rx'i'.. XS^ AS "IIS v; / aiarnell InittetBttg Hibtatg a^- a. THE GIFT OF Cf^a-c.c-T'v^)^-^^ Cornell University Library HD6995 .A5 1915 V.I Report of the Board. olin 1924 032 460 481 Cornell University Library The original of tinis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924032460481 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO COST OF LIVING REPORT OF THE BOARD VOLUME 1 OTTAWA. PRINTED -BY- J. de L. TACHI!, PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. 1915 BOARD OF INQUIHY COST OF LIVING REPORT OF THE BOARD VOLUME 1. OTTAWA PRINTElt) BY J. DE L. TACHE, PRINTER TO"THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY > 1915 82696—1 ^ ^ t)lfo 9 „ „ „ 75 00 11-6-1. COST OF L/T'/AG IN CANAt>A n T-( .-I o t-- « M o 52; o o o QO'^iO't* t- • I 58SS TftM ii?i CO ri cO in CO c ^ Sooocoooooo _. owooooooeoo ^.-1 ooeootH Wt-i(n .ON iH I-H CO O CD l>- oo. tnioooiooooo iOOr-.l>-OQOTpOOOiO o o c*32O o o r-:i-< O r-l TT (M C*S W^ C^ IM !?; CO (U 02 WW r-ti-< OL-CCC^«»flCDN CO < M is r I* rt O ■* CO^iN 5 *0 O 1ft 5«0 t* o O CD ,-t O ^ lO iO WOOOiCOlOC U5 l- tH r-( -TJ « ^w1 S IS :3 e .J2 br3 :1'C-'^ -11^.^ lis J3 « 3 £ ■ 3-0 rf-.g ucj B I « « - ■ k' S affe'S " ^ s o a bo ■s a. es *'a?r5 i; O OJ Was ■ a - u lU ' IH OJ l-l I = ^ fl fS o a ^ 10 BOARD OF ISQVIB7 INTO An in-restigation for the Britisli Board of Trade was made in 1911 into " Work- ing Class Eents, Housing and Eetail Prices, together •with the Eates of Wages in certain occupations in the Principal Industrial towns of the United States of America," and compared with conditions in the United Kingdom. The following extracts are taken from the introductory memorandum thereto:— One peculiarity shown by the budgets is the comparatively small consump- tion of baker's bread in the average Americaa working-class family, the con- sumption being Si pounds weekly per family as against 22 pounds in the United ^Kingdom, the place of bread being taken in the United States to some extent by rolls, cakes, biscuits, etc., on which the expenditure is about three times as great as that shown in the average British budget. On the other hand, the consumption of meat is much larger in the Umted States and the consumption of vegetables is also larger. TJie budgets indicate in general that the dietary of American working-class families is more liberal and more varied than that of corresponding families in the United Kingdom. The comparison of wages, hours of labour, rents and prices in the areas of investigation in the two countries has been made on the bases indicated above, and, as regards prices, on the same assumption as that made in the preceding inquiries, that an English workman with an average family maintained under American conditions the standard of consumption as r^ards food to which he had been accustomed. Under such conditions the workman's wages would be higher in the United States by about 130 per cent, with slightly shorter hours, while on the other hand his expenditure on food and rent would be higher by about 52 -pev cent. The detailed figures and argtmaent from which this con- clusion is deduced are stated on pages Iv to Ixxvi of this report, on which pages are further elaborated the qualifications to which any such comparison is necessarily subject. As conditions in the United States and Canada are much alike it is easy to see at a glance how the cost of production and of carrying on business in Canada is greater than in the United Kingdom. Eatio — ^Wages in the United Kingdom, 100 — in Canada .... 230 Eatio — Cost of living in the United Kingdom, lOD — in Canada. 152 Statistical memoranda, furnished by the Department of Labour, Canada, on con- ditions affecting the cost of living in Canada, are appended hereto, as follows: — Appendix No. 1. — Introduction. " 2.— Wholesale prices, Canada, 1890-1913. " 3. — ^Eetail prices, Canada, 1900-1913, with comparison of wholesale and retail prices in Canada, " 4. — Prices wholesale and retail in other coimtries. " 5. — ^Prices of services. 6. — ^Eents in Canada and in other "countries. " Y. — ^Wages in Canada and in other countries. The Board of Inquiry has not undertaken to deal in this report with other statis- tical data and memoranda on prices of securities, interest, monetary and financial conditions iu Canada, which have been gathered by the Department of Labour. In Appendix No. 39 will be found « Press Extracts as to cost of living in former times." COST OF LIVING IN CANADA III. MOVEMENT OF POPULATION FROM THE LAND. That products of the farm and food products have advanced much more rapidly than have manufactured articles is probably due to the fact that the demand has to some extent outgrown the production of such commodities. This condition has no doubt been brought about to a considerable extent by the ■withdra-wal from the farms of a large number of persons -who have become food consumers rather -than food producers. The following may be stated as the main reasons suggested for preference for city or town life: higher wages in the cities and towns; working on regular and shorter hours -with holidays; social advantages; better schools; amusements; the general desire of people to avoid isolation and to live where the crowds are. The folio-wing table shows the growth of urban population as compared -with rural population in Canada. This table of course, does not mean an exact classifica- tion of producers and consumers. Urban population includes all cities, 4owns and incorporated villages; all others are included under Tural population. There is some production of food in towns and villages, and some lines of food are completed or finished as foods in the urban centres. Further, and this is important, the exclusive wheat growers of the western provinces, who are numbered under rural population, are really consumers; since they buy , everything they require as food, even their flour. The removal of a mixed farmer from Ontario to a whdat farm in Saskatchewan changes him from a producer to a consumer, but he still remains in the rural class. EuRAL AND Urban Population of Canada in 1901 and 1911 by Provinces. Provinces. 1901. 1911. Total Population. Percentage Rural. Percentage Urban. Total Population. Percentage Rural. Percentage Urban. Prince Edward Island . . . Nova Scotia New Brunswick . . . <3uebec Ontario . , 103,259 459,574 331,120 1,648,898 2,182,947 255,211 91,279 73,022 178,657 27,219 20,129 85-52 71-85 76-66 60-20 57 12 72-39 80-77 71-76 49-52 66-41 100-0 14-48 28 15 23 34 39 80 42-88 27-61 19-23 28-24 50-48 33-59 93,728 492,338 351,895 2,003,332 2,523,274 455,614 492,432 374,663 392,480 8,512 18,481 84 03 62-20 71-71 51-55 47-35 56-02 73-32 62-12 48-10 54-59 100.0 15-97 37-80 28-29 48-45 52-65 Manitoba 43-98 Saskatchewan 26-68 Alberta British Columbia Tukon , Northwest territories 37-88 51-90 45-41 Canada ^ 5,371,315 62-36 37-64 7,206,643 54-47 45 53 IV. STANDAED OF LIVING— NECESSITIES AND LUXURIES. The demand for better conditions and the general advance of the standard of living throughout kO. the ranks of the population are manifestly most potent causes of the increase of the demand for commodities, and therefore of the advances of prices. 12 BOARD OF IXQIIRT JX'MO, The methods of living of our so-called plain people are on a much higher plane- than have existed in this coimtry at other times. The wants of the people have beeen multiplied and diversified on every side. They demand more and better things. Their requirements are larger, more varied and more- exacting. The movement is ■world-'wide, but perhaps its influence upon existing social conditions is no-where so strongly emphasized as in this Dominion, and in the United States of America. There is a measure of truth in the aphorism that the high cost of living is due- to the cost of high living and that our people live on a far more extravagant scalfr than ever before, but it is also true that food, raiment and ha))itation cost much more than heretofore. In itself the improvement in the standard of living is a sign of progress, but if not rationally guided and safeguarded the advance threatens to bring about a decline of the standard to a lower level. lu the discussion of the reasons leading to the increased cost of our manner of living, consideration must be given to the increased 'cost not only of necessities but also to the increased cost of luxuries. Take one of our latest large industries, the automobile, as more or less illustra- tive of this point. Statement of automobiles imported And manufactured during the year, for use in Canada — exclusive of automobiles of foreign and domestic manufac- ture exported from Canada during the year. Total value, $12,000,000. These figures are startling, especially when we consider that less than 10 per cent of all these cars are for industrial use, and that, over ninety per cent are essen- tially devoted to purposes of recreation. In the .development of the commercial car, the automobile industry is destined yet to be the source of great reproductive acti-vity, and an important agent in the "future production of wealth. The results of the automobile industry thus far, however, are largely repre- sented by the opportunity it affords for luxurious recreation. Eeasonable recreation and reasonable luxury may be necessary for modem pro- gress, but the price has to be paid and the bill is found in our high cost of living. INDUSTEIAL EFFICIENCY— SERVICE, PRODrCTIOJST. The opinion is widely shared throughout this Dominion that inefficient service- through lack of vocational training is one of the notdble causes which have brought about the recent advance in prices of commodities, and that the teaching in the public schools should be supplemented by courses in Yocational training, in order to promote and maintain industrial efficiency. The cost of production is affected by the supply and efficiency of service. The scarcity of trained farm labour at a reasorfable price has been the despair of the farmer. In the cities and towns the difficulty of obtaining efficient domestic service has been a leading cause in the transfer of families from commodious homes into con- tracted apartments. The "gospel of ease," preached from every platform, has permeated the national life of the Anglo-Saxon race and has had its influence in the formation of present conditions. COST OF LlVIXd ]\ CANADA 13 It is beyond question that productive efficiency is essential in the average citi- zen if he is to be capable of maintaining his ceonomie value in the community, and becoming and continuing socially and industrially a sustaining and helpful unit rather than a burden. The nations vphich have outstripped others in industry have done so by working harder, or rather, more efficiently. The man who works will beat the man who does •not. The spirit that has won success is the spirit of duty and work. The lessons of history teach be.yond dispute that a life of ease is 'not conducive to individual or national well-being. Work is the discipline of lif^, and when the neeessity arises, we should have the ■energy to respond to its call. With equal efficiency, no standard of living made possible by the wealth produced by ten hours of labour in the factory or on the farm could be maintained with fewer "hours, unless wages or the value of the product be iilcreased. In this Dominion we are proportionately working fewer hours than ever before, «nd we have a greater number of the inefficient and the idle in our midst. The result of proportionately fewer men working shorter hours with more valu- able land has been an increased cost for which labour-saving devices have not cotn- pensated. These are underlying economic conditions which through the law of sup- ply and demand have contributed to the increased cost of the necessities of life. The following extracts from the Massachusetts Eeport on the Cost of Living, 1910, are worthy of consideration as bearing to some extent on conditions in this ■country: — During the last five years, Massachusetts has been aroused to a realization of the inefficiency of its present educational' methods. The reorganization of the State Board of Education in Massachusetts, following the work of the Com- mission on Industrial Education, indicates that, in this State at least, we are on the road to remedy what evils may have grovm but of the old forms of educa- tion. Ever since the beginning of the public school system in Massachu- setts the school child has been headed for the arts and professions, in spite of the fact that only half of the pupils graduating from the elementary grades" enter the high schools, and approximately only 5 per cent finally enter college. The per capita cost of public school education has bpen advancing greatly. The teachers personally have not benefited, for their remuneration is practically unchanged; the money has been spent in the ex.tension of a system which is not adapted to modern needs, but, on the contrary, is contributing to the causes making for the advance of commodity prices. As a result, manual labour has' become a, reproach. Children Are ashamed of the honest occu- pations of their fathers, and their education -leads them to the counting rooni and office, and away from the farm, factor^ and workshop. The testimony before the commission in regard to the shoe trade was to the effect that gradu- ates from *he high and grammar schools refuse to become artisans, and seek employment as clerks, bookkeepers and the liie, where the remuneration will be loss from the start and the chances of advancement may he smaller. The same condition is to be found in practically -all manufacturing trades. It is beyond question that productive efficiency is essential in the average citizen, if he is to be capable of maintaining his economic value in the com- munity, and becoming and continuing socially and industrially, a sustaining and helpful unit rather than a burden. The purpose of public school education is to secure intelligent citizenship in a democratic society, whose individuals through their suffrage govern and legislate for the commonwealth. The development, training and direction of 14 BOARD OF IXQVIRT INTO the intelligence of pupils should be so conducted as to supplement that intelli- gence with economic efficiency; and any course of studies which i^ores this , consideration and directs the energies of pupils into channels from which the great majority wiU derive no benefit, is, from the economic point of view, a waste of time, effort and expense. The ox team has been replaced by the loco- motive; the sailing ship by the 200,000-ton ocean express steamer; scratching the soil to make it produce is no longer profitable, but intensive 'cultivation is required for success. To meet these conditions, human quality and ability must be increased; yet the essential tbitig to meet these changed conditions— the industrial training of the children in the school has — ^under great difficulty and opposition, only recently been begun. Massachusetts is dependent on her industries for her economic well-being; the majority of her citizens are workers in those industries. In this industrial commonwealth it should be the function of the schools to train children for the work that the majority of them must do. No sane nmn would attempt to - do away with public school training for the coU^es, and thence for the arts, sciences and professions ; but the 95 who must work with their hands at manual labour to Hve, must not be sacrificed to the 5, who need not so work. Massachusetts is a community of workers, of producers; and yet untU verj recent years all the energies of our school system, its efforts, zeal and enthusi- asm were diverted from the training of efficient industrial units to so-called cultural education. The more urgent needs of the productive vocations have been neglected; the mill and shop and farm, the bases of our social life and economic being, have been subordinated. Year ^fter year we have turned out thousands of children who are unable for many causes, to attain the pro- fessions, and imfitted by misdirected education ,and training for industrial life. Necessity compels them to enter into competition with the crowded ranks of unskilled workers, or they must enter industrial occupations handicapped by ignorance and lack of training; in either case their in^ciency makes them a burden to the community or an expense to their parents or guardians. Educated sufficiently to give them a distl^ste for manual labour, which must be the inevitable lot of the majority in all commimities, the products of such a school "isystem are insufficiently educated and trained to enter the ranks of skilled labour; their future must compass years of idleness or semi-idleness If in the hard school of necessity they do not develop economic efficiency, thej fall back into' conditions and circumstances that are morally and industrially dangerous to the body politic. Misdirection of education in the public schools is disastrous in its effects on morals and industry, and surely leads to unem- ployment, crime and i>auperism. The mockery of the plea that the poorest shall have an opportunity through education for higher and better things lies in the plain fact that our system, as it has been, makes its victims discontented with what they have, and not fit to attain what they have not. So long as the efficient members of every :state must carry the inefficient on their backs, so long as the productive members of society are compelled to support the improductive, living must continire to cost more than it should. One remedy, a wider range in the ideals and methods of public school education, which the commission hopes and believes is under way in this state, is of intense interest to the citizens who must pay the bill. Because it believes that this is one of the causes of a decrease in production through the abandonment of the farm and the turning over of manufacturing industries to the alien, the com- mission feels that duty requires it to refer to this subject. PRODUOnON. The nation's welfare can be maintained only by increasing the productiveness of its labour and by judiciously directing it in reproductive channels. COST OF LITINO IN CANADA. 15 Labour expended in the fields, or in the manufacture, transportation or distribu- tion of the necessities of life, is reproductive, but labour expended in the production of luxuries is principally lost in an economic sense. Industrial efficiency grows along lines of specialization, organization and inter- change. In the stage of industrial evolution, when each man provided for himself by his own unaided exertions, we find the maximum of effort with the minimum of product. Wealth comes from production. All must agree that the more a country produces the richer it is. It is a vital question, therefore, to consider what "course of policy will effectually develop the producing forces of a naticm. Prices are influenced by the law of supply and depiand. The most rapid advance since 1900 in prices in Canada (and in the United States) has been in finished farm products (meats, dairy products, eggs, etc.), and in such articles of food as are sub- ject only to minor manufacturing processes. Canada is an agricultural country. Agriculture is its most important industry. Underproduction in many lines of agricultural products in Canada appears to be an important cause in the rise of prices. The following statement shows the course of Ca'riadian imports and exports for three years in the commodities undermentioned: — Statement for three years ending March 31, 1914. Commodity. Sheop Mutton and lamb Poultry and game Canned raeata EggB Butter Wool i , Hides and skins, other than fur . Value— Imports. S 1,851,557 1,409,834 908.786 1,115,560 7,031,803 . 4,922,401 5,495,126 30,807,900 53,542,967 Value — Exporw Domestic and Foreign. 340,907 115,362 409,636 152,196 209,283 2,709,279 1,007,364 21,596,512 26,640,538 VI. ADULTERATION AND INSPECTION OF STAPLE COMMODITIES. The adulteration of products results in giving the consumer a poorer quality or smaller quantity for the same price. The object of this practice is to obtain a larger return for a smaller value. With rising prices it might be reasoned that the manufacturer, getting more and more for his product, would be under little temptation to practice adulteration. The- facts, however, show the contrary to be true. Adulteration has been conspicuously prevalent during the recent period of advancing prices. Instead of advancing the prices of the products, in many instances the quality has been lowered or the quantity of the goods offered for sale at the same price has been reduced. The ease with which milk may be adulterated makes the liability of the abuse- in this case greater than in that of other food products. 16 BOARD OF IXQl'IRT JSWO This adulteration has probably affected the community more by reason of illness and disease than in direct addition to the cost of living. "Federal and provincial laws and regulations have been enacted for the inspection of food products in the interests of the public health. These pure food laws have added unquestionably to the cost of commodities but the money spent in the prevention of disease is doubtless saved in other ways — such as in hospital maintenance, cost of sickness and other charges which are the invari- able accompaniment of pveveiitible disease. A memorandum on the AdulterMion and Inspection of Food-stuffs by Dr. A. McGill, Chief Analyst of the Inland Kevenue Department, is submitted herewith as Appendix Xo. 15. VII. WASTE AJSTD EXTRAVAGANCE. FOOD WASTE. Food waste occurs in three principal ways: — • 1. Waste in marketing, including purchase of inedible material, purchase in small qua:htities, purchase for flavour or tenderness instead of nutrition, and sheer extravagance. 2. Waste in preparation, including preparation of too large quantity for the meal or day; food made inedible by poor cooking; and food unwholesome by wrong cook- ing. 3. Waste in supplies and cooked food thrown away. The waste through servants is emphasized in a letter from a house-wife as pub- lished in a report on Cost of Living, 1910, as follows:— It seems to me that the elimination of waste is nearly impossible in house- holds where there are numerous servants ; at least I have foimd it so, with only one, and the waste rises in geometrical progression with the number employed. I have now been' doing my own cooking for nearly a year, and I feed my family twice as well on about two-thirds of the cost. A large part of the saving comes in the economical use of meat. I make a delicious dinner with a few scraps of , meat that a cook would give to the dog. Then I depend a good deal on soups, whic*h I invent to suit my larder. A few cold baked beans with a little tomato and a bit of meat on a bone, or a little left-over gravy, make a soup that all eat with much pleasure, and it is so nourishing that it .goes far to make the dinner Most people do not understand how different a soup is when it has simmered a good many hours. The soup that has been boiled fast a couple of hours wiU taste flat and uninteresting,, whereas the same soup five hours later will have such a deli- cious blend of flavours that all you know is that it is nice without being able to distinguish the ingredients. Again, it is time that counts Cooks waste the coffee and tea horribly. Mix the coffee *ith cold water the night before, with an egg-shell, and bring it to a boil in the morning, and you do not need a great deal for a good cup of coffee. The tea in the kitchen is piled into the tea-pot and thrown out with but little of the goodness extracted. Another frightful waste is the coal. I use less than half as much as any girl I ever had, and my stove bakes better. I never complain of the draft as she does or did after burning all the goodness out of her coal in the first hour after light- ing. There is no way that I know of to eliminate waste except by looking after things yourself. This is disagreeable and practically impossible with the aver- COST OF LIVING IN C.WADA 17 age type of servant. This type is created by the "lazy, supercilious, absolutely stupid type of mistress who will not touch anything with the tips of her dainty fingers, and reserves the right of despising the person who (Joes it for her. Just hear any of them talk about their servatits when they are together. I always feel like telling them they have exactly what they deserve. If they could organize their households on a business basis, with the same consideration and respect for their employees that a successful business man shows, and the proper supervision that any business requires, the matter could be adjusted on a more satisfactory basis, and a different class of girls would be willing to take positions. Notable causes of waste in marketing, kitchenette and storage facility are to be found in social conditions over which the individual has no control. The crowded living conditions in towns and cities, whether in tenement or apartment, demand the kitchenette, which has no place for supplies in bulk. The high temperature of the apartment house prohibits any storage except for a short period. The necessity of purchasing in small quantities comes with the kitchenette and small ice-box. The saving in rent is partly offset by the increased costs in food supplies. The apartment-house woman buys ready cooked foods as bhe comes home from the city, not thinking that one-third the amount would have sprved had she considered it Jier duty to stay in and prepare it. A potent cause of the high cost of food, as well as of waste in edible material, is the recent and increasing demand for perishable foods. The standard of "leisure" costs much. To putter all day over cooking such materials as take time is relegated to the workers. Thrift is no longer inculcated as of old. It is easier and quicker to buy a new article than to repair the old. Only the highest skill can save in the French fashion, and this requires training. Such training takes time and such skill means taking pains in each small detail. There are wrong notions about food as to what is nutritive or economical. The cost of perishable meats, in distinction from dried, palted nr smoked, is a case in point; fruit and vegetables are also expensive. The wholesomeness of the monotonous fare of the fathers has been denied and the abundance of the modern table praised as evidence of our advanced civilization. Education in food values and better cooking of standard foods may lead to a wiser expenditure. ADVERTISING. In the discussion of advertising as a possible element in the increase of prices, a distinction is to be made between the legitimate advertising that performs a useful function by informing the public concerning the pierits of commodities and tlie wild-cat advertising that is designed to exploit the public. The advertising in periodicals falls into two classes: magazine advertising and newspaper advertising. Undoubtedly, advertising is a paying proposition, from the point of view of the individual business man, or it never would have extended to its present proportions. While recognizing the many benefits arising from advertising the fact cannot be obscured that the consumer does pay the bill, and that the bill has grown to enor- mous size in recent years. It is one of the many forms of waste in the distributive process. The reduction of waste in this field would help Ifo bring prices back to a lower level. 82696—2 18 BOARD OF INQUIRY WTO WASTE FROM FIRE. Fire waste is disproportionately large in tliis country. This waste is an absolute destruction of property. The belief is common that "the insurance companies pay the loss if the loser is fully insured. This is a false idea. The insurance company is nothing but a clearing house, receiving money from many and distributing it among a few. The loss from every fire comes back to the people, and they pay every cent of it in rent and taxes, in the food they buy and the clothes they wear. , In addition to the huge waste by fire in this country there is another phase of the cost to the people shown in the expense of maintaining fire departments in all cities and towns: the cost of enforcing building laws; the expense of insurance eom- panies with their adjuncts of inspection bureaus, rating organizations, etc.; and part of the expense of water-works systems. All these items are charged back to the public. As in other items of waste, the total is found to be stupendous. The cause to a large extent is wooden buildings,- poor construction and national carelessness. Such a loss as that suffered by fire is certain to have its effect in the increased cost of commodities, and demands a remedy. The remedy is largely with the people themselves. Extracts from an address by Mr. Franklin H. Wentworth, secretary of the Xational Fire Protection Association to the Canadian Manufacturers' Association, containing excellent suggestions on the subject, is submitted herewith as Appendix No. 17. UKPRODUCTIVE EXPENDITHRE. ' In weighing the causes that have contributed to "increase the cost of living, this board is convinced that a far-reaching influence in perpetuating high prices is impro- ductive expenditures on armies, navies and on national and local services which are not reproductive. The diversion of labour and capital from productive industry to waste and destruction, with the accompanying diminution of the necessaries of life and an inability to supply the world's demands, inevitably resulted in an advance of the prices of the commodities of common consumption. The effect of lavish public expenditure is contagious and is sure to result in private extravagance as well. Our tendency has be6n towards growing extravagance in both private and public life. It is recognised, of course, that much of this unproductive expenditure for national defence and government services are unavoidable tmder existing conditions. Tet it is undeniable that public opinion has been all in the .direction of spending money on every conceivable object and it has not been sufficiently alarmed to devote its thought towards economy and the reduction of expenditure. Experience in the stern school of adversity may yfet exert an influence in modify- ing this tendency. No other school appears to have much influence in this direction. UNECONOMICAL HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITUEES. (l) PACKAGE GOODS AND SHORT WEIGHTS. The consumption of various food products specially prepared and distributed in packages of various sizes has increased enormously bf late years. WhUe these packed goods are attractive, convenient and wholesome, they undoubt- edly, as a rule, cost more to the consumer than does the same quantity of food pur- COST OF LlVIXd IN CANADA 19 chased in bulk. The consumption of package goods makes for increasing comfort, pleasure and luxury in the household, but it adds heavily to the expense of living. The practice of buying package goods, instead of purchasing the same food pro- ducts in bulk, involves a threefold addition to cost:^— (1) The buyer has to pay for the extra cost of fancy packing and of distribution in small quantities. (2) As most of the package goods are heavily advertised, the consumer kis to pay for this expense. (3) The packages are in many instances short in weight, so that the purchaser usually pays higher for the food value that he obtains than if he bought in bulk. While the buyer thinks he is buying by the pound, the seller is really selling by the package. The following list of retail prices is the result of an inquiry made by one of the food inspectors: — Kind of Food. Cost per pound. Bulk. Package. eta. 4 4 4 3i 10 cts, 7 Cream of wheat. ■ . . . . ... 10 Gem meal. 10 Corn meal 5 15 cts. for 6 oz. In the case of staple commodities, such as flour, the package system has been carried to costly extremes in towns and cities. Formerly, flour for the household was usually bought in barrels; then the half -barrel came in; then the quarter-barrel, followed by further subdivisions until now the sale of flour in 5-pound packages is quite general. In defence of the package goods, it is contended that this method of bringing goods to the consumer is more convenient and sanitary than the method of biilk sale. Undoubtedly the package method has an advantage in its favour in the matter of cleanliness and neatness. It is not implied here that the consumption of package foods should be discon- tinued altogether and the old method of bulk purchase adopted exclusively. Con- sumers, however, should be made acquainted with the facts in connection with the purchase of package foods which reduce the amount jof food value received for a given expenditure of money. When the ])acked focd-stuffs were first put upon the market, purchasers usually inquired concerning the weights or contents, as they had been accustomed to buying by weight. As the package method became established, customers ceased to take this precaution. This opened the way for a general reduction of the size of the packages hy manufacturers. It' is a well known fact in the grocery trade that the sizes of pack- age goods have been decreased in many instances, while the purchaser has not been informed concerning this reduction. Various remedies have been suggested for the abuses that have crept into the system of retailing goods in packages. One measure of protection which each con- sumer can apply for himself is to make inquiry concerning the weight and quantity of goods in packages, and to cheek up the results by*weighing and measuring at home. 82696—2} 20 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Home weigliing would bring to light any shortage or deceit that might be practised, and would show the comparative economy of the purchase of goods in package or in bulk. It is desirable, in the opiijion of this board, that packages containing food pro- ducts should be required by law to be labelled distinctly with a statement giving the net contents, in terms of weight measure or numerical count of goods, when they were packed. Attention is directed to a memorandum on this subject by Mr. Way, Chief Inspector of Weights and Measures, submitted as Appendix No. 14. ' (ll) RETAIL DELIVERIES AND THE TELEPHONE. The introduction of the telephone, while a convenience in many ways, cannot be regarded as conducive to thrift or economical expenditure in the ordinary households in towns and cities. The facilities provided by the telephone lead to demands for frequent deliveries of parcels of small value at irregular times. This adds immensely to the cost of deliveries all along the line. (hi) MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS. Apparently medicinal preparations put up in "package" form, and sold under copyright names, are much higher than the same goods under their chemical name in bulk, as shown by the following statement:— Retail Prices of drugs as sold under copyright names and under chemical and trade names. Aspirin SO 60 per Aristo] 1 80 Phenacetine 33 Duotol.: 1 50 Europhene 1 80 lodothyrine , 3 40 Pyramidon 1 50 Selophen 1 00 Tannigen 80 Taualbin 85 Verinol.- 1 60 Verinol Sodium 1 60 Diuretin 1 75 *Aminoforni 60 *Cy8togen 85 *Hexainine 30 *Urotropiu 60 Acetyls Salicylic Acid $1 75 lb. Thymol Iodide 53 oz. Acetylphenetidin 1 26 lb. Guaiauol Carbonate ... 40 oz. lodobutylcresol 1 25 oz . Thyroiodin (Merck) 1 30 oz. Aminopyrin 85 oz. Acetylamidosalol , 50 oz. Diacetyltannin 45 oz. Tannin Albuminate 45 oz. methyl Birbituric Acid.. 75 oz. 11 Sodium Salicylate 75oz. Theobromine Sodium 35 oz. Hexamethylenamine (or Formin) 85 lb. 851b. 851b. 851b. * And several others, all being copyright names for what in the trade is known as Formin. IX. EENTS, HOUSES, TOWN PLANNING, PU:bLIC SPECULATION, LAND TAX. UTILITIES, LAND Rent is one of the large factors in the cost of living. The classes having the smallest incomes have the largest proportional expenditure for rents. Thus rent is not only one of the largest items in the family budget but its weight falls heaviest on those whose incomes are least able to bear this buT4en. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 21 The increase in rents is due largely to the following causes (apart from over- speculation in real estate) : — 1. The increased cost of building material. 2. The increased cost of labour. 