Digitized B^i^icrti&oftS ... 6'''JiE THE GIFT OF o$...£..^?Ate^.: .h.y.A'±.Qj_l, [.^l'.^hA.. Digitized by Microsoft® 1 Date Due JAN 2 8 iggojif ii ^, |||»12 1 360 M^ ^ *- aua^i -•-"'■ fcSf?* > 0- ^5%K^ MV M rmsw» m a ^ PRINTED IN U. 5. A. C*^ C»T. NO. 23233 "i ^9^- Digitized by Microsoft® This book was digitized by Microsoft Corporation in cooperation witli Cornell University Libraries, 2007. You may use and print this copy in limited quantity for your personal purposes, but may not distribute or provide access to it (or modified or partial versions of it) for revenue-generating or other commercial purposes. Digitized by Microsoft® •BBPARTMENT OF IvATIN3--C0RNBLl/ UNIVERSITY. Notes on the Meaning and Use OF SOME i_..A-Ti:Nr Adverbs and Conjunctions AS EXEMPLIFIED IN CICERO'S DE SENEPTUTE. ITHACA, N. y. ANDRTO & CHURCH, 1888. Digitized by Microsoft® 1>T I T -A-ijr ^fl()il3ny(no3 boE adisvbA Digitized by Microsoft® Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive..Qra/details/cu31924021613413 ■^ DigWizea by Microsofm Digitized by Microsoft® DEPARTMENT OP LATIN— CORNELL UNIVERSITY. Notes on the Meaning and Use OF SOME i_..i^Ti:iNr Adverbs and Conjunctions AS EXEMPLIFIED IN CICBRO'S DE SENECTUTK. ITHACA, N. Y. ANDRUS & CHURCH, i888. Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® DEPARTMENT OF I^ATIN— CORNEIvI. UNIVERSITY. Notes on the Meaning and Use 0(ij;i:( i i IT I VI I M TV OF SOME ' \ 1 I . s' I n Adverbs and Conjunctions AS EXEMPLIFIED IN CICERO'S DE SENECTUTE. ITHACA, N. Y. ANDRUS & CHURCH, 1888. Digitized by Microsoft® 11 ^X) Li% Digitized by Microsoft® I.ATIN ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS. ^ I '"^HE following notes, in the preparation of which defi- -»- nitions and statements of usage have been drawn freely from the standard grammars and dictionaries, are intended to aid the student in beginning the study of the I^atin parti- cles. His principal books of reference for this subject must be Harpers' Latin Dictionary and Riddle and Arnold's Eng- lish-Latin Lexicon. Much useful information may be gath- ered from the following Latin grammars : Allen and Green- ough, §§ 148-158 ; Roby, §§ 2193-2257 ; Madvig, §§ 432- 462 ; Zumpt, §§ 331-358. To the advanced student Drae- ger's Historische Syntax offers a very valuable thesaurus of classified examples. It is important that the student observe for himself the actual Latin usage, and collect examples from the author whom he is reading. As a practical aid, in this work, alternate pages of the Notes have been left blank for manuscript additions. Figures enclosed in parentheses refer to sections of the De Senedute; if preceded by S., they refer also to Stickney's Commentary. R.= Roby. M.= Madvig. Z. = Zumpt. A. and G. = Allen and Greenough. Cornell University, March, 1888. Digitized by Microsoft® ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS. ADVERSATIVE. "Adversative conjunctions contrast the meaning, while they connect the sentences." R. § 2208. They often in- troduce sentences grammatically independent. Ast, an old form of at, is found in legal language, Vir- gil, and post-classical poets. At (S. 21, 35, 68), but, on the contrary, introduces a statement either sharply antithetical (54, cf. \-] at vero), or simply different, but with emphasis (49). It often in- troduces an anticipated objection, but one may say, or the answer to such objection, but I reply (33, 65). Atqui {at -\- qui = but any how) (S. 6, 59) is an em- phatic at, but yet, (81). It sometimes introduces a fresh step in argument (66). Autem, on the other hand, however, is a weak adversa- tive, indicating contrast or transition rather than contra- diction. Its position is usually second, rareh- third in its clause. It is used in contrasts (i, 34, 36 note quidem . autem = yUfV . Se 70, 83) ; in transition (3) ; in parenthe- sis (7) ; in successive steps of reasoning (71) ; to throw emphasis on pronouns (4, 8, 17). Sed (S. 2, 56, 69, 80), in its full meaning, contradicts or limits a preceding statement. It often merely indicates transition to a new subject or resumption of an old one (2, 32, 56, 67, 69); after negatives it limits or cor- rects the preceding statement (i, 17, 79, 84). Notice its use after a negative to introduce a strengthened state- ment, especially with etiam : nbn solum . . sed etiani (12, Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® 28, .64, 75) ; '1^°''^ modo . . sed etiam (2, 17, 21, 25, 37, 44. 51, 59, 61) ; nee solum . . sed etiam (77, 85). Cf. nbn modo . . verum etiam (9, 26, 57, 84). Verum, stronger than sed, decidedly corrects what has gone before, or serves for transition. Vero (S. 11), but in fad, however, is a strongly corrob- orative adversative. It is always placed after a word, on which it throws special emphasis. Notice the frequency of its use after personal pronouns (6,1 11, 32, 40, 46, 47, 80, 84). Tamen, nevertheless, yet, is used without any other par- ticle (16); with et, and for all that (i, 31); after a concessive particle, yet (44) ; after a conditional particle (38); with sed, nevertheless (5, 10, 32); after nee ^= sed nbn (13). Notice et tamen opposed to something omitted, and even if this were not so, yet (16). Etsi (S. 2), and yet, at the beginning of a sentence may correct a preceding statement (29). Quamquam corrective (S, i) has a similar use (9, 24, 47, 51- 69). Corrections may also be made by contradiction, nbn sed (3) ; and by substitution, aut potius (35). Quod contra, as regards which thing on thei contrary, whereas (84). OF AFFIRMATION AND CERTAINTY. CertO", with certainty, found only in the comic poets and sometimes in Cicero (i, 2). Carte, found in all writers, is sometimes strongly affirm- ative like certo, surely, certainly (11, 50, 66, 67, 74); but it is more commonly restrictive, this much certainly, i. e. at least (2, 6, 84). Ne (S. 33), roii, surely, is joined only with personal and demonstrative pronouns, and usually, as in (33), in- troduces an apodosis. Nempe (nam+pe), assuredly (Cic. Kin. 4, 15, 41). Nimirum (nl-\- m'lruni), doubtless, introduces an asser- tion as indisputable. It is often used in irony (Cic. Brut. 21, 82). Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Profecto {pro + factum), assuredly, certainly (13, 43)- Qui, old ablative of the indefinite pronoun, somehow, surely. It is used by the ante-classical writers with par- ticles of emphasis and assurance. (Plant. Mil. 779)- I" classical I,atin it is seen only in atqul and quippe. Quidem (S. 2, 10, 11, 26, 83), indeed, to be sure, at least, is always postpositive, emphasizing the preceding word or contrasting it with others. It is generally attached to pronouns, even when another word is to be emphasized (M. § 489, b.) It is often restrictive or concessive, especially when followed by sed or autem. It sometimes corresponds to jjiiv as aiitem does to Se (36). For the use oi ne . . quidem see Negative particles. Equidem, certainly, to be sure, as far as I am concerned, is generally used with a verb of the first person singular (21, 25, 26, 28, 32, 83). Quippe, in fact, for in fact, is a corroborative particle often used with causal particles and relatives (Nep. praef. 4, Dion 2, 3). Saltern restrictive = «rfe, at least. bane intensive or restrictive, well, truly, doubtless, very, indeed, to be sure (6, 16, 83, 84). Scilicet {scire licet = you may be sure), naturally, evi- dently, of course (26). It is often used in irony. Videlicet (videre licet=\t is easy to see), evidently, clear- ly (20, 44). lyike scilicet, it is sometimes ironical. Utique (uti-\-que), a restrictive particle of confirmation, any how, at all events, especially (Nep. Epam. 2, 3). Vero, in truth, surely (59). Distinguish carefully the adversative use. CAUSAL. Quod (S 7), accusative of respect of the relative pro- noun (cf hoc . quod 60), introduces a definite and con- clusive reason (Z. § 346). It takes the indicative, like quia, quoniam, and quando, except in indirect discourse (7, 15, 44). Notice its use in (39), with Stickney's note. For the use of quod with miror see (3, 4, 43). Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® — 7 — Quia (S. 13), probably accusative plural' of respect, has the same meaning as quod causal, giving an objective reason (9, 13, 44, 45, 78). Quoniam {quom + iam) gives the ground or motive, i. e. a subjective reason (6, 44, 56, 59, 84). Quando, literally when, transferred to the idea of cause = quoniam. This use is rare except in lyivy, the poets, and late writers. Si quidem (S. 39), if indeed, since, denotes a reason implied in a concession which has been made (41, 56). Cum : — For cum causal and cum concessive, see the spe- cial treatment of the «z that case, in that way, so, early assumed the force of a relative, and may be correlative with a demonstrative, e'. g. ita . . si, on this condition . . if (S. 38). More fre- quently it has no correlative, and introduces a condition on the fulfillment of which the truth of the apodosis de- pends. The condition may be fact-assuming, either pres- ent, past, or future, in which case the indicative mode is Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® used (i, 3, 6, 38, 49, 71) ; or ideal in the future, in which case the primary tenses of the subjunctive are employed (83) ; or ideal in the present or past, and therefore contrary to fact, in which case the secondary tenses of the sub- junctive are employed (4, 7, 8, 19, 80). Nisi, unless, introduces an exception to a general state- ment (6, II, 19, 21, 36, 52). After nihil aliud, etc., nisi = but. In the combinations nisi forte, nisi verb, nisi is usu- ally ironical (18, 33). Rarely nisi is adversative = only that, but, however (Caes. B. G. 5, 13). Ni as a conditional particle = raz«, and is especially fre- quent in legal language and in poetry (35, 67, 82). Si non, if not, introduces a negative protasis, emphasis being thrown on non. Notice the difference between me- ■moria minuitur nisi earn exerceas and memoria minuitur si earn non exerceas. Sin (si+ne), but if, if on the other hand, is generally found in the second member of an alternative sentence, with SI preceding (85). Etiam si conditional (21). Quod si, touching which matter if, serves to connect the condition with what has gone before. The relation may be adversative, but if (46, 48), or not, now if, and if (85). OF COMPARISON AND SIMIIr, considering (12). In formal comparisons the wZ-clause is regularly followed by a corresponding clause with sic or ita , instead of similarity, the thought involved in the comparison xn&y be that of contrast, opposition, or con- cession (i, 26, 36, 38, 48, 65). In an abridged comparison the correlative sic or ita may precede (10, 81). Notice similes . . ut si (17), sic ut cum (71). Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® — 9 — Sicut is common in condensed comparisons without a separate verb (2, 14, 46, 47, 65). It sometimes introduces a term of comparison = tamquam. Velut, as, as it were, introduces comparisons, regularly without a correlative (Nep. Hann. i, 3). Velut (si), just as if, introduces hypothetical compara- tive clauses. For the mode and tense of these clauses, which have the form of ideal future conditions, see A. and G. § 312. This construction with velut si is not found in Cicero (Caes. B. G. i, 32). Quasi {quam + si), as if, as it were, is rarely used in the comparison of two facts =m/ (71). Usually it is em- ployed, like velut si and tamquam, to join an assumed comparison to the main thought A correlative ita or sic may or may not accompany it (12, 82). The comparison may be expressed in participial form (26). Quasi often stands before a word that is used figuratively (5, 47, 51, 52, 77, 83). With a participle quasi may assume a causal signification (22). Tamquam (Jam. + quam,), as much as, as if, as it were, has nearly the same range of uses as quasi. Introducing hypothetical comparisons, it may be followed by si (6). Tam.quam with participle (49) ; with single words or phrases accompanied by ita (35, 84) ; without correlative (5. 