; Melanerpes formidvortis var. striatipectus R., p. 561. 
 
 Vol. m.—Strix flammea var. guatemalce R., p. 11.; Symum nebulosum var. 
 sartoHi R., p. 29; Scops asio yht. Jloridanus "R., p. 48.; S. asio var. enanoLawr., 
 
702 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ISl* [i36 
 
 1874. Baird, S. F., Brewer, T. M., and Eidgway, E.— Continued. 
 
 MSS.,p. 48; Spheotyto (sic) cunicularia var. guadeUmpenm'R,.,^.^^; Anlenor'R,, 
 g. E., p. 105; Rhynchofalco 'R., g. n., p. 107; Falco communis vdx. pecUeiH., p. 129; 
 F, Utho/alco var. stickleyi K., p. 143 ; " Parabuteo " (— Antenor) K., p. 250 ; Pseudo- 
 gryphus, Ukinogryphus, gg. im., R., p. 337 ; D&ndragapus obsewna v&t. /uliginoms 
 E., p. 421 ; Cupidonia cupido var. pallidicimitus E., p. 440. Appendix I, " Addi- 
 tions and Corrections," reviews the matter of all three vols. Zonotrichia l&ii- 
 cophrys var. intermedia R., p. 514. Appendix H, Explanation of terms nsed in 
 describing the external form of birds (after Sundevall). — Glossary of technical 
 terms used in descriptive ornithology (by Cones).— Indexes. 
 
 1874. "Boone." [Joshua Cooke.] An April Morning on the Prairie. 
 < Am. Sportsman, iv, 1874, p. 131. 
 
 1874. Brewster, W. Some Observations on the Birds of Eitchie County, 
 West Virginia. < Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. T., xi, 1874, pp. 129-146. 
 
 100 spp., well annotated, with iield-notes, in some cases amounting to biograph- 
 ical sketches. C/. CouBS, Am. Nat., ix, 1875, p. 570, 571. 
 
 1874. Cook, A. J. Birds and Caterpillars. < ^m. ^o«., viii, 1874, p. 368. 
 
 Ooccyzus erythrophthalmus, Tardus migratorius, Oyanura cristata, what larvaB 
 they respectively devour. 
 
 1874. CoUES, E. Department of the Interior. | United States Geologi- 
 cal Survey of the Territories. | F. V. Hayden, U. S. Geologist-in- 
 Charge. | — | Miscellaneous Publications — ^No. 3. | — | Birds of the 
 Northwest : | A Hand-book | of | The Ornithology | of the | Region 
 drained by the Missouri Eiver | and its Tributaries. | — | By Elliott 
 Coues, Captain and Assistant Surgeon U. S. Army. | — | Washing- 
 ton : I Government Printing Office. | 1874. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. xii, 791. 
 A general account, chiefly biographical, in greater or less detail, of about 450 
 spp. of the Missouri region, and various others, being a large majority of North 
 American birds ; with special reference to geographical distribution, very exten- 
 sive synonymatic tables, and lists of specimens collected on various expeditions 
 to which F.V. Hayden was attached, or of which he was in charge. The matter 
 is suflBciently miscellaneous to partake somewhat of an enoyclopiedic character. 
 The families Laridoe, Colymbidce, and Podicipidce are treated monographically 
 with reference to the North American species. The classifloation and nomen- 
 clature are substantially those of the same author's Key and Checklist. The Intro- 
 duction is dated at Tort Eandall, Dakota, May 13, 1873 ; the work, how- 
 ever, was almost entirely penned at 'Washington, D. C, In the winter of 1873-74, 
 and run through the press by December, 1874. New genera are : — Amphispiza, p. 
 234, type Em.he.riza bilineata Cass. ; .^chmorhynchus, p. 506, type Tringa parviros- 
 Iris Peale. — Eremophila leucolcema, n. v., p. 38. Many new names result from 
 rectification of t-ynonymy, some of which only occur in the Index. Qf. Amer. 
 Sportsm., Dec. 5, 1874 ; Denver (Co!.) Daily News, Deo. 3, 1874 ; Washington (D. C.) 
 Capital,MiLT.21,ieK; Chicago Inter Ocean, Mar. 20, 1875; Frank Cowan's Paper, 
 May 22, 1875; Forest amd Stream, Apr. 15, 1875; Bod and Qun, Apr. 17, 1875; Har- 
 per's TFeeWy, Apr. 10, 1875; TAe A^atton, Apr. 8, 1875; JJod and (?»», May 22, 1875 ; 
 N. Y. Independent, Aug. 12, 1875; Atlantic Monthly, Sept., 1875; London Saturday 
 Beview, Aug. 28, 1875 ; Popular Science Review, late In 1875 j Ibis, 1875, pp. 494-498 ; 
 Zool. Bee. for 1874, p. 31. 
 
 1874. Coues, E. Fitld | Ornithology. | Comprising a | Manual of instruc- 
 tion I for I procuring, preparing and preserving Birds, and a | Check 
 List of North American Birds. | By | Dr. Elliott Cones, U. S. 
 A. I [Monogram.] | Salem: | Naturalists' Agency. | Boston: Estea 
 & Lauriat. | New York: Dodd & Mead. | 1874. 8vo. pp.i-iv, 
 1-116, 1-137, -f 2 11. 
 
137] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18T4 703 
 
 1874. CouBS, E.— Continued. 
 
 The scope and plan of this work are sufficiently Indicated hy the title ; it con- 
 tains, however, mach matter not ordinarily found in worlis on taxidermy, the 
 mere preparation of bird skins being a minor consideration. The Checklist, 
 forming the latter half of the volume, is also issued as a separate pamphlet, 1873, 
 q, V. It gives ostensibly 635 spp. of recent North American birds {exclusive of 
 numerous local races) and 29 spp. fossil. Various additions and corrections are 
 found in the Appendix. Gf. Albany Cultivator ^ Apr. 9, 1874 ; Springfield Repvhli- 
 can, Apr. 1, 1874 ; Amer. Sportsm., Apr. 4, ) 874 ; Boston Traveller! Apr. 7, 1874 ; Boa- 
 ton Post, Apr. 8, 1874 ; Amer. Sportsm., Apr. 11, 1874 j Forest and Stream, Apr. 9, 
 1874; Daily American (Lawrence, Mass.), Apr. 15, 1674; N. Y. Tribune, about 
 Apr. 18, 1874 ; Army and Navy Journal, Apr. 11, 1874 ; Field and Stream, Apr. 18, 
 1874 ; "Washington Bepuilican, May 20, 1874 ; Forest and Stream,, July 2, 1874 ; At- 
 lantic Monthly, Nov., 1874, besides other notices cited in this Bibliography. 
 
 1874. COUES, E. Avifauna of Colorado and Wyoming. < Am,. Nat., viii, 
 1874, p. 240. 
 
 Controversial, with reference to T. M. Brewer, op. cit., vii, 1873, p. 631. 
 
 1874. CouES, E. Recent publications on Ornitliology. < Am. Nat., viii, 
 1874, pp. 541-,'546. 
 
 Eeviewsor shorter notices of: — T. G. Gentkt, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1873, pp. 
 292,354; B. A. HooPEB, iMd., p. 238; T. M. Brewer, Proc. Post. Soc, 1873, p. 106, 
 and ibid., xvi, pt. ii, p. — ; K. Eidgwat, iMd., p. 43, and Pull. Essex Inst., v, pp. 
 168-174,197; Ann. I/ye. N. F., 1874, p. 364; B^W.B.Esmi.w,Ann.Lyc.Nat.Hist. 
 N. Y., 1874, p. 1; P. L. Hatch, Pull. Minnesota Acad., i, 1874, p. 50; G. N. Law- 
 rence, Mem. Post. Soc, ii, 1874, p. 265 ; J. Eeikhaedt, Afh. Vid. Med. Nat Foren. 
 Kjob., 1873, p. 123 ; and Jordan & Van Tleck'b Key (sm. 16mo, 1874). 
 
 1874. CouES, E. On the Nesting of Certain Hawks, etc. < Am,. Nat, viii, 
 1874, pp. 596-603. 
 
 !Field-notes on 3 Falconidce (Falco communis, Puteo swainsoni, Archibuteoferrugi- 
 n£us) and nameroas other species observed in Montana Territory, TJ. S. The 
 notes on Falco "communis" refer in part to F.polya^rus. 
 
 1874. CouES, E. Tlie New Work on Birds. < Am. Sportsman, iii, 1873-74, 
 p. 412. 
 
 ■Review of A History of North American Pirds by Baird, Brewer, and Eidg- 
 way, giving basis and history of the work. 
 
 1874. ConBS, E. Birds of Illinois. < Field and Stream (newspaper, Chi- 
 cago, 111.), May 2, 1874. 
 
 A review of E. Eidgwat, Ann, I/yc. N. T., x, 1874, pp. 364-394. 
 
 1874. Dall, W. H. Notes on the Avifauna of the Aleutian Islands, espe- 
 cially those West of Unalashka. < Proc. Cala. Aead. Sci., pub. in 
 advance, Mar. 14, 1874, 8v<>, Salem, Mass., pp. 12. 
 Excellent field-notes on 45 spp. See 1873, Dall, W. H. 
 
 1874. [Dbane, Euthvbn. ] [Letter concerning the origin of the Nuttall Or- 
 nithological Club.] < Am. Sportsman, iii, 1873-74, p. 264. 
 
 1874. Dole, A. G. Odds and Ends. < Am. Sportsman, iv, 1874, p. 3. 
 
 Observations upon several game-birds of Maine and vicinity; note upon drum- 
 ming of Ponasa umbellus. 
 
 1874. FlNSCH, O. "Diezweite deutsche Nordpolarfahrt." (8vo. Leipzig, 
 1874. ii. Zoologie, 4, pp. 178-279.) With notes by Adolf Pansch. 
 
 "Adds 11 species to Graah'a 23 from East Greenland. Of these, nearly all are 
 found in Iceland, 21 in Spltzbergen, 29 in Arctic America, and 26 in Northern 
 Asia. Very detailed descriptions with synonymy are given in some instances. 
 See also torn. at. pp. 240-243 for notes by Prof. Newton on the eggs found during 
 this expedition." Not seen— title and commentary from ZooL Bee. for 1874, p. 32. 
 (Pub. 1873?) 
 
704 BIBLIOGKAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1874 [l38 
 
 1874. FiNSCH, 0. Ueber eine Vogelsainmlung ans Slidwest-Griinlaiid. 
 < Ahhand. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 1874, pp. 99-117. 
 VortrefiUche Bemerknngen iiber die 28 Arten der Sammlnng. 
 
 1874. " F. S. B." What some birds eat. < Forest and Stream, ii, July 7, 1874, 
 p. 341. 
 Contents of stomachs of various birds in Kansas ; with remarks on hahita. 
 
 1874. Gentry, T. G. OnHabitsof some American Species of Birds. <Proc. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxvi, 1874, pp. 96-109. 
 
 Molothrue pecoris, Agelceus phceniceus, StnrneUa magna, Icterus spuriua, Corvus 
 a/mericcmus, O. osHfragvs, Tyrannus carolimneis, Myiarchus crinitus, Antrosto- 
 mui vom/erus, TrochiVus colubrie, Ooceyzus ameruxmus, treated at some length. 
 
 1874. Hammerton, P. G. Chapters on Animals. Boston, 1874. 8vo. pp. 
 253. Illustrated by J. Veyrassat and Karl Bodiner. 
 Not seen. 
 
 1874. Harvie-Brown, J. A. On a Collection of North American Birds' 
 Eggs and Skins, formed principally by the Eev. C. M. Jones, Conn., 
 U. S. America, and forwarded by the same gentleman. < Proa. Nat. 
 Hist. Soc. Glasgow, Dec, 1874, pp. 264-288. 
 
 Also separately, with title-page, but not repaged. Notes mostly extracted 
 from the correspondence of C. M. Jones, giving some idea of the nidification of 
 the 86 spp. represented in the collection and of their habits dnring the breeding 
 season ; geographical distribution of each according to Baird's work of 1858. 
 Measurements and descriptions of many of the eggs are also given. 
 
 1874. Haskins, C. C. For the Birds. < St. Nicholas Mag., i, 1874, pp. 73-74, 
 
 figg. 1-5. 
 
 An appeal for mercy to birds. 
 
 1874. Hatch, P. L. Keport on the Birds of Minnesota. -^Bull. Minn. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci., i, 1874, pp. 43-68. 
 
 Annotated list of 230 spp., very badly printed. Qf. Am. Nat., viii. Sept, 1874, 
 pp. 544, 545. 
 
 1874. Henshaw, H. W. On a Hnmmingbird new to onr Fauna, with cer- 
 tain other facts ornithological. < Am. Nat., viii, 1874, pp. 241-243. 
 Eugenes fulgens in Arizona. ; field-notes on Centronyx bairdi and Podicepscali- 
 fomicus ; Sphyrapicus unllia/msoni is d of S. thyroideus. 
 
 1874. Hbnshaw, H. W. An annotated List of the Birds of Utah. < Ann. 
 Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874, pp. 1-14. 
 
 214 spp., those known to breed indicated by asterisk. The list rests upon the 
 writer's and H. C. Yarrow's observations in 1872 for 160 spp., the rest being com- 
 piled from J. A. Allen's list (BjdI. Mus. Comp. Zool,, iii, 1872, p. 113, seq.), and MS. 
 communications of E. Kidgway. — (Reprinted in Report upon Omitk. Specimens, 
 de., Lt. Wheder's Bxpl., 1874, pp. 39-54. See 1874, Takeow, H. C, cmd Henshaw, 
 H.^V. 
 
 1874. " Homo." [C. S.Westcott.] The Migration of Birds. < Am. Sports- 
 man, iv, 1874, p. 243. See, also, p. 339. 
 
 Includes, under sub-heads, a biography of Porzana caroTma, and remarks upon 
 the scarcity of Pkilohela minor. 
 
 1874. Howell, M. A., Jr. Among the Waterfowl of the West. <. Harper's 
 New Monthly Mag., xlix, pp. 790-800, 11 illustrations. 
 Biographical, hunting, and humorous sketch. 
 
139] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1874 705 
 
 1874. Hoy, P. E. Some of the peculiarities of the Fauna near Eaciue. 
 
 < Trans. Wisconsin Acad., ii, for 1873-74, 1874, pp. 120-122. 
 
 8 spp. birds from the south, 10 from the north, showing the meeting of distinct 
 faunae at this point. 
 
 1874. "J. E. M." Early Birds [at Columbia, Pa.]. < ^m. Sportsman, iii, 
 1874, p. 411. 
 
 1874. Jenks, J. W. P. Instinct or Reason ? < Am. Sportsman, v, Dec. .5, 
 1874, p. 145. 
 
 Sagacity of Orioles {.Icterus baltimore) in giving extra support to their nest 
 after experience had proved that its fastenings were weak i departure from type 
 of architecture to meet an emergency in the Boat-tailed Gralile (Quiscalus major). 
 
 1874. Jordan, D. S., and Vais- Vlbck, B. H. A Popular Key | to the J Birds, 
 Reptiles, | Batrachians and Fishes, | of the | Northern United 
 States, I East of the Mississippi River, j By | Prof. David S. Jordan, 
 M. S., I and Balfour H. Van Vleck. | Appleton, Wis. : | Reid & Mil- 
 ler, Printers and Publishers. | 1874. sq. 16mo pamph. 2 p. 11., pp. 
 85 + 3. 
 
 The less said of this crude production the better. Bat it proved to be the ini- 
 tial step toward Prof. Jordan's admirable MamiMlof Vertebrates, etc., 1876, q. v. 
 
 1874. KiRTLAND, J. P. Letter from Prof. Kirtland [dated 1857, on the 
 natural history of Indiana— mention of various birds]. <^ Proc. 
 Cleveland Acad. Nat. Sd., 1874, pp. 131-132. 
 
 1874. Kirtland, J. P. Peculiarities of Climate, Flora and Fauna of the 
 South Shore of Lake Erie, in the vicinity of Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 < Proc. Cleveland Acad. Nat. Sd., 1874, pp. 165-171. 
 Bead 1851, and originally published in A7n. Joum. Sci., xiii, 1852. 
 
 1874. Kirtland, J. P. Mounted Birds from Northern Ohio, in the Academy's 
 Museum. < Proc. Cleveland Acad. 2(at. Sd., 1874, pp. 200-287. 
 
 The article includes only the Accipitres and a few Insessores, but is quite full, 
 as far as it goes, with characters (f the genera and higher groups, and descrip- 
 tions and biographies of the species. It is annotated by Thomas Brown, editor 
 of the Ohio Farmer, in which the descriptions originally appeared, and was 
 prepared in 1858-59. 
 
 [1874.] Krider, J. Ornithological | and Oological List | of | North Amer- 
 ica. I — I John Krider, | Taxidermist, | N.E. corner Second and Wal- 
 nut sts., I Philadelphia, U. S. A. [1874.] Sm. 4to. pp. 20. 
 Same as the list of 1861, with addition of 24 a, Buteo hriderii. 
 
 1874. Lawrence, G. N. The Birds of Western and Northwestern Mexico, 
 based upon Collections made by Col. A. J. Grayson, Capt. J. Xantus, 
 and Ferd. Biscboff, now in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institu- 
 tion, at Washington, D. C. < Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, pt. iii, 
 art. ix, 1874, pp. 265-319. (Also issued separately, 4to, paper.) 
 
 Important. 316 spp., the list fully annotated, with extracts from MSS. 
 biographies of Col. G-rayson's, and author's critical commentary. Various new 
 species contained in the several collections had shortly before been described 
 elsewhere by the author or S. F. Baird. 
 
 1874. LocKiNGTON, W. N. [Notice of a communication containing notes 
 on the Mammals and Birds of Humboldt Co., California.] < P. Z. 
 S., 1874, p. 129. 
 
 1874. Long, J. W. American Wild-fowl Shooting, [etc.] By Joseph W. 
 Long. 1 vol. 12mo. New York, 1874. pp. 285. 
 Above title defective and inexact. 
 
 45 B C 
 
706 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1874 [l40 
 
 1874. Matnabd, C. J. A Naturalist's trip to Florida. <[ Am. Sportsman, 
 iv, 1874, pp. 2, 22, 66, 114, 162, 226; v,pp. 34, 81, 193, 226, 342. 
 
 1874. Meeriam, C. H. Ornithological Notes from the South. < Am. Nat, 
 viii, 1874, pp. 6-9. 
 
 Field observations in South Carolina, with list of 54 spp. noticed. 
 
 1874. Mbrriam, C. H. Ornithological Notes from the South. II. Florida. 
 
 < Am. Nat., viii, Feb., 1874, pp. 85-89. 
 1874. Merrill, J. "S." [i.e., C] History of North American Birds. <^Am. 
 
 Nat., viii, 1874, pp. 546-552. 
 A notice of S. F. Baibd, T. M. Brewer, and K. EmGWAT's History of Nurth 
 
 Afnerican Birds. 
 1874. "Merrimack." [Movements of migratory birds at Manchester, 
 
 N. H.] < Am. Sportsman, iv, 1874, p. 5. 
 1874. Newton, A. " Die zweite deutsche Nordpolarfahrt." (8vo. Leipzig, 
 
 1874. ii, Zoologie, 5, pp. 240-243.) 
 Not seen — title from Zool. Eec., where it appears that eggs of 8 spp. of birds 
 
 from East Greenland are described in this article. 
 
 1874. Obeu, F. A. Birds [60 spp.] of Lake Olieechobee [Florida]. < For- 
 est and Stream, ii, April 23, 1874, p. 162. 
 
 1874. Palmer, F. H. Insect-eating Birds. <^ Eighteenth Ann. Bep. See'y 
 Maine Board Agric.for 1873 (papers accompanying), 1874, pp. 203- 
 216,tigg. 
 
 Prize essay of Massachnsetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 
 by which it is also published separately. It treats of food of various N. Am. 
 birds beneficial to agriculture, etc. j means for their protection, etc. 
 
 1874. Eeinhardt, J. Notitser til Gronlands Ornithologi. <^Vidensk. Medd. 
 fra den naturh. For. Kjoben., 1874, Nr. 12-16, p. 188. 
 Not seen. 
 1874. EiDGWAY, R. The Wabash Valley and its Avian Fauna. <^ Proe. 
 Bost. Soo. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, pp. 304-332. 
 
 Total of spp. 288; found irrespective of season, 77 j in summer, 92; in winter 
 47 ; in spring and fall, 72 ; number of spp. breeding, about 155 ; wintering, 155. 
 Cf. Zool Eec. for 1874, p. 32. 
 
 1874. RiDGWAY, R. The Lower Wabash Valley, Considered in its relation to 
 the Faunal Districts of the Eastern Region of North America : with 
 a Synopsis of its Avian Fauna. By Robert Ridgway. Bostou. 
 1874. 8vo. pp.31. 
 
 Kepaged oversheets from Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Mist., xvi, Feb. 18, 1874. 
 1874. EiDGWAY, E. Notes upon American Water Birds. <.Am. Nat.,y\i\, 
 Feb., 1874, pp. 108-111. 
 
 Critical and nomendatural. .Mgialiiis microrhynchus, ^. melodus var. circum- 
 cinctus,^. wilsonius var. rit^nucAa, p. 109; Ibis ihalassinus r=ffwaraunajMU.], p. 
 110 ; RaUus degans var. obsoletus, B. e. var. tenui/rostris (Lawr.), Porzana ja/mai. 
 c&nais var. cotit^miGulus (Baird), Anas obseura vaT.fulvigula, p. Ill, are apparently 
 nn. spp. or varr. 
 
 1874. Ridgway, R. On Local Variations in the Notes and Nesting Habits 
 of Birds [of North America]. < Am. Nat., viii, 1874, pp. 197-201. 
 
 1874. EiDGWAY, R. Two Rare Owls from Arizona. < Am. Nat, vii, No. 4, 
 April, 1874, pp. 239,240. 
 
 Syrnium occidentale and Miorathene lohitneyi; also, notice of AatuHna pUtgi- 
 Ota &om Arizona. 
 
14l] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18*4 707 
 
 1874. EiDGWAY, E. Birds New to the Fauna of North America. < Am. 
 Nat., viii, 1S74, pp. 434, 435. 
 
 Falm gyr/alco (since determined by Mr. Eidgway to be J", communis var. pealei) , 
 Numenius/eTnoralis, both from Alaska. 
 
 1874. Eidgway, E. The Nomenclature of American Game Birds. < Am. 
 Sportsman, iii, 1874, pp. 210, 211, figg. 1-3 ; pp. 286, 227. 
 
 Explaining classification of GaUince and stating principles and value of scien- 
 tific nomenclature. Letters are appended from Prof. S. F. Baird and J. Ham- 
 mond Trumbull concerning Indian names for game-birds. 
 
 1874. Eidgway, E. Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to occur in Illinois. 
 < Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, 1874, pp. 364-394. 
 
 By far the best of the several Illinois State lists hitherto published. The anno- 
 tation brief, but to the point. 311 spp.; breeders, 176; 48 more spp. indicated 
 as of probable though unascertained occurrence. "Various combinations of gen- 
 eric, specific, and varietal names are here for the first time used.— fT/". Am.N'at, 
 viii, Sept., 18'74, p. 5'(3 ; Field and Stream (newspaper, Chicago), May 2, 1874. 
 
 1874. " EoAMKR." Eoamers. <, Forest and Stream, iii, Dec. 31, 1874, p. 324. 
 Various birds at an unusually northern latitude in winter ; chiefly waterfowl. 
 
 1874. Sim, George. The Food and Use of Our Eapacious Birds. < Am. 
 Sportsman, iv, 1874, p. 259. 
 
 Examinations of contents of stomachs of predatory birds, and plea for their 
 preservation. Quoted from the Scottish Naturalist 
 
 1874. Slack, Henry J. Birds as Architects. < Scribner's Monthly Mag., vii, 
 1874, p. 252. 
 
 1874. "Snap." [Notes upon] Birds and Snakes [at Sidney, Ohio]. <^Am. 
 Sportsman, iv, 1874, p. 10. 
 
 1874. Snow, F. H. Birds of Kansas. < Trans. Eans. Acad. Sci., 1874, pp. 
 30, 31. 
 
 1874. Snow, F. H. Birds of Kansas. < Am. Nat, viii, 1874, p. 757. 
 Adds 6 spp. to his list of 1872. 
 
 1874. Snow, F. H. Birds of Kansas. < Observer of Nature (newspaper), 
 for April 1, 1874. 
 
 Of these 6 spp., 5 are additional to former lists, raiaiog the number to 287 ; see 
 1873 and 1873, SNOW, F. H. 
 
 1874. Trippb, T. M. The Migration of Birds. <CAm. Nat., viii, 1874, pp. 
 338-348. 
 
 A short essay on the general subject, with special reference to Forth Ameri- 
 can species. 
 
 1874. Trumbull, J. H. [Indian names of Game Birds.] < Am. Sportsman, 
 iii, 1874, p. 227. 
 
 1874. Trumbull, J. H. Letters and extracts on Game Nomenclature. 
 <; Am. Sportsman, iii, 1874, p. 243. 
 
 Extracts from early writers, showing names applied to game-birds in New 
 England in the 17th century. 
 
 1874. ■V[ERRILL, A. E.] Field Ornithology. ... By Dr. Elliott Coues, 
 U. S. A. < Am. Journ. Sd., vii, 1874, p. 603. 
 Notice of the work. 
 
708 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1874 [i42 
 
 1874. Yarrow, H. C. Engineer Department, United States Army. | — ) 
 Progress-report | upon | Geographical and Geological | Explorations 
 and Surveys | west of the one hundredth meridian, | in 1872, | under 
 the direction of | Brig. Gen. A. A. Humphreys, | Chief of Engineers, 
 United States Army, | by First Lieut. George M.Wheeler, | Corps of 
 Engineers, in charge. | — | Washington: | Government Printing 
 Office. I 1874. 1 vol. 4to, paper, pp. 56. > Appendix E, pp. 52-55. 
 A report of progress in natural history collections, largely ornithological, made 
 by Br. Yarrow and Mr. H. "W. Henshaw. 
 
 1874. Yakrow, H. C, avd Henshaw, H. W. Engineer Department, U. S. 
 Army. | = \ Geographicjl and Geological Explorations and Surveys 
 I west of the one hundredth meridian. | First Lieutenant Geo. M. 
 Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, in charge. | — | Report | upon | Orni- 
 thological Specimens | collected in | the years 1871, 1872, and 1873. | 
 — I Washington : | Government Printing Office. | 1874. 8vo pamph. 
 1 p. 1., pp. 148. 
 
 GoDtains 4 separate articles, namely: — (0 "Report npon and List of Birds col- 
 lected by the Expedition for Explorations west of the One hundredth Meridian in 
 1872 ", &o., by Dr. H. C. Yarrow and Henry W. Henshaw, pp. ."i-SS. (2) ' List of 
 Birds collected by Lieut G. M. Wheeler's Expeuition, 1871 ", pp. 34-38. (3) " An 
 Annotated List of the Bi^ds of Utah", by H. W. Henshaw, pp. 39-54 (reprinted 
 from Ann. Lye. Nat Hist. if. Y., xi, 1874, pp. 1-14). (4) '* Keport upon and List of 
 Birds collected by the Expedition for Greographical and Geological Explorations 
 and Surveys west of the One hundredth Meridian in 1873 ", &c., by H. "W. Hen- 
 shaw, pp. 55-148. (I) is an annotated list of numerous species of Utah and Nevada. 
 (2) is a nominal list of various species collected in Nevada and Arizona. (3) is 
 reprinted from Ann. Lye, which see. (4) is divided into three sections : — Sect. I, 
 Observations on 82 spp. found at Denver, in May ; II, on 104 spp. at Fort Gar- 
 land, Colorado ; III, on 185 spp. of Western New Mexico and Eastern Arizona. 
 All the matter of these several papers rests upon origiual observations, and the 
 series is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the avifauna of the South- 
 west Of. Zool. Bee. for 1875, p. 58. 
 
 1874. YoUNT, Harry. Sporting Life in Wyoming Territory. < Am. Sports- 
 man, iv, 1874, p. 114. 
 Notes on some birds of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 1874-75. Harvey, M. The Birds of Newfoundland. < Forest and Stream, iii, 
 1874, pp. 53, 196 ; 1875, 341. 
 
 1874-75. EiDGWAY, E. Lists of Birds observed at various localities contigu- 
 ous to the Central Pacific Eailroad, from Sacramento City, Califor- 
 nia, to Salt Lake Valley, Utah. -<; BtM. Essex Inst., vi. No. 10, Oct., 
 1874, pp. 169-174 ; vii, Nos. 1 and 2, Jan. and Feb., 1875, pp. 10-40. 
 
 Observations made daring the survey of the 40th parallel, Clarence King. 
 " The present paper is a mere abstract of that portion of the zoological report 
 of the survey relating to the character and distribution of the local avifaunte 
 encountered along the route of exploration, and is published in its present form 
 in order to acquaint ornithologists, as soon as possible, with the results of orni- 
 thological investigations made by the Expedition." (See the final report, 1877.) 
 Of. Zool. MK.fttr 1875, p. 49. 
 
 1874-78. Jasper, T. The Birds of North America drawn from Life and uni- 
 formly Eeduoed to One-Quarter their Natural Size by Theodore Jas- 
 per, A. M., M. D— Jacob H. Studer, Publisher Columbus, Ohio . . . 
 Folio. Publ. in parts, n. d. Parts i-v, Jan. 29, 1874 ; vi, Apr. 8, 1874 ; 
 vii, June 9, 1874 ; viii, July 16, 1874 ; ix, Aug. 18, 1874 ; x, Sept. 23, 1874 ; 
 xi, Oct. 22, 1874 : xii, Mar. 2, 1675 ; xiii, Mar. 24, 1875 ; xiv, xv, June 
 
143] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1874-1875 701) 
 
 1874-78. Jasper, T.— Continued. 
 
 29,1875; xvi, xvii, Sept. 18, 1875 ; xviii,xix, Jan. 26,1876; x:x,xxi, 
 Apr. 20, 1876 ; xxii, xxiii, July 26, 1876 ; xxiv, xxv, Oct. 7, 1876 ; xxvi, 
 xxvii, Jan, 3, 1877; xxviii, xxix, May 12,1877; xxx, xxxi, Aug. 6, 
 1877; xxxii,xxxiii, Nov, 5, 1877; xxxiv, xxxv. Mar. 8, 1878; xxxvi, 
 xxxvii, June 8, 1878 ; xxxviii, xxxix, Sept. 23, 1878 ; xl, announced for 
 Oct., 1878; each part consisting of 3 colored and 1 flat-tinted plate, 
 and 8 pages (or 4 folios) of text ; plates in 2 series, and text in 2 
 sets of pagination ; the whole designed to form 2 vols. 
 
 The wort is really two works in one, each of them to form a separate volume. 
 One set of plates, colored, nambered in Koman, I-CXX? (or I-CXIX?) is 
 accompanied by tlie general letter-press, treating of the North American birds 
 represented on these plates. The other set of plates, Arabic Nos., 1-40, flat- 
 tinted, has also its letter-press, separately paged. Three of the colored plates 
 and their text and one of the plain plates and its text form together each 
 number. I cannot give the exact pagination, etc., as the work is not finished, 
 and the above is only the cover-title, moreover modified in some respects with 
 saccessive parts; the permanent title may he literally difiierent again; title- 
 pages, indexes, frontispieces, etc., are anDounced for the concluding number. 
 
 On its first appearance, this work was promptly set upon by the critics, with 
 such effect that it has scarcely been recognized, and has seldom, if ever, been 
 cited by the "regular " ornithologists. But the publication has nevertheless stead- 
 ily progressed to a successful conclusion, and now forms a really notable work, 
 open to much less serious objections than at first seemed imminent, and worthy 
 of all proper consideration. As a business enterprise, the affair has apparently 
 been a success; five "editions" (issues of additional impressions) bave been 
 called for, showing that the work answers th.e popular demand. It seems better 
 suited to the tastes and wants of the populace than any other ornithological 
 work which has ever appeared in this country, though it will never be conceded 
 to have any weight or authority with ornithologists. Of the illustrations, much 
 might be said according to the perspective in which we choose to regard them ; 
 the truest perspective is perhaps the price at which they are issued— four of 
 them, 12 X IS inches, with 8 pp. of text, for a dollar. They maintain the same 
 character throughout the series. The text, on the contrary, has steadily im- 
 proved from the first; it consists of a general account of the objects delineated, 
 beginning usually with a few original words, and for the rest consisting of copi- 
 ous extracts from authors, from Wilsoo, Audubon, and Nuttall to those of to-day. 
 This is the Birds of North America part ; the other part of the work, separately 
 paged, and with its 40 plain plates, is a general treatise on ornithology, the 
 classification, etc., of which is modelled after Brehm j it is less satisfactory than 
 the main part of the work. 
 
 1875. Abbott, C. C. The Migration of inland Birds. < Bod and Gun, vi, 
 July 10, 1375, p. 230 ; and July 17, p. 243. 
 Reprinted from Pop. Sd. Monthly. 
 
 1875. "Alaska." [H. W. Elliott.] Disappearance of certain song-birds. 
 < Rod and Gun, vi, May 15, 1875, p. 97. 
 
 1875. A[llen], J. A. Dr. Coues's Birds of the Northwest, < Am. Nat, ix, No. 
 8, Aug., 1875, pp. 466-468. 
 
 1875. Allen, J, A. Coues's Birds of the Northwest. < Atlantic Monthlyj 
 xxxvi, Sept., 1875, pp. 365-368. 
 Review of the work. 
 
 1875. Allen, J. A. *' Birds of the Northwest." < Rod and Gun, vi. May 22, 
 1875, p. 119. 
 
 Protesting against the position taken by the reviewer of the work, torn, dt, p. 
 39, in regard to the inside history of the publication. The editor ("W". F. Parker) 
 defends the previous criticism in a note appended to the letter. 
 
710 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1875 [l44 
 
 1875. [Anon.] [Review of Wilson Flagg's " Birds and Seasons of New Eng- 
 land ".] <^ Apjiileten'a Journ., xiii, June, 187.'), p. 788. 
 
 1875. [Anon.] Fauna of Eastern Florida. [Birds.] <i Forest and Stream, 
 ill, Jan. 7, 1875, p. 340. 
 
 1875. [Anon.] [Birds of the Northwest.] < Forest and Stream, iv, March 
 
 18, 1875, p. 92. 
 Notice of the work of that name. 
 1875. [Anon.] The Arrival of Birds as observed at Utioa. < Oologist, 1, 
 
 1875, p. 38. 
 
 1875. [ Anon.— H. C. Yaekow.] Dr. Cones' New Book—" Birds of the North- 
 west." < Bod and Gun, vi, April 17, 1875, p. 39. See, also, p. 119. 
 
 "While speaking very pleasantly of the work itself, the writer of this review 
 reflects severely upon the TJ. S. Geological Survey, under which it was puhlished, 
 and the circumstances ostensibly attending its publication. The reviewer's 
 attitude is promptly resented by J. A. Allen, torn. ciL, p. 119. 
 
 1875. [Anon.] [Announcement of intended catalogue of the birds of South- 
 ern Michigan, by A. H. Boies.] <^Bod and Gun, vi. May 22, 1875, p. 
 119. 
 
 1875. [Anon.] Killing insectivorous Birds. < Bod and Ghm, vi, July 10, 
 1875, p. 232. 
 
 1875. [Anon.] [Dates of] Arrival of Birds at Grafton, Canada. <Bod and 
 Gun, vi, July 10, 1875, p. 234. 
 
 1875. [Anon.] Some Observations on the Birds of Ritchie Co., W. Va. 
 < Bod and Gun, vi, Aug. 14, 1875, p. 295. 
 
 Notice of "W. Brewster's paper in Ann. K. Y. I/yc. N. S., vol. xi, June, 1875, 
 pp. 129-146, q. V. 
 
 1875. [Anon.] The Bird Question. <2Jo(Zan^ Gum, vi, Sept. 18, 1875, p. 375. 
 Abstract of paper in Proc. IlliTwis Sort Soc, showing utility of birds in agri- 
 culture. 
 
 1875. Arnold, W. W. A history of my pets. <Bod and Gun, vi, April 10 
 and Aug. 14, 1875, pp. 22 and 249. 
 Various American birds included. 
 
 1875. Bailey, J. S. The Migration of Birds. < Forest and Stream, iv, April, 
 
 22, 1875, p. 172. 
 1875. Batty, J. H. Winter collecting in Minnesota. < Am. Sportsman, v, 
 
 1875, Jan. 23, p. 262. 
 liist of birds included. 
 
 1875. Batty, J. H. Our Hawks and Owls. < Forest and Stream, iv, July 15, 
 1875, p. 374. 
 
 1875. Boies, A. H. Catalogue of the Birds | ascertained to occur in | South- 
 ern Michigan ; | together with | the Game and Fish Laws | of Mich- 
 igan, I and I Miscellaneous Articles for Sportsmen. | By A. H. Boies. 
 I — I Hudson, Mich. : | W. T. B. Schermerhorn printer. | 1875. 8vo 
 pamphl., not paged (foil. 12). 
 Sll spp., briefly annotated. 
 
 1875. "Boone." [Joshda Cooke.] ABlizzard. < Bod and Gun, Yi,Apnl3, 
 1875, p. 2. 
 
 How prairie birds survive the rigorous climate and icy gales on the plains of 
 the Northwest. 
 
145] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ISYS 711 
 
 1875. Brewbe, T. M. Catalogue of the Birds of New England, with brief 
 notes indicating the manner and character of their presence ; with 
 a list of species included in previous catalogues believed to have 
 been wrongly classed as Birds of New England. < Proo. Boat. Soc. 
 Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, pp. 436-454. Also sep. pub. 8vo pamph., 1875, 
 pp.21. 
 
 336 Bpp., fully annotated ; followed by a critical commentary on the claims of 
 29 more to be included in the fauna of Kew England. The writer eliminates 
 from the New England list 29 spp. which had been admitted by other writers, 
 especially Goues ; these being " in his judgment" not entitled to place. A very 
 few species are given additional to Coues's List of 1868. Stragglers are marked 
 by asterisk. " It has been my sole aim to furnish a list that shall be reliable so 
 far as it goes. I may have omitted some that are entitled to a place. Be it so ; 
 I had rather omit ten that may be found, than include one that never has been." 
 Such stringency is unfavorable to a scientific method of compilvng a local avi- 
 fauna. Gf. The Independent (newspaper), Oct. 7, 1875. 
 
 1875. Brewster, W. Some observations on the Birds of Ritchie County, 
 West Virginia. < Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1875, pp. 129-146. 
 
 Very fully annotated, and an extensive list, containing some valuable informa- 
 tion. 
 
 1875. Brown, N. C. Ornithological Notes from Portland, Maine. <C.Eod 
 and Gun, vi. May 8, 1875, p. 81. 
 
 Notes upon deformity in Plectropkanes nivalis; occurrence of Tasserculus prin- 
 ceps and Ardea egretta ; also, note on JI. egretta, by Kuthven Beane. Eead before 
 Nuttall Ornith. Club, April 24, 1875. 
 
 1875. Brdhin, T. a. Die Vogel von New Coeln im Staate Wisconsin. 
 < Zool. Gart., 1875, p. 414. 
 
 Not seen— title from Zool. Xiec. "A bare list of about a hundred species 
 with a few notes giving the time of year in which some of them were observed." 
 
 1875. BORROUGHS, J. Birds and Seasons of New England. <^Scribner's 
 Monthly, xi, 1875, p. 293. 
 Koview of Wilson Elagg's Birds and Seasons of New England. 
 
 1875. Chickering, J. J. Notice of White Mountain [N. H.] Birds and 
 Insects. <C Field and Forest, i. No. 6, Nov., 1875, p. 48. 
 Mere mention of some half dozen species. 
 
 1875. Cooper, J. G. New Facts relating to Californian Ornithology. <^Proo. 
 Gala. Acad. Nat. Sci., Deo. 6, 1875, pp. . Also, repaged over- 
 sheets, 8vo, pp. 14. 
 
 Critical commentary on about 50 spp., with special reference to latest informa- 
 tion secured respecting them. 
 
 1875. Cope, [E. D.] On an Extinct Vultnrine Bird. <^ Proo. PMla. Acad. 
 iVot. Sci., 1875, p. 271. 
 
 Yultur umbrosics, formerly described aa Cathartes unibrosus, now referred to 
 VuUuridce. 
 
 1875. Coues, E. a Report | upon the | Condition of Affairs | in the | Terri- 
 tory of Alaska. | — I By | Henry W. Elliott, | Special Agent Treas- 
 ury Department. | — | Washington: | Government Printing OeSce. | 
 1875. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 277. > Chapter IX. Ornithology of the 
 Prybilov Islands. By Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A. pp. 166-212. 
 
 A reprint verbatim of the original which formed the Ornithological Appendix 
 of Elliott's 4to "portfolio " ed. of the same work, 1873, q. v. 
 
712 BIBLIOGKAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1875 [l46 
 
 1875. CouES, E. On the Breeding of certain Birds. <^m. Nat., ix,No.2, 
 Fob., 1875, pp. 75-78. 
 
 Of Montana Territory, U. S. Aquila chrysaetoe, Hittrionicut torquatm, Ampe- 
 lis garrulus, Neocoryg epra^uii, etc. 
 
 1875. C[ocEs], E. A Late Paper on Birds. < Am. Xat, ix, No. 10, 1875, 
 pp. 570, 571. 
 W. Brewster's on West Virginia birds, in Ann. Lye, xi, 1875, pp. 129-146. 
 
 1875. [CouES, E.] [Notice of T. M. Brewer's Catalogue of the Birds of 
 New England (Pr. Bost. Soc, xvii, pp. 436-454).] < The New York 
 Independent (newspaper), Oct. 7, 1875. 
 
 1875. CouES, E. Fasti Ornithologise Eedivivi. — No. 1. Bartram's ' Travels.' 
 < Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. ScL, 1875, pp. 338-358. 
 
 An extended review of Bartram as an ornithologist, claiming that this author's 
 names are available ; 215 epp., 52 left undetermined, 163 identiiied. Of the iden- 
 tified binomial names, 20 are considered tenable, 5 of them being already in 
 general employ. The article, liketbose of Cassin's, whose title is appropriated, 
 was received with disfavor, mainly, it would seem, on account of the trouble it 
 would make in the way of nomenclatural changes, should the position assumed 
 be considered tenable. C/. ZooL Bee. for 1875, p. 30 ; .4m. Nat., x, 1876, pp. 21, 98, 176. 
 
 1875. Dawson, G. M. British North American Boundary Commission | 
 Report I on the | Geology and Eesonrces | of the | region in the 
 vicinity of j the forfy-ninth parallel, | from the Lake of the Woods 
 to the Bocky Monntains. | With | lists of plants and animals col- 
 lected, and notes | on the fossils. [ By | George Mercer Dawson, 
 Assoc. E. S. M., F. G. S., | Geologist and Botanist to the Commis- 
 sion, I addressed to Major J. D. Cameron, E. A., | H. M. Boundary 
 Commissioner. | [Arms.] | Montreal : | Dawson Brothers, St. James 
 street. | London: Sampson, Low & Co. | New York: B. Wester- 
 mann & Co. | 1875. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. i-xi, 1-397, pll. i-xviii, 3 col'd 
 fold'd maps. 
 
 Pages 280-283, list of arrivals of birds in spring of 1874, at Duiferin, Manitoba, 
 uear Pembina, Dakota, with extracts from Sir John Kichardson's observations 
 for Cumberland House and Carleton House. 
 
 1875. Deane, E. The Nuttall Ornithological Club. <^ Am. Sportsman, v, 
 1874-75, Feb. 13, p. 312. 
 
 Circular of the Club, signed by Ruthven Deane, aec'y, and Ernest Ingersoll 
 and Walter Wood, publication committee, with reference to publication of pro- 
 ceedings. 
 
 1875. Flagg, W. The | Birds and Seasons | of New England. | By Wilson 
 Flagg, I author of " The Woods and By-ways of New England." | 
 With Illustrations. | [Quotation.] | [Trademark.] | Boston: | 
 James E. Osgood and Company, | Late Ticknor & Fields, and Fields, 
 Osgood, & Co. I 1875. 1 vol. sm. 8vo. pp. i-vi, 1 1., pp. 1-457, 12 
 heliotype pll. 
 
 "The title of this work does not give the reader a full understanding of its 
 scope and contents, as it treats of Scenes and Flowers as well as of Birds and 
 Seasons. . . . My essays are not biographies of the Birds. I treat of them 
 chiefly as songsters, and speak only of those habits which render them useful, 
 interesting, or picturesque. ... I would remind the reader that some part« of 
 my book have already appeared In print." — {Extracts from Introduction.) The 
 author writes like a close observer, as well as a lover of birds who has discov- 
 ered that they may subserve other than ornithological purposes j though the 
 fullest appreciation of the poetry of their lives is not incompatible with the 
 power to discriminate between the genera j4n£ro5toniu« and C/tordifes; nor does 
 
147] 
 
 BJBLIOGKAPHICAL APPENDIX 1875 713 
 
 1875. Flagg, W.— Continued. 
 
 this latter ability make one quite an "extraordinary pedant" (seep. 288). The 
 delightful treatise may touch elbows on the shelf with iiurrougha's Wake Eobin ; 
 they both refresh and recreate whom the galling of the technic-harness has 
 made sore. 
 