3. Higher standards of construction fixed by more stringent building laws. 4. General demand for conTcniences which a few years ago were luxuries. The opinion was very generally expressed by representative workmen that in the cities the organized efforts to provide comfortable homes for workingmen at low rentals were progressing at a very slow rate. The working people of to-day demand and are justified in demanding better habitation than they had twenty or thirty years ago. Housing is unquestionably the most important 9f all home conditions, and it is naturally one to which increasing attention is directed in all western coimtri'es. This is due to the growing knowledge of sanitation and recognition of its influence on health. The advantages of the English Cottage System .ifor workmen's houses — in space, air, light, and having " the place to yourself " where practicable — outweigh many other considerations-i The proper housing of the working classes is of the greatest economic import- ance to the community, and this is only one of the important considerations involved. The science of economics cannot treat men as mere machines. It must not be for- gotten that they have senses and minds and souls. Mr. G. Frank Beer, of Toronto, contributes the following memorandum on this subject, under date of January 15, 1914: — " I have pleasure in giving you the result pi my own experience and obser- vation. (1) Apartments rented in 1900 at $30 per month, now bring $40 per month in face of a very large increase in the tiumber of houses. (2) Houses rented in 1906 at $30 per month now bring $40 per month, showing an increase corresponding with the previous instance. " These illustrations are in districts in which no 'ilew development has taken place to affect the values. They may, therefore, be considered as fairly representative of the general increase in rents during the past ten years. (3) Building land offered me at $12 per foot, three years ago, is now selling at $35 per foot. " This is partly accounted for by the improvenjents since made in the district. Building land corresponding to that offered me at $lS per foot three years ago, is now bringing $25 per foot. By 'corresponding' I meaa land with equal transportation facilities and equally near a thickly settled district. The normal growth in land values has been increased by an unusually rapid growth of population. It has also been artificially iuereased by the cornering of land in the suburbs by real estate agents and speculators. (4) Office rents show the same percentage of increase within the same period. (5) Houses occupied by wage-earners and artisans show the most marked increase of all in rentals. The increase in this class of houses approximates 50 per cent. " In Toronto this is accounted for by several faats. The increase in the price of land has made the construction of small, houses lesp profitable than formerly. The result is that few houses have been constructed to rent at from $12 to $15 per month. Another factor contributing to the increase is the lack of rapid transportation 22 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO facilities. The workmen occupying these houses Must be at their place of work early in the morning, and as transportation is slow there is an abnormal demand for houses located near the heart of the city. A further cause of increased rents which applies to this class of building is more severe Housing By-law restrictions. The effect of these, unfortunately, is to discourage the construction of cheap housoa, and to some extent place a premium upon the rent value of existing cheap houses. Other causes of higher rents which apply to all classes of building are: increase in cost of labour, owing to higher wage and shorter hours; higher cost of lumber, owing to its growing scarcity; and high cost of building material, owing to the local demand being fully up to, if not in excess of the supply. " It is my convinction that one basic cause of the large increase in rents is the absence of wise city planning. Added to this is the misfortune that the administration of cities in Canada, as elsewhere, is largely in the hands of those who have no special training or qualification to deal with problems that are taxing the mature experience and best talent of European cities. The result of this is a waste which is very serious. Public services are planned and installed 'at large expense, which a few years later are found inadequate and useless. The waste in this respect alone must amount to a sum very imperfectly appreciated. Lack of foresight in acquiring land required for public purposes is another source of wlaste. In Toronto many millions of dollars have been wasted in this respect. True, -the advantage has gone to indi- vidual owners of land which has been bought for city purposes, at greatly increased, if not highly inflated prices, but the cost to the community is a permanent charge. "A further illustration of the need for city pla"nning is shown in the matter of transportation. We have no rapid transportation. It takes longer to travel from one part of Toronto to another, than to go from Toronto to Hamilton. One other illustration of the need for city planning, an illustiation which is possibly the most important of all, is the lack of laying out of the surrounding territory so that the natural and inevitable growth of the city may be rationally and economically guided. In Toronto huge sums have been paid fot street paving, sidewalks, sewers, water supply and electric light facilities, in advance of etisting requirements. Instead of the growth being reasonably centralized, it is widely scattered, causing an increase in fire protection, police protection and other public services upon a wasteful scale. All of these wastes ultimately effect the cost of living and the cost of rents. " You will see by the above that I am, therefore, strongly of the opinion that no one cause in our cities generally la a larger factor in this problem' than the absence of what is now described — for lack of a better name — as City Planning. ''It will be seen, however, that the interests of suburbs are equally involved in city planning. One of the objects to be accomplished is the rational linking up of the country with the city. '' The cost of housing is inseparably associated with the cost of land, and my study and judgment convince me that some measure of tax reform must be instituted. I am not a single taxer — it is not necessary to go to. the extreme in order to advocate a wise mean. At one time I was chairman of the finance committee of a western city. We exempted improvements from taxation to the extent of 50 per cent, and the effect was decidedly steadying upon real estate values." The report of The Toronto Housing Company, Limited, 1913, together with press extracts in regard to model homes for workingmen are submitted herewith in Appen- dices Nos. 3Y and 38. The building of cities, towns and suburban subdivisions without any well-devised " town-planning " scheme has contributed to the cost of living in the way of wasteful and uneconomical expenditure. This subject is now attracting public attention in some degree. Mr. Thomas Adams, one of the leading authorities on town planning, explains that:— 008T OF LIVING IN CANADA 23 Town or city planning is the application of scientific principles to all matters connected with the town or city. The factors which constitute a city and the order in which they do so, are: — (1) Industry and external transportation. (2) Healthy living conditions for the citizens. (3) Internal transportation. (4) Markets and food supply. (5) Education. (6) Eecreation. (Y) Civic centre and monumental buildings. The first essential in any city is its water supply, and complementary td that is an efficient system of sewerage and garbage disposal. The first object of the town plan should be to conserve and provide for the extension of its business interests, and to apply healthy conditions to the dwellings of the people. The next is to secure efficiency in its transportation and in the supply and distribution of food, etc., and the third is to give expression to those interests which are represented in the sites provided for universities, schools, parks, playgrounds, town halls, churches, etc. In this connection, it is apparent that the interest of the community should be best served by the public ownership of such public utilities as water, gas, electric light and street-railways in cities, towns and villages. Over-speculation in Canadian real estate has been bad for the whole country, as a large part of the money which has been invested in this country has gone into this more or less unproductive class of security. There has been a general desire to take advantage of a rise in price. Business investments do not as a rule show a very quick turnover. The business has to be developed, and this takes time and money, but it builds up something which is of great importance to the whole community. ■Subdivisions have been laid out so that the value of the land would be greatly increased. Some of these subdivisions will, no doubt, in due course be valuable, but it may be some time before they are even worth the price paid for them. While the boom lasted it was fairly easy to pass them on to some one else at a profit, and it was the fault of the last man if he got caught. The same money invested in business or production would have done infinitely more good. When real estate is purchased at boom prices, the owners even to obtain a small percentage on their investment must secure a high rent; so that the cost of doing business is increased out of all proportion to the business being done. The real estate speculator produces absolutely nothing. He gambles at the expense of a prospective tenant, and that tenant pays tribute in the form of increased rent and taxes. The land speculator increases the price of farm lands in the neighbourhood of cities, and thus hinders the development of rural markets and adds to the cost of work- men's homes. High values encourage unhealthy conditions and help to lower production by keeping large areas of good farming lands in idleness around the borders of our towns, and by attracting men off the land during the period of boom. ^he taxation of " land values " is presented by its advocates as a remedy for many of these speculative evils. A memorandum on this subject by The Single Tax Association is submitted here- with in Appendix No. 42 without expression of opinion thereon, however, by the Board rf Inquiry, as the subject of direct taxation comes more especially under the legis- lation of the Provincial Parliaments, and as the theory in regard to the taxation of [and values has not as yet undergone the effective test of practical experience, so far is we are aware. 24 BOARD OF INQVIRT ih'TO X. COLD STOEAGE. The use of cold storage in the preservation of food products, which has been developed greatly in recent years, has been connects^ in the popular mind with the recent advance in prices. The popular idea as to cold storage is that it increases prices and that it menaces public health. It is charged that prices have been raised by the action of food speculators in putting goods in cold storage and holding them theife for long periods, thus creating a shortage of supply and forcing an artificial advance of prices. It has also been charged that the public health has been injured through the consumption of food carried in cold storage, until it has become unfit for human consumption. Impartial inquiry into the methods of cold stoj-age leads, however, to the con- clusion that the general principle is sound and beneficial. It is a great advantage to be able to purchase perishable products when they are low and place them in cold storage where they will keep. If we had no cold storage and could not keep meat at all in that way, it would tend to raise the price; because there would be no way of doing it, except keeping the animals alive. The cold storage process is simply the applicatipn on a large scale of the prin- ciple of food preservation, as used in the cellar of the farm, or the ice-chest of the home. The principle is the storing of food in the time of plenty for its later use in time of scarcity. The effect of cold storage on prices is in general to make them steadier, prevent- ing extreme fluctuations, either upward or downward. The supply is reduced by the storing of products in time of plenty, and the price consequently does not fall so low. The supply is increased by the marketing of storage products in time of scarcity, and the price consequently does not rise so high. Cold storage tends to increase production by extending the period over which perishable products can be marketed, and thus, of course, to lower the prices of certain commodities. It is generally conceded that there takes place a change of flavour as a result of cold storage, but if the goods are properly handled there seems to be no danger to health. The effect of cold storage on quality differs widely for various commodities. For instance, cheese can be successfully preserved without deterioration of quality for a considerable period of time. In fact, curing or maturing in cold storage is strongly recommended. The storage period of butter is shorter; that of eggs is shorter still. The length of time in which poultry can be kept -in satisfactory condition appears to be Variable. The popular idea as to the great quantities of products held in cold storage in Canada seems to be in error. Information has been obtained by the Board and compiled showing the products stored m these plants throughout the Dominion at tjie beginning of February, 1914, from which it would appear that the quantity in storage' at that period was not in excess of the reasonable requirements of the people. The table so compiled is set forth below: — COST OF LlVll^G IN CANADA 25 Table of Commodities in cold storage at the beginning of February, 1914, in all plants in Canada. Commodities. Meat Lb. Poultry M Butter II Cheese n Fiah i tt Apples Brl. Eggs Doz. Canned goods Gal. II Cases Evaporated Apples Brl. II 11 Lb. II II Oases II II Boxts Otlier Friiits Brl. Lb. II Cases II Boxes Vegetables Brl. M Crates 1 Sacks Lard Lb. Pork stuSs being cured Tierces Frozen eggs Lb. Honey... i Grape juice n Casings i Sauer Kraut n Milk Cases Kabbits -. Lb. Quebec and . Maritime Provinces. 4,536,227 552,621 3,047,431 796,110 1,806.763 18,920 9,240 7,560 78 71 23,384 659 9,000 •',000 Ontario. 1*4,764,582 .357,924 1,207,410 447,140 .330,491 12,637 33,056 75,620 277,650 1,600 50,000 96D 90 150 95,970 78,620 ll.COl) Manitoba and West. 20,573,330 1,397,481 1,385,465 210,157 6,583,624 5,838 44,385 Total for Canada. 1,575 7,292 1,663 2,904 10 309,557 5,730 3,000 6,235 20 2,400 39,874,139 2,308,026 5,640,306 1,453,407 8,720,878 37,395 86,681 7,560 77,195 78 277,650 1,500 50,000 71 7,292 1,663 27,253 749 150 10 414,527 2,000 78,620 11,000 5,730 3,000 6,235 20 2,400 Many people do, not understand the meaning of these figures. Some of them seem so large that strange arguments are advanced and wrong conclusions drawn. The meat in storage in February, 1914, would supply 250,00'0 Canadians for one year —about 3 per cent of the entire population. In all the cold storage warehouses there was barely enough at that time to supply the city of Toronto for six months. The butter was 24 per cent of the year's product. There was about 34 pounds of butter for every family in Canada. The cheese represented less than 1 per cent of the year's production. The eggs would not be enough to. allow one egg to every family. The number of eggs was low because of the steady winter demand. It would not pay to hold them much longer, and, furthermore, they would soon become unfit for use. ' The charges for cold storage are not uniform throughout Canada. Variations in storage rates are shown in Appendix No. 11 to this report. The Board is of the opinion that cold storage Warehouses should be subject to federal inspection and also to inspection by health officers. Chapter 85, Kevised Statutes of Canada, provides for the inspection and sale of certain staple commodities. The Cold Storage "Warehouse Act of 1914 (as per copy in Appendix No. 12 hereto) provides authority for the supervision of all cold storage warehouses. The following documents are, submitted herewith, viz: — Appendix No. 8.— Memorandum on the Cold Storage Indjistry, by Mr. J. A. Euddick, Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner. 26 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Appendix No. 9.— Memorandum on Cold Storage, by W. E. Ingram, of the Swift- Canadian Company, Winnipeg, Man. Appendix No. 10.— Cold Storage, by Frank G. Urner, Editor, New York Produce Review. XI. MONOPOLIES, INDUSTRIAL COMBINATION^, MERGERS AND TRUSTS. It is impossible from tbe information acquired by the board to measure the extent, as expressed in percentages, to which trusts, monof)olies and combines have raised prices in Canada, but there is no doubt that some prices have been appreciably raised at times through the operations of these bodies. Trade combinations on this continent were, in the first instance, adopted for the purpose, amongst other things, of eliminating unnecessary expenses in the cost of manufacture and distribution, and were this the sole object of such combinations the consumers would have benefited, as all improved services, such as labour-saving machinery, chefaper transport, railway, postal, cable and telegraph services are dis- tinctly beneficial to the whole community. Many industrial combinations are not trusts in the sense of being organized for the purpose! of controlling prices in restraint of trade, but by reason of manufacturing or controlling a large percentage of the out- put, they are able to exercise some control over prices. ' It is a comparatively easy matter for a few wealthy individuals, in any given industry or business, to secure substantial control of the output by consolidation of capital, or by unwritten understandings. It is admitted, however, that associations may "be legitimately formed so as to regulate industry, that it may become more profitable to those in whose interests it is regulated. One would not condemn, for instance, a combination of traders who buy in concert in order to obtain maximum discounts, c|ieaper transportation and other legitimate objects of a like nature, such benefits being passed on to the consumer. Combinations regarded as specially reprehensible are those formed in any branch of trade not merely fixing selling prices, but bringing pressure to bear on suppliers to refuse goods to independent traders, who do not conform to their selling conditions. Documents have been examined by the Board of Inquiry indicating that prices or other agreements are to some extent in vogue, which -may contravene the provisions of the Combines Investigation Act, in respect of certain articles that are the subjects of trade and commerce. It did not appear, however, from any information obtained by the Board, that these restrictions had any effect in enhancing prices materially to the consumer. A copy of the Combines Investigation Act, imder which such cases may be dealt with, is submitted for reference in Appendix No. 13. Trusts and industrial combinations are generally understood to mean great cor- porations whose operations are conducted on a large scale. There may, however bo local combinations which have possibly a more con|iderable influence upon the cost of living th^n the larger combinations. There do not appear to be any trustworthy statistics available, to prove the extent of such influence by local combinations. During the last few years more, perhaps, has been said regarding the increased cost of living from the increased price of meat than about any other cause. It has been popularly supposed that for a nufiiber of years the large packing houses in Canada have controlled the price of meats, and likewise the price of cattle and hogs. We do not find that there has existed any combipiation in restraint of or affecting trade in cattle, sheep or meat in Canada, such as would infringe on the laws of the Dominion. COST OF LIVING IN CA^'ADA 27 The conditions, however, seem to have developed in some respects to a semi- monopoly, semi-trust condition, with competition largely eliminated as a regulating principle. There are six large packing houses operating in Cfinada, vii!. — Matthews-Blackwell, Limited ; head office, Toronto. The William Davies Co., Ltd.; head office, Toronto. The Harris Abattoir Co., Ltd.; head office, Toronto. Gordon, Ironsides & Fares Co., Ltd.; head office, Winnipeg. The Swift-Canadian Co., Ltd.; head office, Winnipeg. P. Burns & Co., Ltd. ; head office, Calgary. The causes contributing to the increased prices of meats are dealt with in the chapter on live stock, meats and dairy products. We 'do not find that in the past the causes are chargeable to the operations of the large packing houses. Combinations of capital in their very nature maKe for economies in production by placing the control of the business in the hands of a few individuals, and thus reduc- ing general expenses ; they also reduce materially the -cost of distribution by enabling products to be distributed from the nearest producing point, and they are able to maintain or steady prices. The statement has been made by witnesses engaged in slaughtering cattle that all the profit they would ask would be 'the value of the 'by-products, which they are not able to utilize, but which the large packers are able to dispose of. While industrial combinations may result in economies of production and dis- tribution, the fact that comipetition is either wholly or partly removed, may lead to abuses. Under fair competitive trade the best and most economical methods of distri- bution from the producer to the consumer should succeed, with benefit to the whole community. In order to aid in securing effective competition in the purchase and sale of cattle, hogs, sheep and meat, the most favoured remedies which are mainly in "^ line with the recommendations of the Manitoba Beef Commission, 1907, are as follows: — (1) That the necessary steps be taken to encourage a more equable marketing of live stock by the farmers, preventing overmarketing and under-aupply at different times of the year. Representations have been made to us that if the supplies could be so arranged as to come on the market in a more regular manner the companies now in operation could care for all the meat products to the aidvantage of both producer and consumer. This we consider of the very highest importance looking to the future of the live stock industry and in the interest of the consumer in that it will steady prices. It is a matter that may well receive the most earnest attention and one in which the Government, the meat companies and the live-stock producers may co-operate. (2) That a public market and abattoir with cdld storage under proper regula- tions and management, be provided in each large centre as fast as the trade will justify. (3) That the railways should provide Union Stockyards, under independent management, when justified by the trade. CAPITALIZATION. Regarding the relation of capital stock of joint stock companies and of industrial amalgamations, to the cost of the commodity to the consumer, the following statements are made by Mr. Fred. W. Field, Managing Editor of The Monetary Times of Canada : — The relation of the capital stock of joint stock companies, to the price paid by the consumer for commodities has been the subject of little complaint. The chief excep- tion is in regard to industrial amalgamations. The corporations represented by the 28 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO words "merger", "combine" and "trust" have generally come into disfavour with the public. This may be ascribed partly to the abuses of trusts, particularly in the United States, to the occasional reguljition of prices to what is regarded as too high a level, and to the failure or reorganization of many industrial amalgamations, par- ticularly in Canada. The most common charge is that the industrial combine dictates throughout the country the price of the commodity it sells. This is not necessarily so, simply because the combine is a combine representing a group of allipd industries under one manage- ment. The other charge is that the average industrial combine is over-capitalized and therefore having what is commonly known as " watered stock " is placing improper burdens upon the consumer. It should first be made clear that unless an industrial merger or trust has a monopoly, or practically so, in its own sphere of business it cannot easily, if at all, dictate prices with any success. Suppose a merger is -formed with the idea of securing a monopoly. It can fix prices with sole regard to the welfare of its promoters, directors, management and shareholders only until competition appears. If the would- be monopoly is selling an article at thirty cents and independent companies are selling a similar article at twenty-five cents or less, there are apparently only two alternatives : (1) to force the competitors out of business or (3) to meet the competition by reducing prices. The experiences of recent years in Canada have prbved that it is not by any means an easy matter to eliminate all competition. The industrial amalgamations which can claim truly to have a monopoly in Canada are comparatively few. There are several limitations to the freedom of monopolies, such as, for instance, the power which consumers possess of substituting other goods for those monopolized; the danger of monopoly exciting new competition; arid the decreasing sales that fre- quently accompany increasing prices. These help to confine the profits of many monopolies within fixed limits. Some industries are natural monopolies and others may exist because of defects in the law. The contention is often made that the « charges exacted and the service rendered by natural monopolies should be controlled by the government and that monopolies created by defective laws should be attacked through such laws revised. Another contention is that in every industry in which free competition is permitted by the goyernment, the government should enforce fair competition! The prices of many commodities are undoubtedly affected by monopolies in basic materials, and it would seem that it is in this direction that the high cost of living can in any well defined way be ascribed to joint stock companies, whether " over-capitalized " or not. The industrial amalgamation in Canada as a financial and economic factor has been strikingly unsuccessful. The life of what may be termed "the merger move- ment ", which extended notably over the years 1909 to 1912 inclusive, was so short in the aggregate, and still shorter in the ease of many individual amalgamations, that it had little opportunity to operate as an economic factor of importance in relation to cost to consumers. This refers to the movement generally, there having been several individual exceptions to the rule. The number of industrial mergers negotiated from January, 1909, to January, 1913, was fifty-six. The aggregate authorized capitalisation, including bonds, of these mergers, was $456,938,266. The fifty-six amalgamations absorbed 248 individual com- panies. The aggregate capitalization of 206 of these individual companies was approximately $167,289,182, which amount in various ways was increased upon amal- gamation. The forty securities issued to the public, iresulting from the amalgamation movement, totalled $57,346,666. With sixteen of these, amounting to $16,500,000, an aggregate bonus of $6,750,000 was given. These figures representing authorized capitalization are very large, but they have COST OF LIYING JX CANADA^ 29 not so mucli significance as might at first appear. .The most important figures are in regard to capital actually subscribed and paid-up. This information is somewhat difficult to obtain. Even allowing for the fact that the above figures represent authorized and not paid-up capital, and allowing for money required for extensions, reorganizations, new factories, etc., one may safely conclude that a proportion of the securities issued by the mergers generally in Canada has been watered stock. A large number of industrial amalgamations of recent years have met failure, many have had to undergo drastic reorganization and many have had to defer divi- dends on bond and stock issues. The history^ of what we have termed the merger movement is, briefly, a comparatively short craze with the object of combining cor- porations in many lines of business, followed by long list of failures and reorganiza- tions and consequent disappointment to investors. 'Had this merger movement; in the aggregate, been successful, eliminating competition and creating monopolies in various lines, the effect upon the cost of commodities to the consumer must naturally have been marked. As it is, the movement having been unsuccessful, competition has not been strangled; monopolies with a few exceptions, have not been created, and the investor has had to bear losses in connection with his investments. The craze for merger making appealed to many promoters as an easy means to acquire wealth. From a study of the available figures, it would appear that this was done. In many cases, however, the amalgamations by no means proved as successful as the promoters and the participants apparently anticipated. The experiences of the past few years will probably prevent any such financial carnival during the next few years, while the memories of investors are green. Among the objects and advantages to be gained by consolidation, the following were cited by promoters during an investigation into the matter conducted by The Monetary Times: — The standardization of brands. Elimination of needless competition. Obtention of further working capital. Prevention cf increase in prices to the public. To keep pace with the growing market demand. lillimination cf a large amount of freight charges. Savings from the concentration of the executive force. Economics in the purchasing, manufacturing and selling departments. The obtentiou of branches of the one company in various parts of the country. Specialization of various plants, dispensing with unnecessary duplication of output and patterns. During the period when the formation of industrial mergers was most in evidence, it was repeatedly asserted as an undeniable fact, thajt there would be savings effected from the concentration of executive forces and economies effected in the purchasing, selling and manufacturing departments. On that assumption and on past earnings of individual companies, profits of the combined companies were chiefly estimated. In a large number of cases, the actual profits of the combine were a long way short of the amount estimated. Consolidation in itself, by no means guarantees economies as compared with the individual operation of plants, nor does it guarantee larger profits than earned by the individual plants. The question of management in this connection is important as is also the question of cipitalization and the natural dif- ficulties confronting the welding of individual plants into a manufacturing unit. The factor of over-capitalization and watered stock enters also into the discus- sion of joint stock companies generally. According to a compilation made irom the Federal Government and the Provincial Government official Gazettes, there were incorporated in Canada by these Governments in the calendar year 1912, 4,651 new 30 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO companies with total authorized capitalization of $1,-245,927,701; and in 1913, 4,178 new companies with total authorized capitalization of $992,943,949, These figures of capitalization naturally may mean anything, as here again enters the difficulty of knowing how much of this authorized capital has bfeen issued and paid up. To ascertain the extent of watered stock, if any, would entail an expert examina- tion of the financing, the assets and general position of the companies individually, — an Herculanedn task. It seems a fair assertion that unless a corporation has a monopoly or unless there is a price agreement between several corporations, prices to the consumer cannot be regulated to a high level with any success. Coming to the merits of the second charge "over-capitalization" and "watered stock", a close analysis shows that it is not the consumer of the commodity sold, who suffers, but the investor in the company's " over capitalization " and " watered stock." The bonus of common stock, manipulation of its price in the stock market, the roseate estimates of profits, glowing prospectuses, heavy capitalization, all may be financial sins, but if their operations are traced, they affect chiefly the promoters, the investors and their funds. As stated previously, mere " over capitalization " of a company would have little effect on prices, unless in some way the over capitalization assisted the company to become a complete monopoly, which is unlikely. In Canada the words " over capitalization " have been used often in relation to those industries whose capital has been determined by their probable earning power rather than by their assets. The estimated income <5f the company — particularly if the merger is under the auspices of ambitious brokerage firms — has frequently bfien the basis of the capital calculations. A business which is thought to be able to earn $100,000 net -per annum, is said to be able to pay dividends on a $1,000,000 capital when the rate of interest on other investments involving similar risks is, say, 10 per cent. So the company is capitalized at $1,000,000" with little reference to the tangible assets. But even this method of computing capital scarcely affects the consumer. In the- example above taken, assume the assets to be worth $600,000, the paying of $1,000,000 capital into the treasury of the company, does no harm if all other opera- tions are honestly and capably managed. For there will be $400,000 cash assets then belonging to the company in addition to the other assets, whether fixed or circulating, which have been purchased to the amount of $600,000. Legitimate income can be earned on the $400,000 as well as on the $600,000, assutaing that the number of work- men, or working units, are increased in proportion to the- capital; or if the capital is suitably re-invested until actually required by the proper expansion of the business. But even if, through dishonest promotion meth6ds, excessive amounts are paid for tangible assets, for patents, good-will or promotion services, and the shareholders receive for their $1,000,000 only $600,000 assets, with little or none of the $400,000 cash left in the company's treasury, even then the company cannot be said to have been " over capitalized." It has simply been " milked "—in plain words, robbed. The- above example assumed the actual payment of $1,000,000 capital into the company by the shareholders. It supposed that stock had been issued at, say, par value ($100) to the extent of 10,000 shares. Had this same company possessed or purchased assets with an actual value of $600,000, and had it issued 6,000 $100 pre- ferred shares and 4,000 $100 common shares; and had two shares of common stock been given away with every three shares of preferred stock sold— the company would still have $1,000,000 nominal capital, but would be liable iix no way to suspicion of over capitalization, because only $600,000 would be paid capital, the $400,000 common stock bemg of no present value. The issuance of common stock having no present value is not in itself an act of wrong-doing. The common stor nierely represents an agreement between the sharehdlders and the promoters that the shareholders will share in any future increased earnings of the company-the toundations for which were laid by their paid capital contributions— in proportion COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 31 to their holding of the common stock. So long as it lis recognized that such common stock simply represents " future hopes " and has no pre'sent value (though some persons with hetting proclivities might be willing to buy it as a speculation), the common stock is harmless. Moreover it is a method of making proper adjustments that is frequently invaluable to the most honest financiers. But in the hands of dishonest persons, common stock is frequently a dangerous tool. Through the medium of stock exchanges, wash sales, publicity campaigns and misrepresentations, the common stock is raised to an unwarranted "price " and foisted upon investors. In issuing common stock as a bonus or , otherwise, as in securing more capital than is represented by the assets possessed, no wrong is necessarily done. In both eases the wrong may be created later by dishonest financial methods. The regulation of these dishonest methods is another matter. To return to the main theme — the effect of over capitalization on ptices of com- modities. The manager who is left in charge of the destinies of a " milked " com- pany will likely find difiiculties in earning dividend's on his paper capital. If his company were " over-capitalized " but not robbed, probably he would have no such difficulties. But the manager who must earn $100,000 dividends with $600,000 assets, when he should have $1,000,000 assets to earn, dividends of that amount, is in trouble. The popular theory is that he sails smoothly out of the troubled waters simply by raising the prices at which he sells his fa:ctory's product — thus increasing the high cost of 'living. But he cannot solve the problem so readily. The experience of many of Canada's industrial mergers of recent years prove that he cannot. Assum- ing that his "over-capitalization " firm is not a monppoly, he cannot raise the prices much, because his competitors would undersell him and he would soon have to meet their prices again, or give greater value in quality fbr the increased prices he asks, or " reorganize " his merger. The " over-capitalization " is not likely to make his firm a monopoly unless it has supplied himi with so much surplus cash that he can crush competition. This is not only likely to be prevented by the Dominion Government's " Investigation of Combines Act ", but competition, in Canada at least, has been hard to crush. No sooner does the field seem barren of competition than a dangerous new rival arises to take advantage of the apparent opportunity. " Over-capitalization " seems therefore to create -burdens for the investor as such (a problem outside the scope of the present inquir;^), not affecting the prices to the consumer, FRED W. FIELD. Toronto, February 11, 1914. XII. LlTMBER AND OTHER BUILDING MATERIALS. During the period since 1890-99, bricks have go'rie up 60 per cent, and lime has advanced 40 per cent, while cement prices have been reduced by nearly 50 per cent. During the same period, manufactured lumber and wood products have increased in price from about 25 per cent to 50 per cent — dhe principally to higher wages, increased operating costs- iff lumber camps, enfolrcement of stricter regulations, exhaustion of supplies of largest trees, and to waste by forest and other fires. The waste of natural resources by fire is a question to which special attention has been directed by the Commission on Conservation. 32 BOARD OF INQUIRY I^TO XIII. CLOTHING. To investigate comparative prices of clothing is a task of much difficulty. Fashions change and in the matter of fabrics and other materials experts often dis- agree. The advance to the consumer has generally been felt in inferior goods for the same money, since there is a strong tendency in the retail clothing business to main- tain ciertain price standards. In cotton-wool goods the advance is felt in greater proportion of cotton and less proportion of wool for the same money, or in lighter-weight fabrics. The all-wool garments are of lighter weight far the same money, or higher price. In cotton garments the situation is similar to that of woollen garments. The advance in clothing since 189Y is estimatled at from 30 per cent to 40 per cent, due to increased cost of production, in materials, wages, rents, etc. The following statements furnished by a large wholesale firm manufacturing clothing, show the rise in prices for material .and for labour from 1900 to 1913 in a few lines: — Material. Year 1900. Year 1905. Year 1913. Garment. Price per yard. Selling price of garment. Price per yard. Selling price of garment, Price per yard. Selling price of garment. Overcoat, ........ Beaver . . .. .85 .85 ■90 2/3 .3/8 1/11 3/8 lOd. 7d. 3d. 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.00 10 00 6 00 10.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2/6 4/1 2/2 4/- 1/- 8d. 4d. 8.-0 8.50 8-50 7.50 11.00 7.25 11.00 1.10 1.10 1-10 3/- 4/4 2/5 4/6 1/3 9d. 10 00 Melton 10 00 10 00 Suit Serge ri Tweed 8.50 12-50 800 Linings Fine Worsted Body Lining Sleeve m Canvas 12.50 5(1. LABOTJE, 1 Year 1900, Per Week. Year 1905, Per Week. Year 1913, Per Week. Cutters $ C. $0. 12 00 - 14 00 8 00 - 10 00 9 00 - 12 00 3 50 - 6 00 8 00 - 10 00 3 50 - 6 00 60 hours. So. So. 14 00 - 15 00 12 00 - 14 00 13 00 - 15 00 6 00 - 8 00 12 00 - 14 00 6 00 8 00 55 hours. So. $ c. 18 00 - 20 00 15 00 - 20 00 15 00 - 25 00 10 00 - 12 00 15 00 - 20 00 10 00 - 12 00 49 hours. Pressers Machine Hands, Male Hand Sewers, Male II Pemale Hours of: Labour, per week . . COST OF Liny a /.v caxada Another firm of merohant tailors submitted price statements as follows: Laid down cost of Esllwarp serge, per yard. " I' It Scotch tw«ed, n ti 1890. $2.10 2,00 1913. 2.25 33 XIV. LEATHER, EUBBEE, BOOTS AND SHOES. The prices of leather are approximately 40 per cent higher than in the nineties. The constant addition in the cost of practically all the factors of production and distribution, as to leather and its various products, including boots and shoes, is the chief cause of the increased cost to consumers during the past decade. The reasons as to the increase in price of leather since 1900 are stated by Mr. S. M. Wickett, of Toronto, as follows:— 1. Increased demand for leather through >wars, automobiles, and new uses of leather, and general growth of demand. 2. I understand there was a very serious destruction of cattle and hides during the Eusso-Japanese war. 3. FaUing-off in supply of cattle on account of a couple of bad seasons and in increased cost of fodder. 4. Labour and tanning materials have all advanced 30 to 75 per cent. 5. The manipulation of the United States ' packers has frequently facili- tated the establishment of a higher level of hide prices. This they were able to do by controlling a number of important 'tanneries in the United States. I understand that they control a very large proportion of the sole leather output of the United States and have a number of plants of light leather as well. When the market is more or less inclined to fall ofi or to hesitate they are able by filling up these plants to clear the market of boating supplies and give it the ' appearance of strength. The following tables have been submitted as representing increases in standard lines of men's and women's boots (wholesale) : — lb97. 1907. 1914. Men's Welts .. McKay $ cts. 1 90 1 60 1 50 1 25 B $ cts. 2 31 2 00 1 85 1 55 8 cts. 2(;5 2 25 2 20 McKay 1 no Eubber boots and shoes have increased in price £^t about the same ratio as boots and shoes of leather, and for similar reasons. XV. CEREALS, FLOUR AND BREAD. WHEAT AND OTHER OEREALS. No one claims that wheat is in any way controlled ^y any great corporation, although there have been certain times when, for a brief period, a partial comer of the market may have raised the price. 