36. 37, 64, 70, 83) ; with metaphorical expressions (49, 53. 85). COPULATIVE OR ADDITIVE. "Copulative conjunctions are those which connect both the .sentences and their meaning." R. § 2194. Et (S. 2, 13, 25) simply connects coordinate words or sentences. Notice that the Roman seldom said et nihil, et nullus, et mimquam, but used instead 7iec quidquam, tiec iillus, nee umquam. After an affirmative clause, a necra- tive clause carrying out the .same thought is introduced by et (-que, dc), where the English idiom leads us to ex- pect an adversative particle (28 et= sed tamen). In the enumeration of a .series, each member is connected with the Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® preceding by a conjunction (54), or no conjunction is used (23, 52, 56), or -que is added to the last member. Et some- times = etiam, also. -Que, enclitic = Gr. re, Skt. ca, often has the same force as et. It is used as a close connective, adding the second member as a supplement to the first, or uniting two words into a pair. Notice the use of a conjunction when the cognomina only of the consuls are given in dates (10, 14, 50), otherwise asyndeton (41). Atque (S. 13) lays slightly greater stress on the second member=ara(f besides (12, 13, 36, 43). A shorter form, ac, is used only before consonants. After words of likeness and unlikeness, aequus, similis, idem, alius, etc., atque and dc are used with a comparative force = as, than. Jam, further (56, 80). The place of copulative tonj unctions is often filled by the repetition of a word common to all the members (15, 23, 27, 40, 41. 58, 72)- Etiam and quoque, and also, with or without copula- tive conjunctions, add something new or important. Quoque follows the emphatic word (36, 46). Etiam generally pre- cedes the emphatic word (8, 16, 28, 46, 66, 76, etc.), but it sometimes stands after it (46, 56, 67, 72, 83). CORRELATIVE COPULATIVES. Et . . et (S. 2), both . and, connects with emphasis on both members (i, 2, 10, 34, 37, 50). This use of et is not restricted to two members. -Que . -que is the regular connective of a double rela- tive, but is elsewhere rare, except in poetry (i). Cum . . turn throws slight emphasis on the second mem- ber (4, 43, 53, 65). Turn . . turn = at one time . . at another time (7, 45). lam . iam is found with the same meaning:. For non solum . . verum etiam, etc., see Adversative par- ticles. Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® DISJUNCTIVES. "Disjunctives connect the sentences, but disconnect their meaning." R. § 2216. Aut indicates that the difference between the conceptions or propositions is real. It is used when the alternatives are mutually exclusive or merely different. After negatives and in questions implying a negative, it continues the ne- gation (17, 50, 57, 61). Aut . aut gives special distinctness to the alternative, and is generally used of things mutually exclusive (31, 66, 67, 74). Notice the use of aut potius in correction of an ex- pression (35).- Vel (old imperative of volo^take your choice) and its enclitic form -ve indicate that the difference is not real, but thought or willed, i. e. is one of expression rather than essence. Vel vel emphasizes the difference (55). Vel and -ve are used in subordination to aut (57, see two examples). Vel=even is used, especially with superlatives, when the first alternative is omitted (4, 15, 75). Sive {s&vi) = vel si sometimes introduces an alternative condition, but it is more commonly a mere disjunctive par- ticle, indicating that the distinction is arbitrary or unimpor- tant (40). Seu potius is used in corrections. DEGREE. Ita, so, often correlative with ut (35, 75). Sic, so, correlative with ut (4). Tarn, so, so much, a demonstrative adverb often correl- ative with quam (40, 59) ; or followed by a consecutive clause with ut or qui (24) ; or without correlative expressed (13)- Tantum, so much, only so m.uch, merely, often correlative with quantum or ut (33, 36, 48). Multum, accusative of extent, much (38). Multo, ablative of measure of difference, by far, is used with comparatives (36, 67). Plus, originally more of quantity (27, 83). Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Magis (^magius), more of degree (lo, 36, 45, 48). Maxime, most (66). Magno opere, literally with great labor, greatly, is used chiefly with verbs (44). Quam, how, is interrogative and relative (22, 35, 59)- Valde [valide), strongly, very (83). Nimis («z + MA), beyond measure, excessively (31). Parum, cognate with parvus, not sufficiently, too little (3, Nep. Att. 13, 6). Satis = sat, enough, sufficiently (2, 48). Paulum, accusative of extent, paulo, ablative of meas- ure of differ^ce, a little. Paululum, accusative of extent, paululo, ablative of measure of difference, a very little (33). Nihil, not at all (24). Cf n'equaquam, by no means (8), and neutiquam, in no wise (42). Minus, less (24). Paene, nearly, almost (14, 49, 78). Fere, about, approximately ; with negatives, hardly (24, 78). perme has the same meaning. Plane, completely, entirely, in opposition to paene (32, 66, 81). Omnino (S. 28, 45, 76), altogether and generally, as op- posed to partly (24, 34, 46, 48, 66, 67) ; in general (9, 76) ; in concessions followed by sed (28, 