 1875. Gardner, Doesey. Wilson the Ornithologist. < Seribner's Monthly, 
 xi, 1875, pp. 690-703 ; four illustrations. 
 Biographical notice of Alexander Wilson. 
 
 1875. Gaumer, G. F. Ornithological notes [upon 12 spp. of Kansas birds, 
 -with list of 36 other spp. observed Mar. 13, 1875]. < Observer of 
 Nature (newspaper), Mar. 24, 1875. 
 
 1875. Grinnell, G. B. Engineer Department, U. S. Army. | — | Report I of 
 a I Reconnaissance | of the | Blacli Hills of Dalsota, | made in | the 
 summer of 1874. | By William Ludlow, | Captain of Engineers, Bvt. 
 Ijieut. Colonel U. S. Army, | Chief Engineer Department of Da- 
 kota. I — I Washington : | Government Printing Office. | 1875. 1 
 vol. 4to. pp. 121. ^ Zoological Report. By George Bird Grin- 
 nell. Chap. II. Birds, pp. 85-102. 
 
 Consists of excellent field-notes on the birds observed on the expedition, 110 in 
 number, being a large majority of those inhabiting the locality. 
 
 1875. Grinnell, G. B. The Frigate Bird [Tachypetes aquila] and White 
 
 Ibis [Ibis alba] in Connecticut. < Am. Nat., ix, No. 8, Aug., 1875, 
 
 p. 470. 
 1875. " H." The Close Season for Game Birds. < Bod and Gun, vi. May 15, 
 
 1875, p. 106. 
 Facts concerning growth and habits of game-birds ; see also letter " Times and 
 
 Seasons " on the same page, and much elsewhere. 
 
 1875. Harting, J. E. The Fauna | of the | Prybilov Islands | abridged from 
 the I " Report on the Prybilov Group or Seal Islands of Alaska," | 
 by Henry W. Elliott ; with an Appendix on the | Ornithology by 
 Dr. Elliott Coues (Washington, 1873). | By J. E. Harting, F. L. S. 
 F. Z. S. I London | reprinted Irom the Natural History columns of | 
 " The Field " for private circulation | 1875 Pamph. pp. 38, pi. 1. 
 
 Aves, pp. 15-36, thus occupying the greater part of this excellent digest of the 
 original. Tringa ptilocnemis Coues (= T. gradlis Hart.) is rediscussed. The pi. 
 (from P.Z.S.) shows bill, feet, and tail of this species, and of T. alpina and T. 
 eraaairostris. See the original, 1873, Coueb, E. 
 
 1875. Henshavs', H. W., and Aiken, C. E. Annual Report | upon the | Geo- 
 graphical Explorations and Surveys west of the | one hundredth 
 meridian, in California, Nevada, | Nebraska, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, 
 New I Mexico, Wyoming, and Montana, by George M. Wheeler, | 
 First Lieutenant of Engineers, IJ. S. A. ; | being | Appendix L L | of 
 the I Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for lf-75. | — | 
 Washington : | Government Printing Office. | 1875. 8vo. pp. i-iv, 1 
 1., pp. 1-196, maps, views, etc. > App. 1 1, 1 2, pp. 139-166. 
 
 This publication contains three ornithological papers, namely: — "Notes upon 
 the Ornithology of the Kegion traversed ", by Mr. Henshaw, pp. 149, 150. relating 
 to New Mexico and Arizona ; " Notes on the Ornithology observed by Mr. C. E. 
 Aiken, assistant ", pp. 150-153, relating to Colorado; and, especially, an 'lAnco- 
 tated List of the Birds of Arizona", by Mr. Henshaw. The latter treats of 
 "291 " (i.e., 293) spp., andisby far the roost complete enumeration extant, besides 
 being fully annotated with field-notes of local distribution, abundance or scarcity, 
 times of appearance, etc. The breeders are marked with an asterisk. The list 
 
714 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1875 [l48 
 
 1875. Henshaw, H. W., and Aiken, C. E.— Continued. 
 
 is of excellent authority, being based upon the author's personal observations, 
 supplemented by those of Dr, Cones, Dr. Cooper, Captain Bendire, and others, 
 which are Ireely quoted. The two minor papers call for no remark. 
 
 1875. Hoffman, W. J. List of Birds observed at Grand Eiver Agency, 
 Dakota Ter., from October 7th, 1872, to June 7th, 1873. < Proe. 
 Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xviii, 1875, pp. 169-175. 
 79 spp., annotated. 
 
 1875. Ingersoll, E. The Autumnal Migration of Birds. <^ Forest and 
 Stream, v, Nov. 4, 1875, p. 195. 
 Keprinted from Tlie Christian Union. 
 
 1875. Ingersoll, E. [List of various birds which have flown at night 
 
 into the upper windows of The Tribune office. New York City.] 
 
 <^ Fm-est and Stream, v, Nov. 4, 1875, p. 195. 
 1875. Ingebsoll, E. The Ornithology of the Black Hills. < Forest and 
 
 Stream, v, Dec. 2, 1875, p. 260. 
 Review, with copious extracts, of G. B. G-rinnell's Zooological Report, in Capt. 
 
 Ludlow's E^ort o/ a Beconnaissance of the Black JSilla, etc., 1875, q. v. 
 
 1875. [Ingbksoll, E.] Birds with Teeth. < Forest and Stream, v, Dec. 
 30, 1875, p. 323. 
 Statement of Prof. 0. C. Marsh's palscontolo^cal discoveries of Odantomifhes. 
 
 1875. "Inghb." LE. Ingeksoll.] The Vacation of an Ornithologist. 
 
 < Forest and Stream, iv, July 15, 1875, p. 358. 
 Experiences in Hitchie Co., West Virginia. 
 1875. "K." [Early spring birds at Perth Amboy, N. J.] <^ Forest and 
 
 Stream, iv, March 25, 1«75, p. 101. 
 1875. K[ebnb], S. W. Birds of the Northwest. < Forest and Stream, iv, 
 
 April 15, 1875, p. 157. 
 Review of £ird£ of the Northwest, etc. 
 187.5. L[e Moine], J. M. Winter Birds [at Quebec, C. E.] <^ Am. Sports- 
 man, V, Jan. 2, 1875, p. 219. 
 1^75. Marsh, 0. C. Odoutornithes, or Birds with Teeth. <^Am. Nat., ix. 
 
 No. 12, 1875, pp. 625-631, jll. 2, 3. 
 Pub. in part in Am. Joum. Sci.,x, Nov., 1875. — Jchthyornis dispar, pL 2 ; Sesper- 
 
 ornis regalia, pL 3 — former type of order OdontormcB, latter of order Odontolas ; 
 
 OdontormcB vice Ichthyornithea, preoccupied. 
 
 1875. Maynard, C. J. A Naturalist's Vacation. < Eod and Gun, vii, Oct. 
 30, 1875, p. 65. 
 Pield-notee, Aug. 27-Sept. 21, in Pennsylvania. 
 
 1875. Maynard, C. J. Birds observed during a few hours stroll about Wil- 
 mington, N. C. < The Scientific Monthly (Toledo, Ohio), i. No. 1, 
 Oct., 1875, pp. 32-34. 
 An Interesting though small list of 19 spp. 
 
 1875. Nelson, E. W. Notes on Birds observed in portions of Utah, Nevada, 
 and California. < Proe. Bost. Soc. N'at. Hist., xvii, 1875, pp. 338-365. 
 I. Vicinity of Fort Bridger, Utah, June 22-July 24, 1872, 19 spp. II. Near 
 Salt Lake City, July 27-Aug. 8, 1873, 41 spp. III. A. Vicinity of Elko, Nevad.% 
 Aug. 9-14, 1872, 33 spp. ; B. 25 miles north of Elko, August, 72 spp. The several 
 lists well annotated. 
 
149] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1875 715 
 
 1875. Newton, A. Notes on Birds which have been found in Greenland. 
 By Alfred Newton, M. A., F. E. S., Professor of Zoology and Compara- 
 tive Anatomy in the University of Cambridge. London. 1875. 
 8vo pamphlet, pp. 94-115. 
 
 This article, of which I have only seen a separately printed copy, constitutes 
 No. vi, pp. 94-115, of a " Manual of the Natural History [etc.] of Greenland and 
 the neighbouring regions, 8vo, London, 1875 ", ordered by the English Admiralty 
 to be drawn up in view of the expedition of the same year, and is compiled in 
 accordance with official instructions, which accounts for its form. Spp. 63 + 62, 
 summarily treated as to geographical distribution, etc. Of. Zool. Bee. for 1875. 
 
 1875. " OoLOGiST." Reminiscences of a Collector. < Oologist, i, 1875, pp. 
 50, 51, 57-59, 65, 66. 
 A boy's narrative, containing some items respecting North American birds. 
 
 1875. " OVDM." Migration of Birds. < Oologist, i, 1875, pp. 13, 14. 
 
 1875. EiDGWAY, R. Snow Birds and Little Owls. < Atn. Sportsman, v, 
 Mar. 20, 1875, p. 393. 
 Information upon Junco, PlectropTianeSt etc., and Scops asio. 
 
 1875. EiDGWAY, E. First impressions of the Bird-fauna of California, and 
 general remarks on western Ornithology. < The Scientific Monthly 
 (Toledo, Ohio), i. No. 1, Oct., 1875, pp. 2-13. 
 
 Based on the same material as that elaborated afterward in Clarence King's 
 report, 1877, q. v., with more regard to the popular aspects of the case. 
 
 1875. Roberts, T. S. New Birds from Minnesota. < Forest and Stream, v, 
 Dec. 16, 1875, p. 292. 
 
 Remarks on rare species, and list of 18 spp. not enumerated by Dr. Hatch 
 in his Catalogue of the Birds of Minnesota, 1874. This article was also printed 
 in The Scientifle Monthly for Teh., 1876, p. 231, q. v. 
 
 1875. Robinson, W.R. AListof AlbinoBird8[of NorthAmerica]. -CForest 
 and Stream, v, Dec. 30, 1875, p. 323. 
 
 1875. [Salvin, O.] [Ornithological advices from Disco, Greenland, on 
 affairs of the Arctic Expedition.] < Ibis, v, 3d series, 1875, pp. 
 520, 521. 
 
 1875. Samuels, E. A. The | Birds of New England | and | adjacent states: | 
 
 I With an appendix containing supplementary notes. , 
 
 Sixth edition, revised and enlarged. | Boston; | Noyes, Holmes, and 
 company, | 219, Washington Street. | 1875. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. i-vii, 
 1-591, col'd froutisp. (Quiscalus purpureus), many full-page un- 
 colored woodcc. and others in text, and pll. i-iv of eggs. 
 
 Orig. ed, 1867. This ed. from the orig. stereos. ; illustrations the same, with 
 addition of the col'd frontisp. The Appendix, pp. 575-583, gives many species 
 omitted from the orig. ed. There have been several editions of this work, all 
 from the orig. stereos., and substantially the same, but differing in the illustra- 
 tions and size of paper, one in small 4to, many colored plates additional to those 
 of the regular editions. The "Appendix" was introduced soon after the first 
 ed., perhaps in the 2d. 
 
 1875. SCLATER, P, L. Instructions for collecting and observing the Birds 
 of Greenland. < Instructions for Use of Sci. Exped. to Arct. Regions, 
 1875, pp. 45, 46. (8vo, London , 1875. ) 
 
 1875. Scott, G. C. Spring Birds and Fishes. <^]iod and Gun, vi, April 
 17, 1875, p. 33. 
 
716 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1875 [150 
 
 1875. Snow, F. H. Birds of Kansas. < Observer of Nature, ii, Mar. 24, 1875 
 (newspaper, not paged). 
 
 Adds 4 spp. to his various previoTis lists, and mentions several others as prob- 
 able or possible additions to the avifauna of the State. 
 
 1875. Snow, F. H. New Birds in Kansas. < Am. Nat., ix. No. 8, Aug., 1875, 
 p. 470. 
 
 Micropalama himantopv^, CalidrU arenaria, Aegiothus Knaria, Dendroeca pal- 
 jnaruin, AmpelU garruUus. 
 
 1875. Snow, F. H. Birds of Kansas. < Trans. Kans. Acad. Science for 1874 
 (pamphlet, pub. separately from Trans. State Board of Agric., with 
 which formerly included), 1875, pp. 30, 31. 
 
 Of these 9 spp., 3 are additional to former lists, raising the nmnber to S90. See 
 1875, 1874. 1873, 1872, SNOW, F. H. 
 
 1875. Snow, F. H. A | Catalogue | of the | Birds of Kansas | contributed 
 to the I Kansas Academy of Science | by | F. H. Snow, | Professor 
 of Natural History and Meteorology, in the University | of Kansas, | 
 at Lawrence. | — | Third Edition. | November, 1875. 8vo. pamph. 
 pp. 14. 
 
 23 spp. and one var. added since the pub. of the 2d ed. in Oct., 1872. List now 
 contains 295 spp. ; the 23 additions would have increased the number to 305, but 
 for redaction of several spp. to varr. 136 spp., known to breed, marked with 
 asterisk. 
 
 1875. Stearns, W. Birds Breeding on Peniliese Island [Massachusetts]. 
 
 < Am. Nat, ix. No. 9, 1875, pp. 514, 515. 
 Annotated list of 14 spp. 
 
 1875. Stephens, F. A collector's rambles [in New Mexico]. <^ Rod and 
 Gun, vi, June 5, 1875, p. 146 ; June 12, 1875, p. 171. 
 Birds observed in Sangre de Cristo Moontains and vicinity in March. 
 
 1875. Taber, E. B. The life of winter Birds. < Forest and Stream, v, Dec. 
 9, 1875, p. 275. 
 
 1875. [TiLBSTON, W. M.] Birds in extremis [through rigors of winter]. 
 <[ Forest and Stream, iv, Mar. 4, 1875, p. 40. 
 
 1875. [TiLBSTON, W. M.] Spare the Birds. <^ Forest and jS/ream, iv. Mar. 
 25, 1875, p. 104. 
 
 1875. Treat, [Mrs.] Mary. Do Birds improve as architects? <^Harper's 
 New Monthly Mag., li, pp. 127-130. 
 Answered affirmatively and cases cited from personal observation. 
 
 1875. Wheaton, J. M. The food of Birds as related to agriculture. 
 
 < Twenty-ninth Ann. Bep. Ohio State Board of Agric. for 1874, (no 
 date) 1875, pp. 561-578. 
 
 Also separately, 8vo, pp. 18, same title. — This is, in effect, a corrected and com- 
 pleted list of the birds of Ohio (the author's original list appeared in same pub- 
 lication for 1860), briefly annotated, and with the general food-regimeu of each 
 family given ; being a weil-conceived essay of much practical utility. 
 
 1875-77. " Ovum." Birds' Nests and Eggs. < Oologist, i. No. 1, Mar., 1875, 
 p. 2 ; No. 2; Apr., 1875, pp. 9-11, with 2 figg. ; No. 5, July, 1875, pp. 33, 
 34, 6 figg. ; No. 6, Aug., 1875, pp. 41, 42, + suppl. sheet, for Sept., Oct., 
 pp. 1,2, figg. 1-4; No.9,Nov., 1875,p. 59,+supp].8heet; No. 10, Dec, 
 
151 ] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ISrS-lSTG 717 
 
 1875-77. "OVDM."— Continued. 
 
 1875, p. 67,+ suppl. sheet, with 5 figg. ; No. 11, Jan., 1876, pp. 73-75; 
 ii, No. 3, May, 1876, pp. 18, 19 ; No. 4, June, 1876, pp. 26, 27 ; No. 5, July, 
 
 1876, pp. 33, 34 ; No. 6, Aug., 1876, pp. 42, 43 ; No. 7, Sept., 1876, pp. 49, 
 50; No. 8, Oct., 1876, pp. 58, 59; Nos. 9, 10, Nov.-Dec, 1876, pp. 66, 67 ; 
 No. 11, Jan., 1877, pp. 76, 77 ; No. 12, Feb., 1877, pp. 86, 87. 
 
 A series of descriptions of the nests and eggs of varions North American 
 birds, several of which are figured. My file of this "amateur" periodical is 
 incomplete. The series continues with same major caption, over a different 
 psendonyme, "Avis", following articles being rather citable separately by their 
 respective snb-heads. 
 
 1876. Abbott, C. C. Eepetitlon of Nesting in Birds. < Forest and Stream, 
 V, Jan. 6, 1876, p. 340. 
 List of species breeding twice in a season. 
 
 1876. Abbott, C. C. My February Field Notes. < Forest and Stream, vi, 
 Mar. 23, 1876, pp. 99, 114. 
 Ornithological journal near Trenton, N. J. 
 
 1876. Abbott, C. C. March Field Notes— Birds [at Trenton, N. J.] < Forest 
 and Stream, vi, April 20, 1876, p. 163. 
 
 1876. Abbott, C. C. Three months of Field Notes. < Forest and Stream, vii, 
 Aug. 10, 1876, pp. 3, 20. 
 
 Ornithological field-notes made at Trenton, N. J. Remarks on inflnences 
 affecting migrations. 
 
 1876. "Agatb." Game [Birds] in Western New York. <^ Forest and Stream, 
 vi, Feb. 17, 1876, p. 18. 
 
 1876. Allen, C. A. Notes from California. < Forest and Stream, vii, Aug. 
 10, 1876, p. 4. 
 Arrival and nesting of birds at Nicasio, Marin Connty. 
 
 1876. Allen, Mrs. C. A. [List of 6 Californian birds nesting on a single tree, 
 with details.] < Forest and Stream, v, Feb. 3, 1876, p. 404. 
 
 1876. Allen, J. A. The availability of certain Bartramian names in orni- 
 thology. < Am. Nat., x. No. 1, 1876, pp. 21-29. 
 Adverse to Dr. Coues's Tiew.s, Pr. Phila. Acad., 1875, pp. 338-358. 
 
 1876. Allen, J. A. Bartramian Names again: An Explanation. <^m. 
 Nat, X, No. 3, 1876, pp. 176, 177. 
 The last word in this short and amiable discussion. 
 
 1876. Allen, J. A. Progress in Ornithology in the United States during the 
 last Century. < Am. Nat., x. No. 9, 1876, pp. 536-550. 
 
 A very valuable historical digest and commentary. It is one of the "Centen- 
 nial " reports of progress in zoology which the Naturalist published this year. 
 
 1876. A[llkn], J. A. Birds of Kansas. < Bull. Nutt. Orniih. Clui.i, No. 2, 
 July, 1876, pp. 47, 48. 
 Notice of r. H. Snow's later catalogue of Kansas birds. 
 
 1876. A[llbn], J. A. Extinct Birds with teeth. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, 
 i. No. 2, July, 1876, p. 49. 
 
 Note on Marsh's papers on Ichthyomie, Apatomis, Hesperoniia, and Lestornis, in 
 Am.Joum. Sri., 1875 and 1876. 
 
718 BirSLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1876 [ma 
 
 1876. A[llen], J, A. Life-Histories of the Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania. 
 
 < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, i, No. 2, July, 1876, pp. 49, 50. 
 • Eeviow of T. G. Gentry's work of that name, vol. I. 
 
 1876. Allen, J. A. Decrease of Birds in Massachusetts. < Bull. Nutt. 
 Ornith. Club, i, No. 3, Sept., 1876, pp. 53-60. 
 Statement of tbe case, and discnsslon of the causes. 
 
 1876. A[llkn], J. A. The Birds of Ritchie County, West Virginia. < Bull. 
 Nutt. Ornith. Club, i. No. 3, Sept., 1876, p. 72. 
 Brief note on Brewster's paper, Ann. I/yc. N. T., xi, 129. 
 
 1876. Allen, J. A. Geographical variation in the number and size of the 
 eggs of [certain North American] birds. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, 
 i, No. 3, Sept., 1876, pp. 74, 75. 
 
 1876. A[llen], J. A. Birds of Southwestern Mexico. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. 
 Club, i, No. iv, Nov., 1876, p. 93. 
 Note on G. N. Lawrence's paper, JBulL TT. S. Nat. Mus., No. 4, 1876, g. v. 
 
 1876. A[llen], J. A. Jordan's Manual of Vertebrate Animals. <C Bull. Nutt. 
 Ornith. Club, i, No. iv, Nov., 1876, pp. 93, 94. 
 Eevlew of the work. 
 
 1876. [Allen, J. A.] Ornithological Calendar for March. <^Fore8t and 
 Stream, vi, Mar. 16, 1876, p. 84. 
 
 1876. Allen, J. A. Send in the reports. <[ Forest and Stream, vi, March 30, 
 1876, p. 115. 
 
 Importance of secnring data on migrations and habits of birds, and sngges- 
 tions therefor. 
 
 1876. Allen, J. A. Calendar [for birds in Massachusetts, March 20-31]. 
 
 < Forest and Stream, vi, March 30, 1876, p. 116. 
 
 1876. Allen, J. A. Calendar [of birds of Massachusetts for April 1-20]. 
 
 < Forest and Stream, vi, April 6, 1876, p. 132. 
 
 1876. Allen, J. A. On the Decrease of Birds in the United States. < Penn 
 Monthly, Dec, 1876, pp. 931-944. 
 
 Refers especially to Alca impennis, Cupidonia eupido, Meleaffris ffallopavo, 
 Ocmurus carolineTigis, Iiylotonms pUeatus, Melmierpee erythrocephalus, Orus spp., 
 Oygnus spp., Pelecanus spp., La/ridce, GralUe, Ectopistes migratoHus, Quiscalm 
 purpureas, Agelceits phceniceus, and in more general terms to Tarions other species. 
 
 1876. [Anon.] Bare birds for Canada. < Forest and Stream, vii, Nov. 9, 
 1876, p. 212. 
 Pelican (sp. !) and Sand-hill Crane at London, Ontario. 
 
 1876. [Anon.— G. B. Gbinnbll.] Nnttall Bulletin [vol. I, No. 4, reviewed]. 
 
 < Forest and Stream, vii, Dec. 28, 1876, p. 327. 
 
 1876. [Anon.] Report upon Geographical and Geological Explorations and 
 Surveys in charge of First Lieut. Geo. M.Wheeler, Corps of Engineers 
 U. S. A., Chap. Ill, Vol. V, Zoology, Washington. <[ Rod and Gun, 
 viii,Aug.26, 1876,p. 344. 
 Review of the ornithology of Arizona and vicinity, by H.."W. Henshaw. 
 
 1876. [Anon.] The Traffic in Birds. <;?0(?ow(iGttn,ix,Dec.l6,1876,p.l72. 
 Statements from the New York World concerning the importation of foreign 
 singing and fancy birds to the 0nited States. 
 
153] BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. ISTe 719 
 
 1876. . Notes frcm our Correspondents. <i Forest and Stream, vi, 
 
 Feb. 10, 1876, p. 3. 
 
 Eagles on the Hudson river ; Pine Grosbeak in confinement ; "White Pelican 
 common in Florida ; G-ulls as scavengers. 
 
 1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. <^ Forest and Stream, vl, 
 
 March 16, 1876, p. 84. 
 
 ATnpelis garrulus; bird arrivals in Berks Co., Pa. j Gambel's and Massena 
 Quails. 
 
 1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. <^Forest and Stream, vi, 
 
 March 23, 1876, p. 99. 
 
 Spring birds at Salem, Mass., Yonkers, N. X., Waterville, N. Y., and Peo- 
 tone, 111. 
 
 1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. < Forest and Stream, vi, 
 
 April 6, 1876, p. 132. 
 Albinos ; Bluebird and Meadow Lark in Louisiana. 
 
 1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. <^ Forest and Stream, vi, 
 
 April 13, 1876, p. 148. 
 
 "Woodcock breeding in Duplin Co., N. C. ; March birds, including Whippoor- 
 will, at Glen's Palls, and at Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
 
 1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. <^ Forest and Stream, vi, 
 
 April 27, 1876, p. 180. 
 
 Spring birds in New England ; albino Bobin and Sora Eail. 
 
 1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. < Forest and Stream, vi. 
 
 May 18, 1876, p. 233. 
 Drumming of Snipe ; habits of Chimney Swifts. 
 
 1876. . Letters from Ornithologists. <^ Forest and Stream,, vi, May 
 
 18, 1876, p. 233 ; June 1, 1876, p. 266. 
 
 Dendrceca coronata in Eastern Mass. (Akthur F. Gray) ; spring migrants at 
 Montpelier, "Vt. (W. A. Bbiggs), and at Peotone, 111. (D.H.Eaton); ornithology 
 of Eogue Island, Me. (G. Longfellow). 
 
 1876. . Letters from Ornithologists. <^ Forest and Stream, vi, June 
 
 1,1876, p. 266. 
 
 "Warblers in Eastern Massachusetts (Chas. A. Houghton) ; spring birds at 
 Newport, E. I. (J. S. Couland = Bowland), at Gainesville, Texas (G. H. Hags- 
 dale), and at Lake City, Minn. (D. C. Estes). 
 
 1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. <C Forest and Stream, vi, 
 
 June 15, 1876, p. 300. 
 Accidental death of birds ; " Knsty-headed Fisher " = Female Gooseander ? 
 
 1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. <^ Forest and Stream, vi, 
 
 July 6, 1876, p. 355. 
 Birds feeding on maggots ; *' "White Crane " at Lynchburg, "V"a.; Toeless Bobin. 
 
 1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. <[ Forest and Stream, vi, 
 
 July 20, 1876, p. 387. 
 
 Bird caught in a mussel ; Black-throated Buntings, etc., in Illinois ; Upland 
 Plover breeding at Gainesville, Texas ; sex of Pigeons ; habits of Catbird. 
 
 1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. <^ Forest and Stream, vii, 
 
 Oct. 12, 1876, p. 148. 
 
 Gulls at Homellsville, N. Y. ; Bald Eagle weighing 18 pounds ; Bed.headed 
 "Woodpeckers In Northern New Jersey ; "Wood Ducks reared in the barn-yard. 
 
720 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX, 18'S'6 [154 
 
 1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. < Forat and Stream, vii, 
 
 Oct. 19, 1876, p. 164. 
 
 CoUurio borealis seizing its prey with its talons; Zencedwra carolinenHs at 
 Machiaa. Me., Oct. 9, etc. 
 
 1876. "Akcher." [G. a. Stock well.] Game of Michigan. Wild Turkey.— 
 Meleagris gallipavo, Meleagris mexicana. < Bod and Gun, ix, Nov. 
 4, 1876, p. 65. 
 
 1876. Audubon, Miss [Maria E.] Eeminiscences of Audubon, by a Grand- 
 daughter. <^ Scrihner's Monthly, xii, 1876, pp. 333-338. 
 
 1876. Bailey, H. B. Notes on Birds found breeding on Cobb's Island, Va. 
 Between May 25th and May 29th, 1875. < Bull. Nutt. Omith. Cluh, 
 i, No. 1, 1876, pp. 24-28. 
 21 app., mostly waders and swimmers. 
 
 1876. Baird, S. p. Engineer Department, U. S. Army. | = | Report | of | 
 Explorations | across the | Great Basin of the Territory of Utah | for 
 a I direct wagon-route from Camp Floyd to Genoa, in Carson Valley, 
 I in 1859, I by | Captain J. H. Simpson, | Corps of Topographical 
 Engineers, U. S. Army, | [now Colonel of Engineers, Bvt. Brig. Gen., 
 U. S. A.] I made | by authority of the Secretary of War, and under 
 instructions from Bvt. Brig. Gen. A. S. Johnston, | U. S. Army, 
 commanding the Department of Utah. | — | Washington : | Govern- 
 ment Printing Office. | 1876. 1 vol. 4to. pp. 518, maps and pU. 
 > Appendix K. List of Birds collected by Charles S. McCarthy, 
 Taxidermist. Classified by Prof. Spencer F. Baird. pp. 375-381. 
 Perfunctory ; 114 spp., with number of specimens procured and localities. 
 
 1876. BiCKNBLL, E. p. A comparison of winter Birds. < Forest and Stream, 
 vi, April 6, 1876, p. 133. 
 
 1876. BiCKNBLL, E. p. Early spring [Birds, etc.] on the Hudson. < Forest 
 and Stream, vi, April 13, 1876, p. 149. 
 
 1876. BiCKNEix, E. p. Field Notes [on Birds, etc.] at Eiverdale [N. Y.] 
 < Forest and Stream, vi, May 18, p. 233. 
 
 1876. BiCKNELL, E. P. The birds of our suburbs [i. e., at Eiverdale-on-Hud- 
 son, N. Y.] < Forest and Stream, vi, July 20, 1876, p. 386. See p. 402. 
 Ornithological journal, May 1-31. 
 
 1876. Boies, A. H. [Additions to a catalogue of] Michigan birds. < Rod 
 and Gun, vii, Jan. 15, 1876, p. 248. 
 For the Catalogue, see 1875, BoiES, A. H. 
 
 1876. Brewer, T. M. Birds of New England. < Bull. Nutt. Omith. Club, 
 i. No. iv, Nov., 1876, pp. 89-93. 
 
 A defence of his catalogue against the criticisms of "H. A. P[nrdie] ", torn. 
 cit, p. 72. 
 
 1876. Brewster, W. On the occurrence of certain Birds in the New Eng- 
 land states. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, i. No. 1, 1876, pp. 17-20. 
 
 Jimco aregonua, Conms oanfragua, Tireo pMadelphicua, Trtnga bairdi, Philoma- 
 chus pugnax. 
 
 1876. B[RBW8TER],W. Ornithology of the Wheeler Expedition. -i^Bull. 
 Nutt. Omith. Club, i. No. 3, Sept., 1876, pp. 70, 71. 
 
 Bevlew of Henshaw's ornithological papers in the pnblioationa of the expedi- 
 tion mentioned. 
 
155] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1870 721 
 
 1876. Beiggs, W. a., and "E." Two letters from northern Vermont. 
 < Forest and Stream, vi, Mar. 23, 1876, p. 100. 
 
 List of resident and winter Nrds at Montpelier, Vt., including Huteo pennsyl- 
 vmiicus ; notes from Addison Co., Vt., with editorial remarks. 
 
 1876. Brown, N. C. Variable Abundance of Birds at the same Localities 
 [in North America] in different years. ■< Bull. Nutt. Omith. Club, i. 
 No. iv, Nov., 1876, pp. 95, 96. 
 
 1876. [Browne, C. F.] Local nomenclature. <^ Forest and Stream, yu, 
 Nov. 9, 1876, p. 212. See pp. 245, 276. 
 Gnnner's names for sea-birds at Plymonth Bay, Mass., with editorial remarks. 
 
 1876. Bro[w]ne, F. C. [Cf. p. 212.] Gunner's Names [for sea-birds and 
 ■wild fowl on tie Massachusetts coast]. <^ Forest and Stream, vii, 
 Nov. 23, 1876, p. 245. See pp. 212, 276. 
 
 1876. Burroughs, J. Notes from the North Eiver [at Esopns,N.Y.]. <^For- 
 
 est and Stream, vi, April 20, 1876, p. 164. 
 1876. Burroughs, J. A Bird Medley. < Scribner's Monthly, xii, 1876, 
 
 pp. 479-489 ; nine illustrations [by Miss Fidelia Bridges]. 
 Poetic treatment of some birds of the Northern States. 
 1876. Carpenter, W. L. Field Notes on the Natural History of the Big 
 
 Horn Mountains [Montana]. < Forest and Stream, vii, Nov. 2, 1876, 
 
 p. 196. 
 1876. C. F. P. Birds of Southern Pennsylvania. < Forest and Stream, vi, 
 
 March 9, 1876, p. 67. 
 1876. "CiLiBiLi." [Wm. GoODYEE.] Birds and late snow storms. <i Foi-est 
 
 and Stream, vi, April 20, 1876, p. 164. 
 
 1876. COLVIN, V. The winter fauna of Mt. Marcy. < Sod and Gun, viii, 
 April 8, 1876, p. 22. 
 From Report to State Legislature of Survey of the Adirondack 'Wilderness. 
 
 1876. Cooper, J. G. Californian Garden Birds. <^ Am. Nat., x. No. 2, 1876, 
 pp. 90-96. 
 Notes on the habits of numerous species observed near San Francisco. 
 
 1876. Cope, E. D. On a Gigantic Bird from the Eocene of New Mexico [Dia- 
 tryma gigantea]. <^ Proa. Acad. Nat. Sd. Phila.for April 1876. 
 
 1876. CoUES, E. An Account of the various Publications relating to the 
 Travels of Lewis and Clarke, with a Commentary on the Zoologi- 
 cal Results of their Expedition. <^JBull. V. S. Geo!. (S'mj'».,No. 6, 2d 
 ser., Feb. 8, 1876, pp. 417-444. 
 2. — Birds, pp. 439-444. Identification of the species described by these authors. 
 
 1876. CouES, E. Reply to Mr. J. A. Allen's " Availability of certain Bar- 
 tramian names in Ornithology." < Am. Nat., x, No. 2, 1876, pp. 
 98-102. 
 
 Maintaining the position he assumed in his Fmti Ornithologke Xedivivi, against 
 Allen, in Am. Nat., 1876, pp. 21-29. 
 
 1876. CouES, E. Unusual Nesting Sites of the Night Hawk and Towhee 
 Bunting. < Am. Nat., x, No. 4, 1876, p. 239. 
 Chordiles popetne on a roof; IHpilo erythrophthalmMS in a tree. 
 
 46 B 
 
722 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1876 []56 
 
 1876. CotJES, E. The Destruction of Birds by Telegraph Wire. < Am. 
 Nat, X, No. 12, 1876, pp. 734-736. 
 
 Detailed accoant, from observations in Colorado. The article reappears, ander 
 Tarioas editorial gnises and abstracts, in numberless newspapers. 
 
 1876. CoUES, E. On the Number of Primaries in Oscines. <[ Bull. Nutt. 
 Ornith. Clab, i. No. 3, Sept., 1876, pp. 60-63. 
 
 Eesultfl of examination of many supposed nine-primaried birds, in "whicli a 
 rudimentary first primary, making ten in all, was found. 
 
 1876. CouES, E. A correction. < i^'orest ond jStreom, vi, Feb. 24, 1876, p. 36. 
 Of a statement respecting the " Birds of the Colorado", loc. cit, p. 20. 
 
 1876. CouES, E. Mr. Gentry's Book about Birds. ■< Bod and Chin, viii, 
 April 29, 1876, p. 71. 
 Review of JAfe -Histories of the Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania, vol. I. 
 1876. CouKS, B. Dr. Coues on "Partridge", "Quail", etc. <^Rod and 
 Gun, ix, Nov. 11, 1876, p. 88. 
 Systematicrelationsinterfig, scientific names, and habitatsof American Gallinee. 
 1876. Covert, A. B. A Letter of Promise. < Forest and Stream, vi, March 
 2, 1876, p. 52. 
 Spring birds in Michigan ; ability of birds to foresee atmospheric changes. 
 1876. Covert, A. B. Birds of Lower Michigan. < Forest and Stream, 
 vi, 1876, pp. 99, 132, 163, 214, 266, 318, 354. 
 
 Catalogue, with annotations, of birds observed in the Lower Peninsula of 
 Michigan during several years. 
 
 1876. Deake, Ruthvex. Albinism and melanism among North American 
 birds. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, i, No. 1, 1876, pp. 20-24. 
 Commentary on the many instances of this affection observed by the writer. 
 
 1876. Db Kay, Charles. Winter Sunshine. < Smbner'a Monthly, xi, 
 1875-76, p. 749. 
 Review of John Burroughs's Winter Sunshine. 
 
 1876. Eaton, D. H. Prairie Ornithology [at Peotone, 111.]. -^ Foi'est and 
 Stream, vi, June 15, 1876, p. 301. 
 
 1876. Eaton, D. H. Egg collecting in Illinois. < Forest and Stream, vi, 
 June 29, 1676, p. 337. 
 
 1876. [Editorial.] The Nuttall Ornithological Club. < Bull. Nutt Ornith. 
 Club, i. No. 2, July, 1876, pp. 29-32. 
 
 Historical sketch, including list of the principal papers, by members of the 
 club, published elsewhere (chiefly in the American Sportsmam) prior to establish- 
 ment of the SuLletin. 
 
 1876. [Editoeial.] Correction [of article "Birds of our Suburbs", p. 386]. 
 < Forest and Stream, vi, July 27, 1876, p. 402. 
 
 1876. EsTES, D. C. Winter notes from Lake Pepin [Minn.]. ■< Forest and 
 Stream, vi, April 20, 1876, 164. 
 
 1876. Flsh, George T. Birds and their uses. < Bod and Gun, viii, July 
 29, 1870, p. 281. 
 Bead before the Western New York HortlcDltnral Society. 
 1876. Fisher, A. K. Small Birds caught by the Burdock. < Am. Nat., 
 X, No. 4, 1876, pp. 239, 240. 
 Ohrysomitris tristis, JDcndraeca coronata. 
 
157] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. Igye 723 
 
 1876. Fowler, H. G. Birds of Central New York. < Foreat and Stream, vi, 
 Apr., 1876, p. 180; May 18, p. 233; June 8, p. 284; June 29, p. 337; 
 
 ,p.402; vii, Aug. 24, 1876, p. 36; Aug. 31, p. 52; Sept. 14, p. 84; 
 
 Nov. 16, p. 230. 
 
 List of 150 spp., of Caynga, Seneca, and Wayne Cos., N. T. The first instal- 
 ment is ascribed b\ error to " H. W. Candee ". See 1877, Eathbhn, P. E. 
 
 1876. Fowler, H. G. Additional Birds of Central New York. < Forest and 
 Stream, Oct. 26, 1876, p. 180. 
 Adding 19 spp. to above list. 
 
 1876. Fox, W. H. Three migrations [1874-5-6, at HolUs,New Hampshire] 
 compared [in a table], < Forest and Stream, vi, July 6, 1876, p. 354. 
 
 1876. Fuller, A. R. Spring [arrivals of birds] at Meacham Lake, New 
 York. < Forest and Stream, vi, June 15, 1876, p. 301. 
 
 1876. Gilbert, J. B. The rarer birds of Western New York. <^ Forest 
 and Stream, vii, Dec. 28, 1876, p. 324. 
 Remarks on 35 spp. of birds of Yatea Co., If ew York. 
 
 1876. Gladwin, Charles O. [Notes on some] Birds of Southern Connec- 
 ticut. < Forest and Stream, vi, March 30, 1876, p. 116. 
 
 1876. Gray, Arthur F. Resident [land] Birds [25 spp.] of Danvers 
 [Mass.] < Forest and Stream, vi, April 27, 1876, p. 181. 
 
 1876. [Grinnbll,G. B.] [Notice of a "Catalogue of the Birds of South- 
 western Mexico, collected by F. E. Sumlchrast " ; in Bulletin of the 
 National Museum, No. 4.] < Forest and Stream, vii, Nov. 23, 1876, 
 p. 245. 
 
 1876. Hoffman, W. J. Habits of Western [North American] Birds. <^Am. 
 Nat., X, No. 4, 1876, pp. 238, 23^'. 
 Buteo ewainsoni, Stellula calliope, etc., in California and Nevada. 
 
 1876. HoLBERTON, W. Local names of bay-birds [Limicolse]. < Forest 
 and Stream, vii, Sept. 7, 1876, p. 68. 
 
 1876. Ingbrsoll, E. Three April Birds [Sialia sialis, Troglodytes aedon, 
 Zen£Bdura carolinensis]. <[ Appleton's Journal, xv, April, 1876, p. 
 526. 
 
 1876. [Ingersoll, E.] An Invitation [to observe and record daily occur- 
 rences in natural history, mainly in ornithology]. <^ Forest and 
 Stream, vi, Feb. 17, 1876, p. 19. See p. 37. 
 
 1876. [Ingersoll, E.] Birds of Arizona. <^ Forest and Stream, vi, Feb. 17, 
 1876, p. 20. 
 
 Notice of H. W. Hensbaw's List of tbe Birds of Arizona, in Report of Ezplora- 
 HoTis West of lOQth Meridian. 
 
 1876. [Ingersoll, E.] [Notice of the work on the " Birds of tbe Colorado ", 
 to be written by Dr. Elliott Cones.] <^ Forest and Stream, vi, Feb. 
 17, 1876, p. 20. See pp, 36, 387. 
 
 1876. [Ingersoll, E.] Our " Invitation " heard from. <^ Forest and Stream, 
 vi, Feb.24, 1876, p. 36. 
 
 Comments and criticisms by S. F. Baird, C. C. Abbott, and others, npon the 
 text and proposal in the article "An Invitation ", on p. 19. Information npon 
 migrations of birds in Central New Jersey. 
 
724 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1876 [l58 
 
 1876. [Ingeksoli,, E.] Eecent pamphlets. <^Foreat and Stream, vi, Mar. 
 9, 1876, p. 67. 
 
 Notices of papers by Dr. Elliott Cones on Lewis and Clarke's Travels^ on the 
 Zapodidce, and on breeding of Lagopus leucurus, in Bull, U, S. Geol. and Geog. 
 Survey. 
 
 1876. [Ingeksoix, E.] [Winter birds of Eastern Maine.] <i Forest and 
 
 Stream, vi, March 9, 1876, p. 68. 
 1876. [Ingbrsoll, E.] [Snggestions as to] Formnlating Field Notes. 
 
 < Forest and Stream, vi, April 6, 1876, p. 132. 
 
 1876. [Ingeesoll, E.] Scboolboys as naturalists. <. Forest and Stream, 
 vi, April 20, 1876, p. 103. 
 
 1876. [Ingeksoix, E.] At Home with the Birds. <:^ Forest and Stream, 
 vi,May 11, 1876, p. 214. 
 
 Keview of vol. I, LifeSistories of the Birds of Eastern PenTisylvama, by 
 Thomas G. Gentry. 
 
 1876. [Ingersoll, E.] The Nuttall Club. < Forest and Stream, vi, May 
 2.5, 1876, p. 250. 
 
 Historical sketch of the Nuttall Ornithological Clab, and review of their 
 Bulletin, vol. I, Xo. 1. 
 
 1876. [Lngeesoll, E.] New Work by Dr. Cones. < Forest and Stream, 
 vi, Jnly 20, 1876, p. 387. See pp. 20, 36. 
 Advance notice of the Birds of the Colorado. 
 
 1876. [Ingersoll, E.] Dr. Hayden and Ornithology. <^ Forest and Stream, 
 vi, July 20, 1876, p. 390. 
 
 Sketch of ornithological results from the TJ. S. Geological and Geographical 
 Snrvey of the Territories. 
 
 1876. [Ingeesoll, E.] Wheeler's " Birds "- -^Forest and Stream, vi, July 
 27, 1876, p. 402. 
 
 Notice of chap. Ill, vol. V, Bep. of 77. S. Oeol. Sure. W. of 100th Mer. (Lient. 
 Geo. M. Wheeler in charge), by H, "W. Henshaw. 
 
 1876. [Ingersoll, E.] A key to our Shore Birds [Limicolse]. <^ Forest and 
 Stream, vi, Aug. 3, 1876, p. 417 ; and vii, Aug. 10, 1876, p. 3. 
 Introduction by Ingersoll; the key from D. S. .Jordan's Manual of Vertebrates. 
 
 1876. [Ingersoll, E.] Ornithology, etc. <C, Forest and Stream, vii, Aug. 
 17, 1876, p. 23. 
 
 Review of H. "W. Henshaw's memoir in vol. V of the Reports of BxploratUms 
 and Surveys West of 100th Meridian, pp. 131-508, 15 colored pU. 
 
 1876. Ingersoll, E. The Migrations of Birds. < Forest and Stream, vii, 
 Sept. 14, 1876, p. 84. 
 From Scriimer^s Monthly, Sept., 1876. 
 
 1876. [Ingersoll, E.] A second "Birds of New England". <^Forest and 
 Stream, vii, Oct. 5, 1876, p. 132. 
 
 Advance announcement of H. D. Minot's Land and Game Birds of New Eng- 
 land. 
 
 1876. [Ingersoll, E.] Two Lists of Birds. <^ Forest and Stream, vW, Oci. 
 19, 1876, p. 164. 
 
 Comments upon a list of the birds of Lower Michigan, and a list of the birds 
 of Central New Tork. 
 
1S9] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1876 725 
 
 1876. Ingersoll, E. Something About Birds. < Scrihner's Monthly, xii, 
 1876, pp. 689-693, figg. 1-17. 
 
 Featurea of bird-cbaracter generally; illustrations taken from Sanborn 
 Tenney's Zoology, and Baird, Brewer, and Eidgway's Sistory of North American 
 Birds. 
 
 1876. I[ngeesoll], Mrs. E. Kinglets and Warblers in captivity. < Forest 
 
 and Stream, v, Jan. 6, 1S76, p. 340. 
 1876. Jones, Wm. L. Marcii Memoranda [from St. Clair Co., 111.]. <^ Forest 
 
 and Stream, vi, June 29, 1876, p. 338. 
 