82696—3 34 BOARD OF INOVIRT IXTO The price of *heat is determined by the supply coming from large or short crops in different parts of the world. The changes in the prices of cereals both in the way of increase and decrease, seem to be no greater than might be expected from change in demand with the fluctu- ating general conditions of business. WHEAT IN CAXADA. Year. Acres. Yield per Acre. Total Yield. AverdKe Price per Bushel. 1910.....^ 8,863,151 11,100,673 30,996,700 11,015,000 10,293,900 bushels. 14 -^g 20 SO 20 38 21 '04 15-37 bushels. 132,049,000 230,924,000 224,159,000 231,717,000 158,223,000 cents. 75 1911 1912 1913 '. 1914 64 62 67 The above shows the average prices received by the farmers for all Canada, as compiled by the Census and Statistics Branch of the Department of Trade and Com- merce. It will be seen that for the three crops of the years 1911-12-13 the farmers received a little under 65 cents a b-ushel. AU the evidence which we have gathered from mtiny sources leads to the conclusion that under present conditions it costs about $12 to produce and market the wheat from 1 acre. This includes interest on investment and allows the farmer average western wages for his work. At twenty bushels to the acre it gives us 60 cents as the average cost of producing a bushel of wheat in the three prairie provinces. This leaves a margin of 5 cents. The above calculation is based on an average of 20 bushels per acre. It will at once be seen that the only farmers who really made "money above their wages in grow- ing wheat are those who produced in excess of 20 fcushels per acre. When the crop dropped considerably below twenty bushels to the acie the farmer was not making even fair wages in the three years referred to. Further, this calculation does not take into consideration the fact that every bushel of wheat removed from the farm takes from the land soil material having a market value of 25 cents, which includes nitrates, phosphoric acid and potash, and the calculation is based on prices before the war. When we take the national cost as well, the cost of placing the farmer on the land and the cost of enabling him to live and jvork where he is and all the con- tingent expenses undertaken by the whole people of Canada to put him where he is, It is very doubtful whether, during the three years 1911, 1912, and 1913 the wheat growers of the west were making much more than good wages. This must have had an important bearing on the question of the cost of .living for all Canada, the concen- tration of an immense amount of labour on the production of one staple food, which, while 80 necessary, has not increased in price. The great importance of adding to wheat production by the introduction of live stock on an extensive scale is so important that it peed not be enlarged upon. Exclusive wheat farming has been one of the important factors m increasing the cost of living for all Canada. A memorandum from the Directoi- of the Dominion Experimental Farms, con- cerning the cost of production of Canadian field crops, is submitted herewith as Appendix No. 21. FLOUR. • There are 1,100 mills in Canada for grinding ce*eals, of which 650 are "merchant" mills These are sufficient to grind all the wheat and other cereals produced in Canada. COST OF LiriNO JN CANADA 35 It is admitted that the larger mills have an advantage over the smaller mills, in being able to maintain uniformity in the product of flour for the Canadian market. The large number of independent mills precludes for the present any effective combination for controlling the prices of wheat or flour in Canada — the prices being affected by world conditions. Complaints have been made as to the higher prices being charged for flour in Canada than in the United Kingdom. The answer made to these complaints is, in effect, that only the highest grades of flour can be sold in the Canadian market, and that the quantity of such flour, produced from Canadian wheat, is limited, so that the consumer has to pay the price accordingly. What is left has to be sold in com- petitioA with the surplus products of the world. The Canadian miller says that the English mills use a dozen different kinds of wheat and mix to obtain uniformity of- product under world conditions as to price, consumers accepting intermediate grades of flour blended with flour of other quality, which could not be profitably marketed in Canada. A consumer's and the millers' views on this question, as published in the Canadian Miller and Cerealist of June and July, 1914, are Submitted herewith in Appendix No. 20. Comparisons cannot be made fairly between the cost of bread in Canada and in England, because the flours are different, the loavjes are different, and the costs of distribution vary greatly. BREAD. The price of bread varies in different towns arid cities and the increase in the price appears to arise from the increase in wages, rents, factory operating costs, delivery service, including horses, feed, delivery vehicles, harness, etc. In recent years these increases have been quite marked. There is no agreement as to cost of delivery in any two cities in Canada. The general estimate for delivery from house to house^ is 2 cents for a 3-pound loaf; wholesale or store delivery, | cent for 3-pound loaf. Opportunities for economy in the production of bread are shown by experience at Aldershot, as reported in The Statesman of February, 1914, viz: — " The Army bread is produced by a plant of the very latest type," says The Statesman. " Labour is strictly economized, and the work made exceed- ingly pleasant. Altogether the Aldershot bread plant is in striking contrast to the manufacture of bread by unhealthy bakers' men working for small masters. Making army tread. — It is probable that many of us would not greatly enjoy our daily loaf if we could witness its manufacture, and it is also probably true that in the interests of health a considerable proportion of existing small bread plants ought to be promptly closed. The Aldershot bread factory, on the other hand, using the best material with the latest appliances, can be v?itnessed with pleasure and even with enthusiasm, the process used is so economic, so cleanly and so clever. But the product is even more remarkable for its cheapness and for its goodness. According to the Board of Trade Labour Gazette for December, the price of bread throughout England, Wales and Scotland averaged between 6-39 pence and 6-36 pence for 4 pounds, the average for the whole of Great Britain being 5-92 pence, or as nearly as possible sixpence per 4-pound loaf. The cost price of the Aldershot bread during the first half of 1912 came out at 8s. 6d. for 100 pounds, or as nearly as possible fourpence for the 4-pound loaf. 82696— 3J 36 no ART) OF IXQUIRY IXTO One-third less cost. — There is a comical aide to this statement of plain fact. Think of the fu=s that has been made in the United Kingdom during iha past ton years about the incidence of a small com duty and its effect upon the ]iricc of 1)read, and contrast it with the fact that a War Office, reputed to be particularly unintelligent, can manufacture bread for itseK at one-third less cost than is paid by the public for an inferior product." In Appendix No. 19 there is submitted a memorandum on the prices of flour and bread in various cities in the United Kingdom, Canada, and in the United States, by W. W. Moore. XVI. FISH. The price of fish has not advanced to the same extent in recent years as products of the farm. While fish are among the cheapest of food products, the consumption does not vary widely. The price depends on supply and demrfnd. As the source of supply in the sea and inland lakes and rivers is abundant, the further development of the fish- eries and the more extensive use of fish as an article pf food should be of some benefit in reducing the cost of living. The total marketed value of fish, fish products and marine animals, taken by Canadian fishermen from the sea and inland lakes and'rivers during three years ended March 31, 1913, as stated in the fisheries reports, are: — Value. Year ended March 31, 1911 $29,965,433 " " " 31, 1912 34,667,872 " 31, 1913 33,389,464 A booklet, issued by the Department of the Xayal Service, Ottawa, Canada, on " Fish and how to cook it " is worthy of public attention. The following extracts are taken from this booklet : — In these days when the cost of living has become such an important factor, it is necessary for the average housewife to give careful thought to providing for her table. The articles procured must not only be reasonably cheap, but they must be palatable and nourishing. As fish meets these requirements, attention is called to it as one of the articles that should daily have an important place on each bill of fare. Not only from an economic, but from a health standpoint, is it desirable that fish should be much more freely used. Sir James Crichton-Browne, M.D., D.Sc, Lord Chancellor's Visitor, etc., in an article on the Value of Fish as Food, states that it cannot be too strongly insisted on that for working people of all classes,— those who work with their heads as well as those who work with their hands — fish is an economical source of energy necessary to enable them to carry on their work, and that for children and young persons it furnishes the very materials that are needed to enable them to grow healthy and strong. The same authority states that another very important reason why fisli should be generally used is its easy digestibility. Even feeble stomachs, that cannot readily deal with butcher's meat, find little difficulty in assimilating fish. The rapidity with which any kind of meat dissolves in the stomach depends largely on the fineness of its fibres. Thus berf is less digestible than mutton because the fibres are longer and harder, and again mutton is less digestible than the breast of fowl. In fish the muscle fibres are very short and are arranged in flaky masses, which are easily separated from one another. Hence fish lends itself to comparatively speedy digestion. Of course, fish differ greatly in COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 37 digestibility, the lean kinds being more rapidly "disposed of than the fat, and salt fish, owing to the hardening of the fibre dnring salting, lingers longer in the stomach than fresh fish. Moreover fish is less stimulating as a food than meat, which is a matter of importance in these days of heavy nervous tension. In this connection, however, an important feature must not be overlooked, viz., that as in other foods, the digestibility and nutritive value of fish largely depends on the cooking of it. COMPARATIVE VALUE OF if'ISH AS FOOD. As is explained in " Recipes for Sea Foods ",• although foods are so different in appearance and taste, analysis shows that they are made up of a comparatively small I number of compounds. These are water and the so-called nutrients — protein or nitrogenous- materials, fat, carbohydrates and ash or mineral matter. Familiar examples of protein are the lean of fish and meat, white of egg, casein of milk and gluten of wheat. Fat is found in the fat of fisli and meat, in milk (butter) and oils. Starches, sugars and woody fibre or cellulose form the bulk of carbohydrates. Food serves the twofold purpose of supplying the body with materials with which it is built up and repaired and the energy for heat and muscular work. The value of food depends upon the amount of i digestible nutrients it contains, and the cheapest food is that which supplies nutriment at the lowest cost. Fish, like meat, is nitrogenous food. While it contains fat it is not a fertile or economical source of such, nor of carbohydrates. It should therefore, as a food, be supplemental to cereals and other vegetables, which, though rich in these elements, are deficient in protein. Owing to the practically unlimited natural supply of sea fish and the uncxploited supply of fresh-water fish in some provinces, it would appear that an increase in the home demand and the further providing of transportation facilities should result in a decrease in the retail price of fish. Several witnesses suggested that a greater endeavour should be made to encourage the supply. of Canadian fish for Canadian people. / The Board of Inquiry has been favoured with a memorandum on the subject of steam trawlers and the fishing industry in the United Kingdom, by Mr. George S. F. Edwards, of Smiths Dock Company, Limited, South Banks, near Middlesborough-on- Tees, England, through the courtesy of Major H. C. Blair. The memorandum is sub- mitted herewith as Appendix No. 18. xvn. LIVE STOCK, MEATS, DAIRY PllODUCTS, ETC. It is in the cost of farm products that the source of the higher level of prices is to be found. The increase in prices being much greater on products c(mnng directly or indi- rectly from the farm than on any Other products, with the exception of forest products, it seems obvious that the main cause of the high iJrice of food will be found by a study of agricultural conditions. The price of. manufactured articles does not show the same ratio of increase, new equipments having met the strain of higher wages. Agricultural development has lagged behind industrial— science having been . apparently less helpful, or less applied, on the farm than in the factory. A feature of this situation is that the vast sums that have been paid on better communications and improved machinery are not always , showing the expected result' of an increased production at lower cost. The improvements in transport have been enormous, but they have had to be paid for heavily, and wherever they have been made the price of land has gone up. 38 BOARD OF INQUIR7 INTO -The increased cost of live stock is due to undfer-production. The iiicrea cattle has not kept pace with the increase in population in the principal cattle ra se in raising countries, except Australia. Fanners tell us they have found dairy work, and some other productions of the farm, more remunerative than raising live stock, and that these conditions have tended to a falling off in the supply of cattle. CATTLE AND BEEF. On reference to the tables of commodity prices it will be seen that " western " cattle have risen from $2.77 (1894) to $6.77 (1913), the early quotations being for ranchers; while "eastern" cattle have risen from $3.02 (1896) to $6.99 (1913). Beef has followed, the rise in forequarters having been considerably more pronounced than in hinds* being from $4.06 (1895) to $11.75 (1913), or by two and one-half times. The high cost of fresh meats by retail in cities ''is attributed in a large measure to the general demand for the " best cuts," heavy charges for delivery, telephone and other services, including the expense of "attractive" meat stores. A large dealer in fresh meats furnishes the fojlowing information to illustrate this point: — We deliver about 25 per cent of all purchases. From October 7, 1913, to JTovember 3, 1913, 94,006 retail sales were made, of which over 23,000 were delivered to consumers. Average value of each sale, 53 cents. Average cost to deliver, 5-86 cents. Average weight of parcels, 2 pounds. One of the largest dealers in fresh meats, with store sales of nearly $3,000,000 f year, gives the unit of fttore sales at 30 cents per .customer. The following comparative table showing annj-ial per capita consumption of meats in Caii-ada and Great Britain, Germany and France, is interesting: — Annual per capita consumption in Canada, 175 pounds. " " " Great Britain, 120 pounds. " '' " Genriany, 104 pounds. " " " " France, 80 pounds. The increased cost of fresh meats is, of necessity, borne larg^ely by the more expensive cuts, on account of the great demand for them, and also for the following roason : — The rise in meats is generally greater than the rise in live animals. This may be illustrated as follows : a live bullock weighing 1,000 pounds is bought by the butcher or abattoir at cents a pound. The dressed carcase will weigh about 500 pounds. This carcase will be sold for $60, or, as a rule, from $55 to $57.50 (11 cents to llj cents per pound). The abattoir must cover all costs and profits and the difference between the selling price of- the carcase and the purchase pri;ee of the live animal by whatever can be made out of the offal. If the market price of the live animal should advance to 7 cents, the carcase would be sold for $65 to $67.50 (13 cents to 13i cents per pound). In other words, 1 cent per pound rise in the animal on the hoof will mean 2 cents per pound in the wholesale price of the carcase. When the retailer divides the carcase and distributes the cost over the various cuts he will add the increase mainly to the better or higher priced cuts, so that every rise in the market of 1 cent for live weight may mean the addition of several cents to the more expensive cuts. It is upon those who insist on having only the best cuts that the increased price of live stock falls most heavily. Herein lies the advantage of knowing how to cook the cheap cuts. The same statement applies to hogs and hog ptoducts. In good times the rough cuts are hard to sell and housekeepers generally do not know how to cook them. COST OF LI VIS G I\ CAN-A.DA 39 Statement No. 1.— Sliowiiig product; 48 Cattle, Lot N, Drover, Toronto; killed January 8, 1914. 24 steers 25,560 pounds. 24 .23,340 48,900 Invoice $ 4,391 75 FreiKht 75 35 Killing 48 00 S'4,515 10 Coat about 9 cents per lb. live weight. Less. Tripe, 583 pounds at 5 cents $ 29 15 Skirting, 145 „ 4 „ 5 80 Tongues, 232 „ 10 Hearts, 235 n 5 Livers, 470 m 4 Headmeat,312 m 5 Casings, 48 .f 12^ Neck, 384 „ 2 23 20 11 75 18 80 15 60 6 00 7 lis Total By-products $ 117 98 Tallow, 2,150 poutids at 5 cents $ 107 50 Hides, 3,617 .. 13 470 21 $ B95 69 Net cost $ 3,819 41 82 pounds (shrinkage in transit) $ 720 Cost. Yield. Dressed weight, 28,395 pounds. Live, S7.75, S8.40, S8.45. Hides, 75 pounds per carcass. Leas 2i per cent, 710 Fresh killed, $9.13. Tallow, 45 Less 2i per cent, $13.80. ' Beef, 57 per cent. 27,685 Stoiie Test — January 16, 1914, showing " Cuts " of Beef as prepared for Market. Frontquarters Brisket First rib cut Second rib cut . . . . Third rib cut Shoulder bone .... Neck Shoulder (bone in) , Shank Chuck Pounds. 134 33 6S H 9| 2| lOl 12| 9* 41 1324 Cents. 124 11 20 22 18 4 10 5 5 15 $ cts. 16 75 3 63 1 35 1 59 1 75 10 1 05 1 88 48 6 15 17 98 Selling price. Coft II . 17 98 16 75 Gain $ 1 23 or 7-3 per cent. 40 BOARD OF INQUIRY IXTO Store Test. — January 16, 1914, showing " Cuts '' of Beef as prepared for Market. ' Hindquarters No. 1 sirloin ... . No. 2 Centre cut Porterhouse Short cut Flank Rump soup bone . Kidney... Rump roast Round steak Hamburg Shank Suet Bones Pound-. 143 itj 144 121 1 ]3| 28| 8i laj H H_ 140 Cents. 15^ 28 23 28 za 22 8 .5 15 16 22 15 5 18 2 $ ots. 22 16 4 27 3 05 4 13 3 19 1 43 37 19 15 2 20 6 19 1 24 71 58 03 27 73 Selling price Cost „ . .S 27 73 , 22 16 (iain B 5 57 or 25'1 per cent. DIAGRAM SHOWING PRIMARY CUTS OF A SIDE OF BEEF. 1.— Shank, 2. — Round. 3. — Rump. 4. — Loin. 5.— Rib. 6.- Flank. *7.— Plate. 8.— Chuck. :9.-Clod. 10.— Neck. Note. — Tenderlions, sirloin butts and strips are cut from No. |. Rib rolls are cut from No. 5. Insides, outtides and knuckles are cut from No. 2. The evidence obtained by the Board of Inquiry (summarized as follows), supports tho opinion that it i« more economical to slaughter by the modern methods in vogue than by the old method of local butchering : — Lnder the old method it was the custom to kill two or three cattle per week at the various small slaughter houses located throughout the country. Also the help was inesperienced compared with the men doing the work to-day under modern methods. Previously it was the custom for the men to work in fne retail stores during the day and at night to slaughter cattle. The hides would not be taken off as well an^d the intestines would be wasted, whereas to-day, under modern methods, there i-s no waste whatever. 008T CF LIVING IN CANADA 41 - Dotted LiNE:i Indicate Common Cuts in Chica&o MAfiHer A. Hind Shank fl ftoUND, ffU/iP ^ SHANK O^F. C RUMP A.&.C- nouHO, RUMP ilon6-Kia #■ /V?f I ToS /NCLUSIVE FL OATINi RiOS CflRJtiB.~J/x/lia Cur LoNCr/f/ss N?^Ztot incl usi ve. /Vf 6 Floatin&Hib left on Sirloin Butt. N9^ 8T0I3 INCLUSIVE LON» /fiBS LEFT ON THE C»UCti. CPRJTANDAKD DEEF Montreal • istJam. I9I5. /HANASER, XO B^ P.C. OEPT. 42 BOARD OF IXQUIRT fXTO "Where a staff of men are kept to do nothing but kill, better work and more economy are the results than in the case of a tnan who kills two or three cattle per week. All abattoirs are inspected by the Government, and all modern plants are equipped with refrigerating machinery, where, regardless of weather conditions, the beef is properly chilled and well handled, as compared with the old method. In the handling of fresh meats the important fact is to be borne in mind that fresh beef is a perishable commiodity, and in the sale* of it the entire stock has to be cleaned out (unless there is refrigeration) whereas in the matter of pork, if the entire store supply is not sold the balance remaining unsold can be cured, so that there is therefore little or no loss in pork through depreciation in value. HOGS AND HOG PRODUCTS. The tables of commodity prices as to hogs and hog products show that a price of $9.08 in 1913 compared with one of $3.86 in 1896 for live hogs. Dressed hogs and various hog products show increases from 100 per cent up in the past fifteen years. ^Ir; W. E. Matthews, of Matthews-Blackwell, Ltd., who carry on bu-sincs.-: at several places in Ontario and Quebec, made statements as follows before the Board of Inquiry, on "January 26, 1914: — Telephone orders are the cause of a large number of parcels having to be delivered and incidentally for some of the increase in the prices of meats. It was necessary to employ an operator to do practically nothing but take tele- phone orders. One trouble they have to contend with is the " c.o.d." order. Ordinarily their men are instructed to leave the goods in the case of c.o.d. orders when the price thereof is not forthcoming and to return next day for the money. Some- times it is necessary for their drivers to call three and four times for payment of c.o.d. orders. All this has a bearing on the increased cost of meat, and it was admitted that such increase was passed on to the consumer. Mr. Matthews stated that they themselves were unable to boar this increased operating cost. Upon being asked whether retail prices had advanced proportionately more than wholesale prices or cost prices, Mr. Matthews stated that they had not. He stated, however, that there was a wider difference relatively in the retail and wholesale prices of " best cuts," the best cuts having to carry the burden of the increased cost of operation. As to increasing the supply, Mr. Matthews said that the present is an opportune time to improve the breed of hogsp, especially in Eastern Ontario. The scrub stock has been ^pretty well cleaned out, and what is wanted is new blood' in its place, both in the line of cattle and sheep. Live stock in sheep is becoming inbred and a new strain is needed. PRICES IX ENGLAXD AXD IX TORONTO. Mr. J. W. riavelle, of the William Davies Company, Ltd., Toronto, made to the Board a statement regarding the difference in the prices of bacon in England and in Canada, of which the following is a summary: — In Canada the situation in regard to the distribution of products differs greatly from the congested districts in Great Britain where distribution i.- easier. The expense of doing business in Great Britain is less than in Can- ada. There the congested centres have a larger volume of business to the individual store than here in Canada. There is no demand for the cheaper cuts in Canada. The surplus of Canadian sho,ulders is exported. A Wiltshire COST OF LHING IN CANADA 43 side of bacon will give about three per cent more yield of meat than a Canadian side. In Toronto there is sale for hams only of a certain size and b.^con only of a certain type. Big hams are not wanted. Tlteir bacon and ham trade in Eng- land IS a week-at-a-time market. Whatever ife left over on Friday is sold on Saturday if possible and there may be a break of 3, 4, 5, 6 or even 7 shillings per 100 pounds. Market quotations frequently quoted in the newspapers are not sound. On the broad issue Canadian meats are not marketed in England at lower prices than in Canada. _?^® following article communicated to the International Institute of Agrieulturo by W. J. Kennedy, Director of Agricultural Extension, Iowa State College, will b,. foujid of special interest and worthy of attentive consideration:— An American View on the Beef Cattle Situation. Present Status of the lT,623 22,594,179 3,805 Per Cent of Increa.se or Decrease. 34-13 43-75 11-05 14-28 74-92 7-70 33-50 lAs milk production -was not Included In the 1901 Census, the quantity shown in the 1901 column was arrived at as follows: The total value of all daii-y products in 1900 was ?66,470,- 953, which included the manufactured value' of cheese and butter made in factories, and the average gross value of the milk supplied to factories was S^6.8 cents per hundred pounds. Tak- ing this figure as a basis, the above total value represents 'p. total milk production of 6,866,S34,- 000 pounds. -At the average production per cow of 1901 it would 'liave required 3,463,571 cows to pro- duce the quantity of milk shown by the 1911 Census — an increase of 1,054,894 cows, or 43, -79 per cent. Table No. 2. — Comparative statistics of the Butter Industry showing production, exports, imports, and total and per capita consumption in the census years 1901 and. 1911; prepared in the Markets Division, DejJartment of Agriculture, Decem- ber 24, 1913. Population of Canada Tot-il production of butter Exports of butter Imports of butter Total consutr,ption Per capita consumption . . . Census. 1901. Census 1911. Per Cent of Increase or Decrease. 5,371,315 , 7,204,838 +34'13 Lb. Lb. 141,409,815 16,335,528 1,146,6,39 126,220,926 23-49 202,796,639 3,142,682 1,227,390 200,681.407 27-88 + 43-41 -80-76 + 704 + 59-15 +18-68 rO.ST OF LiriXG JN CANAOA 47 CHEESE. The rise in the price of cheese since 1896 is between 50 and 6Q per cent as will be seen on reference to the tables of wholesale prices. The consumption of cheese in Canada has not been as large as its value as an article of food would warrant. When the prices of other commodities have gone up, the consumption of cheese has increased. There is aji increasing demand for it now on account of the high prices of beef and other commodities. The outlook for increased production of cheese in Canada in the immediate future is not encouraging, according to the opinion of representative men in this industry. , The following is an extract from Mr. R. M. Ballantyne's statement before the Board of Inquiry at Montreal on the 12th January, 1914: — The farmers to-day can get such good prices for their veal calves that they piefer to raise them and sell them as veal, and they can only do this by keep- ing the milk at home to raise the calves. There are fewer young cattle on farms to-day than there has been on the Quebec and Ontario farms in twenty-five years, and with this situation we are bound to have high prices for veal, beef, and cheese for years to come — ^butter also, but not to such a great extent. Milk is being shipped to the United States out of the section south of Montreal. For years past they have beeen taking large quantities of milk, but now they take both cream and milk when they can and when it pays them to do it. This condition applies to the whole district along the river border, where it is easy to transport across the river, consequently the supply is going to be shortened for home consumption. In the district west of Toronto the growth of towns and cities, and the growth of condensed milk factories has reduced the production available to the consumer. The exports of domestic cheese from Canada during ten years ended March 31, 1914, are shown in" the following table: — Year. year ended June 30, 1880 1890 n 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1807 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 „ 1905 1906 Year ended March 31, 1907 (9 months).. 1908 1909 1910 1911 „ 1912 1913 1914 Quantity. Lb. 40,368,678 94,260,187 106,202,140 118,270,052 133,946,.S65 154,977,480 146,004,6.50 164,689,123 164,220,699 196,703,323 189,827,839 185,984,430 195,026,397 200,946,401 229,099,925 233,980,716 21.'i,733,259 215,834,543 178,141,567 189,710,463 164,907,139 180,859,886 181,895,724 163,450,684 155,216,392 144,478,340 Value. 3,893,366 9,372,212 9,508,800 11,652,412 13,407,470 15,488,191 14,253,002 13,956,571 14,676,239 17,572,763 16,776,765 19,856,324 20,696,951 19,986,281 24,712,943 24,184,566 20,300,500 24,433,169 22,006,584 22,887,237 20,384,666 21,607,692 20,739,507 20,888,818 20,697,144 18,868,785 48 BOARD OF INQUIRY ISTO POULTRY AND EGGS. The rise in poultry since 189Y has been about ISOper cent. Fowls have doubled in price, and chickens and turkeys have more than doubled. In eggs, the rise is approximately 150 per cent in fifteen years. A large packer suggests the best way of reducing the price of eggs, is to elimin- ate the loss before the eggs get into cold storage. He said he had seen a case of eggs holding 30 dozen, (May, June, and July eggs) with three or four dozen of the eggs bad. The Live Stock Branch of the Dominion Department of Agriculture has been engaged for some months in an investigation of the Canadian egg trade. At this time when the subject of eggs is being discussed so freely by the press and the public generally it may be of interest to cite some of the conclusions reached as a result of this investigation to date. THE COXSUMPTION OF EGGS IN CANADA. Canadians are large consumers of eggs and the consumption per capita of eggs in Canada is steadily increasing. The following table will give some idea of the rate at which consumption is expanding: — Table I. — Relation of Consumption to Production in the Canadian Egg Trade. Population of Canada. Poultry population of Canada Tqtal egg production.. Exports of eggs Imports of M Total consumption A verage consumption per capita . Census of 1891. .4,833,239 12,696,701 doz. 64,499,241 "8,002,935 602,533 57,078,839 11-8 Census of 1901. 16,962,084 doz. 84,134,802 11,363,064 951,745 73,723,483 13-72 Census of 1911. 7,20-1,838 29,548,723 doz. 123,002,132 92,164 2,378,640 125,288,608 17-30 It may be noted that the increased consumption per capita between the years 1901 and 1911 amounts to nearly four dozen. This increase is not by any means confined to the cities. Farmers, generally, are eating more e^gs than ever before. In many rural districts, it is practically impossible to secure -fresh meat at certain seasons of the year. .At such times eggs are usually plentiful and are used freely. In Appendix No. 24 there will be found reports prepared by W. A. Brown, B.S.A., of the Department of Agriculture, on the "Canadian. Egg Trade," the development of co-operative poultry work in the Province of Prince Edward Island, and on the relation of the preservation of eggs by cold storage tp the development of the poultry industry in the United States and Canada. / SIIEEP-RAISING. Four distinctive classes of meat animals supply pearly the entire meat production of this country. These are milch cows, other cattle, sheep, and swine. There has been a considerable decline in the nuniber of sheep in Canada in recent years with an increase in price, which has contributed in part to the advance in cost of living. We have no generally accepted standards for the determination of the various grades of wool. This lack of standardization makes it impossible for the wool growcA- to know the grade of wool he is producing or the value of it in the market. Were wool standardized into grades intelligible to the grower it would encourage him to produce a better quality of wool, and would dti much to place the entire wool industry on a more satisfactory plane. In this connection the suggestion has been made that experiments should be con- ducted, under the supervision of experts, to determine what type of sheep produces the most desirable quality of wool and is best adapted to the conditions existing in the various parts of the territory concerned, and that for Canada the industry should be primarily established on a meat basis with wool as a by-product. The following "Brief Summary of the Status of Sheep Raising in Canada" has been furnished to the Board of Inquiry by Mr. T. E. ^Arkell of the Live Stock Branch, Department of Agriculture: — Sheep-raising in Canada has been in a decadent condition for the past thirty years. In 1881, the sheep population was given at 3,048,678, and in 1911, 2,160,000. Since then a slight increase has occurred mostly in the maritime and western provinces. The reasons for the reactionary state of the sheep industry especially in the middle, western and eastern districts may be given as follows : — • (1) The general indifference of the present generation of farmers to the advant- ages of sheep-raising when maintained as a permanent and specific asset to mixed farming operations. Unfortunately the vast majority of farmers still cling to the idea that sheep, in ojder to return a suitable profit, Joan only be ranged on the road- side and back pastures, where no other class of domestic animals can thrive. When grazing was prohibited to a great degree upon publib roads, many small flocks dis- appeared. Besides, sheep kept under such conditions* did not thrive, which tended to discourage the breeder. 02) The dog menace, which has, almost become , a bogey. True, destruction of sheep by dogs in many districts, especially near cities, has been bad, yet it is by no means worse than most farmers think it to be. John Jones has some sheep killed, and very soon many farmers in that section forego sheep-raising. Yet such an acci- dent may not occur again in a decade or more. The man who takes care of his sheep and does not abandon them in some back lot, where he may not see them throughout the entire summer, seldom has cause to fear unduly depredations by dogs. Of course, dog laws can be improved, and the running of dogs "at large freely over the country should be restricted. (3) Cost of fencing: Well-built fences are absolutely necessary for sheep, and it is only too true that farmers are loathe to expend money in permanent improvements, little realizing how much wisely spent money in this respect will enhance the value of the farm. (4) Lack of ckie and the prosecution of efiicient methods of management. Sheej) ,will not thrive under neglect, and too many of our educators have been misleading the people in this respec^ Farmers who adhered to this idea did not produce animals that would command a ready sale on the market, so they ijumped to the conclusion sheep- raising was not a profitable industry and forsook it. 82696^4 50 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO (5) Our breeders of registered animals have done little to develop the industry on the average farm. They catered almost entirely to American customers and most frequently it was only the rejects that found their way for breeding purposes to Can- adian farms. (6) Canadian consumers are too easily satisfied with an indifferent class of mutton on their table and not appreciating the tastd of exquisitely flavoured mutton, do not demand it. -Consequently, frozen mutton obtains a ready sale, which does not help to encourage the home industry. (Y) Lack of effective marketing facilities for Mutton and especially wool: This I consider, a very potent agency indeed. The farmers in most instances have to be satisfied with the price the local buyer gives them which may be " any old price," depending upon the extent of competition existing in that locality, and competition is seldom keen, for districts are frequently well divided amongst drovers and dealers, so as to prevent the contingency of active bidding one against the other. Co-operation, I think, should comprehend an efficacious remedy in this regard. (8) Few farmers recognize clearly the benefits of sheep in maintaining soil fertility and destroying weeds. The manure of sheep is rich and, besides, evenly dis- tributed over the field. They will eat and apparently relish almost every class of weed, even the Canadian thistle. A re-development in sheep-raising is undoubtedly occurring now. It is obvious at the present time in the maritime and western provinces and is due principally to the high prices for mutton and wool which have obtained for the past few years, due to the great scarcity, compared with the demand, of both products in Canada. The removal of duty upon wool entering the IJnited St&tes has especially raised the price of it this year, since it brought American buyers )iere, thus creating keen competi- tion. This feature has also directly created the revival in the Maritime Provinces, for breeders there are now able to cater to the Boston market by cheap water trans- portation and are not forced to depend upon home demand which is restricted. The development in the west is due to another cause namely, the introduction of mixed farming in what were formerly exclusive grain belts. , The status of the sheep industry in Canada and the relation between supply and demand as regards dressed mutton and lamb can best be illustrated by a comparative statement which wiU set forth the statistics of population, imports, exports, marketings and interprovincial trade as detailed in the Census and Customs reports. Summarized Statement with respect to the discussion upon the statistical status of the industry. SHEEP IN CANADA. 19121 1901' 1891= 188l» 1871'' Canada 2,360.600 104,500 343,200 179.300 519,800 888,700 32,300 111,800 181,000 2,510,239 12.5,546 285,244 182,524 654,503 1,046,456 29,464 2,.563,781 147,372 331,492 182,941 730,282 1,021.769 35,338 3,048,678 166,496 377,801 221,163 889,833 1,369,178 6,073 3,156,509 398,377 234,418 Quebec 1,007,800 1,514,914 Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta . . . 153,152 33,350 r4,920 49,163 346 27.788 1 Census and statistics. 'Census. COST OF LiriNO IN CANADA 51 EXPORTS OF SHEEP AND MUTTON FROM CANADA. Sheep. Mutton , 1896' 1906' .. • '• 1909' • '.' 1911' .."...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. i6i2' : .' ..:..: 1912 Aprill to September 30 391,490 244.202 118,896 46,597 21,418 2,774 150,013 10.5,062 39,030 17,8G5 49,107 12,542 — a 'Fiscal years ending March 31. SHEEP AND MUTTd>f IMPORTED INTO CANADA. Sheep. Mutton . 1910' 1911' 35,844 68,673 192, .530 * 154,435= 2,094,023 2,708,161 4,041,263 2,580,018 1912' 1912 April to September 30 ..!.'..'..'.'.""!' 'Fiscal year ending March 31. ^jfot revised. * Total— 1912, April to September 30. British Columbia " 44 974 head Alberta ' . . . 62*919 Saskatchewan , 24* 258 Manitoba 20,304 Ontario 1,980 Total 154,435 SHEEP AT LEADING MARKET CENTRES. 1910. 1911 . 1912 to Oct. 31 (10 mo9). Toronto Montreal Winnipeg 190,542 98,023 • 30,775 227,903 117,779 43,614 149,750 102,199 39,682' Total.. 319,310 389,296 291,631 ' It is reported that all of these, with the exception of about 1|000 head, were imported sheep. A memorandum by Charles W. Peterson in regard to the bearing of Australian mutton on the cost of living in Canada appears in Appendix No. 25. 