45). Praesertim, especially, particularly, adds an important argument or condition, often with cum or si (6, 74, 85). IflNAL AND CONSECUTIVE. Ut, {uti, utei, ^quotei), a locative of the interrogative- relative pronoun, is used in final and consecutive clauses both pure and substantive (42, 70 ; 83 ; 2, 4 ; 16, 38, 42, 52). It may be preceded by a correlative ita, sic, tarn, etc. (14, 35, 78). Notice the use of the final uf-clause in parenthesis (6, 24). A final clause may indicate the design with which a statement is made (55). In expressions of negative purpose ne is more common than ut ne, which is emphatic (52). For consecutive sentences the negative is 7ibn (36), Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® — 1-3 — Quo, apparently ablative of means and measure of differ- ence, is used in final clauses before a comparative (3, 41, 43)- Quominus {(juo minus) is used after verbs of forbidding, hindering, and opposing in both final and consecutive clauses. Quin {qui + ne) = qui non is used as a nominative case in consecutive clauses after general negatives and questions implying a negative (Cic. Ac. 2, 7 Quis est quin cemat quanta vis sit in sensibus ?) Quin {qui abl. + ne) is used after verbs and phrases of opposing, r^raining, neglecting, doubting, etc., if negative or interrogative implying a negative (31, 41, 78). Cf. the use of quin to correct a previous statement or to mark it as insufficient (63). INTERROGATIVES. Direct questions requiring an aflfirmative or a negative answer are generally introduced by interrogative particles. When these are omitted, a question expressed affirmatively expects a negative answer, and vice versa (15, 66). -Ne enclitic, properly not, is appended to the first word of its clause. When this is a verb, -ne sometimes implies an affirmative answer (31), but commonly -ne makes no impli- cation whatever. In indirect questions -ne is to be trans- lated whether (47). Nonne {nbn-\-ne) implies an affimative answer. It is used regularly only in direct questions (82, 83). Num, properly now, in direct questions, implies a neg- ative answer (19, 21, 23, 33, 56, 76) ; in indirect questions it makes no implication, and is to be translated whether (22). In disjunctive or alternative questions the first member is introduced bj'^ utrum or -ne, or left without any interrog- ative sign ; and the second member is introduced by an {anne) or, in dependent questions of which the first member has no interrogative particle, by -ne (33). An (S. 15, 23, 29, 82) frequently introduces the second member of an alternative question, of which the first mem- Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® — 14 — ber is omitted or is put in another form. It then puts a needless or unreasonable question, as if the speaker were driven to it, and its effect is often to meet an anticipated objection. Anne (82 Kelsey's ed.) is rare, being used like an in the second member, of an alternative question. Haud scio an and nescio an in Cicero express an in- clination to an aflSrmative opinion (56, 73). In later writers they express mere ignorance or doubt. Necne and an non = or not. Tandem and enclitic -nam, e. g. quisnam, appended to interrogative pronouns and adverbs give a tone of impa- tience or peremptoriness to the question (72, Nep. Them. 2). Cf. the use of ut (ante-classical) and utinam (uti + nam) in expressions of wish (19, 85). OF EXPLANATION OR GROUND. Nam, for, gives the ground of a preceding statement, or a mere explanation, like the English namely. It stands first in its clause (7, 11, 36, 55, 77, 85). £nim (S. 7, 19, 39, 77) (e + nam') has practically the same meaning as nam, but stands after the first word of its clause, or after two or three closely connected words. It often introduces a corroborative statement = in fact, or a confirming example (i, 3, 37, 38, 41, 51). Etenim (S. 15) and namque (cf. uai yap) =for truly, are closer connectives than nam and enim, and are more restricted in use. They regularly stand at the beginning of the sentence (31, Lael. 19). OF CONSEQUENCE. Ergo, {e rego, proceeding from, this direction), therefore, is employed principally to introduce a logical consequence (34, 44, 47, 76). Notice its use in argumentative question- ing (15), and in resuming an interrupted train of thought (55)._ Igitur (S. 45) then, therefore, is a weaker ergo, and is used mostly in logical inference. It is especially frequent Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® — 15 — after num in interrogations, and has the same resumptive force as ergo. Its place is regularly second or third in the sentence (34, 35, 44, 50, 58, etc.) Itaque, and so, under these circumstances, consequently, stands first in its clause C32, 34, 67, 71). Note. — Ergo, igitur, itaque, cannot be subjoined to a copulative particle ; and therefore^ propterque earn causam, not et igitur. \&.cvczo, for that reason, generally corresponds to a causal sentence (33). Quocirca,, relative, for which reason (5, 41). Notice hoc . . quod (60). , Inde, thence, of place, time, and (rarely) circumstances, i. e. thence, thereupon, therefore. Hinc, hence, of place and cause. Proinde, XyioxaMy forth from thence, of manner =/«.?/ .yo, tised, e. g. in proinde ac si, just as if ; of consequence ^ hence, accordingly. Quare, relative, wherefore (81). Ideo, for that reason (Nep. Ale. 9, 5). Propterea, on that account (Ivael. 6). Quapropter, on which account (Cic. Caecin. 