 1876. Jones, Wm. L. April Birds [at Lebanon] in Illinois. < Forest and 
 Stream, vi, Aug. 3, 1876, p. 418. 
 
 1876. Jordan, D. S. Manual | of the | Vertebrates | of the | Northern 
 United States, | including | the District east of the Mississippi 
 River, | and north of | North Carolina and Tennessee, exclusive | 
 of marine species. | By | David Starr Jordan, M. S., M. D. | Profes- 
 sor of Natural History in N. W. C. University, and in Indiana | 
 State Medical College. | — | Chicago : | Jansen, McClurg & Com- 
 pany. I 1876. 1 vol. 12mo. pp. 342. 
 
 " This book bas been written to give collectors and students wbo are not spe- 
 cialists, a ready means of identifying the families, genera and species of our 
 Vertebrate Animals. In deference to the uniform experience of botanists, and 
 in view of the remarkable success achieved by Dr. CouES, in the application of 
 the method to Ornithology, the author has adopted the system of artificial keys." 
 {Extract /rom Prc/oce.)— Birds are treated at pp. 36-156, with useful artificial 
 keys to the higher groups, analyses of the genera, and concise diagnoses of the 
 species. It bas proven a very useful and valuable help to the student, and bas 
 already passed to a 2d ed., 1878, q. v. 
 
 1876. Jouy, P. L. Birds of the District of Columbia. <[ Field and Forest, 
 
 i, No. 10, Mar., 1876, pp. 79, 80. 
 Kominal list of 38 "common permanent residents" and 29 "common winter 
 
 residents"- Article ascribed to E. W. Shufeldt; error coriected op. cit., ii, No. 
 
 1, p. 18. 
 1876. Kbybs, F. H. May Songsters at Springfield [Mass.]. < Forest and 
 
 Stream, vi, June 29, 1876, p. 338. 
 
 1876. Kdmlein, a. J. Unusual Accidents to Birds. < Field and Forest, ii, 
 No. 6, Dec, 1876, p. 106. 
 
 Ohordeiles popetue with a beetle (Laeknostema) which had worked partly 
 through the gullet and skin of the neck. — Pigeon impaled on a beech twig. 
 
 1876. Lawkbncb, G. N. Birds | of | Southwestern Mexico. | Collected by 
 Francis E. Sumichrast | for the | United States National Museum. | 
 — I Prepared by | George N. Lawrence. | — | Washington : | Gov- 
 ernment Printing Office. | 1876. =Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 4. 8vo 
 pamph. Cover and pp. 56. 
 
 There is the cover-title, the full-page title (above given), and a third one, all 
 worded differently— An important paper, treating of 321 spp., with author's 
 critical and collector's field-notes, preceded by Sumicbrast's "Notes on the 
 geographical division of the birds in the Sithmns [lege Isthmus] of Tehuantepec " - 
 The novelties contained in this splendid collection were earlier published else- 
 where. 
 
 1876. Lb Baron, J. F. The naturalist and sportsman in Florida. < Rod 
 and Oun, ix, 1876, pp. 21, 29, 53, 69, 83, 97, 113. 
 
726 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1876 [l60 
 
 1876. Longfellow, G. A persecuted Ornithologist. < Forest and Stream, 
 vi, .June 22, 1876, p. 319. 
 Enormons abundance of sea-birds in Engliohman's Bay, Maine. See p. 233. 
 
 1876. Marsh, O. C. Notice of New Odontornithes. < Am. Joum. Sci., (3), 
 xi, 1876, pp. 509-511. 
 
 Not seen.— ies(or)ii« crassipes, g. sp. n., p. 509 ; Heeperomie graeilis, p. 510, 6p. 
 n. ; Ichthyornis (?) victor, p. 511, sp. n. 
 
 1876. Maesh, 0. C. Note sur de nonveaux Odontornithes. < Gervaia' 
 Joum. de Zool., v, 1876, pp. 304-306. 
 Not seen— from Am. Joum, Sci., (3), xi, pp. 509-511, q. v. 
 
 1876. Maynard, C. J. Variation in the breeding habits of certain Birds 
 [of Florida]. < Eod and Gun, viii, Aug. 12, 1876, p. 314. 
 
 1876. Merrlam, C. H. < Passerculus prinoeps and Parus budsonicus in 
 Connecticut. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, i, No. 2, July, 1876, p. 52. 
 
 1876. Merrill, J. C. Notes on Texan Birds. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, i. 
 No. iv, Nov., 1876, pp. ^8, 89. 
 
 I. Molothrus CETieus, Nyctidromus albicoUis, Pyrrhophcena riefferi, Parra gyrmio- 
 stoTna, Podiceps dominicus, from Fort Brown, Texas — all but the laat new to the 
 U. S. fauna. II. On the breeding habits, previously unknown, of two species of 
 North American birds {Emhemagra rufivirgata, Xanthura hixicosa). 
 
 1876. MiNOT, H. D. The Summer birds of the White Mountain Eegion. 
 
 < Am. Nat, x, No. 2, 1876, pp.'75-80. 
 
 Bnnning commentary on vaiious species of that part of New Hampsliire. 
 
 1876. Morris, R. T. Refleoiions upon reflections. <C_ Forest and Stream, vi, 
 May 1, 1876, p. 197. 
 Adverse criticism of Theo. Jasper's booli, 1874-78, q. v. 
 
 1876. Morris, R. T. Game Birds of Connecticut. \ Forest and Stream, vii, 
 Sept. 28, 1876, p. 116. 
 53 spp., with notes npon relative abundance. 
 
 1876. Morris, R. T. Local nomenclature [for wildfowl on the Connecticut 
 coast]. < i^07-e8* and Stream, vii, Deo. 7, 1876, p. 276. See pp. 212, 245. 
 
 1876. Nelson, E. W. Additions to the Avi-fanna of Illinois, with notes on 
 other species of Illinois Birds. <^ Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, i. No. 2, 
 July, 1876, pp. 39-44. 
 
 15 spp., fully annotated, with further notes on 14 other spp. still imperfectly 
 known as birds of Illinois. 
 
 1876. Nelson, E. W. Birds observed in the vicinity of Oakland, Cal., De- 
 cember 23, 1872. < The Sdentifia Monthly (Toledo, Ohio), vol. 1, 
 No. 5, Feb., 1876, pp. 232-234. 
 Kuuning commentary on the varied results of one day's observations. 
 
 1876. Parker, S. S. A report [of spring Birds] from New Hampshire. 
 
 < Forest and Stream, vi, April 27, 1876, p. 180. 
 
 1876. Phillips, C. H. The fauna of Nebraska [including game birds]. 
 •< Forest and Stream, vi, Juno 8, 1876, p. 284. 
 
 1876. Pierce, M. P. Scarcity of Birds in New Jersey. < Forest and Stream, 
 vi, Mar. 16, 1876, p. 84. 
 
16]] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1876 727 
 
 1876. P[uBDiK], H. A. Birds of New England. < Mil. Nutt. Orniih. Club, 
 i, No. 3, Sept., 1876, pp. 72, 73. 
 
 Critical review of T. M. Brewer's Catalogue, Pr. Bost. Soc, xvii, pp. 436-454, 
 noting some of the required additions and making many necessary corrections. 
 
 1876. Eagsdale, G. H. Texan Ornithology. < Forest and Sireavi, vi, July 
 13, 1876, p. 370. 
 
 Journal from April 24 to June 5 of ornithological occurrences at Gainesville, 
 Cooke Co., Texas. 
 
 1876 EiDGWAY, E. Ornithology of Guadeloupe Island based on notes and 
 collections made by Dr. Edward Palmer. < Ball. U. S. Geol. Sun: 
 Terr., vol. ii, 1876, pp. 183-195. 
 
 The land birds ascertained to inhabit the island during the breeding season are 
 Begulus calendula obscurus, p. 184 ; Salpinctes obsoletus guadcloupensis, p. 185 ; 
 Thryomanes bremcauda, p. 186 ; Oarpodactis wmplus, p. 187 ; Junco insularis, p. 188 ; 
 Pipilo jnaculatus consobrimts, p. 189 ; OJapte^ mexicanus rujipileus, p. 191 ; Paly- 
 boritu lutosus, p. 192— all new spp, or varr., excepting the Folyborus, which had 
 just before been described (op.ait., 2d aer., No. 6, 1876, p. 459). "Guadeloupe" 
 (so spelled) lies off the coast of Lower California, and must not be confounded 
 with an Antillean island of same name and similar orthography. 
 
 1876. EoBBETS, T. S. Winter rarities in Minnesota. < Forest and Stream, 
 vi, April 13, 1876, p. 14d. 
 
 JETesperipfuma vespertina, Carpodaeiis purpureus, Pinicola enucleator, Bucephala 
 americana. 
 
 1876. Egberts, T. S. A list cf some Birds observed in the vicinity of Min- 
 neapolis, Minn., not enumerated in Dr. Hatch's list. < The Scientific 
 Monthly (Toledo, Ohio), vol. i. No. 5, Feb., 1876, p. 231. 
 Annotated list of 20 spp., communicated by Mr. Eidgway. 
 
 1876. EOBINSON, E. E. Spring birds of [Addison County] Vermont. 
 <^ Forest and Stream, vi, June 22, 1876, p. 318. 
 
 1876. Smith, G. Aug. Birds of Fort Wayne, Ind[iana]. < Forest and 
 Stream, vi, April 13, 1876, p. 148. 
 
 50 spp. observed in winter during 16 years. There are some glaring errors j as, 
 Glaucidium gnoma for ITyctale acadica. 
 
 1876. Snow, F. H. New Kansas Birds. <l Mserver of Nature (newspaper), 
 iii. No. 6, April 26, 1876. 
 
 Adds 11 spp. to the fauna of the State, among them Myiadestes townsendi, 
 Coturniculus lecontii, and Gymnohitta eyanocephala. 
 
 1876. " Specdlator." [Egbert T. Morris. ] Birds resident at New Haven. 
 <^ Forest and Stream, vi, March 2, 1876, p. .52. 
 
 1876. "Speculator." [Robert T. Morris.] Effect of cold on small Birds. 
 <^ Forest and Stream, vi, March 30, 1876, p. 115. 
 
 1876. [Spera, W. H.] The coming of the Birds. <C Forest and Stream, yi, 
 March 2, 1876, p. 52. 
 
 List of dates of arrivals of birds at Ephrata, Pa., by W. H. Spera ; quoted from 
 Ephrata Times. 
 1876. Stevens, W. G. Bird arrivals on the Harlem [iu April]. < Forest 
 
 and Stream, vi. May 11, 1876, p. 215. 
 1876. "Teal." [E. L.Newcomb.] The Massachusetts coast. <i Forest and 
 Stream, vi, Aug. 3, 1876, p. 417. 
 Ornithological diary, March 9 to May 17. 
 
 1876. Thompson, [J.] M. Some of our game-birds. <^Appleton's Journ., 
 new ser., i, 1876, pp. 481-490, 12 illustrations. 
 
728 BIBLIOGKA.PHICAL APPENDIX. l§76-l§r'J' [j62 
 
 1876. Thompson, [J.] M. — Continued. 
 
 These spirited woodcuts also accompanied a series of brief articles on game- 
 birds (anonymoas) in Appletan's Almanac for 1869. This annoal, published 
 in small 4to» lor 1869, 1870, and 1B71, contained many woodcuts of birds and much 
 pleasant descriptive matter, having, however, little ornithological interest, 
 although generally accurate. 
 
 1876. Warrbn, T. R. Bay Siiooting. < Soribner'a Monthly, xiii, 1876, 
 pp. 145-159 ; fifteen illustrations. 
 Humorous account of hunting sea-ahove fowl. 
 
 1876. Wheeler, W. B. A Maryland calendar. <^ Forest and Stream, vi, 
 
 April 27, 187C, p. 181. 
 
 Spring arrivals at Boonsboro, Md. 
 
 1876-77. Gentry, T. G. Life-Histories of the Birds of Eastern Pennsylva- 
 nia, by Thomas G. Gentry, [etc.] In two volumes. Vol.1. Phila- 
 delphia : published by the author. 1876. Vol. II. Salem, Mass. 
 The Naturalists' Agency. 1877. Sm. 8vo. Vol. I, pp. xvi, 399. Vol. 
 II, 4 p. U., pp. 336. 
 
 The typography of the title difiers in the two vols. Though announced in two 
 vols., the second vol only carries the subject through the land-birds, and another 
 is expected. In spite of the literary execution, these "Life- Histories" are 
 an acceptable contribution, being especially full and important on the subject 
 of the food of the birds, inventories of the contents of the stomach being given 
 in most cases. 
 
 1876-77. Wilson, A., and Bonaparte, C. L. American Ornithology ... by 
 Sir William Jardine. London : 1876. New York : J. W. Bouton, 
 1877. 3 vols. 4to. 
 
 I gather from some trade-lists that there has been a reissue, as above barely 
 indicated, of this edition — the " Jardine " — but I have not seen a copy. 
 
 1877. Abbott, C. C. Glimpses of Mind in Birds. < Am. Nat, xi. No. 5, 
 
 1877, pp. 276-286. 
 Said to be furnished to the writer by certain N. A. birds. 
 
 1877. " Ahwahsoose." Our winter visitors [among birds]. <[ Forest and 
 Stream, viii. May 3, 1877, p. 191. 
 
 1877. Aldrich, C. Destruction of Birds by Telegraph Wires. <^ Am. Nat., 
 xi. No. 11, 1877, pp. 686, 687. 
 Further evidence, in case of Cupidania cupicUt. Of. Amer N'at, x, 1876, p. 734. 
 
 1877. A[llen],J. A. Califomian Ornithology. <^Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, 
 ii, No. 3, July, 1877, p. 76. 
 
 Eeview of J. G. Cooper's paper, Proc. Oal. Acad,, 1876 (separates dated Deo. 5, 
 
 1875). 
 
 1877. A[llbn], J. A. MoCauley's Notes on Texan Ornithology. -^Bull. 
 Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii, No. 3, July, 1877, pp. 76, 77. 
 
 Eeview of paper in Bull. XT. S. Geol. Sure. Terr., iii, No. 3, pp. 655-695, May 15, 
 1877. 
 
 1877. AU.EN, J. A. Occurrence of the Western Nonpareil [Cyanospiza versi- 
 color] and Berlandier's Wren [Thryothorus ludovicianus var. ber- 
 landieri] at Fort Brown, Texas. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii, No. 
 4, Oct., 1877, pp. 109, 110. 
 
]63] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ISrV 729 
 
 1877. Alleu, J. A. The Influeoce of physical Conditions in the Genesis of 
 Species. < Radical Review, i, May, 1877, pp. 108-140. 
 
 Devoted largely to geographical variation in North American mammals and 
 birds (pp. 121-126 devoted exclusively to birds, with other references passim), 
 giving a general r^sumi of the subject. 
 
 1877. [Anon.] Recent Ornithological Papers. < ^m. Nat, xi, 1877, pp. 
 615-617. 
 
 Reviews Nelson's papers on Illinois Birds in Bull. Essex Inst, viii, 1877, pp. 
 90-155; ix, pp. 32-65; McCauley's on Texan Birds, in Bull. V. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 
 iii, 1877, pp. 655-695, and others. 
 
 1877. [Anon.] [Revievr of the " Nuttall Bulletin" for Jannai-y, 1877.] 
 < Forest and Stream, viii, Feb. 8, lb77, p. 10. 
 
 1877. [Anon.— R. F. BoiSKAU.] Our Washington Letter, [etc.] ^.Forest 
 and Stream, viii, May 31, 1S77, p. 267. 
 
 List, with remarks, of birds of District of Colnmbia, derived from Cones and 
 Prentiss's lAst of 1662, q. v. 
 
 1877. [Anon.] Vennor's Birds of Prey. K^Foreat and Stream, viii, June 
 14, 1877, p. 300. 
 
 Review of Vennor's Our Birds of Prey ; or. The Eagles, Hawks and Owls of 
 Canada. Reprinted from Toronto Maii. 
 
 1877. [Anon. G. B. Gkinnell. Review of E. W. Nelson's "Birds of 
 North-eastern Illinois".] <^ Forest and Stream, \ih, Jane 21, 1877, 
 p. 331. 
 
 1877. "Archer." [G.A. Stockwbll.] The Fauna of Michigan. [Birds.] 
 < Forest and Stream, viii, 1877, pp. 224, 241, 261, 281, 300, 360, 380. 
 Merely a nominal, incomplete list, containing no news. 
 
 1877. Bacon, G. R. Notes on some Oregon Birds. <[ Am. Nat., xi. No. 1, 
 1877, p. 44. 
 Field-notes on 6 spp. 
 
 1877. Bagg, E. a Cuckoo's [Coccygus erythrophthalmns] Egg in a Cedar- 
 Bird's [Ampelis cedrorum] Nest. <^Bull. Nutt. Ornitli. Club, ii. No. 
 4, Oct., 1877, p. 110. 
 
 With an editorial note by J. A. Allen, on other instances of parasitism of the 
 American Cuckoos. 
 
 1877. Bbndike, C. Notes on some of the Birds found in Southeastern Ore- 
 gon, particularly in the Vicinity of Camp Harney, from November, 
 1874, to January, 1877. < Proo. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, 1877, 
 pp. 109-149. 
 
 An interesting list of 191 spp., fully annotated; includes some rarities, and 
 many novel observations, especially with reference to breeding. 
 1877. Benton, J. John Burroughs. < Seribner's Monthly, xiii, 1877, pp. 
 336-341, with portrait. 
 
 Includes extracts from Burroughs's ornithological writings. 
 
 1877. B[oiSEAU], R. F. Our Washington letter. <^ Forest and Stream, ix, 
 Nov. 22, 1877, p. 314. 
 
 G-ame- birds about Chesapeake Bay; wildfowl shooting; habits of "jacksnipe ". 
 
 1877. Bkackett, A. G. The Birds of Wyoming. <^ Forest and Stream, vii, 
 1877, pp. 388, 404. 
 
 Partial list, made in the vicinity of Fort Sanders ; editorial remarks ap- 
 pended. See vol vii, p. 4. 
 
730 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENIDX. 1§'S'7 [lC4 
 
 1877. B[nEWEK], T. M. Vennor's Kapacions Birds of Canada. <^Bull. 
 Nutt. Omiih. Club, ii, No. 1, Jan., 1877, pp. 24, 25. 
 Review of the work. 
 
 1877. Bkbwbr, T. M. [Another] Defense of his Catalogue of the Birds of 
 New England. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Clul, ii,No. 2, April, 1877, pp. 
 44-48. 
 
 Continuation of the controvorey, now degenerated to a personal issne. Cf. op 
 cit, i, p. 7-2 and p. 89 j ii, p. 11 and p. 44. 
 
 1877. Brewer, T. M. How to Rightly Estimate the Economical Value of 
 Birds. < Oologist, iii. No. 1, 1877, pp. 6, 7. 
 
 1877. B[eewster], W. Nelson's " Birds of Northeastern Illinois." <CJiull. 
 Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii, No. 3, July, 1877, pp. 68, 69. 
 Keview of paper in BvM. Essex Inst., Tiii, 1876, p. 90. 
 
 1877. B[rkwstee], W. Merriam's " Review of the Birds of Connecticut." 
 < BuU. Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii.No. 4, Oct., 1877, pp. 107, 108. 
 Review of Merriam's important paper in Trans. Oonn. Acad., iv, 1877, pp. 1-165. 
 
 1877. Brown, N. C. Notes on [five species of] Birds new to the Fauna of 
 Maine, etc. <^ Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii. No. 1, Jan., 1877, pp. 27, 28. 
 
 1877. Browne, F. C. A list of Birds observed on and around Clark's Island, 
 Plymouth, Mass. <^ Forest and Stream, viii, March 22, 1877, p. 96. 
 
 1877. Burroughs, J. April. < Scriiner'a Monthly, xiii, 1877, pp. 799-803. 
 Includes some birds found along the Hudson River in that month. 
 
 1877. " C." Some Newfoundland birds. < Forest and Stream, viii, April 12, 
 1877, p. 145. 
 
 1877. Cooper, J. G. On seventy-five doubtful West-coast Birds. <[ BuU. 
 Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii, No. 4, Oct., 1877, pp. 88-97. 
 
 This is an important commentary and criticism on this large number of birds 
 ascribed by various writers to the region in question, but which have not been , 
 satisfactorily determined to occur there. 
 
 1877. CouES, E. Birds of the North-West: | A Hand-book | of | American 
 Ornithology, | containing accounts of all the birds inhabiting the | 
 Great Missouri "Valley, | and many others, together representing a 
 large majority of the | Birds of North America, | with copious bio- 
 graphical details from personal | observation, and an extensive 
 synonymy. | — | By Elliott Cones, | Captain and Assistant Surgeon 
 U. S. Army : — Secretary U. S. | Geological Survey : — Member of the 
 National Acadamy Isio'] of Sciences, etc : — Author of " Key to North | 
 American Birds," "Field Ornithology," etc. | — | [Monogram.] | 
 Boston : | Estes & Lauriat, | Salem Naturalists' Agency, | 1877. 1 
 vol. 8vo. pp. xi,791. 
 
 This is simply 314 copies of the original Birds of the N'orth-West, 1874, q. v., 
 reissued, rebound with publishers' new title-leaf as above. 
 
 1877. C[ouEs],E. Minot's " Birds of New England." <:_ Bull. Nutt. Ornith. 
 Club, ii. No. 2, April, 1877, pp. 49, 50. 
 Review of the work. 
 
 1877. [CouES, E.] The Land Birds and Game Birds of New England. 
 ■< Forest and Stream, vii, Jan. 25, 1877, p. 391. 
 Review of H. D. Minot's book of that name. 
 
165] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX, 1877 731 
 
 1877. CouES, E. Land Birds and Game Birds of New England. < Bod and 
 Gun, ix, Jan. 27, 1877, p. 263. 
 Eeview of work with above title. 
 1877. CouES, E., and Prentiss, D. W. Eemnrks on Birds of the District of 
 Columbia. < Meld and Forest, ii, No. 11, May, 1877, pp. 191-193. 
 
 Somewhat in the nature of a critique on P. L. Jouy's Catalogue, op cit., Mar. 
 and Apr., 1877, q. v. Some of the questionable points are discussed. The article 
 was afterward appended to Jouy's in the separate reprint of the latter. 
 
 1877. Feildkn, H. W. On the Birds of the North Polar Basin. < P. Z. S., 
 
 1877, pp. 28-32. 
 1877. Fbildkn, H. W. List of Bitds observed in Smith Sound, and in the 
 
 Polar Basin during the Arctic Expedition of 1875-76. < Ibia, 4th 
 
 series, i, Oct., 1877, pp. 401-412. 
 24 spp., well annotated. Of. Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 2, April, 1878, p. 86. 
 1877. Goodhue, C. F. The Birds cf Webster and adjoining towns [of New 
 
 Hampshire]. < Forest and Stream, viii, 1877, pp. 33, 49, 98, 113, 146. 
 An aonotated list, by an accurate observer. The titles of parts succeeding the 
 
 first instalment vary slightly in wording from the first caption. 
 
 1877. Hai.lock,C. The | Sportsman's Gazetteer i and | General Guide. | The 
 game animals, birds and fishes of North America : { their habits and 
 various methods of capture. | Copious instructions 1 in shooting, fish- 
 ing, taxidermy, woodcraft, etc. | Together with | a directory to the 
 principal game resorts of the | country ; illustrated with maps. | By 
 Charles Hallock, | [etc.] | New York: | "Forest and Stream" Pub- 
 lishing Company, | American News Company, Agents. | 1877. 1 vol. 
 thick 12mo. pp. 1-688, 1-208, frontisp. (portrait of author), cuts, 
 maps. 
 
 Pages 103-237, a concise systematic treatise on the game birds of North America, 
 some of which are treated at considerable length. The nomenclature and tech- 
 nicalities are from authentic sources. 
 
 1877. Hatch, P. L. Report on Ornithology [of Minnesota]. <C,JBuU. Min- 
 nesota Acad. Nat. Sci., 1877, pp. 305-309. 
 
 Additions to the list of Minnesota birds given in his previous paper in the 
 same publication, 1874, q. v. 
 
 1877. Hdtchins, J. P. Something about Birds of Central New York. 
 
 < Forest and Stream, viii, April 19, 1877, p. 160. 
 Biographical notes and short list of arrivals. 
 
 1877. Ingeesoll, E. Our Winter Birds [in the vicinity of New York City]. 
 
 < AppUton's Journ., ne.w ser., ii, Feb., 1877, p. 97 ; 11 illnst. 
 Biographical notes on a few birds of the United States ; remarks on protective 
 
 mimicry in birds. 
 
 1877. I[NGERSOi.L],E. Burroughs's " Wake-Robin." <^ Bull. Nutt. Ornith. 
 Club, ii. No. 2, April, 1877, pp. 48, 49. 
 Eeview of that delightful book. 
 1877. [Ingebsoll E. ] [Review of Vol. II of ] Gentry's Life Histories of the 
 Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania. <, The Country, i, Dec. 22, 1877, 
 p. 103. 
 1877. Jones, W. L. Arrivals of Birds. <, Field and Forest, iii, No. 1, July, 
 1877, pp. 17, 18. 
 At Lebanon, Illinois, spring of 1877. 
 
732 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ISV* [l66 
 
 1377. JouT, P. L. Catalogue of the Birds of the District of Columbia. 
 <^ Field and Forest, ii, No. 9, Mar., 1877, pp. 154-156; No. 10, Apr., 
 1877, pp. 178-181. 
 
 Nominal list of 240 spp., those additional to Coaes and Prentiss's List of 1862 in 
 italics ; stragglers marked with asterisk. 
 
 1877. JOTJY, p. L. Field Notes on some of the Birds of the District of Co- 
 lumbia. < Field and Forest, iii, No. 3, Sept., 1877, pp. 51, 52. 
 
 Bendrceca caerulaa, Siurus motaciUa, Ohandestes grmnmica !, Fipilo erythroph- 
 ihalmus, Strixjlammea, Florida coervlea. 
 
 1877. JouY, P. L., Codes, E., and Prentiss, D. W. Catalogue | of the | 
 Birds of the District of Columbia, | Prepared by Pierre Louis Jouy, | 
 with I Remarks on the Birds of the District, | by Drs. Cones and 
 Prentiss. | 1877. 8vo pamphl. pp. 11. 
 
 Keiasued, repaged, in an edition of 200 copies, from Meld and Forest, Mar .-May, 
 1877. It consists of Jouy's Catalogue, q. v., with the JRemarks of Coues and 
 Prentiss appended. 
 
 1877. KuMLEiN, L. Ornithological Notes from Texas. < Field and Forest, 
 ii. No. 8, Feb., 1877, pp. 127-132. 
 
 G-ood running commentary on numerous spp. from the Brazos River Valley, 
 Waller Co., Texas. 
 
 1877. KuMLBiisr, L. [Notes on Texan Birds.] <^Field and Forest, \\, "So. Vi, 
 Juoe, 1877, pp. 219, 220. 
 Heply to Kagsdale, op. cit., p. 183. 
 
 1877. Lamberton, A. B. The Birds. < Bod and G-an, ix, March 17, 1877, 
 p. 375. 
 Record of arrivals of birds at Bochester, N. Y. 
 
 1877. Langdon, F. W. a Catalogue | of the [ Birds of the Vicinity of Cin- 
 cinnati [Ohio], I with Notes. | — | By Franls: W. Langdon. | — | 
 Salem, Mass.: | The Naturalist's Agency. | 1877. 8vo pamph. 
 pp. 18. 
 
 279 spp., with notes ; breeders indicated by asterisk ; species included on 
 strength of their known range have their numbers in parentheses A good list. 
 
 1877. Littleton, J. T. Southern [Ornithological] Notes. < Forest and 
 Stream, viil. May 17, 1877, p. 224. 
 
 1877. McCADLBy, C. A. H. Notes on the Ornithology of the Region about 
 the Source of the Red River of Texas, from Observations made during 
 the Exploration conducted by Lieut. E. H. Ruffuer, Corps of En- 
 gineers, tJ. S. A. — By C. A. H. McCauley, Lieutenant Third United 
 States Artillery. — Annotated by Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A. < Itnll. 
 U. S. Geol. Surv., iii, 1877, pp. 655-69.1. 
 
 Very fall and interesting fleld-notes on the habits of the birds of a particular 
 tract of which we knew very little. The general drift of the list reminds us of 
 Woodhouse's in Sitgreavea's Report, though the latter contains various species 
 from farther southwest than Lieutenant McCauley went. This region is interest- 
 ing from the number of characteristic Eastern species represented along with 
 thoroughly "Western ones, resulting in a novel fades. The nomenclature and 
 teohnic of the article are by Dr. Cones. 
 
 1877. McChesnby, C. E. Birds of the Coteau des Prairies of Eastern 
 Dakota. < Forest and Stream, viii. No. 12, April 26, 1877, pp. 176, 
 177; No. 13, May 3, 1877, p. 192; No. 15, May 17, 1877, pp. 224, 225 ; 
 No. 16, May 24, 1877, pp. 241, 242 ; No. 17, May 31, 1877, p. 261. 
 Annotated list of species. 
 
167] 
 
 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 189"? 733 
 
 1877. Marsh, 0. C. Introduction and Succession | of | Vertebrate Life in 
 America. | An Address | delivered before the | American Association 
 for the Advancement of Science, | at Nashville, Tenn., August 30, 
 1877, I by Professor O. C. Marsh, | "Vice President. 8vo. pp. 57, 
 large-paper copies, separate from Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. SoL, n. p., 
 n.d. [1877.] 
 
 Birds especlaUy at pp. 18-22. — A masterly review of the -whole subject, with 
 especial reference, however, to mammals. 
 
 1877. Marsh, O. C. Recent PalEBontological Discoveries in the West. < Am. 
 Nat, xi. No. 8, 1877, p. 500, lig. 84. 
 Notice and figure of restored Sesperornis regalia. 
 
 1877. "M. E. B." Blue-birds [Sialia sialis] besieged by Martins [Progne 
 subis]. <_Field and Forest, ii, No, 12, June, 1877, pp. 215, 216. 
 
 1877. Mbrriam, C. H. A Review of the Birds of Connecticut, with Remarks 
 on their Habits. < Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, July-Oct., 1877, pp. 1-1(55. 
 Also separate, pamphlet and bound, A Review | of the | Birds of 
 Connecticut. | By | C. Hart Merriam. | — | New Haven : | Tnttle, 
 Morehouse & Taylor, Printers, | 1877. Large 8vo. 1 p. 1., pp. 1-166. 
 An important article, very critical, complete and workmanlike, bringing the 
 subject np to date, from the imperfect condition in which it was left 34 years 
 before by Lisslet, Am. Jomrn. Sm., xliv. No. 2, 1843, pp. 249-374, which paper is 
 carefally analyzed. I hold it for a model of this sort of work. 291 spp., fuUy 
 annotated, with copious references. Summer residents known to breed, 135; 
 permanent residents, 41 ; migrants not known to breed, 90 ; winter residents, 
 regular, 36; irregular, 31; summer visitants, irregular, 30; rare and accidental 
 visitors, 46 ; rare and irregular migrants, 9. 
 
 1877. MmoT, H. D. The | Land-Birds and Game-Birds | of | New England | 
 with I Descriptions of the Birds, their Nests and Eggs, 1 their Hab- 
 its and Notes. | With Illustrations. | — | By | H. D. Minot. | — | 
 [Quotation.] | Salem, Mass. | Naturalists' Agency. | Boston : | Estes 
 & Lauriat. | 1877. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. xvi, 456, with 29 woodcc. on 1 pi. 
 (frontisp.) and 22 in text. 
 
 Published in December, 1876. Cf. Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii, 1877, p. 49 ; Forest 
 and Stream, vii, Jan. 25, 1877, p. 391 ; Bod and Own, ix, Jan. 27, 1877, p. 263. 
 
 1877. MiNOT, H. D. Minot's New England Birds ; Additions. <; Am. Nat., 
 xi, No. 3, 1877, p. 175. 
 
 Note of his "careless" {as he calls it) omission of Nauelerus forficatus. Buteo 
 swainsoni, Tyrannus verticalis, and Selminthophaga pinus from his work. 
 
 1877. Minot, H. D. Birds' Nests. < Harper's Ntw Monthly Mag., Iv, 1877, 
 pp. 90-97, 256-259, 9 illustrations. 
 
 Description of various forms of nest-architecture ; illustrated very finely by 
 woodcuts from photographs. 
 
 1877. Nelson, E. W. Birds of Northeastern Illinois. < Ball. Essex Inst., 
 viii, April, 1877, pp. 90-155. 
 
 A thoroughly good list, annotated, of 316 spp. and several vara. Cf. Am. Nat, 
 xi, 1877, p. 615. 
 
 1877. Nelson, E. W. Notes upon Birds observed in Southern Illinois 
 between July 17 and September 4, 1875. < Bull. Essex Inst, ix, 
 June, 1877, pp. 32-65. 
 Notices of about a hundred species. 
 
734 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1SV7 [l68 
 
 1877. PUKDIE, H. A. Distribution of New England Birds.— A reply to Dr. 
 T. M. Brewer. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. CUT), ii, No. 1, Jan., 1877, pp. 
 11-17. 
 
 Continnation of the controversy from op. cit., i, pp. 72 and 89. Quiscalws major, 
 Oorvua ossifragus, JEgialitis toilsonia, yettion erecca, Sula fiber, and othera, claimed 
 for New England, on apparently good grounds. 
 
 1877. PuEDiB, H. A. Notice of a few Birds of rare or accidental Occurrence 
 io New England. < Bull. Nutt. Omlth. Club, ii, No. 1, Jan., 1877, 
 pp. 20-22. 
 
 14 spp., annotated. 
 
 1877. Eagsdale, G. H. [Notes on Texan Birds.] <^Meld and Forest, ii. 
 No. 10, April, 1877, p. 183. 
 Eefleoting on Kamlein, op. eit., pp. 127-132. 
 
 1877. Kathbun, F. E. A Partial Catalogue of the Birds of Central New 
 York, from observations taken in the Counties of Cayuga, Seneca, 
 and Wayne by Mr. H. G. Fowler, of Auburn, N. Y., and from the 
 Cabinet of Skins of New York Birds collected by Mr. J. B. Gilbert, 
 of Penn Yan, Yates County. Divided and arranged in accordance 
 with the "Check List of North American Birds" by Elliott Coues, 
 M. D.,U. S. A., and dedicated to the Cayuga Historical Society. 
 ■^Auhurn [N. Y.] Daily Advertiser [newspaper] of August 14, 1877. 
 Annotated list of li)l spp. — Anthus ludomda/nus given as breeding. " The 
 compiler of this list makes due grace to ' Forest and Stream ', in the columns of 
 which publication it first appeared by instalments, void the classification and 
 occasional notes." — Additional note on same, by same, iMcL., Sept. 6, 1877. — See 
 1876. Fowler, H. G. 
 
 1877. Reynolds, H. S. {Miss or Mrs.) Winter Birds of Arkansas. < Am. 
 Nat., xi. No. 5, 1877, pp. 307, 308. 
 Desultory observations on a few spcoies. 
 
 1877. Rhodes, W. Imported Birds for our woods and parks. <[ Forest and 
 Stream, viii, April 19, 1877, p. 165. 
 Narrative'of experiments in acclimatization of Enropean birds in Canada. 
 
 1877. RiDGWAY, R. United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth 
 Parallel. Clarence King, Geologist-in-charge. — Part III. Ornithol- 
 ogy- ^y Kohert Ridgway. Washington : Government Printing 
 Office. 1877. 4to. 1 cover-1., pp. 303-669. 
 
 The above is the half-title of the ornithological portion of the Report of the Ex- 
 ploration of the Fortieth Parallel, being Part III of Vol. IV of the series of 
 reports, separately issued in paper cover, but with the original pagination j the 
 cover-title only differs in beginning "Extract from Vol. IV. Report of", etc. 
 This separate issue is not dated ; the date is 1877, probably December. I got 
 my copy Feb. 25, 1878. See important bibliogr. note on p. 392 of the report. 
 This work, as originally prepared, was stereotyped in 1871-72 (not 1870, as the 
 note just mentioned states), but never published, citations of the work prior to 
 1678 having all been made from proof-impressions. This original draft of the 
 work was suppressed, and the stereo, plates were melted in 1876. There is a 
 single much mntilated set of proofs in my possession (Feb. 26, 1878). Meanwhile, 
 the report was entirely rewritten, and the various citations of the original sup- 
 pressed report which are extant do not apply to the actual report as published, 
 many changes of nomenclature, and others, having been made. See Bull. NuttaU 
 Olui, ill, April, 1876, pp. 81-83. 
 
 This Important memoir contains a description of the route traversed, physical 
 features of the Great Basin, various local avifaunte of the same, special descrip- 
 
169] BTBLIOGEAPHICAIi APPENDIX. 1877 735 
 
 I 
 
 1877. ElDGWAY, E.— Continued. 
 
 tions of the localities where collections and ohservations were made, general 
 remarks on the avifaunas of the Great Basin, and a catalogue of the 202 species 
 collected or observed — all this interesting matter being preliminary to the report 
 proper. In the latter, the birds are treated at full length, with brief synonj-my 
 and extended critical and field notes; the whtle forming one of the most valu- 
 able contributions "we possess to the bird-history of Utah, Nevada, and adjacent 
 portions of California. The articles are specially notable for the many meas- 
 urements of fresh specimens, and notes of the life-colors of the bill, feet, and eyes. 
 The specimens collected are all individually catalogued with these notes, in 
 addition to the general text. There are no new species in this report ; but the 
 nomenclature diJTers in many instances from that previously used by Mr. Eidg- 
 way in the History of North American Birds and elsewhere, during 1873-77. 
 
 1877. EiDGWAY, E. The Birds of Guadalupe Island, discussed with refer- 
 ence to the present Genesis of Species. <^ Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, 
 ii, No. 3, July, 1877, pp. 58-66. 
 
 The material here discussed is the same as that upon which was based a prior 
 descriptive paper, Sull. 77. S. Oeol. Surv. Terr., ii, 1876, pp. 183-195, g. v. 
 
 1877. ElDGWAY, E. Mrs. Maxwell's Colorado museum. Catalogue of the 
 Birds. < Field and Forest, ii, No. 11, May, 1877, pp. 195-198 : No. 12, 
 June, 1877, pp. 208-214. 
 
 List of 234 spp. represented in this fine collection, with little annotation. — 
 Scops asio, e, rfictxweUite, p. 213, n. v. 
 
 1877. ElDGWAY, E. Mrs. Maxwell's Colorado Museum. Additional Notes. 
 
 < Field and Forest, iii. No. 1, July, 1877, p. 11. 
 On Junco ca/nicefps and J. annectens. 
 
 1877. EOOSBVKLDT, T., and Minot, H. D. The Summer Birds of the Adiron- 
 daeks in Franklin County, N. Y. By Theodore Eooseveldt, Jr., and 
 H.D. Minot. 1877. 8vo. pp.4. 
 97 spp., shortly annotated. 
 
 1877. St. Clair, J. W. Some Southern wood notes [Georgia]. <' Forest 
 and Stream, viii, May 24, 1877, p. 240. 
 
 1877. Scott, David. The Tendency in Birds to Vary their Hahits. <[ Field 
 and Forest, vol. ii, No. 7, Jan., 1877, pp. 107-114. 
 
 Nearly all the illustrations of the well-known fact are drawn from North 
 American birds. Two generalizations are suggested : I. " The influencing 
 agent which prompts the bird to build its domicile is instinct." II. "Nearly all 
 birds modify their habitations to accord with exteral [sic] influences." That is 
 to say, internal influences prompt them to build, and external influences make 
 them build in different ways. 
 
 1877. [Scott, W.E.D.] [On Albinism, and other Notes from New Jersey.] 
 
 < The Country, i, Nov. 17, 1877, p. 43. , 
 
 1877. [Scott, W. E. D.] [Eare Occurrences in Southern New Jersey.] 
 
 < The Country, i, Deo. 8, 1877, p, 79. 
 
 1877. [Scott, W. E. D.] [Ornithological] Notes from Central New York. 
 
 < The Country, i, Dec. 29, 1877, p. 115. See p. 165. 
 
 1877. Stevens, W. B. Ornithological Notes [of Arrivals of Birds at West 
 Farms, N. Y. ] < Forest and Stream, viii, July 19, 1877, p. 400. 
 
 1877. Streets, T. H. Contributions to the Natural History of the Hawaiian 
 and Fanning Islands and Lower California, made in counection 
 with the United States North Pacific Surveying Expedition, 
 
736 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 187'?-18'!'8 [l70 
 
 1877. Streets, T. H.— Continued. 
 
 1873-75. By Thos. H. Streets, M. D., Passed Assistant Surgeon, 
 U.S. Navy. — ^Washington: Goyernment Printing Office. 1877. 8vo. 
 pp. 172. = Bulletin of the United States National Mmeum, No. 7. 
 
 Ornithology, pp. 9-33. Identifications of the speoien ascribed to Dr. Cones by 
 the author. The matter is synonymatic, descriptive, and miscellaneous, includ- 
 ing critical and field notes. The most interesting species noted are OoripMlus 
 huhli, OaUinula sandvicensis, OhavZelasmue couesi, and Pufinua nativitatia, sp. 
 n., p. 29. 
 
 1877. Tenney, S. The Eaven [Corvus camivorus] and the Sooty Tern 
 [Sterna fuUginosa] in WiUiamstown, Mass. <^Am.Kat.,xi,'So.A, 
 1877, p. 243. 
 
 1877. Thompson, M. Hunting with the long bow. <C_ Harper's Tfeio Monthly 
 Mag., pp. 238-255, 13 illustrations. 
 Biographies of waterfowl and other game birds, with exquisite drawings of each. 
 
 1877. Vbnnor, H. G. Our Birds of Prey ; or, the Eagles, Hawks, and Owls 
 of Canada. By Henry G. Vennor. Montreal, Dawson Brothers, 
 1877. Roy. 8vo or sm. 4to. pp. 154, with 30 photog. pll. 
 
 Title defective ; from my review of the book. The Nation, xxiv, No. 623, Jane 7, 
 1877, p. 341 
 
 1877. Ward, L. F. A Congress of Birds. < MeU and Forest, ii. No. 7, Jan., 
 1877, pp. 122, 123. 
 
 Gathering of numerous spp. in one spot along Kock Greek, near Washington, 
 B.C. 
 
 1877. Wheaton, J. M. The Ruff [Philomachus pngnax] and the Purple Gal- 
 linule [Porphyrio martinica] in Ohio. <^ Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii. 
 No. 3, July, 1877, p. 83. 
 
 1877. Wilson, T. J. Ornithological. <^ Daily Advertiser (newspaper of Au- 
 burn, N. T.) of Sept. 6, 1877. 
 
 A few annotations of F. E, Bathban's list, which appeared in same paper for 
 Aug. 14, 1877. 
 
 1877. " Wolverene." Protect the Birds. <[ Bod and Gun, ix, Jan. 6, 1877, 
 
 p. 216. 
 
 1878. Abbott, C. C. Birds' Architecture. < TAe Covmtry, i,Mar. 9, 1878, p. 
 
 276. 
 Discussing "Wallace's Theory of Birds^ Nests, and Allen's criticism thereon. 
 
 1878. Allen, J. A. A List of the Birds of Massachusetts, with Annotations. 
 < Bull. Essex Inst, x, 1878, pp. 3-37. 
 
 This may be considered to supersede the various previous tracts on the same 
 subject, both by the same and other authors, as it completely sums our knowl- 
 edge of the subject. The paper opens with summary considerations, followed 
 by a valuable historical resume. 1. Species of authentic occurrence within the 
 State, 317. 2. Extirpated, 4. 3. Of probable occurrence, 24. 4. Hypothetical 
 and doubtfal species, 3 {Myiodioctes minutus, Empidonax pygmcBue of Minot, 
 Thavjmaiiaslinncei). 5. Introduced undomesticated species, 6. " Considered as 
 fairly entitled to recognition as Massachusetts birds ", 340. Known to breed in 
 the State, about 135. Extremely rare or accidental visitors, 90. North Amer- 
 ican species added since 1867, 35. 
 
 1878. Allen, J. A. An inadequate '' Theory of Birds' Nests." <; Bull. Nutt. 
 Ornith. CM, iii, No. 1, Jan., 1878, pp. 23-32. 
 
 A critique upon Wallace's well-known essay entitled " Theory of Birds' Kests " 
 (Intellectual Observer, July, 1867, and numerous subsequent reprints) ; its appli- 
 cability tested by reference to the breeding habits of North American birds. 
 
171 ] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. !§'?§ 737 
 
 1878. A[ixBsr], J. A. Birds of the Vicinity of Cincinnati. <^Bun. Nutt. 
 Ornith. Club, iii, No. 1, Jan., 1878, p. 34. 
 Eeview of F. W. Langdon's List, 8vo, Salem, 1817, pp. 18. 
 1878. A[IXBN],J.A. Birds of Central New York. <^Bull. Nutt. Ornith. 
 Club, iii, No. 1, Jan., 1878, pp. 34, 35. 
 Eeview of F. B. Itathbun's List, in Aulmm Daily Advertiser, Aug. 14, 1877. 
 1878. A[l.LBN], J. A. Summer Birds of the Adirondacks. < SuU. Nutt. 
 Ornith. Club, iii, No. 1, Jan., 1878, p. 36. 
 21'otioe of Eooseveldt and Minot's paper, 8vo, 1877, pp. 4. 
 