82696— 4J 52 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO XVIII. C0-0PERAT70X. It is the production and distribution of food that agriculturists are beginning to find the greater cause of the unfavourable condition in which both producer and con- sumer arc finding themselves to-day. Manifestly the most wasteful part of our economic system is that concerned with distribution. There is enormous waste of efi'ort now in getting the product to the consumer. We have made little progress in getting 'products direct to the consumer in the least costly way, except in the matter of trans|)ortation. The possibilities of co-operation as a means of eliminating the wastes in distri- bution and reducing the final cost of goods to consumers, and also increasing the pur- chasing power of wages and incomes, have hardly been touched in this country. The advance of the cost of living is now directing attention to distributive co-operation, notably in the direction of co-operative storage facilities at shipping points and in central distributing agencies. It is difficult to determine the present extent of co-operative merchandising in Canada, owing to the condition of the movement. Our attention has been directed to the United Fruit Companies (Limited) of ISI^ova Scotia, The British Columbia Fruit Growers' Association, The National Fruit Growers' Association, The Grain Growers' Grain Company, and other -associations. In Appendices Nos. 33, 34, 35, and 36 the following documents are inserted: — (1) An Explanation of the Provisions of the Agricultural Co-operative Associations Act of Saskatchewan, 1913. (2) History of the Co-operative Movement in Xova Scotia, by A. E. Adams, Secretary of the United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia (Limited). (3) Official Memorandum respecting Agricultural Co-operation in France, as published in the Monthly Bulletin of Economic and Social Intelligence, April, 1913. (4) Fundamental Principles of Co-operation in Agriculture, being Cir- cular No. 123, University of California Agricultural Experiment Station, by G. Harold Powell, General Manager of the California Fruit Growers' Exchange. XIX. MARKETS AND MARKETING. I\rarket8 regulate and tend to make " fair and reasonable prices." The iack of a comprehensive and aggressive policy for the development of the market along modem methods constitutes a considerable factor in the needless expense of the necessaries of life to consumers in the cities and towns of Canada. Modern appliances with terminal and other facilities are required for the prompt and economical handling of incoming and outgoing commodities and to enable mer- ■ chants and traders to render satisfactory and effidient service to the consumin;,' public. COklT OF LIVIXQ IN CANADA 53 A solution, to a notable extent, in the high cost of living, has been suggested from many quarters, in the operation of public anarkets iir every town and city, to be abso- lutely controlled by the civic authorities and to be proj'ided with facilities and conveni- ences for preserving fruits, vegetables, milk and other products, and where produce from farm, field, flock and sea can be sold directly by the producer to the consumer every month in the year. ^ Circulars were addressed by direction of the Board of Inquiry to the mayors of the principal cities and towns of Canada, on th(§ subject of Public Markets. A summary of the information furnished in reply to these circulars is compiled in Appendix No. 28. The effect of markets on the cost of living has been carefully studied by Mr, Jolni Wanless, Toronto. His pamphlet on the subject is .subrhitted herewith for special consideration. The Board desires to emphasize the desirability of educating women in the art of marketing and economic housekeeping. This implies a knowledge of the values of foods, especially the food values of various cuts of meats, knowledge of best methods of buying, storing and saving food, and of preparing and cooking food. It appears also of importance to encourage the artisan and small householder to cultivate his garden plot, if at all possible, to supply his table with fresh vegetables in season, and such vegetables as potatoes, onions, beets, carrots, cabbage, cauliflower, and celery through storage for winter use. THE EFFECT OF MARKETS ON THE COST OF LIVING. (By John Wanless, Toronto.) When it is realized that 50 per cent of the budget of the average person goes for food, it is readily seen why the citizens of Toronto, in comm6n with many people in various parts, are feeling the large increase in the cost of the necessaries of lif-e, and are anxiously inquiring for the potential causes, with-a view to the possibility of their removal, or at least their counteraction. From a cosmopolitan standpoint the great increase in the production of gold, and the fabulous sums wasted every year in military and naval expenditures are mentioned, but there are local grounds of importance more within our reach, and to these reference will be made. There is no doubt that the standard of living is much higher than that of a quarter of a century ago, and the same general attention is not given to the science of good housekeeping as in former years. Social workers have discovered that many house- keepers are not familiar with the most economical methods of purchasing, and what is still more serious, are not adepts in preparing wholesome, edible foods, at the lowest cost to the family purse. This, to a certain extent, may be accounted foriby the employment of girls and women on outside work, such as is performed in factories and stores, and also apart- ment house life, all of which discourage slowly prepared, inexpensive meals, and have led to a demand for foods easily and quickly prepared over a gas stove. Shrewd men with an eye to business, have been prompt to avail themselves of an opportunity to meet the demand, and through persistent advertising of specially named goods in cans or packages, identical with bulk goods that sell in bulk more cheaply, have met the requisition. The amount of water in canned goods, it is estimated, may make a differ- ence of 10 per cent to 20 per cent in their value, and *the weight of food in package is usually reduced so that it is said that ten or twelve ounces are given for a supposed pound. In other words, customers who purchase in this manner, pay for water, tin cans, cardboard and labels, at an unnecessary computed average in cost of from 50 per 54 BOARD OF INQVIRT INTO cent to loo per cent. Buying in small quantities, on credit, over the telephone, and insisting on a delivery that costs at least 12 per cefat and purchasing out-of-season goods, all help to pile up a formidable bill for food. On the other side producers and their families eiijoy many comforts and luxuries that several years ago were practically unknown. Whereas the family did the work about the farm or garden, now the young people are In the city, and hired help must be employed at an enhanced wage. In the butchers' ilealm the killing of young calves has helped to bring about a serious shortage of meat. , So much so is this the case that the government of the Argentine Eepublic, for instance, has been compelled to take drastic action in its enactment, forbidding the slaughter of female cattle under six years of age. The abandonment of the raising of sheep has also contribul^ed to an advance in the price of mutton, but the difference in price between sweetbreads at 20 cents in Hamilton, ^nd 65 cents in Toronto, or new laid winter eggs at 40 cents a dozen on the outside, and at 60 cents a dozen in the city, must be accounted for on other grounds, as we shall see further on. During the last twenty-five years the rural districts of Ontario have witnessed a considerable exodus to Northwest Canada, and to the various cities. As a result, production here has not kept pace with consumption, and we all know that prices advance when the demand exceeds the supply. This perhaps might not have become as aggravated if our governments had inaugurated an" attractive back-to-Ontario land propaganda, or had replaced our departed Ontario people by substituting immigrants from the sturdy yeomanry of the country districts of Great Britain. Then the breaking up of farms and gardens in the environs of the city, to be used for building lots to meet the expansion of Toronto, has not only taken thousands of acres out of tillage, but has also pushed the cultivated areas farther back and thereby, increased the cost of haulage. It has been estimated that the price accumulation between producer and consumer averages 136 per cent under present conditions, of which 45 per cent is due to cost of carriage, and this latter can be traced to a defective, inadequate transportation system from outside points to Toronto. All are aware that the Steam Roads are fairly well and conveniently situated in Toronto". We have them on the Esplanade, across the centre of the city, and on what is known as the "Belt Line." While it is true that the railroad business is separate from the storage and supply handling business, it is proper that the railroads should be required to fur- nish terminals and storage facilities for the sale of produce at certain convenient points on their lines, with a view to giving immediate connection between the ter- minal and the merchants. This plan would secure a large saving in the cost of handling. If in addition to this the railroads were generally to supply facilities for the auction of food supplies as received by them, the matter of primary prices could be adjusted at the terminal point, on the most definite and equitable system known. It is computed that a saving of from $10 to $20 per car can be effected by proper track delivery alone. Then again there is room for considerable improvement in trans- mission. The services are, as a rule, too infrequent, too slow, and the charges too high. In one instance it was discovered that almost. a week elapsed between the time when milk was taken from the cows and delivered to the private consumer. Toronto has been sadly neglected by the steam railroads not furnishing a better service within a radius of fifty miles. Further, the trolley freight service has hardly -materialized as yet. What we have is in an inadequate and unsatisfactory condition. Its extensive development would mean giving transportation facilities from every section of the city to each out- lying hamlet, and would make it possible to bring direct to the several parts of the city, country produce, fresh and in variety, from the farms and gardens within a radius COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 55 of fifty miles in every direction. Such a deTelopmeiit would in efiect add about 1,000 square miles of productive territory, upon whicli Toronto could depend for its country produce. It would not only make it possible for farmers in certain regions now with- out adequate transportation facilities, to freight supplies more cheaply and more quickly into every section of the city, but it would develop the farming communities, focus their attention upon the iMSsibilities of Toronto's markets, and would give an inter-trade avenue for the distribution in the suburban and rural districts, of com- modities that are manufactured or sold within Toronto. Great possibilities lie in the development of water transportation, and the extended use of fast motor-boats on lake Ontario. This will, in all probability, come to pass as soon as the Harbour Commission carries its proposed plans to comple- tion. Through the development of water transportation, through the increased use of the motor-boat, through more efficient freight service by steam roads, through a complete system of good inter-county roads, through" the parcels post, through the use of motor-trucks, and through the development of trolley freight, a more facile, cheaper and more complete transportation system can be developed, which will cover in a com- plete network all the outlying agricultural sections. Such a system, now not exist- ent, will make the farm at once more productive atd more attractive, will make it possible to ship Toronto goods directly to the farm, will make Toronto a prosperous distributing urban centre, and will give Toronto consumers better country produce at lower prices. There are three main systenis by which prices are regulated by dealers. They are by private treaty, by interested parties meeting and distributing by mutual agreement and by auction sale. Bxit perhaps the best regulator is an ahundant and continuous supply, and effort needs to he made ivith this in view. Suitable selling marts, free from onerous ordinances, available for bona fide pr®ducers, in convenient, accessible, well located districts, will encourage an abundant inflow. Hitherto our distributing centres have been too far from residential sections, and for this reason people who object to lose time and car fare, have held aloof. In the past a narrow policy has been pursued, the main object appearing to have been to obtain a revenue by penuri- ous methods, instead of by the swing of a broad, generous, attractive <;oTjrse of actio'i. Antagonistic, selfish interests, too, have been allowed to intrude, and be heard, and they have crowded out the type of producer who is tuseful to the public, and the one originally intended to have the right of way. Given then an adequate supply of food stuffs, it is apparent that the cost will still be enhanced if the supply must pass throiigh numerous hands and be carted from place to place in the city. Of course there are many people who do not and need not object to any price they are asked to pay, but on the other hand there is a vast number of people who find it necessary to closely scrutinize every cent they expend, and these citizens are entitled to have a voice as to how and where they shall buy. If a householder' prefers to buy from a farmer's -wagon and carry her purchases home, she has a perfect right to be provided with market facilities that admit of her so doing. It is quite evident that the time is com,e when we must do some think- ing. In every line we find more and more system in getting goods to market, and efforts are being made to cut down the cost of Jiroduction and eliminate waste. . But in that one article, food, so absolutely necessary to human life, we find the least system at every point, and the greatest possible percentage of waste. In the belief that producers' markets will lower the cost .of living, many cities and towns are clamoring for such institutions. At the present _ time the consumer is. not doing his own marketing A:om the producer, and something is necessary to bridge the hiatus. 56 BOARD OP INQUIRY INTO In northern climes home grown products could be sold in a market during June, July, August, September and October. During the other months that which might be sold v^ould be limited, and the consumer would be at the mercy of the profit takers if a remedy could not be provided.' When goods are in season the producer and consumer are brought together without difficulty. During the cold months goods not grown in hot houses, must necessarily be shipped from a distant section where summer con- ditions prevail, and these could be consigned to an indispensable individual known as " The Market Master," from producers with whom the master is in touch. The only difference then will be the cost of transportation and the small expense of operating the market. In the case of fish, tropical fruits and so forth, the market master could carry out the direct buying plans throughout the year, his tropical fruits coming from an importing company. This is a modified form of municipal ownership. Its success- ful working would largely depend on the capability of the market master, who should not be the brother-in-law of some one's cousin, but be 'a strong, brainy, active, tactful business man, familiar with the produce trade, and be paid as much as $2,000 per year salary, and held responsible for successful operation. If you compare Toronto with other cities of similar population, as will be shown later on, you wiU find that we have practically only one market, and that an apology for one. Everywhere in Europe the provision of adequate terminal markets, unde? municipal control, is pointed to as a powerful aid in ieeping food prices down. A central position is necessary for such a mart. The city should have effective control not only over the market, but also the adjacent streets, wharves, and railroad sidings. In Dayton, Ohio, that city by its curb markets, has gope farther in bringing producer and consumer together than any other city of its size. On thlree mornings every week an exclusive farmers' uncovered market stretches along the curb for fourteen city blocks, and all farm products are sold at rates fi^ed ;under free competition. Each farmer is assigned space to back his wagon up to the curb and sell till 10 a.m., when the market ends. Another important adjunct feature is what is known as the " basket market." This is supplied largely by women, who come by train from neighbouring towns and villages, carrying their products with them. They stand behind counters, without any seating accommodation; we regret to say, and are very liberally patronized by eager buyers. The idea is popular and effective, and would respond freely if properly encouraged. Yet again there are butchers' markets, devoted almost exclu- sively to meat and fish. These are usually arranged with stalls, and should have suit- able cold storage facilities attached to them. St. Patrick's market, so long and shame- fully neglected, could be transformed into an ideal nieat market and made revenue producing at an insignificant cost. The wholesale fruit market is one of the most important for Toronto. We are excellently situated in this city, between the fruit belt and the ]S^orthwest, for the establishment of such an institution. We are a centre for water and rail traffic and would soon become a great distributing centre if this important trade were encouraged and provided with suitable, convenient and commodious premises near the boats on the esplanade. The mistake is often made in erecting structures that cost far more than is neces- sary to spend. Just think of the immense amount waited in unused overhead space in St. Lawrence Market. Some of the most successful markets are little more than . simple shelters. But in conjunction with any market there should be horse sheds, motor sheds, lavatories, water supply and waiting rooms, and necessary attractive 3onveniences. COST OF LITIXG IN CAJiAVA 57 It is better to have more land and less pretentious buildings. A study of con- ditions in other cities is helpful in dealing with the situation here. In Buffalo, N.Y., there are four public markets, owned and controlled by the city. They are considered a success, as the people get a larger assortment at a lower cost, this lower cost being brought about by intense competition. The Market Master is paid $2,200 per annum, and total expenses in 1911 were $19,000, and total receipts $63,000. The stalls in the main building are rented at from $80 to $150 per year, and there are 556 booths in all. During the producing season from 500 to 600 farmers use the market daily, and sell from wagons. The commission men act in a friendly manner towards the markets, and outside goods are shipped in by various dealers in the market. To each farmer a 6-foot wagon space is allowed; single wagons are dharged 15 cents a day; teams 25 cents a day. Their space is reserved daily until Y a.m. If at that time they are not on the market, the space is rented to a huckster. The booth holders in the -brick build- ing take out a yearly lease, payable quarterly, in advance. The rent is fixed by the Board of Aldermen, through its Market Committee and Superintendent of Markets. The main building is open at 4 a.m., from April 1 to November 1, and from 5.30 a.m. from November 1 to- April 1. Only certain lines are allowed to be sold. The main market building closes at 2.30 p.m. Booth holders on streets are open until 4 p.m. or 6 p.m. Besides the booths in the main structure, those contiguous to the streets and space for farmers, there are hucksters who do business at tables. Weekly tickets are issued to them, payable in advance. The charges vary from $1 to $2 per week. Besides the superintendent of markets, there are two clerks at each market for collecting, at salaries of $1,100 per year, two sweepers at $2 per day, and a lady caretaker- attendant, at $360 per year. There are three markets owned by the city, and one by a private corporation in Clevel^d, Ohio, all of them well patronized by the public. The market master receives a salary of $1,800 per year. The three markets furnish a total of about 500 booths, with unlimited curb space for farmers. The booths rent for from ,$60 to $200 yearly, according to location. About 1,100 farmers are allotted 7 feet each at curb in the market district, at a rental of $10 p^r year. Benters of the stalls in the market houses receive shipments from other communities, and wholesalers are friendly to the market. Competition between the 500 renters of stalls and the fact of them having but a low rent to pay, together with* "no charge" for telephones and no delivery service, keep down the prices. Cleveland boasts of having the handsomest market house in the world. Its cost was $500,000. There are 110 stalls; three aisles of ineat dealers occupy the stalls in the centre of the floor, while butter and poultry dealers are allotted the stands along the side walls. The fish market is in the northeast , end of the building. The floors inside the stands are cement. None of the stalls ha?ve telephones, it being the belief that the use of telephones would tend towards costly delivery and credits. A shed for fruit and vegetable dealers will adjoin the main building, and will be completed soon. Cincinnati has four public markets, all owned by the city. The rules and regula- tions are governed by ordinances passed by the city council. The annual expenses of $12,000 per annum include the salary of the market master, which is $900, and also repairs, heat, light and other expenses. Inside stalls, which are occupied by the butchers, butter vendors and so forth, bring a yearly rental of $100 each, and yearly payment of $15 entitles the payer to a stand 6 feet wide on the curb. A certain amount of space is set aside for farmers and truck .gardeners, and they may occupy iS BOARD OF IXQUIRT lyTO Ms space free of charge. Approximately 500 fanners use these markets. Commis- iion men and produce dealers do not clash with the markets, and during the season commission men receive shipments of fruit from other communities at the market bouses. The success of the Cincinnati public markets is unquestioned, the city receiving an average net income from them amounting to $1,000 yearly, and they nake it possible to place all foodstuffs before the class -of people who need them most. 'J'here .ire three successful markets in Dayton, Ohio, one privately owned, and two owned by the city. Two of these are in the down-town district. The older is 3pen on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, and the other on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. The down-town district also contains eight or ten squares, where curb spaces ire auctioned off in May of each year, at prices ranging from $15 to $300 per year for each space. The income from these rentals is aplproximately $30,000 per year, while the expenses are about $2,600, thus giving a good profit to the city. Prices are slightly lower than those of the stores, and the produce is always clean and fresh. The markets are supplied from the immediate country, and no shipments from other communities are received. Commission men are friendly. In Detroit, Mich., there are two markets, both owned by the municipality. They ire a success because they have been successfully operated for many years. The market master gets a salary of $900, and the total expenses of the two markets in 1911 ivere $6,474. Neither market is " inclosed," each being nothing more than a cement foundation, with a raised walk, forming a cross in the centre of a square city block, the walks being about 60 feet in width, to which all wagons back, permitting the cus- tomers to pass around, examine the products and ascertain the prices. These walks ire sheltered by roofs. There are no booths or stands, and there appears to be the learest approach to direct marketing from the producer to the consumer. Grand Rapids makes the claim of having the largest wagon market in the world. Not only self-sustaining, but a. profit maker. It is owned and operated by the municipality. The market master receives $1,000 per j-ear, and the annual expenses 3f the market are about $4,000. The stall rents are ffom $5 to $25, of which there ire 760, and 372 were rented in 1912. Farmers using the market number from 100 to 200 per day, paying a daily entry fee of 25 cents. The commission men are friendly md co-operate. Goods are shipped in from other localities during out-of-season seriods, these being fruit and vegetables. The totetl annual income approaches ^10,000 a year, and every effort is made to attract. The public market of Hamilton, Ontario, is owned by the city, and is governed jy rules and regulations issued by the city councU. The market clerk receives a salary )f $1,900 per year, and secures his own help. In addition to this expense is that of the caretaker, who receives $720, and repairs amount to from $300 to $1,000 annually. This market is kept strictly for farmers and butchers. During the busy season it is patronized by from 300 to 600 wagons in one day. Xo shipments from other com- munities are received, and nothing is sold in the market except the pnp&wce grown ly EA-e farmers. Prices are controlled by supply and demand. New York now has under its jurisdiction six public markets, one of which, and )art of one are uncovered. These are open squares restricted to farmers and gardeners' vagons. There is no restriction upon the farmer as to his customers, and the market s open from 9 p.m. to noon of the following day. One "is in Manhattan and the other n Brooklyn. The maxmium using each market square is 700 Washington market is covered, 175 by 253 feet, an^ serves the do^vn town restau- rant trade. Fulton market is for fish, and is covered, '203 by 170 feet. Business is )rincipally transacted with hotels and steamship lines. C'O/S'2' OF LITING IN CANADA 59 West Washington wholesale market is covered, and deals in dressed meats and country produce. It is 389 x 400 feet. In and abbut this market the meat and poultry supply of the city is handled, and a very extensive business is carried on. Jefferson market is retail, with an area covered of 36,000 square feet. It is now in a business section and not well located. Wallabout market is for general wholesale trade, with open square for farmers. It supplies the large and rapidly increasing residential section of Brooklyn. The matter of letting differs from all other city 'markets, the land being laid out in lots and averaging 20 by 50 feet, and leased for a term of ten years, with privilege of renewal. The lessees put up their own buildings which conform to a universal style of architecture and do not exceed two stories in hdight, giving the surroundings a very attractive appearance. The rental per lot is $Y and upward monthly. It is located on the waterfront. Oklahoma City has received much publicity owing to its establishment of a city market, which consists of stalls along one of its widest streets; 318 stalls are in use, extending along three blocks of the street. Oklahoma is to-day experiencing the same feeling that has existed in all the cities where, markets were opened ; that is the importance of direct contact of producer and consumer. In Vienna, Austria-Hungary, there are seven enclpsed market buildings and about four open air market places. The buildings are large, well ventilated, with stone floors, and are kept scrupulously clean. All of the public markets are regulated by municipal ordinances, the article sold being provisions, agricultural products as well as all articles produced on farms, and other commodities in general use. The general supervision and management of the markets is in the hands of market commissioners appointed by the municipality. The aldermen decide what places are to be given up to public markets, and what wares may be sold in STjch market places. If there is a special market place for one class of commodities, then such commodities may be sold only in this one market place in larger quantities. The market hours are fixed by the board of aldermen, separately for each market place, and are posted there. At the wholesale fruit market sales are stopped at 2 p.m., though goods may be received there after that hour. The stands are assigned to dealers according to their priority of application. Dealers are permitted to sell larger quantities of wares in original pack- ages, but any contrivance whereby the purchaser is misled concerning the real contents of the packages, is strictly prohibited. The products intended for sale reach the market either by rail, wagons or boats. There are stationary and portable stalls, the latter being removed after the closing of the markets. The total receipts from the markets were $382,608, and the expenditures $321,412, the profits being therefore $61,000 a year. In Berlin, Germany, public marketing is carried on in 14 city market halls, located in places convenient for trade. Halls No. 1 and la adjoin, and form the central and principal market hall. Both have direct connection with the Berlin city railway, and have extensive sidetracks and unloading platforms and sheds. The general administration is in the hands of the municipal deputation, composed of five aldermen and ten selectnien, but the immediate control and management is iii the hands of a managing director. These halls are well ventilated. The floors and walls are of cement or brick and a strict police inspection insures cleanlinpss. A bright, airy room is set apart as a sort of hospital or rest room, to which persons becoming suddenly ill or tired may go. Markets in the suburbs are held twice a week in certain open spaces set apart for the purpose. Stand space is rented from an official appointed by the city, and stand renters furnish their own stand material, which must be removed when the time comes for closing. In bad weather the dealers provide an awning to cover their space. During the fiscal year 1907-08, the total receipts were $835,256. The total expenditures were $699,937, leaving an excess of receipts over expenditures of $135,319. BOARD OF INQUIRY IS TO All the public markets of Amsterdam are owned and operated by the munici- lality. The city is divided into five districts, each of which is in charge of a director. Che principal markets are those for vegetables, plants, flowers, fish, cattle, eggs and ither articles, and several of these are in the most populous districts. The egg and ish markets are those under cover. The others are either in large open squares set iside for the purpose, or run along the middle of the streets or alongside the canals, in the year 1907 a net profit was made of $36,959. In the Commune of Brussels, Belgium, there are four covered markets and mmerous open air market places, all managed by the municipality. Merchandise irrives in all sorts of conveyances and prices are reglulated by supply and demand. Bordeaux, France, has seven covered markets, divided into two classes. The irst give facilities to consumers to purchase direct from producers, and the second ire conducted by retailers or middlemen who buy at wholesale, but both were built and ire operated by the civic authorities. The entire structure of one market is of iron, ;he metal roof being in part glass covered, to light the floor space of the interior. It s an airy, graceful edifice, open on all sides, and protected from the sun and rain and mow by canvas curtains, raised or lowered by pull^s and ropes. Street cars pass :hrough the building along this thoroughfare. In the wide portion of the street lundreds of stands are placed during market hours, and a scene of swarming activity presents itself. One of the interesting features of the central market at Lyons, France, is the iuction market, where an aijetion sale of food produfcts is held every morning, and jften twice a day. It is provided by law that all products sold at auction must come from outside the city. This prevents dealers about the city from making the auction iepartment a dumping ground for their surplus and stale stocks. All commodities nust be offered in' lots supposed to be superior to the wants of a retail purchaser. During the auction the market women and the keepers of small stores replenish their stocks. This market is most emphatically favourable to the poorer classes. Many poor people band together and bid on a bunch of game or fish, dividing the expense imong themselves, and thus procure luxuries they could not otherwise enjoy. The system of public markets through which the people of the French metropolis, Paris, are supplied with fresh food materials, is one of the most extensive and care- fully administered of its kind in Europe. The dominant unit of the markets of Paris is a vast establishment in the central part of the city, near the Louvre, occupying an oblong space of 22 acres in area, that 3ost $10,000,000. In this vast entrepot the various supplies are received by rail, irays, vans, boat on the Seine river, or by gi;eat wagons from the country, and are jlassified, inspected and sold by auction, bargain and sale to retailers and consumers throughout the city. A majority of its pavilions are reserved exclusively for whole- jale trade; in the others sales in ordinary quantities are made to consumers. The products sold at wholesale are purchased by marketures, who in turn sell from the thirty-three smaller public markets which are located throughout the city and to the numerous stores. Underneath the pavilions of the central market are immense cellars for the storage of produce, the space of which is divided iuljo sections and used by vendors, :he same as the spaces and stalls on the main floor. Thus organized and intelligently idministered, an abundance of various supplies may be received, inspected, weighed, stored and sold so efficiently as to preclude unwholesome food and prevent extortion md trickery. In the financial report of the municipality the total revenue for 190(i ?/aa $1,817,164, the total expenses $318,923, leaving a surplus of $1,498,241. The most important markets in Marseilles, France, are used for the sale of fish. kt these three elements of cost enter into market transactions: (a) The percentage m the sale of fish at wholesale; (b) The cost of space devoted to market purposes; md (c) The payment to the sworn weighers. The greater part of the fish shell-fish COST OF LiriNG IN CANADA ' $1 and sea produce, is brought to the. quays near the wholesale market by the boats of the fishermen's society, and thence carried directly in*baskets to the place of sale. The market garden produce is principally brought in carfs from the surrounding country, which arrive in great numbers in the early morning. These carts start usually long before dawn and return late in the evening. The cost of transporting this merchandise is almost entirely a question of the producer himself bringing it to the market. That wiiich arrives by train is disposed of to the stores which deal in the more expensive articles of food. The sellers in the market are almost invariably women. Munich, Germany, with a population of half a million, about the size of Toronto, has the most modern of all European municipal markets. It was opened in February, 1912, and embodies the improvements suggested by experience of market administra- tion in other cities. The total cost was $797,000, and the whole establishment covers 46,500 square metres. At the northern extremity of the building is the toll and receiving department, where produce is delivered at special sidings connected with the south railway station of the city. Next comes a succession of halls with covered connections, terminating in a small retail section and the administration offices. At the northern end of the great market is a section where express delivery traffic is dealt with, while the western side is occupied with sidings for loading produce sold to buyers from other German centres. Below the toll house and the market generally, are vast cold storage and refrigerating plants for {he preservation of food supplies till the demand in the market above calls for their delivery. Each market hall is devoted to a separate section of produce, and the cellars below correspondingly dis- tinct, so that there is an absence of confusion, and rapid deliveries facilitated. Across this underground space from north to south run three roadways, while down the centre, from east to west, a further broad aisle is provided, with an equipment of great hydraulic lifts. There are nine of these elevators allowed for heavy consignments, while " each stand owner in the market has, in ad^jtion, a small lift connecting his stand and storage cellar." , Both market halls and underground cellars are so constructed as to facilitate ventilation and complete cleanliness. The floors are of concrete and every stand is fitted with running water, with which all the fittings have to be scoured every day. There is both roof and side light and ample ventilation, while the entrances are well secured to prevent dust and keep out flies. Electric light is used underground, and the cellars are inspected as strictly as the upper h^lls, to ensure due attention to hygiene. In the centre of each market hall there are offices and waiting rooms for those using the markets. In the restaurant 150 at one time can be served with meals, or they can be accommodated with seats in the garden. Associated with this market establishment is a great cattle market and range of slaughter houses on a neighbouring site. The live cattle market dates back for centuries, but the present accommodation was only completed in May, 1904, at a cost of $1,600,000. As in Berlin, extensive bath rooms are provided for the slaughter- house staff,' and baths are available at nominal charges. Though the new market halls have not been established long enough to provide a definite financial statement, the live cattle market and slaughter houses do " afford 'an indication of the success of municipal administration" in Munich. Last year the income was $416,500, and the expenditure $410,100, thus showing a profit of $6,400. The new produce halls are certainly the best equipped in the world, and the only " element of doubt " as to their continued success arises from the fact that " three- old-fashioned open m'arkets are nearer the centre of the city," and for that reason are even now preferred by many. This fact emphasises the great importance of selecting a suitable central position in establishing a municipal terminal market. 