27, 78), NEGATIVE. The shortest and most simple form of the Latin negative is ne {ni), which is seen in ne . . qtiidem, neque, nefas, ne- quam, nlmirum-, quin, etc. "A negative which denotes a will, wish, or design, is ex- pressed by ne." M. § 456. Non, older form noenum (10) ^ne+Hnum (cf. Eng. not = naught = no whit), is the ordinary particle of negation. Neque (nee) is conjunction as well as adverb. It is fol- lowed by an affirmative pronoun or adverb, whereas in Eng- lish we use and followed by a negative (10, nee alii 29, nee umquam 32). Neque is generally used instead of non when enim, tamen, or verb follows (13, 70, 83). Cf. non lubet enim (84), in which emphasis is given to the negation. To Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® — i6 — introduce negative clauses of command, purpose, etc. , espe- cially after ut or n'e, neve (neu) is used instead of neque (Caes. B. G. 2, 21). The formal union of two or more negative members is de- noted by neque {nee) . neque (nee) (8, 57). If the first member is affirmative, we have et . . nee (7). If the second member is affirmative, we have nee . . et (51, 53). Notice the omission of non after non modo (S. 34). Two negatives coming together make an affirmative (29). Notice the difference between nonnumquam = sometimes, in- definite affirmation, and num.quam non = always, universal affirmation. In (S. 9) ne . quidem after numquam does not make an affirmation, but brings forward prominently a single idea subordinate to the general negation. So in (24) the general negative num,quam is repeated distributively by non . . non . . non. Ne . . quidem (S. 76), enclosing the emphatic word, signifies also not, not . . either, or, when giving prominence to the object of negation, not even (8, 27, 29, 69, 78). Haud (S. 83), not, is used with adjectives and adverbs, but rarely with verbs, except in the expression haud scio an (1,4, 15, 56, 73, 83). Nihil, (ne+ hiluin), in no respect, is sometimes used with verbs in place of non (24). Nullus {ne+iillus) is used in colloquial language in agreement with the noun as a strong negative in place of non (67, 79)- Nequaquam (8), baudquaquam = ^ no means, and neutiquam (42) = in no wise, are strong negatives. Minus, especially in the phrase si minus, is used in a softened negation (Cic. Div. i, 14). Minima in replies is an emphatic negative := wo^ at all, by no means. Wvx. ^almost not, scarcely. Parum = but little, not sufficiently. Male attached to an adjective often gives it an opposite meaning, e. g. male sanus^ insanus. Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® — 17 — TEMPORAL. Ante, before, adv. of space and time (6i). Antea, temporal, before, aforetime, formerly. Antequam, relative, sooner than, before. Adhuc, until now, expresses duration of time down to the present moment (28, 32). Etiam nunc, even at this time, does not properly con- tain the idea of duration, but answers to the question when f It takes up time where adhuc leaves it. Quando, when, is interrogative, relative, and (after si, ne, num) indefinite (38, I,ael. 67). Quando causal ==■ since. (I/iv. 9, 8). Aliquando, at some time or other, sometimes = nbnnum- quam, (35), at length (71). Interdum, now atid then (i). Interea = interim., m,eanwhile. Cum {quom') is always a relative conjunction, frequently correlative with turn. lam (S. 56, 72), now, already, presently, implies transi- tion or contrast. The following are some of its principal uses : iam = already (2) ; contrasted with a previous time (27, 33; 10, 12, 27, 31, 47; 51, 76); iam=presently (3); with a negative = no longer (38) ; in reference to the im- mediate past (61) ; iam= sooner than could be expected (78) ; in transition to a new subject (45) ; in transition to a new point in argument (72, 74) ; adding a new particular =yMr- therm.ore (56). Iam vero (S. 80) marks transition with emphasis. Iam diu, a long time already (18). See A. and G. § 276 a. Nunc (num -f ce'), the present tim.e, either contrasted with past or future time or absolute (i, 10, 14, 18, 27). Venio nunc, introducing a new subject (51). Dum (not properly a relative h\i.\.= the while), when meaning as long as, signifies that the two actions are co- extensive, and takes the indicative except in oratio obliqua (77. 79. 85 ; 41 ) 80). Dum, when meaning while, indicates Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® that during the progress of the action of the dum-clanse the main act begins, and it takes, the historical present tense (lyiv. 21, 7). Other tenses are rare (Nep. Hann. 2, 4). Dum meaning ttniil gives the terminus ad quern for the main act, and takes the indicative if a fact serving as the actual boundary of an action is to be expressed ; the subjunctive, if design or anticipation is to be expressed (Cic. Verr. I. 6, 16, lyael. 44). Dum of proviso (cf Eng. so long as) takes the subjunctive (Cic. Catil. i, 5, Rose. Am. 119). In this use dum is often strengthened by modo, and may be replaced by modo alone (22, 33, 70). Dudum {diu + dum), a while ago, indicates a time more or less remote. With iam (iam dicdum^ it means now for a while, now for some time. Diu (cognate with dies), a long time, long (13, 25, 32). Saepe, often (7, 14) ; strengthened by numero (4). Frequens, repeated, frequent (44) ; in agreement with a noun instead ci frequenter (38). Semper, always (56). Umquam, ever, used in conditions, questions, and espe- cially with ne^ltives (8, 13, 32). Numquam {ne -\- umquam^ , never (2, 4, 11, 24, 51). Hodie (Jibe -\- die), to-day, at the present tim.e (34). Cot\d^^& quot-\- dies) , daily, every day (46). In dies {in-\- dies), from day to day, daily (45, 50). Iterum, again, a second time (11). -< Vicissim {yicis), again, in turn (46, 57). Modo {m,odtis) (K. I,ael. 6), just now, lately, generally of time more recent than that indicated by nUper (but cf. 27 and 61) (14, 27). Nuper {novum -\- per), lately, formerly (61). Quondam {quom-\- dam), at one time, once, generally of the past, but used also of the indefinite present and the future (62). Olim (locative of olus=ille), at that time; hence, of the past, once upon a time, formerly ,- of the future, one day (Cic. Div. II. 25, 55, Plant. Trin. 523; Verg. Aen. i, 203). Antehac, aforetime, in time past. Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® — 19 — Turn, demonstrative, at that time, either alone (22) or corresponding to cum relative (59, 69). From the temporal meaning of turn is derived the additive, in which it is used either singly =^further, besides (54), or correlative with tw»« =: not only but also (4, 43, 53, 65). Turn . . turn, at one time . at another time (7, 45). Porro (S. 43), further on in space or time, reckoned in either direction, backward or forward. Prime usually means in the beginning (53). Primum, first (iir a series) (4, 48). Deinde {de-\- inde), thereafter, next (10, 53); in a series, secondly (4, 48). Finally in enumerations is postremo. Denique, finally, lastly, ending a period or a series (33, 40) ; used with tum,''= demum, (82). Post, behind, after, of jjlace and time (10). Postquam impost . . quam), after that, after (10). Postea (^post-\- ea), thereafter, afterwards. Usque, all the way, or all the time, to or from a certain limit (38, 50, 60, 70). Used alone iisque of time signifies constantly, ever (Hor. Odes i, 17, 4). Quoad, as long as, as much as, is followed by the in- dicative (11); but notice the subjunctive with the gener- alizing second person singular (72). Quoad meaning until, like donee, takes the indicative or the subjunctive accord- ing to the rule given for dum. \it temporal, as, wheniljiv. 21, 11), is regularly followed by the indicative historical perfect or historical present. The same rule applies to postquam, ubi temporal, simulatque (sim.uldc), ut primum, and cum primum.. Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® INDEX. Ac adhuc aliquando an an non anne ante antea antehac antequam ast at atque atqui aut aut . . aut aut potius autem certe certo contra cotidie cum (quom) cum. primum cum . . tum deinde denique diu donee dudum dum dummodo enim equidem ergo et et . . et et . . nee et tamen etenim etiam etiam nunc etiam si etiamsi etsi fere ferme frequeus frequenter PAGE. 10 baud 17 baud scio an 17 13 14 haudquaquam hinc hodie 14 17 17 18 17 idcirco ideo igitur in dies inde 4 interdum 4 interea 10 4 II interim ita ita.. . si II 5 4 itaque iterum iam 5 iam . . iam 5 iam diii 5 iam vero 18 17, 7 magis 19 10 magno opere male maxime 19 minime 19 minus 18 mode 19 multd 18 multum 17 18 nam -nam 14 namque 6 ne 14 9. 15 10 16 -ne ne (neg.) ne (corrob.) ne . . quideni 5 nee 14 nee . et 10, 4 nee . . nee 17 nee solum 8 nee tamen 7 necne 7, 5 nempe nequaquam 12 neque 12 18 neque . . neque nescio an 18 neu PAGE. 16 14 16 15 18 15 15 14 18 15 17 17 17 iS 17 17 16 12, 16 14 14 14 15 13 15, 12 5 16 15 16 16 5 5 ■4 5 16, 12 15 16 r4 16 Digitized by Microsoft® tieutiquatn neve ni nihil nuuiruni nimis nisi non non modo non solum nonne nonuumquam nuUus nuni numquam numquam non . nunc nuper olini omnino paene parum paulo paululo paululuni paulum plane " pliis porro post postea postquani postrenio praesertim prinio primuni profecto proinde propterea quam quamquam quamvis quando quapropter quare quasi -que -que . qui quia quidem quin quippe quo quoad, quocirca •quod que PAGE. l6, 12 quod contra l6 quod SI 8 quom 12, l6 quominus 5 quondam 12 quoniam 8 quoque 15, 12 saepe (nuniero) 5 saltern 4 sane 13 satis (sat) 16 scilicet i6 sed 13 i8 l6 sed etiam sed tamen semper 17 i8 seu seu potius iB si 12 si non si quidem 12 sic 12, l6 sicut 12 simulatque (simulac) 12 sin 12 sive (seu) 12 solum 12 tarn 11 tamen 19 tametsi 19 tamquam 19 tandem 19 tantura 19 tutn 12 tum . . turn 19 19 6 tum denique ubi 15 umquani 15 iisque ut 12 ut cum 7, 5 ut ne 7 ut primum 17,7 utinam 15 utique 15 utrum 9 valde 10 -ve 10 vel 6 vel . . vel 7 velut 6, 7 velut si 13 vero 6 verum 13 verum etiam 19 vicissim 15 videlicet 6 vix 13 18 18 6 6,7 12 6 ■t 4 5 18 9 19 5 7 9 14 II 19 10, 19 19 19 18 19 12, 14, 19 19 14 II 9 9 5,6 5 5 18 6 16 Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® ^ DEPARTMENT OF LATIN— CORNELL IfNIVERSITY. BXBRCISBS IN THB \SrRn^ING OF I^ATTIN r FOR THE USE OR THE PRESHMAN CLASS IN CORJSTEH UNIVERSITY. A. C. WHITB. ITHACAj ' 1888. ■'?":; Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® DEPARTMENT OF LATIN— CORNELL UNIVERSITY. KXKRCISKS IN THE ^WRI^ING OF IvATIN FOR THB USE OP THE FRESHMAN CLASS IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY. A. C. WHITE. ITHACA, ANDRUS & CHURCH, 1888. Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® 'T^IIE work of writing L,atiii in Cornell University is carried on throughout the freshman year. It is closely connected with the reading and grammatical drill of the class, and is not to be regarded as an adequate prep- aration for turning all kinds of English composition into I^atin. The student is expected to master the vocabulary, idioms, and constructions of every reading lesson so as to be able, in review, to translate the entire lesson at hearing,, as read slowly and distinctly by the instructor or a fellow- student. At the beginning of this exercise, which usually occupies the first ten minutes of the hour, six students are sent to the blackboard with slips of paper containing Eng- lish sentences to be translated into I,atin. These involve only, such words and idioms as have already occurred in the regular class work, and are carefully adapted to test and develop a practical knowledge of fundamental gram- matical principles. At the close of the oral review exercise,, the sentences on the blackboard are criticized and corrected,, if need be, by members of the class. A piece of connected English of moderate length is also assigned weekly as an exercise in Eatin compo-sition. A Latin version is to be written