 1878. A[llen], J. A. Birds of Southern Illiuois. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, 
 iii. No. 1, Jan., 1878, p. 36. 
 Eeview of E. 'W. Nelson's paper, Bull Ussex Inst, Ix, p. 32. 
 1878. A[iJ.EN], J. A. Gentry's " Life-Histories of the Birds of Eastern Penn- 
 sylvania." < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii. No. 1, Jan., 1878, pp. 36, 37. 
 Eeview of the 2d vol. of this work. 
 1878. ALllen], J. A. Streets's Notes on the Birds of Lower California and 
 the Hawaiian and Fanning Islands. <^Bull. Nutt. Ornith.Club, iii. 
 No. 2, April, 1878, pp. 80, 81. 
 Eeview of the paper in BuU. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 1877, pp. 9-33. 
 
 1878. A[llen], J. A. Bendire's Notes on the Birds of Southeastern Oregon. 
 < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 2, April, 1878, p. 81. 
 Eeview of the paper in Fr. Bost. Soc. if. S., xix, 1877, pp. 109-149. 
 
 1878. A[iXEN], J. A. Eidgway's Report on the Ornithology of the Fortieth 
 Parallel. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 2, April, 1878, pp. 81-83. 
 Eeview of this publication, 4to, 'Washington, pp. 303-670, 1877. With note 
 by E.C[ones]. 
 
 1878. A[llen],J. A. Feilden's "List of Birds observed in Smith Sound," 
 etc. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii. No. 2, April, 1878, p. 86. 
 Eeview of his paper in the Ibis, i, 4th ser., 1877, pp. 401-412. 
 1878. A[llen], J. A. Maynard's Birds of Florida. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. 
 Club, iii. No. 3, July, 1878, p. 145. 
 
 Notice of appearance of Part IV of the work — 4to, C. J. Maynard & Co., New- 
 tonville, Mass., pp. 89-112, one pi. The title appears to have been modified to 
 "The Birds of Florida, with the Water and Game Birds of Eastern North 
 America ". See 1872-78, Maynabd, C. J. 
 
 1878. A[llen], J. A. Jordan's Manual of Vertehrated Animals. <^ Bull. 
 Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii. No. 3, July, 1878, pp. 145, 146. 
 Short notice of the 2d ed. of this work. 
 
 1878. Allen, J. A. Occurrence of three Species of Sea-Duoks at St. Louis, 
 Missouri. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii. No. 3, July, 1878, pp. 148, 149. 
 (Edemia amiericana, CE.Jusca, (E. perspieJUata. 
 1878. Allen, J. A. The Carolinian Fauna. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii. 
 No. 3, July, 1878, pp. 149, 150. 
 Continuing the subject from Bicknell, op. torn, oit, pp. 128-132. 
 
 1878. A[llbn], J. A. Brewer's Supplement to his Catalogue of New Eng- 
 land Birds. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii. No. 4, Oct., 1878, p. 185. 
 
 It appears from this notice, that the ultra-conservatism with which Dr. Brewer's 
 Catalogue of 1875 was drawn up resulted in the necessity for this supplement, 
 there being twenty-one species to add. 
 
 47 B 
 
738 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18*8 [l72 
 
 1878. Allen, J. A. Description of a Fossil Passerine Bird from the Insect- 
 bearing Shales of Colorado. < Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 
 iv, No. 2, May 3, 1878, art. xix, pp. 443-445, pi. 1, figg. 1, 2. 
 
 PalCEOspiza beXla, g. sp. n., p. 443 — the first fossil Passerine discovered in N. A. 
 It bears distinct impressions of feathers. N. B.— A few copies of this No. of tho 
 Bull, were in private circnlation from abont April 14, and some electros, of the 
 plate were sent ont dniing tliis month. Thus, the cut appeared in a Califomian 
 newspaper, with a compiled account of the bird, April 27. The article was im- 
 mediately reprinted in the Arn. Journ. SH. for May, 1878. 
 
 1878. [Anox.] a Kemarkahle Fossil Bird [Palaeospiza hella, Allen]. 
 
 < Pacific Rural Press (newspaper), vol. xv, No. 17, April 27, 1878, 
 p. 257, fig. 
 
 Anonymous, but contributed to the paper by the U. S. Geological Survey. It 
 is an abstract of the original account, accompanied by an electro., and actually 
 antedates the regular publication of the article by six days. 
 
 1878. [Anon.] Ridgway's Ornithology of the Fortieth Parallel. < Amer. 
 Nat., xii, No. 7, July, 1878, p. 469. 
 Short notice of the work. 
 
 1878. [Anon.] American Ornithology, [etc.] <^ Forest and Stream, :K,Feh. 
 7, 1878, p. 12. 
 
 Notice of reissue of an ed. of "Wilson and Bonaparte, 3 vols. 8vo, New York, 
 J. W. Bonton. 
 
 1878. [Anon. ] [Notice of A. Pope's] Upland Game Birds and Water-fowl of 
 the United States, [etc.] ■< Forest and Stream, x. May 9, 1878, p. 266 ; 
 2d notice, title modified, May 30, 1878, p. 325. 
 
 1878. AuGHEY, S. Department of the Interior. | United States Geological 
 Survey. | F. V. Hayden,U. S. Geologist-in-oharge. | — | First Annnal 
 Report I of the | United States | Entomological Commission | for | 
 The Year 1877 | relating to the | Rocky Mountain Locust | and | the 
 best methods of preventing its injuries and of guarding against its 
 invasions, in pursuance of an appropria- | tion made by Congress for 
 this purpose. | With maps and illustrations. | — | Washington : | 
 Government Printing Office. 1878. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. i-xvi, 1-477, 
 [l]-[294], 6 11., pU. i-v, maps, cuts. > Appendix II. Notes on the 
 Nature of the Food of the Birds of Nebraska. By Prof. Samuel 
 Aughey. pp. [13]-[62]. 
 
 A considerable paper, giving a nearly complete list of the birds of the State, 
 folly annotated from the special perspective implied in the title of the book, and 
 including tabular exhibits of contents of stomachs in a thousand cases or more. 
 Other remarks are those ordinarily making part of a local list. It would seem 
 that nearly all birds eat grasshoppers under some circumstance, if not habit- 
 ually. The nomenclature of the paper is revised by E. Coues. 
 
 1878. Ballou, W. H. The Natural History of the Islands of Lake Erie. 
 
 < Field and Forest, iii. No. 9, Mar., 1878, pp. 135-137. 
 
 Chiefly ornithological, and includes a nominal list of birds; the breeders 
 marked with an asterisk. 
 
 1878. Babbbr, E. a. Ornithological Notes. < Amer. Nat., xii, No. 7, July, 
 1878, pp. 477, 478. 
 On peculiarities in oviposition of Mohthrvs pecoria and Stumella magna. 
 
 1878. Bennbr, F. Bird Notes from Long Island. < Forest and Stream, x, 
 1878, pp. 174, 215. 
 
173] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§78 739 
 
 1878. BiCKNELL, E. p. On the animal and vegetable life of the past winter 
 [at Riveraale, N. Y.]. < The Country, i, Mar. 30, 1878, p. 324. 
 
 1878. BiCKNBLL, E. P. Evidences of the Carolinian Fauna in the lower 
 Hudson Valley. Principally from Observations taken at Eiverdale, 
 N. Y. < Bull. Nult. Ornith. Club, iii. No. 3, July, 1878, pp. 128-132. 
 Remarks on 13 spp. the presence of whicli attests the main proposition. 
 
 1878. Blachby, C. P. Birds of Kansas. < The Valley Naturalist, i, No. 9, 
 Sept., 1878, p. 42 ; No. 10, Oct., 1878, p. 53 : to be continued. 
 Annotated list of species, 
 
 1878. Brace, L. J. K. Notes of a few Birds observed at New Providence, 
 Bahamas, not included in Dr. Bryant's List of 1859. <[ Proc. Boat. 
 Soe. Nat. Hut., xix, for 1877, 1878, pp. 240, 241. 
 
 7 spp., among them one called "Athene cnnicnlaria ". Passer domestieus 
 ' ' introdaced within a few years ". 
 
 1878. Brewer, T. M. Variations in the Nests of the same Species of Birds. 
 
 < Am. Nat., Kii, No. 1, 1878, pp. 35-40. 
 
 The instances are North American— notably Vendrosca dominica. Icterus 
 eucullatus, JElTnpidonax acadieus. 
 
 1878. Brewer, T. M. Changes in our North American Fauna. < Bull. 
 Nutt. Ornith. Clnh, iii. No. 2, April, 1878, pp. 49-52. 
 
 Addition of Totanus ochropus, ^gicUitis hmtieula, and Larus canus, and snb- 
 traction of Podiceps cristatus. The several cases are fully discussed. 
 
 1878. Brewer, T. M. [Note on Florida c»rulea and Dendrooygna fulva.] 
 
 < Proc. Boel. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, 1878, p. 259. 
 
 1878. Brewer, T. M. Notes on certain Species of New England Birds, with 
 Additions to his Catalogue of the Birds of New England. <[ Proc. 
 Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, April, 1878, pp. 301-309. 
 Twenty-one additions to Ms list of 1875. 
 
 1878. B[rbwer], T. M. Allen's Birds of Massachusetts. <C_ Bull. Nutt. Ornith. 
 Club, iii, No. 3, July, 1878, pp. 138-140. 
 Review of J. A. Allen^s paper, BtiU. Essex.Inst., x, 1878, pp. 3-37, g. v. 
 
 1878. Brewer, T. M. Apologetic. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii. No. 3, July, 
 1878, pp. 147-148. 
 To N. C. Brown, in re Ammodromus caudaeutus et Mienypalama himantopus. 
 
 1878. Brewer, T. M. Interesting Captures [of Ibis falcinellus and Phalaro- 
 pus hyperboreus in Massachusetts]. <; Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, 
 No. 3, July, 1878, p. 151. 
 
 Note by "W. Brewster of common occnrrence of the Phalarope in Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 1878. Brewer, T. M. Two more Birds new to the Fauna of North America. 
 
 < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 3, July, 1878, p. 152. 
 
 Vireo Jlavoviridis, Stumella m^xicana, taken by Dr. J. C. Merrill at Fort 
 Brown, Texas. 
 
 1878. Brewer, T. M. Bird Architecture, I [II, III]. < Scribner's Monthly 
 Magazine, xvii, 1878, pp. 47-53, 257-269, 305-315 ; 33 illust. 
 Popular acconnts of birds' nests, partly derived from North American birds 
 
740 BIBLIOGKAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1878 [l74 
 
 1878. Brewster, W. Descriptions of the First Plumage in Various Species 
 of North American Birds. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. CluJ>, iii, No. 1, Jau. , 
 1878, pp. 15-23 ; No. 2, April, 1878, pp. 56-64 ; No. 3, July, 1878, pp. 
 115-123; No. 4, Oct., 1878, pp. 175-182. 
 
 An important contribution, deaoribing the first plumages, some of which 
 were before nnlmown, of varions species.— I. This portion of the article handles 
 Furiiidce, SyhmdoB, Paridce, Sittidce, Troglodytidm, Sylvicolidce. II. Bylvicolidce 
 continned, Tanagridce, Sirtmdinidtx, Ampelidoe. III. Yireonidce, Laniidoiy Frin- 
 gillidce. IV. Icterid(e, Tyrannidce, Oaprimulgidie, Ouculidce, Pieidce ; in all, 98 8pp. 
 
 1878. B[rewstbr], W. Ornithology of the Wheeler Expeditions of 1876 
 and 1877. < Bull. lYuH. OrnM. Cluh, iii. No. 3, July, 1878, pp. 136-138. 
 Eeview of Henshaw's papers in the publication referred to in the title. 
 1878. Brown, N. C. A List of Birds observed at Coosada, Central Alabama. 
 
 < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii. No. 4, Oct., 1878, pp. 168-174 : to be 
 continued. 
 
 This part of the paper treats of 40 spp., annotated. 
 1878. Browne, F. C. Spring Migration of Birds. < Forest and Stream, x, 
 Mar. 7, 1878, p. 76. 
 
 Tabular exhibit of dates of arrival of 20 common spp. in Eastern Massachu- 
 setts from 1853 to 1877. 
 
 1878 ? Burroughs, J. Wake-Kobin 
 
 I hear of an edition of about this date, perhaps 1877, which, however, I have 
 never seen. See the orig. ed., 1871. See 1877, 1[NGEBS0Lt], B. 
 1878. "Bushwhacker." Brant and quail [various species] in Texas. <^For- 
 
 est and Stream, ix, Jan. 31, 1878, p. 489. 
 1878. Carnifbx, John (paeudonyme). Some Western Sparrows [and other 
 birds]. < The Country, July 20, 1878. 
 
 Various FriTigiUidce, &a Plectrophanes spp., Passerculus bairdi, Oalamospiza. 
 hiaolor; also, Anthus spraguii. — Notes on their liabits, largely derived fromCoues. 
 
 1878. C[larke], S. C. Notes on the Birds of Halifax Inlet, East Florida. 
 
 <^ Forest and Stream, x, 1878, pp. 255. 
 1878. Cob, W. W. Spring Notes [at Portland, Ct.]. <[ Forest and Stream, x, 
 
 April 4, 1878, p. 156. 
 1878. Cooper, W. A. Notes on the breeding habits of Hutton'sVireo (Vireo 
 
 huttoni) and the Gray Titmouse (Lophophanes inornatus), with a 
 
 description of their Nests and Eggs. <[ Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, 
 
 No. 2, April, 1878, pp. 68, 69. 
 1878. CoUES, E. Field-Notes on Birds observed in Dakota and Montana 
 
 along the forty-ninth parallel during the seasons of 1873 and 1874. 
 
 < Bull. XJ. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., iv,No. 3, July, 29, 1878, pp. 
 545-661. 
 
 The author was attached to the TT. S. Northern Boundary Commission, which 
 in 1873 and 1874 surveyed the Boundary Line on the -.'9th parallel from the Eed 
 River of the North to the Rocky Mountains, a distance of 850 miles along the 
 northern borders of the Territories of Dakota and Montana ; and this paper pre- 
 sents at considerable length the results of his actual observations in the field. 
 There are tabular lists of the specimens collected, with dates, localities, measure- 
 ments, &c. J pretty full biographies of some of the species, and shorter notes on 
 the rest ; preceded by a comparison of the faunal characteristics of different por- 
 tions of the country examined, and concluded with a slight special bibliography. 
 A much more elaborate presentation of the subject was contemplated, but this 
 paper is doubtless the only outcome of the affair we shall have. Also published 
 separately, 200 copies, " author's edition ", being merely oversheets, same title 
 and pagination. 
 
175] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. IStS 741 
 
 1878. CouES, E. New Birds for the United States Fauna. < The Country 
 (newspaper, New York — since dead), July 13, 1878, p. 184. 
 
 Buteo. albocaudatus, Scops enano, Crotophaga suldroBtris, PiiaTigus derbyanus, 
 Ornithion incanescens [error for O.imberbe], collected iii Texas by George B. 
 Sennett. 
 
 1878. CouES, E., and Yarrow, H. C. Notes on the Natural History of Fort 
 Macon, N. C, aud Vicinity. (No. 4.) < Froc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 
 1878, pp. 21-28. 
 
 II. Birds, pp. 23-24. This article is supplementary to that in Pr. Phila. Acad., 
 1871, pp. 12-49, q, i?., adding 11 spp. to the former list. 
 
 1878. " D. L. B." Spring Arrivals [in Western Long Island]. < Forest and 
 
 Stream, x, April 25, 1878, p. 216. 
 1878. Eagle, C. H. The Capture of several Rare Birds near West Point, 
 
 New York. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 1, Jan., 1878, pp. 45-47. 
 
 Corvus ossifragus, Helminthopkaga cdata, B&ndrocca ccerulea, Vireo philadel- 
 pliicics, Stelgidopteryx serripenms, Ampelis garrulus. 
 
 1876. Eaton, D. H. List of Birds in Peotone [Illinois] and vicinity. 
 <^ Forest wnd Stream, xi, Aug. 22, 1878, p. 47. 
 65 8pp., "with brief notes; should be accepted with caution. 
 
 1878. Green, F. C. Birds of Milwaukee County, WJs[consin]. < The Val- 
 ley Naturalist (newspaper of St. Louis, Mo.), vol. i. No. 6, June, 
 1878, p. 23 ; No. 7, July 1878, p. 27 : to be continued. 
 Annotated list of species. 
 
 1878. [Grinnell.G. B.] [Review of ] The Birds of Southeastern Oregon [by 
 
 Capt. Chas. Bendire, U. S. A.] <^ Forest and Stream, ix, Jan. 31, 
 
 1678, p. 489. 
 1878. [Grinnell, G. B.] [Notice of charts by J. M. Le Moine, entitled] 
 
 Lea Oiseaux du Canada. < Forest and Stream, x, Feb. 7, 1878, p. 3. 
 1878. [Grinnell, G. B.] Birds with teeth. -^Forest and Stream,s^, Feb. ^1, 
 
 1878, p. 35, 3 fig. 
 Account of fossil Odontornithes discovered by Prof. 0. C^ Marsh in Cretaceous 
 
 deposits of the West. 
 
 1878. [Grinnell, G. B.] The Birds of Connecticut. <^ Forest and Stream, 
 X, May 16, 1878, p. 275. 
 Review of C. H. Merriam's "Eeview of the Birds of Connecticut".] 
 
 1878. Hamlin, Mart A. Our Birds of Prey. <C_ Familiar Science and Fanciers' 
 Journal, i (new series), Feb., 1878, p. 29. 
 
 1878. HoEPMAN, W. J. Remarks upon Albinism in several of our [North 
 American] Birds. < Am. Nat., xii, No. 7, July, 1878, pp. 474-476. 
 
 Corvus a/mericanus, Third^s migratorius, Sirundo korreorwm, Passer domesticus, 
 Buteo borealis, Agelceus phcsniceus, Stumella magna, Oalamospiza bicolor. 
 
 1878. Hughes, W.H. Birds of Michigan. <^ The Valley Naturalist (monthly 
 newspaper of St. Louis, Mo.), i,No. 3, Mar., 1878, p. 11; No. 4, Apr., 
 1878, pp. 14, 15 ; No. 8, Aug., 1878, pp. 34, 35 ; No. 10, Oct., 1878 : to be 
 continued. 
 Annotated list of species. 
 
 1878. HuYLER, A. I. Winter birds on the Hackensaok [River, N.J.]. <^The 
 Country, i, Jan. 12, 1878, p. 149. 
 
742 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1878 [l76 
 
 1878. [Ingkrsoll, E.] [Review of] The Birds of Southeastern Oregon [by 
 Capt. Chas. Bendire]. < The Country, i, Jan. 12, 1878, p. 149. 
 
 1878. [Ingersoll, E.] An Aged Naturalist Gone. < The Country, i, Jan. 
 19, 1878, p. 160. 
 Obituary notice of Dr. J ared P. Kirtland. 
 
 1878. Ingersoll, E. [Notice of Coues's forthcoming "Birds of the Colorado 
 VaUey ". < The Country, i, March 9, 1878, p. 272. See p. 310. 
 
 1878. Ingersoll, E. [Review of] " Ornithology of the Lower Kio Grande." 
 By George B. Sennett. < The Country, i, March 9, 1878, p. 283. 
 
 1878. Ingersoll, E. Linnean Society. < The Country, i, March 30, 1878, 
 p. 325. 
 
 Secretary's report of proceedings, including notes on birds of Long Island, 
 Adirondack region, and vicinity of New York City. 
 
 1878. Ingersoll, E. Ornithological News from the United States. < The 
 ILondonJ Field, li, March 16, 1878, p. 323. 
 Review (| column) of R. Eidgway's Ornithology of the Survey of the 40thPa/rhUel. 
 
 1878. " J. M. W." Professional Oologists. < Familiar Science and Fanciers? 
 Journ., new ser, , v, April, 1878, p. 75. 
 Instances of despoliation of nests by various animals and birds. 
 
 1878. Jones, WiM. L. Birds of St. Clair County, Ill[inoi8]. < The Valley 
 Naturalist (monthly newspaper, St. Louis, Mo.), i. No. 1, Jan., 1878, p. 
 3 ; No. 2, Feb., 1878, p. 6 ; No. 3, Mar., 1878, p. 11 ; No. 6, June, 1878, p. 
 23; No. 7, July, 1878, pp. 26-27; No. 8, Aug., 1878, p. 35; No. 9, Sept., 
 1878, p. 42; No. 10, Oct., 1878, p. 53 : to be continued. 
 Annotated list of species ; the parts noted here only carry it into AiwpeLidce. 
 
 1878. Jordan, D. S. Manual | of the | Vertebrates | of the | Northern 
 United States, | including | the district east of the Mississippi river, 
 and north of | North Carolina and Tennessee, exclusive | of ma- 
 rine species. | By | David Starr Jordan, Ph. D.,M.D. | Professor of 
 Natural History in Butler University. ( — | Second edition, revised 
 and enlarged. | — | Chicago : Jansen, McClurg & Company. | 1878. 
 1 vol. squarish 12mo. pp. 407. 
 
 The bird-matter of this admirable manual is nearly the same as in the orig. ed., 
 1876, q. V. ; but there are addenda at j)p. 353, 354, 403. 
 
 1878. Lawrence, N. T. Notes on several rare Birds taken on Long Island, 
 N. y. < Forest and Stream, x. May 2, 1878, p. 235. 
 
 1878. [Lentk, W. K.] Florida Notes [concerning certain Birds]. <^ For- 
 est and Stream, ix, Jan. 31, 1878, p. 489. See p. 327. 
 
 1878. Maynard, C. J. Modifications in the Breeding Habits of Birds Caused 
 by the Persecutions of Man. < Familiar Science and Fanciers' Jour- 
 nal, V (new series), Jan., 1878, p. 7. 
 
 1878. Mearns, E. a. The Capture of several Rare Birds near West Point, 
 New York. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii. No. 1, Jan., 1878, pp. 45, 46. 
 Oorvus oasifragus, Helminthopkaga celata, Dendrceca ccerulea, Yireo philadelphi- 
 CU8, Stelgidopteryx serripennis, A-mpeliB gamdus. 
 
177] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18'7§ 743 
 
 1878. Mbaens, E. a. A Description of unnsnaUy developed individuals of 
 three Species, and remarks on nncommon plumages of several others, 
 taken near West Point, N. Y. <^JSull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 2, 
 April, 1878, pp. 69-72. 
 
 1, Geothlypis Philadelphia; 2, Setophaga ruticUla; 3, Ampelis cedrorum; with 
 remarks on JSeknintfuyphaga peregrina, Dimdrosca pennsylvanica, Corvus ameri- 
 canus, Picus pubescens, Myiodioctes TniiraiuSj Siurus Trwtacilla. 
 
 1878. Mearns, E. a. Capture of Two Eare Birds in the Hudson River Val- 
 ley. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 3, .July, 1878, p. 146. 
 Centurus carolinus, ColyTnhus septentrionalis. 
 
 1878. Mereiam, C. H. Correction. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 1, 
 Jan., 1878, p. 47. 
 
 Of hie Review of Connecticut JBirds, where Podi^epg cristatus should read P. 
 griseigena var. holbelli. 
 
 1878. Mbrkiam, C. H. Remarks on some of the Birds of Lewis County, 
 Northern New York. <[ Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 2, April, 
 1878, pp. 52-56 ; No. 3, July, 1878, pp. 125-128. 
 
 1878. M[eekiam], C. H. Recent Lists of the Birds of Central New York. 
 
 < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 2, April, 1878, pp. 8:J-86. 
 
 In S. L. Willard's Directory of the Ornithologists o/ the United States and (Use- 
 where. Some judicious remarks on " local lists " in general. 
 
 1878. Moore, N. B. List of Birds, chiefly visitors from N. America, seen 
 and killed in the Bahamas In July, Aug., Oct., Nov., and Dec, 1876. 
 
 < Proc. Boston. Sac. Nat. Hiat. for 1877, xix, 1878, pp. 241-243. 
 30 spp., briefly annotated. 
 
 1878. MooRB, N. B. Observations on some Birds seen near Nassau, N. Provi- 
 dence, in the Bahama Islands. <C Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, for 
 
 1877, xix, 1878, pp. 243-247. 
 
 Remarks on '^Athene (Spheotyto) cunioularia", *' Stryx/urcata?'\ Oerthiola bdha- 
 mensis, and a few others. 
 
 1878. Murdoch, J. Effects of the warm winter on the migration of Birds 
 [in Massachusetts]. <C Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 2, April, 
 
 1878, pp. 75, 76. 
 
 1878. [Newcomb, R. L.] Extracts from a naturalist's note-book [at Salem, 
 Mass.]. < Forest and Stream, x, Apr. 4, 1878, p. 155. 
 
 1878. Nbwcomb, E. L. Field Notes [on Birds at Salem, Mass.]. < The 
 Country, i, Apr. 13, 1878, p. 354. 
 
 1878. Newcomb, R. L. [Occurrence of rare Birds at Salem, Mass.] < The 
 Country, ii, June 29, 1878, p. 152. 
 
 1878. " P. B." Our Salem Letter. — No. 6. ■< Familiar Science and Fanciers' 
 Journal, i (new series), Feb., 1878, p. 23. 
 
 Contains notes upon Mergvlus alle in winter at Salem, Mass., and the domesti- 
 cation of Melospiza ■melodia, with other matters. 
 
 1878. Pbnnock, C. J. Field Notes [made in the Adirondacks, May 23 — June 
 14, 1878]. < The Country, ii, June 29, 1878, p. 152. 
 
744 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§?'8 [l78 
 
 1878. Pope, A. Upland Game Birds [ and Water Fowl-^ | United States. | 
 
 By A Pope Jr ! Published by | Charles Scribner's Sons, New- 
 York, I Successors to Scribner, Armstrong & Co. [No date. Copy- 
 right dated 1877 for Part I, for the rest 1878.] Oblong folio, size 
 22x28 inches, not paged ; pub. in 10 parts, stiff paper covers, 2 folios 
 of letter-press and 2 chromolithogr. pll. to each, unsewed, at irregu- 
 lar intervals in (1877 and ?) 1878. Pll. not numbered. 
 
 Above is the cover -title of this pnblication, which forms a handsome centre- 
 table book for the sporting pnblic. The execntion of the plates is excellent. The 
 plates are as follows :— Part I, 1. Green-winged Teal, 2. American Snipe. Pt. 
 n, 3. Woodcock, 4. Mallard. Pt. Ht, 5. American Qnail, 6. Black Dnck. Pt. 
 IT, 7. Enfifed Gronse, 8. Bine-billed Dnck. Pt V, 9. Pinnated Gronse, 10. Eed- 
 headed Duck. Pt. TI, 11. Canada Gronse, 12. Wood Dnck. Pt. VII, 13. Valley 
 Qnail of California, 14. Bafle-headed Dnck. Pt VIII, 15. Upland Plover, 16. 
 Golden-eyed Duck. Pt. IX, 17. Mountain Quail of California, 18. American Wid- 
 geon. Pt. X (not out yet). The text, prepared by Ernest Ingersoll, is largely 
 compiled from the usual sources, and is very good. 
 
 1878. P[drdie], H. A. Bennett's Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower 
 Rio Grande, Texas. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 3, July, 1878, 
 pp. 144, 145. 
 Eeview of paper in Bull. V. S. Oeol. Surv., Iv, No. 1, Feb. 5, 1878, pp. 1-66, q. v. 
 
 1878. PuRDiE, H. A. Capture of the Tellow-throated Warbler in Massachu- 
 setts, and Notes on other Rare Massachusetts Birds. <^ Bull. Nutt. 
 Omitli. Club, iii. No. 3, July, 1878, p. 146. 
 Dendiceca dominiea, BaUus elegmis, Anser hyberboreus. 
 
 1878. RiDGWAY, R. Three additions to the Avifauna of North America. 
 < Bull. Kutt. Orniih. Club, iii, No. 1, Jan., 1878, pp. 37, 38. 
 
 Pants cinctus, Symium lapponimtm, Sumia ulvla, all from Norton's Sound, 
 Alaska. 
 
 1878. RiDGWAY, R. Notes on some of the birds of Calaveras County, Cali- 
 fornia, and adjoining localities. < Bull. Kutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 
 2, April, 1878, pp. 64-68. 
 Annotated list of 47 spp. (including the subspp.). 
 
 1878. RiDGWAY, R. Notes on Birds observed at Mount Carmel, Southern 
 Illinois, in the Spring of 1878. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 4, 
 Oct., 1878, pp. 162-166. 
 Annotated list of 25 spp. Nesting of Fdlco coTmnunis. 
 
 1878. [RiDGWAY, R.] Song Birds of the West. <^Sarper's Nmo Monthly 
 Magazine, Ivi, 1878, pp. 857-880, 19 very fine illustrations. 
 
 1878. RiDGWAY, R. On the Plains, | and | Among the Peaks; | or, | how 
 Mrs. Maxwell | made her | Natural History Collection. | — | By | 
 Mary Dartt. | — | Philadelphia : | Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger, | 
 624, 626 & C2ri Market Street. | 1879 [sic]. 1 vol. sm. 16mo. pp. 237, 
 frontisp. > Appendix. Mrs. Maxwell's Colorado Museum. Cata- 
 logue of the Birds. (By Robert Ridgway.) pp. 226-237. 
 
 Pub. 1878 (my copy received Oct, 1878),— The bird-matter is a reprint of the 
 two papers published in Field and Forest. See 1877, Eidgwat, E. 
 
 1878. Sage, J. H. Birds of the Garden and Orchard. < Familiar Science and 
 Fancier!^ Journ., new ser., v, March, 1878, p. 50. 
 Eead before Middletown (Conn.) Scientific Association, Feb. 12, 1878. 
 
179] 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. IS'VS 745 
 
 1878. [Scott, W. E. D.] Winter Notes [on] birds atout Princeton, [N. J.] 
 
 < The Country, i, 1878, pp. 164, 196, 212, 229, 244. 
 
 1878. [Scott, W. E. D.] Notes from Ithaca, N. Y. <2Tie Country, i,Jan. 
 19, 1878, p. 165. Seep. 115. 
 
 1878. [Scott, W. E. D.] Notes about some of tbe rarer birds about Prince- 
 ton, N. J. < The Country, i, April 13, p. 354 ; ii, April 27, p. 9. 
 
 1878. [Scott, W. E. D.] Birds about Denver [Col.]. < The Country, ii, 
 June 22, 1878, p. 136. 
 
 Bemarks upon the ornithology of the season ; Eudromias montanus ; Speotyto 
 cunicularia var. hypogcea; hawks and others. 
 
 1878. [ScoTT, W. E. D.] A mountain drive. < Tfte CoMntn/, ii, 1878, pp. 
 152, 168. 
 Ohservations npon hirds in the foot-hills near Denver, Col. 
 
 1878. Scott, W. E. D. Some Birds breeding about the Twin Lakes, Colorado. 
 
 < The Country (newspaper, N. Y.), July 20, 1878. 
 
 Sphyrapicus thyrmdeiis, Zonotrichia leucophrys (var. intermedia?), Regulus 
 calendula! The latter specially interesting — nest and eggs described. 
 
 1878. " S. E. B." Late and Early Birds. < Forest and Stream, x, Feb. 28, 
 1878, p. 55. 
 
 Qallinago wilso7ii wintering in Central New Xork ; song birds wintering in 
 New England. 
 
 1878. Sbnnett, G. B. Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande of 
 Tfcxas, from Observations made during the Season of 1877. By 
 George B. Sennett, of Erie, Pa. Edited, with Annotations, by Dr. 
 Elliott Coues, U. S. A. < Bull. U. S. Geol. Sum. Terr., iv. No. 1, 1878, 
 pp. 1-66. 
 
 A specially important memoir, containing valuable and interesting observations 
 on the habits of Texan birds. Much of the matter is entirely new. The author 
 made a large collection of birds, and closely studied their habits in the breeding 
 season. He was enabled to add several species to the fauna of the United States. 
 The nomenclature and technic of the article are by tbe editor. — Parula nigrilora 
 Coues, p. 11, n. sp. ^ckmoptila Coues, p. 48, g. n., ^Leptoptila auct nee Less. 
 
 1878. Stevens, F. Notes on a few Birds [20 spp.] observed in New Mexico 
 and Arizona in 1876. <^ Btill. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 2, April, 1878, 
 pp. 92-94. 
 
 1878. Tiffany, W.L. Notes on Three Rare Birds of Minnesota. <^Am.Nat., 
 xii, No. 7, July, 1878, pp. 470-472. 
 
 Interesting observations on Ampelia ga/rrvlus, ITesperiphona vespertiTia, Ootur- 
 nieulus lecontii. 
 
 1878. Wilson, A., onii Bonaparte, C. L. American Ornithology; | or, the | 
 Natural History | of the | Birds of the United States. | Illustrated 
 with plates | engraved from drawings from nature. | By | Alexan- 
 der Wilson I and Charles Lucian Bouaparte. | — | Popular Edition. 
 I _ I Vol.I[-III]. I [Monogram.] | Philadelphia: | Porter & Coates, 
 I 822 Chestnut street. | [No date — 1878.] 3 vols, in 1, large 8vo. pp. 
 iii-vi (Title and Contents of Vol. I), ix-oxxxii (Ord's Life of Wil- 
 son), i-xvi (Baird's Catalogue of N. A. Birds), 1-214 (to end of Vol. 
 I); pp.iii-viii (Title and Contents of Vol. II), 9-390 (to end of Vol. 
 II); pp. v-viii (Title and Contents of Vol. Ill), 9-134 (to end of 
 
746 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1878 [l80 
 
 1878. Wilson, A., and Bonaparte, C. L.— Continued. 
 
 "Wilson"), 11., pp. I39-42tJ (being "Bonaparte", with Index to 
 both); "plates" (i. o. collections of figures on 28 leaves) 1-70 (Wil- 
 son's) + B 1-B 27 (Bonaparte's), uncolored. 
 
 This is tbe Litest edition of " Wilson and Bonaparte ", and one which has 
 came to my knowledge since most of this Bibliography has been in type. It is a 
 cheap popular edition, selling for $7.50, and should take well with the public, as 
 it answers all practical purposes. The text is substantially identical with 
 the same publishers' 3 vol 8vo ed. of 1871, q. v., the vols, here being bound in one, 
 with the repeatedly broken pagination above indicated. Each of these reissues 
 by Porter & Coates may he identified by the presence of Baird's 8vo Catalogue of 
 1858, q. v.; but I note no other addition to the matter of the earlier eds. 'Che 
 "plates ", uncolored, are reduced from those of the 3 folio vols, which belong to 
 the ed. of 1871 down to nearl.y the size of those in Brewer's 12mo ed. of 1840, q. v., 
 maintaining the same grouping of figures as in the originals ; these groups, not 
 the sheets on which they are printed, being numbered 1 to 76 for Wilaon's, and 
 B 1 to B 27 for Bonaparte's. The execution is rather coarse, but the figures 
 retain to a degree the characteristics of the original models. 
 
 1878. Winkle, N. Heralds of Spring. < TAe Cowwij-y, i, Mar. 16, lc78, p. 293. 
 
 1878. Winkle, N. [Spring birds at Summit, N.J. ] <^ Tfte Country, ii, May 
 
 18, 1878, p. 57. 
 1878. Wood, W. Tho Birds of Connecticut. <[ Familiar Seienoe and Fan- 
 
 dera' Journal, v (new series), 1878, pp. 6, 26, 49, 73. 
 Still in progress. 
 
INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 [Note. — ^With catct-titles. Chronological arrangement under each head. Joint- 
 authorships under leading name. Figures refer to dates under which titles are alpha- 
 betized : double dates are found in the Bibliography at end of series of single dates ; thus, 
 1877-78 at end of 1877. Anonymous, pseudonymous, editorial, and initial titles mostly 
 omitted.] 
 
 Abadie. 
 
 List of North American Birds pre- 
 sented to the National Institute, 
 1846. 
 Abbott, (C. C.) 
 
 List of Vertebrates of New Jersey, 
 1868. 
 
 Inland Birds of New Jersey, 1870. 
 
 Migration of Inland Birds, 1875. 
 
 Eepetition of Nesting, 1876. 
 
 February Field Notes, 1876. 
 
 March Field Notes, 1876. 
 
 Three months of Field Notes, 1876. 
 
 Glimpses of Mind in Birds, 1877. 
 Abbott, (S. L.) 
 
 Birds from Connecticut, 1842. 
 
 Three Species of United States 
 Birds, 1842. 
 Abert. 
 
 Notes of a Military Keconnoissance, 
 1848. 
 Adams. 
 
 Field and Forest Eambles, 1873. 
 Aiken. 
 
 Glimpse of Colorado Birds, 1873. 
 Albrbcht. 
 
 Vogel der Bahama-Inseln, 1861. 
 Aldbich. 
 
 Destruction of Birds by Telegraph 
 Wire, 1877. 
 All/LN. 
 
 Land Birds of Toronto, 1853. 
 Allen, (C. A.) 
 
 Notes from California, 1876. 
 
 Six Californian Birds, 1876. 
 Allen, (J. A.) 
 
 Birds of New England, 1860-63. 
 181] 
 
 Allen, (J. A.) — Cootinued. 
 Catalogue of Birds of Springfield, 
 
 Mass., 1864. 
 Winter Notes of an Ornithologist, 
 
 1867. 
 Ornithological Calendars, 1867. 
 Birds of Spring, 1867. 
 Birds of Western Iowa, Illinois, 
 
 and Indiana, 1868, 1868. 
 Note on Vireosylvia philadelphica 
 
 and Empidonax flaviventris, 
 
 1869. 
 Earer Birds of Massachusetts, 1869- 
 
 70. 
 Catalogue of Birds of Iowa, 1870. 
 Fauna of the Prairies, 1871. 
 Mammals and Winter Birds of 
 
 Florida, 1871. 
 OrnithologicalNotes from the West, 
 
 1872. 
 Snow's Birds of Kansas, )872, 1872, 
 
 1872. 
 Ornithological Works in Prospect, 
 
 1872. 
 Coues's Natural History of Fort 
 
 MacoD, 1872. 
 Grayson's Birds of Tres Marias and 
 
 Socorro, 1872. 
 Ornithological Eeconnoissance in 
 
 Kansas, etc., 1872. 
 Geographical Variation in Birds, 
 
 1872, 1872. 
 Maynard's Birds of Florida, 1873. 
 Coues's Key to North American 
 
 Birds, 1873. 
 Laws of Geographical Variation, 
 
 1874, 1874. 
 
 747 
 
748 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOQEAPHT — AUTHORS 
 
 [l82 
 
 Allen, (J. A.) — Continued. 
 Cones's Field Ornithology, 1874. 
 Natural History of Portions of Da- 
 kota and Montana, 1874. 
 Coues's Birds of the Northwest, 
 
 1875, 1875, 1875. 
 Jordan's Manual of Vertebrates, 
 
 1876. 
 Calendar for March, 1876, 1876. 
 Send in the Reports, 1876. 
 Calendar for April, 1876. 
 Decrease of Birds in the U. S., 1876. 
 Availability of Bartramian Names, 
 
 1876. 
 Bartramian Names again, 1876. 
 Progress in Ornithology during the 
 
 Century, 1876. 
 Snow's Birds of Kansas, 1876. 
 Extinct Birds with Teeth, 1876. 
 Gentry's Life-Histories, 1876. 
 Decrease of Birds in Mass., 1876. 
 Brewster's Birds of Eitohie County, 
 
 West Virginia, 1876. 
 Geographical Variation in Eggs, 
 
 1876. 
 Lawrence's Birds of Southwestern 
 
 Mexico, 1876. 
 Cooper's Californian Ornithology, 
 
 1877. , 
 McCauley's notes on Texan Orni- 
 thology, 1877. 
 Cyanospiza versicolor and Thryo- 
 
 thorus berlandieri in Texas, 1877. 
 Iniiueiice of Physical Conditions in 
 
 the Genesis of Species, 1877. 
 List of Massachusetts Birds, 1878. 
 Inadequate Theory of Birds' Nests, 
 
 1878. 
 Langdon'fl Birds of Cincinnati, 
 
 1878. 
 Eathbun's Birds of Central New 
 
 York, 1878. 
 Eooseveldt and Minot's Birds of 
 
 the Adirondacks, 1878. 
 Nelson's Birds of S. Illinois, 1878. 
 Gentry's Life-Histories, 1878. 
 Streets's Notes on Birds of Lower 
 
 California, 1878. 
 Bendire's Notes on Birds of Oregon, 
 
 1878. 
 
 Allen, (J. A.) — Continued. 
 Eidgway's Eeport on Survey of 
 
 Fortieth Parallel, 1878. 
 Feilden's Birds of Smith's Sound, 
 
 1878. 
 Maynard's Birds of Florida, 1878. 
 Jordan's Manual of Vertebrates, 
 
 1878. 
 Sea Ducks at St. Louis, Mo., 1878. 
 Carolinian Fauna, 1878. 
 Brewer's New England Birds, 1878. 
 New Fossil Passerine, 1878. 
 Ambrose. 
 Visit to Green Island, Nova Scotia, 
 
 1860. 
 Sea Birds of St. Margaret's Bay, 
 
 Nova Scotia, 1865. 
 Andekson. 
 Iceland, Greenland, etc., 1746, 1750, 
 
 1758. 
 Arnold. 
 
 History of my Pets, 1875. 
 Addubon, (J. J.) 
 Birds of America, orig. folios, 1827- 
 
 38 ; later folios, 1861. 
 Method of Drawing, 18:;i8. 
 Ornithological Biography, orig. 
 
 ed., 1831-39. 
 Synopsis, 1839. 
 Birds of America, orig. 8vo, 1840- 
 
 44; later 8vo, 1856, 1856, 1861, 
 
 1863, 1865, 1871. 
 Audubon, (M. E.) 
 
 Eeminiscences of Audubon, 1876. 
 AUDDBON, (V. G.) 
 Reply to Waterton, 1833. 
 
 AUGHET. 
 
 Food of Birds of Nebraska, 1878. 
 Bachman. 
 Defence of Audubon, 1834. 
 Migration of Birds of North Amer- 
 ica, 1836, 1840. 
 Bacon. 
 
 Notes on Oregon Birds, 1877. 
 Bagg. 
 Cuckoo's Egg in Cedar-bird's Nest, 
 1877. 
 Bailey, (H. B.) 
 Birds Breeding on Cobb's Island, 
 Va., 1876. 
 
183] 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGEAPHY — AUTHOES 
 
 749 
 
 Bailey, (J. S.) 
 
 Migration of Birds, 1875. 
 Bailt, (W.L.) 
 
 Our Own Birds, 1869. 
 Baikd, (S. F.) 
 Catalogue of Birds found in neigh- 
 borhood of Carlisle, Pa., 1845. 
 Stansbury's Great Salt Lake, 1852, 
 
 1852, 1852. 
 Brewer's American Oology, 1857. 
 Catalogue of Jforth American 
 
 Birds, 1858, 1859. 
 Birds found at Fort Bridger, Utah, 
 
 1858. 
 Birds collected by Xantus at Cape 
 
 St. Lucas, 1859. 
 Pacific E. E. Eeports, vol. x, 18.')9. 
 U. S. and Mexican Boundary, 1859. 
 Birds of North America, 1860. 
 Eeport on Ives's Exploration of the 
 
 Colorado Eiver, 1861. 
 Notice of Kennioott's and Xantus's 
 
 Movements, 1863. 
 Review of American Birds, 1864-66. 
 Distribution and Migrations of 
 
 North American Birds, 1866, 
 
 1866, 1867. 
 Additions to Bird Fauna of North 
 
 America, 1869. 
 Fossil Birds of the U. S., 1870. 
 Liink between Eeptiles and Birds, 
 
 1870. 
 Birds collected by McCarthy in 
 
 Utah, 1876. 
 Baird, (W. M. and S. F.) 
 
 List of Birds of Carlisle, Pa., 1844. 
 Baird, Brkwbr, and Eidgway. 
 
 History of N. A. Birds, 1874. 
 Baird, Cassin, and Lawrbnce. 
 Paoiiio Eailroad Eeports, vol. ix, 
 
 1858. 
 Baikd and Eidgway. 
 
 New Forms of American Birds, 1873. 
 Ballou. 
 
 Birds of Lake Erie, 1878. 
 Barber. 
 
 Ornithological Notes, 1878. 
 Barnard. 
 Catalogue of Birds of Chester Co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1861. 
 
 Barnston. 
 
 Progress of Seasons, 1841. 
 Barry. 
 
 Ornithological Fauna of Wisconsin, 
 1854. 
 Barton. 
 
 Fragments, 1799. 
 
 Letter to Lac6p6de, 1805. 
 
 Discourse on Natural History, 1807. 
 Bartram. 
 
 Travels, 1791, 1793, 1793, 1794, 1799. 
 Batty. 
 
 Winter collecting in Minnesota, 
 1875. 
 
 Our Hawks and Owls, 1875. 
 Beesley. 
 
 Geology of Cape May, N. J., 1857. 
 Belknap. 
 
 New Hampshire, 1792. 
 Bell. 
 