62 BOARD OF IXQIIRT ISiTO The markets of London, Eng-., are mainly wholesale depots to which the producer or importer sends his product, to sell to the tradesmen. The only semblance to retail markets which exist in London are the informal maitets, established by the coster- mongers in the public streets, and these are unauthorized except by custom. The city has established and maintains nine great markets of the tvpe already referred to, but in addition to these there are privately owned depots as follows: Covent Gardens, for vegetables, fruits and flowers; Spitalfields, for vegetables and fruit; The Borough, for vegetables and fruit; The Great Xorthem Eailway Co,, for potatoes; The Midland Eailway, for potatoes and vegetables; The Columbia, for potatoes; ShadweU, for fish: Portman, for general produce; * Greenwich; Woolwich; White- chapel, for hay; Cumberland, for hay; and The Hidt? and Skin ilarket. As will be noticed, private interests are strongly represented, aijd this makes London differ in one striKng particular, from perhaps every other important city. The nine markets of Birmingham, Eng.. under direct municipal ^control and management, are admirably administered in every detail, and a source of considerable profit to the city. Excellent facilities are provided for market purposes, and the markets are a pride to this great industrial centre of a million people. The city itself has a monopoly of market rights, which it guards most carefuUy, permitting no rivalry, and so arranging afiairs that the establishment of rural private markets is out of the question. Besides those who have regular stands for which they pay a prescribed rent, based on the number of square yards occupied, «re the so-called casual market people, who come twice a week on regular market days. Quite a number of these are regular in attendance and have the same location without being granted any legal rights to their positions. The direct management is under a superintendent! who is paid $1,460 a year and house rent, coal and gas free, which makes the salary practically $l.Si5. There are six markets belonging to the corporation of Liverpool, England, and their management is in the hands of an official, who is designated clerk and super- intendent, and this official is responsible "to the committee for their government." The system of letting stalls is by tender. "When premises become vacant they are billed to be let and offers are invited. A large proportion of the vegetable products offered for sale at the markets is grown by market gardeners and farmers residing within a radius of 15 miles from Liverpool, and theSe products are brought to the markets by the growers, so that customers have the advantage of supplying their wants direct from the producers. The public markets of Belfast, Ireland, are under the 'control and direction of the markets committee of the city council. To the eastward of St. Greorge's, the principal market, is a large, open space of several acres, which i^ occupied as a general market for farm produce. Every market day it presents an animated scene, dozens of farmers having come in with their carts loaded with produce. Cattle, pig and horse markets adjoin, and there are two large sale rings for the exhibition and inspection of animals. Produce is brought by means of carts to the Edinburgh, Scotland, market, some of which come direct from the market gardens in the neighbourhood of the citv, while others convey the produce from the city railway stations. These carts remain in tlie market house during the market hours, and the produce 'is sold from the vehicle. The stands m the market house are allotted by the gardeners and other frequenters, among- themselves, once each year the aUotment being subject to the approval of council. btaUs hav« been fitted up in the gallery of the building. Revenue is derived from lues, stalls, stands, poll tax, New Tear carnivals, shows, Saturday evening concerts, refreshment rooms, ceUars for storage, and the use of lavatories. In 1908 receipts seceded expenditure by $14,454. The city of Glasgow is reputed to have one of the 'most advanced municipal gov> ^rnments m the world. It has seven markets. They are the cattle and horse bazaar, ;he meat market, the fish market, the cheese market, the clothes market, the' fruit COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 63 ma'rket, and the bird and dog market, all of which are under the management of a committee composed of the Lord Provost, three magistrates and fourteen councillors. Each market is situated in the part of the city best adapted for its purpose and the convenience of the public. The buildings are solid stone structures, in keeping with the buildings in general throughout the city, and the -management and control of the property and affairs is of the high order for which the corporation is noted. The old clothes market is a unique institution, patronized almost exclusively by the flotsam and jetsam of the city and district, and is said to be of considerable value to poor people. Great intelligence and care have been manifested in devising a comprehensive, workable system, which was devised as a result of a report furnished by a deputation which visited inarkets and slaughter houses on the clftitinent. The receipts for the year ending May 31, 1908, were $233,686, and the expenditures $209,988, showing a profit of $13,698. It is generally conceded by those who know Toronto, that in all probability it will be the largest, wealthiest and finest city in the Dominion of Canada within the next twenty-five years. One obstacle at least stands in the'-yay of more rapid advancement, and that is the abnormally high cost of the necessaries of life. When one considers the unusually fertile land with which the city is surrounded, within a radius of 50 miles, and when you compare the price of food products in the various towns and villages in this area,, it is readily seen that something ought to be done to moderate the higher prices. The statement is often made that. a man should not be blamed for trying to get as much as he can. Is this theory right ? Is it not a reversion to pagan- ism when the conservation of human life is involve'd? Old-fashioned business men considered it wrong to ask more than an article was worth, or to buy at a price loss than it was worth. And especially is this true in so far as food is concerned. Common humanitarian feelings at least should force a man to provide food for the masses fresh and good in quality, at the lowest possible price. Particularly reprehensible and unchristian is the cornering of food supplies for profit. Producers and dealers should curb their desire for large profits. In the end they will feel more comfortable with gains perhaps more slowly made, but gathered by considering others as well as them- selves. Producers who desire access to the markets of Toronto must remember that they pay no city taxes, have insignificant market expfenses, no telephone, no delivery, and get cash, and that they should easily be able to save consumers from 25 per cent to 35 per cent. Citizens will not purchase from producers if they cannot effect the saving to which they are entitled. In almost every city to which reference has been made, storekeepers are generally neutral on the market question, and have discovered -that there is plenty of business for all, and that properly managed markets greatly Increase the volume of trade for them and others in any city, especially in the trade centres that form around them. In villages and towns and smaller cities, the most desirable and eagerly sought loca- tion for a grocer's store is next to the market, or Ut least near the market square. Markets do not interfere with telephone trade, or draw away those who expect delivery. A little consideration of the whole proposition should make these merchants ardent advocates, as some in Toronto have become. The ti-ouble is that this line of trade, as well as other lines, have become affected by the -general purpose, not of gaining trade by doing the service most economically, but of .getting as high prices as possible by the suppression of competition. Markets regulate and compel fair and reasonable prices to all. The consensus of opinion seems to be that hucksters and pedlars add from 10 per cent to 25 per cent to the cost of food, and are in part responsible for the exclusion of farmers from St. Lawrence market. Of course thfese men have a right to the free exercise of their calling, but the methods of selling are answerable for fly-tainted, dust besprinkled, withered, germ laden produce. It would be better for the citizens, 64 BOARD OF INQUIRY JSTO as well as themselves and their families, if they were to become producers, by taking up land and thereby join with the farmers and vegetable growers in the great move- ment for better and cheaper food. Students of the market question affirm that these marts, to be an all round suc- cess, must be of natural, steady growth, and in resjJonse to public demand. If this is so, it follows that the citizens must be educated and enlightened as to their value and eft'eetiveness in lowering prices to a normal level. Incidentally here is a great work for the newspapers. If they are the champions of the toilers, the fi'iends of the workers they claim to be, and have the courage of these convictions, they will at once become strong supporters of municipally owned pure food depots. They can do this by comparing prices in Toronto with those outside, by telling of successfully operated markets in other places, and by constantly giving favourable publicity to such civic enterprises. The question of expense is sometimes "offered as an objection to the establishment of markets. There is no necessity for lavish expenditures. Some of the most successful in the world are in the open, or have buildings of the simplest description, made of structural steel, with cement floors and foundations that are little more than shelters. SuiBcient land is of more importance than buildings. The St. Lawrence market cost a considerable sum of monfey, and it is a fine edifice, but a vast amount of useless ceiling vacuum accounts for an expenditure that would provide a half-dozen of a different and yet effectual type. If the market question is not dealt with soon thefe is a possibility that privately owned markets may be introduced by aggressive men, with an eye to large profits. If this were to occur it would be regrettable and be m'dre or less of a blow to pubUc ownership, civic control of the necessaries of life, and the suppression of high prices. It would also deprive the city treasury of attainable profits. Some persons oppose markets here by pointing to St. Lawrence market, and saying that it has not been a success. So far as can 'be learned it has not yet had a chance. It was tacked on to the Property Departmfent, and regarded more or less as a troublesome encumbrance. It has always been 'without the master mind of a market expert, and no business institution can succeed or be a profit producer with a thoroughly qualified head right on the spot. If from any cause the food supplies of Toronto were cut off, for how long could our citizens be fed? An emergency may never occur, buf nevertheless such a possible contingency should be thought about and some suitable* provision made, in which ample supplies inay be constantly available. The establishment of the Municipal Abattoir will give a storehouse for the various meats, and should be of great value to the citizens. The erection of suitable food storehouses, if not taken up by the railways, should receive some consideration from the city. What other people have done surely the intelligent people of Toronto can also do, and excel the accomplishments of others. As an incentive the following reference is made to the experience of another municipality : " A "municipal market as a possible method of reducing the cost of living, has been tried within the past few months, and this without any great expense on the part of the city on the construction of buildings, but simi)ly by an endeavour on the part of the mayor to bring the consumer and pro- ducer together in the simplest, which is the best way p.psible. The market was started on the edge of a public square, without any preparation whatever. The papers were asked to invite the people from the country to bring whatever they happened to have to sell. The first day a few people came, many to look pn. Xext market day a greater number were on hand, and after that a double row of wagons and stalls were on the market for the length of two blocks. During the holidays this was augumented by a smgle row for the length of one block around the city square. The prices of articles sold upon the market have been substantially reduced; meats, for instance from one- fourth to one-haU. The market has been a wonderful success, and the producers see COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 65 the advantage of this system and are going to make a special business of raising sup- plies for their near-by home market. From one thousand to three thousand people are buying fresh, pure, clean food at a reasonable price. In the interests of the peoples' health, happiness and pockets, no less than in consideration of municipal finances, all should rally to support those who are seeking to secure the consummation of this urgent reform, at the earliest possible motnent consistent with a full consideration of all its aspects." If we extract from what has been written in the foregoing what is pertinent to conditions in our city, we shall find that relief apparently lies in dealing with at least four problems. In the first place it will be necessary to increase the food supply. The suggestion has been made that vacant land now lyifig idle in and around the city, should be leased at a nominal rent to those willing to cp-ltivate it. Others are that the Ontario Government should provide seed, plants and fruit trees for all producers of table foods at specially low prices; that the government should make a strong endeavour to procure an ample supply of farm and garden labourers; that every encouragement, by way of prizes and even bonuses, should be offered to improve live stock of every description; that the slaughter of young stock should' be stopped for a term of years; that good roads and better railway facilities should be insisted upon; and that the Noxious Weeds and Insect Pests Acts should be really enforced. In the second place comprehensive steam and radial freight services should be devised, and steps taken to impress these needs upon the Ontario and Dominion Eail- way Boards, with the object of obtaining speedy relief. These lines should radiate out from the city at reasonable distances apart, " fan-shape," to the outlying districts. It has been demonstrated that cheap distribution is in a large measure a solution of the problem, and as a consequence re-routing of the present surface railroad, uniformity of gauge and a suitable tube system to the water f ronV are indispensible. In addition the development of water carriage should be no longel' delayed. The possibilities of our harbour and shipping are just beginning to be realized. In these we have facilities for cheap communication with es'ery part on the lake and the wonderful Niagara fruit district. The improvements in motor boats may produce a type of craft that will revolutionize the carrying trade for moderate distances, in so far as speed and cheapness is concerned, and place what is possibly the greatest fruit belt in the world at our front door. Every encburagement should be given the Harbour Commission in their work of providing modfern docks, with complete machi- nery for loading and unloading. In the third place, it has been shown that suitable terminals are required in close proximity to and connection with wholesale and consumers' markets. A sine-qua-non for a successful retail civic market may be expressed ih. one word " land." Many have made the mistake of spending extravagant sums unnecessarily in elaborately con- structed buildings, and this we must avoid.' In some districts a good market can be established by simply widening a street for a block or two where land is cheap, and building a neat, light shelter of structural steel, two h^dred feet long, by 50 feet wide in the centre of the highway, or a depressed piece of rough, broken ground can be transformed into a serviceable market place at little oost. So far as present judgment goes, in addition to the St. Lawrence market and the St. Patrick's market, which should be retained, reconstructed and developed, necessity apparently exists for the establishment of a large, commodious, inexpensive wholesale market, absolutely under municipal control, on the Harbour Square, close to the boats, and at the exit of the underground tube railway from North Toronto, with trackage facilities in connection with it. Local farmers' markets might be located perhaps, with advantage, near (a) the subway, on Queen St. "W., in Parkdale, (b) near the C. P. E. station in West Toronto, (c) Earlscourt, (d) near the 0. P. E. station on North Youge St., (e) near the corner of Broadview and Danforth Aves., (f ) near the Woodbine, at the corner of Kingston Eoad and Queen St. East, or at points selected after careful consideration. 82696—6 £6 BOARD OF IXQUinV IXTO In" tte fourth place, tlie successful carrying out of these suggestions depends on " a man," known in market parlance as "The Market blaster." His must be the master mind, and he must be chosen solely for merit, and well paid. He must be a genius for broad constructive work, posses* experience and tact, an inflexible courage- ous will, and well directed enthusiasm. Upon him should all the responsibility be placed, and he should be employed with the distinct understanding that the institu- tions under his control are expected to be revenue producing. This study has been written for the use of the Transportation Committee of the Corporation of the City of Toronto. It is for their information, and to form the basis of a discussion with the hope that it will be of some assistance in helping them to solve the weighty matters with which they are to deal, and that possibly it may contain the germ that will ultimately develop into {he panacea for which the citizens are waiting. The information contained in these pages was largely obtained from the follow- ing, to whom acknowledgements are given: The American Citv U. S. Consular Keports, The Press, ISTew York Food Commission, Qlyde Lynden King, Ph. D., City of Cleveland Eeport, Mrs. Elmer Black, N.Y. XX. ' STOCK YARDS, ABATTOIRS, REFRIGERATION. The campaign of education which has been going on for the past year or more for greater attention to mixed farming and cattle raising is beginning to have some effect. la the west a surplus of hogs is expected this year, and of cattle in two or three years. To meet the situation arising from increased production of live stock and to aid in securing effective competition in the sale and shipment of live stock and meats, there is a growing demand to provide addition facilities in the matter of' stock yards, abattoirs, and refrigeration, viz. : — (1) Stock yards, abattoirs and packing plants, at large trading centres, under public control. (2) A sufficient supply of refrigerator cars. (3) Refrigeration on steamers, for the export of chilled meats and perishalJe products to the United Kingdom. The Board of Inquiry regards these facilities as necessary and of the highest importance in securing and maintaining increased production of live stock and meat products and would recommend that increased attention be given to the question of marketing live stock involving the time of marketing, methods and rates of transporta- tion, care of stock, and shipping and receiving statirons, and the storing and distribu- tion of meat. It appears to us as a result of our inquiry that live-stock production is of the greatest importance to the life of Canada. XXI. :\riXED EARMIXG— LAXD SETTLEIIE^CT. Western students of affairs are beginning to pay a great deal of attention to the relations between the man on the farm and his fellow in the city. Those ffbff have the interest of the counti'v at heart realize that Western development will not reach its blgliest until li.e rural and urbau dwellers come to see that their interests are co-ordinate. An ideal eoadition would be to have the growth of the city aud country keej) pane. COST OF LTTIXd IN GANIDA 67 The lure of great centres lins drawn people off the land in the older provinces and has kept new land from boins settled in the West. It is the very essence of the high cost of living and unless counteracted is the i)recursor of a very undesirable state of affairs generally. Leaders in the agricultural schools are now discburaging the idea that a farmer can grow wheat alone and live, and are impressing upon students the advantages of having live stock on the farm. They are preaching the doctrine of mixed farming. .Dr. J. G. Eutherford is q\ioted as saying at North Battleford:^ We have gone into the extensive occupation of land and not for the intensive farming of it. Western farmers are -losing large sums of money by selling their wheat and exhausting the soil, instead of feeding their grain to stock. The man who tears up a few thousand acres with a steam plough, seeds it, waits for results and spends his winter in California is a gambler and not a farmer. In Appendix No. 43 there is inserted a copy of d printed pamphlet by Mr. J. H. Menzies, F.C.A., of Winnipeg, on " The Economical 'Condition and Eesources of the Canadian Middle West," from which we make the following extracts: — Whenever the subject of the resources of this Middle West — of what we produce — is mooted, when we look for what means we have to pay our way, the mind reverts at once to our wheat fields. We have other products than wheat; the oat and barley crops last year were of the value of 90 million dollars, and we have flax, fish, minerals, the timber that skirts our prairies, and many other things; but the market value of all these products together is less than the value of the wheat; they do not bulk so large to the mind nor so strike it as of the first importance. This foremost place of wheat in our produce has come about from the good prices once obtainable for it for local consurhption. But when under such favour it was grown in great quantity it becarne necessary to export the excess, and this came into competition in the British market, beside American wheat, with the wheat grown by peasant labour in Eussia, India, Egypt and Argentina. The price of their greater quantity of wheat then ruled the price of ours, and the return therefore for our higher priced labour became as low as theirs; though this effect was obscured to us for a time by the accident of good prices for wheat in Britain Before all things — and this is the conclusion of the whole matter — the productiveness of the land somehow should, a's it may, be increased. A note of doubtful value indeed would attach to the land if the result from such f arni- ing as obtains must continue always so poor. The Government statisticians cited above state the total yield of wheat for all Canada in 1913 at 232 million bushels, of the value of 156 million dollars, from a cultivated area of H million acres, and the share we in the West take in this wheat culture is evidently too preponderant in our farming. The wheat croj) of the three prairie provinces was nine-tenths of the total wheat crop of Canada, whereas our oat and barley crops were each only six-tenths of the total for Canada. So that if our wheat crop had been diminished by one-third or 70 million bushels, it would still have borne the same proportion to the wheat crop of the rest of Canada as our oat and barley crops bear. (The continued preponiieranee of wheat growing in the West comes now no doubt from the easiness df cultivating our prairie fields.) But though the wheat crop may be increase^ in yield per acre, yet other branches of farming replacing it partly would pay better. Homesteads have been allowed too freely to encroach on the ranges in the far West and crowd them out. Their cattle mjght otherwise by this time have 82696— 5i 68 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO stocked all the farms, so cheapening' meat for the whole country, whereas now, failing any adequate demand from the farms, the western ranges have to export niuch of their cattle to the south, and this causes scarcity and high prices to the consumer. This want mixed farming would sifpply; while also near every town and city there should be extensive market gardens and poultry and dairy farms, the want of which is another great cause of high prices in our housekeeping. With such agricultural resources at hand it is most wasteful not to produce enough of such things to supply our townspeople, but to be obliged to import them at a great extra cost from a distance. The ideal is to make farm life more attractive and to set up an industrious and prosperous community of farmers w|io shall while farming better gradually adopt mixed farming where feasible. An " agricultural survey " is one of the means recommended to carry out this ideal : so as to show, by means of maps, charts and information carefully tabulated, the characteristics of soil and climate in the various localities; also to indicate the kind of farming which is most suitable, what kinds of grain ought to be sown and other data useful for intending settlers. In Appendix No. 22 there is inserted an article qn " Cost of Production in Agri- culture," and also an article on " Supply of Store and Dairy Cattle," as published in the JoumaiL of the Board of Agriculture. Outside the prairie provinces, the settlement of the land is a matter principally Under provincial control. The interests of the whole community are affected, however, so far as land settle- ment may tend to increase production and reduce tlje cost of living and in other respects. ' Views presented to the Board of Inquiry in British Columbia are set forth in Appendix No. 41. In the prairie provinces the information gathered from various sources pointed more particularly to the necessity for good roads, the desirability of having buildings erected for settlers on new lands — to be paid for in instalments — and to the need of facilities to provide farmers with " working capital." The following information has been furnished in regard to the sale and settle- ment of Canadian Pacific Railway lands in ^ianitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta:— GENERAL COXDITIOXS OF .SALE O*' LANDS. 1. Lands are sold only to bona fide settlerfe. 2. Not more than two sections, 1,2S0 acres, will be sold to one purchaser. 3. Lands are sold on the basis of one-twentieth cash and the balance in nineteen annual instalments with interest at 6 per cent per annum. Pur- chasers who have complied with all the terms of their contract, after the expiration of five years, may make payment of the whole or any part remaining unpaid without notice or bonus. 4. The company reserves all mines and minerals, including gas and petro- leum. 5. Applicants must, by themselves or authorized agents, make personal inspection of the land they propose to buy. SALE OF LAND FOR SETTLEMENT WITHOUT LOAX. 1. Purchasers are required to enter into occupation within six months from the date of purchase. 2. Purchaser must imdertake to build a house costing at least $350 and a barn costing at least $200 and capable of accommodating four horses and four cows. COST OF LIVIXG IN CANiiDA 69 3. Purchaser must agree to keep the buildings insured against loss from fire, and must Undertake to sink a suitable well, fence the land and break and crop a stated area in each quarter-section. 4. Purchaser must undertake to keep during the entire period of his required occupancy of the land, at least three milch cows. 5. In lieu of cultivation and cropping of 'the land purchaser may agree to maintain on the land a stated number of horges, cattle, sheep or hogs. Such animals must be the unencumbered property of *the purchaser. SALE OP LAND FOR SETTLEMENT WITH LOAN * FOR IMtEOVEMENTS. The $2,000 loan to settlers is absolutely the strongest, most positive and convincing ansvrer to any and all questions as to the quality of the Canadian Pacific lands, and as to the profits that can he made in farming these lands, Think of this — if a farmer purchases 160 acres of these lands at $20 an acre, his first payment on our twenty-year terms is only $1 an acre, or $160 on 160 acres. Now, against this investment of only $160 in the land, the Canadian Pacific is willing to prove its faith in the productiveness of the land by invest- ing $2,000 in improvements on this land. And this investment is made abso- lutely without any security other than payment pf one-twentieth of the price of the land and the amount of the loan. Seeing this, can any reasonable man doubt that the soil of the lands ofl'ered is as rich or the profits that may be made are as great as the Canadian Pacific has always claitoed they are? The conditions of this loan are: — 1. Applicants for land on this plan must 'be married men having agri- cultural experience. 2. Applicants must have sufficient capital *to enable them to pay the first instalment of one-twentieth of the purchase pride of the land they seled; and one-twentieth of the amount of the loan desired, in addition to the amount necessary to maintain their families for one year from the date of their entry into occTipation. 3. Applicants must own free from encumbrance^ sufficient horses, cattle and other live stock, or have sufficient means to purchase same to enable them to go into occupation and proceed with the developitient of the land. 4. No application will be accepted for molfe than 320 acres. 5. The company will, within a reasonable time after the acceptance of the purchaser's application, expend a sum not exceeding $2,000 for improvements to the land, including a charge for supervision of five per cent of the amount expended. Improvements will be made in the following order: — (a) The erection of a house; (6) the erection of a barn; (c) the fenc- ing of the farm; (d) the providing of a well, and pump. 6. The character of the house and barn to be erected on the farm to be selected by the applicant from the standard plans of houses and barns erected by the company. In the completion of these improvements the purchaser of the land, together with any stock and equipment he has, will at the discretion of the company be employed in connection therewith, and be paid the current rates for same. The cost of all material and work Will be paid by the com- pany and charged against the advance. 7. The total amount of the advance of $2,0,00 will be added to the list price of the. land and rei*ayment of the same made in twenty equal annual instal- ments with interest at six per cent, at the same time and concurrently with the payments for the land as above referred to. 8. Purchaser must undertake to enter into occupation of the land with his family, if any, within six months from the, completion of the improvements 70 BOARD OF IXQUIRY TATO by the company and must undertake to reside thereon continuously for five years, and to break, cultivate and crop eertairi • stated areas in each quarter- section. He must also maintain, during such required occupancy on the lands, at least three milch cows for each quarter-section and must insure the buildings against loss by fire. The advantages that come to the settler frbm this policy are many. Xot only is he enabled to make a start with a much smaller outlay of cash than other- wise, but his family is also protected from any of the inconveniences generally incidental to establishing a new home. The cash he receives for helping in the improvement of the farm is always a welcome addi- tion to his treasury and he is assured that the buildings on his land are of the class that long years of experience have proven best. The reduction in initial expense is considerable. The following article from the Monthly Bulletin of Economic and Social Intelli- gence for July, 1913, relates to Home Colonization in Norway: — For some 'years in Norway may be observed two increasing streams of emigration — one to foreign lands, the other from the country to the towns An important feature in connection with this emigration is that more than two- thirds of the land surface is devoted to extensive farming for which many labourers are required This want the Government is endeavouring to meet by internal colonization. An article on this subject appeared in the July number of the Bulletin of Economic and Social Intelligence published by the Inter- national Institute of Agriculture, Home. Internal colonization in Norway is based on a law of 1903 which estab- lished an CJfficial Credit Bank, the Norsk Arbeiderbruk og Boligbank (Nor- wegian Small Holdings and Houses Bank), which grants loans for home colonization. Its capital is furnished by the State and consists at present of 10 million crowns. Its working capital is raised by bonds payable to bearer guaranteed by the State, the total amount of which must not exceed six times the capital. They are repayable in from 30 to 50 years from date of issue. The bank accords two kinds of loans, the *brukslaan for the acquirement of small farms and the boligaan for the purchase or building of workmen's houses. A maximum interest of 3i per cent is paid on the first; of 4 per cent on the second. To obtain either loan special formalities are required, varying according as the request is made by a local association or by a person who needs financial assistance. Of these formalities, full particulars are given in the article already mentioned. Erom 1903 to 1912, the Norsk Arbeiderbruk og Boligbank granted 11,579 loans amounting to a total of 16,098,430 crowns for the purchase of small holdings, and 8,142 Joans amounting to a total of 11,161,057 crowns, for building. The total amount of interest paid during the same period was 3,632,384 crowns. XXII. AGEICULTUEAL CREDIT IN CANADA. Credit facilities are of the utmost importance to the farmer. The raising of immense crops, and live stock for the world's market is, in the final resort, dependent on the farmer being able to make the most of his opportunities by command of the requisite capital and by adequate use of labour- and time-saving machinery and transport facilities. CO.ST OF LITIXG IX CAXADA 71 More especially in that portion of the Dominion to the west of the Great Lakes, the question of capital to be loaned at reasonable rates of interest for carrying on the operations of the farm stands pre-eminently in the front rank. That the production of live stock and other farm products lias been retarded or diminished through the lack of organized credit facilities for farmers' requirements, is the view widely and firmly held, particularly in ihe western section of Canada! and thus constituting an important factor in the increased cost of living. The Eoyal Commission appointed in Saskatchew|in has presented a comprehen- sive and searching report on the whole subject of agricultural credit. The commis- sioners recommend the establishment of a co-operative mortgage associfition, covering the whole province and controlled and secured by the Provincial Government. Its object is " to facilitate on the part of the farmers of -the province, the establishment upon a sound basis of a system of local and central rural co-operative societies, for purchasing and selling farm products and supplies." A synopsis of the report of the Saskatchewan Eoyal Commission on Agricultural Credit is submitted herewith as Appendix No. 31. A bulletin of the Department of History and Political and Economic Science in Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., on " The Problem of Agricultural Credit in Canada," by H. Michel, is also submitted in Appendix No. 30. A memorandum on the subject of Cattle Loaning .Companies, submitted herewith as Appendix No. 29, has been prepared by Mr. Coats from information obtained on a visit to St. Paul, Minn., in connection with this inquiry. Special attention is directed to this memorandum, as pointing out an efPective method of encouraging the raising, and particularly thfe feeding and finishing of stock by farmers. The work of the Special Agricultural Credit Institution of Italy, 1913, reported in the Monthly Belletin of Economic and Social Intelligence, October, 1914, appears as Appendix No. 32 hereto. xxin. EEGULATION OF INDUSTET— BTJEEAUS OF INFOEMATION— UNEMPLOYMENT. / Unemployment causes distress and leads to increase in commodity prices through decreased production. The unemployed man is injured by idleness, his skill deteriorates, his " zest of life " is weakened, and his habits of thrift are soon on the dowia-grade. The habit of asking assistance grows by indulgence.. Under our present social organization periods of unemployment seem inevitable. There is a constant alternation of booms and depressions in our present system. Times of prosperity are followed by depression and distress. When the market is good, every productive machipe is at work, and goods are piled on the market with reckless disregard for the future. There is little effective attempt to gauge capacity or consumption or to ascertain whe;re the balance between supply and demand is fixed. Lines upon which there may be some reconstruction in our social system are now being studied in various countries. A convention of Farmers' Institute workers was recently held at Washington for the discussion of various subjects of common interest. It was there stated that the American Government is about to establish a stat'ion where the producers and consumers can obtain information with regard to buying and selling farm products. 72 BOARD OF INQVIRT INTO Good service can nb doubt be rendered by the establishment of stations or bureaus where reliable information is furnished regarding employment and wages, and also as to prices, supply and demand in various products of the soil and industry. There is a group of people who advocate a price-fixing industrial commission with power to fix food prices at a point that will bring reasonable returns on the investment, and with power as well to prevent abuses in weights and measures and quality. But as schemes of price regulation of foodstuffs by an -industrial commission offer little hope of immediate adoption, they cannot be looked to as a remedial agent for the present conditions. Arthur Shadwell, in his book on Industrial Efficiency, writes :-^ " The industrial expansion of Germany presents another picture. The indus- trial population has not been left to carve out its ovsm destiny, but has been guided and helped at every step. All sections bf the community, from the throne to the workhouse, have contributed something. ' Laisser faire,' or ' Manehester- thum,' as they say in Germany, is dead; ordered regulation is accepted and applied with infinite pains by the Legislature, government departments, muni- cipalities and private citizens. It is seen not pnly in the scientific tariff, but in the careful and judicious factory code, the State system of insurance, the organ- ization of traffic and transport by railway and canal, the fostering of the mercantile marine, the educational provision, municipal action and poor-law administration. So the edifice has been built up four-square and buttressed about on every side. It is a wonderful achievement in which every unit has played a part." An article from the Monthly Bulletin of Economic and Social Intelligence, for October, 1914, on " The Problem of the Economic Distribution of Agricultural Pro- duets in the United States " is submitted, without comment, as Appendix No. 40. XXIV. THE CUSTOMS TAEIFF. The purpose of a protective tariff in Canada, as represented by its advocates, is to maintain an industrial system which shall keep jCanada independent, shall mako adequate use of its natural resources and diversify Jhe occupations of the people, at the same time providing revenue for our national requirements. The protection afforded by a tariff undoubtedly .stimulates industries and tends to increase production. One of the objects of a protective tariff system on this continent is to maintain a wage scale and standard of living above that found in other continents. This element m the system tends to increase the selling price for commodities in the home market, subject to modification in prices according to extent of production. By securing a remunerative hdme market, Canadian producers expect to seU a portion of their products abroad, although at a lower rate than they otherwise could, and so increase their output to its highest economic capacity. The Customs tariff is a tax paid in part by the consumer and in part by the exporter, according to the conditions of trade. Taxes, however, are needed for revenue purposes, and it is a matter of controversy whether such revenues are best raised by one form of taxation or another. _ Customs taxes cannot be abolished without prpvision for other taxes to lake their place. Whether any other practicable and satisfactory system of taxation can be found to replace the Customs tariff system is an unsettled question. It is to be remem- bered that political economy is not an exact science, and that an investigation into the Index No. 1913. 