in ink, with the utmost legibility and neatness, on the left page of a book provided for the purpose. The exercise, after careful inspection by the instructor, is returned with criticisms of forms, syntax,, idioms, and word-order, to be recopied on the opposite page. It has been found convenient to mark mistakes of form by a blue line, of syntax by a red line, in idiom or choice of words by a circle, and in word-order by dotted lines or numerals. The most important and valuable criti- cism is 'that which the earnest student be.stows upon his own work before putting it into the hands of his instructor. Every student is required to own and use Harpers' Latin Dictionary and Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar. The most impo-rtant rules for the pronunciation of Latin are Digitized by Microsoft® — 4 — given in the Cornell University Register, 1887-8, p. 133. The true quantity of every vowel should be distinctly given in pronunciation, and in writing Latin every long vowel should be marked by a horizontal stroke above. Diphthongs and short vowels may be left unmarked. Unless the stu- dent is already familiar with the so-called rules for the quantity of vowels in final and penultimate syllables, A. & G. §§ 348-353, he should learn A. & G. § 18, read the foot- note on page 267, and review the tables of inflectional end- ings, §§ 34, 118. Harpers' Dictionary indicates the quan- tity of vowels followed by a single consonant in any syllable except the ultima of a word of more than one syllable. When a syllable is marked as common it is understood that its vowel is short. There remains the case of vowels in syllables long by position, upon whose quantity no light is thrown by Harpers' Dictionary. We are not told, e. g., whether the e of rectus is long or short. The true quanti- ties of such doubtful vowels are indicated, so far as they have been ascertained, in the vocabularies appended to Allen's Latin Composition, Allen and Greenough's Caesar and Cicero, Greenough's Virgil, and Lindsay's Nepos. The only accessible manual which attempts to give the quantities of all doubtful vowels is Marx's Hiilfsbuchlein fur die Aussprache der lateinischen Vokale hi positionslangen Silben, Berlin, 1883. For the convenience of the student the most useful rules for the quantities of the doubtful vowels are printed at the end of this pamphlet, together with a list, derived from Marx's manual, of all the common Latin words in which long vowels are followed by two or more consonants. The exercises in the writing of Latin during the fall term are taken mostly from the English-Latin part of Lind- say's Nepos. Twenty-five specimens of the longer exer- cises assigned in the winter and spring terms are given in this pamphlet. Of these a few are borrowed from the Oxford Local Examination Papers, and seven are adapted from Schmalz's Deutsche Vorlagen ztim Uebersetseti ins Lateinische, Tauberbischofsheim, 1886. Digitized by Microsoft® EXBRCISKS. 'After the kings had been driven from the city, the Ro- mans first took up arms for liberty^ ForPorsena, king of the Etrurians, was at hand' with a vast' army, and attempting to restore* the Tarquins by force. Though pressed by arms aiii famine, they held out against* him, and at last struck^ him with such wonder, that he made a treaty of friendship with them. of his own accord. Then occurred' those mar- vels' achieved' byHoratius Mutius and Cloelia, which at this day would appear idle tales, unless they w^re in the records. 'Use either posiguam, cum, or the ablative absolute ; ^adesse ; Hn- gens ; *reducere ; ^sustinere ; 'admiratione percellere ; ''evenire ; ^miraculum ; ^edere. II. While Sulla was overcoming Mithridates in Achaia and Asia, Marius, who had been driven into exile, and Corne- lius Cinna, one of the consuls, renewed the war in Italy, 'and having entered the city of Rome, put to death the most noble of the senators and men of consular rank, proscribed many, and drove the wife and children of Sulla himself into exile. All the rest of the senate,'^ flying from the city, came to Sulla, in Greece,' beseeching him to help his countr5^ He crossed over into Italy, in order to carry on* a civil war against the consuls and Scipio. 'Begin a new sentence witii qui cum, using one principal verb, "drove;" "do not use the genitive; 'ace. or abl.? ^consider how many ways of expressing purpose are possible. Digitized by Microsoft® — 6 — III. Thus the enemy surprised' the city, now ahnost in ruins, and pressed' the besieged with famine. Broken by these disasters," the Athenians sued for peace ; but it was long debated between the Spartans and their allies whether peace ought to be granted them. Many were of opinion that the nJirae of the Athenians ought to be blotted out, and their city burnt with fire.* But the Spartans refused to pluck out^ one of the two eyes of Greece, and promised peace if the Athenians would pull down their walls towards the Piraeus, and deliver up their remaining ships. ' Opprimere, cum-cXaxLse or abl. abs. ; ''urgere ; ''■malum ; Hncen- dio consumere ; ^eruere. IV. Never yet had there met together' Roman forces greater (than these), or with better generals. They fought, how- ever, with the greatest resolution' ; and at last Pompeius was conquered, and his camp was sacked. He himself being put to flight, made for* Alexandria, in order to receive help from the king of Egypt, to whom, on account of his youthful age, he had been a.ssigned as guardian by the Senate. And he killed Pompeius, and sent his head and ring to Cassar,* and on beholding it, it is said that Caesar shed tears. 