 Birds around Lakes Superior and 
 Huron, 1861. 
 Bbndirb. 
 
 Notes on Birds of Southeastern 
 Oregon, 1877. 
 Benner. 
 
 Notes from Long Island, 1878. 
 
 Notes from Eiverdale, N. Y., 1878. 
 Benton. 
 
 Shy Friends, 1869. 
 
 John Burroughs, 1877. 
 
 BiCKNELL. 
 
 Comparison of Winter Birds, 1876. 
 
 Early Birds on the Hudson, 1876. 
 
 Field Notes at Eiverdale, N. Y., 
 1876. 
 
 Birds of our Suburbs, 1876. 
 
 Carolinian Fauna in the Hudson 
 Valley, 1878. 
 Billings. 
 
 Game Birds of Canada, 1856. 
 Blachey 
 
 Birds of Kansas, 1878. 
 Blakiston. 
 
 Notes of a Naturalist, 1857. 
 
 Scraps from the Far West, 1859. 
 
 Birds of the Interior of British 
 America, 1861-63, 1863. 
 Bland. 
 
 List of Birds of Bermuda, 1859. 
 
750 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS 
 
 []84 
 
 BOAEDMAN. ' 
 
 Catalogue of Birdsof Calais, Maine, 
 
 1862. 
 Rare Birds at Milltown, Maine, 
 
 1869. 
 Black Vulture and Purple Gallinule 
 
 in Maine, 1669. 
 Ornithological Notes from Maine, 
 
 1871. 
 Boies. 
 
 Catalogue of Birds of Southern 
 
 Michigan, 1875. 
 Additions to Catalogue, 1876. 
 Bonaparte. 
 Observations on the Nomenclalure 
 
 of Wilson, 1824-25, 1826. 
 Two new Species of Mexican Birds, 
 
 1825. 
 Additions to Ornithology of the 
 
 United States, 1825. 
 American Ornithology, 1825-33. 
 Catalogueof the Birds of the United 
 
 States, "1826." 
 Comparative Catalogue, "1826." 
 Supplement to the Genera of North 
 
 American Birds, 1827. 
 Catalogue of theBirdsof the United 
 
 States, 1827. 
 Specchio Comparativo, 1827-32. 
 Genera of North American Birds, 
 
 and Synopsis of U. S. Species, 1828. 
 Further Additions to the Ornitho- 
 logy of the United States, 1828. 
 Nachtrag zu den nordamerica- 
 
 nischen Vogeln, 1830. 
 Sippen der nordamericanischen 
 
 Vogel und Synopsis, 1832. 
 Geographical and Comparative 
 
 List, 1838. 
 New Birds from Mexico and South 
 
 America, 1841. 
 Notes on the Delattre Collections, 
 
 1853, 1853-54. 
 BOSC. 
 Description of New Objects of Nat- 
 ural History from South Caro- 
 lina, 1797. 
 Bossu. 
 New Voyages to West Indies, 1768, 
 
 1771. 
 
 Bodyj5. 
 Death of Henry Bryant, 1867. 
 
 Brace. 
 Birds observed at New Providence, 
 Bahamas, not given by Bryant, 
 1878. 
 Brackett. 
 Birds of Wyoming, 1877. 
 
 Bradbbry. 
 
 Travels, 1817. 
 Brandt. 
 
 Dissertatio inauguralis, 1842. 
 
 Eine Liste von Thieren, 1844. 
 
 Brkndel. 
 Vogel derUmgegendPeorias in Illi- 
 nois, 1857. 
 Fauna of Peoria, 1870. 
 
 Brbwek. 
 
 Additions to Catalogue of Massa- 
 chusetts Birds in Hitchcock's Re- 
 port, 1837. 
 
 Some North American Birds' Eggs, 
 1852. 
 
 A few Ornithological Facts, New 
 Brunswick, 1852. 
 
 List of Birds common to Europe 
 and America, 1854. 
 
 Plotus anhinga and Tantalus locu- 
 lator in Illinois, 1856. 
 
 Eggs obtained in California by 
 Samuels, 1857. 
 
 North American Oology, 1857. 
 
 Food of Birds, 1866. 
 
 Errors regarding Habits of Birds, 
 1867. 
 
 Song Birds of North America, 1868. 
 
 Obituary of Cassin, 1869, 1869. 
 
 Seaside Ornithology, 1869. 
 
 Snow's List of Kansas Birds, 1872. 
 
 Avifauna of Colorado, 1873. 
 
 Nest and Eggs of Arizona Birds, 
 1673. 
 
 Catalogue of New England Birds, 
 1875. 
 
 Birds of New England, 1876. 
 
 Vennor's Rapacious Birds of Can- 
 ada, 1877. 
 
 Defence of his Catalogue of New 
 England Birds, 1877. 
 
185] 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS 
 
 751 
 
 Brewer. — Continned. 
 
 Estimation of Economical Value 
 of Birds, 1877. 
 
 Variations in Nesting, 1878. 
 
 Changes in North American Fauna, 
 1878. 
 
 Florida coerulea and Dendrooygna 
 fulva, 1878. 
 
 Additions to his New England Cat- 
 alogue, 1878. 
 
 Allen's Birds of Massachusetts, 
 1878. 
 
 Apologetic, 1878. 
 
 Ibis falcinellus and Phalaropus 
 hyperboreus in Massachusetts, 
 1878. 
 
 Bird Architecture, 1878. 
 Brewster. 
 
 Birds new to Massachusetts, 1872. 
 
 Observations on Birds of Ritchie 
 County ,West Virginia, 1874,[and 
 duplicated] 1875 [other date 
 wrong]. 
 
 Occurrence of certain Birds in New 
 England, 1876. 
 
 Nelson's Birds of Illinois, 1877. 
 
 Merriam's Review of Connecticut 
 Birds, 1877. 
 
 Descriptions of First Plumages, 
 1878. 
 
 Ornithology of the Wheeler Expe- 
 ditions, 1878. 
 Briceell. 
 
 Carolina, 1737. 
 
 Bridges. 
 Notes on California Birds, 1858. 
 
 Briggs. 
 Letters from Northern Vermont, 
 1876. 
 
 Brown, (N. C.) 
 
 Ornithological Notes from Port- 
 land, Me., 1875. 
 
 Variable Abundance of Birds, 1876. 
 
 Birds new to Maine, 1877. 
 
 List of Birds of Central Alabama, 
 1878. 
 Brown, (R.) 
 
 Synopsis of Birds of Vancouver, 
 1868. 
 
 Brown, (Thos.) 
 Illustrations of Wilson and Bona- 
 parte, and whole Forest Sylvia, 
 1835. 
 
 Browne, (F. C.) 
 
 Local names of Birds in Massa- 
 chusetts, 1876. 
 
 List of Birds observed on Clark's 
 Island, Massachusetts, 1877. 
 
 Migration of Birds, 1878. 
 
 Bruhin. 
 Aukunft und Briitezeit einiger 
 
 Vogel, 1871. 
 Unsere gefiederten Wintergaste, 
 
 1872. 
 Zur nordamerikanischen Vogel- 
 
 sprache, 1872. 
 Ankunf fc von Vogeln, 1872. 
 Mittheilungen aus Wisconsin, 1873. 
 Vogel aus Wisconsin, 1875. 
 
 Bryant, (H.) 
 Birds observed at Grand Manan 
 
 and Yarmouth, N. S., 1857. 
 Early Migration of Birds, 1857. 
 List of Birds of the Bahamas, 1859. 
 On Birds of East Florida, 1859. 
 Remarks on Birds that breed in 
 
 the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1861, 
 
 1861. 
 Two Now Birds from the Bahamas, 
 
 1864. 
 Additions to List of Bahaman Birds, 
 
 1867? 
 Burling. 
 American Birds, 1870. 
 
 Burnett. 
 Fauna of Pine Barrens of South 
 Carolina, 1851. 
 
 BUREODGHS. 
 
 Wake-Robin, 1871, 1878? 
 
 Birds' Nesting, 1872. 
 
 Flagg's Birds of New England, 
 
 1875. 
 Notes from the North River, 1876. 
 Bird Medley, 1876. 
 April, 1877. 
 Butcher. 
 List of Birds of Laredo, Texas, 1868. 
 
752 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHOES 
 
 [l86 
 
 Cabanis. 
 Ansbente der neuesten Eeiseunter- 
 nehninng des Herzogs P. W. v. 
 Wiirttemljerg, 1856. 
 Cabot, ^J. E.) 
 
 Agassiz's Lake Superior, 1850, 1852. 
 Cabot, (S., jr.) 
 Meleagris and other Gpllinse, 1842. 
 Five species of Birds breeding on 
 Magalloway River, 1845. 
 Carpenter. 
 Natural History of Big Horn Moun- 
 tains, 1876. 
 Cartweight. 
 
 Labrador, 1792. 
 Carver. 
 
 Travels, 1778, 1781, 1796. 
 Cassin. 
 Catalogue of Pease's MexicanBirds, 
 
 1848. 
 Remarks on Arctic Birds, 1852. 
 Illustrations of the Birds of Texas, 
 California, etc., 1853, 1853-55, 
 1856. 
 Notes on North American Birds in 
 the Philadelphia Academy, 1856. 
 Ornithology of the United States, 
 
 1856. 
 On Archibuteo, Lanius, and Seleni- 
 
 dera, 1857. 
 Copperplates of Vieillot's Ois. Am. 
 Sept., etc., 1865. 
 Catbsby. 
 
 Carolina, 1731-48, 1754, 1771. 
 Chadbournb. 
 
 Birds of the North, 1870. 
 Charlevoix. 
 
 Nouvelle France, 1744, 1761, 1777. 
 Chickering. 
 Notice of New Hampshire Birds, 
 1875. 
 Chittenden. 
 
 Land Birds far out at Sea, 1871. 
 Clarke. 
 Notes from Halifax Inlet, Florida, 
 1878. 
 Clavigero. 
 
 History of Mexico, 1787, 1807. 
 Clayton. 
 Account of Virginia, 1693. 
 
 Clifford. 
 
 Birds of Illinois injurious and bene- 
 ficial, 1865. 
 Clinton. 
 
 Discourse, 1815. 
 
 COE. 
 
 Notes from Portland, Conn., 1878. 
 CoiNDE. 
 Faune ornithologique de Saint- 
 Paul, 1860. 
 Collins. 
 Report on Bill for protecting Birds, 
 1860. 
 
 COLVIN. 
 
 Winter Fauna of Mt. Marcy, N. Y., 
 1876. 
 CoOK, (A. J.) 
 
 Birds and Caterpillars, 1874. 
 Cooke, (J.) 
 
 Autumn Game on the Prairies, 1872. 
 Cooper, (J. G.) 
 
 Pacific R. R. Rep., vol. xii, 1860. 
 New Californian Animals, 1861. 
 Naturalist in California, 1869. 
 Fauna of Montana, 1869. 
 Additions to Fauna of California, 
 
 1869. 
 Fauna of California and its Geo- 
 graphical Distribution, 1870. 
 Ornithology of California, 1870. 
 Monterey in the Dry Season, 1871. 
 New Facts in Californian Orni- 
 thology, 1875. 
 California Garden Birds, 1876. 
 Seventy-five doubtful West Coast 
 Birds, 1877. 
 Cooper, W. A. 
 Hutton's Vireo and Gray Titmouse, 
 1878. 
 Cope. 
 Fauna of Southern Alleghanies, 
 
 1870. 
 Synopsis of Extinct Aves of North 
 
 America, 1872. 
 Extinct Vulturine Bird, 1875. 
 Gigantic Eocene Bird, 1876. 
 
 CORMACK. 
 
 JourneyacrossNewfoundland, 1823. 
 Cottle. 
 List of Birds of Upper Canada, 1859. 
 
187] 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGKAPHY AUTHOES 
 
 753 
 
 Couch. 
 New Birds of Northern Mexico, 
 1854. 
 
 COCES. 
 
 Notes on the Ornithology of La- 
 brador, 1861. 
 Synopsis of Colymbidse and Podi- 
 
 cipidas, 1862. 
 Note to the same, 1862. 
 Ornithology of a Prairie- Journey, 
 
 1865. 
 Notes on Birds of Fort "Whipple, 
 
 Arizona, 1865. 
 From Arizona to the Pacific, 1866. 
 List of Birds of Fort Whipple, 
 
 Arizona, 1866. 
 Prodrome, 1866. 
 Birds of New England, 1867. 
 List of Palmer's Birds of Southern 
 
 Arizona, 1868. 
 Catalogue of Birds of North America 
 
 in Museum of Essex Institute, 
 
 1868. 
 List of Birds of New England, 1868. 
 Synopsis of Birds of South Carolina, 
 
 1868. 
 Results of Exploration of theNorth- 
 
 west, 1870. 
 Progress of American Ornithology, 
 
 1871. 
 Natural History of Fort Macon, 
 
 N. C, 1871. 
 Key to North American Birds, 1872. 
 Checklist of North American Birds, 
 
 1873. 
 Report on the Prybilov Islands, 
 
 1873, 1875. 
 Two little-known Birds of United 
 
 States, 1873. 
 Maynard's New England Orni- 
 thology, 1873. 
 Allen's Ornithology of the West, 
 
 1873. 
 United States Birds new to Science 
 
 and other things ornithological, 
 
 1873. 
 Odontornithes, 1873. 
 Color-variation dependent on Cli- 
 matic Influences, 1873. 
 Late Local Lists, 1873. 
 48 B 
 
 COUKS. — Continued. 
 
 Specimens of Bird Architecture, 
 1873. 
 
 Birds of the Northwest, 187-1, 1877. 
 
 Field Ornithology, 1874. 
 
 Avifauna of Colorado and Wy- 
 oming, 1874. 
 
 Recent Publications in Orni- 
 thology, 1874. 
 
 The Nesting of Certain Hawks, etc. , 
 1874. 
 
 Baird, Brewer and Ridgway's 
 Work, 1874. 
 
 Ridgway's Birds of Illinois, 1874. 
 
 Breeding of certain Birds of Mon- 
 tana, 1875. 
 
 Brewster's paper on West Virginia 
 Birds, 1875. 
 
 Brewer's Catalogue of New Eng- 
 land Birds, 1875. 
 
 Fasti Ornithologise Redivivi, 1875. 
 
 Reply to Allen's Availability of Bar- 
 tramian Names, 1876. 
 
 Nesting Sites of Night Hawk and 
 Towhee Bunting, 1876. 
 
 Destruction of Birds by Telegraph 
 Wire, 1876. 
 
 Number of Primaries in Oscines, 
 1876. 
 
 Gentry's Book about Birds, 1876. 
 
 On "Partridge," " Quail," etc., 1876. 
 
 Minot's Birds of New England, 
 1877, 1877, 1877. 
 
 Field-Notes on Birds observed in 
 Dakota and Montana, 1878. 
 
 New Birds for the United States 
 Fauna, 1878. 
 CouES and Pkentiss. 
 
 List of Birds of District of Co- 
 lumbia, 1862. 
 
 Remarks on Birds of the District 
 of Columbia, 1877. 
 CoUES and Yarrow. 
 
 Notes on Natural History of Fort 
 Macon, N. C. (No. 4), 1878. 
 
 COUPBR. 
 
 List of the Birds of Quebec, 1867. 
 Covert. 
 Letter of Promise, 1876. 
 Birds of Lower Michigan, 1876. 
 
754 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS 
 
 [l88 
 
 Crantz. 
 
 Greenland, 1765, 1767, 1767, 1820. 
 Curtis. 
 
 Particulars of Labrador, 1772. 
 Dall. 
 List of Birds of Alaska, 1869. 
 Alaska and its Eesonrces, 1870. 
 Winter's Day in the Yukon Terri- 
 tory, 1870. 
 Avifauna of tlie Aleutians, 1873, 
 1874. 
 Dawson. 
 Report British North American 
 Boundary Commission, 1875. 
 Deane. 
 Origin of the Nuttall Club, 1874. 
 Nuttall Ornithological Club, 1875. 
 Albinism and Melanism in North 
 American Birds, 1876. 
 DbKay, (C.) 
 
 Burroughs's Winter Sunshine, 1876. 
 DeKay, (J. E.) 
 
 New York Zoology, 1844. 
 D'Eres. 
 
 Memoirs, 1800. 
 Desmarest. 
 Review of Wilson's Ornithology, 
 
 1824. 
 Review of Bonaparte's " Observa- 
 tions", 1825. 
 Review of Bonaparte's American 
 Ornithology, 1826. 
 Des Murs. 
 On De Saussure's Habits of Mexi- 
 can Birds, 1859. 
 Review of Brewer's Oology, 1859. 
 Dole. 
 
 Odds and Ends, 1874. 
 Douglas. 
 
 Species of Tetrao and Ortyx, 1829, 
 1829, 1830, 1833. 
 Downs. 
 
 Land Birds of Nova Scotia, 186^66. 
 Dresser. 
 
 Birds of Southern Texas, 1865-66. 
 DuGts. 
 
 Faune de Guanajuato, Mexique, 
 
 1868. 
 Catalogue of Mexican Vertebrates, 
 1869, 1870. 
 
 Du Pratz. 
 
 Louisiana, 1758, 1763, 1774. 
 D'Urban. 
 
 Birds observed around Montreal, 
 
 1857. 
 Natural History of the Valley of 
 the River Rouge, 1859. 
 
 DUVAN. 
 
 Additions to Game of Nova Scotia, 
 1865. 
 Eagle. 
 Rare Birds near West Point, N. Y., 
 1878. 
 Eaton. 
 Prairie Ornithology in Illinois,1876. 
 Egg collecting in Illinois, 1876. 
 List of Birds from Peotoue, 111., 
 1878. 
 Egedb. 
 
 Greenland, 1741, 1745. 
 Elliot. 
 
 Game Birds of the Uuited States, 
 
 1865. 
 Birds of North America, folio, 
 1866-69. 
 Ellis. 
 
 Hudson's Bay, 1748. 
 Emmons. 
 
 Catalogue of Animals and Plants 
 
 of Massachusetts, 1833. 
 Observations on Spring Birds of 
 Massachusetts, 1834. 
 Estes. 
 
 Winter Notes from Wiscon8in,1876. 
 Fabricius. 
 
 Favna Groenlandica, 1780. 
 Feildbn. 
 Birds observed On Smith's Sound, 
 
 1877. 
 Birds of North Polar Basin, 1877. 
 Feilner. 
 Exploration in Upper California, 
 1865. 
 
 FiXSCH. 
 
 Vogelsammlung aus Nordwest 
 
 Mexico, 1870. 
 Zur Ornithologie Nordwest-Ameri- 
 
 kas, 1872. 
 Reisebericht fiber Nord-Amerika, 
 
 1873.' 
 
189] 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGEAPHY — AUTHORS 
 
 755 
 
 PiNScn. — Continued. 
 Die zweite deutsolie Nordpolfabrt, 
 
 1874. 
 Vogelsammlung aus Siidwest- 
 Grouland, 1874. 
 Fish. 
 Birds and their Uses, 1876. 
 
 I'^ISHKR. 
 
 Small Birds caught by the Burdock, 
 
 1876. 
 Flagg. 
 Birds and Seasons of New England, 
 
 1875. 
 
 FOHSTER. 
 
 Catalogue of Animals of North 
 
 America, 1771. 
 Account of Birds from Hudson's 
 Bay, 1772. 
 Fowler, (A.) 
 
 Three New England Birds, 1867. 
 Butcher Bird and Mottled Owl, 
 1869. 
 FOWLKR, (H. G.) 
 Birds of Central New York, 1876. 
 Additional Note, 1876. 
 FOWMK, (S. P.) 
 Past and Present History of United 
 
 States Ornithology, 1859. 
 Changes made by Civilization in 
 Massachusetts Birds, 1860. 
 Fox. 
 Notice of some American Birds, 
 
 1836. 
 Three Migrations in New Hamp- 
 shire, 1876. 
 Franklin. 
 Verzeiohniss der Arten von seiner 
 Polfahrt, 1835. 
 Frost. 
 
 Survivors of Civilization, 1868. 
 Fuller. 
 
 Spring Arrivals at Meacham Lake, 
 N. Y., 1876. 
 Gambel. 
 New and Rare Birds of the Eocky 
 
 Mountains, 1843. 
 New and Little-known Birds of 
 
 Upper California, 1845. 
 Remarks on Birds observed in 
 Upper California, 1846, 1848. 
 
 Gambel. — Continued. 
 
 Remarks on Upper California 
 Birds and Descriptions of New 
 Species, 1847-49. 
 
 Contributions to American Orni- 
 thology, 1848. 
 Gardner. 
 
 Wilson the Ornithologist, 1875. 
 Gatjmbr, 
 
 On Kansas Birds, 1875. 
 Gentry. 
 
 Molestation of Birds by Squirrels, 
 1873. 
 
 Habits of some American Birds, 
 1874. 
 
 Life-Histories of Birds of Eastern 
 Pennsylvania, 1876-77. 
 Gerhardt. 
 
 Vogelgesang im sUdlichen Nord- 
 Amerika, 1853. 
 
 Jagdbare Vogel der Vereinigten 
 Staaten, 1853. 
 
 Skizzen aus dem Vogelleben Nord- 
 Amerika's, 1854. 
 
 Zur Lebensweise der Vogel Geor- 
 gia's, 1855-56. 
 
 GiBBES. 
 
 Tuomey's Geology of South Caro- 
 lina, 1848. 
 
 GlEBEL. 
 
 Bemerkungeu zu Brendel's Vogel 
 Peorias, 1857. 
 Gilbert. 
 Rarer Birds of Western New York, 
 1876. 
 GiRAUD. 
 
 Sixteen New Species, 1841. 
 
 Birds of Long Island, 1844. 
 Gladwin. 
 
 Birds of Southern Connecticut, 
 1876. 
 Glover. 
 
 Account of Virginia, 1676. 
 Goodhue. 
 
 On Birds of Vermont, 1870-71. 
 
 Birds of Webster, N. H., 1877. 
 
 GOSSE. 
 
 Canadian Naturalist, 1840. 
 Letters from Alabama, 1859. 
 
756 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGEAPHT — AUTHORS 
 
 [l90 
 
 Gould. 
 On a Collection of Birds from 
 America, 1834, 1834. 
 Graah. 
 
 Expedition to Greenland, 1837. 
 Gray, (Asa.) 
 
 Death of Nuttall, 1859. 
 Gray, (A. F.) 
 
 Birds of Dan vers, Mass., 1876. 
 Gray, (6. E.) 
 
 Narrative of Kae's Expedition,1850. 
 Grayson. 
 Physical Geography and Natural 
 History of the Tree Marias and 
 Socorro, 1872. 
 Grbest, (F. C.) 
 
 Birds of Milwaukee Co., Wis., 1878. 
 Green, (J.) 
 Fragmente zur Thiergeschichte, 
 1832. 
 Gbbgg. 
 
 Birds cf Chemung Co., N. Y., 1870. 
 Grinnell. 
 Report of Reconnoissance of Black 
 
 Hills of Dakota, 1875. 
 Frigate Bird and White Ibis in 
 
 Connecticut, 1875. 
 Sumichrast's Birds of Southwest- 
 ern Mexico, 1876. 
 Bendire's Birds of Oregon, 1878. 
 Grdber. 
 
 Die Farallones Inseln, 18C2. 
 GuNN. 
 Egging Expedition to Shoal Lake, 
 1868. 
 
 GURNEY. 
 
 Zoology of California, 1851. 
 Hadfield. 
 
 Notes on Canada Birds, 1857. 
 
 Birds of Canada near Kingston, 
 1859, 1859. 
 
 On Scolopax gallinago and Cor- 
 vus corone of Wilson, 1862. 
 Haldeman. 
 
 Habits of Four Species, 1841. 
 
 On Rafinesque, 1842. 
 
 Trego's Geography of Pennsylva- 
 nia, 1843. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 Birds of Montreal, 1862. 
 Hallock. 
 
 Sportsman's Gazetteer, 1877. 
 Hamlin. 
 Catalogue of Birds of Waterville, 
 Me., 1865. 
 Hamlin, (Mrs. M. A.) 
 
 Our Birds of Prey, 1878. 
 Hammbrton. 
 
 Chapters on Animals, 1874. 
 Hamor. 
 Discourse of the Estate of Virginia, 
 1615. 
 Harmon. 
 
 Voyages and Travels, 1820. 
 Harris. 
 
 Birds of the Missouri River, 1851. 
 Hartlaub. 
 Neue Oder weniger bekannte Vogel 
 
 Amerika's, 1852. 
 Ueher Cassin's „ Birds of Texas" 
 u. s. w., 1853. 
 Harting. 
 Barrow's Arctic Collection, 1871. 
 Coues's Fauna of the Prybilov 
 Islands abridged, 1875. 
 Hartt. 
 Bird-Tracks of Basin of Minas, 
 1867. 
 Harvey. 
 
 Birds of Newfoundland, 1874-75. 
 Harvie-Brown. 
 On a Collection of North American 
 Birds' Eggs and Skins, 1874. 
 Haskins. 
 
 For the Birds, 1874. 
 Hatch. 
 Report on Birds of Minnesota, 1874. 
 Report on Minnesota Ornithology, 
 1877. 
 Haydbn. 
 Report of Explorations in Nebras- 
 ka and Dakota, 1858. 
 Natural History of the Upper Mis- 
 souri, 1862. 
 Haymond. 
 Birds of Southeastern Indiana, 
 1856. 
 
19l] 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS 
 
 757 
 
 Haymond.— Continued. 
 Birds of Fianklin Co., Indiana, 
 1869. 
 Head. 
 Natural History of Fort Ripley, 
 Minn., 1855, 1855. 
 Heakne. 
 
 Journey, 1795, 1796, 1807. 
 Heeemann. 
 Notes on Birds of California, 1853. 
 Pacific R. R. Reports, vol. s, 1859, 
 1859. 
 Hbkry, (J.) 
 Registry of Periodical Phenomena, 
 1856; 
 Henry, (T. C.) 
 Notes on Birds of New Mexico, 
 
 1855. 
 New Birds from Fort Thorn, N. M., 
 
 1858. 
 Catalogue of Birds of New Mexico, 
 1859. 
 
 Henshaw. 
 Hummingbird new to our Fauna 
 
 and other Ornithological Facts, 
 
 1874. 
 Annotated List of the Birds of 
 
 Utah, 1874. 
 List of Birds of Arizona, 1875 [last 
 
 title on p. 713]. 
 
 Henshaw and Aiken. 
 Report on Birds of the Wheeler 
 Exploration, 1875. 
 Hernandez. 
 
 Thesaurus, 1698, 1651. 
 Herkick. 
 Catalogue of Birds of Grand Me- 
 nan, 1873. 
 
 HiGGINSON. 
 
 New England's Plantation, 1630. 
 
 HiNCKS. 
 
 Catalogue of Birds of Western 
 
 Canada, 1866? 
 Notes of a few Canadian Birds^ 
 
 1866. 
 Review of Mollwraith's Hamilton 
 
 (C. W.) List, 1866. 
 Hitchcock. 
 Catalogue of Birds of Maine, 1864. 
 
 Hoffman. 
 List of Birds of Grand River Agen- 
 cy, Dakota, 1875. 
 Habits of Western Birds, 1876. 
 Remarks on Albinism, 1878. 
 
 HOLBERTON. 
 
 Local Names of Limicolss, 1876. 
 
 HOLBOLL. 
 
 Gronlandisk Fauna, 1843, 1845, 
 
 1846. 
 Bemeerkninger over nogle Fugles, 
 
 1843. 
 
 HOLDEN. 
 
 Birds of Wyoming and Colorado, 
 1872. 
 Holder. 
 
 Birds of Illinois, 1861, 1862. 
 Holmes. 
 Birds Injurious to Agriculture, 
 
 1857. 
 Birds of Maine, 1861. 
 Hopkins. 
 
 List of Birds of Auburn, N. Y., 1854. 
 Hough. 
 
 Meteorological Observations, 1864. 
 Howell. 
 Among the Waterfowl of the 
 West, 1874. 
 Hoy. 
 Notes on the Ornithology of Wis- 
 consin, 1853,- 1853. 
 Exploration of Western Missouri, 
 
 1865. 
 Peculiarities of Fauna near Racine, 
 1874. 
 Hughes. 
 Birds of Michigan, 1878. 
 
 HUTCHINS. 
 
 Birds of Central New York, 1877. 
 Huylek. 
 
 Winter Birds on the Haokensaok, 
 N. J., 1878. 
 Ingbbsoll. 
 
 Autumnal Migrations, 1875. 
 
 Birds flying into Windows, 1875. 
 
 Grinnell's Ornithology of the Black 
 Hills, 1875. 
 
 Birds with Teeth, 1875. 
 
 Three April Birds, 1876. 
 
 Something about Birds, 1876. 
 
768 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS. 
 
 [l92 
 
 INGEKSOLL. — Continued. 
 
 Winter Birds of New York City, 
 1877. 
 
 Burroughs's Wake-Robin, 1877. 
 
 Ornitliological News from tke 
 United States, 1878. 
 
 Coues's Birds of the Colorado, 1878. 
 
 Sennett's Ornithology of the Lower 
 Eio Grande, 1878. 
 
 Linnaean Society, 1878. 
 
 An aged Naturalist gone, 1878. 
 
 Bendire's Birds of Oregon, 1878. 
 
 Gentry's Life-Histories, 1878. 
 Jackson. 
 
 The Mountain, 1860. 
 Jameson. 
 
 Eeise in der Davisstrasse, 1832. 
 Jarmne. 
 
 Ornithology of the Bermudas, 1849- 
 50. 
 Jasper. 
 
 Birds of North America, 1874-78. 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 Notes on Virginia, 1782, 1786, 1787, 
 1788, 1800, 1801, 1801, 1802, 1803, 
 1853. 
 Jenks. 
 
 Instinct or Reason ? 1874. 
 Jones, (C. M.) 
 
 Breeding Habits of Birds, 1869. 
 Jones, (J. M.) 
 
 Naturalist in Bermuda, 1859. 
 
 Fortnight in Nova Scotia, 1867. 
 
 Rarer Birds of Nova Scotia, 1869. 
 
 Rare B irds in Nova Scotia, 1870. 
 Jones, (W. L.) 
 
 March Memoranda in Illinois, 1876. 
 
 April Birds in Illinois, 1876. 
 
 Arrivals of Birds in Illinois, 1877. 
 
 Birds of St. Clair Co., 111., 1878. 
 Jordan. 
 
 Manual of Vertebrates, 1876, 1878. 
 Jordan and Van Vleck. 
 
 Popular Key, 1874. 
 Josselyn. 
 
 New England's Rarities, 1672, 1675, 
 1860. 
 
 Account of Two Voyages, 1674, 
 1675, 1833. 
 
 JOUY. 
 
 Birds of the District of Columbia, 
 
 1876. 
 Fieldnotes on Birds of District of 
 
 Columbia, 1877. 
 Catalogue of Birds of District of 
 Columbia, 1877. 
 JouY, CouES, aud Prentiss. 
 List of and Remarks on Birds of 
 District of Columbia, 1877. 
 Kalm. 
 Travels in North America, 1753-61, 
 1754-64, 1770-71, 1772, 1776, 1812. 
 Kennerly. 
 Pacific R. E. Reports, vol. iv, 1856. 
 Pacific R. R. Reports, vol. x,1859. 
 Kennicott. 
 Catalogue of Animals of Cook Co., 
 
 111., 1855. 
 Catalogue of the Trowbridge Col- 
 lection, 1861. 
 Keyes. 
 
 May Songsters at Springfield, 
 Mass., 1876. 
 King, (R.) 
 
 Narrative of Back's Journey, 1836. 
 King, (W.R.) 
 
 Sportsman and Naturalist in Can- 
 ada, 1866. 
 Kinney. 
 Report on Illinois Birds, 1868. 
 
 KiRTLAND. , 
 
 Fragments of Natural History, ii, 
 
 1841. 
 On Indiana Birds, 1874. 
 On Ohio Birds, 1874, 1874. 
 
 KiTTLITZ. 
 
 Denkwlirdigkeiten einer Reise, 
 
 1858. 
 Nachtragliche Bemerkungen zu 
 dem Vorigeu, 1858. 
 Kneeland. 
 Birds of Lake Superior, 1857. 
 Habits of some Water Birds, 1871. 
 Krider. 
 Ornithological and Oologioal List, 
 1861,1874. 
 
 KUMIEIN. 
 
 Unusual Accidents to Birds, 1876. 
 Notes from Texas, 1877. 
 
193] 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOQEAPHY — AUTHORS 
 
 759 
 
 Lafresnaye. 
 
 New Mexican Birds, 1844. 
 La Hontan. 
 
 Voyages, 1703. 
 Lambeeton. 
 
 Birds of Rochester, N.Y., 1877, 
 Langdon. 
 Catalogue of Birds of Cincinnati, 
 Ohio, 1877. 
 Lawkkncb, (G.N.) 
 New Species of Conirostrum, Em- 
 bernagra, and Xanthornus, 1852. 
 Additions to North American Orni- 
 thology, 1852, 1852, 1853. 
 New Species of Tosostoma, Tyran- 
 
 nnla, and Plectrophanes, 1852. 
 Ornithological Notes, 1852, 1853. 
 New Species of Ortyx, Sterna, and 
 
 Icteria, 1853. 
 Catalogue of Birds of New York, 
 
 Long and Staten Islands, 1866. 
 Birds of Western and Northwestern 
 
 Mexico, 1874. 
 Birds of Southwestern Mexico col- 
 lected by Sumichrast, 1876. 
 Lawrence, (N. T.) 
 
 Rare Birds from Long Island, 1878. 
 Lawson. 
 
 Carolina, 1709, 1714, 1718, 1860. 
 Leach. 
 
 Animals from Arctic Regions, 1819, 
 1820. 
 Lb Bakon. 
 
 On Illinois Birds interesting to the 
 
 Agriculturist, 1855. 
 Naturalist and Sportsman in Flo- 
 rida, 1876. 
 
 LeContb. 
 Forgotten or Lost American Ani- 
 mals, 1854. 
 
 Leib. 
 Fulica araericana, Anas discors, 
 1841. 
 
 Le Moinb. 
 
 Land and Sea Birds around Que- 
 bec, 1859. 
 
 Birds observed around Quebec, 
 1860. 
 
 Lb Moinb. — Continued. 
 Ornithologie du Canada, 1860, 
 
 1360-61. 
 Birds of Canada, 1866. 
 Lesson. 
 Review of Bonaparte's Observa- 
 tions, 1826. 
 Review of Ord's Supplement to 
 
 Wilson, 1826. 
 Reviews of Bonaparte, 1827. 
 Review of Bonaparte's Genera, 
 
 1828, 1831. 
 Notice of Audubon's folios, 1828. 
 On Douglas's Species of Tetrao and 
 Ortyx, 1830. 
 Lewis, (E.J.) 
 
 American Sportsman, 1871 
 Lewis and Clarke. 
 
 Travels, 1814,1814, 1815, 1815, 1816- 
 18, 1817, 1817, 1842-75. 
 
 LiCHTBNSTEIN. 
 
 Ornithologische Fauna von Cali- 
 
 fornien, 1839, 1844. 
 Preis-Verzeichniss vom Jahre 1830, 
 
 1863. 
 
 LiNSLEY. 
 
 Catalogue of Connecticut Birds, 
 1843. 
 Littleton. 
 Southern Ornithological Notes, 
 1877. 
 Llave. 
 M^moire d'histoire naturelle, 1861. 
 
 LOCKINGTON. 
 
 Birds of Humboldt Co., Cal., 1874. 
 
 LOCKWOOD. 
 
 United States Birds acquiring new 
 habits, 1873. 
 Long. 
 
 American Wildfowl Shooting, 1874. 
 Longfellow. 
 
 A Persecuted Ornithologist, 1876. 
 Lord. 
 Birds of British North American 
 
 Boundary Commission, 1864. 
 Catalogue of Birds' Nests and Eggs, 
 
 1865. 
 Naturalist in Vancouver Island, 
 1866. 
 
760 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHOES 
 
 [l94 
 
 LOSKIEL. 
 
 History of his Mission, 1788, 1794. 
 McCall. 
 Notes on Mexican Birds, 1848, 1849. 
 Habits of Birds ofWestern Texas, 
 1851. 
 McCadley. 
 Notes on Ornithology of Red Eiver 
 of Texas, 1877. 
 McChesney. 
 Birds of the Coteau des Prairies of 
 Dakota, 1877. 
 McCliktock. 
 
 Extracts from his Diary, 1856. 
 McCowN. 
 
 Notes taken in Texas, 1853. 
 Macpib. 
 
 Vancouver Island, 1865. 
 McIlwI!aith. 
 Birds of Hamilton, C. W., 1860. 
 Notices of Birds near Hamilton, 
 
 C. W., 1861. 
 List of Birds of Hamilton, C. W., 
 1866. 
 Manby. 
 
 Voyage to Greenland, 1822, 1823. 
 Maetens. 
 
 Vogel der Bermuda-Inseln, 1859. 
 Maury. 
 
 Dumb Guides to the Pole. 1869. 
 Maesh. 
 Fossil Birds from Cretaceous and 
 
 Tertiary, 1870, 1870, 1870. 
 Hesperornis regalis, 1872, 1872. 
 New Tertiary and Post-Tertiary 
 
 Birds, 1872. 
 lohthyornis dispar, 1872, 1873. 
 Hesperornis regalis and four new 
 
 Cretaceous Birds, 1872, 1872. 
 On lohthyornis celer, 1873. 
 On Odontoruithes, 1873, 1873, 1875, 
 
 1876, 1876. 
 List of Fossil Cretaoeons Birds, 
 
 1873. 
 Vertebrate Life in America, 1877. 
 Recent PalEeontological Discov- 
 eries, 1877. 
 Maximilian. 
 Reise in das innere Nord-Amerioa, 
 1839-41, 1840-43. 
 
 Maynakd. 
 Catalogue of Birds of Eastern 
 
 Massachusetts, 1870. 
 Catalogue of Birds of Coos Co., N. 
 
 H., and Oxford Co., Me., 1872. 
 Birds of Florida, 1872-78. 
 Strange and Rare Birds of North 
 
 America, 1873. 
 Naturalist's Trip to Florida, 1874. 
 A Naturalist's Vacation, 1875. 
 Birds about Wilmington, N. C, 
 
 1875. 
 Variation in Habits of Florida 
 
 Birds, 1876. 
 Modifications in Breeding Habits, 
 
 1878. 
 
 Me ARES. 
 
 Voyages, 1791. 
 Meakns. 
 Bare Birds near West Point, N. Y., 
 
 1878. 
 Rare Birds in the Hudson River 
 
 Valley, 1878. 
 Descriptions of and Notes on Birds 
 
 from West Point, N. Y., 1878. 
 Merriam. 
 Report on Birds of Montana, etc., 
 
 1873. 
 Ornithological Notes from the 
 
 South, 1874, 1874. 
 Passerculus princeps and Parus 
 
 hudsonicus in Connecticut, 1876. 
 Review of Birds of Connecticut, 
 
 1877. 
 Correction of his Review of Con- 
 necticut Birds, 1878. 
 Remarks on Birds of Lewis Co., N. 
 
 Y., 1878. 
 Recent Lists of Birds of Central 
 
 New York, 1878. 
 
 Merrill. 
 Notes on Texan Birds, 1876. 
 
 MiNIBR. 
 
 Report on Illinois Birds, 1868. 
 
 MiNOT. 
 
 Summer Birds of White Mountains, 
 New Hampshire, 1876. 
 
 Land and Game Birds of New Eng- 
 land, 1877. 
 
195] 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS 
 
 761 
 
 MiNOT.— Continued. 
 Minot's New England Birds, addi- 
 tions, 1877. 
 Birds' Nests, 1877. 
 
 MONTEBELLO. 
 
 Sur quelques animaux de l'Am6- 
 rique du Nord, 1873. 
 Moore, (E.) 
 
 Newfoundland Birds, 1841. 
 Moore, (N. B.) 
 
 List of BaUaman Birds, 1878. 
 Observations on Bahaman Birds, 
 1878. 
 
 Morris. 
 
 On Jasper's Work, 1876. 
 
 Game Birds of Connecticut, 1876. 
 
 Local Nomenclature in Connecti- 
 cut, 1876. 
 Mortimer. 
 
 Account of Catesby's Carolina, 
 1730, 1731, 1732, 1748. 
 Morton. 
 
 New English Canaan, 1632, 1637. 
 
 MOSCHLER. 
 
 Notiz zur Ornithologie Gronlands, 
 1856. 
 
 MiJLLEK, (J. V.) 
 
 Notizen iiber die Vogel des boch- 
 
 sten Nordens, 1856. 
 MtJLLER, (J. W. von.) 
 Reisen in Mexico, 1859. 
 Reisen in den Vereinigten Staaten, 
 
 1864-65. 
 Verzeichniss der Vogel Mexico's, 
 
 1865. 
 
 MUNGER. 
 
 Four American Birds, 1869. 
 Murdoch. 
 Migration of Birds in Massachu- 
 setts, 1878. 
 Murray. 
 Natural History of Hudson's Bay, 
 
 1859. 
 Contributions to the Natural His- 
 tory of Hudson's Bay Company's 
 Territory, 1866. 
 Nauman. 
 
 Troglodytes aedon, Tyrannus caro- 
 linensis, etc., 1869. 
 
 Nelson. 
 
 Birds observed in Utah, Nevada, 
 
 and California, 1875. 
 Additions to Avifauna of Illinois, 
 
 1876. 
 Birds observed in Oakland, Cal., 
 
 1876. 
 Birds of Northeastern Illinois, 1877. 
 Birds observed in Southern Illinois, 
 1877. 
 Newberry. 
 
 Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. vi, 
 1857. 
 Newcomb. 
 Rare Massachusetts Birds, 1873. 
 Notes from Salem, Mass., 1877. 
 Newton. 
 
 Notice of Movements of E. Coues, 
 
 1865. 
 Notice of R. Kenuicott's Alaskan 
 
 Projet, 1865. 
 Obituary of J. Cassin, 1869. 
 Z weite deutsche Nordpolfahrt,1874. 
 Birds which have been found in 
 Greenland, 1875. 
 Nuttall. 
 Manual, 1832-34, 1840. 
 Remarks and Inquiries concerning 
 Massachusetts Birds, 1833 ? 
 Ober. 
 Birds of Lake Okeechobee, Florida, 
 1874. 
 Ord. 
 
 Guthrie's Geography, 1815, 1820. 
 0'Reili,y. 
 
 Greenland, 1818. 
 Pallas. 
 
 Zoographia Rosso- Asiatica, 1831. 
 Palmer, (C.) 
 
 Ornithological Notes, 1871. 
 Palmer, (F. H.) 
 
 Insect-eating Birds, 1874. 
 Parker, (H. W.) 
 
 Iowa Birds, 1871. 
 Parker, (S.) 
 Journal of Tour beyond the Rocky 
 Mountains, 1846. 
 Parker, (S. S.) 
 Spring Birds of New Hampshire, 
 1876. 
 
762 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — ^AUTHORS 
 
 [l96 
 
 Peabody. 
 
 Massachusetts Report, 1839, 1840. 
 Pennant. 
 
 Arctic Zoology, 1785, 1787, 1792. 
 Phillips. 
 
 Fauna of Nebraska, 1876. 
 Pierce. 
 
 Scarcity of Birds in New Jersey, 
 1876. 
 Pope. 
 
 Upland Game Birds and Water 
 Fowl of the United States, 1878. 
 
 PfiATTEN. 
 
 Catalogue of South Illinois Birds, 
 1855. 
 Peovancher ? 
 
 Faune Canadiebne, 1870-74. 
 
 PURDIE. 
 
 Rarer Massachusetts Birds, 1873. 
 Brewer's Birds of New England, 
 
 1876. 
 Distribution of New England Birds, 
 
 1877. 
 Notice of Rare New England Birds, 
 
 1877. 
 Sennett's Notes on the Ornithology 
 of the Lower Rio Grande of 
 Texas, 1878. 
 On Rare Massachusetts Birds, 1878. 
 Putnam. 
 
 Birds of Essex Co., Mass., 1856. 
 Rapinesque. 
 Discoveries in Natural History, 
 
 1818, 1H18. 
 Prodrome of 70 New Genera, 1819. 
 Ragsdalb. 
 
 Texan Ornithology, 1876. 
 Rathbun. 
 Birds of Cayuga, Seneca, and 
 Wayne Counties, N. Y., 1877. 
 Read. 
 
 Catalogue of Birds of Northern 
 Ohio, 1853. 
 Reeks. 
 Zoology of Newfoundland, 1869. 
 Rare Eggs from North America, 
 
 1870. 
 Notes on the Birds of Newfound- 
 land, 1870-71. 
 
 Rein. 
 Briefliches aus den Bermuda-Inseln , 
 
 1862. 
 Reinhardt. 
 
 Present State of our Knowledge of 
 
 Greenland Ornithology, 1823. 
 Ichthyologiske Bidrag til den 
 
 Griinlandiske Fauna, 1838. 
 Meddelelse af nogle hidintil i Gron- 
 
 laud ikke trufne Fugle, 1842, 
 
 1843. 
 On Greenland Birds, 1848, 1860, 
 
 l>r64-75. 
 IchthyologischeBeytriige zur gron- 
 
 liindischen Fauna, 1848. 
 Not itser til Gi (inlands Ornithologie, 
 
 1854, 1854, 1874. 
 Naturhistoriske Bidrag til en 
 
 Beskrivelse af Gr^nland, 1857. 
 List of Greenland Birds, 1861. 
 E t Tillieg til Gronlands Fuglefanna, 
 
 1872, 1872. 
 Rennie. 
 