133-7 Ad vanco ==44 p.c. 110-7 =22 P.O. 142-3 1. =6.'5 p.c. 145-7 " , =G2p,c. 174-6 =77 p.c. 126-1 11 =46 p.o. COST OF LIYING IN CANADA 73 ■ultimate economic bearing of protection and free trafle, for practical purposes, must take into consideration the question of unemploymejit and other factors bearing on the welfare of the community as a whole. Writers on this subject contradict each other, and they in turn are contradicted by events. It is undeniable that protection with its corrollaries does give the protected com- petitors a great immediate economic advantage over unprotected ones. Whether this pays or does not pay a protecting country as a whoje, oir in the end, is a question which we leave to the controversialists. Tljat the tariff is not the cause of the present advance is shown by the fact that the greatest advance has been made in commodities which are least effected by the tariff and on which the tariff rate has not been raise'd during the period of increased prices. The. advance in 1913 as compared with 1897, by groups of articles, was as lol- loiws : — Index No. ■im. Textile and other manufacturts, 172 articles 92-9 Iinporti^d foods, 17 articles ~ ,90 5 Products of the farm, crude, 39 artiole< 86-3 Products of the farm, manufactured, , SO articles 89-9 Products of the tore.«it, raw , 98-4 Products of the mine, 12 articles S6 - 5 XXV. GOLD PEODUOTION— SUPPLf AND DEMAND. The price of a commodity is the value or purchasing power of that commodity expressed in terms of money. Money is the common medium of exchange. The money with which exchanges are made consists of: (a) gold in circulation, and (b) credit money based on gold, and on other forms of property deposited in the banks, the latter usually taking the form of bank-notes, cheques, and bills of exchange. The rule holds good that the prices of commodities are affected by the general law of supply and demand — subject, however, to other influences. As gold is a medium of exchange and is the basis of credit, the increase in the gold supply has obviously an important influence in raising the prices of commodities and services in general, " other things being equal." The extent of this influence is a disputed question, but that it has had a consider- able effect in raising the price-level of commodities seems apparent to us. As the general advance in prices has been world -yide and not confined to any one line of industry, with here and there an exception, 'Jiere must be some general cause tending to raise prices. A cause which will affect all prices in civilized countries in much the same way is a cause that has to do with a standard of measurejpent of prices. 1, There can he no question that there has been this general increase in prices, and that at the same time there has been an increase in the output of gold, the monetary standard of the civilized world, sufficient to decrease materially its value as compared with the values of other goods, and in consequence to increase prices. The following are extracts on this subject from .the report ,'i^, tli3 Director of the Mint at Washington, UjS.A., for the fiscal year 1911 : — THE world's absorption OF GOLD AND TiIe RISE OF PRICES. The enormous increase in the production of gold which has occurred in recent years, and the relationship that may exist between these enlarged sup- plies and the advancing prices of commodities, has awakened a world-wide 74 BOARD OF INQUIRY 1X70 interest among economists. It has seemed for tliie reason worth, while to under- take the task of tracing the yield of the last two decades into actual use for the purpose of discovering where it has been locate4, and how much of it has been placed where it would probably exert an influence for the expansion of credit, the stimulation of industry, and the rise of prices. The new golden era may be said to have had its beginning with the dis- covery of the Transvaal deposits in South Africa and the development of the cyanide process, which was first used successfully in the treatment of the Trans- vaal ores, but has since contributed in an important degree to the increased production of nearly all gold-mining districts. The introduction of the cyanide process was an epoch-making event in the history of gold production and must be taken into account in any well-considered review of the gold-mining industry. Kecently the suggestion has been made that some kind of a memorial should be provided in the Transvaal to Messrs. McArthur and Forrest, who originated the process. In a published letter making this proposal a prominent resident of Johannesburg says: " It is many years ago since mining men, if my memory does not play me false, were confronted with the problem of how to win the gold from the pyritic ore which the mines were found to contain when the red free-milling ore changed to blue hard rock, from which the gold was not easily obtainable with the then existing methods of gold winning. The advent of the ilc Arthur-Forrest process was a wonderful piece of good fortune for these, fields, and there are men stiU in Johannesburg who know all about it from tile very beginning, and others competent to place on record the history of the process are in England or Scot- land, and it has often seemed to me that in the rush of life we have to all intents and purposes, failed to remember how the Hand was saved by the cyanide process." The Mining World and Engineering Record, of London, commenting upon this proposal, says: — " The discovery of the cyanide process must be regarded as one of the greatest achievements of modern times. And there can be no doubt that cyan- iding will be hailed by coming generations for its importance, not so much to the mineral industries directly, as for its bearing upon world economies in rendering possible a greatly increased output of gold and silver year after year. In the comparatively brief 20-year interval since 1S91, when Messrs McArthur and Forrest brought the modern perfected cyanide process prominently before the mining world the output of gold has amounted to 284,081,289 fine ounces. This is a most astonishing showing, especially when compared with a total out- put of 401,311,148 fine ounces for the entire 397 vears previous — from 1493 to 1890. " For the great expansion in the world's output, particularly noticeable in the. past 15 years, the spread of the cyanide process is directly responsible. Nor, if we except the Klondike, has this record production been boomed by the development of new fields. The cream of the world's gold fields had alreadj been skimmed in previous years in California, Australia, South Africa, Siberia, India, and elsewhere. It is mainly on the cast-off leavings of the old fields that the cyanide process has achieved a record production of the yellow metal. And among those leavings, we must not forget the innumerable lower-grade proper- ties whose exploitation has been rendered fundamentally possible only by the cyanide process. It is these latter which now furnish the bulk of the world's supply of gold, and upon which the world must depend very largely for its future requirements." rO.sT OF LtVlNG IN CANADA 75 Tlie total production of the Transvaal from 1884 to June 1 1889, was reported by this Bureau in 1889, at $11,037,676. During the decade from 1880 to 1889, inclusive, the production of gold in the world was lower than in any other 10 years after the California discovery, the annual average for the period being estimated at $106,250,000. In 1888 the output was $110,000,000 ; in 1889, $133,000,000, and for the next 21 yearp as shown below. The production of the world for the ten -years from 1890 to 1899, inclu- sive, and for the eleven years from 1900 to 1910, inclusive, is given in separate tables and the yield of the three principal producing countries is also shown separately. The African product is mainly from the Transvaal, but includes Rhodesia ,and lesser fields which altogether had in 1910 a production of .$19,592,679. Gold Production, first period, ten years. Years. Africa. United States. Australasia. Others. Total. 1890 1891 S 9,887,000 . 15,742,400 ■ 24,232,000 28,943,500 40,271,000 44,728,400 ■ 44,581,100 58,558,700 80,128,500 73,023,000 $ 32,845,000 33,175,000 33,000,00u 3.5.955,000 39,500,000 46,610,000 53,088.000 57,363,000 64,463,000 71,053,400 $ 29,808,000 31,399,000 34,159,800 35,688,600 41,760,800 44,798,300 43,776.200 52,665.700 64,860.800 79,321,600 40,609,620 50,333,600 .55,424,100 56,907,700 59,643,800 62,626,900 00,806,S00 67,486,300 77,427,400 83,326,100 113,149,620 130,6,50,000 146,815,100 157,494,800 181,175,600 198,763,600 2')2,251,fi00 236,073,700 286,879,700 306,724,100 1892 1393 1894 1895 .' 1896 1897 = 1898 1899 ,,. . Total .... 420,095,600 467,(52,400 458,238,600 614,591,820 1,959,977,820 Gold PRODUCTioisr, second period, eleven years. Years. Africa.'' United Slates. Australasia. Others. Total. 1900 1901 s 8,671.900 9,089,500 39,023,700 67,998,100 85,913,900 113,254,700 13.-), 358,000 1.51,984,100 166,520,500 170,988,600 175,189,9U0 1,123,592,900 $ 79.171.000 78,866,700 80,000,000 73.691,700 80,464,700 88,180,700 94,373,800 90,435,700 94,560,000 90,269,100 96,269.100 73,498,900 76, 880, '^00 81, 78,800 89,210,100 87,767,300 ' 85,926,,500 82,391,400 75,677,r00 73,327,500 71,007,900 65,470,800 s 94,292,700 98,738,300 96,135,100 96.902,800 92.941,400 92,920,800 90,379,800 94,869,10(» 108,069,100 112,475,800 117,774,300 1,095,505,200 255,634,500 263,374,700 1902 296,737 600 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 I!i09.: 1910 ...■ 327,702,700 347,087,300 380,288,700 402.503.000 412,966,600 442,476,900 454,145,700 454.703,900 Total 955,386,800 862,738,700 4,037,621,600 * The falling off in the production of Africa in the 1899-1903 period was due to the Boer war. 76 BOARD OF IXQVIRT IKTO World's Industrial Consumption as estimated ty tlie Bureau of the Mint. Calendar Year, First Period. 1890 , 1891 1892 , 1893 1894 1895 1896 1S97 1898 1899 Total Value. S 50,000,000 50,000,000 50,000,000 50,517,300 .52,520,200 59,080,800 59,730,200 59,940,300 65,576,200 73,262,100 570,fl27,100 Calendar -Year, Second Period. 1900 1901,...: . 1902. ..... 1903 1904. .. '.. 1905 1906 19U7 190.S. 1909 1910 Total Value. 76,291,(;00 79,417,000 75,865,100 74,556,200 77,845,000 82,975,200 93,145,900 97,168,600 88,572,300 100,.506,100 111,»48,.500 9-58,192,100 These estimates are confessedly inconsistent and unsatisfactory in many respects, and have been given as estimates only. It now seems probable that the bureau erred in treating the results of the German inquiry of 1907-8 as show- ing the consumption of new material. If a 'deduction of one-third is made from these figures the result is more consistent with the returns from the inquiry of 1896-97, and this has now been doi^e for the years 1909 and 1910, the only ones for which the bureau has used the high figures. The figures for Great Britain and France have also been reduced to make them conform more reasonably with those for Germany, and because there is reason to believe that sTifficient allowance has not in the past been made for old material enter- ing into the articles presented at the French stamping office. EXPORTS TO ASL4.. In the estimates fqr industrial consumption as given above no amounts have been included for Asia for the reason that it is impossible to distinguish the amounts that have been taken by India .and most Asiatic countries for currency and hoards from what has beeen taken for ornaments etc. It is more satisfactory to deal simply with the amoimts of gold which these countries have drawn from the world's supply for all purposes. There are practically no figures for the a])8orption of western or central Asia. The statistics for China are of little value, but on the whole there is , a movement outward, showing that the production, possibly augmented by unrecorded imports, exceeds the recorded imports. In statistics of the precious metals India is the most important country of Asia, and has long been one of the most important in the world. The Government of India has advised this bureau that the uncoined gold imported into that country might be considered to be used for ornaments and in manu- factures. This amoimted in 1910. to $47,026,698. The movement to India deserves to be treated in a class by itself. A large part of the gold and silver that goes there sinks out of sight, and whether it is made into ornaments or buried in the ground, is withdrawn at least in large part from the monetary stock of the world. Some of it may be brought out in periods of emergency, such as times of famine, and reconverted into money, but in the past a steady stream of the precious metals has moved into India and disappeared as a factor in the commercial world. Sir James Wilson, K.C.S.I., for many years in the Government service in India, in a comprehensive COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 77 address deUvered before the East India Association of London, on June 14, 1911, reported the net imports of gold by India since 1840 at about 1,200,000,' 000, or one-tenth of the world's production in that time. THE HISTORICAL PARALLEL. The most impressive circumstance in favour of the theory that the present movement of prices is mainly due to the increased supply of gold is the fact that just such a movement of prices followed fast upon the discovery of gold in California and Australia. There are many features of similarity between the conditions of that period of expansion and the present one. The production of gold in the world prior- to the discovery m California was about $35,000,000 a year, and of silver probably about the same. Estimates for that period are vague. The amount of gold actually in sight in banks and treasuries was very small. England was practically the only country in Europe that had a considerable amount in circulation. January 1, 1850, the stock in the Bank of England was about $85,000;000, and Tooke and Newmarch estimated the amount of gold coin in circulatij)n in the United Kingdom at $250,000,000. On the continent, silver was *the common money of trade. France was estimated to have $500,000,000 in silver coin and $15,000,000 in gold. The United States, according to an estimate by the Secretary of the Treasury, had about $150,000,000 of gold and silver. In any calculation of the relative importance of the new supplies of money, of course the entire stock and production of both gold and silver must be takgii into account. Also the use of paper money. The later years of the decade ending with 1849 had been years of industrial depression and social unrest in Europe. Political agitation, extending in several countries to attempts at .tevolution, prompted in large degree by the desperate condition of the people, was general over Europe. Gold was discovered in California in 1848 and in- Australia in 1851, and by 1852 these new fields were producing together over $100,000,000 per year. Prof. Stanley Jevons, a contemporary writer of high repute, held more positive views as to the influence of the gold supplies upon prices. Writing in 1865 and reviewing prices since 1849, he said : — "If we compare prices now (March, 1865) with what they were at their lowest in 1849, we find there has been a rise of 21 per cent. If we take the average of 1845-1850 as our standard of comparison the rise is 11 per cent. The real permanent rise due to the gold discoveries is doubtless something between these, or probably nearer the higher limit, 21 per cent. The gold discoveries have caused this rise of price. The^'have also neutralized the fall of prices which might have been expected from the continuous progress of invention and production, but of which the an^ount is necessarily unknown." He gave much importance to the large exports of specie to India, and expressed the opinion that European markets alone could not have absorbed the new supplies, without a revolution in prices^. He said upon this point: — " Asia, then, is the great reservoir and sink lof the precious metals. It has saved us from a commercial revolution and taken off our hands many millions of bullion which would be worse than useless here, and from the earliest his- torical ages it has stood in a similar relation to Europe. In' the Middle Ages it relieved Europe of the excess of Spanish-American treasure, just as it now relieves it of the excess of Australian treasure. ' The Indian trade,' says Macpherson, ' arose to considerable magnitude at the same time the American mines began to pour their treasures into Europe, which has happily been pre- 78 BOARD OF INQUIRY lyTO served 'oy the exportation of silver to India from being overwhelmed by the inundation of the precious metals, as it must have been had no such exporta- tion taken place.' " Dr. James Bonar, Deputy Master of the Canadian Mint, speaking before the Canadian Club, Ottawa, January 11, 1913, expressed these views: — But, now, the extent of the depreciation caused by the great production of gold w not known. We had with us a most charming man the last time, I think,, we met in this room — Professor Irving Fisher of Tale, and he discoursed to us on this question, " The Eising Cost of Living," especially that aspect of it which I have just touched on, — the rise in ptices, which is not the same thing, but is a part of it. According to some „people it is nearly the whole. He spoke to us of the difficulty of get'ting accurate enough statistics on the subject. He told us of a conference that was going to be held — an international conference of economists, to determine the causes of the increased cost of living, and amongst other things, to persuade the statis- ticians of various countries to adopt something like uniformity in their methods. Now at present they are not uniform. The statistics of one country are drawn up on diiferent principles from the statistics of another. You heard from Pro- fessor Fisher himself that, if you were to go by the index number to regulate his plan, to work his plan, for keeping up the value of money, you would need to have an index number you could rely on anH you would need to get all the Various countries of the earth to adopt the same kind. At present they use each a different one Well, when a very young boy indeed, I had the notion that all grown up people were infallible, except of course when they were giving me good advice. After that I had the notion — when I had given up the first position — I had the notion that the press and printed book were infallible, but from that position too I was driven. And finally I fell back on the view, and held it a long time, that at least gbvernment blue-books .were infallible. But I have been thirty years in the " silent service," that speaks through blue-books. My faith is a little shaken. I won't say that it is gone. I have a philosophic faith that accurate statistics will be forthcoming and comparable ones will be forthcoming. And one realizes the difficulties in the way; one also recognizes the prodigious efforts, and heroic efforts, made by the most patient, self-denying officials, to procure accuracy in those statistics. But, wh^ all is said, the statistics remain defective, and, as to those of one nation as compared with those of another, well, they are not so useful as they might be ; they are wot compa/rdble. So that we do not know the magnitude, the dimensions of the phenomenon that we are going to study. "We know that the gold is only one cause, that there has always been a race between the expansion! of industry and gold discoveries, and that on all previous occasions the expansion of industry has won the race." XXVI. CONCLUSION.* The preparation of this report was commenced before the outbreak of the great war in August, 1914, and does not deal with conditions arising since that date. The increase of the gold supply appears to have reduced the purchasing power of money and to have brought about a corresponding increase of values, measured in money, in all the leading commercial nations since 189 7. We have not attempted to estimate the extent of the advance in prices, due to the increase of the gold supply, but are of opinion that the influence of the gold supply has been a' real factor in the rise of prices. The advance of prices in Canada has been stimulated greatly by the enormous expenditure on railways and public works and by large investments in non-productive COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 79 lines incident to the development of a young countty such as Canada, great in terri- torial area, rich in resources and occupied by a people most optimistic regarding the development of these great resources. The advance of prices in Canada has been largely " increased through manifold forms of extravagance and wastage, public and private, individual and social. Among the contributory causes to the advance of the cost of living may be included the loss, through expenditure on a rising scale, for luxuries, and through wasteful methods in the household. The main factor in restricting supply and enhancing the cost of commodities, is the withdrawal o| population from the land, which has decreased the proportion of persons engaged in producing the food supply. Uneconomic methods of distribution have al^o contributed materially to the enhanced cost of commodities. The chief influences on the side of demand ai'e the concentration of population in towns and cities, which has increased the proportion of non-producing food con- sumers; the general advance of the standard of Hting.and habits of extravagance which have extended and diversified the demands for comforts and luxuries. In the preceding part of this report reference has been made to various causes contributing to the increase in commodity prices, with suggestions for improvement in existing conditions. We look for such improvement through land settlement, greater attention to mixed farming, increased production, with standardization and improvement of quality in farm products, together with co-operation in their distribution. A cam- paign of education in progress to this end has been ■actively promoted by the Depart- ment of Agriculture of Canada, and by the Departments of Agriculture in the several provinces. That the work done in disseminating information on agricultural topics through these agencies and the teaching of the agricultural schools and colleges will be pro- ductive of good results in the future, is our confident hope. The extension of the parcel post system and the making of good roads would, in our opinion, contribute towards a reduction in the cost of producing the staple com- modities of the farm. There is a growing demand amongst the farmers, more especially west of the Great Lakes, for cheaper and more accessible " working capital " to develop their farms and to enable^them to supplement the growiijg of cereals, by the production of meats and dairy products, which we have found to be among the most important items in increasing the cost of living. The general demand for an improvement in conditions of living, arising through the spread of education, has been an important contributory cause to the increase in the cost of living. " You cannot educate people and expect them to live under the old conditions." If the teaching in the public schools of Canada be supplemented by courses in vocational training, we are firmly convinced that such action on a proper scale viil tend to promote and maintain industrial efficiency and thus serve the best interests of this country. The cordial thanks of the Board of Inquiry are due to Mr. Thomas J. Lynton, secretary of the Board, and to the federal and provincial officials and others, who gave valuable assistance to the members of the Board in the course of their inquiries. The whole respectfully submitted. JOKt McDOtTGALD, Chairman , J. U. VINCENT. C. C: JAMES. REPORT OF BOARD OF INQDIRY INTO COST OF LIYING APPENDIX No. 1. Exhibit hy Department of Labour, Canada, Statistical Memormdum affecting the Cost of Ln-ing m Canada (through Mr. R. H. Coats). INTRODUCTIOSr. At the outset of any inquiry into a subject so manysided as the present it is essential to define its scope, i.e., to discuss the precise meaning to be attached to the terni cost of living," otherwise its very familiarity. may prove a pit-fall, where so much depends upon clearness and accuracy of expression. "the cost of living." Broadly, the " cost of living " means the sum of the exertions and sacrifices (the "efforts" and "waitings" of the economist) necessary to maintain life;' and a " change in the cost of living " means (in the same broad way) any variation in the degree of effort by which a livelihood is gained. Inasmuch as the common measure of such " exertions and sacrifies " is money, the " cost .-of living " in the usual accept- ance means the amount of money paid out for subsistence, and a " change in the cost of living " means any variation in the volume of such p.ayments. FACTORS IN THE COST OF LrV'CSTG. Thus the first obvious factor in cost of living is price — the rate at which subsist- ence may be purchased. But clearly price is not the only factor. If the amount of money coming into the possession of the individual is adjusted simultaneously with any change through price in the amount going out, then there has been no real change in conditions — no change at any rate constituting a problem op the score of alteration in "real" cost of living.^ The problem arises where correspondence of this kind is lacking — where the one has lagged behind the other ot taken a contrary direction. iSee Report of the Royal Commission on the Cost of Living- In New Zealand, 1912, prp. X-XI. 2" The problem of the cost of living in its completeness is a iprotoleim of the purchasing power of incomes, and the purchasing power of any income is dependent on two factors, of which the purchasing power of the dollar is only one ; the other 'is the number of dollars in that income." Irving Pisher " Why is the Dollar shrinking," p. I. 82696—6 81 82 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Earnings in turn depend on more tlian one consideration. They depend on rates of remuneration, or wages. But quite as mucli they depend on the volume of employ- ment, and the extent to which as a consequence the services of the earner are requisitioned. Still another factor is the "standard of living." If individuals or communities from time to time change their manner of living to a higher or lower plane, this again will enter in the most intimate way into the cost of living. Thus, from a broad point of view, the " cost of Jiving " involves the whole gamut of relationships between earnings and spendings. The investigation of it must tate count hot only of the factors just mentioned but of their relations and influences inter se; for they are not separate and isolated phenomena, but are bound up inextric- ably with each other, and constitute little less than the entire economic activity of the conununity. SIGNIFICANCE OF HIGH AND LOW PRICES. This breadth of outlook is especially necessary in-approaching the subject of prices, with which cost of living studies begin, and especially " high " and " low " prices. It is apparent that to estimate " real" cost of living in -terms of price alone is to proceed upon too narrow premises. Yet no practice is more common. High prices are usually mentioned as synonymous with difficulty in obtaining the means of living, low prices as synonymous with ease in the same process. But, by the verdict of his- tory, the very reverse is oftener the case. High prices usually, though not invar- iably, prevail when trade is active and opportunities for employment at good wages are numerous; low prices when trade is duU, employment unsteady, and wages low or falling. Low prices, it is true, enable commodities alid services to be bought for little; but that little may at such a time be exceedingly dLfl3.cult to acquire. A prolonged depression in prices more than any other agency may he the parent of business inertia, leading often to widespread social disturbance and eVen to political revolution.^ On the other hand, a rise in general prices, though it makes living dear, has ordinarily the effect of stimulating hopefulness and energy in the business world and thus of making earnings even more than proportionately plentiful. Credit (on which the whole structure of trade is built) expands. , It is now the turn of the debtor, a term which includes the employer, (the keystone of the modern industrial arch). The great wage-earning class, though it may find diffidlUlty for a time in obtaining its share, and may express its discontent in strikes involving losses both to itself and to the community, gains in the long run from the increase in production — the only source from which a general gain is possible. Oerfain others are losers; holders of bonds and long-time securities; savings bank depositors on stable rates of interest; those whose salaries are fixed by law (civil servants, fhe beneficiaries of pension funds, etc.) ; those paid by tolls or fees established by custom, (though these will profit by an increase in trade). There is always, of course, the serious danger that the "good times" inay discourage economies and improvements in industrial processes, and that under their influence buoyancy may be fanned into •non-productive speculation, when the high prices will represent fictitious values and he whoUy evil Moreover, a check to aotiyity when prices are high causes suffering of an especially acute kind, the diminution in purchasing ability coming at a time when the severest demands are lAcoording to' Sir Archibald Alison, "the two greatest events which have occurred in the history of mankind " have been directly caused, the one by low and the other by high prices. These events were the fall of the Roman Empire, which, according to Sir Archibald, "was in reality brought about by a decline in the gold and silver mines of Spain and Greece " and the Renaissance which he ascribes to the discovery of the mlijea of Mexico and Peru The depres- sions of the 1840's and the 1890's, with their accompanying unrest, (both periods of extremely low prices) are within easy memory. (Cf. Nicholson, Moriey, p. 61 ) UOST OF LIVING IN CANADA 83 being made upon it. The matter is one on whicli no' final generalization is possible; nor is it to be assumed that the general price level in itself is a barometer of welfare; but it would appear upon the whole to be true that, reckoning the losses with the gains, a rise in prices, provided it be distributed and is neither sudden nor extreme, tends to be beneficial in its influence, and thus to lessen the real problem of winning a liveli- hood, while a decline tends to the opposite. The reason for the narrow interpretation attached to the phrase " cost of living " is, of course, on the surface. In times of falling prices, the agencies operating most visibly against the common welfare are " bad times," " depression of trade," etc., frequently ascribed to " over-production." When, however, in times of high prices any failure in earnings occurs, through cessation temporary or final of the prevailing pros- perity, the factor that stands out is the large amount of money required to buy sub- sistence and the point of attack becomes the " high cost of living.^ THE PRESENT SITUATION. It is a situation of the latter kind which exists in 1913-1914. Canada and indeed the world, stands at the apex of a rise in prices that has been in progress almost con- tinuously (occasional recessions being followed by recpveries and the attainment of still higher levels) for a decade and a half. At times 'within that period the rate of increase has been rapid beyond modern precedent. In this country, the final result has been an advance of approximately 50 per cent on the average and of considerably more in the case of several of the most importaut articles of consumption — an advance that has revolutionized the terms in which the individual reckons his expenditures. On the other hand, it has been a period of marked " jprosperity," with all implied in the term in the way of expanding trade, buoyant public revenues, enhanced valuations, and abounding opportunities for profitable investment and employment. But though the adjustment of wages scales has been continuous, and Canada has been free from labour disturbances of the colossal kind that have appeared in England, the persistent nature of the rise has Tendered such adjustments obsolescent almost as soon as made. Especially during the years 1910-11-1-2 has this been true. Finally, in 1913, after eighteen months of exceptional rapidity in the upward movement, a check to the price rise was administered by the prevailing financial stringency. But, while prices were on the whole but little higher in 1913 than in 1912 — -with food stuffs and rents in many localities actually somewhat lower — -.complaints as to the high cost of living were much more prevalent in 1913, largely no doubt through the coincidence 1" The economists," says Taussig, (Quarterly Journal of Economics, XXVII 413), "speak of tlie ' rise in prices ;' the greneral public spealra of the ' high cost of livingr.' It results from the fact that very different phenomena are had in mind by the two sets of persons. The economist is thinking and reasoning about the general rise of prices. The man on the streets is thinking about the exceptional rise in the prices of one important set of commodities. The general rise is not un-weloome." The two nevertheless are very apt to be related. Irvinl; Fisher sayis (American Sconomic Review, S^t. 1912.) "The phrase 'cost of living' is usuaMy taken as referring only to special groups of commodities, mostly foods, and only l)r>r the retail prices of these com- modities. The general tevel of prices, on the other hand, means the level of all prices, whether retail, wholesale. Jobbing, factory or farm prices, andi of all oommodities, whether of food, raw material, machinery, land stocks, bonds, or any other gbods whatsoever which are bought andi sold. Now, the ' cost of living ' wiU go up and down with the general level of prices and at the samie time fluctuate from specaajl oaauseis of its own. . . . : Tiie statistics of ithe past indicate that the recent rise in the cost of living has been for the most part due to the general rise in prices of all kinds, and only to a small extent, if at all, to sipecial causes applying to the retail price of foods." Without neoeesarily accepting the view of 'the last sentence, the necessity of considering the " cost of living " in Its general price-setting is patent. 82696— 6J 84 BOARD OF INQUIRY mTO of unemployment with diminished earning capacity at a time when prices stood at th( highest in a generation.^ - -^ S" - iThe agitation to which the advance In the cost of living has given rise has taken or various forms. On the Continent of Europe the general usrest has been raarlced by bread ant meat riots in Austria, socialist victories In Germany, and popular demonstrations m Franc, and Italy. In Great Britain, as noted, the strikes of labour have been on a s(^le unprecedentec before. Outside of Kuxope the wave of discontent has passed from Tokio to Buenos Ayres The Chinese revolution was said to be largely due to the advance m rice. In the United States a significant development has been the formation of Houskeepers Leagues m various cities In Cana;da, the movement for higher wages has been steadily in progress, being most aotivf in 1903 1907 and 1912; public meetings have been held i;i various localities for the dlscussior of the question ; resolutions have been passed by public 'bodies ; investigations held by Boards of Trade, etc. Everywhere has been continuous det)ate as to the causes of the change and thf remedies' availalble. A writer has compiled a list of eighty "causes" adduced in One countrj or another, " while in every country political parties in opposition has as usual attributed tlii rise to the actions of the parties in power." (Layton, Intro'duction to the Study of Prices, p. 2.) Governments have shown increased energy in prosecuting enquiries and publishing data, specia: reports on prices having (been issued in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Canada the United States, and most of the countries of Europe. The " High Cost of Living." has beer the subject of a special message to Congress by a President of the United States sjggesting th( calling of an International Conference on the subject. 'JVIassachusetta and New Zealand llltt Canada, have appointed Sipecial commissions for the investigation of facts and causes. APPENDIX No. 2. Exhihit contributed hy Department of Labour, Canada, through Mr. R. H. Coats. (COMMODITY PEia!ES.) INTRODUCTION. The purpose of the present chapter is to review the rise in commodity prices which has occurred during the past few years, noting the extent in Canada and elsewhere, ascertaining the articles and groups of articles and the kinds of prices (wholesale or retail) which have been chiefly affected, and generally presenting data on significant aspects of the situation. In the passage of goods from producer to consumer, at least two middlemen as a rule intervene — the wholesaler, who assembles the goods in a large way from the pro- ducer, and the retailer, who breaks up these lots td suit the needs of the individual consumer.^ Wholesale and retail prices are quite different phenomena from an economic point of view. The prices quoted fo"r large quantities usually dominate wide areas : the price of Canadian Western grain, for instance, is fixed fit Fort William for the whole of Canada and is governed by Liverpool; retail prices may change from place to place and even from dealer to dealer. Wholesale prices are much more sensitive, and some- times fluctuate violently with changes in market seqiiment : they are thus valuable as a barometer of industrial and commercial conditions; while retail prices, though they 2 " The method of course, varies in different branches of trade, there being more raiddlemei in some and less or none in others, and according to ciieumstances. The two main kinds ol prices, howevea-, are those fixed by the first middleman, or wholesaler, and those fixed by thf second , middleman or retailer. Producers' and jobbers' prices are here included with wliole- salers." " The retail price of a commodity is influenced by, and is nearly th« sum of, the wholesalf price, the cost of transporting the goods from the market, warehouse, or ship, merchants' and brokers' commissions, manufacturing, more transport comJnis-sions, costs and profits of retailing and delivery, interest on the capital employed in carrying the goods from the time of wholesali purchase to the time of payment by the consumer, and (in some cases) government tax." -i L. Bowley, The Economic Journal, XXIII, 514. COST OF LI7ING IN CANADA 85 follow wholesale in the long run, move slowly, the retailer being a bufPer who absorbs the more violent shocks of the market and sometimes jSrevents the lesser changes from reaching the consumer at all. Again, an investigation into wholesale prices usually covers a comparatively large number of-commodities (raw materials as well as finished products) each being quoted at one dominant market:; whereas in the case of retail prices, a list of twenty-five or thirty articles can be made to represent three-quarters of the expenditure of the average family, and the quotations must be sought at a number of places in order to reflect local conditions. Eptail prices are therefore prefer- able when the object is to measure the cost of living, inasmuch as they represent the price paid by the_ consumer to the ultimate middleman.' At the same time, the accessi- bility and reliability of wholesale price statistics renders them the medium usually chosen for this purpose; and it is the case that changes even in, raw materials and articles which seldom or never appear in domestic budgets, if sufficiently important and long continued, reappear therein in one form or other— wheat in bread, lumber in rentals, wool in clothing, etc., and are thus of importance from a cost of living stand- point. A word of explanation is necessary as to the method employed in analyzing and interpreting price statistics. This is the well known method of index numbers. An index number is a device for showing the combined dr final effect of several price changes. The nature and extent of a change in the p];iee of a single commodity may be seen at a glance by the inspection of the actual price quotations. Suppose, how- ever, the price of Ontario wheat advances within a given 'period, say, ten cents a bushel, while the price of New Brunswick spruce lumber declines during the same period, say, three dollars a thousand feet— how may the net result of the two changes be expressed? The answer is, by reducing the actual quotation in each case to the form of a percentage of the price during a common standard period, (i.e., translating the quotations into the terms of a common denominator) in which form they may be com- bined. This, in effect, is the method of index numbers. An index number of any article or number of articles at any date is the percentage which the price of that article or number of articles at that date is of the price of the same article or articles at some other date or period selected as a standard.