'Convenire in uniitn ; ''acriter ; ^petere ; 'who, after that he beheld it, is said, etc. V. Among the most ancient Litin writers were Quintus Fa- bius Pictor and Lucius Cincius Alimentus, who were both of mitare age' before Hannibal invaded Italy. Fabius fought' in the war against the Gauls, rose to be a senator," and was sent to consult* the Delphic oracle after the disaster of Cannse. "Cincius was a few years younger; he also be- came a senator. At one time he fell into the hands of Han- nibal, and some of his statements about the war were de- Digitized by Microsoft® rived from the lips of the great Carthaginian himself. Both these authors wrote chronicles of the Second Punic War. ^grandis naiu ; ^militare ; ^senatorium gradum consequi ; *scisci- tari ; Tut Cincius Carthaginian himself va. the form of aperi- odic sentence. VI. When the Senate was informed that it was Hannibal's intention' to cross the Alps, it was at once resolved to send the consul Publius Scipio with an army and fleet to Gaul. Had he arrived with his fleet before Hannibal had left Spain, he might perhaps have stopped his progress ; but the Romans, who were not aware' of the strength of their enemy, lost time*; and moreover, their army consisted for the most part of inexperienced recruits. As it turned out Hannibal had made himself master of Spain as far as the Pyrenees, before the Roman fleet under Scipio set sail from Italy. 'Make Senatus the subject of the sentence; Hn animo habere ; ^ignorare ; 'tempus terere. VII. Matters being in this state, the Senate met and sent mes- sengers to Cinna and Marius to invite them into the city, and to entreat them to spare the citizens. Cinna, as consul, sitting in his chair of office,' received the messenger and sent a kind answer. Marius, however, who stood by the consul's chair, indicated" by his gloomy look that he in- tended to fill Rome with slaughter. After^ the dismissal of the messengers, they marched to the city. Cinna en- tered accompanied by his soldiers, but Marius, halting* at the gates, pretended that he was unwilling to enter ; he said he was an exile, and excluded from his country by a law, and if anybody wished to have him in the city, they must" go to the vote' again and undo' the law by which he had been banished. "^ sella curulis; "significare ; 'abl. abs./ 'consistere ; ^necesse esse ; 'suffragium inire ; 'abrogare. Digitized by Microsoft® — 8 — VIII. However great were the abilities of Alcibiades, it is uni- versally agreed that no Athenian ever inflicted such injuries upon his native country. By his advice and influence the Athenians declared war against the Syracusans, in which they lost not only a great fleet and much money, but also many thousands of their fellow-citizens. Having been con- demned on the ground that he had committed sacrilege,' Alcibiades fled to Sparta, and advised the Lacedaemonians to seize and fortify Decelea, a town in Attica. Afterwards he falsely persuaded the Athenians that he could gain for them the aid of the Persian king, by which means he brought it about that he was recalled from exile. ''sacra violare. IX. Thucydides believed that if the Athenians had not fought at Salamis, all Greece would have been conquered by the Persians. Nor were the services of Themistocles less in peace than in war. For when the Spartans tried to prevent the Athenians from surrounding the Piraeus with walls, he went himself as an ambassabor to Sparta, and kept putting oS" the time of meeting their magistrates until the walls should be high enough for protection. Yet he did not es- cape the jealousy of his fellow-citizens, but died in exile. X. About ten years after the death of King Philip, Aemilius Paullus, the consul, fought with Perseus on the third of September, and defeated him, twenty thousand of his foot- soldiers being slain ; the cavalry with the king was un- touched ;' of the Romans, one hundred soldiers were lost. All the cities of Macedonia, which the king had held, sur- rendered^ to the Romans. The king himself, being deserted by his friends, came into the power of Paullus. In order that it might appear' that the Romans fought for equity more than for avarice, Paullus granted peace to the Mace- h Digitized by Microsoft® — 9 — donians on these terms,* that they should be free, and should pay^ half* the tribute' which they had paid to their own kings. Hnteger; He dedere ; Mpparere ; Hex; "praestare ; '^dimidium ; 'plxiral. XI. As the Lacedaemonians feared lest they should lose the hegemony' if the Athenians enclosed their city with walls, they sent ambassadors who were to ask the Athenians not only to cease fortifying their city but also to persuade the neighboring states to do the same, on the ground that the Persians would occupy all fortified towns. The Athenians replied, that they would send ambassadors to Sparta to explain''' their plans. When' Themistocles, who had under- taken the embassy, reached Sparta, he would not appear before the ephors until he thought that the walls were raised high enough for defense. Then he went to the mag- istrates of the lyacedaemonians, and told them plainly that in this matter they were consulting their own advantage rather than the safety of Greece. ^principatus ; ^exponere ; 'uf. XII. When Epaminondas was accused of having kept the command longer than was permitted by the laws, he made the following answer : " If I had not done this the whole army would have perished through the ignorance of the new leaders. But the laws, I think; were made not for the destruction but for the preservation of the state. Therefore I kept my command, and persuaded my colleagues to do the same, until Messene should be restored." Having said this, he a^ked only one thing of the judges : that it should be inscribed on his tomb that Epaminondas was punished with death by the Thebans because he had compelled them to conquer at Iv.| ¥ IVIicrosdft®-