 Sketches of Song Birds, 1829. 
 Reynolds. 
 
 Winter Birds of Arkansas, 1877. 
 Rhodes. 
 
 Imported Birds, 1877. 
 Richardson, (J.) 
 Appendix to Parry's Second Voy- 
 age, 1825. 
 Exhibition of New Birds, 1831. 
 Ueher Clima nud Vegetation an der 
 
 Hudsonsbay, 1832. 
 Appendix to Narrative of Back's 
 
 Journey, 1836. 
 Report on North American Zoology, 
 
 1837. 
 The Polar Regions, 1861. 
 Richardson, (R.) 
 Geographical Distribution of some 
 North American Birds, 1843. 
 
 RiDGWAY. 
 
 Obscurely known Species of Ameri- 
 can Birds, 1869. 
 
 New Birds in Southern lUinoip, 
 1872. 
 
 Relation between Color and Geo- 
 graphical Distribution, 1872-73, 
 
 1873. 1873. 
 
197] 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGEAPHY — AUTHORS 
 
 763 
 
 EiDGWAY.— Continued. 
 
 Prairio Birds of Southern Illinois, 
 1873. 
 
 New Forms of American Birds, 
 1873. 
 
 Bird Fauna of the Salt Lake 
 Valley, 1873. 
 
 The Birds of Colorado, 1873. 
 
 Grouse and Quails of North Amer- 
 ica, 1873. 
 
 Wabash Valley and its Avifauna, 
 1874, 1874. 
 
 Local Variations in Notes and Nest- 
 ing Habits, 1874. 
 
 Nomenclature of American Game 
 Birds, 1874. 
 
 Catalogue of Illinois Birds, 1874. 
 
 Notes on American Water Birds, 
 1874. 
 
 Birds observed from Sacramento, 
 Cal., to Salt Lake, Utah, 1874-75 
 
 Two Eare Owls from Arizona, 
 1875. 
 
 Snow Birds and Little Owls, 1875. 
 
 Impressions of Bird Fauna of Cali- 
 fornia, 1875. 
 
 Ornithology of Guadeloupe Island, 
 1876. 
 
 Ornithology of the Survey of the 
 40th ParaUel, 1877. 
 
 Birds of Guadaloupe Island dis- 
 cussed, 1877. 
 
 Mrs. Maxwell's Colorado Museum, 
 1877, 1877, 1878. 
 
 Three Additions to Avifauna of 
 North America, 1878. 
 
 Notes on Birds of Calaveras County, 
 California, 1878. 
 
 Song Birds of the West, 1878. 
 
 Birds observed at Mt. Carmel, 111., 
 1878. 
 Roberts. 
 
 New Birds from Minnesota, 1875. 
 
 Winter Varietiesin Minnesota, 1876. 
 
 List of Birds observed at Minne- 
 apolis, Minn., 1876. 
 EOBINSON, (R. E.) 
 
 Birds of Addison County, Vt., 1876. 
 Robinson, (W. E.) 
 List of Albino Birds, 1875. 
 
 EOOSEVELDT and MiNOT. 
 
 Summer Birds of the Adirondacks, 
 
 1877. 
 
 EOOSEVELT, (E. B.) 
 
 Game-Birds of the Northern States, 
 1866. 
 Ross, (A. M.) 
 The Birds of Canada, 1871. 
 Catalogue of the Birds of Canada, 
 1872. 
 Ross, (B. R.) 
 Animals useful to the Chipewyan 
 
 Tribes, 1861. 
 Mammals and Birds of the Arctic 
 
 Region', 1861. 
 Birds and Eggs of the McKenzie's 
 River, 1862, 1862. 
 Eoss, (.1.) ? 
 
 Voyage of Discovery, 1819. 
 Eoss, (J. C.) 
 Journal of Parry's Third Voyage 
 
 1826. 
 Appendix to Narrative of Second 
 Voyage of Sir John Ross, 1835. 
 Sabine, (E.) 
 Memoiron Birds of Greenland,1818. 
 Supplement to Appendix of Parry's 
 Voyage, 1824. 
 Sabine, (J.) 
 Appendix to Franklin's Journal, 
 1823. 
 Sagaed Theodat. 
 Grand Voyage du Pjys des Hurons, 
 
 1632, 1865. 
 Histoire du Canada, 1636, 1866. 
 Sage. 
 
 Birds of Garden and Orchard, 1878. 
 St. Clair, 
 
 Notes from Georgia, 1877. 
 Sall^. 
 
 List d'Oiseaux ^ vendre, 1861. 
 Salvin. 
 Collection made by Le Strange 
 
 near City of Mexico, 1869. 
 Ornithological Advices from Disco, 
 Greenland, 1875. 
 Samuels. 
 Ornithology of Massachusetts, 1864. 
 Descriptive Catalogue of Birds of 
 Massachusetts, 1864. 
 
764 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS 
 
 [l98 
 
 Samuels. — Ci, ntlnued. 
 Oology of some New England Land 
 
 Birds, 1865. 
 Ornithology and Oology of New 
 
 England, 1867, 1870, 1875. 
 Among the Birds, 1868. 
 Breeding Habits of Three Birds, 
 
 1868. 
 Our Neighbors the Birds, 1868. 
 Saussdre. 
 Sur les Mceurs des Oiseaux du 
 
 Mexiqne, 1858, 1858-59? 
 Note sur qaelques Oiseaux du 
 
 Mexique, 1859. 
 Skildringer af Fuglelivet i Mexiko, 
 
 1860. 
 Say. 
 Long's Expedition, 1823; (anon.) 
 
 1824. 
 
 SCLATER. 
 
 On Giraud's Sixteen New Birds, 
 1855, 1856. 
 
 Catalogue of Sally's Southern Mex- 
 ican Birds, 1856. 
 
 Birds collected by Bridges in Cali- 
 fornia, 1857. 
 
 Additional Mexican Birds collected 
 by Sall6, 1857. 
 
 Birds collected by Botteri in Mex- 
 ico, 1857. 
 
 Collection of Birds by Salld in 
 Mexico, 1857. 
 
 New Birds by Sall^ in Mexico, 1857. 
 
 Notes on Birds from Southern Mex- 
 ico, 1858. 
 
 On Birds received by Sall^ from 
 Southern Mexico, 1858, 1858. 
 
 Exhibition of Arctic Birds, 1859. 
 
 Collection of Birds from Van- 
 couver's Island, 1859. 
 
 Series of Birds from Jalapa, 1859. 
 
 List of Boucard's Birds from 
 Oaxaoa, 1859. 
 
 Notes on Birds from Orizaba, 1860. 
 
 Exhibition of Skins from Hudson's 
 Bay, 1860. 
 
 Birds to be added to Avifauna of 
 Mexico, 1862. 
 
 Birds procured by G. H. White near 
 City of Mexico, 1864. 
 
 SCLATER.— Continued. 
 Exhibition of Birds collected by 
 Boucard near Vera Cruz, Mexico, 
 1865. 
 Collection made by Le Strange near 
 
 City of Mexico, 1869. 
 Instructions for Collecting, 1875. 
 ScLATKR and Salvin. 
 Additions to Avifauna of Mexico, 
 1870. 
 SOOEBSBY. 
 
 Excursion to Island of Jan Mayen, 
 
 1819. 
 Northern Whale-fishery, 1823. 
 Scott, (David). 
 Tendency to Variation in Habits, 
 1877. 
 Scott (6. C.) 
 
 Spring Birds and Fishes, 1875. 
 Scott, (W. E. D.) 
 Summer Birds of Kanawha Co., 
 
 W. Va., 1873. 
 Birds Breeding at Twin Lakes, 
 Colorado, 1878. 
 Sears. 
 
 Return of the Birds, 1868. 
 Sennett. 
 Notes on the Ornithology of the 
 Lower Rio Grande of Texas, 1878. 
 Sbwastianoff. 
 New Duck and Oyster Catcher, 
 1802. 
 
 SlBDHOFF. 
 
 Naturgeschichtliches aus den Ver- 
 einigten Staaten, 1848. 
 Sim. 
 Food and Use of Rapacious Birds, 
 1874. 
 Slack. 
 
 Birds as Architects, 1874. 
 Smith, (G. A.) 
 
 Birds of Fort Wayne, Ind., 1876. 
 Smith, (J.) 
 
 Virginia, 1618, 1624, 16.32. 
 Snow. 
 Catalogue of Birds of Kansas, 1872 
 
 1872, 1873, 1875. 
 On Kansas Birds, 1872, 1874, 1874, 
 1875, 1875, 1875. 
 
19 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGEAPHY — AUTHORS 
 
 765 
 
 Snow.— Continued. 
 Harlan's Hawk and Mexican Cor- 
 morant, 1873. 
 
 SOUBBIRAN. 
 
 Commerce des Oiseaux, 1871. 
 Stearns. 
 
 Birds of Penikese Island, 1875. 
 Stephens or Stevens, (F.) 
 
 Rambles in New Mexico, 1875. 
 
 Notes ou New Mexican Birds, 1878. 
 Stevens, (W. G. or W. B.) 
 
 Bird Arrivals on the Harlem, 1876. 
 
 Notes from West Farms, N. Y., 1877. 
 Stevenson, (J.) 
 
 List of Birds of Wyoming, 1871. 
 Stimpson. 
 
 Notice of Coues's Ornithology of 
 Labrador, 1862. 
 
 Illnstrations of North American 
 Birds, 1867. 
 Stoker. 
 
 Fringilla pinea and Bombyoilla 
 garrula in Ohio, 1845. 
 Strachey. 
 
 Virginia Britannia, 1849. 
 Strang. 
 
 Natural History of Beaver Island, 
 Michigan, 1855. 
 Strbcker. 
 
 Albinism in Birds, 1868. 
 
 Streets. 
 Birds of Hawaiian and Fanning 
 Islands and Lower California, 
 
 1877. 
 
 SUCKI-BY. 
 
 Pacific R. R. Reports, vol. xii, 1860. 
 Sumichrast. 
 Geographical Distribution of Birds 
 of Vera Cruz, Mexico, 1869, 1869. 
 Distribucion de las Aves de Vera 
 Cruz, 1870-71. 
 [Swaine,(C.)] 
 
 Voyage of the Ship California, 1748. 
 Swainson, (W.) 
 Synopsis of Mexican Birds, 1827, 
 
 1834. 
 Account of Audubon's work, 1829. 
 Swainson and Richardson. 
 Fauna Boreali-Amerioana, 1831. 
 
 Taber. 
 
 Life of Winter Birds, 1875. 
 Taylor, (G. C.) 
 
 Five Weeks in Florida, 1862. 
 Taylor, (R. C.) 
 
 Natural History of the Alleghanies, 
 ,1835. 
 
 Supplement to same, 1836. 
 Tennky. 
 
 Raven and Sooty Tern in Massa- 
 chusetts, 1877. 
 Teerill. 
 
 Chart of Canada Birds, 1869 ? 
 Thompson, (J. M.) 
 
 Some of our Game Birds, 1876. 
 Thompson, (M.) 
 
 Hunting with the Long Bow, 1877. 
 Thompson, (Z.) 
 
 Natural History of Vermont, 1853. 
 Thorpe. 
 
 Bird Shooting in New Jersey, 1871. 
 Tiffany. 
 
 Three Rare Birds of Minnesota, 
 1878. 
 Tileston. 
 
 Birds in extremis, 1875. 
 
 Spare the Birds, 1875. 
 
 TOWNSEND. 
 
 Twelve New Species of Birds, 1837. 
 List of Birds from Oregon, etc., 
 
 1839. 
 Narrative of a Journey, 1839. 
 Ornithology of the United States, 
 
 1839 ?, 1849. 
 Treat, {Mrs. M.) 
 
 Birds as Architects, 1875. 
 Trippe. 
 Awakening of the Birds, 1867. 
 Differences between Eastern and 
 
 Western Birds, 1871. 
 Notes on Birds of Minnesota, 1871. 
 Birds Breeding in the Catskills, 
 
 1872. 
 Irregular Migrations of Birds, 1873. 
 Ornithological Queries, 1873. 
 Birds of Southern Iowa, 1873. 
 Migration of Birds, 1874. 
 Tristram. 
 Notes on some Passerine Birds, 
 
 1871. 
 
766 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS 
 
 [200 
 
 Teumbdli. 
 Indian Names of Birds, 1874, 1874. 
 
 TUENBCLL. 
 
 Birds of East Pennsylvania and 
 New Jersey, 1869, 1869. 
 Vennor. 
 Birds wintering around Montreal, 
 
 1860. 
 Our Birds of Prey (Canada), 1877. 
 
 Veeeill. 
 Catalogue of Birds of Norway, 
 
 Maine, 1862. 
 Natural History of Anticosti, 1862. 
 Additions to Catalogue of Birds of 
 
 Calais, Maine, 1863. 
 Notes on Distribution of Nortli 
 
 American Birds, 1866, 1866. 
 Coues's Key to North American 
 
 Birds, 1873. 
 
 ViEILLOT. 
 
 Oiseaux de I'Amfirique Septentrio- 
 
 nale, 1807. 
 Vigors. 
 Birds from the Northwest Coast of 
 
 America, 1829. 
 On a Collection from California, 
 
 1833. 
 Zoology of Beechey's Voyage, 1839. 
 
 ViLLADA. 
 
 Aves del Valle de Mexico, 1869. 
 Waddle. 
 
 Game Waterfowl of America, 1870- 
 Waglee. 
 
 Ueber Thiere Mexicos, 1831. 
 Wailes. 
 
 Agriculture and Geology of Missis- 
 sippi, 1854. 
 Walker, (B.) 
 
 Two Ornithological Items, 1871. 
 Walker, (D.) 
 
 Notes of the Voyage of the Fox, 
 1860. 
 
 Notes from Liverpool to Vancouver 
 Island, 1863. 
 Ward. 
 
 A Congress of Birds, 1877. 
 Warren. 
 
 Bay Shooting, 1876. 
 
 Watbrton. 
 
 On Audubon's Biography, 1833. 
 On Audubon's Work, 1835. 
 Weiz. 
 List of Vertebrates Observed at 
 Okak, Labrador, 1866. 
 Wheaton. 
 Catalogue of Birds of Ohio, 1861. 
 Food of Birds as related to Agricul- 
 ture, 1875. 
 Euff and Purple Gallinule in Ohio, 
 1877. 
 Wheeler. 
 
 A Maryland Calendar, 1876. 
 Whitbourne. 
 Discourse of Newfoundland, 1620, 
 1622. 
 Whitelt. 
 Catalogue of North American Birds 
 and Eggs at Woolwich, 1865. 
 
 WlED. 
 
 Verzeiohniss der Vogel, 1858-59. 
 
 WiEGMANN. 
 
 Zoological Results of Ross's Second 
 Voyage, 1836. 
 Williams. 
 
 Vermont, 1794, 1809. 
 Willis. 
 
 List of Birds of Nova Scotia, 1859. 
 Wilson, (A.) 
 American Ornithology, 1808-14, 
 1828-29, 1831, 1832, 1840, 1871, 
 1876-77, 1878. 
 Wilson, (J.) 
 On Douglas's Species of Tetrao and 
 
 Ortyx, 1832. 
 Progress of Discovery on Coasts of 
 America, 1833. 
 Wilson, (T. J.) 
 Notes on Rathbun's New York List, 
 1877. 
 Winkle. 
 Heralds of Spring, 1878. 
 Spring Birds at Summit, N. J., 1878. 
 
 WOLFORD. 
 
 Importation and Protection of Use- 
 ful Birds, 1855. 
 Wood, (W.) 
 New England's Prospect, 1634, 1635. 
 
201 ] 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES 
 
 767 
 
 Wood, (W.) {bis.) 
 Eapacious Birds of Connecticut, 
 
 1861. 
 Eeview of Articles on Habits of 
 
 North American Birds, 1868. 
 Birds of Connecticut, 1878. 
 
 WOODHOUSB. 
 
 New Species of Vireo and Zono- 
 
 triobia, 1852. 
 Sitgreaves's Eeport, Zuili, 1853. 
 WCrdbmann. 
 Letter relating to Birds of Florida, 
 1861. 
 Wyman. 
 Ejoekkemnceddings of Maine and 
 New Hampshire, 1867. 
 
 XANTUS. 
 
 New Birds from Port Tejon, Cal., 
 
 1858. 
 Catalogue of Birds from Fort Tejon, 
 
 Cal., 1859. 
 
 Yaerow. 
 Birds of the Wheeler Explorations, 
 1874. 
 
 Yarrow and Hbnshaw. 
 Eeport on Ornithological Speci- 
 mens, 1874. 
 
 YOUNT. 
 
 Sporting Life in Wyoming, 1874. 
 
 B. — XiOC-A-LITlES 
 
 [Note. — In the nature of the case, many of tlie titles cannot be indexed liere, and 
 anonymous, pseudonymous, and ephemeral titles are also mostly omitted, the intention 
 being mainly to give a ready clue to the Faunal Lists, etc., of States, Territories, and 
 other considerable areas.] 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Gosse. Letters from, 1859. 
 
 Brown, List of Birds observed at Coosada, 1878. 
 Alaska. 
 
 Meares. 
 
 Pallas. 
 
 Brandt. 
 
 Brandt. 
 
 Kittlilz. 
 
 Kittlitz. 
 
 Coinde. 
 
 Baird. 
 
 Voyages to Northwest Coast of America, 1791. 
 Zoograpbia Eosso-Asiatica, 1831. 
 
 Dissertatio inauguralis, 1842. 
 
 List of Birds sent from, 1844. 
 
 Uenkwiirdigkeiten einer Eeise nach dem russ. Amerika, 1858. 
 
 Nacbtraglicbe Bemerkungen zu dem Vorigen, 1858. 
 
 Faune de I'lle de St. Paul, 1860. 
 Additions to Bird Fauna of, 1869. 
 Ball and Bannister. List of Birds of, 1869. 
 
 Coues. Ornithological Eesults of Exploration of the Northwest, 1870. 
 Ball. Alaska and its Eesources, 1870. 
 Ball. Winter's Day on the Yukon, 1870. 
 Finsch. Zur Ornithologie Nordwest-Amerikas, 1872. 
 Ball. Notes on the Avifauna of the Aleutian Islands, 1873, 1874. 
 Coues. Eeport on the Prybilov Islands, 1873, 1875. 
 Harting. Coues's Eeport on the Prybilov Islands, 1875. 
 Anticosti. 
 
 Verrill. Notes on the Natural History of, 1863. 
 Arctic Ebgions. (See, also, British America, and Greenland.) 
 Pennant. Arctic Zoology, 1785, 1787, 1792. 
 Hearne. Journey to, 1795, 1796, 1807. 
 Leach. Notice of Animals from, 1818. 
 
768 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES [202 
 
 Arctic Regions. — CoDtioned. 
 
 Leach. Birds of Ross's Voyage, 1820. 
 
 Sabine, (J.) Appendix to Frankliu's Voyage, 1823, 1823. 
 
 Saline, (E.) Supplement to Appendix to Parry's First Voyage, 1824. 
 
 Richardson. Appendix to Parry's Second Voyage, 1825. 
 
 iJoss, (J. C.) Appendix to Parry's Third Voyage, 1826. 
 
 Wilson, (J.) View of Progress of Discovery on Northern Coasts, 1833, 
 
 Eoss, (J. C.) Appendix to Narrative of Ross's Second Voyage, 1835. 
 
 King. Narrative of Journey to Shore of the Arctic Ocean, 183C. 
 
 King. Temperature of Quadrupeds, Birds, etc., 1836. 
 
 Bichardson, Appendix to Back's Arctic Laud Expedition, 1836. 
 
 Wiegmann. Zoological Results of Ross's Second Voyage, 1836. 
 
 Gi-ay. Rae's Expedition to Arctic Shores, 1850. 
 
 Cassin. Remarks on Kane's Birds from, 1852. 
 
 McCUntoclc. Extracts from his Diary, 1856. 
 
 Mailer. Notizen iiber die Vogel des hoobstea Nordens, 1856. 
 
 Sclater. Exhibition of rare Birds from, 1859. 
 
 Walker. Ornithological Notes from the Arctic Seas, 1860. 
 
 Bichardson. The Polar Regions, 1861. 
 
 Eoss, (B. R.) Mammals and Birds of, 1861. 
 
 Maury. Dumb Guides to the Pole, 1869. 
 
 Harting. Catalogue of the Barrow Collection from, 1871. 
 
 Feilden. Lists of Birds observed in Smith's Sound, 1877. 
 
 Feilden. Birds of North Polar Basin, 1877. 
 Arizona. 
 
 Baird. Report on Colorado of the West, 1861. 
 
 Coues. Notes on Birds of Fort Whipple, 1865. 
 
 Corns. List of Birds of Fort Whipple, 1866. 
 
 Coues. Prodrome of a work on the Ornithology of, 1866. 
 
 Coues. Palmer's Birds of Southern, 1868. 
 
 Brewer. Nests and Eggs of some Birds of, 1873. 
 
 Henshaw. List of Birds of, 1875 [on p. 713]. 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Begnolds. Winter Birds of, 1877. 
 Bahamas. 
 
 Bryant. List of Birds seen at the, 1859. 
 
 Albrecht. Die Vogel der, 1861. 
 
 Bryant. Two Birds from, 1864. 
 
 Bryant. Additions to List of Birds seen at the, 1867. 
 
 Brace. Notes on a few Birds of New Providence, 1878. 
 
 MooTo. List of Birds seen and killed in, 1878. 
 Bermudas. 
 
 Jardine. Ornithology of the, 1849-50. 
 
 Bland. List of Birds of, 1859. 
 
 Jones, Wedderlmrn, and Murdis. The Naturalist in, 1859. 
 
 Martens. Die Vogel der, 1859. 
 
 Bein. Briefliches aus den, 1862. 
 British America. {See, also, Canada.) 
 
 Ellis. Voyage to Hudson's Bay, 1748. 
 
 \_Swaine.'\ Voyage of Ship California, 1748. 
 
203] INDEX TO BIBLIOGKAPHY — LOCALITIES 769 
 
 British America. — Continued. 
 
 Forster. Account of Birds sent from Hudson's Bay, 1772. 
 
 Richardson. Exhibition of new Birds from, 1831. 
 
 Swainson and Eidhardaon. Fauna Boreali-Americana, 1831. 
 
 Bamston. Progress of Seasons at Hudson's Bay, 1841. 
 
 Richardson. Distribution of some Birds of, 1843. 
 
 Blakiston. Notes of a Naturalist, 1857. 
 
 Blakiston. Scraps from the Far West, 1859. 
 
 Murray. Contributions to Natural History of, 1859. 
 
 Selater. Bird-skins from Hudson's Bay, 1860. 
 
 Ross. Animals useful to Chipewyans, 1861. 
 
 BlaUston. Birds from the Interior of, 1861-62, 1863. 
 
 Ross. Birds of the Mackenzie Eiver, 1862, 1862. 
 
 Murray. A Contribution to Natural History of Hudson's Bay Company's 
 
 Territory, 1866. 
 Gunn. Egging Expedition to Shoal Lake, 1868. 
 Dawson. British North American Boundary Commission, 1875. 
 Caijfornia. 
 
 Vigors. Note on Bird Skins from, 1833. 
 
 Lichienstein. Beitrag zur ornithologischen Fauna von, 1839, 1844. 
 
 Ganibel, New and little known Birds collected in Upper, 1845. 
 
 Gambel. Remarks on Birds observed in Upper, 1846, 1848. 
 
 Gambel. Eemarks on Birds observed in Upper, with Descriptions of new 
 
 species, 1847-49. 
 Gumey. Notes on the Zoology of, 1851. 
 Seermann. Notes on the Birds of, 1853. 
 Bonaparte. Notes on the Delattre Collections, 1853, 1853-54. 
 Brewer. Descriptions of Eggs obtained by Samuels in, 1857. 
 Selater. List of Birds collected by Bridges in, 1857. 
 Xantus. New Birds from Fort Tejon, 1858. 
 Bridges. Notes on Birds of, 1858. 
 Baird. On Xantus's Birds from Cape St. Lucas, 1859. 
 Xantus. Catalogue of Birds from Fort Tejon, 1859. 
 Cooper. New Californian Animals, 1861. 
 Gniber. Productions of the FaraUones, 1862. 
 Feilner. Explorations in, 1865. 
 Cooper. The Naturalist in, 1869. 
 Cooper. Additions to Fauna of, 1869. 
 Cooper. Geological Survey of, 1870. 
 Cooper. Monterey in the Dry Season, 1871. 
 Loekington. Notes on Birds of Humboldt County, 1874. 
 Cooper. New Facts relating to the Ornithology of, 187.5. 
 Allea. Notes from, 1676. 
 Cooper. Garden Birds, 1876. 
 
 Nelson. Birds observed in Vicinity of Oakland, 1876. 
 Ridgway. Ornithology of Guadeloupe Island, 1876. 
 Ridgway. Birds of Guadaloupe Island discussed, 1877. 
 Streets. Nat. Hist, of Hawaiian and Fanning Islands and Lower, 1877. 
 Ridgway. Notes on some Birds of Calaveras County, 1878. 
 49 BO 
 
770 INDEX TO BIBLIOGEAPHY — LOCALITIES [204 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Sagard Theodat. Grand Voyage, 1632, 1865. 
 
 Sagard Theodat. Histoire, du 1636, 1866. 
 
 Charlevoix. Histoire et Description G6n6rale de la Nouvelle France, 1744, 
 1761, 1777. 
 
 Gosse. The Canadian Naturalist, 1840. 
 
 Allan. Birds wintering in Neighbourhood of Toronto, 1853. 
 
 BllUnga. On some of the Game Birds of, 1856. 
 
 Hadfield. Notes and remarks on Birds of, 1857. 
 
 D' Urban. Notes on Birds of Montreal, 1857. 
 
 Cottle. List of Birds found in Upper, 1859. 
 
 D'Vrhan. Observations on Natural History of Argenteuil and Ottawa, 
 1859. 
 
 Sadfield. Birds of, observed near Kingston, 1859, 1859. 
 
 Le Maine. Land and Sea Birds around Quebec, 1859. 
 
 Le Maine. Birds observed around Quebec, 1860. 
 
 Vennor. Notes on Winter Birds of Montreal, 1860. 
 
 Le Maine. Omithologie du, 1860-61. 
 
 Mcllwraith. Birds of Hamilton, C. W., 1860, 1861. 
 
 Bryant. Birds breeding in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1861, 1861. 
 
 Hall. Birds of the District of Montreal, 1863. 
 
 Mcllwraith. List of Birds of Hamilton, 1866. 
 
 King. Sportsman and Naturalist in, 1866. 
 
 Le Maine. The Birds of, 1866. 
 
 Rincka. Catalogue of Birds of Western, 1866 ? 
 
 Hincka. Notes on a few Birds of, 1866. 
 
 Hincks. Review of Mcllwraith's Birds of Hamilton, 1866. 
 
 Couper. List of Birds of Quebec, 1867. 
 
 Terrill. Analytical Chart of Birds of, 1869. 
 
 Pravancher? Panne Canadienne, 1870-74. 
 
 WUteavea f Notes on Birds of, 1870, 1871. 
 
 Boas. The Birds of, 1871. 
 
 Boas. Catalogue of Birds of, 1872. 
 
 Adama. Field and Forest Rambles, 1873. 
 
 Le Maine. Winter Birds of Quebec, 1875. 
 
 Vennor. Eagles, Hawks, and Owls of, 1877. 
 Carolina. (See, also, North, and Sooth.) 
 
 Bartram. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, 
 1791, 1793, 1793, 1794, 1799. 
 
 Mortimer. Account of Catesby's, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1748. 
 
 Cateaby. Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahamas, 1731-48, 
 1754, 1771. 
 Colorado. 
 
 Aiken. Glimpse of Birds of, 1873. 
 
 Batty. On some Birds of, 1873. 
 
 Bidgtvay. The Birds of, 1873. 
 
 Couea. Destruction of Birds by Telegraph, 1876. 
 
 Bidgway. Mrs. Maxwell's Museum, 1877, 1877, 1878. 
 
 Allen. Fossil Passerine from Shales of, 1878. 
 
 Scott. Birds breeding about Twin Lakes, 1878. 
 
 Seott. ^irds about Denver, 1878, 1878. 
 
205] INDEX TO BIBLIOGEAPHY — LOCALITIES 771 
 
 CONNBCTICUT. 
 
 Aybott. Exhibition of some Birds from, 1841. 
 
 Linsley. Catalogne of Birds of, 1843. 
 
 Wood. Eapaoious Birds of, 1861. 
 
 Grinnell. Frigate Bird and White Ibis in, 1875. 
 
 Gladwin. Notes on Birds of Southern, 1876. 
 
 Merriam. Passeroulus princeps and Parns hudsonicus in, 1876. 
 
 Morris. Game Birds of, 1876. 
 
 Morris. Local Nomenclature in, 1876. 
 
 Merriam. Eeview of the Birds of, 1877. 
 
 Coe. Spring Notes at Portland, 1878. 
 
 Wood. Birds of, 1878. 
 Dakota. 
 
 Hayden. Explorations in Nebraska and, 1858, 1862, 1875. 
 
 Hoffman. Birds observed at Grand River Agency, 1875. 
 
 Grinnell. Report of Eeconnoissance of the Black Hills, 1875. 
 
 McCkesney. Birds of the Coteau des Prairies, 1877. 
 DisTKicT OP Columbia. 
 
 Cones and Prentiss. List of the Birds of, 1862. 
 
 Jouy. Birds of, 1876. 
 
 Boiseau. List of Birds of, 1877. 
 
 Coues and Prentiss. Remarks on Birds of, 1877. 
 
 Jouy. Pieldnotes on some of the Birds of, 1877. 
 
 Joriy, Coues, and Prentiss. Catalogue and Remarks on Birds of, 1877. 
 Florida. 
 
 Bonaparte. Additions to United States Ornithology from, 1825. 
 
 Gerhardt. Skizzen aue dem Vogelleben, 1854. 
 
 Bryant. Notes on Birds of East, 1859. 
 
 Wiirdemann. On Birds from South, 1861. 
 
 Taylor. Five Weeks in, 1862. 
 
 Allen. Mammals and Winter Birds of Eastern, 1871. 
 
 Coues. Review of Allen's paper on Birds of Eastern, 1871. 
 
 Maynard. The Birds of, 1872-78. 
 
 Maynard. Naturalist's Trip to, 1874. 
 
 Ober. Birds of Lake Okeechobee, 1874. 
 
 Le Baron. Naturalist and Sportsman in, 1876. 
 
 Maynard. Variation in Breeding of Certain Birds of, 1876. 
 
 Clarke. Notes on Birds of Halifax Inlet, 1878. 
 
 Lente. Florida Notes, 1878. 
 Georgia. 
 
 Gerhardt. Etwas ttber den Vogelgesang, 1853. 
 
 Gerhardt. Die jagdbaren Vogel, 1853. 
 
 Gerhardt. Ueber die Lebensweise der Vogel, 1855-56. 
 
 St. Clair. Southern Wood Notes, 1877. 
 Greenland. 
 
 Mgede. Det gamle Grfnlands, 1741, 1745. 
 
 Anderson. Nachrichten von Island, Gronland und der Strasse Davis, 1746. 
 
 Anderson. Histoire Naturelle de I'Islande, etc., 1750. 
 
 Anderson. Beschryving van Ysland, etc., 1756. 
 
 Crantz. History of, 1765, 1767, 1767. 
 
772 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — ^LOCALITIES [206 
 
 Gkeenland. — Contiuned. 
 
 Fdbricius. Favna Groenlandioa, 1780. 
 
 O'Edlly. Greenland, 1818. 
 
 Sabine, (E.) Memoir on Birds of, 1818. 
 
 Scoresby. Voyage to Northern Whale Fishery, 1819. 
 
 Mariby. Journal of Voyage to, 1822, 1823. 
 
 Seinhardt. Actnal State of our Knowledge of Birds of, 1£23. 
 
 Sabine. Memoir on Greenland Birds, 1826. 
 
 Graah. Expedition to East Coast of, 1837. 
 
 Beinhardt. Ichthyologiske Bidrag til den Gronlandiske Fauna, 1838, 1848. 
 
 Bernhardt. Middelelse af nogle hidintil i Gronland ikke trufne Fugle, 
 1842, 1843. 
 
 Holboll. Ornithologiske Bidrag til den gronlandiske Fauna, 1843, 1845, 
 1846. 
 
 Beinhardt. Notitser til Groalands Ornithologie, 1854, 1854. 
 
 Moschler. Notiz zur Ornithologie Groulands, 1856. 
 
 Beinhardt. Naturhistoriske Bidrag til en Beskrivelse af Gr0uland, 1857. 
 
 Beinhardt. On Birds of, 1860. 
 
 Beinhardt. List of Birds ohserved in, 1861. 
 
 Beinhardt. On Greenland Birds, 1864-75. 
 
 Beinhardt. Et TiUseg til Gronlands Fuglefauna, 1872, 1872. 
 
 Finsch. Die zweite deutsche Nordpolfahrt, 1874. 
 
 Finsch. Uober eine Vogelsammlung aus Sudwest-Gronland, 1874. 
 
 Newton. Die zweite deutsche Nordpolfahrt, 1874. 
 
 Newton. Notes on Birds which have been found in, 1875. 
 
 Salvin. Advices from Disco, 1875. 
 
 Sclater. Instructions for collecting Birds of, 1375. 
 Illinois. 
 
 Kennicott. Catalogue of Animals of Cook County, 1855. 
 
 Le Baron. Observations on Birds of, interesting to Agriculturists, 1855. 
 
 Pratten. Catalogue of Birds of Southern, 1855. 
 
 Brewer. Plotus anhinga and Tantalus loculator in, 1856. 
 
 Brendel. Vogel der Umgegeud Peorias, 1857. 
 
 Giebel. Bemerkungen iiber Brendel's Vogel der Umgegend Peorias, 1857. 
 
 noUer. Catalogue of Birds of, 1861, 1862. 
 
 Clifford. Injurious and Beneficial Birds of, 1865. 
 
 Allen. On Birds observed in Northern, 1868. 
 
 Kinney. Eeport on Frugivorous Birds of, 1868. 
 
 Minier. Eeport on Injurious and Beneficial Birds of, 1868. 
 
 Brendel. The Fauna of Peoria, 1870. 
 
 Bidgway. New Birds in Southern, 1872. 
 
 Eidgway. Prairie Birds of Southern, 1873. 
 
 Bidgway. Catalogue of Birds ascertained to occur in, 1874. 
 
 Bidgway. The Wabash Valley and its Avian Fauna, 1874, 1874. 
 
 Eaton. Prairie Ornithology in, 1876. 
 
 Eaton. Egg collecting in, 1876. 
 
 Jones. March and April notes, 1876, 1876. 
 
 Nelson. Additions to Avifauna of, 1876. 
 
 Jones. Arrivals at Lebanon, 1877. 
 
 Nelson. Birds of Northeastern, 1877. 
 
207] 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES 773 
 
 Illinois. — Continued. 
 
 Nelson. Notee on Birds oliserved in Sonthern, 1877. 
 
 Eaton. List of Birds of Peotone, 1878. 
 
 Jones. Birds of Sinclair County, 1878. 
 
 Mdgway. Notes on Birds observed at Mt. Carmel, 1878. 
 Indiana. 
 
 Raymond. Birds of Southeastern, 1856. 
 
 Allen. On Birds observed at Richmond, 1868. 
 
 Raymond. Birds of Franklin County, 1869. 
 
 Kirtland. Letter from, 1874. 
 
 SmUh. Birds of, 1876. 
 Iowa. 
 
 Allen. On Birds observed in Western, 1868. 
 
 Allen. Catalogue of Birds of, 1870. 
 
 Parker. Iowa Birds, 1871. 
 
 Triple. Notes on Birds of Southern, 1873. 
 Kansas. 
 
 Snow. Catalogue of Birds of, 1872, 1872, 187.3, 1875. 
 
 Snmv. Harlan's Hawk and Mexican Cbrmoraut in, 1873. 
 
 Snoiv. Birds of, 1874, 1874, 1875, 1875,1875, 1876. 
 
 Gaumer. Notes on Birds of, 1875. 
 
 Blachey. Birds of, 1878. 
 Labrador. 
 
 Curtis, Particulars of the Country of, 1774. 
 
 CartwrigTit. Journal, 1792. 
 
 Unknown. List of Birds found in, 1844. 
 
 Coues. Notes on Ornithology of, 1861. 
 
 Weiz. List of Vertebrates observed at Okak, 1866. 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 Cabot. Agassiz's Lake Superior, 1850, 1852. 
 
 Kneeland. Birds of Keweenaw Point, 1857. 
 
 Bell. Catalogue of Birds of Lakes Superior and Huron, 1861. 
 
 Long Island. 
 
 Giraud. The Birds of, 1844. 
 
 Benner. Notes from, 1878. 
 
 Lawrence. Note on rare Birds taken in, 1878. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 Du Fratz. Histoire de la, 1758, 1763, 1774. 
 Boasu. Travels in, 1768, 1771. 
 
 Maine. 
 Rolmes. Birds of, 1861. 
 Anon. Catalogue of the Birds of, 1862. 
 Boardman. Catalogue of Birds of Calais, 1802. 
 Verrill. Catalogue of Birds of Norway, Oxford Co., 1862. 
 Verrill. Additions to Catalogue of Birds of Calais, 1863. 
 Ritdhcook. Catalogue of the Birds of, 1864. 
 Ramlln. Catalogue of Birds of Waterville, 1865. 
 Boardman. Rare Birds in, 1869. 
 Boardman. Ornithological Notes from, 1871. 
 
774 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES [2O8 
 
 Maine.— Continued. 
 
 Palmer. Ornithological Notes from, 1871. 
 
 Brown. Ornithological Notes from Portland, 1875. 
 
 Brown. Five Birds new to Fauna of, 1877. 
 Maryland. 
 
 Wheeler. Spring Arrivals at Boonesboro, 1876. 
 Massachosktts. 
 
 Emmons. Catalogue of Plants and Animals of, 1833. 
 
 Nuttall. Remarks and Inquiries concerning Birds of, 1833 ? 
 
 Emmons. Time of Appearance of Spring Birds at Williamstovra, 1834. 
 
 Brewer. Additions to Emmo ns's Catalogue of Birds of, 1837. 
 
 Peabody. Eeports on the Fishes, Reptiles, and Birds of, 1839, 1840. 
 
 Putnam. Catalogue of Birds of Essex County, 1856. 
 
 Fowler. Changes by Civilization in Birds of, 1860. 
 
 Allen. Catalogue of Birds of Springfield, 1864. 
 
 Samuels. List of Birds of, 1864, 1864. 
 
 Allen. Winter Notes, 1867. 
 
 Allen. Ornithological Calendars, 1867. 
 
 Sears. Return of the Birds to, 1868. 
 
 Allen. Notes on Rarer Birds of, 1869-70. 
 
 Allen. Notes on some Rare Birds of, 1869-70. 
 
 Maynard. Catalogue of Birds of Eastern, 1870. 
 
 Brewster. Birds new to Fauna of, 1872. 
 
 Newcomb. Rare Birds on the Coast of, 1873. 
 
 Purdie. Notes on some of the Rarer Birds of, 1873. 
 
 Steams. Birds breeding on Peuikese Island, 1875. 
 
 AlUn. Calendars, 1876, 1876, 1876. 
 
 Allen. Decrease of Birds in, 1876. 
 
 Browne. Local Nomenclature, 1876. 
 
 Gray. Resident Birds of Danvers, 1876. 
 
 Keyes. May Songsters at Springfield, 1876. 
 
 Browne. List of Birds of Clarke's Island, 1877. 
 
 Tenney. Raven and Sooty Tern in, 1877. 
 
 Allen. List of the Birds of, with Annotations, 1878. 
 
 Browne. Tables of Arrivals in Eastern, 1878. 
 
 Murdoch. Effects of warm Winter ou Migration in, 1878. 
 
 Neweomb. Notes on Birds at Salem, 1878, 1878, 1878. 
 
 Purdie. Notes on rare Birds of, 1878. 
 Mexico. 
 
 Hernandez. Thesaurus, 1628, 1651. 
 
 Clavigero. History of, 1787, 1807. 
 
 Bonaparte. Two new Birds from, 1825. 
 
 Swainson. Synopsis of Birds collected by Bullock in, 1827, 1834. 
 
 Wagler. Mittheilungen iiber Thiere Mexico's, 1831. 
 
 Bonaparte. New Birds from South America and, 1841. 
 
 Lafresnaye. New Birds of, 1844. 
 
 Cassin. Catalogue of Birds collected by Pease in, 1848. 
 
 McCall. On two Birds of, 1848. 
 
 MoCall. Notes on some Birds of, 1849. 
 
 Couch. New Birds of Northern, 1854. 
 
209] INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES 775 
 
 Mexico.— Continued. 
 
 Sclater. Catalogue of Birds collected by Sall^ in Southern, 1856. 
 
 Sclater. Collection of Birds made by Botteri in Southern, 1857. 
 
 Sclater. New Birds collected by Sall6 in Southern, 1857. 
 
 Sclater. Birds collected by Sall6 in Southern, 1857. 
 
 Sclater. Additional Species collected by Sall6 in Southern, 1857. 
 
 Sclater. Collection of Birds received by Sall€ from Southern, 1857. 
 
 Sclater. Notes on Birds from Southern, 1858. 
 
 Sclater. Ou Salle's Collections from Oaxaca, 1858, 1858. 
 
 Sausaure. Sur les Moeurs de Divers Oiseaux du, 1858, 1858-59 ?, 1859. 
 
 MUller. Eeisen in, 1859. 
 
 Sauasure. Sur quelques Oiseaux du Mexique, 1859. 
 
 Sclater. Series of Birds from Salapa, 1859. 
 
 Sclater. List of Boucard's Birds from Oaxaca, 1853. 
 
 Sausaure. Skildringer af Fuglelivet i Mexiko, 1860. 
 
 Sclater. Collection of Birds from Orizaba, 1860. 
 
 Llave. M6moires d'histoire naturelle, 1861. 
 
 SalU. Sale List of Birds of, 1861. 
 
 Sclater. Additions to Avifauna of, 1863. 
 
 Lichtensiein. Price-list of Birds of, 1863. 
 
 Sclatm: List of White's Birds of City of, 1864. 
 
 Mailer. Systematic List of Birds observed, 1865. 
 
 Sclater. Boucard's Birds from Vera Cruz, 1865. 
 
 Dugh. Faune de Guanajuato, 1868. 
 
 Dugea. Catalogue of Vertebrates observed in, 1869. 
 
 Sclater and Salvin. Le Strange's Birds from City of, 1869. 
 
 Sumichraat. Distribution of Birds of Vera Cruz, 1869, 1869. 
 
 Villada. Aves del Valle de, 1869. 
 
 Finach. XJeber eine Vogelsammlung aus Nordwest-Mexico, 1870. 
 
 Dugh. CatSlogo de Animales Vcrtebrados, 1870. 
 
 Sclater a.u& Salvin. Recent Additions to Fauna of, 1870. 
 
 Suviiohrast. Distribution of Birds of Vera Cruz, 1870-71. 
 
 Grayson. Natural History of the Tres Marias and Socorro Islands, 1872. 
 
 Lawrence. Grayson's Birds of Western and Northwestern, 1874. 
 
 Lawrence. Sumichrast's Birds of Southwestern, 1876. 
 Michigan. 
 
 Strang. Remarks on Natural History of Beaver Islands, 1855. 
 
 Walker. Two Ornithological Items from, 1871. 
 
 Boiea. Catalogue of the Birds of Southern, 1875. 
 
 Boies. Additions to Catalogue of Birds of, 1876. 
 
 Cwert. Catalogue of Birds of Lower, 1876. 
 
 Stochwell. Game of, 1876. 
 
 Stockwell. Fauna of, 1877. 
 
 Hughes. Birds of, 1878. 
 Minnesota. 
 
 Head. Natural History of the Country about Fort Ripley, 1855. 
 
 Allen. Vireosylvia philadelphica and Empidonax flaviventris, 1869. 
 
 Trippe. Notes ou the Birds of, 1871. 
 
 Hatch. Report on Birds of, 1874. 
 
 Batty. Winter collecting in, 1875. 
 
776 INDEX TO BIBLIOGEAPHY — LOCALITIES [210 
 
 Minnesota. — ContiD ued. 
 
 Eoherta. New Birds from, 1875. 
 
 Estes. Winter Notes from Lake Pepin, 1876. 
 
 Robefrta. Winter Rarities in, 1876. 
 
 Roberts. Some Birds observed near Minneapolis, 1876. 
 
 Hatch. Report on Ornithology of, 1877. 
 
 Tiffany. Three Rare Birds of, 1878. 
 Mississippi. 
 