^ CHAPTEE 1. WHOLESALE PRICES, CANADA, 1890-1913.. The statistics on the course of wholesale prices in Canada are those of the Depart- ment of Labour. In 1909 a special report on wholesale prices since 1890 was issued, and the statistics have been brought up to date in a series of annual reports.^ iPor example : Mr. Sauerbeck's Index number for English wheat for the year 1855 is 137, and for the year 1885, 60. The base period used by Mr. Sauerbecit is the eleven years 1867-1877. The meaning of these index numbers is, therefore, that in 1855 English wheat was 37 per cent above the average price which prevailed during 1867-1877, aiid that in 1885 it was 40 per cent below that average price. The actual prices of English wheat per quarter quoted by Mr. Sauerbeck in this connection are : — s. d. Average, 1867-1877 54 9 1855 74 8 1885 32 10 Though the term index number Is occasionally employed, as atjove, by Mr. Sauerbeck, to denote the relative price of a single article, it more frequently implies p. combination of such percentages, whereby a general judgment may be obtained ^s to whether on the whole prices have risen or fallen. It was in point of fact, as above stated, because of its potentialities for combination, that the index number as an expression of price* was devised. 2WhaIe sale Prices, Canada, 1890-1909, Special Report by R. H. Ooats. Published by authority of the Honoura'ble the Minister of L.a,bour pp. 509 Wholesale Prices, Canada, 1910 .. ., pp. 124 1911 pp. 223 1912 pp. ,2i55 1813 pp. 288 86 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO SCOPE OF INQUIRY. The general purpose being to present a result as representative as possible of coi of living and of the industrial and commercial life of Canada, aa many of the mai staple articles of Canadian production and consumption were included as was thougl consistent with the avoidance of duplication and the preservation of proportion betwee the different sections of the field.^ Manufactured articles as well as raw materia! appear, though specialized lines are avoided.^ On the whole the list is a comprehensive one, including 272 articles, a muc larger number than in the great majority of similar investigations. For each of the commodities a monthly or weelky* quotation has been obtaine on the same basis from a reliable source in a primary or representative wholesal market for each year back to 1890. These statistics are too vokuninous for reproduc tion and the reader is referred for them to the several reports already mentioned. I has been thought, however, that a table setting forth the average yearly price of eacl (■i)mmo ,___ / 91 90 _ 68 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO not been wholly without interruption : there was a pause in 1899, and another in 1903. A third and more considerable reaction, amounting this time to a recession of several points, occurred after thB "crest" of 1907. It lasted, however, little more than a year, and by 1909 the rise was again in full progress. The years 1910, 1911 and 1912 witnessed in fact an even more rapid upward flight of prices than that which charac- terized the years preceding 1907 : by December, 1912, the general level stood at a point approximately forty-eight per cent above that of the low year 1897. A check occurred in 1913, but the general effect was little more than to discontinue the high speed of the advances of 1910-11-12. TABLE SHOWING INDEX NUMBERS OF ALL COMMODITIES BY GROUPS, 1890-1913. 1. Grains and fodder 2. Animals and meats 3. Dairy produce 4. Fish 5. Other foods 6. Textiles 7. Hides, tallow, leather, boots and shoes 8. Metals and implements — (o) Metals (5) Implements 9. Fuel and lighting 10. Building materials — (a) Metals ; (ftJMiscellaneous building ma- terials. (c) Paints, oils, glass 11. House furnishings 12. Drugs and chemicals 13. Miscellaneous — (a) Furs (ft) Liquors and tobaccos '(c) Sundry 1890. 116-7 Ul-2 103 103-3 120-3 111-4 100-6 125-4 103-8 107-4 103 5 117-6 109-5 100-2 110-5 86-5 94-9 112-0 1891. 106 1892, 107-6 102-9 106-6 104-4 106-8 98-2 100-9 104-4 103-7 99-7 1893. 101-2 101-8 102-1 102-6 102-9 103-7 103-7 98-6 101-1 104-4 123-6 99-4 100-3 Total 110-3 108-5 102-8 102-5 97-2 95-6 92-5 92-2 2961 100-1 108-2 1070 1894, 94-3 98-7 104-6 96-4 950 97-3 89-9 91-1 102-2 97-5 104-6 98-7 95-5 101-3 103-1 113-5 98-7 93-7 1895, 92-2 94-8 101-4 95-2 93-6 87-0 101-0 97-0 102-8 10'0-3 80-5 99-4 91-3 1896. 85-2 82-4 90 1 102-6 87-1 96-9 92-9 87-5 98-5 97-1 93-9 96-2 97-5 80-7 98-0 92-6 1897. 80-6 90-4 90-1 98-6 86-0 98-0 100-1 85-7 931 96-4 93-9 87-7 95-5 99-8 96-5 88-0 103-9 91-2 1898. 97-9 92-9 99-6 94-3 95-2 105-0 87-6 94-3 93-5 90-8 87-4 100-0 99-6 96-8 UM 103-9 103-3 1899 96-7 95-1 101-4 UO-O 93-6 109-4 111-9 98-0 96-9 95-8 97-2 107-6 100-2 93-3 111-8 102-3 109-5 1900, 103-4 109-0 106-4 96-4 100-0 113-8 121-2 1001 100-8 114-0 111-8 125-9 110-2 101-5 147-3 103-3 113-0 1901. 107-3 111.3 120-5 113-2 98-6 103-6 112-8 110-4 102-2 1-1 114-6 106-0 121-9 107-9 1-8 140-9 103-3 110-9 1902, 1903. 1904 1905. 1906. 1907 1908, 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1. Grains and fodder 2. Animals and meats 3. Dairy produce 4. Fish 5. Other foods 6. Textiles 7. Hides, tallow, leather, boots and shoes 8. Metals and implements — (a) Metals (6) Implements 9. Fuel and lighting 10. Building materials — (a) Metals (b) Miscellaneous building ma- terials (c) Paints, oils, glass 11. House furnishings 12. Drugs and chemicals 13. Miscellaneous — (a) Furs (6) Liquors and tobaccos (c) Sundry 116- 122' 106 110 98' 101 118-' 102- 104- 104- 122-0 104- 128- 109' 120- 145- 103 116- 106 117 108 116 98 105 115 105 105 111 128 107 126 109 105 168 107 115 1155 111-3 107-2 119-5 101-8 110-4 113-6 99-7 106-2 103-0 131-3 107-2 122-4 112-7 109-6 171-3 107-8 1191 116-4 120-7 115-1 115-7 100-7 114-6 119-6 108-4 106-1 104-1 134-1 106-8 125-3 107-3 106-4 217-4 108-1 121 1 118-5 130-1 120-2 121-8 103-1 123-4 128-1 128-6 106-0 106-4 152-7 104-7 135-3 113-0 106-3 229-2 106 1 120-9 140-2 133-8 131-5 1^9-5 112-5 1^6-1 125-5 134-8 107-1 108-8 165-2 108-7 141-2 112-7 108-5 239-4 125-5 123-0 148-3 129-6 136-3 120-5 110-3 111-0 120-0 106-3 104-2 102-2 162-6 107-5 136-8 112-8 107-1 231-8 118-0 117-6 149-9 148-6 133-6 134-0 107-6 108-3 135-4 101-9 102-4 103-8 154-6 105-7 135 2 UO-4 103-9 227-2 U7-5 121-6 140-7 163-6 135-7 145-1 111-3 114-6 135-4 97-6 104 5 103-0 158-5 109-2 145-5 110-6 109-5 234-5 132-9 118-0 148-4 146-6 136-2 143-6 118-7 119-2 139-6 108-3 104-5 100-5 165-4 102-6 154-5 110^4 112-1 252-9 151-2 100-3 167-3 160 159-0 155-7 126-0 120-7 152-4 117-4 104-7 113-3 166-5 105 148-6 114 115-5 297-3 155-2 104 136-8 180-8 154-7 158-0 117-4 130-8 163-9 119-1 105-6 118-2 181-3 112-7 144-8 126-2 113-3 307-9 134-7 ^ 1131 Total 109-0 110-5 111-4 113-8 120-0 126-2 120-8 121-2 124-2 127-4 134-4 135-5 COST OF LIVINO IN CANADA 89 As illustrated, thsrefore, by wholesale prices submitted to a careful process of selection and measurement, the rise in cost of living of the past sixteen years may be set down' in round figures as 50 per cent. A statement of |;his kind requires for the sake of .perspective some explanation as to the level from which the rise " took off." As a matter of fact, the year 1897 repre- sents the bottom of a prolonged decline. Beginning with 1873, prices, which were then exceptionally high, fell rapidly until 1882-4, when there was a temporary check and moderate recovery; thereafter they declined with almost equal rapidity until 1890, after which year their course may be seen in the frontispiece diagram. In point of fact, the price level in 1897 was at its lowest, certainly 'since 1848, and probably in over one hundred years. Thus a fact to be borne in mind in discussing the present rise is that it had its origin in an exceedingly low level and that the period with which the present generation is apt to compare existing conditions was one of abnor- mally low prices, especially in foods and other lines entering extensively into domestic consumption.'^ WEIGHTED AVERAGES. The index number of wholesale prices quoted above is obtained by averaging on an equal basis the index numbers for the several coniijiodities. In other words, each article has been regarded as of equal importance froni the standpoint of consumption. This, of course, is not true to the fact, though in an inquiry covering so many articles, the disadvantage tends to disappear.^ By way, however, of adjusting the group index numbers approximately to their importance, a series of " weights," based on a system suggested by the British Association for the Advancement of Science, has been con- i " In 1896 the United States was swept into a iK>litical conflict seldom, if ever, equalled in intensity and bitterness, by what? By nothing else than .the low cost of living. The Democ- ratic platform of that year denounced the Republican party and its administration because " the products of the people's toil are depressed in price until they no longer pay the cost of produc- tion,". Prices were so low that industry languished, wages declined, and unemployment was widespread. The remedy proposed — and it would be laughable if it were not tragic — the remedy proposed was the restoration of high prices by depreciation "of the currency." (Ottawa Citizen, January 20, 1914.) ' Sir George Paish, who looks forward (Statist, Feb. 14, 1914) to a decline in prices, adds: " I scarcely need to state, however, that there is no prospect of prices falling back to the unpro- fitable level of the nineties — that condition of affairs was 'greatly to be regretted from every point -* view, arising as it did from a condition of intense qiscredit. Such an abnormal depres- sion is unlikely to recur for many years." 2It is overcome in part by the inclusion of several qijotations in the case of the more important commodities, and in part by the fact that several articles are represented indirectly more than once — as for example, wheat in bran, shorts, fotfr lines of flour, bread at two local- ities, and soda biscuits. i 90 BOARD OF INQUIRY ISTO structed.i The table of "weighted" and "unweighted" numbers follows, while the chart on the opposite page shows the results since 1900 at a glance: WEIGHTED AND UNWEIGHTED INDEX NUMBERS, 1890-1912. Year. Weighted Number Un- weighted' Number ^ar. ' Weighted Number Un- weighted Number 1890.. . . 1120 111-3 104-9 103-9 97-2 95-6 90-6 89-9 95-5 99-0 105-8 106-0 110-3 108-5 102-8 102-5 97-2 95-6 92-5 92-2 96-1 100-1 108-2 107 1902 109-6 109-7 110,6 113-8 120-1 129-2 125-1 126-3 128-0 131-1 143-9 139-6 109-0 1891 1903 1105 1892 1904 111*4 1893 1905 113-8 1894... . 1906 120-0 1895 1907 126-2 1896 1908 120-8 1897 1909 121-2 1898 1910 124-2 1899 1911 127-4 1900 1912 134-4 1901 1913 135-5 It will be seen that in recent years, and especially in 1912, the weighted number shows a more rapid advance than the unweighted. In 1913, however, it fell consider- ably. The weighted number is important as it is' probably, all things considered, a better index than the unweighted of tendencies in the cost of living, the chief weights being assigned to the groups whose price level directly "affects domestic expenditure.^ Judging by the two lines, the depression in 1907 did not have the lowering effect on cost of living that it had on general business, the fall bfing 4-1 points in the one and 5-4 in the other. Again during 1912 the steeply upward trend of the weighted line may be regarded as reflecting the serious aspects of the rise from the cost of living viewpoint, while the fall in 1913 would apparently indicate that the reduction in cost of living is a more prominent feature than during the 'set-back of 1907. iSee Report of Committee on index numbers, 1887, 1888, 1889 and 1890. The " weights " in question follow : — ^™"P- Weight. Grains and fodder , j^g Animals and meats ,* ' ' ' ' 2 q Pish ; 21 Dairy produce ' ' ' ' | Other foods '' Textiles ' .'.■ '.' ' " ' ' V " g Hides, leather, boots and shoes . . . , 2 Metals and implements (a) metals . . . g (6) implements 1 Fuel and lighting 20 Building materials (o) lumber .......' g (b) miscellaneous building materials.. 2 (o) paints, etc i House furnishings ■• .. x Drugs and chemicals ' , Miscellaneous (ra) furs ' 7 (6) liquors and tobacco. . .. .. " 2 (c) sundry . ..« 2 '^°'^' ■ : 7^ 2No less than fifty-five of the total of 100 weight units being given to foodstuffs, raw and COST OF LIVING IN CAlfADA CHANGES BY GROUPS OP ARTICLES. 91 Generalizations of the above kind, though infornjing, require to be interpreted in the light of a more detailed analysis of the tendencies in smaller groups and in indi- vidual commodities. Noting the groups first: The most prominent rfse betv^een 1896 and the present from a cost of living standpoint, is that which has taken place in animals and meats, COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, CANADA, BY WBTCtHTED AND UNWEIGHTED INDEX NUMBERS SINCE THE OPENING OP rPHE PRES'ENT CENTURY. (Prices 1890-1899 = 100). % it %%%%%% I %l i /'f-6 /4^ /44- 14-4- - /IA/IA//^//!/-fTPn l/\/nCV A/Z/MOFP I /4-3 /4-t U/Vln/L/Orf/ tu i/viJCA /VU/yoC/\~— ■* (4-1 /4-0 - \A/c//^L/Tcn /A/nc\^ kH iKjuicn , /■4-0 /W . WUbnTtu /NDcX NUMBcR—- 1 — ^ /39 /38 13s — / n? 137 1 136 nf ( 135 /35 /34- /33 ' I 134- til - I3Z 1311 n/ /3I 130 no tlf9 /Z9 » \ ,'' l/iS /S.d » % ^^■'l i?r X ^. -' ,/ /Z6 y \ .-" ,/ /P'i \ r 174- lOA / i \ tx.3 /X.3 \ A /ZZ \ r /£/ U/ 1 fHO nf 118 1 J f/d t/7 If fffi //6 '/ /IS f/ //■4- /I4- //3 % /07 .i^ //3 l/Z y _^ ^ (/I ^*' /lO , V- 109 >' /nn ..^ a /07 10$ > Ihf. IP'y /Ob — — - fo4- 104 //71 /03 1 the advance being no less than 120 per cent. Dairy products have gone up over 70 per cent, and fish over 60 per cent. Cereals are 70 per cent higher, notwithstanding recent declines (in 1912, grains and fodders stood 107 per cent higher than in 1897). The group "miscellaneous foods" (which includes fruits, vegetables, breadstuffs, sugar, tea, coffee, etc., 49 articles in all) stands on the average 36 per cent above the level of 1897, but this represents a recession from 47 per cenf in 1912. Furs, it will be noted, show the highest gain of any of the sub-groups, but this is comparatively unimportant, though the rise has been chiefly in low grade peltries. Lumber is another group in which the rise has been vei'y pronounced (over 90 per cent) ; to the extent to whjch this is reflected in house rents it is important from 'a householder's standpoint. The 2 BOARD OF INQUIRY IXTO ise in paints, etc. (about 50 per cent), is also important. House furnishings show a ise of 30 per cent, in part due to the rise in lumber just "noted. The group of leathers .nd of boots and shoes is also very high, showing a gain of between 60 per cent and 70 ler cent. The fuel and lighting group has latterly been advancing very rapidly, as a esult of the rise in anthracite coal and gasoline, though -coal oil has kept low. Metals lave fluctuated, but on the whole are not so high as six years ago or as in 1890. Imple- aents and tools have been steady. The series of charts herewith illustrates the main eatures of these changes.^ An analysis which shows very well how the general level of prices stood in the "^arious groups in 1913 is contained in the following table in which the 1913 prices ire compared with those of (1) the decade 1890-99; (2) the year 1890; (3) the low rear in the respective groups, and (4) the preceding year 1912 : PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE SHOWN BY. PRICES IN 1913. Group Compared with decade 1890-1899. Compared with 1890. Compared with the low year. Compared with 1912. I . Grains and Fodder II. Animals and Meats III . Dairy Products IV. Fish V. Other Foods VI. Textiles:— (a) Woollens. . .• (b) Cottons (c) Silk (d)Flax (e) Jute (f) Oilcloths VII. Hides, tallow, leather, boots and shoes (a) Hides and tallow (b) Leather (c) Boots and shoes VIII. Metals and Implements: — (a) Metals (b) Implements IX. Fuel and Lighting X. Building Materials: — (a) Lumber (b) Miscellaneous Materials (c) Paints, Oil and Glass XI . House Furnishings XII. Drugs and Chemicals SIII . Miscellaneous: — (a) F'urs (b) Liquors and Tobacco (c) Sundries AH commodities 36-8 80-8 64-7 580 17-8 32- 45- *12- 14. 119- 4' 82-8 51-8 63-9 191 5-6 18-2 81-3 12-7 44-8 26-2 13-3 207-9 34-7 13-1 35-5 17-2 62-5 50-2 33-0 *2-l 24-5 24-1 *25-9 15-8 105-2 *14-0 71-8 60-0 63-4 75-2 *4-2 32-2 260 2-5 256-0 42-0 10 69-7-1897 119-4-1896 71-7-1897 74-4-1892 37-0-1897 55-7-1902 61-0-1898 3-4-1912 46 ■5-1895 145-1-1898 29-1-1899 128-8-1894 63 1-1894 65-9-1894 39-0-1897 13-4-1897 26-4-1898 99-7-1898 29-0-1898 51-6-1894 29-4-1896 21-4-1899 282-5-1895 41-9-1890 24-0-1897 47 0-1897 ♦18-2 12-4 *2-7 1-5 ♦6-5 9-5 8-1 3-4 *l-3 28-7 -i 3-2 11-2 16-6 1-5 -9 4-3 6-9 •2-5 10-2 *l-9 3-6 *13-2 8-4 iSee pp. 93-98 inclusive. ♦Decrease . COST OF LIVIKG IX CAXADA 93 ^ ;^ s< ^ *^ Js Js 1^ '^a '^ '^ SK' s: .^ ^ Fl~f"TTTyT^ 34 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 95 93 BOARD OF lyguiHT jyTO a -< 5\j wj 5i Vv vS t^ s» V 54 v. &i B s '^i ^ 1 1 1 1 ^ I ^ COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 97 8i;C96-7 BOARD OF lyQUIET INTO i 1 <^/4- 3/0 306 i / 30Z 1 / Z9S ' 294. ly Z9o ^ r 'r, ^^^ ^^^ . 2.ft6 ,1 1 zez / ZZZZZ ,f ^ CrV 'l*^ rncoM- , , , , . .-i / Z7S ^ / S74 / 270 / zes / zez / Z58 ' ZS4- - zso / Z4^ / Z'f-Z / Z38 " / \ f Z34- " / V / 23o / \ / ZZ6 / zs.% / -Z/g / Z/4- z/0 Z06 / zoz / . /?# / .If4- / ./90 / . /S6 / ./3Z / ./7S ' .174- ./70 ./66 / :: ./6Z / ■ /.W / .IS4- / /SO / /4-6 \ ^ ' ./')rZ i \ ^ /S/l / /S4- / /JO / 1 /Z6 / 1 /ZJ- / \ / ,1 /ZO / s ' • '. i /// f • • 1 • ' ' • , //C S. / \ * ~Vt~," . ^ _ 4 /06 ; (.. • •* A / "j ' ■ ' ' ' '. • lOZ • * V' t • •• / • ' ••• ' w • \ • /• • ^ • 94- • \ f •. 90 ' \ _, H6 \ / HZ \ — 78 74- 70 COST OF LIVING IN OANADA 99 Other arrangements of the data than the above are,» of course, possible. For example, all the crude farm products (thirty-nine articles) may be grouped and compared with the manufactured farm products (thirty articles.), when it will be seen that the rise in the former between 1897 and 1912 was greater .than in the latter (77 per cent compared with 61 per cent), but that last year's decline in fruits and grain has tended to equalize matters, so that manufactured home foads are now 62 per cent higher while crude products are 65 .per cent higher. It is interesting also to group the imported foods in the list. Imported foods (seventeen articles) have moved up com- paratively little (22 per cent) and that little almost entirely in the last three years. Taking all foodstuffs, crude and finished, in the inves'tigation (100 articles) and com- paring them with all materials (172 articles), the rise until last year was much greater in the former (62 per cent compared with 39 per cent) ; the discrepancy, however, showed a tendency to lessen in 1913 (58 per cent compared with 43 per cent). Again, if the comparison is between raw materials and manufactured articles, the rise has been much greater in the former than in the latter (60 per cent compared with 41 per cent). Other analyses that might be suggested are consumers' and producers' goods, and organic and inorganic goods. Still another analysis especially interesting from the present point of view is that of all the foods included in the investigation taken in the form in which they enter the household (that is, meats, but not animals ; flour, bread and biscuits, but not wheat, etc.) The number of these is eighty-one and their, index numbers of the last three years are as follows, the accompanying chart being for assistance in the inter- pretation; the figures at the side showing the percentage level compared with the decade 1890-99, The index numbers on which the above statements are based follow: CRUDE FARM PRODUCTS— 39 ARTICLES. 1897 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 79'2 62-2 86-9 62- 1 88-7 940 98-1 S70 77-6 85- 82-3 117-1 112-3 112-0 105-2 82-7 100-0 106 2 100-0 69-2 89-6 128-7 63-6 S6-6 75-0 62-2 66-0 60-3 71-3 79-4 90-9 150-5 145-1 160-9 177-9 152-2 112-4 111-7 164-6 171-5 194-4 188-3 104-9 135-0 166-1 147-5 147-4 127-8 125-6 113-7 150-7 133-3 117-4 105-7 102-1 158-4 89-4 142-8 ■116-7 140-4 100-0 133-8 134-1 131-7 144-9 171-4 160-9 134-8 128-5 148-3 168-1 191-4 170-0 102-1 141-3 160-7 176-9 129-3 127-9 139-1 113-7 1190 115-2 109-4 69-0 111-9 142-8 '130-7 103-3 119-4 131-4 118-2 125-3 197-0 170-6 194-6 170-1 154-4 138-6 128-4 141-4 157-1 208-1 162-3 72-5 135-1 172-9 138-0 131-9 127-9 138-8 136-4 129-1 120-6 174-9 101-6 79-2 155-4 68-1 220 4 156-5 144-6 103-6 112-7 150-3 194-5 179-6 231-1 ■ 176-7 159-0 110-6 172-2 191-0 160-0 133-1 76-6 178-9 197-0 160-4 141-8 134-5 151-8 159-1 154-2 134-8 219-2 88-8 93-0 202-4 75-3 257 170-4 168-3 121-0 173-9 129-7 Barley, Ontario Barley, western 135-3 140-6 Beans , 200-7 Cattle, Otftario 182-8 Cattle, western... . . ... 184-1 Cherries 94-5 Corn, No. 3 Eggs, (Toronto) 151-7 176-6 108 Fowls 163-5 Grapes.. 107-9 Hay 145-6 Hides (3 lines) 203 4 Hogs... . 187-8 Honey. 134-4 Milk (Montreal) Milk (Toronto).. 143-0 149-2 Milk (Victoria) 159-1 Oats, Ontario 123-7 Oats, westera 111-7 147-7 Peaches 69-3 Pears 78-5 Pears, Ontario. . . 181-2 Plums 55-8 Potatoes (Toronto) 154-6 Raspberries. ... 169-1 Rye 123-9 Sheep. 137-6 Straw 149-2 82696—7* 100 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO CRUDE FARM PRODUCTS— 39 ARTICLES— Con«n«erf. 1897 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Strawberries. 80-4 86-5 af9-3 69-2 101-3 101-8 105-6 110-9 86-4 98-3 l«5-8 93-7 143 149-5 107-5 106-6 93-3 114-4 169-8 110-6 129-7 129-5 119-0 113-5 135-7 106-5 185-8 113-2 111-5 123-7 124-j 106-9 119-8 103-0 191-9 142-0 126-1 126- 1 121-5 105-7 146-9 Tomatoes. 179-6 Turkeys 211-2 106-2 120-0 Wheat western . IH-I Wool unwashed. 141-4 Wool, washed . . 129-8 AH 186-3 134-7 132-1 139-4 152-7 142-3 MANUFACTURED FARM PRODUCTS— 30 ARTICLES. 1897 1909 1910 1911 1912 Apples, evaporated Bacon Beef, dressed, hind quarters — Beef, dressed forequartera Beef, dressed plate Bran Cheese Flax Fibre Flour, straight rollers Flour, strong bakers Flour, winter wheat patents Flour, Man., first patents Glucose Hams Hogs, dressed Lamb, dressed Lard Leather (4 lines) Linseed Oil (raw and boiled). . . Malt Maple Sugar Mutton Oatmeal Pork, Salt Shorts. Tallow Tow Veal Vegetables canned (3 varieties). Yam 64-7 101-7 102-5 84-0 64-9 98-1 94-4 106-5 106-8 103-6 107-9 550 100-7 98-4 88-4 78-2 98-9 77-1 101-5 85-2 66-1 80-7 84-5 66-0 70-7 131-3 102-6 77-5 109-1 93 146 168 131 139 182 124 117 136 123 124 129 145 131 166 147 161 119 109 123 197 121 143 157 162 112 60 142 97 104 97 179 205 172 159 170 131 122 129 117 118 124 138 162 186 161 178 122 1~47 123 125 112 123 180 15h 113 61 154 99 118 158-8 149-7 198-8 159-1 146-1 183-8 129-6 133-6 116-6 107- 1 105-3 113-9 124-5 140-9 153-3 137-7 131-1 123-2 182-4 136- 1 129-4 194-6 129-9 143-5 161-9 114-7 59-4 150-0 140-4 119-1 118-1 158-4 231-8 182-2 150-3 196-9 143-4 141-1 121-0 1140 111-7 120-0 142-6 144-7 175-2 163-7 156-1 136-5 151-9 162-3 124-5 114-7 135-6 156-4 177-1 117-8 89-6 155-4 135-8 119-8 All., 89-9 130-9 138-9 136-1 144-8 ♦Including those which have passed through the first manufacturing process only. C08T OF Lirixa IN CANADA IMPOETED FOODS*— 17 ARTICLES. 101 Bananas Chocolate Coffee, Rio. CoSee, Santos Cream of Tartar. . Currants Lemons Molasses Oranges Pepper Prunes Raisins Rice Sugar, Granulated Sugar, Yellow Tapioca.. Tea All 1897 90-5 1909 961 115-2 97-6 110-0 74-5 51-8 890 62-8 89-9 84-7 97-3 137-2 85'7 74-6 72-5 78-6 9S-9 920 83-3 101-6 106-6 110-0 911 78-8 102-4 112-3 88-2 95-0 91-0 107-8 79-4' 93-2 98-4 132-6 1910 llO 106 •74 "73 i32 87 .69 (96 115 '93 66 m 102 111 110 131 1911 92-4 106-5 109-3 100-4 101-1 137-3 92-S 72-8 81-5 118-9 156-2 110-1 119-3 103-1 112-5 135-1 129-5 110-6 1912 ♦Including foods manufactured from imported raw materials. ALL FOODSTUFFS— 100 ARTICLES. ALL MATERIALS— 172 ARTIpLES. 199-4 106-5 130-6 112 94 136 92 -0 ■9 79-1 144-7 125 -9 121-3 115-9 107-2 117-4 138-5 130-2 113-2 Grains and fodder 80-6 90-4 90-1 98-6 86-0 149-9 148-6 133-6 134-0 107-6 140-7 163-6 135-7 114-1 111-3 148-4 146-6 136-2 143-6 116-0 167-3 160-8 159-0 155-7 126-0 136-8 180-8 154-7 Fish 158-0 Other foods. 117-8 All 87-6 126-7 129-8 133-1 142-1 138-5 .Textiles 98-0 100-1 88-0 86-4 93-9 87-7 95-5 99-8 96-5 88-0 91-2 108-3 135-4 102-5 103-8 154-6 105-7 135-2 110-4 96-8 227-6 121-6 114-7 136-2 99-7 iO3 ;58-5 109-2 145-5 110-6 109-5 234-5 118-0 119-2 139-6 107-2 100-5 165-4 102-6 154-5 110-6 112-1 252-9 100-3 120-7 152-4 113-7 113-3 166-5 105-4 148-6 114-5 115-5 293-7 104-3 130-8 Hides and leather, etc , Metals and implements 163-9 112-4 118-2 181-3 Other building materials . . 112-7 144-8 House furnishings . 126-2 113-3 Furs 307-9 Miscellaneous 113-1 All 92-9 117-8 120-9 123-7 129-2 133- PRODUCTS OF THE MINE— 12 ARTICLES. 71-7 68-9 105-8 99-1 95-4 112-2 69-6 105-8 149-7 124-7 113-3 113-9 114-3 63-3 102-6 103-4 197-5 115-1 71-0 110-3 167-6 122-5 122-5 115-9 118-1 64-9 98-7 115-2 89-7 112-2 71-2 117-4 210-3 122-3 131-9 119-3 123 1 690 130-8 139-2 88-3 103-2 81-2 135-3 229-7 122-3 147-0 129-3 120- 1 85-5 Copper ..... 124-0 Lead 96-5 73-4 94- 1 81-1 89-3 74-8 98-3 14.1-6 Nickel. 90-1 Quicksilver . 96-5 Silver 79-8 Spelter.. 131-3 Tin 227-5 Coal, N.S 122-2 Coal, B.C. 147-0 Coal, Penna. , anthracite 99- 1 137-0 Iron, piE No. 1. N.S 130-8 All.. 86-5 106-1 109-2 114-7 124-8 126-1 102 BOARD OF INQVIRY IXTO RAW MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURED ARTICLES. Number of Com- 1890. 1897. 1907. 1911. 1912. 1913. . modities. fRaw 47 51 112-9 104-2 i85-4 ■93-7 129-1 118-5 "l41-8 129-3 154-5 135-9 141. 9 Foods [ Manufactured 134-7 - fRaw lot 17 113-4 101-2 ^02-1 "98-9 134-7 121-4 144 5 124-1 149-3 127-0 202-6 Clothingf [Manufactured. 139-4 fRaw. 12 34 129-9 121-2 •85-5 91-9 141-4 115-6 109-4 102-4 115-3 103-4 117-1 Metals and Metal Products^ [Manufactured 107-5 fRaw 11 99-2 98-4 165-2 158-8 158-7 174-6 Lumber and Wood ducts Pro-^ [Manufactured. 16 101-9 •97-1 140-9 131-2 142-6 149-8 fRaw 3 7 100-1 110-0 •98-7 77-7 115-6 101-7 124-5 83-1 132-9 99-1 135-4 Fuel and Lighting. . . [Manufactured. 108-3 fRaw. . . . 89 111-7 '89-7 140-7 146-8 154-9 152-0 All Manufactured. 165 1101 .91 118-6 118-4 124-9 128-8 tExolusive of furs (4 lines). INDEX NTDiBEES OF FOODS, 1911, 1912, 1913. Meats, Fish, Dairy, Fruits, V^etables, Breadstuffs, Sugar, Tea, Coffee, CondimentB etc. (86 in number). (Average Prices 1890-1899=100.) s- 1913. 131-8 129-1 129-3 129-5 128-5 130-9 128-7 124-6 126-5 126-9 131-7 135-9 1912. 143 146-7 146-3 147-4 146-5 145-3 138-1 137-3 134-5 136-6 139-9 140-7 1911. 132-9 131-2 March. . 129-2 April 9 128-2 May 127-6 June . 129-3 July 130-1 134-8 September . * 1341 October 135-9 November 135-2 December 137-7 Year 130-1 141-7 132-2 COST OF LIVING IN CA-MDA 103 RELATIVE PEICES OF FOODS,! I'OU, 1912, AND 1913. Including Meats, Fish, Dairy Products, Fruits, Vegetables, Brcadstuffs, Sugar, Tea, Coffee, Condiments, etc. (Average Prices 1890-18^9=100.) CHANGES IN IMPORTANT STAPLE •COMMODITIES, For the examination of the price tendencies of individual commodities reference must be made to the large table. It may be convenient, however, to append a few notes of the briefest character with regard to certain important staples: — Wheat.— The low years were 1894-1896 (61-65 cents). Between that and 1909, the high year, there was a rise of 45 cents a bushel. The present level is 18-20 cents below the high mark. Oats.— Prices rose from 20 cents in 1896 to 40-45 cents in 1909, falling to 33-37 cents in 1913. The 1912 world crop was the heaviest on record. Bakley. — The rise in western barley was from 21 cents in 1896 to 62 cents in 1911, and in eastern barley from 28 cents in 1897 to 79 cents in 1912. The 1911 eastern crop was very short. Hay.— Baled hay, which sold for $8 in Montreal in 1894, brought $17.25 in 1912 and $14 in 1913. Bean and Shorts. — These commodities have considerably more than doubled since 1897. In 1912 prices were at least 160 per cent higher than in 1897. The demand for feed for the increased dairy herds is the cause attributed. Brand and shorts being by-products, the price is governed largely by demand, supply being determined by other factors. Cattle and Beef. — ^Western beef have risen from $2.77 (1894) to $6.77 (1913), the early quotation being for ranchers; while Eastern cattle have risen from iThis includ'es all finished food pi^oduots covered in the investigation, eighty-one in number, but is exclusive of raw farm products, such as grain, fodder and animals and of liquors and tobacco. 104 BOARD OF INQUIRY mrO $3.02 (1896) to $6.99 (1913). Beef has followed, the rise in fore-quarters having been considerably more pronounced than in hinds, being from $4.06 (1895) to $$11.75 (1913), or by two and one-half times.- Hogs and Hog Products.^ — A price of $9.08 in 1913 compares with one of $3,86 in 1896 for live hogs. Dressed hogs and various hog products 'show increases from 100 per cent up in the past fifteen years. Poultry. — The rise since 1897 has been about 150 per cent. Fowls have doubled in price, and chickens and turkeys more than double^. Butter. — Butter which sold at 18-22 cents in the fearly 90's, now brings from 25-2& cents wholesale. Summer prices are double what they used to be, but butter always inclined to be dearer in winter, and the rise on a cold-weather basis is not so pro- nounced. Cheese. — The rise since 1896 is between 50-60 per cent. Eggs. — The rise is approximately 150 per cent in fifteen years. Fish. — Dry codfish has risen about 50 per cent since 1895-1900. Halibut is up from 7 'Cents to 10 cents. Salmon trout and whitefish have risen from 6J cents to 12" cents in the past fifteen years. Canned Salmon. — The price varies with the pack, "but it was, $8.25 in 1913 as com- pared with $3.75 in 1897. The world's demand has greatly increased. Apples. — Prices since 1909 have been at least 40-50 per cent higher than obtained in the 90's. Evaporated apples were very high in 1911 (13 cents), but are back to the price common several years ago (7-8 cents). Other fresh fruits are as a rule cheaper than they used to be. Potatoes. — From year to year potatoes now run considerably higher, the years. 1911 and 1912 witnessing unprecedentedly high prices. The demand is larger and steadier than before 1900. Flour. — Flour on the whole has been steady since 1909, being considerably higher than in the 90s. Oatmeal. — Oatmeal during the past five years has been on considerably higher levels than in 1896. Prices were as low as $3 a barrel in 1896, but this was exceptional. It is now approximately $5 a barrel, or about 30 per cent ^bove the level of 1890-99. Tea and Coffee. — There has been a slow but steady rise in tea, the cumulative effect of which amounts to about 30 per cent. Coffee went down rapidly from 1895 to 1902, and stayed low until 1909 on account of heavy production in Brazil. It has. since recovered to its former level, but was weak last year on the abandonment of the valorization scheme by the Brazilian Government. Sugar. — Crop conditions govern prices from year to year. 1911 and 1912 were the highest years since 1893, but a present price of $4.59 per hundredweight compares with one of 7.10 in 1890. Wool.— A slump in wool occurred in 1901, but prices firmed in 1905. They were- low again in 1908, but are now high. The foreign w®ol market governs. Cotton.— Since 1904, there have been several years of short supplies and high, prices. Prices are now approximately 50 per cent higher than in 1890-99. , Silk, — Prices have fallen recently and are still lot^E, being fully 10 per cent lower all round than they were in the 90's. Leather.— Prices are approximately 40 per cent higher than in the 90's. Iron and Steel.— Prices went down during the 90's, but have recovered, though not to as high a level. They are still a little under those of 1900. CoppER.^Prices were very high about 1907 and haye been low since until last year when they rose to a point about 25 per cent higher than the level of 1890-99. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 105 Lead. — 190Y and 1912 were high years, but 1910 and 1911 saw prices about the same as in the 90's. Coal. — Bituminous coal has been fairly steady but anthracite coal has gone up materially in the past five years. Goal Oil. — Prices have gone down from 20 cents' a gallon, which was common in the 90's, to 12 cents in 1911 and 15 cents in 1913. This, it is said, has been rendered possible by the enormous demand for gasoline previously a by-product in the manufac- ture of coal oil. Gasoline has advanced from 17 cents' in 1900 to 25 cents in' 1913. Bricks, Lime and Cemext. — Bricks have gone up by 60 per cent since 1890-99. Lime has advanced by nearly 40 per cent. Cement prices, however, were all but cut in half between 1896 and 1912. They are now slowly advancing. Linseed Oil.— Prices fluctuate with the flax crop, being very high in 1911 and 1912 (50 per cent over 18^0-99) but much easier in 191,3. Rosin. — Prices have been multiplied by four in the last twenty years. Methylated Spirits. — The price has been reduced 'by the Government to approxi- mately 60 per cent of what it used to be. ' Sulphuric Acid. — This important chemical has dpubled in price since 1902. Tobacco. — The Canadian raw leaf has doubled in price. A standard plug has advanced by 35 per cent since the early 90's. Newsprint Paper. — ^Prices have gone down from *an average of $3 per hundred- weight in 1890-99 to $2 during the last three years. Binder Twine. — This important article is lower tlian it used to be notwithstanding a rapid advance last year. ' Rubber. — Prices were very high in 1910-11, but fell to less than half in 1913. They are now about on the average that prevailed du/ing the 90's. Soap. — Soap has been going up steadily, with inc^dasing cost of manufacture. Starch. — Starch follows corn and was very high (6 cents) in 1908. It is now 5-6 cents. In 1892 it fell below 4 cents.' 106 BOARD OF JNQVIRT INTO OC OO OffOi-HD T-( 1— I lO CO CO T-H kO iCO OS-^ O COCS »>- O CO ■^ Tt< CO ■^ UJ ^ -- - CO O ^ r;f< 1^ »0 O -* ^ CO t^ o re Tt< CO cq -^ ClI^- 30 O "^ LO — I OO O to O •— OC 05 O OO C-l CI C-) 00 (M t- to CO CO CO 01 ■* O CQ CO »0 CO -* O 1-1 O CO CO CO »0 CI CO o CI r^ 00 t^ CO O QO CO CO CO C^ CO o c3 O CO O CO 00 oo CO io o CQ o r- c^ OO CO OO 00 t^ O iC I>- t- - -M CO CM (M CQ 2 f^*- J2 '-< CO "O ■^ CD CO t^ 00 —I CO C^ .-H "If t^ i-H O O ■* 1>- o — t- t- CO -^ (N cc ■* »C O O CQ iC CI o Ca CO O O CM CO o 1-1 1^ i> o o ^ r^ CO »0 N r^ CO CO -rj^ CO O O CO »o OO C- 00 CO CO «-H OS 00 r^ o - CO Tt< cq cq Tj( >, 3 T3 c: eS ^ 2 CO OS C O 2C »0 ^^ O GO O >-0 i-O -f ro CO b- CO Cl -Ji Ol o OS Oi CO -^ CO ■* t* CO CO W3 CO CO >-" OS »C CO Cq OS CO OS f^ ■^ c^j CD OS oq t-- CO OO OJ U3 T}4 ■<*( CO ■•14 coco GO CO f-oa cO"fi< o ooo o O OCOO o CO 1-" ■* cor- lr^ »n CO Ot- oosic c- -^ o ^oo OSOOO CO OOt-* WCD CO U3 TjtCO CO 00-^ CO oo t>-CO coo OSOlQ COOM COO.-( CO LO O Ir- es Cs UO -!*H oo oo o O ID oo O -^ -H O Cq "* »C -H OS t-HO OS OS Tt< CO W5 O O O CO O OS iC OJ C3 tp LOM 00 CS CO ^t^ "* OOOO c^os»oo> O CD(M oa oco ocg OO OOO (MCq 00 COCOC) >— ( I— < »— ( t * QO i-" CI CO CO ID O O o o o O OOOOO o SCO I— I CO ID OS r- 1-1 00 oooo »D OO oo OS t"-0 C] OOOO *D ^ t>- t>. 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No. 3 quality. , Boots and Shoes. 1 i; ■S ; .2 ;S ■ :^ : 6 ^^ -d'O , 1 Spanish sole. . 1 slaughter sole, avy d -2 > ) Boots and Shoes: Boots, men's split Blucher ■ bals, pegged medium wt. . . Boots, men's box calf, Blu- cher bals, Goodyear welt. . 3 'S'i 43 s 1 Metals: i. Iron and steel: Pig iron. Fdry No. 1, N.S. " " Summerlee No. 2 Iron, common bar "> black, sheets, ISGge. 11 1^ 8S White linen larger Oilcloths: Oilcloth, tab te " floo 1 i ) Hides and ta Hides, No. 1 and cows. . Calfskins, gr( Horse hides. Tallow, rendi ) Leather: Leather, No. 2: ' il .3 h- s s 1— 1 ^ ^ ^ g ^ > ;> h^ 118 BOARD OF INQUIRY I¥TO Z •a c O 3 t. f ol 0, S *» 1 * o >. O) •a 3 s S 3 c (-J o o o O'l-H o O ^o -ooooooo ■oooocoo es o OOl ■* o -o -oowsoooo OeOb-OOO Oi US OO So OO l>~ i-00 -CO-^CMOOOUS -4D-*OSWOiO o t- C^-<*4 S WtH t* OO jTt< •o^cM-^oosoa . 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COOOOO ccQomM'^mommmoo 1-1 m o c5::0 t-mo.i>-coT- co'^'^coi^mi— i-^t* coM<^poi>-m(N^ ooooooowomooo ooo ^30 ffomesimosooo t^oo»>-Offot^Nt-Hmi>-oN uommoint-eococM^Hi-(oo co-^-^cMeomo-iTfi oooooomi-iommoo ooooomio-'^O'M'^oo tOOOmOt^QOCMCnOI-^OO c»oocMint>-cMcoi-Hi-Hi-(om c^'^cocsomcM'^ Ol-^OStrqOmr-l"^ Sooofoomooocooo OOOOO^HCMOiO«3CQ^O C^O»i3C}O'^r-ic0c*30003OO OOI>-O!C3[0S0i-rH- moo c^ eom mom iffl 010& os^-^- oomo OOOOOO mmm OOO i-imm oot^ CM mo Ooo 00 <£>00 OCV) CM OW N CO 1-1 l-H CO OS OS 00 e^ N t-* O »-i 122 BOARD OF INQUIRY fNTO •a a - 3 < 1 O iJ rn tm H >. O .M « M 01 CM •P Tl H c J Hi < >, "^ Si hJ c O a > oo oo «3 O OO oo oo «30 o o CD O OO o o o o o o oo -a OS o o o o o o o o oo (NO oo oo o o oo oo oo o o oo o ^ oo oo a — ( --H 8 lOOO CM o »o «3 0l CO eo i-H ^ O oo o o o o o oo t- "5Tt< O N N <=> o oo oo O "3 "5 t-.« o o o o U3 O to N W3 lO f-c oa o ooo ooo o o t~. O >C --I ooo CO o so Ob- US S Si Ol>-t* »0 CO 1-H S SS8 OOO Q00»0 U3 OC^ AU3 00 OU310 in cow 8 OOO CO 1-H T-l s C^ T-* -^ - o coo O O^ §o <0^-" o o t— Ot*« c^ »o oca ^ 'i* T-f CO oooooo 80 00 1- oo iC O"* oo U3 1^ (ra o csi CO Ol>obM r-( o -N oo oo OC3scno oo o w c-io oo off4 oo cq o o ooobw 1-H o»noooo o -^o o»^ ^ 0»0 t- CM *0 t* O oo CM »-H t-t-eM« i-H ocooo oo SCO C*^ C3 O CO eoooo 000»I»(MCO l>-OOi-HCa «-l oooooo oious^oo or-r-^oo ococot^eq ce t^OOCOM ^^ g oco oooo "Seoooooo (N w w oooooo ^ O OOOffi O O usoQOeo -* «ioO"o^u5 0(3000« ^ CO t* O T-l C^ oooooo oooooo t— Oi O O oO >o MClUSO'-iK OOOOOO I-~ 00 O O00U3 CO cqiooi-ioo OOOOOO O OOOOO O OOOt^M ■^ CO»OOiHO> OOOOOO O OOOiOO »0 lO O O "O o O OOOOO oooo>co o ooomo ^ ■* OOriCl ■oooo -OOiCO ■oob-r- ■ioO'-icq -oooo ■OOWiO ■oooat- ■ lO O i-H 00 ■oooo ^CJ»0»0 JiO^t^ ■lOOCQOO •OOOO ■OOUSiH -oomn -10004 64 -oooo -oo>flr- •OOI>OC4 ■ loocq^ o cs go 0=0 o 2^1 2 O 3 P o S''s s ^5^ ■E S-E S ^' • Mmffl WpqPQ pj 03 03 „ . r Wti" bo T o t^ S ^^CG iVlat-.s'g IS §.S ■ • --S a cm o .3 " «z " do ail mno^g .S i ;-S .■B ■ tS s a sVof d ■■§1 § a a 5 = a a «c1 3 8 §<« .-- oT DO 00 r7 o o o g mcomu u m h •s o M ■ ■" h 0-" - ©•■- a§«2 1-5 PmW ■3 . F^ p. 9 Pi ; ^ S .2 ■3 o'S oSgas MPMHcOiS COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 123 o o oo »oo g s oooo (TO r^ >oo CO r-tb- o 00O3 Aua Koi §8 8 8 OOOO ooooo oo ooo OiO (M 1-H >000 lO o JOOOI>. CO P iC lOOMO KM OOICN b- QOOO Ql^ OO O OS >C O O-* cq .-t 00«30 M O O 0. m »-< ^ §Q oooo ^O O OOOO ^ o oooo ooo kO O O eOM «5 c^ eo»0 O OC3 C3 o oo O CO W5 00U3 50 Tp 00 N 30 OC ?«3 OCM Tj* O 9 C^ O c£) C^ O s s O ooo i-H o TH COI>.»Or oooo o oo ^ oooo U3 W U3 1— I » oo Q ■-H O « O Tt O O ^ o o oo oo oo OO"^ o »fl o or- o) o oo oo o o oooo O ooo Q o»o -H w5 U3 W I>.|>- CD -^ Q ,-( tM lis o oo iCO^ o OOt- O O O U5000CO O »0 Oi O O C<1 O oo OOOO OO b-O ^ O O-* Tj- "3 iM po ?? o o oo OiQ OOC-IO U3COOCD ooo w* s s o o oooo . OO OCDOO oo oio coo "3 «3Q OM T-H o oooo o O O O O U3 oo oo "o »oo ooo ■*■* CO OfM OS :o o OOO o O oo OOO O O oo O CO cot-- iC Q ?-i CO ,-1 ,-HU3 Tt< CO oo OO O U3 U5 OS CN) «CO coco lO o o oooo U5«3 CO (M NIO ^ >o o ooooo O OiOiCOO ^O O N CO N O "O O coo M OS o omooo o oooooo O O «5 O .-t 00 lo ^ oocq CO O OQOIN rH oo OO 0OOtOOO O l>- O l>. CM o *o cooThcq OS sC»C*0 (M- I>- CQ O ^ 00 CO CO i>- 00 "C^oq t»- ^ (M 00 if3»Ci -coca (M OOM 1-< CO CD 1-1 Ttl i-ieq TJ1(N (N CD <=i i>- -rH f- c: 00 iOO 00 g . 