 TVailea. Report on Agriculture and Geology of, 1854. 
 Missouri. 
 
 Soy, Journal of Exploration in Western, 1865. 
 
 Allen. Three Sea Ducks at St. Louis, 1878. 
 Montana. 
 
 Cooper. The Fauna of, 1869, 1869. 
 
 Coues. On the Nesting of certain Hawks, etc., 1874. 
 
 Coues. On the Breeding of certain Birds of, 1875. 
 
 Carpenter. Field Notes from, 1876. 
 Nebraska. 
 
 PMllips. Game Birds of, 1876. 
 
 A ughey. Nature of Food of Birds of, 1878. 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 Brewer. Hasty Trip through New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, 1852. 
 
 Herrick. Catalogue of Birds of Grafld Menan, 1873. 
 New England. 
 
 Sigginson. New England's Plantation, 1630. 
 
 Morton. New English Canaan, 1632, 1637. 
 
 Wood. New England's Prospect, 1634, 1635. 
 
 Josselyn. New England's Rarities, 1672, 1675, 1860. 
 
 Joseelyn. Two Voyages to, 1674, 1675, 1833. 
 
 Allen. Birds of, 1860-63. 
 
 Samuels. Oology of some Land Birds of, 1865. 
 
 Allen. Birds of Spring, 1867. 
 
 Coues. Review of Samuels's Birds of, 1867. 
 
 Fowler. Habits of three Birds of, 1867. 
 
 Coues. List of the Birds of, 1868. 
 
 Samuels. Ornithology and Oology of, 1867, 1870, 1875. 
 
 Wyman. Shell-heaps in Maine and Massachusetts, 1867. 
 
 Samuels. Our Neighbors the Birds, 1868. 
 
 Samuels. Among the Birds, 1868. 
 
 Samuels. Habits of three Species of Birds of, 1868. 
 
 Brewer. Sea-side Ornithology, 1869. 
 
 Brewer. Catalogue of the Birds of, 1875. 
 
 Flagg. Birds and Seasons of, 1875. 
 
 Maynard. Catalogue of Birds of Coos Co., N. H., and Oxford Co., Me., 1872. 
 
 Brewster. Occurrence of certain Birds in, 1876. 
 
 Purdie. Brewer's Catalogue of Birds of, 1876. 
 
 J/iflot Land and Game Birds of, 1877. 
 
 ilinot. Additions to Land and Game Birds of, 1877. 
 
 Purdie. Distribution of Birds in, 1877. 
 
 Purdie. A few Rare or Accidental Birds of, 1877. 
 
21l] INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES 777 
 
 New England.— Continued. 
 
 Brewer. Additions to liis Catalogue of Birds of, 1878. 
 
 Brewer. Ibis faloinellus and Phalaropus hyperboreus in, 1878. 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 WkWbourne. Discourse and Discovery of, 1620, 1622. 
 
 Cormack. Journey across, 1S23. 
 
 Moore. Exhibition of some Birds from, 1841. 
 
 Eeeks. Notes on the Zoology of, 1869. 
 
 Eeehs. Notes on Birds of, 1870-71. 
 
 Harvey. The Birds of, 1874. 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Belknap. History of, 1792. 
 
 Maynard. Catalogue of Birds of Coos Co., etc. , 1872. 
 
 Chickering. Notice of White Mountain Birds, 1875. 
 
 Fox. Three Migrations at Hollis, 187^. 
 
 Minot. Summer Bi'ds of the White Mountains, 1876. 
 
 Parker. Report of Spring Birds from, 1876. 
 
 Goodhue. Birds of Webster, 1877. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Beesley. Geology of the County of Cape May, 1857. 
 
 AUott. List of Vertebrates of, 1868. 
 
 Turtibull. Birds of East Pennsylvania and, 1869. 
 
 AVbott. Notes on iiiland Birds of, 1870. 
 
 Thorpe. Wildfowl Shooting on Coast of, 1871. 
 
 Ablott. Fieldnotes on Birds of, 1876, 1876, 1876. 
 
 Pierce. Scarcity of Birds in, 1876. 
 
 Muylei: Winter Birds on the Hackensack, 1878. 
 
 Scott. Notes from Princeton, 1878, 1878. 
 
 Winkle. Spring Birds at Summit, 1878. 
 New Mexico. 
 
 Henry. Observations on the Birds of, 1855. 
 
 Henry. New Birds from Fort Thorn, 1858. 
 
 Henry. Catalogue of the Birds of, 1859. 
 
 Stephens. Collector's Rambles in, 1875. 
 New York. 
 
 Fox. Notice of Some American Birds, 1836. 
 
 DeKay. Zoology of, 1844. 
 
 Hopkins. Eight Birds of Auburn, 1854. 
 
 Lawrence. Catalogue of Birds' of New York, Long and Staten Island, etc., 
 1866. 
 
 Bicknell. Notes on Birds of, 1876, 1876, 1876, 1876. 
 
 Burroughs. Winter Observations at Esopus, 1876. 
 
 Fowler. List of Birds of Central, 1876. 
 
 Fuller. Spring Arrivals at Meacham Lake, 1876. 
 
 Gilbert. Rarer Birds of Western, 1876, 
 
 Trippe. Birds breeding in the Catskills, 1872. 
 
 Hutchins. Something about Birds of Central, 1877. 
 
 JngersoU. Winter Birds of New York City, 1877. 
 
 Lamierton. Record of Arrivals at Rochester, 1877. 
 
 Eathhun. List of Birds of Cayuga, Seneca, and Wayne Counties, 1877. 
 
 Eooseveldt and Minot. Summer Birds of the Adirondacks, 1677. 
 
778 INDEX TO BIBUOGEAPHY — LOCALITIES [212 
 
 New Yokk. — Continued. 
 
 Stevens. Arrivals at West Farms, 1877. 
 WiUon. Annotations jf Eathljun's List, 1877. 
 Bicknell. Bird-life at Riverdale, 1878. 
 Bicknell. Carolinian Fauna in, 1878. 
 Mearns. Rare Birds near West Point, 1878. 
 Mearns. Two Rare Birds on the Hudson, 1878. 
 Mearns. Unusually Developed Individuals, etc., 1878. 
 Merriam. Remarks on some of the Birds of Lewis County, 1878 
 Peunoclc. Fieldnotes from the Adirondacks, 1878. 
 Scott. Notes from Ithaca , 1878. 
 North America. 
 Xo Hontan. Voyages to, 1703, 1703. 
 Carver. Travels in, 1778, 1781, 1796. 
 Forster. Catalogue of Animals of, 1771. 
 Kalm. Travels in, 1753-61, 1754-64, 1770-71, 1772, 1812. 
 Loskiel. History of his Mission in, 1788, 1794. 
 Barton. Letter on the Natural History of, 1805. 
 Barton. Discourse on Desiderata in Natural History, 1807. 
 VieiUot. Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux de I'Am^rique Septentrionale,1807. 
 Wilson. American Ornithology, 1808-14, 1828-39, 1831, 1832, 1840, 1871, 
 
 1876-77, 1878. 
 Ord. Guthrie's Geography, 1815, 1820. 
 Bradbury. Travels in Interior of, 1817. 
 Bonaparte. American Ornithology, 1825-33. 
 
 Bonaparte. Catalogue of Birds of the United States, " 1826", 1827. 
 Bonaparte. Supplement to Genera of North American Birds, 1827. 
 Bonaparte. Genera of North American Birds and Synopsis of United 
 
 States Species, 1828, 1828. 
 Audulmi. Birds of America, orig. folios, 1827-38 ; later folios, 1861 ; orig. 
 
 8vo, 1840-44 ; later 8vos, 1856, 1856, 1861, 1863, 1865, 1871. 
 Bonaparte. Further Additions to the Ornithology of the United States, 
 
 1828. 
 Bennw. Sketches of twenty-four Song Birds of, 1829. 
 Audubon. Ornithological Biography, 1831-39. 
 Nuttall. Manual of Ornithology of the United States and Canada, 1832-34, 
 
 1840. 
 Gould. Remarks on Folliott's Birds from, 1834, 1834. 
 Brown. Wilson and Bonaparte's American Ornithology, with addition of 
 
 Forest Sylvia, 1835. 
 Baehman. Migrations of Birds of, 1836, 1840. 
 Bichardson. Report on Zoology of, 1837. 
 Bonaparte. Geographical and Comparative List of Birds of Europe and, 
 
 1838. 
 Audubon. Synopsis of the Birds of, 1839. 
 Townsend. Ornithology of the United States, 1839 2, 1849. 
 Maximilian. Eeise in das innere Nord-America, 1839-41, 1840-43. 
 Haldeman. Habits of Four Species of Birds of, 1841. 
 Kirtland. Fragments of Natural History, 1841. 
 Cabot. Remarks on GalliuEe of, 1842. 
 
213] INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES 779 
 
 North America.— Continued. 
 Aiadie. List of Birds of, presented to National Institute, 1846. 
 Gatiibel. Contributions to American Omitholngy, 1848. 
 Siedhof. Naturgesohichtliclies aus den Vereinigten Staaten, 1848. 
 Brewer. On some Eggs of Birds of, 1852. 
 
 Sartlaub. Ueber einigo nene oder weniger bekannte Viigel Amerika's, 1852. 
 Lawrence. Additions to Ornitliology of, 1852, 1852, 1853. 
 Laicrenee. Ornithological Notes, 1852, 1853. 
 
 Brewer. List of Birds found both in Europe and America, etc., 1854. 
 LeConte. List of Animals now forgotten or lost, 1854. 
 Casaiii. Notes on some Birds in the Philadelphia Academy, 1856. 
 Cassin. Ornithology of the United States and British and Russian America, 
 
 1856. 
 Brewer. North American Oology, 1857. 
 
 Casain. North American Species of Archibuteo and Lanius, 1857. 
 Baird. Catalogue of North American Birds, 1858, 1859. 
 Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence. Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. ix, 1858. 
 Wied, (Prinz von.) Verzeichniss der Vogel einer Reise in Nord-America, 
 
 1858-59. 
 Des Mnrs. On Brewers Oology of, 1859. 
 Foti'ler. History of Ornithology in the United States, 1859. 
 Baird, Casain, and Lawrence. Birds of,' 1860. 
 
 Kennicott. Catalogue of Birds of, in Trowbridge Collection, 1861. 
 Krider. Ornithological and Oological List of, 1861. 
 Coues. Colymbidee and Podicipidae of, 1862. 
 Couea. Supplement to same, 1862. 
 Sough. Meteorological Observations, 1864. 
 
 MUller. Reisen in deu Vereinigten Staaten, Canada und Mexico, 1864-65. 
 Elliot. Game Birds of the United States, 1865. 
 Whitely. Catalogue of Birds and Eggs from, 1865. 
 Baird. Review of American Birds, 1864-66. 
 Baird. Distribution and Migrations of Birds of, 1866, 1866, 1867. 
 Elliot. Birds of, folio, 1866-69. 
 
 ' Roosevelt. Game Birds of the Northern States, 1866. 
 Verrill. Notes on Distribution of Birds of, 1866, 1866. 
 Brewer. Errors Respecting the Habits of some Birds of, 1867. 
 Stimpson. Illusti-ations of Birds of, 1867. 
 Trippe. Awakening of the Birds, 1867. 
 Brewer. Song Birds of, 1868. 
 
 Coues. Catalogue of Birds of, in Essex Institute, 1868. 
 Wood. Review of Articles on Habits of Birds of, 1868. 
 Baily. Our own Birds, 1869. 
 Manger. Four Birds of, 1869. 
 Bidgway. Obscurely known Birds of, 1869. 
 
 Marsli. Notice of Fossil Cretaceous and Tertiary Birds of, 1870, 1870, 1870. 
 Beeks. Rare Eggs from, 1870. 
 Waddle. Game Waterfowl of, 1870. 
 Lewis. American Sportsman, 1871. 
 Soubeiran. Commerce des Oiseaux en Am^rique, 1871. 
 Trippe. Diflferences between Eastern and Western Birds of, 1871. 
 
780 INDEX TO BIBLIOGKAPHY LOCALITIES [214 
 
 XORTH America.— Continued. 
 Allen. Geographical Variation in Birds of, 1872. 
 Cope. Synopsis of Extinct Aves of, 1872. 
 Coues. Key to North American Birds, 1872. 
 Marsh. New Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Birds, 1872. 
 Marsh. Now Species of Cretaceous Birds, 1872, 1872. 
 Sidgway. Relation between Color and Geographical Distribution of Birds 
 
 of, 1872-73, 1873, 1873. 
 Centos. Checklist of North American Birds, 1873. 
 Baird and Bidgway. New Forms of American Birds, 1873. 
 Coues. Two little known Birds of, 1873. 
 Coues. United States Birds new to Science, etc., 1873. 
 Coues. Color-variation in Birds of, 1873. 
 Coues. Specimens of Bird Architecture, 1873. 
 Fitueh. Eeiseberioht iiber, 1873. 
 Marsh. Fossil Birds from the Cretaceous, 1873. 
 Maynard. Strange and Rare Birds of, 1873. 
 Montebello. Sur quelques animaux de, 1873. 
 Bidgway. On some New Forms of Birds of, 1873. 
 Bidgway. The Grouse and Quails of, 1873. 
 Trippe. Irregular Migrations of Birds of, 1873. 
 Trippe. Queries concerning Birds of, 1873. 
 
 Allen. Geographical Variation in Mammals and Birds of, 1874, 1874. 
 Baird, Brewer, and Bidgway. History of North American Birds, 1874. 
 Coues. Birds of the Northwest, 1874, 1877. 
 Coues. Field Ornithology and Checklist, 1874. 
 Gentry. Habits of some Birds of, 1874. 
 
 Marvie-Brown. On Jones's Collection of North American Birds, 1874. 
 Jordan and Van VlecTc. Popular Key to Birds of Northern United States, 
 
 1874. 
 Krider. Ornithological and Oological List, 1874. 
 Long. American Wildfowl Shooting, 1674. 
 Palmer. Insect-eating Birds, 1874. 
 Trippe. Migration of Birds in, 1874. 
 TrumiuU. Nomenclature of Game Birds of, 1874. 
 Jasper. The Birds of, 1874-78. 
 
 Bidgway. Local Variations in Notes and Nesting Habits, 1874. 
 Bidgway. Birds new to the Fauna of, 1874. 
 Bidgway. Nomenclature of Game Birds of, 1874. 
 BoMnson. List of Albino Birds of, 1875. 
 "Ovum." Birds' Nests and Eggs, 1875-77. 
 Allen. Progress of Ornithology for a Century in, 1876. 
 Allen. Decrease of Birds in, 1876. 
 
 Allen. Geographical Variation in Nests and Eggs of Birds of, 1876. 
 Brown. Variable Abundance of Birds in same Localities, 1876. 
 Deane. Albinism and Melanism in Birds of, 1876. 
 Jordan. Manual of Vertebrates, 1876, 1878. 
 Hallock. Sportsman's Gazetteer, 1877. 
 
 Marsh. Introduction and Succession of Vertebrate Life in, 1877. 
 Scott. Tendency to vary Habits, 1877. 
 
:215] INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES 781 
 
 North America. — Continued. 
 
 Breioer. Two Birds new to Fauna of, 1878. 
 
 Breiver. Biid Architecture, 1878. 
 
 Bretver. Variations in Nesting of Birds of, 1878. 
 
 Brewer. Changes in the Fauna of, 1878. 
 
 Brewsler. First Plumage of Birds of, 1878. 
 
 Coues. New Birds for the United States Fauna, 1878. 
 
 Hoffman. Albinism in several Birds of, 1878. 
 
 Ingersoll. Ornithological News from, 1878. 
 
 Pope. Upland Game Birds and Waterfowl of, 1878. 
 
 Eidgway. Additions to Avifauna of, 1878. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Latuaon. New Voyage to, 1709. 
 
 Lmmon. History of, 1714, 1718, 1860. 
 
 BricTcell. Natural History of, 1737. 
 
 Couea. Sea-side Homes, 1869. 
 
 Coues. Notes on the Natnr.il History of Fort Macon, 1871. 
 
 Maynard. Birds observed about Wilmington, 1875. 
 
 Coues and Tai~roiv. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon, 1878. 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 Bryant. List of Birds observed at Grand Menan and at Yarmouth, 1857. 
 
 Willia. List of Birds of, 1859. 
 
 Ambrose. Visit to Green Island, 1860. 
 
 Ambrose. Sea Birds of St. Margaret's Bay, 1865. 
 
 Duvan. Additions to Game of, 1865. 
 
 Hartt. Bird Tracks in Basin of Minas, 1867. 
 
 Jones. Fortnight in Backwoods of, 1867. 
 
 Jones. On some Rare Birds of, 1869. 
 
 Jones. Rare Birds in, 1870. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Store): Fringillaplnea and Bombycilla garrula in July in, 1845. 
 
 Bead. Catalogue of the Birds of Northern, 1853. 
 
 Collins. Report on Bill for Protecting Birds, 1860. 
 
 Wheaton. Catalogue of Birds of, 1861. 
 
 Kirtland. Peculiarities of Fauna of Lake Erie and near Cleveland, 1874. 
 
 Kirtland. Mounted Birds from Northern, 1874. 
 
 Wheaton. Food of Birds as related to Agriculture, with List, 1875. 
 
 Langdon. Catalogue of the Birds of Cincinnati, 1877. 
 
 Wheaton. Rufif and Purple Gallinule in, 1877. 
 Oregon. 
 
 Parker. Summary of Birds of, 1846. 
 
 Bacon. Notes on some Birds of, 1877. 
 
 Bendire. Notes on some Birds of Southeastern, 1677. 
 Pennsvi.vania. 
 
 Barton. Fragments of Natural History of, 1799. 
 
 Bonaparte. Comparative Catalogue of Birds of Rome and Philadelphia, 
 1826. 
 
 Bonaparte. Specchio Comparativo, 1827-32. 
 
 Taylor. Geology and Natural History of Alleghany Range, 1835. 
 
 Taylor. Supplement to same, 1836. 
 
782 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES [216 
 
 Pennsylvania. — Continuecl. 
 
 Saldeman. Trego's Geography of, 1843. 
 
 Baird, (Wm. M. and S. F.) List of Birds of Carlisle, Cumberland Co., 1844. 
 
 Baird. Catalogue of Birds of Carlisle, 1845. 
 
 Jaokaon. The Mountain, 1860. 
 
 Barnard. Catalogue of Birds of Chester County, 1861. 
 
 Turiibull. Birds of Eastern, and New Jersey, 1869. 
 
 C. F. P. Birds of Southern, 1876. 
 
 Gentry. Life Histories of the Birds of Eastern, 1876-77. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Bosc. New Natural History Ohjects from, 1797. 
 
 Giblea. Catalogue of Birds of, 1848. 
 
 Burnett. Notes on Fauna of the Pine Barrens of, 1851. 
 
 Coues. Synopsis of Birds of, 1868. 
 
 Merriam. Ornithological Notes from, 1874. 
 Texas. 
 
 McCown. Facts and Observations taken in, 1853. 
 
 Giraud. Sixteen New Species, 1841. 
 
 Lawrence. New Birds from, 1852. 
 
 Sclater. Note on Giraud's Sixteen Species, 1855, 1856. 
 
 Dresser. Notes on Birds of Southern, 1865-66. 
 
 Butcher. List of Birds of Laredo, 1868. 
 
 Merrill. Notes on Texan Birds, 1876. 
 
 Bagsdale. Texan Ornithology, 1876. 
 
 McCauley. Notes on the Ornithology of the Red River of, 1877. 
 
 Allen. Western Nonpareil and Berlandier's Wren in, 1877. 
 
 Kumlein. Notes from, 1877, 1877. 
 
 Senneit. Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Eio Grande, 1878. 
 United States. See North America. 
 Utah. 
 
 Baird. Stansbury's Report on the Great Salt Lake, 1852, 1852, 1852. 
 
 Baird. Birds found at Fort Bridger, 1858. 
 
 Bidgway. Notes on the Bird Fauna of the Salt Lake Valley, 1873. 
 
 Henshaw. Annotated List of Birds of, 1874. 
 
 Baird. Birds collected by McCarthy in, 1876. 
 Vancouver. 
 
 Sclater. On a Collection of Birds from, 1859. 
 
 Walker. Voyage from Liverpool to, 1863. 
 
 Maofie. Vancouver and British Columbia, 1865. 
 
 Lord. The Naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Columbia, 1866. 
 
 Brmon. Synopsis of Birds of, 1868. 
 Vermont. 
 
 Williams. Natural and Civil History of, 1794, 1809. 
 
 Thompson. Natural History of, 1853. 
 
 Goodhue. Catalogue of and Observations on Birds of, 1671. 
 
 Briggs. List of Birds at Montpelier, 1876. 
 
 Eohinson. Spring Birds of Addison County, 1876. 
 Virginia. 
 
 Smith. A Map of, 1612. 
 
 Hamor. True Discourse of Present Estate of, 1615. 
 
217] 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES 783 
 
 VrnoiNiA.— ContiDued. 
 
 Smith. General History of, 1624, 1632. 
 
 Glover. Aceount of, 1676. 
 
 Clayton. Account of, 1693. 
 
 Jefferson. Notes on, 1782, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1800, 1801, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1853. 
 
 Slrachey. Historie of Travaileinto, 1849. 
 
 Bailey. Birds found Breeding on Cobb's Island, 1876. 
 Washington Tbrkitoky. 
 
 Cooper and Sucldey. Pacific Eailroad Reports, vol. xii, book ii, 1860. 
 West Virginia. 
 
 Scott. List ot Summer Birds of Kanawha County, 1873. 
 
 Breivster. Observations on the Birds of Ritchie County, 1874 and 1875. 
 Western States and Territories at Large. 
 
 Lewis and Clarice. Travels, 1814, 1814, 1815, 1815, 1816-18, 1817, 1817, 
 1843-75. 
 
 Eafinesgue. Account of Discoveries in, 1818, 1818. 
 
 Bafinesque. Prodrome of Seventy New Genera, 1819. 
 
 Say. Long's Expedition, 1823, 1823, 1824. 
 
 Vigors. On Species from the Northwest Coast of America, 1829. 
 
 Vigors. Zoology of Beechey's Voyage, 1839. 
 
 Townsend. Twelve New Birds from the Columbia River, 1837. 
 
 Townsend. List of Birds from the Rocky Mountains, Oregon, etc., 1839. 
 
 Townsend. Narrative of Journey across Rocky Mountains, 1839. 
 
 Gambel. New and Rare Birds of Rooky Mountains and California, 1843. 
 
 Aberi. Notes of a Reconnoissance, 1848. 
 
 McCall. Remarks on Birds of Western Texas and New Mexico, 1851. 
 
 McCall. List of Birds on the Missouri from Fort Leavenworth to Fort 
 Union, 1851. 
 
 Lawrence. Descriptions of Three New Birds, 1852. 
 
 Woodhouse. Sitgroaves's Report, 1853. 
 
 Cassin. Illustrations of the Birds of Texas, California, etc., 1853, 1853-55, 
 1856. 
 
 Laiorence. Three New Species of Birds, 1853. 
 
 Kennerly. Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. iv, 1856. 
 
 Newterry. Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. vi, 1857. 
 
 Mayden. Explorations in Nebraska and Da.kota, 1858, 1862, 1875. 
 
 Ba ird. Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. x, 1859. 
 
 Heermann. Pacifir, Railroad Reports, vol. x, 1859. 
 
 Kennerly. Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. x, 1859. 
 
 Baird. Mexican Boundary Survey, 1859. 
 
 Sayden. Geology and Natural History of the Upper Missouri, 1862. 
 
 Lord. Birds of British North American Boundary Commission, 1864. 
 
 Lord. Catalogue of Nests and Eggs from Northwestern America, 1865. 
 
 Coues. Ornithology of a Prairie Journey, 1865. 
 
 Cones. From Arizona to the Pacific, 1866. 
 
 Allen. Fauna, of the Prairies, 1871. 
 
 Allen. Ornithological Notes from, 1872. 
 
 Allen. Notes of Ornitliologioal Reconnoissance of Kansas, Colorado, Wy- 
 oming, and Utah, 1872. 
 
 Cooke. Autumn Game on the Prairies, 1872. 
 
784 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES [218 
 
 Western States and Territories at Large. — Continued. 
 
 Holdm and Aiken. Notes on Birds of Wyoming and Colorado, 1873. 
 
 Merriam. Eeport on Birds of Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah, 1873. 
 
 Allen. Notes on the Natural History of Dakota and Montana, 1874. 
 
 Henshmo. Hummingbird new to our Fauna and other facts, 1874. 
 
 Hotmll. Among the Waterfowl of the, 1874. 
 
 BiAgway. Lists of Birds observed from Sacramento, Cal., to Salt Lake 
 City, Utah, 1874-75. 
 
 Yarrow. Progress Eeport of the Wheeler Survey, 1874. 
 
 Yarroio and Senshaw. Eeport on Ornithological Specimens of the Wheeler 
 Survey, 1874. 
 
 Henahaw and Aiken. Eeport on Explorations West of the 100th Meridian, 
 1875. 
 
 Nelson. Notes on Birds observed in Utah, Nevada, and California, 1875. 
 
 Midgway. First Impressions of the Bird Fauna of California, 1975. 
 
 Coues. Travels of Lewis and Clarke, 1876. 
 
 Hoffman. Habits of some Western Birds, 1876. 
 
 Cooper. Seventy-five doubtful West Coast Birds, 1877. 
 
 Marsh. Eccent Palseontologioal Discoveries in, 1877. 
 
 Bidgway. Geological Exploration of the 40th Parallel, 1877. 
 
 Coues. Field-Notes on Birds observed in Dakota and Montana, 1878. 
 
 Stevens. Notes on a few Birds observed in New Mexico and Arizona, 1878. 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Hoy. Notes on the Ornithology of, 1853, 1853. 
 
 Barry. List of Birds of, 1854. 
 
 BruMn. Ankunft und Briitezeit einiger Vogel Milwaukee's, 1871. 
 
 BruMn. Unsere gefiederten Wintergaste, 1872. 
 
 BruMn. Zur Vogelsprache, 1872. 
 
 BruMn. Ankunft von Vogeln, 1872. 
 
 BruMn. Zoologische Mittheilungen aus, 1873. 
 
 Hoy. Peculiarities of the Fauna near Eacine, 1874. 
 
 BruMn. Vogel von New Coeln, 1875. 
 
 Green. Birds of Milwaukee County, 1878. 
 Wyoming. 
 
 Stevenson. List of Birds collected in, 1871, 
 
 Brackett. Birds of, 1877. 
 
INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 (Exclusive of the BibliograpMcal Appendix) 
 
 [Note. — The technical names of families, genera, and species, and the vernacular names 
 of the latter, are indexed, together with their respective synonyms, so that a bird may be 
 found under any name which has been applied to it. Some merely typographical syno- 
 nyms which no one would look for are omitted. Snbgeneric and subspecifio terms are 
 respectively treated as generic and specific] 
 
 Abrornis atricapilla 327 
 Accentor aurioapillus 298 
 Aegithalus flavioeps 129 
 Aegithiua leucoptera 347 
 Agiodoma spraguei 193 
 Alauda 
 
 alpestris 186 
 
 chrysolsema 187 
 
 cornuta 186 
 
 flava 186 
 
 glacialis 187 
 
 ludovioiana 193 
 
 migratoria 194 
 
 minor 187 
 
 nivalis 186 
 
 pensUvanica 194 
 
 rubra 194 
 
 rufa 187, 194 
 
 spraguii 193 
 
 virginiana 186 
 Alaudidse 182 
 Alice's Thrush 35 
 Alouette 
 
 k hausse-col noir 186 
 
 aux joues brunea de Pensilvanle 
 194 
 
 de Sib^rle 186 
 
 de Vlrginie 187 
 
 plpg 194 
 American 
 
 Barn Swallow 407 
 
 Bluebird 78 
 
 Creeper 146 
 
 Dipper 89 
 
 Fieldfare 9 
 
 Flycatcher 338 
 50 BO 
 
 American 
 
 Golden-crested Kinglet 96, 97 
 
 Grey Shrike 562 
 
 Pipit 193 
 
 Redbreast 9 
 
 Redstart 339 
 
 Robin 9 
 Amerikauisoher Seidenschwanz 471 
 Ampelis 451, 460, 536 
 
 americana 470 
 
 carolinensis 471 
 
 cedrorum 470 
 
 garrulus 459, 470 
 
 sialis 77 
 Anorthura 
 
 hyemalis 176 
 
 troglodytes 176 
 AnthiniB 192 
 Anthus 192 
 
 aquaticus 194 
 
 coronatus 298 
 
 I'herminieri 301 
 
 ludovlcianus 193 
 
 pensylvanicus 194 
 
 pipiens 194 
 
 reinhardtii 194 
 
 rubens 194 
 
 spinoletta 194 
 
 spraguii 193 
 Antimimus rufus 62 
 Aoonalashka Swallow 449 
 Aquatic 
 
 Accentor 299, 301 
 
 Thrush 301 
 
 Wood- wagtail 301 
 Arctic Bluebird 82 
 Arizona Gnatcatcher 105 
 
 785 
 
786 
 
 INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Thrasher 67 
 
 Vireo 517 
 Audubon's 
 
 Thrush 21 
 
 Warbler 271 
 Anriparus 129 
 
 flaviceps 129 
 Autumnal Warbler 244 
 Avis marylandica, gntture luteo 311 
 Azure Warbler 268 
 Azure-capped Manakln 349 
 
 B 
 
 Bachman's 
 
 Swamp Warbler 214 
 
 Warbler 214 
 Baeolophus bicolor 113 
 Bahama 
 
 Creeper 197 
 
 Honey-creeper 197 
 
 Titmouse 197 
 Bank Swallow 435, 437 
 Barn Swallow 408 
 Bay-breasted Warbler 243 
 Baeilenterus 
 
 belli 335 
 
 brasieri 335 
 
 chrysophrys 335 
 
 culicivorus 335 
 
 ruber 331 
 
 rubrifrons 331 
 Bee-fin 
 
 a gorge jaune 248 
 
 k tete cendr^e 291 
 
 anx joues rousses 246 
 
 bimbl6 250 
 
 bleuatre 243 
 
 couronn6 279 
 Bell's 
 
 Greenlet 526 
 
 Vireo 527 
 Belted Warbler 279 
 Bendire's Thrush 67 
 Bessy Kick-up 301 
 Bewick's Wren 169 
 Biblis 435 
 
 Bicoloured Warbler 347 
 Bimbel^ ou Fausse Linote 250 
 Black Fly-catcher 475 
 
 Black Ptilogonj's 475 
 Black-and-white 
 
 Creeper 205 
 
 Creeping Warbler 205 
 
 Swallow 414 
 
 Warbler 204, 205 
 Black-and-yellow Warbler 290 
 Blaokburnian Warbler 284 
 Black-cap Warbler 346 
 Black-capped 
 
 Gnatcatcher 106 
 
 Greenlet 533 
 
 Vireo 533 
 Black-cheeked Yellow-throat 311 
 Black-crested Titmouse 116 
 Black-headed Vireo 533 
 Black-headed Warbler 338 
 Black -masked Ground Warbler 311 
 Black-poll Warbler 288 
 Black-throated 
 
 Blue Warbler 241 
 
 Gray Warbler 263 
 
 Green Flycatcher 241 
 
 Green Warbler 240 
 
 Warbler 243 
 
 Waxwing 460 
 Black-winged Red-bird 351 
 Blaue 
 
 Roth-Kehlein 78 
 
 Sanger 78 
 Bloody-side Warbler 256 
 Blue 
 
 Flycatcher 242 
 
 Golden- winged Warbler 216 
 
 Mountain Warbler 237 
 
 Redbreast 78 
 
 Warbler 78 
 
 Yellow-backed Warbler 208 
 Blue-backed Red-breast Warbler 78 
 Bluebird 78 
 
 Blue-eyed Yellow Warbler 253 
 Blue-gray 
 
 Flycatcher 102 
 
 Gnatcatcher 101 
 Blue-green Warbler 268 
 Blue-grey Warbler 243 
 Blue-headed 
 
 Greenlet 505 
 
 Vireo 506 
 Blue-winged Yellow Warbler 214 
 
INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 787 
 
 Bohemian Waxwing 459, 460 
 Bonaparte's Flycatcliing Warbler 324 
 BomlDycilla 451, 460 
 
 americana 470 
 
 bohemica 460 
 
 carolinensis 470 
 
 cedrornm 470 
 
 ccerulea 460 
 
 garrula 460 
 Bombyciphora 451 
 
 poliocoelia 460 
 Bombycivora 451 
 
 garrula 460 
 Brown 
 
 Creeper 145, 146 
 
 Lark 194 
 
 Thrasher 61, 62 
 
 Thrush 34, 63 
 Brown-headed Creeper 156 
 Bridled Titmouse 117 
 Brotherly-love 
 
 Greenlet 492 
 
 Vireo 493 
 Butcher-bird 559 
 
 C 
 
 Cactus Wren 156 
 Cseruleau Warbler 102,268 
 Californian 
 
 Cactus-wren 156 
 
 Nuthatch 139 
 
 Titmouse 114 
 Campylorhynchus 154 
 
 brunneicapillus 156 
 Canada 
 
 Flycatcher 324 
 
 Fly catching Warbler 323 
 
 Nuthatch 136 
 
 Swallow 447 
 
 Tanager 351 
 
 Warbler, 243 
 Caaon Wren 164 
 Cape May 
 
 Warbler 245 
 
 Wood Warbler 246 
 Carbonated 
 
 Swamp Warbler 237 
 
 Warbler 237 
 Cardellina 330 
 
 amicta 331 
 
 Cardellina 
 
 rubra 331 
 
 rubrifrons 331 
 Cardinal de Canada 351 
 Cardinalis canadensis 351 
 Carolina 
 
 Waxwing 470 
 
 Wren 168 
 Cassin's Greenlet 514 
 Cat Flycatcher 57 
 Catbird 56, 57 
 Catherpes 163 
 
 conspersus 164 
 
 mexicanus 164 
 Cecropis 406 
 
 americana 408 
 
 fulva 426 
 
 lunif rons 427 
 
 rufa 407 
 
 thalassiua 419 
 
 violacea 447 
 Cedar Waxwing 471 
 Cedar-bird 471 
 Certhia 143 
 
 albifrons 164 
 
 americana 145, 146 
 
 bahameusis 197 
 
 brachydactyla 145 
 
 brachyrhynchus 145 
 
 caroliniana 168 
 
 costas 145 
 
 familiaris 145, 146 
 
 flaveola 197 
 
 fusca 145 
 
 hodgsoni 145 
 
 macrodactyla 145 
 
 maculata 205 
 
 major 145 
 
 megarhynohos 145 
 
 mexicana 146 
 
 minor 145 
 
 nattereri 145 
 
 palustris 178 
 
 paradoxa 145 
 
 picta 205 
 
 pinus 214 
 
 rufa 145 
 
 rufidorsalis 145 
 
 scandulaca 145 
 
 septentiionalis 145 
 
788 
 
 INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 Certhia varia 204 
 Certhlola 
 
 babamecsis 197 
 
 bairdi 197 
 
 flaveola 197 
 
 maritima 246 
 Cerulean Warbler 268 
 Cetophaga 334 
 Chamfea 108 
 
 fasciata 108, 109 
 Chat 57, 321 
 Chatterer 471 
 
 of Carolina 471 
 Chattering Elycatober 321 
 Cbelidon 412 
 
 bicolor 413 
 
 lenoogastra 413 
 
 nnalaschlsensis 449 
 
 viridis 413 
 Cherry-bird 471 
 
 Chestnut-crowned Titmouse 124 
 Chestnut-sided Warbler 244 
 Children's Warbler 253 
 Chimney Swallow 408 
 Chloris 206 
 
 erythaohorides 255 
 Cichlopsis 474 
 
 nitens 475 
 Cinclns 
 
 amerioanus 89 
 
 mexioanus 89 
 
 mortoni 89 
 
 pallasii 89 
 
 townsendii 89 
 
 unicolor 89 
 Cistothorns 
 
 elegans 180 
 
 paludicola 179 
 
 palustris 178 
 
 Btellaris 180 
 Citron 
 
 Open-bill 253 
 
 Warbler 253 
 Cliff Swallow 426, 427 
 Ccelestial Tanager 349 
 Ccernlean Warbler 267, 268 
 Collurio or Collyrio 536 
 
 borealis 558 
 
 chemungensis 546, 559 
 
 exoubitoroides 562 
 
 Collurio or Collyrio 
 
 Indovicianns 561 
 
 robustus 545 
 Collyrio 536 
 
 borealis 558 
 Columbia Eobln 14 
 Common 
 
 Bluebird 78 
 
 Creeper 146 
 Compsothlypis 206 
 
 amerioana 209 
 Conirostrum ornatum 129 
 Connecticut 
 
 Warbler 308 
 
 Wood-warbler 309 
 Coquantototl 471 
 Corthylio calendula 93 
 Corvus 451 
 
 cedrornm 470 
 Cou-jaune 248 
 Cotile 435 
 Cotyle435,438 
 
 fluviatilis 437 
 
 littoralis 437 
 
 microrhynohos 437 
 
 riparia 435, 436 
 
 serripennis 438 
 Creeper 146 
 Creeping 
 
 Titmouse 209 
 
 Warbler 205 
 Crescent Swallow 426 
 Crested 
 
 Shining-black White-winged 
 Flysnapper 475 
 
 Titmouse 113 
 Crimson-headed Tanager 358 
 Crissal Thrasher 73 
 Cuban Martin 445 
 Culicivora 
 
 atricapilla 106 
 
 ccerulea 101 
 
 mexicana 102, 107 
 
 towDsendi 44 
 Culicivore gris de fer 102 
 Curve-billed Thrasher 64 
 
 Dacnis vermivora 212 
 Demi-fin Mangeur de vers 212 
 
INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 789 
 
 Dendrasca, Dendrosoa, or Dendroica 
 235,256 
 sBstiva 252, 256 
 albicollis 255 
 albilora 248 
 atricapilla 288 
 auduboni 271 
 aureola 256 
 barbadensis 256 
 bartholemica 256 
 blackburnise 284 
 bryauti 256 
 oaerula 267 
 canadensis 242 
 capitalis 256 
 carbonata 237 
 castanea 243 
 chrysoparia 241,258 
 coerulea 267 
 ccerulesoens 241 
 coronata 271, 278 
 cruciana 256 
 cnbana 255 
 decora 292 
 discoior 246 
 dominica 247 
 eoa 256 
 
 eribtaohorides 256 
 gallapagensis 256 
 gracise 292 
 gundlaohi 255 
 hypoohrysea 250 
 icterocephala 244 
 jamaicensis 255 
 kirtlandi 249 
 maculosa 290 
 maritima 246 
 montana 237 
 nigresoens 263 
 niveiventris 258 
 occidentalis 258 
 ollvacea 233 
 palmarum 249 
 panamensis 256 
 paanosa 242 
 pennsylvanioa 244 
 pensllis 248 
 petechia 255 
 pharetra 296 
 pina 251 
 
 Dendrseca, Dendroeoa, or Dendroica 
 
 pinto 251,288 
 
 pityopMla 296 
 
 ruficapilla 255, 256 
 
 rufigula 256 
 
 striata 288 
 
 superciliosa 247 
 
 tigrina 245 
 
 townsendi 260 
 
 vieilloti 256 
 
 virens 240 
 Drepanis 437 
 Dusky Warbler 237, 279 
 Dwarf 
 
 Hermit Thrush 21 
 
 Thrush 21 
 
 E 
 Eastern Bluebird 78 
 Eave SwaUow 426 
 Enicociohla. See Henioocichla 
 Equatorial Warbler 347 
 Ergatious 330 
 
 rubra 331 
 Eremophila 185 
 
 alpestris 186 
 
 chrysolaema 187 
 
 cornuta 186 
 
 leucolsema 187 
 
 minor 187 
 Erythaca 
 
 arctica 82 
 
 wilsonii 78 
 Erythrosoma 334 
 Euphonia 
 
 coslestis 349 
 
 elegantissima 349 
 Europaischer Seidensohwanz 460 
 European 
 
 Chatterer 460 
 
 Creeper 146 
 
 Waxwing 460 
 Euthlypis 334 
 
 canadensis 324 
 Exochocichla 296 
 
 F 
 Farlouzanne 194 
 Fauvette 
 
 a, collier 209 
 
 h cou jaune 248 
 
790 
 
 INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 Fauvette 
 
 I), cravate noire 241 
 
 a. croupion jaune 279 
 k croupion noir 285 
 ^ demi-collier 346 
 
 b, gorge baie 244 
 £k gorge dor^e 494 
 a gorge jaune 346 
 a, gorge grise 346 
 
 h gorge orang^e 211 
 
 a, poitrine j aune de Louisiaue 311 
 
 &. poitrine rouge^tre 244 
 
 k queue rousse 339 
 
 i tete oendr^e 291 
 
 k tete grise 284 
 
 ^ t&te jaune 245 
 
 h tete rouge 250 
 
 ^ tete rouge de Pensylvanie 255 
 
 k t6te rousse 256 
 
 agile 309 
 
 aux c6t^s chataines 245 
 
 anx joues noires 311 
 
 bicolore 347 
 
 bimbel6 250 
 
 Blackburn 285 
 
 bleuatre 243,268 
 
 bleu^tre de S. Domingne 242 
 
 bleue et rousse 78 
 
 brune 301 
 
 chrysoptfere 217 
 
 couronn^e 279 
 
 couronnSe d'or 279 
 
 d'automne 244, 285 
 
 des Montagnes Bleues 237 
 
 des Peupliers 268 
 
 des Pins 251 
 
 des Pins mari5cageux 243 
 
 des Sapins 251 
 
 discolor 247 
 
 du Cape May 246 ' 
 
 du Kentucky 310 
 
 du Tennessee 230 
 
 grise h con jaune 248 
 
 grise d, gorge jaune 248 
 
 grise des Etats-Unis 501 
 
 Hemlock 285 
 
 jaune 253 
 
 jaune aux ailes bleues 215 
 
 mitr^e 325 
 
 naine 347 
 
 Fauvette 
 
 nashyille 224 
 
 olive 347 
 
 ombr^e de la Louisiane 279 
 
 orang^e 284 
 
 petit-deuU 314 
 
 pipi 301 
 
 ray^e 288 
 
 stride 288 
 
 tachet^e de la Louisiane 279, 301 
 
 tachettSe de rougeSitre 253 
 
 tailor 288 
 
 tigrfe 246 
 
 tricbas 311 
 
 verdatre 346 
 
 verd4tre de la Louisiane 346 
 
 voil^e 347 
 Felivox carolinensis 57 
 Ferruginous 
 
 Mockingbird 62 
 
 Thrush 62 
 Ficedula 206 
 
 canadensis 253 
 
 canadensis cinerea 279 
 
 canadensis cinerea minor 242 
 
 canadensis fusca 246 
 
 canadensis icterocephalos 245 
 
 canadensis major 211 
 
 carolinensis cinerea 209 
 
 dominicensis 255 
 
 dominicensis cinerea 248 
 
 dominicensis fusca 300 
 
 dominicensis minor 255 
 
 dominicensis varia 205 
 
 ludoviciana 209 
 
 marilandica 311 
 
 martinioana 255 
 
 pensilvanica 212 
 
 pensilvanica auro-capilla 298 
 
 pensylvanica cinerea 102 
 
 pensilvanica cinerea gutture ni- 
 gro 217 
 
 pensilvanica cinerea nsevia 279 
 
 pensilvanica erythrocephalos 255 
 
 pensilvanica gutture nigro 241 
 
 pensilvanica icterocephalos 245 
 
 pensilvanica najvia 291 
 
 salis 77 
 Fieldfare of Carolina 9 
 Fiery-crowned Wren 97 
 
INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 791 
 
 Figuier 
 
 II ceinture 279 
 h cravatte noir 241 
 k demi-coUier 346 
 si, gorge blanche 255 
 Si gorge jaune 346 
 Si gorge noir de Pensilvanie 241 
 h, gorge orang^e 211 
 k poitrine rouge 245 
 k teste d'or de Pensilvanie 298 
 k teste jaune de Canada 245 
 k teste jaune de Pensilvanie 245 
 k teste rouge de Pensilvanie 255 
 k t&te cendriSe 291 
 a tSte jaune de Canada 245 
 k tete rouge de Pensylvanie 255 
 k tete rousse 255 
 k ventre et t&te jauues 211 
 aux ailes dories 217 
 aux joues noires 311 
 bleu 242 
 
 brun de Canada 246 
 bruD de S. Domingne 300 
 brun-olive 346 
 cendr6 k collier 209 
 cendr^ k gorge cendr^e 102 
 cendr^ k gorge noir de Pensilva- 
 nie 217 
 cendr6 de Canada 279 
 cendr^ de S. Domingne 248 
 cendr^ du Canada 242 
 cendr^ taohetiS de Pensilvanie 279 
 couronn6 d'or 279 
 de Canada 253 
 de la Caroline 253 
 dela Lonisiane 215 
 de la Martinique 255 
 de Mariland 311 
 de Pensilvanie 212 
 de S. Domingue 255 
 des Sapins 215 
 du Mississipi 279 
 stranger 284 
 grasset 279 
 gris-de-fer 103 
 olive de Cayenne 347 
 orang6 284 
 protonotaire 211 
 tachetg 253 
 taohet^ de jaune 246 
 
 Figuier 
 
 tachet6 de Pensilvanie 291 
 vari(S de S. Domingue 205 
 vert et blanc 255 
 
 Finch Creeper 209 
 
 Florida Greenlet 492 
 
 Fiate 28 
 
 Fox-coloured Mock-bird 62 
 
 French Mockingbird 62 
 
 Fringilla rubra 352 
 
 Galeoscoptes carolinensis 56 
 Garrulus 
 
 australis 321 
 
 bohemicus 460 
 Gemeiner Seidenschwanz 460 
 Geothlypis 308 
 
 aequinoctialis 347 
 
 agilis 309 
 
 macgillivrayi 312 
 
 Philadelphia 312 
 
 tephrocotis 309 
 
 trichas 309 
 
 velata 347 
 Gnaphalvs 460 
 Gobe-mouche 
 
 cendr^ de Canada 324 
 
 citrin de la Lonisiane 325 
 
 d'Am^rique 338 
 
 de la Jamaique 496 
 
 de la Lonisiane 325 
 
 jaun^tre de New-Yorck 494 
 
 noire et aurore 338 
 
 rouge de la Caroline 353 
 Golden 
 
 Warbler 253 
 
 Swamp Warbler 211 
 Golden-cheeked Warbler 241 
 Golden-crested Warbler 97 
 Golden-crowned 
 
 Accentor 297 
 
 Flycatcher 279 
 
 Thrush 298 
 
 Wagtail 298 
 
 Warbler 279 
 Golden-throated Flycatcher 494 
 Golden-winged 
 
 Flycatcher 216 
 
 Swamp Warbler 217 
 
792 
 
 INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 Golden-winged Warbler 217 
 Grace's Warbler 292 
 Grand 
 
 Ecorcheur 559 
 
 Figuier de Canada 211 
 
 Jaseur 460 
 
 Martinet k ventre blanc 446 
 
 Martinet noir et blanc 446 
 Grasset Warbler 279 
 Gray 
 
 Vireo 517 
 
 Greenlet 517 
 Gray-cheeked Thrush 35 
 Gray-tufted Titmouse 114 
 Great American 
 
 Shrike 559 
 
 Martin 447 
 Great Carolina Wren 168 
 Green 
 
 and White Warbler 255 
 
 Black-capped Flycatcher 327 
 
 Black-capt Warbler 327 
 
 Flycatcher 520 
 
 Warbler 241 
 
 Wren 520 
 Green-blue Swallow 414 
 Greenish Warbler 346 
 Grey.poU Warbler 284 
 Grey-throat Warbler 102 
 Grey-throated Warbler 346 
 Grimperean 
 
 commun 146 
 
 de Bahama 197 
 
 varii5 205 
 Griseous Flycatcher 501 
 Grive 
 
 couronn^e 298 
 
 de Canada 9 
 
 de rouisseaux ou Hochequene 301 
 
 de Swainson 35 
 
 des Bois 28 
 
 grivelette 298 
 
 hochequene 299 
 
 rousae 62 
 Grive solitaire 21 
 Grivelette de S. Domingne 298 
 Ground 
 
 Swamp Robin 21 
 
 Wren 109 
 Ground-tit 109 
 
 H 
 
 Half-coUared Warbler 346 
 Hanging Flycatcher 520 
 Harpes rediviva 71 
 Harporhynehus 60 
 
 bendirii 67 
 
 cinereus 67 
 
 crissalis 73 
 
 curvjrostris 64 
 
 leoontei 70 
 
 longicauda 62 
 
 palmeri 64, 65 
 
 redivivns 71 
 
 rufus 61 
 Helinaia 
 
 bachmani 214 
 
 carbonata 237 
 
 celata 226 
 
 chrysoptera 216 
 
 peregrina 230 
 
 protonotarius 211 
 
 rubricapilla 224 
 
 solitaria 215 
 
 swainsonii 212 
 
 vermivora 212 
 Helmintheros, Helminthems, or Hel 
 mitherus 
 
 bachmani 214 
 
 carbonata 237 
 
 celatus 226 
 
 chrysoptera 216 
 
 migratorius 212 
 
 peregrina 230 
 
 rnbricapillus 234 
 
 solitarius 215 
 
 swainsoni 212 
 
 vermivorus 211 
 Helminthophaga 210 
 
 bachmani 214 
 
 carbonata 237 
 
 celata 226 
 
 chrysoptera 216 
 
 citrsea 210 
 
 gutturalis 224 
 
 lawrencii 214 
 
 leucobronohialis 213 
 
 luciai 219 
 
 lutescens 227 
 
 obscura 227 
 
INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 793 
 
 Helminthophaga 
 ocularis 224 
 
 peregrina 230 
 
 pinfls 214 
 
 protonotarius 211 
 
 ruficapilla 224 
 
 solitaria 215 
 
 swainsonii 212 
 
 virginiae 222 
 Hemlock Warbler 285 
 Henicociohla 296 
 
 aurooapilla 297 
 
 ludovioiaua 299 
 
 major 299 
 
 motacilla 299 
 
 noveboracensis 300 
 
 sulphnrasoens 301 
 Hepatic Tanager 355 
 Hermit 
 
 Thrush 20, 21 
 
 Warbler 258 
 Herse 
 
 bieolor 413 
 
 fulva 427 
 Hesperooichla nsBvia 14 
 Hirondelle 
 
 k ventre blanc 414, 446 
 
 k ventre rous de Cayenne 408 
 
 bicolore 414 
 
 bleue 445, 447 
 
 bleue de la Louisiane 447 
 
 d'Am^rique 446 
 
 de la Bays de Hudson 447 
 
 de rivage 437 
 
 de S. Domingue 446 
 
 d'Ounalaska 449 
 
 ronsee 408 
 Hirundo 366, 412, 426, 435, 444 
 
 albiventris 446 
 
 americana 408, 437 
 
 aooualaschkensis 449 
 
 apos earolinensis 447 
 
 bieolor 413 
 
 cserulea 447 
 
 cinerea 437, 449 
 
 coronata 427 
 
 cyanopyrrha 408 
 
 dominicensis 446 
 
 erythrogastra 407 
 
 freti-hudsonis 447 
 
 Hirundo 
 
 fulva 426 
 
 fumaria 408 
 
 horreornm 407 
 
 leucogaster 413 
 
 ludoviciana 447 
 
 lunifrons 426 
 
 melanogaster 427 
 
 opifex 427 
 
 phenicephala 449 
 
 preciloma 426 
 
 prasina 414 
 
 purpurea 446, 447 
 
 respublicana 427 
 
 riparia 435 
 
 rufa 407 
 
 rupestris 449 
 
 rustica 407 
 
 serripennis 438 
 
 subis 445 
 
 swainsoni 427 
 
 thalassina 419 
 
 unalascbkensis 449 
 
 versicolor 447 
 
 violaoea 447 
 
 viridis 413 
 Hocbequeue de la bale d'Hudson 194 
 Honey Creeper 197 
 Hooded 
 
 Plycatching Warbler 325 
 
 Titmouse 325 
 
 Warbler 324 
 Horned Lark 186 
 House Wren 171 
 Hudsoniau Wagtail 194 
 Hutton's 
 
 Greenlet 525 
 
 Vireo 525 
 Hydrobata mexicana 89 
 Hylemathrous 
 
 aedon 171 
 
 americanus 171 
 ' Hylocichla 
 
 fusoescens 39 
 mustelina 28 
 nana 21 
 pallaai 20 
 Bwainsoni 84 
 Hylophilus vermivora 212 
 Hypothymis oj-Hypothimis azurea 268 
 
794 
 
 INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 Hypothymis or Hypothimis nitens 475 
 
 loteria 316 
 
 auricollis 321 
 dumioola 321 
 longioanda 321 
 velasquezi 321 
 virenB 320 
 viridis 320 
 Ict&ie damicole 321 
 Iridoproone 412 
 Ixoreus naevius 14 
 
 Jamaica Warbler 248 
 
 Jaseur 
 
 d'Europe 460 
 de Bohfeme 460 
 de la Caroline 471 
 du cfedre 471 
 
 Kentticky 
 
 FlycatchiDg Warbler 310 
 
 Warbler 309 
 Kirtland's Warbler 249 
 
 Lanius 
 
 canadensis 543 
 carolinensls 545, 561, 562 
 elegans 545 
 excubitor 542, 558 
 excubitorides 545, 562 
 garrnlus 460, 470, 544, 561 
 griacus 544, 558 
 ludovioiamis 542, 561 
 mexicanus 545, 562 
 natka 544 
 noveboraoensis 520 
 olivaceus 495 
 septentrionaiis 544, 559 
 solitarius 506 
 
 Lanivireo 
 
 cassini 514 
 flavifrons 494 
 noveboracensis 520 
 plumbeus 515 
 
 Lanivireo solitarias 506, 514, 515 
 Large-billed 
 
 Accentor 299 
 
 Water Thrnsb 299 
 Lark from Pensylvania 194 
 Lawrence's Warbler 214 
 Lead-colored 
 
 Bush-titmouse 125 
 
 riycatcher 105 
 
 Gnatcatoher 105 
 
 Titmouse 125 
 
 Vireo 515 
 Leaden Titmouse 125 
 Least 
 
 Bush-tit 124 
 
 Greenlet 531 
 
 Titmouse 124 
 
 Vireo 531 
 LeConte's Thrasher 70 
 Lepturas 474 
 
 galeatus 475 
 Litorne de Canada 9 
 Little 
 
 Blue-grey Fly-catcher 102 
 
 Domestic Flycatcher 520 
 
 Thrush 34, 39 
 Liver-colored Tanager 355 
 Loggerhead Shrike 562 
 Long-billed Marsh Wren 178 
 Long-tailed 
 
 Chickadee 120 
 
 House Wren 169 
 Lophophanes 113 
 
 atrocristatus 116 
 
 bicolor 113 
 
 galeatus 117 
 
 inornatns 114 
 
 missouriensis 113 
 
 septentrionaiis 120 
 
 woUweberi 117 
 Louisiana 
 
 Lark 194 
 
 Shrike 561 
 
 Tanager 359 
 
 Warbler 168, 209 
 
 Water Thrush 299 
 Loxia virginica 353 
 Lucar lividus 57 
 Lucy's Warbler 219 
 Luscinia sialis 78 
 
INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 795 
 
 Luscinia uropygio luteo 279 
 
 M 
 
 Macgillivray's Warbler 313 
 Marsh Wren 178 
 Martinet 
 
 couleur de pourpre 447 
 
 de la Caroline 447 
 Maryland Yellow-throat 309 
 MoGillivray's 
 
 Ground Warbler 313 
 
 Warbler 313 
 Merle 
 
 h derriere roux 57 
 
 Catbird 57 
 
 de Swainsou 35 
 
 erratique 9 
 
 grivette 39 
 
 moqueur 54 
 
 ou Rouge-gorge du Canada 9 
 
 solitaire 21 
 
 tanni5 28 
 
 verd de la Caroline 321 
 Merula 
 
 marilaudica 353 
 
 migratoria 9 
 
 minor 39 
 
 mustelina 23 . 
 
 olivacea 34 
 
 silens 21 
 
 solitaria 20 
 
 viridis carolinensis 321 
 
 wilaonii 34, 39 
 M6sange 
 
 k collier de la Caroline 325 
 
 a, croupion jaune 279 
 
 bicolore 113 
 
 d'Am^riq^ue 251 
 
 de Virginie 279 
 
 grise h gorge jaune 248 
 
 grise de la Caroline 248 
 Mexican Bluebird 80 
 Migratory Thrush 9 
 Mimic Thrush 54 
 Mimus 53 
 
 carolinensis 56 
 
 caudatus 54 
 
 ourvirostris 64 
 
 f elivox 57 
 leucopterus 54 
 
 Mimus 
 
 meruloides 14 
 montanus 48 
 
 polyglottus 53 
 
 rufus 62 
 Mississipimerle 354 
 Mississippi Tanager 353 
 Missouri Skylark 193 
 Mitred 
 
 Sylvan Flycatcher 325 
 
 Warbler 325 
 Muiotilta 
 
 SBstiva 252 
 
 americana 209 
 
 auduboni 271 
 
 aurantia 284 
 
 aureola 256 
 
 bachmani 214 
 
 bicolor 347 
 
 blackburnise 285 
 
 borealis 205 
 
 canadensis 242 
 
 carbonata 237 
 
 carolinensis 253 
 
 castanea 243 
 
 celata 226 
 
 chrysopareia 241 
 
 chrysoptera 216 
 
 citrea 210 
 
 coerulea 267 
 
 coerulescens 242 
 
 coronata 278 
 
 discolor 246 
 dominica 247 
 eoa 256 
 formosa 309 
 fulva 346 
 fusca 346 
 gracisB 292 
 icterocephala 245 
 incana 284 
 kirtlandi 249 
 leucoptera 347 
 longirostris 205 
 luciiB 219 
 maoropus 242 
 maculosa 290 
 maritima 246 
 melanorhoa 285 
 montana 237 
 
796 
 
 INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 Mniotilta 
 
 nigrescens 263 
 
 oocidentalis 258 
 
 ochroleuca 493 
 
 olivaoea 233 
 
 palmarum 249 
 
 pannosa 242 
 
 parus 285 
 
 pennsylvanica 244 
 
 peregrina 230 
 
 petechia 250 
 
 pharetra 296 
 
 pinuB 251 
 
 pityopiUa 296 
 
 pnmilia 847 
 
 rara 268 
 
 lathbonia 253 
 
 rnbricapilla 224 
 
 mficapilla 224 
 
 rnficeps 256 
 
 semitorquata 346 
 
 solitaria 215 
 
 striata 288 
 
 superciliosa 247 
 
 swalnsoni 213 
 
 teeniata 233 
 
 tigrina 245 
 
 townsendii 260 
 
 varia 204, 205 
 
 vermivora 212 
 
 virens 241 
 
 virginiaa 222 
 MockiDgbird 53, 54 
 Motacilla 235 
 
 Eequinoctialis 347 
 
 aestiva 252 
 
 albicollis 255 
 
 americana 208 
 
 aniantia 284 
 
 auricollis 211 
 
 aurocapilla 297 
 
 blackburniEe 284 
 
 cserulea 101 
 
 cseralescens 242 
 
 calendula 92 
 
 cana 102 
 
 canadensis 241, 252, 279, 298 
 
 carolinensis 253 
 
 caroliniana 168 
 
 obloroleuca 255 
 
 Motacilla 
 
 chrysocephala 284 
 
 cbrysoptera 216 
 
 cincta 279 
 
 citrea 210 
 
 coronata 278 
 
 domestica 171 
 
 dominica 247 
 
 eques 209 
 
 flavicauda 338 
 
 flavicollis 248 
 
 flavifrons 216 
 
 flnviatilis 300 
 
 falva 346 
 
 ftisoa 284, 346 
 
 hudsonica 194 
 
 incana 284 
 
 ludoviclana 168,209 
 
 maculosa 290 
 
 mitrata 324 
 
 nsevia 299 
 
 noveboraoensis 300 
 
 palmarum 249 
 
 palustris 178 
 
 pensilvanica 244 
 
 pensilis 247 
 
 petechia 255 
 
 pUeolata 327 
 
 pinguis 279 
 
 pinus 214 
 
 protonotarius 210 
 
 rnbiginosa 253 
 
 ruficapiUa 255 
 
 ruticilla 337 
 
 scolopacina 145 
 
 semitorquata 346 
 
 sialis 77 
 
 striata 288 
 
 superciliosa 247 
 
 tigrina 245, 300 
 
 trichias 310 
 
 trochilus 321 
 
 troglodytes 168, 176 
 
 umbria 279 
 
 ■varia 204 
 
 vermivora 211 
 
 virens 240 
 MotacillidK 191 
 Moucherolle 
 
 dor6 338 
 
INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 797 
 
 MoucheroUe ■ 
 
 du Canada 324 
 
 gris 501 
 
 olivo 496 
 Mountain 
 
 Chickadee 122 
 
 Mockingbird 48, 49 
 Mourning 
 
 Ground-warbler 314 
 
 Warbler 313, 314 
 Moustaohed Greenlet 491 
 Musoicapa 484 
 
 americana 338 
 
 belli 335 
 
 bonapartil 324 
 
 brasierii 335 
 
 canadensis 323 
 
 canadensis cinerea 324 
 
 cantatrix 520 
 
 carolinensis 56 
 
 carolinensis rubra 353 
 
 cosrulea 101 
 
 oucullata325 
 
 derhamii 335 
 
 flaveola 338 
 
 gilva 501 
 
 guttata 21 
 
 jamaicensis 496 
 
 leucomus 336 
 
 melodia 501 
 
 minuta 326 
 
 noveboracensis 520 
 
 ochroleuoa 493 
 
 oculis rubris 496 
 
 olivacea 495 
 
 pileata 325 
 
 pusilla 326 
 
 rubra 352 
 
 rubrifrous 331 
 
 rutioilla 337 
 
 selbyii 325 
 
 solitaria 505 
 
 striata 288 
 
 sylvicola 494 
 
 tricolor 336 
 
 vlridis 320 
 
 vulnerata 335 
 
 wilsonii 327 
 Myiadestes 43 
 
 obscurus 44 
 
 Myiadestes townsendi 44, 475 
 Myioborus 334 
 Myiootonus 323 
 
 formosus 309 
 
 mitratus 325 
 
 pusillns 326 
 Myiodioctes 323 
 
 bonapartii 324 
 
 canadensis 323 
 
 chrysophrys 335 
 
 formosus 309 
 
 niinutus 326 
 
 mitratus 324 
 
 pardalina 324 
 
 pileolatus 327 
 
 pusillus 326 
 
 townsendi 480 
 
 wilsonii 327 
 Myiothera obsoleta 159 
 Myrtle-bird 279 
 
 N 
 Nashville 
 
 Swamp Warbler 224 
 
 Vermivora 224 
 
 Warbler 224 
 
 Worm-eater 224 
 Nectarinia varia 205 
 Neooorys spraguii 193 
 New York 
 
 Thrush 301 
 
 Warbler 301 
 Northern 
 
 Creeping Warbler 205 
 
 Shrike 559 
 Nuthatch du Canada 136 
 
 O 
 
 Oenanthe americana peotore luteo 321 
 Oiseau Xomotl, d'Am^rique, hupp6 
 
 471 
 Olive 
 
 Tanager 351 
 
 Warbler 233, 243, 253 
 Olive-backed 
 
 Thrush 34, 35 
 
 Warbler 233 
 Olive-brown Warbler 346 
 Olive-coloured Flycatcher 496 
 Orange-bellied Warbler 346 
 
798 
 
 INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 Orange-breasted Warbler 233 
 Orange-colored Warbler 227 
 Orange-crowned 
 
 Accentor 298 
 
 Swamp Warbler 227 
 
 Vermivora 227 
 
 Warbler 226 
 Orange-headed Warbler 233, 284 
 Orange-thighed Warbler 311 
 Orange-throated Warbler 211, 285 
 Oroscoptes 48 
 
 montanus 48 
 Orphea rnfa 61 
 Orpheua 
 
 carolinensis 56 
 
 curvirostris 64 
 
 felivox 57 
 
 lencopterus 54 
 
 lividuB 57 
 
 mernloides 14 
 
 montanus 48 
 
 polyglottus 54 
 
 rufus 61 
 Oporornis 
 
 agilis 308 
 
 formosa 309 
 
 varins 309 
 Otocoris or Otocorys 
 
 alpestris 186 
 
 chrjsolsema 187 
 
 cornnta 186 
 
 occidentalia 187 
 
 rufa 187 
 
 sprangeri 193 
 Oven-bird 298 
 Oxyglossus macnlatns 205 
 
 Pacific Orange-crowned Warbler 227 
 Painted 
 
 Flycatcher 335, 336 
 
 Fly-snapper 336 
 Palm Warbler 250 
 Paroides flaviceps 129 
 Parkman's Wren 172 
 Particolored Warbler 209, 247 
 Parula 206 
 
 americana 208 
 
 nigrilora 206 
 
 Parns 119 
 
 albescens 120 
 
 alis aureis 216 
 
 americanus 208, 251 
 
 americanus guttnre luteo 248 
 
 americanus lutescens 251 
 
 annesns 117 
 
 atrioapillas 120 
 
 atrioristatus 116 
 
 aureus alis cerulois 215 
 
 bahamiensis 197 
 
 bicolor 113 
 
 bombycilla 460 
 
 carolinensis griseus 248 
 
 carolinensis lutens 253 
 
 carolinensis torquatus 325 
 
 cedrus 2*9 
 
 cristatuB 113 
 
 erythropis 331 
 
 f asciiitus 108 
 
 fringillaris 209 
 
 galeatus 117 
 
 griccns guttnre luteo 248 
 
 inornatus 114 
 
 leucotis 331 
 
 Inteus 253 
 
 minimus 124 
 
 montanus 122 
 
 satrapa 96 
 
 septentrionalis 120 
 
 uropygeo luteo 279 
 
 virginianus 279 
 
 Tiridis gutture nigro 241 
 
 varius 209 
 
 woUweberi 117 
 Pensile Warbler 248 
 PerisBoglossa 
 
 carbonata 237 
 
 tigrina 245 
 Peteria 316 
 Petit 
 
 Figuier cendrfi de Canada 243 
 
 Figuier de S. Domingue 255 
 
 noir-aurore 338 
 Petite Grive de St. Domingue 298 
 Petrochelidon 425 
 
 bicolor 413 
 
 fulva426,427 
 
 lunifrons 426, 427 
 
 melanogastra 427 
 
INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 799 
 
 Petrochelidon 
 
 poBciloma 426 
 
 swainsoni 427 
 
 thalassina 419 
 Pencedramus olivaoens 233 
 Phsenisoma 350 
 Phsenopepla or Phainopepla 474 
 
 nitens 475 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Greenlet 493 
 
 Vireo 493 
 Phileremos or Phileremus 
 
 alpestris 186 
 
 cornutns 187 
 
 rufescens 186 
 
 striatus 186 
 Phcenicosoraa 350 
 
 aestiva 353 
 
 liepatica 355 
 
 ludoviciana 353 
 
 rubra 351 
 PhcBnisoma 350 
 
 aestiva 353 
 
 rubra 351 
 Phyllobasileus calendula 93 
 Phyllomanes 
 
 barbatnlua 492 
 
 flavoviridis 490 
 
 olivaceus 495 
 PhyllopneuBte 
 
 canadensis 242 
 
 minuta 247 
 
 petechia 250 
 
 rara 268 
 Pioolaptes brunneioapillus 156 
 Pie-grifeche boriSale 559 
 Pie-griesche de la Louisiane 561 
 Pine 
 
 Creeper 215, 251 
 
 Warbler 215 
 Pine-creeping Warbler 251 
 Pine-swamp Warbler 243 
 Pipra 
 
 elegantisaima 349 
 
 galericulata 349 
 
 polyglotta 321 
 Piranga. See Pyranga 
 Pitpit vermlvore 212 
 Plain Titmouse 114 
 Planesticus migratorius 8 
 
 Plumbeous 
 
 Bush-tit 125 
 
 Gnatcatoher 105 
 
 Greenlet 515 
 
 Titmouse 125 
 
 Vireo 515 
 Poecila or Poecile 
 
 minimus 124 
 
 montanus 122 
 Polarpieper 194 
 Polioptila 101 
 
 cserulea 101 
 
 melanura 106 
 
 mexicana 102 
 
 plumbea 105 
 Pomatorhinus turdinua 64 
 Pouillot nain 347 
 Prairie 
 
 Titlark 194 
 
 Warbler 246, 247 
 Prib Chatterer 471 
 Procne or Progne 444 
 
 cryptoleuca 445 
 
 dominicensis 446 
 
 purpurea 445, 446 
 
 subis 445, 446 
 Progn6 ponrpre 447 
 Prothonotary 
 
 Swamp Warbler 211 
 
 Warbler 210 
 Protonotaria 
 
 citraea 210 
 
 citrea 210 
 Psaltria 
 
 flaviceps 129 
 
 minima 124 
 
 plumbea 125 
 Psaltriparus 123 
 
 flaviceps 129 
 
 minimus 124, 125 
 
 plumbeus 125 
 Ptilogonys 474 
 
 nitens 475 
 
 townsendi 44 
 Purple 
 
 Martin 445, 447 
 
 Swallow 447 
 
 Swift 447 
 Purpurschwalbe 447 
 Pygmy Nuthatch 139 
 
800 
 
 INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 Pyranga 350 
 
 h, face rouge 359 
 aestiva 353 
 azaisB 355 
 coccinea 353 
 cooperi 354 
 erythromelas 351 
 erythropis 358 
 hepatica 354 
 livida 353 
 ludoviciana 358 
 rouge 354 
 rouge et noir 351 
 rubra 350 
 
 Quebec Warbler 245 
 
 R 
 
 Eathbone's Warbler 253 
 Eed Bird 354 
 Bed Lark 194 
 Eed-backed Warbler 247 
 Eed-bellied Nuthatch 136 
 Eed-breasted 
 
 Bluebird 78 
 
 Thrush 9 
 Eeddish-brown Titlark 194 
 Eeddish-tailed Warbler 339 
 Eed-eyed 
 
 Flycatcher 496 
 
 Greenlet 495, 496 
 
 Vireo 496 
 Red-faced Warbler 331 
 Eed-headed Warbler 255 
 Eedstart 337, 338, 339 
 Eed-throated 
 
 Flycatcher 245 
 
 Warbler 245 
 Eed-vented Thrasher 73 
 Eeguloides calendula 92, 93 
 Eegulus 92 
 
 americanus 97 
 
 calendula 92 
 
 cristatus 96 
 
 cristatus alter vertice mbini co- 
 loris 93 
 
 griceus 102 
 
 mystaceus 311 
 
 Eegulus 
 
 olivascens 97 
 
 peregrinus 310 
 
 rubineus 93 
 
 satrapa 96, 97 
 
 tricolor 97 
 Eepublioan Swallow 427 
 Ehimamphus, Ehimanphus, or Ei- 
 mamphus 235 
 
 SBstivus 252, 255 
 
 blackburniai 285 
 
 cseruleus 267 
 
 canadensis 242 
 
 castaneus 243 
 
 chryseolus 253 
 
 citrinus 253 
 
 coronatus 278 
 
 discolor 246 
 
 maculosus 290 
 
 maritimus 246 
 
 nigrescens 263 
 
 olLvaceus 233 
 
 paruB 285 
 
 pinus 251 
 
 pityophilus 296 
 
 pensilis 248 
 
 rathbonia 253 
 
 ruficapilla 256 
 
 ruficapillus 250 
 
 ruiiceps 256 
 
 striatus 288 
 
 virens 241 
 Eiver Pink 301 
 Robin 8 
 Rock Wren 159 
 Eocky Mountain 
 
 Bluebird 82 
 
 Hermit Thrush 21 
 
 Swallow 427 
 
 Warbler 222 
 
 Wren 160 
 Eoitelet 
 
 de la Louisiane 168 
 
 hupp6 97 
 
 rubis 93 
 Eouge-gorge bleue de la Caroline 78 
 Eouge-queue des fitats-Unis 339 
 Eough- winged Swallow 438 
 Rubecula caroliuensis 78 
 Ruby-crowned Kinglet 92 
 
INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 801 
 
 Rnby-crowned 
 
 Warbler 93 
 
 Wren 93 
 Eufous-bellied Swallow 403 
 Euf ons-tailed Thrush 21 
 Batlcilla americana 338 
 
 S 
 
 Sage Thrasher 49 
 Salpinctes 
 
 mexicanus 164 
 obsoletus 159 
 Sand 
 
 Martin 435, 
 
 Swallow 437 
 Sandy Mockingbird 62 
 Saxicola siaHs 77 
 Scarlet Tanager 350 
 Schneelerche 186 
 Soiurus. See Seiurns 
 Seidensohwanz 460 
 Seiurus. See Siurus. 
 Sejurns 296 
 
 Selby's Sylvan Flycatcher 325 
 Bennett's Warbler 206 
 Setophaga 334 
 
 belli 335 
 
 bonapartii 324 
 
 canadensis 323 
 
 castanea 335 
 
 formosa 309 
 
 miniata 335 
 
 minuta 326 
 
 mitrata 325 
 
 mitr€ 325 
 
 nigricincta 324 
 
 picta 335 
 
 rubra 331 
 
 rubrifrons 331 
 
 rnssicauda 339 
 
 ruticiUa 337 
 
 Yulnerata 335 
 
 wilsonii 327 
 Shining Ptilogonys 475 
 Shining-crested Flycatcher 475 
 Shore Lark 186 
 Shore-bird 437 
 
 Short-billed Marsh Wren 180 
 Sialia 76 
 
 51 BO 
 
 Sialia 
 
 arctica 82 
 aznrea 78 
 caBruleocoUis 80 
 macroptera 82 
 mexicana 80 
 occidentalis 80 
 sialis 77 
 wilsoni 78 
 Sitta 133 
 
 acnleata 134 
 canadensis 136 
 carolinensis 134 
 pusilla 139 
 pygmsea 139 
 stulta 136 
 varia 136 
 SitteUe de Canada 136 
 Siurus 296 
 agilis309 
 auricapillus 297 
 goesii 301 
 Indovicianas 299 
 motaciUa 299 
 nasvius 298 
 noveboracensis 300 
 sulphurascens 301 
 tenuiroBtris 301 
 Slender-billed Nuthatch 134 
 SmaU 
 
 American Redstart 338 
 
 Black and Orange coloured Bird 
 
 338 
 Black and White Bird 205 
 Small-bUled Water Thrush 301 
 Small-headed Flycatcher 326 
 Solitary 
 
 Flycatcher 506 
 Greenlet 506 
 Thrush 21 
 Vireo 506 
 Spotted 
 
 Creeper 246 
 Flycatcher 324 
 Thrush 14 
 Warbler 246, 291 
 Yellow Flycatcher 246 
 Yellow Warbler 246, 300 
 Spottvogel 54 
 Spragne's Missouri Lark 193 
 
802 
 
 INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 Sprague's Pipit 193 
 St. Domingo 
 
 Swallow 446 
 
 Warbler 248,255 
 Stelgidopteryx 438 
 
 serripennis 438, 439 
 Striped Flycatcher 288 
 Summer 
 
 Eedbird 353 
 
 Tanager 353 
 
 yellowbird252,253 
 Swainsou's 
 
 Swamp Warbler 213 
 
 Thrush 35 
 
 Warbler 212 
 Swamp Eobin 35 
 Swamp Warbler 215 
 Sylvania 334 
 
 bonapartii 324 
 
 formosa 309 
 
 mitrata 325 
 
 pumilia 326 
 
 puBiUa 326 
 
 ruticilla 338 
 
 wilsonii 327 
 Sylvia 235 
 
 americana 208 
 
 ai^tiva 252, 255 
 
 »quinoctialis 347 
 
 agilis 308 
 
 albicoUis 255 
 
 anthoides 300 
 
 arctica 82 
 
 argyrotis 331 
 
 atricapilla 346 
 
 auduboni 271 
 
 aureola 256 
 
 auricollis 211 
 
 aurocapiUa 297 
 
 aatumnalis 243 
 
 azurea 268 
 
 bachmani 214 
 
 bicolor 347 
 
 bifasciata 268 
 
 blackburniEe 284 
 
 csemlea 101,267 
 
 cserolesceiis 242 
 
 calendnla 92 
 
 cana 102 
 
 canadensis 242 
 
 Sylvia 
 
 canicapilla 347 
 carbonata 237 
 carolinensis 253 
 castanea 243 
 celata 226 
 childrenii 253 
 chloroleuca 255 
 chrysocephala 284 
 chrysophrys 335 
 chrysoptera 216 
 citrinolla 253 
 coerulea 267 
 coernlescens 242 
 coronata 278 
 culicivora 335 
 delaaeldii 347 
 discolor 246 
 domestica 171 
 dominioa 247 
 flava 253 
 flavicollis 248 
 flavifrons 216 
 flavopygia 279 
 formosa 309 
 fulva 346 
 fusoa 346 
 gilva 501 
 griseicoUis 346 
 halseii 263 
 icterooephala 244 
 incana 284 
 leucogastra 224 
 leuooptera 242, 347 
 ludoviciana 168,209 
 macgiUivrayi 312 
 maoropos 242 
 maculosa 290 
 magnolia 291 
 maritima 245 
 marylandica 310 
 melanorboa 285 
 melanocausta 260 
 mexicana 224 
 miniata 331 
 minuta 247, 326 
 mitrata 324 
 montana 237 
 nasbvilli 224 
 nigrescens 263 
 
INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 803 
 
 Sylvia 
 
 noveboracensis 300 
 occidentalis 80, 258 
 oohroleuca 493 
 olivacea 233 
 palmarum 249 
 palpebralis 263 
 palustiis 242 
 pardalina 324 
 paras 285 
 pensilis 247 
 penBylvauioa 244 
 peregrina 230 
 petasodes 327 
 petechia 250, 255 
 pliiladelpliia 313 
 pinguis 279 
 pinus 214, 251 
 populorum 268 
 protonotarins 211 
 pumilia 346 
 pusiUa209,242 
 rara 268 
 rathbonia 253 
 regnlus 96 
 roscoe 311 
 lubricapilla 224 
 ruficapilla 224, 255, 256 
 rnssoicauda 338 
 semitorquata 346 
 sialis 77 
 solitaria 215 
 sphagnosa 242 
 striata 288 
 svrainsonii 212 
 taeniata 233 
 tennesBsei 230 
 tigrina237,245,300 
 torquata 209 
 townsendi 360 
 trlchas 310 
 trochilus 253 
 troglodytes 176 
 umbria 279 
 vaiia 204 
 vegeta 313 
 velata 347 
 vermivora 211 
 vigorsii 251 
 vixens 240 
 
 Sylvia 
 
 viiescens 346 
 vlrldicans 346 
 ■wilsonii 327 
 xanthorhoa 279 
 
 Sylvicola206,235 
 SBstiva252,255 
 agilis 308 
 americana 208 
 andaboni 271 
 aureola 256 
 anricoUis 211 
 bachmani 214 
 blaokbnrnieB 284 
 csBrulea 267 
 canadensis 242 
 carbonata 237 
 castanea 243 
 celata 226 
 cMldrenii 253 
 chrysocephala 284 
 chrysoptera 216 
 coronata 278 
 discolor 246 
 eoa 256 
 flavicollis 248 
 formosa 309 
 icterooephala 244 
 kirtlandii 249 
 macnlosa 290 
 maritima 246 
 minuta 247 
 missuriensis 230 
 mitrata 325 
 montana 237 
 nigrescens 263 
 nigricans 263 
 occidentalis 258 
 olivacea 233 
 palmarum 249 
 pannosa 242 
 pardalina 324 
 parus 285 
 pensilis 248 
 pennsylvanica 244 
 peregrina 230 
 petechia 250 
 pharetra 296 
 pinus 251 
 pityophila 296 
 
804 
 
 INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 Sylvioola 
 
 pnmila 347 
 pnsma209,242 
 protonotaria 211 
 rathbonia 253 
 rnbiicapilla 224 
 inficapilla 250 
 striata 288 
 swainsonii 212 
 taeniata 233 
 tigrma237,245 
 townsendi 260 
 tristis 263 
 Taria 205 
 vermivora 212 
 Tirens 240 
 
 T 
 
 Tachycineta 412 
 
 bioolor 413 
 
 thalassina 419 
 Tanagra 350 
 
 asstiva 352 
 
 anricollis 321 
 
 canicapilla 347 
 
 coooinea 353 
 
 colnmbiana 359 
 
 dentata 355 
 
 Indoviciana 358 
 
 missisBipensis 353 
 
 olivacea 351 
 
 rubra 350 
 
 rudis 353 
 
 variegata 353 
 
 virginica 353 
 Tangara 
 
 du Canada 351 
 
 da Mississipi 353 
 
 ^carlate 351 
 
 Vermillion 354 
 Tawny Thrush 28 
 Telmatodytes 
 
 arundtnaceus 179 
 
 bewiokil69 
 
 paludicola 179 
 
 palustris 178 
 Tennessee 
 
 Swamp "Warbler 230 
 
 Warbler 230 
 Texas Titmouse 116 
 
 Thrasher 62 
 
 Thriothorns. See Thryothoms 
 
 Thrnsh-like Mocli-bird 14 
 
 Thryomanes leucogaster 169 
 
 Thryothoms 
 
 arundinacens 168 
 
 arundinens 179 
 
 bewickii 169 
 
 gnttnlatua 164 
 
 latifasciatus 160 
 
 leucogaster 170 
 
 littoralis 168 
 
 louisiansB 168 
 
 ludoTicianus 168 
 
 mexicanus 164 
 
 obsoletus 159 
 
 palustris 178 
 
 pinas 251 
 
 spilurus 170 
 
 stellaris 180 
 
 torquatus 209 
 Titlark 193, 194 
 Tolmie's Ground Warbler 313 
 Torobepot du Canada 136 
 Toupet Titmouse 113 
 Townsend'a 
 
 Flycatching Thrush 44 
 
 Ptilogonys 44 
 
 Solitaire 44 
 
 Warbler 260 
 
 Wood- Warbler 260 
 Toxostoma 
 
 crissalis 73 
 
 curvirostris 64 
 
 lecoutei 70 
 
 redivivus 71 
 
 rufa 62 
 
 vetula 64 
 Traquet Blackburn 285 
 Tree Creeper 146 
 Trichas 308 
 
 sequinootialis 347 
 
 agilis 308 
 
 brachydactylus 311 
 
 caniicephala 347 
 
 delafieldii 311 
 
 formosa 309 
 
 macgillivrayi 312 
 
 marylandica 310 
 
 personatus 311 
 
INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 805 
 
 Triohas 
 
 Philadelphia 313 
 
 rosooe 311 
 
 tephroootis 309 
 
 tolmiei 312 
 
 vegeta 313 
 
 Telata 347 
 Troglodyte 
 
 sedon 171 
 
 de la Louisiane 168 
 
 d'hiver 177 
 
 des Eoseaux 168 
 Troglodytes 
 
 aedon 171 
 
 albicollis 164 
 
 albifrons 164 
 
 americanus 171 
 
 arnndinaceus 168 
 
 bewiokii 169 
 
 brevirostris 180 
 
 domestious 171 
 
 enropaeus 177 
 
 fulvas 171, 172 
 
 fnrvns 171 
 
 hyemalis 176, 177 
 
 Indovioianus 168 
 
 mexicanus 164 
 
 murarius 164 
 
 obsoletus 159 
 
 pacifiouB 177 
 
 palustris 177, 178 
 
 parkmani 172 
 
 parvulus 178 
 
 spilurus 170 
 
 stellaris 180 
 
 sylvestris 172 
 Tnfted Titmouse 113 
 Tardus 7 
 
 alioi£e 35 
 
 aonalaschkae 21 
 
 aquations 300 
 
 auduboni 21i| 
 
 aurocapillus 207 
 
 auroreus 14 
 
 brunueus 39 
 
 canadensis 9 
 
 carolineusis 56 
 
 citrous 298 
 
 confinis 9 
 
 coronatus 298 
 
 Turdns 
 
 densns 28 
 felivox 57 
 fuBcesoens 39 
 fuscns 34 
 garrulus 460 
 guttatus 20 
 lividus 57 
 ludovicianuB 299 
 migratorius 8 
 minimus 35, 298 
 molodus 28 
 minor 20, 21, 34, 39 
 montanus 48 
 motaciUa 299, 301 
 mustelinus 28, 39 
 nsBvius 14 
 nanus 21 
 
 noveboracensis 300 
 olivacens 34 
 pallasi 20 
 pectore luteo 321 
 pilaris migratorius 9 
 polyglottus 53 
 rufus 61 
 silens 21, 39 
 solitarius 20, 21, 34 
 swainsoni 34 
 townsendii 89 
 triohas 309 
 nstulatuB 35 
 virens 320 
 •wilsonii 35, 39 
 
 U 
 
 Uferschwalbe 437 
 Umbrose Warbler 279 
 Unalascha Thrush 21 
 
 Varied Thrush 14 
 Veery 39 
 
 Vermillion Flycatcher 331 
 Vigor's Vireo 251 
 Violet Swallow 447 
 Violet-green Swallow 419 
 Virginian Titmouse 279 
 Virginia's Warbler 222 
 Vermivora bachmani 214 
 
806 
 
 INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLTJME 
 
 Vermivora 
 
 carbonata 237 
 
 celata 226 
 
 chrysoptera 216 
 
 falTicapiUa 212 
 
 nigiescens 263 
 
 pennsylvanica 212 
 
 peregrina 230 
 
 piotonotarios 211 
 
 rara 268 
 
 rubricapiUa 224 
 
 solitaria 215 
 
 swainsoni 212 
 Vireo 484 
 
 ^fiout janne 494 
 
 altiloqnas 491 
 
 atxicapillus 533 
 
 barbatolus 492 
 
 belli 526, 531 
 
 bogotensis 495 
 
 calidris 491 
 
 cantatrix 520 
 
 cassinii 514 
 
 flavifrons 493 
 
 flavoviridis 490 
 
 gilvns 491, 501 
 
 gris 501 
 
 hnttoni 525 
 
 longirostris 491 
 
 mnsicQS 520 
 
 noveboraoensis 520 
 
 olivaceus 491, 495 
 
 pbiladelpbicns 492 
 
 plumbens 515 
 
 pusillus 531 
 
 solitarius 505 
 
 spbagnosa 242 
 
 Bwainsoni 501 
 
 vioinior 517 
 
 TJgorsii 251 
 
 virescens 491, 495 
 Virion verd^tre 492 
 Vireosylvia or Vireosylva 484 
 
 altiloqua 491 
 
 barbatnla 492 
 
 cobaneDsis 493 
 
 calidris 492 
 
 flavifrona 494 
 
 flavoviridis 490 
 
 gilva 501 
 
 Vireosylvia or Vireosylva 
 olivacea 495 
 phUadelphica 492 
 plumbea 515 
 BoUtaria 506 
 swainsoni 502 
 virescens 495 
 
 Wagtails 191 
 Warbler Thrush 299 
 Warbling 
 
 Flycatcher 501 
 
 Greenlet 501 
 
 Vireo 501 
 Water 
 
 Ouzel 89 
 
 Thrush 301 
 Waxen Chatterer 460 
 Western 
 
 Bluebird 80 
 
 House Wren 171 
 
 Solitary Vireo 515 
 
 Summer Eedbird 352 
 
 Warbler 258 
 
 Warbling Greenlet 501 
 
 Tellow-breasted Chat 320 
 
 Yellow-rump 271 
 White-bellied 
 
 Swallow 413 
 
 Wren 169 
 White-browed Chickadee 122 
 White-cheeked Titmouse 331 
 White-eyed 
 
 Greenlet 520 
 
 Vireo 520 
 White-fronted Swallow 427 
 White-poll Warbler 205 
 White- rumped Shrike 562 
 White-shouldered Flycatcher 336 
 White-throated 
 
 Blue Warbler 268 
 
 Warbler 213 
 
 Rook Wren 164 
 
 Wren 164 
 Wilsonia 323 
 
 bonapartii 324 
 
 minuta 326 
 
 mitrata 325 
 
 pusilla 326 
 
INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME 
 
 807 
 
 Wilson's 
 
 Bluebird 77, 78 
 
 FlycatchiDg Warbler 327 
 
 Green Black-capped Flycatching 
 Warbler 326 
 
 Thrush 39 
 Willow Wren 253 
 Winter Wren 176 
 Wood Thrush 28 
 Wood-Warbler 268 
 Worm-eater 212 
 
 Warbler 212 
 Worm-eating 
 
 Swamp Warbler 212 
 
 Warbler 211 
 Wren-tit 108 
 
 Yellow 
 
 Eed-poU 255 
 
 Eed-poU Warbler 249 
 
 Titmouse 253 
 
 Warbler 253 
 
 Wren 253 
 YeUow-backed Warbler 209 
 Yellow-bellied Grosbeak 353 
 Yellow-breast Warbler 311 
 Yellow-breasted Chat 331 
 
 Yellow-breasted 
 
 loteria 321 
 
 Warbler 311 
 Yellow-crowned 
 
 Warbler 245, 279 
 
 Wood Warbler 279 
 Yellow-fronted Warbler 217 
 Yellow-green Vireo 490 
 Yellow-headed Verdin 129 
 Yellow-poll Warbler 253 
 Yellow-rump 279 
 
 Warbler 291 
 Yellow-rumped 
 
 Flycatcher 291 
 
 Warbler 278, 291 
 Yellow-tail Warbler 338 
 Yellow-tailed Flycatcher 338 
 Yellow-throated 
 
 Creeper 248 
 
 Gray Warbler 248 
 
 Greenlet 493 
 
 Vireo 494 
 
 Warbler 247 
 
 Wood Warbler 248 
 Yuma Thrasher 70 
 
 Z 
 
 Zdrzal gato 57 
 
 Dan. sii. 4. 
 
 Mcclea. xii. 8, 12.