1-1 ^ to CO m o CD S o »& OiM ■ CO -H CM (M O O --H OS CO l>-t-Q0t^lM0OT-ICS| OOr-H o»-< 00 lOiC ■ eococo 00 CO '"' CO T-, ^ -HM -*« eq to OS ao.w CQ o ■OS M lOO tOOO CO ct mS r-. s^ «« S^ ■ I>eo r^COO(NI>- Oi o»oorHooi-(Cq 00 t*oa «* ■» *o o O »c (-1 CD CO M CD.O 00c 00 fRR (M 00 gi?g^^s^° ss ^ti s OS «A 1-1 CO ■ Tti 00 in CO o i^ <© *( ^ N ^N cq^ CSI CO o o :S lOO osoo lO o-^oi>-d^cscqo r^ •* t-- c*0 000 OS— HOscqiSust^O 00 00 s TT «5 csi CO "3 05 o» ^o -t- TticOOCOtO 00 '-' 50.-I »o C>l U5^ ■eq w - COOiOCO 00 ^ »c--TjHOQ.QOO''*HCO t^t--.OST-^COO-*00 eq 10 »f3 Itf 1-1 1* 1-100 cocq •o>o C3ao QO 1-^ «* lO-* ■ -0 ■ OS tow Tt<0 iC tT t-- cq t^cq g «i>» t-co 00 "* TJ"31 ■cq CM tOCq cq •* ■^ ® ^ q CO CS| CM C^ o o t^ o o Q S;§S?3S8SS 00 1^ 00 Q Q SSSaSco g g OS «<& •'T'X) !>. J>- COOI>- t^ CO "3 OsOOOi— IC^^HQC i-H C4 I>.rH ■<* " ■^^ ■« .sl So JS "i— 1 i 'c 3^ Turpentine Benzine, Canadian. . . Venetian red, dry (in Paris green, Eng. and Prepared paint first "Pure" in tins Shellac, pure orange ( Varnish, No. I fumi brl.): Glue, domestic broke 26 in. (first break). Putty, ordinary (in d an a: u -§ lei '■ ti '■ ill H tti e 'u 's? M « COST OF LITINO IN CANADA 125 o 000^(MOOO O s g^s S S85S S s U30 oq ui S ^ oo ■ 1-H -rh --(M ^ w 00 0^1-' ^ ^ ffO(M -<»< ?: o -oooooooo o o sssssgggs II ir^ -ococsTOOuMcic l^ « o ■ o 00 -* in M o 1-H i>~ (M 3! 05 IOOOCOCOCV1CO--IO: t«- CO Oi i-H "^ ifl IC -Tti CO (M cq t^ ca 1-H N !>. .-( (^ ,-HW cocq CO ff0OOO»OO00OOO o O OOOOO'C'O'^ i-iSooir-eoOf-iir; »C CO Ol cniMfMWiroiNccoooeo CO "* t^ CO OSt-I CSliC CO ^iO-«}*(NM(N CON '"* CS) co^ -H ^'-' ;* i-H rH ■*cq CO ?5 SS SS s coou:!OOcoi>.u:)OQO coo " g r- ^ S2 S e ?5 £^ •> r" 05 zo CSTt* CO ifjiOTT^WMW TTW '-' (M if5 r^ ^ .-H 1-. •^(M CO cq §§Siii§Sii u§ g i-H-eo ■^»0O00»-«.00C^'*< 00 00 as s eo coW'-ioo'^rHeooocq <£> Oi CO ,-i (N t^ T-l l-H .-KM ^ OOOOMOOTt^OO O O 01 Oi iC ■«. 00 ss 00 s g i>.t».i>-cqcair5CMix eocKi»n**Qoi>-oco coiniooir-ioocqo CD C3 s 1 «« ^mSoS^cooo^ Ttl '^ cq CD «-. ^eq CO T-H CO C- s ^lO-^WMCq -^C^ ^ (N -* ^ «= ■^cq CO^ eo CJ eoosob-cquS'-iift 00 00 pp ^ B -# cx: ^iO-^cowcq '«*"cq ^ cq U3 iH U5 T-Hcq COM CO 00 oooooocooicc ss 00 c CO 'tj* «5 U5 . CO W 00 i-l M CO oc o «& »C(N o >ra 'S' w o w i>- CO ■"jiira M (M CSI coca '-' M U5 ^ r* ^eq *"• ■ 1 si .a ■■'2 ■a iS S o1 = 111 1 1 ' a c t ,-5«.2-E to s Ah .5 1 CD a. i-H d ^: 43" oo a s a .a 1 i 1 1 s 8 ^6" ■a ■ '% : -«*< : c" ■ 3 'u 3 1 X « 126 BOARD OF IVQVIRT INTO a O h5 I 00 % o ft O 3 H O 2 Pi H 02 H ►:! o W ■a c Q (-, o o cs i§§ r§r^ s o o 69 o o ^ 00 IM CO Tt* Oi M ©-"tl- T^lOO I> 03 ■^ •^ '-• CO ""* cq CSJ OS-^ "^ l-H .-( T-l ^(M o o o o ■ o ooo o . o ooo' o o o toes O o> 1-1 »Q 1-1 CO ■^ *< •-^ M CSI QOi-1 Tti 00 Oi-H IC cot-^ « t- w 10 1-1 -* ^ o o Q ooo O , O ooo o o (— 1 o o O O C3 CD 1 tn oooo g e© »o w « o ^ Tt^ ■* CO o I>. ^ > 1 a 3 C8 lib .1 ll S : 'o ■ c: ; QJ S.I 3 ■ ^ : QJ" ■ L. - ce ■ Si 1; -g 2 ■ =3 •3 : -^ ^; i 4^ ■ -72 a C ■ ^.^ CO 1 s > to . * 1 ; a.t5^-§£ - ^ lp- Sc ■ IS 11 T 'c CC 1 ' e '> 111 " 6 6 S: 1 c i b i 1. ^ ^ P3 l-l OO w i! i HH rn MtSntt bs ^^ -'-^ -^ ^ X COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 127 I o g 1 sg o CO i-H o o 000 1 I 00000 CO t- o CD oo o e <=> CO ifS C1-) If CO 10 m ir;i t— 1 S2S5 ■ra o o »CiO to C o -* oinco CO • • ■ ira OS CO CO OS '"' ob o iC CO T— 1 ci- '-' ^ N O-"*! ■4^ ^^ g g S8 ■_• O O Q o C3. 000 CO »r 1 00000 c o CO m c:d OS <= c-3 o OS o s gs ^ ^ tr. ^ o 5 sss ^.O^SiC^C^^OMgO w 00 6 i» to ^ CO ^ T-. C^O'* "4< 1-.,-^ Q c^ oo o o o o o 000 000 c: 1 oi 000 es o o c o o OCOO ooooousoo S o o o- r- in lO 10 CO CO «3I> 10 CD U3 !>. ira CO ^ w ^ ^ OU3 c^ Ira t- o tH 00 CN • • ■ • oo CO iC Os "^ 00 o WCO ^ OS .w K300 QO o toco jl, CO ^ c^ C^OCO ■^ r^ 1-H cq '"' '"' > 000 0000 *n us (NOr-( o-oco o 49 <=> O U3 ir ■^ OS cq OIQ i-H 10 ■ • 10 "O a:> . 1— < ^1 1-1 CO o lico *"* CO e .0 0000 10 coo ifZ to •^ iO 1-1 QOO M'Oi-H !>• om o «» o <= 0-* (N CO '^ OS IM T" t-.rHTH ^O^^ Ift lONO ""• 00 o ■^"4* .-H CO """ e « tHOS'^ ■^ '"' ^c^ (^ '. isi s 0! i i „ 1 i 1 3I1 m CO v 3 00 ■ ■ ■ ^ ■ J : Ii ^1 0) Oh X 1 hH >< 3 /- ^ 3 s HI 1— 1 1^ 128 BOARD OF INQUIRY ISTO ooooooooooeo o o oo O O in '-H O i-H « ffO oo o oo o OSCO CO oo oo oo oo esco 0-* OOO-M OOsioa c^ooooooc^oor- ^OM3iOO»DOOC^<3QOt— iMcOl--'-iOCO-ft oo ^ r-l N -* oo oo CO PO COI>- Ooo or»ou3 OQ0W-* c^oooooc^oooeo O-— iOOOOOCqO«>"3 ^^cc^-ol-<:J^O'M"5e^M^- ffgCit^.-HOiccO'^OWt-- o O O O t-o oo . COO o o W^OO oo coo coo o^ go O lO OS CO oo oo o o oo OCjOtH •OOJOO h1 <: p <«; iz: -^ u m H o t-H Pi H < TO H >J o K ^ ? > OOOO^OOOOOffl coooooL^ocot-oootr "eOOt^WOiOCOt>-0(MCO O GC O o O *^ '— ' o I- -^ o o t>. 1-. CD Oi oo ^- o ■* eg 1-1 1> oo oo o m oo oo oo oo coo OSrH Oi-I W OS TOO OOOOiOOOOOOOiM tj.-<»oocqt>-oooooo OCrj(McOCOOOOtO(M»CCO C501QOCMOi-H(roi>OCqO O -H o o OtH O l>- O O IC 00 in 1-H t-- t'- OO c^ o -— 1 1- CDOOOiCOOOOOO O'OiCeOWmCSIOiftON . O000Tt-(=>C^'— I oooo OOOC3 C3 00iOC3 ^O OaO o o CM O ot- gg OiA oooomooooocM OSOOOf-iOWMt-OMCq o ■-« oo oo U50 «OM g -'^CM»Ot~»0»Oif30S OOCOOiCOr^O(NCqt-*fO "tti so OS >-( 0"00 CO O O CSl O OOOO oooo o«co>c »n.-ieocsi . 00"* OS 00 eo^ U5 OS •^ CO Q »0 «l>- OS O wooo*coooooi> OOOt^CMC^HJO-^iOOt^ ic OiOO-* OtS'O'^ Woo coo oooo oo CDIO uSoocoo »o o oo OCSIQIO »oKtoo O^ Ot-Ob. 0<00"* 0-0 00 (NO B^aoo M )J Q o SZSH 3 ^ ^J::: :. O f-' >-3 sS -'S'2 o • GO S to Sb 1 5 d3 ^ fe g « .S3* Srf.^ j:: u t c X a •^ frH Ci O ■g.a «J 1 S " c g =t a o IS o :t3 o •a.S ;5 :0 ■ 4J g 61) 03 , -p.^ .a . . .. .Moo Mc e o.S-2 ,Jca_QMn3^ E^ =o S » m IP o o a GO 3 O 3 ^ 3 a)' - § u S » - ^ i_ c a S£c, c,^ ij-o to 3 S ■<= iT . £5 a- ft s c -2 a a 1-1 ^.a 3 S. T y. COST OF LIVING IN OANAi;>A 129 OOOOOOr-'O «©(M cot-- (Tl O Oi ffQO O O CO «o cq O »H O 00 ■'^f ooo N O 00 CO m I-H ss CO M Oi 1-- I© lO CO cq toco as CO O i-H C2CO O (M "^^ O «5 ft CQI>. M O l-^ W O O --H §!-■< CO ,-^j*w3irt^oeo e^MCOt-NOMCOOO CJ OS O CO g g 00000000(-J »0t~-t-t^»0'»-*OC0 «»O •ot--i>-i>.kOcO'*^eo ^C^COC-1— lOOOCOOO ooo O OS oo eg o !>• O M .-1 oo oo o <=> rO 0 irtt>-i>.eoiou:)Tjg g g OOgO iO«3 O CO o »« OrH .-< O l-H O t- OCO us 00 O ^ M ■* us M oo ooooooooo OU5U3oot-f5O0 uit~t»-t--u5ffoeooeo «©(Mcot»-t-HOOseOOO O M O CO U3U3 ooo COO ooQCoeq e*cflinn>..-HOocooo O CO oo o 00 ooo o OS I-H w us o o OO O O cooco CCt-H'* O^l-H OW 0-Q0tOUS.-HCOM «^iMWSt~-'-'000-*0>0 O -rji o ■* us O -*cO O CO O O oo O 00 O CC "SU5 O '-H M "^ o o oo gg OJ (N g g oSS M OOOOi-HOOOO oousooop-^i-Huso USt--t-.OS'^USCOl>-C0 «*c^Tt^i^'-He30D-»J*coo 0- us Tt^ O N W us us tv CO O ri ^ o 2^ C) S? ^ c h c ^3 c b> ^ b« s ^ o o o o o o s ci O > ^^ c aj ^ ^ s — a ^ Q ^1' O aj o o u ^ j-5 a: cd .3^ 3Wg 4J & bb as •■-J B 3 >- ' >v 3-« 0_, O >> M OH h ^ 'O c3 3" V o 45 S cdF^n ■-d - c a " - b a S a> jH o ^ S S 82696—9 130 BOARD OF INQVIRT INTO APPENDIX No. 3. ExMlit contributed hy Department of Lalour, Canada, through Mr. R. E. Coats. RETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913. When tte object is to measure cost of living, retail prices ofier a better medium than wholesale, being what is actually paid by the consumer. As already pointed out, a smaller number of articles suffice in the investigation of retail prices compared with wholesale; three-fourths of the expenditures of the average family may be included under twenty-five or thirty headings; on the other hand a very much larger number of sources must be consulted, on account of the extent to which local influences operate. It is also much more difficult to obtain a satisfactory basis of retail quotations (each retailer being more or less a law unto himself) and to determine, when quotations for the same locality vary, which should be regarded as "typical." The compilation of retail prices accordingly has been less frequently attempted. Since the beginning of 1910, a monthly record of retail prices in each city having a population of 10,000 or over throughout the Dominion (fifty-seven in number), has been published in the Lalour Gazette, the official journal of the Department of Labour. The prices are taken on the fifteenth of each month by local correspondents.! The articles included number thirty-six « necessaries "^ ^thirty being foods), as follows; sirloin steak, best; roast beef, medium chuck; veal, forequarter; mutton, hindquarter; fresh roasting pork; salt pork; bacon, best smoked; fresh fish, good quality, variety stated; pure leaf lard; eggs, new laid and packed; milk; butter, dairy, tub and creameiy prints; Canadian cheese, new and old; bread; flout, strong bakers; rolled oats; rice, good medium; beans, hand picked; apples, evaporated; prunes, medium quality; sugar, granulated and yellow; tea, black (medium Indiam or Ceylon) and green (medium Japan); cofiee, Mocha, medium; potatoes; vinegar, 'white wine; laundry starch; coal, bituminous and anthracite; hard and soft wood; and coal oil. From this record an adequate idea may be obtained of the movement of retail prices in Canada since 1909.^ This, however, wou^i illustrate only the closing stages of the recent rise. As it was impossible within the time available to secure an equally comprehensive series backward, it was decided to take the departmental record for a single month in each of the past five years and to obtain for the several localities quota- tions for the same date in the years 1905 and 1900. In this way, the rise in retail prices since 1900 will be measured, though the annual fluctuations are missed between iThese prices are checked and compiled in the Depatrtment, an explanation being required from the correspondent for every variation as compared with the preceding month and for every stationary price of over three months standing. While every effort is taken to insure that tie quotations are on the same basis throughout, it is not claimed that the individual quotations as between different localities are absolutely comparable .(having been collected by different persons), though it is thought that they are broadly so. The claim is made, however, that in each locality the statistics are continuous, and that the variations accurately represent the changes from time to time in price level. 2By " necessaries of life " are usually meant the universal needs of the mass of th« pewle including the commoner luxuries or "conventional necessaries." Marshall (Economics of In- dustry, p. 60) distinguishes between "necessaries for ^existence " and "necessaries for effi- ciency " defining the latter for a workingman in England as " a well-drained dwelling with several rooms, warm clothing, with some changes of underclothing, pure water, a plentiful supply of cereal food, with a moderate allowance of meat and milk, and a little tea, etc., some education and some recreation, and lastly sufficient freedom for his wife from other work to enable her to perform properly her maternal and her "household duties." , 3A table showing the average prices for the twelve fnonths of each year (1910, 1911, 1'" and 1913) for the several articles in each city is published in Wholesale Prices, Canada, ISU, pp. 241-257. Averages for the Dominion as a whole for each year are added. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 131 1900 and 1905 and again between 1903 and 1909. The month chosen was December, when the volume of household buying is perhaps at its height, the date of the quota- tions (namely, the second week in the month) being early enough to escape abnormal holiday demands. The quotations in so far as possible were obtained from the books of the retailers who have supplied the later information to the correspondents of the Labour Oazette. The full table of quotations is given at the close of the present section. Such a table, even more than the table of wholesale prices in the preceding section, calls for analysis and explanation, an involved and elusive task, seeing that the variations of the several commodities in obedience to tiie general trend of the market are often different in different localities. As a preliminary help in this connection the prices of each article have been averaged for each of the provinces and have been inserted in the large table. GENERAL RESULT — SIMPLE AVE*rfAGES. The first question requiring an answer is, to what extent have commodity prices at retail, considered as a whole, risen in the Dominion, considered as a whole, since the year. 1900? The table beginning on the next page shows the average prices for the whole Dominion for each of the thirty-six commodities in each of the seven years, while the table next following shows the same averages reduced to the form of index numbers with the year 1900 as base. These tables, and especially the final column of the latter, afford the answer to the question just asked. Averaging the increases shown by the thirty-six articles in the fifty-seven localities in the seven years (that is summing up the evidence afforded by the 14,000 quotations contained in the large table) the answer is that the rise in retail prices since 1900 has amounted to 33-6 per cent. The rise between 1900 and 1905 amounted to over six points,- or a little over a point a year. Thereafter the upward tendency would appear to hpve been accelerated, a gain of nearly thirteen points being recorded by 1909, or an average rate of advance of over three points a year. From 1909 to 1912 the rise was ^t the rate of approximately five points a year. In 1913 there was a slight recession. 82696— 9 i 132 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO a H O K u TO I B . i-93 U V C Qh i &T3 ,Saa 6 " 60 CO .- - OS ^ CO -. r>- CO O c^ CO CO ' U5 CO liO eo 1— I tJ< on 00 ^ »r3 M CO CO t-- CO 00 O ^ — ,-H ^ M M CJ 00 93 «0 00 t» <-• T}< i-H Cq -i^ CD CO 00 OS O CO CO t^ OO eo O. O •M 1-* (M CO lO «0 00 CO 00 CX3 ■* t^ OO OS N I— ( cq CO -^ iC O. 03 CO cq 00 cq ^ ic CO CO ua CO 00 oo *iN CO i-t ^ ,-i rH rH (M M COST OF LIYINO JN CANADA oS 24-0 24:5 241 23-8 23-2 23-8 23-8 ji i-H t^ |N> OO QO M N. <© O CO t~ 05 rH O ^ m CO Tji -:^ "^ -^ "5 "3 1 i. S S S S 5 S Si M »o ifs «3 r- CD CO eo 1 '2 M g ^ fc :^ S3 ^ g o "^ »ft MO CO W3 «3 CD i^o -^5'c CO CS CD £? S? S ic CO !>. t-- t>. t^ oo oo •g oo CTi CO cq W5 »C O 1 03 00 GO 03 C9 03 O^ O) op OO OO OS ^ lO CO "— 1 ^-1 ■— < 1— 1 (N (M CM CO ■*t< t-H cq CD to "^ji oo O O (M -^ C4 00 ^ O O l>- 00 00 oo -* ^ ^ 1-^ CO ^ t^ t>. t- 03 r- tH "3 — 1 CO CO t- (- CO CO CO ■ CO CO CO CO g O t- U3 00 . f- b- CO, CO CO CO CO CO CO ■^ OS (N c O O CO b- a (M CO ■* »0 lo »c lO 1 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 1 pq ^ O C» O CO c^ OS -i* P ^ lO Tj- to to CD to >0 tH »0 t* ^ Ol CO lO kO lA to CO CO CO to c a) 5 »0 CO oo en u:) CD M ^ Ol OS O N M M £ -o Apples Evapo- rated. Oi !>. "* 1-1 ■* O ^ OS tl T^ M CO CO C<1 Beans hand- picked CO t* r}< to tP i-H 00 ■^ -ittf to to to CD «5 Rice Good me- dium. cs tr ■^ CO ^ oo o »0 W to »o tr to CO Roll- ed Oats. to o- CO a- c^ CO Flour Strong Bak- er's. ^ a oc CM CO Tj CO cr c^ CO CO > »o 1 i ■ c o o o 134 HOARD OF INQniRY lyTO o < a •z < o of u « > o 03 H PQ S X Q Z -* oc M 00 « .-2 CD lO ID 00 t-H 00 « l-S c 00 u: «: C£ ob c: o m O (U ■ ' ^ ■ ' CO b- CO rt 00 b- ,_, s ID QH ^ ■^ ^ . O OS 00 00 M :^J o CO r- r- OO ■rt "2 £-a CD "3 00 Os (N ' r- ■ »D o C^l 60 1 .— ( ■* § 1 &i o U3 CD CO »D CO M ^ ^ J ? T- « CO - ^ CT c CT a £31 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 135 o Z en H S « •H O < ■H l> <1 ■fe O m n a r- «5 rH -^ CO ^ g rH OS OS OS OS -* OS b- «5 1 (N tH w t> ,_, § o CO CO •^ &: 7! ua CO QO CO in CO 1 CO S B S § 10 CO CD CD OS o> CVI rH cq -< 3 a r-i •"" '"' ■"^ rH o '*- t^ t^ t> to CZ3 ■^ OS U3 s t=) A ^ U3 w? OS OS IM ^ « & CO ■ ' *"* ""^ ""* ^ ^ Vine- gar. QO t3D CO 00 E» ^ •ia CO -<*< iO CO CO IN «5 e^ CO (M ' ' ' ' ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ "^ Coffee Me- dium mocha '^ CO CO CO U5 OS S ""* c ^ ^ ^ ■ ' CO s-s 00 »o aa b- CO 00 r-« 8 rH U eq Prunes Me- dium q uality -* (N t^ t- l>- rH CO IC ■<*< 00 c» CD 00 pples vapo- ated. t- 1-H CO 10 CO rH (N t>- CO Ol <& M §§1 co CO OS CD op 00 (M CO m-^ s, '"' ■ ' ■ ' ■ ' Rice Me- dium. aa 00 OS D- 00 »« ,_, _ ,_, y--\ ^ -H . oi CO M* Q9 CS) ''t* 1^1 OS CO N W5 ^ ^ rH t, 60 1 . (M s C<1 CD CO cq 3 S^ «1 CO CO CO CO .2 2 «-K - fi3 11^ oa (N CO T~\ 2 Oi 05 OS C3S OS 136 BOARD OF INQUIRY IXTO GENERAL RESULT — BUDGETS OP WEEKLY FA]S(IILY EXPENDITURES. , The above is an " unweighted " result. But in thfe case of retail prices where the number of articles is comparatively limited and where marked variations occur in the importance of the articles (as, for example, between beef and vinegar), an unweighted average is unconvincing. Especially is this so in the present instance where the most rapid advances have occurred in meats and other articles of first importance to the consumer. A common way of estimating the final effect of changes in retail prices is by working out a budget of family expenditures, in terms of the prices quoted at different periods. "With regard to the quantities to be used in such a budget for Canada, no investigation into family expenditures has ever been made on a sufficient scale to render the results applicable to the country sts a whole, and it would appear impracticable to obtain such a budget in a country where conditions of climate, food supply, etc., vary so widely. The Department of Labour, however, has constructed for purposes of statistical measurement a list of quantities based on estimates by various official bodies in the United States and Great Britain and on limited inquiries in Canada which may be regarded as fairly typical of ordinary household expenses per week, and which it will be interesting to apply in 'the present inquiry.^ A table in which this budget has been worked out in the terms of average prices for the whole Dominion in each of the years 1900, 1905, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912 and 1913, is given below. The first column of this table shows the quantity of each com- modity which is regarded as representing the weekly donsumption of a family of five. In the succeeding columns, the amounts which these quantities would cost at the aver- age prices of the several articles for the whole of Canada in the respective years are shown. iThis method of weig-hting, of course. Is still open to: the objeotion that the "average" prices themselves in which the calculations are made are " sjmple," i.e., are obtained by regard- ing the fifty odd localities included in the survey as of equal importance, whereas the four leading cities alone exceed in population all the others combined. The averages might have been obtained by weighting: the localities according to population, but it is thought that the results would not have been changed materially. In the case of the provincial averages used on a later page, the fact that the larger provinces are represented by a greater number of localities automatically introduces a certain degree of weighting. C08T OF LIVING IN CANADA 137 WEEKLY EXPENDITURES ON STAPLE FOODS, FUEL aI^D LIGHTING FOR A FAMILY OF FIVE— 1900-1913. Commodity. Quantity 1900. 1905. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. Beef sirloin steak. 2 lbs 2 "... 1 " .... 1 " 1 " 2 " ... 1 " .... 2 " ... 1 doz 1 " 6qts 2 lbs 1 " .... 1 " .... 1 " .... 15 " .... 10 " .... 5 " .... 2 " .... 2 " .... 1 " .... 1 " .... 4 " .... 2 " .... i " 4 . . . . 1 " i • ■ • ■ i " .... 2 pks i Pt cts. 27-2 19-6 10-0 11-8 12-3 21-8 15-4 26-2 25-7 20-2 36.6 44-2 25-5 16-1 14-6 55-5 25 180 10-4 8-6 9-9 11-5 21-6 10-0 8-2 8-7 8-6 24-1 0-7 cts. 30-4 24-6 11-3 12-2 13-1 25-0 17-8 28-2 300 23-4 39-6 49-4 27-7 17-6 15-7 58-5 28-0 19-5 10-6 9-4 7-7 9-6 22-0 9-8 8-3 8-7 8-8 28-0 0-7 cts. 33-6 23-6 11-6 14-6 16-4 32-2 22-0 38 -*4 36 -'5 31-8 45-6 53-8 32-0 17-8 17.0 66-0 32-0 21 'S 10-8 10-8 11^4 9-8 22-8 100 8-5 9-1 7-9 •27-4 0-7 cts. 36-4 25-6 12-7 16-8 17-2 32'- 6 24-3 39-0 44-7 32-0 48-6 54-0 32-0 18-2 17-1 64-5 33-0 20-5 10-6 11-0 12-1 10-9 24-4 10-6 8-7 9-2 9-2 29-5 0-7 cts. 36-8 26-8 13-8 16-7 16-8 31-4 22-6 33-8 45-7 330 46-8 58-4 34-9 20 19-1 66-0 34-0 22-0 U-O 10-8 13-4 12-5 27-6 12-4 8-7 9-4 9-2 47-2 0-7 cts. 43-0 29-4 15-3 18-1 18-6 33-4 21-4 37-8 470 35-4 54-0 64-0 37-0 21-1 19-5 64-5 34-0 22-5 11-6 12-2 13 12-6 25-2 11-8 8-9 9-3 9-S 36-8 0-7 cts. 46-6 31-6 16-7 Mutton, roast, hindquai'ter. ..... 19-4 20-5 Pork salt . 36-6 26-0 36-8 49-4 37-4 MUk.'."* :::;;;;;:;;:;:::::: 54-6 Butter, dairy tub 60-0 Butter creamerv nrints. . . . 35-4 20-1 •19-4 64-5 Flour, ordinary family Rolled oats _ 33-0 21-5 12 11-6 12-4 Prunes, medium quality Suffar granulated 12-2 22-0 10-8 Tea, black.. 8-9 9-3 Coffee 9-4 Potatoes. 36-9 0-7 Food 548 39-5 311 32-5 22-6 240 595-6 45-2 32-3 35-3 25-5 24-5 675-6 47-7 36-7 42-8 27-3 24-1 706-1 47-0 38-2 43-8 29-8 23-8 741-5 45-7 36-4 40-2 31-1 23-2 767-6 55-6 40-3 42-4 32-0 23-8 775-7 1-16 ton... Me cord.... IgaX...... 53-2 Coal, bitum.inous.. i38-0 Wood< hard. 411 Wood, soft.; 31-7 Coal oil 23-8 149-7 162-8 178.6 182-6 176-6 194-1 187-8 697-7 738-4 ■ 854-2 888-7 918-1 961-7 963-5 138 BOARD OF INQUIRY ISTO THE COURSE OF RETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913. Number of Articles Included, 34 (wei&hted). Prices in 1900 = 100. g S 1 S ::! ^ ^ g S 2 3 5 S 2 13d 136 1 134 1 132 t 130 / r 128 / 126 > ( 124 / 132 / 120 / 118 > / 116 / 114 / 112 / 110 / • 108 / f 106 y y 104 y y 102 / / 100 / COST OF LIVING IN CAN'ADA 139 It will be seen that a weekly family budget which would have cost $6.97 in 1900, cost $7.38 in 1905; $8.54 in 1909; $8.88 in $1910; $9.18 in 1911; $9.61 in 1912 and $9.63 in 1913. Representing the cost of the 1900 budget as 100, the rise is as follows : — 1900. 1905. 1909. 1910. "1911. 1912. 1913. 100 108-7 122-4 127-3 :i31-5 137-8 138-2 As already pointed out, this is doubtless a more atccurate index of the retail price movement than the simple average above presented. COMPARISON OF RETAIL FOOD PRICES BY PROVINCES. The influence of locality on retail prices has been already emphasized. In proceed- ing to elaborate somewhat on this point it will be of* interest to note, first, what has been the general tendency of average prices in the several provinces. To illustrate this, a family budget similar to that employed above has been worked out in the terms of the average prices shown for each province in the large table (pages 155-219). The budget, however, was restricted to foods, as the kind and quantity of fuel used in different sections of the Dominion varies considerably: — WEEKLY EXPENDITURES ON STAPLE FOODS tOR FAMILY OF FIVE. 1900. 1905. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 5-611 5-^3 4-812 5-147 5012 5-851 6-864 6-024 6-899 5-480 5-833 5-828 5-264 5-640 5-598 6-194 6-920 6-502 7-741 5-956 6-820 6 -.514 5-899 6-588 6 '472 7-481 6-935 7-711 8-166 6-756 6-892 6-863 5-958 6-592 6-747 7-787 7-634 8-010 . 9-055 7-061 7-186 7-624 6-120 6-896 6-665 8-001 8-819 8-190 9-307 7-415 7-353 7-458 6-247 7-285 6-930 8-033 8-814 8-633 9-460 7-676 7-357 New Brunswick 7-687 6-887 Quebec. .. 7-423 7-040 8-161 8-882 Alberta ' 8-563 British Columbia.. 9 122 7-737 Making the 1900 total for each province in the above equal to 100, the following series of numbers illustrating the comparative rate at -which food prices have advanced in the several provinces is obtained: — ISOO. 1905. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 103-9 108-2 ,109-3 109-5 111-6 105-8 100-8 107-9 112-2 108-6 121-5 121 122-5 127-9 J29-1 127-8 181-0 128-0 118-3 123-2 122-8 127-4 123-8 128-0 134-6 133 111-2 132-9 131-2 128-8 128-0 141-6 12T-1 133-9 132-9 136-7 128-4 135-9 134-9 135-3 1310 138-5 129-8 141-5 138-2 137-2 128-4 143-3 137-1 140-0 131 1 , 140-9 143-1 144-2 Ontario 140-5 139-4 129-3 142-1 132-2 140-5 140 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Another table of index numbers designed to show the comparative level of food prices in each province from year to year, has been worked out as below and the results charted on the following page. In this table and chart the total cost of a food budget computed in average prices for the whole Dominion in 1900 (namely $5.48) has been made equal to 100. INDEX NUMBERS OF WEEKLY EXPENDITURES ON STAPLE FOODS. (1900 Cost for whole of Canada— 100.) 1900. 1905. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913, 102-3 98-2 87-8 93-9 91-4 106-6 125-2 109-9 125-8 100 106-4 106-3 96-0 102-9 102-1 113-0 126-2 118-6 141-2 108-6 *124-4 118-8 107-6 '120-2 118-1 136-5 126-5 140-7 149-0 123-2 125-7 125-2 108-7 120-2 123-1 142-0 139-3 146-1 165-2 128-8 131-1 139 1 111-6 125-8 121-6 146 160-9 149-4 169-8 135-3 134-1 1360 113-9 132-9 126-4 146-6 160-8 157-5 172-6 140 134-4 138-4 Prince Edward Island 125-6 135-4 Ontario.. 128-4 Manitoba 148-9 162-0 156-2 166-4 141-5 The above tables throw light on the comparative cost of living in the several prov- inces and the extent to which this has varied in recent 'years. In 1900, for example,, it would appear that food prices were appreciably higher in Nova Scotia than in Quebec; the distinction, however, disappeared in the last two years. Saskatchewan and British Columbia were about on the same level fifteen years ago, but the latter is now the higher. During 1913, retail prices went down in .the cities of Nova Scotia, Alberta and British Columbia, but went up in those of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Manitoba. For Canada, as a whole, the rise in food stuffs has been 40-5 per cent. Of the provinces, Quebec shows the most rapid relative rise (44 per cent) and Saskatchewan the least (29 per cent). This, of course, does not imply that the former is now the higher from a cost of living standpoint. From the standpoint of the actual present cost of foods, the most expensive proyince would appear to be British Columbia, followed by Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Prince Edward Island, in the order named. In all such generalizations regard must be had for the limited number and otherwise special characteristics of the localities included. COMPARISON OF RET.4IL FOOD PRICES BY CITIES. In using the statistics of the large table foi: the purpose of directly comparing prices in the several cities, it must be remembered that the data have been collected by different persons, and that they were primarily intended to show tendencies from year to year. Every effort, however, was made to sepure the same basis of quotation throughout and the results are doubtless comparable in a general way if not invariably in the case of individual quotations. In the accompanying table, a budget is worked out for each city in terms of 1900, 1905, 1912 and 1913 prices. In the final column an index number is assigned to each city, the number given to the Dominion as a whole being 100. These numbers are based on the figures for 1912-13, corrected in some cases by the earlier data.^ lAs above pointed out, the employment of the same -budget throughout is open to the criticism that widely different conditions of living prevail in the different cities,— Edmonton as compared with Halifax for example, having a longer and more severe winter, necessitating the consumption of more fuel, having less variety and abundance of flsh-food etc The budget methods of measuremtnt is undoubtedly rough. At the same time it may be argued that such differences amount at the most to tendencies,— fish not being a final substitute for meat, econ- omies of fuel being possible by heating fewer rooms, etc. COST OF LiriKG IN CANADA 141 COURSE OP AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES IN LEADING CITIES OP THE SEVERAL PROVINCES, 1900-1913. (Average Prices, Dominion of Canacia, 1900 = 100). 142 BOARD OF INQVIR7 INTO City. Cost of Food Budget*. Per Cent Indei Increase Numbers between of Average 1900 and Costs 1913. (Domin- ion Aver- age-lOO) 1900. 1905. 1«12. 1913. Nova Scotia — 4-6912 5-2637 5-5150 5-4050 4-8120 5-0950 5-2237 5-3962 4-8600 5-1412 "5-0362 4-5966 5-0925 6-0141 4-8748 5-1012 5-2906 4-6512 5-4722 5-0312 5-0312 5-0257 5-4053 4-8798 5-1624 4-7848 4-7107 5-2590 4-6874 4-5788 5-1675 5-5841 5-5666 5-1954 5-8275 6-0750 7-6253 5-3350 6-9033 7-005C 6-806e 6-4071 7-230C 7-73ie 4-8578 5-4362 6-0550 6-1312 5-2262 5-4375 6-0112 5-8262 5-3700 5-7112 5-5162 4-8216 6-1337 6-9175 5-1040 5-6828 5-6307 5-1345 5-5944 5-4112 5-4812 5-5432 6-2786 5-1548 5-5157 5-2443 5-3445 5-8590 5-4976 5-6915 5-6723 5-8561 6-2707 5-3387 5-9566 6-5150 7-2347 6-2925 6-8748 7-3310 7-9383 6-9031 7-5483 7-680S 7-- 7237 7-5355 7-0817 7-5617 6-3286 6-9597 "7-9174 7-4487 7-3161 7-3573 6-7262 6-6887 7-5986 7-93S4 7-1002 7-2500 7-2873 6-8912 7-1777 7-0274 6-6957 7-1873 7-6962 7-0256 .7-3280 7-2415 7-2613 7-0804 7-1527 "7-3657 •7-0749 7-0448 7-8912 6-6524 8-3237 "7-9435 8-9599 8-3425 8-6775 9-4798 8-9025 8-7416 10- 1025 9-0125 7-9699 7-3205 7-2050 8-6850 6-8869 7-1737 7-9390 7-5987 7-6078 7-0973 7-0562 7-0737 7-3519 7-9832 7-2186 7-8079 7-5081 6-8879 7-2499 7-2467 7-2548 7-2929 7-7481 7-5039 7-5270 7-6065 7-4638 7-2162 7-2099 7-6749 7-2029 7-2376 7-6512 7-0312 8-0720 8-2947 8-9499 8-015C 8-5616 9-4573 9-2591 8-3913 9-855C 9-345C 69-8 39-0 30-6 60-6 43 -'l 40-5 51-0 40-8 56-5 38-0 40-1 53-9 44-3 32-7 48-0 53-0 41-9 48-0 32-4 44-0 44-1 45-1 43-3 53-7 45-8 58-9 58-4 37-2 53-8 67-6 39-3 29-6 37-4 35-3 38-£ 36-! 18-S 50-i 24-( 35--( 36- 30- 36- 20- 90-3 95-1 96-2 Halifax 103-4 Prince Edward Island— 86-5 New Brunswick— 91-9 St .Tohn 100-S 97-7 Quebec— 93-6 ThrGP Rivers 94-1 Sorel 90-5 St Hvarinthe 86-3 97-4 107-8 Hull 90-4 Ontario — OttA-wa 96-1 95-7 87-7 94-6 Peterborouffh. 91-9 91-0 93-2 100-9 91-4 Brantford. 95-0 Guelph; 92-5 92-6 Woodstock 94-5 Stratford 91-4 94-2 93.4 95-7 Windsor.. . 101-9 90-1 104-8 107-2 Saskatchewan — 121-5 Alberta— Edmonton ! 104-1 ) 115-4 ) 123-8 New Westminster ) 122-4 ) 113-3 Victoria.. J 129-2 Nanaim.0 3 125-6 ' All 6-480 5-956 7-676 7-757 41- 5 100-0 •Fpr quantities of Budget see p. 137. COST OF LITINO IN CANADA 143 NOTE ON LOCAL VARIATIONS IN RETAIL PRICES. The index numbers in the above are to be regarded as suggestive rather than as final measurements. As already remarked, the problem of retail prices is essentially a problem of individual, commodities and localities, and for studies of this kind the large table at the end of the section vcill be found the most useful. Numerous instances occur of differences in prices that cannot be accounted for on economic grounds, but are apparently arbitrary. One such example may be* cited: — In the Labour Gazette for June, 1914, bread is quoted at 6S cents per pound in one locality ; at 6 J cents in five localities ; at 6 cents in one locality ; at 5 cents and varying fractions in four localities ; at 5 cents in five localities^ at 4 cents and varying fractions in six localities; at 4 cents in eighteen localities; at 3 cents and varying fractions in twelve localities; and at 2 cents and varying fractions in three localities. Altogether, twenty-one different prices for this article appear in 5Y localities, and some of the widest variations occur between localities neighbouring. It is interesting also to note as a variation of this phenomenon the effect of the •" Nickel " law in Ontario which came into force in March, 1911, and which raised the weight of the loaf from IJ pound to IJ pound. The table below shows the retail price of bread on the 15th of each month, January to December, 1911, in twenty-five Ontario localities. In seven of the twenty-five the price per loaf, it will be seen, was changed to 6 cents, immediately the law took effect, that is, the price per pound relnained stationary; in the other eighteen, no change in the price of the loaf occurred, that is, the price per pound was reduced. Inquiry went to show that the baker pocketed this loss making up for it on "fancy" lines, a procedure which may have been di^cult for the small tradesman, tempting him to lower quality or otherwise recoup himself indirectly. 144 BOARD OF ISQIIRY nTO flj fH Q •Co Nio> rfln hW hW - ^ Ah 1=2 C*3rt«^'-H^CO^^M^'--*' I 09 CO CQC»3CO-^-<**CQSO'*'*-*COCOCO'*'>**-^ cocofO'-i'-f'-HcO'-ti-icO'-a'-i'-i- &:=^ COCOCOMCO^Tt1COCO'^'*-*-*'^M-*-*"* Ah •flMHtni-flM HMrtm i-dnf^nHlVHfw-fnHtnHnHn 1^ Ah tH CI Ah |5 Ah^ ^a -(CQi— -Hi— li— li— ( 1— l»i— < T-i i-H C»3 l-H ^ »i — '-* He* »** -^->1 w CO ^ ^ ^ ^^ >^ CO ^ ^ '^ CO ' .-H CO 1-H —. T-H .-H ^ ,-( ^ ,-1 ^N 3 = CL, ^£ ^° IN o .p ".as cq ++# -t- COST OF LITIXG IN CANADA 145 INDEX NUMBERS OF AVERAGE RETAIL COMMODITY PRICES. One further series of averages may be useful **in facilitating the inquiry into causes. In the table below the average price of each commodity in each province and for the Dominion as a vphole in the respective years has been reduced to the form of an index number, the 1900 price being made in each case as equal to 100, the main pur- pose being to show in some detail the rate at which average prices have been going up since 1900. The table, it will be seen, again reveals how varied are the influences governing retail prices. Sirloin steak, for example, has risen by two arid one-half times in Alberta cities, but by less than one and one-half times in those of Saskatchewan and British Columbia since 1900. This probably illustrates the effect of the disappearance of the Alberta ranches on meat prices in the nearby cities, which from being very low in 1900 are now as high as or even higher than in othpr places. The same commodity, steak, has advanced during the past year in all the provinces except Prince Edward Island where it has remained stationary. On the other hand, medium chuck roasting beef has declined during the past year in Nova Scotia and Alberta, but has advanced in Ontario, New Brunswick, Quebec, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Similar analyses in almost endless detail could be made in the case of =the other commodities. It may be noted that in the case of coal oil, the last on the list, the price has gone down in six of the provinces and advanced in three as compared vith the year 1900. INDEX NUMBEES OE AVERAGE COMMODITY PRICES, 1900-13. (1900 Prices=100.) BEEF (SIRLOIN STEAS;). 1900. 1905. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia Dominion of Canada. . 100 107-6 100 112-5 100 107-0 100 117-9 100 114-6 100 IIM 100 100-0 100 120-9 100 108-6 100 111-8 131-2 •120-8 116-9 137-4 •127-4 120-7 97-2 136-3 101-6 123-9 136-9 125-0 133-3 142-1 146 1 117-4 108-3 1,50-0 llS-2 138-2 138-7 125-0 140-0 144-4 146-4 136-6 125-0 184-5 123-9 139-6 153-8 166-6 161-4 162-4 159-3 142-8 137-7 215-4 136-9 158-0 157-0 166-6 156-1 173-1 179-3 1,58 -9 141-6 240-9 145-1 171-3 BEEF (MEDIUM CHUCK). Nova Scotia * . . • . . 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 IOC 100 IOC 107-6 112-5 116-6 116-5 116-3 125 100-0 120-0 123-2 126-2 125-7 "112-6 123-3 a68-4 a09-6 137-6 70-0 .133-3 :ill-6 "120-4 125-7 150-0 130-0 145-3 128-0 112-6 86-6 169-3 130-3 130-6 126-9 150-0 122-5 144-6 136-0 132-5 120-0 182-6 141-9 136-7 126-9 200-0 126-6 156-6 147-0 156-0 108-0 214-6 161-6 160-0 120-0 200-0 New Brunswick 140-0 Quebec i 163-0 163-1 170-0 121-3 Alberta 216-0 167-8 161-8 82696—10 146 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO INDEX NTJMBEES OF AVEEAGE COMMODITY PRICES, 1900-13— Concluded. (1900 Prices=100.) VEAL (FOREQUARTERS). 1900. 1905. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912., 1913. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 108-7 111-1 120-0 113-2 110-9 120-0 100-0 125-8 . 108-6 113-0 133-8 §22-2 '93-3 173-5 13-4 111-1 94-6 117-8 82-6 116-0 132-1 222-2 120-0 151.-9 130-9 122-2 116-6 120-5 100-0 127-0 137-2 222-2 146-6 151-3 138-0 117-7 133-3 118-7 113-6 138-0 143-0 222-2 133-3 180-1 146-9 146-6 130-1 189-1 121-7 153-0 H 159-9 222-2 160-0 Oueber 181-3 172-2 Manitoba . 160-0 128-0 191-9 - 134-1 167-0 MUTTON (HINDQUARTERS). Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island 100 100 100 IOC 100 100 100 100 100 100 113-8 118-7 112-5 126-6 116-9 110-4 100-0 115-3 100-E 103-3 )38-4 137-5 118-7 1470 129-2 98-3 97-2 131-3 "§7-2 123 S 160-4 150-0 131-3 149-4 148-2 113-4 103-8 129 S 138-2 142-3 155-2 131-2 131-3 148-6 144-4 125-4 120-5 155-4 129-7 141-6 155-2 200-0 140-7 177-3 155-6 131-3 137-7 172-9 137-0 153-3 175-9 2000 134-4 Quebec ^ 179-4 178-3 137-3 138-S Alberta _. 174-4 138-2 Dominion of Canada 162-7 PORK (FRESH, ROASTING). Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia Dominion of Canada. 100 57-1 ■82-3 85-7 87-0 84-4 100 122-7 136-3 127-2 118.-1 136-3 IOC 122-7 124-2 145-4 140-9 139-3 100 104-2 149-2 128-2 122-4 150-6 100 112-7 150-8 156-9 148-9 163-7 100 120-0 134-5 145-4 145-4 145-4 100 100-0 110-0 113-3 133-3 141-3 100 135 1650 178-0 211-C 225-0 100 105-2 • 98-: 126-3 123-3 135-0 100 108-5 133-3 139-8 136-5 151-2 PORK (SALT). Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta... British Columbia Dominion of Canada. . 100 IOC 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 118-7 U6-6 116-6 110-2 116-0 122-2 100-0 120-0 113-4 114-1 141-8 J16-6 136-4 153-7 J58-6 114-8 }000 200-0 124-1 147-7 139-4 83-3 155-5 139-9 163-6 140-7 100-0 210-0 141-8 149-5 140-7 66-6 145-2 123-6 154-0 144-4 100-0 195 139-0 144-0 143-0 116-6 149-1 155-8 159-5 133-3 138-0 192-0 148-9 153-2 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 147 INDEX NUMBERS OF AVERAGE COMMODITY PRICES, 1900-13— Gontinued. (1900 Prices=100.) BACON (BEST SMOKED). Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Quebec... Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Coflumbia Dominion of Canada. . 1900. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1905. 111-4 106 -8 113-1 116-6 153-2 118-4 100-0 113-0 106-9 115-6 19081. 115-7 124-1 130-2 155-2 195-7 131-5 125-0 133-3 127-9 142-8 1910. 125-7 144-8 139-9 152-8 208-1 165-9 156 190-0 149-3 157-7 1911. 120-6 148-2 136-1 143-3 189-9 139-4 150-0 170-0 141-» 146-7 1912. 128-5 117-2 146^4 154.7 201-9 131-5 137-5 180-0 135-8 138-9 LARD (PURE LEAF). Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Quebec Ontario.... Manitoba. Saskatchewan. ....... Alberta British Columbia Dominion of Canada. . 100 111-3 '147-1 145-2 145-2 143 ■» 100 114-2 128-5 142-8 121-4 128 -, 5 100 105-5 143-2 143-2 120-3 148-1 100 111-1 146-0 147-5 133-8 143-4 100 109-8 145-5 146-8 127-2 144-1 100 116-6 146-6 150-0 126-6 126-6 100 74-8 l?5-0 134-2 121-1 114-2 100 104-0 156-0 161-6 148-8 166-0 100 108-5 160 1 167-1 141-4 '■ 167-1 100 107-6 146-5 148-8 128-9 144-2 EGGS (NEW LAID). Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Quebec , . , Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia' Dominion of Canada. . 100 108-0 155-1 172-4 18S-9 172 4 100 122-2 166-6 166-6 188-8 ■'' 1172-4 100 107-6 Ut-0 153-4 153-4 157-0 100 116-0 158-2 152-7 163-7 181-3 100 118-9 189-3 242-4 202-2 200-6 100 118-8 258-8 223-5 211-7 ■200<0 100 128-8 166-6 200-0 222-2 233-3 100 104-5 150-0 152-2 162-0 IST'l 100 95-2 100-9 135-2 125 '7 135-2 100 116-7 1&-6 173-9 177-5 182-8 EGGS (PACKED). s y Nova Scotia 100 lOQ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 110-0 122-2 110-3 110-0 121-3 128-6 100-0 102-8 102-7 115-6 159-3 166-6 135-3 l«6-4 2(K)0 140-0 138-8 liO-l 157-4 166-2 144-4 132-3 156-2 173-7 192-8 140-0 148-1 130-1 158-4 170-0 122-2 141-2 152-9 178-6 214-3 140-0 148-1 126-7 163-3 ,167-S ■ .166-6 142-6 182il 191U0 ,185-7 164-8 152 '6 12613 175-2 ) 187-5 Prince Edward Island 177-7 New Brunswick .■ 169-3 Quebec 188-1 Ontario 208-0 Manitoba. Saskatchewan 214-3 ,150-0 Alberta 152 -5 British Columbia . . 130-1 Dominion of Canada 185-1 148 BOARD OF ly QUIRT MTO INDEX NUMBERS OF AVERAGE COMMODITY PRICES, 1900-lS— Continue, (1900 Prices^lOO.i) MILK. 1900. 1905. "1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. Nova Scotia 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 108-0 100-0 113-0 110-3 109-1 113-6 100-0 93-3 108-8 108-2 128-0 100-0 121-1 114-2 131-9 163-6 91-0 121-3 121-1 124-6 128-0 120-0 121-1 133-3 138-7 181-8 100-0 124-0 122-2 132-8 132-0 120-0 126 131-2 139-9 181-8 110-0 133-3 126-6 127-8 132-0 120-0 136-1 141-6 152-9 190-9 127-0 138-6 137-7 147-6 136- 140- 139- 145- 155- 181- Saskatchewan .... 127- Ho- us- Dominion of Canada ing- BUTTER (DAIRY TUBS). 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 108-6 90-9 110-8 109-8 114-6 125-0 112-5 114-0 112-2 111-8 115-2 104-5 126-8 120-6 128-3 131-2 137-5 110-0 125-7 121-7 114-6 113-5 118-0 115-4 131-9 155-0 150 120-0 134-6 120-3 120-6 122-7 123-4 132-0 143-5 165-0 162-5 120-0 120-8 132-1 148-9 127-2 143-0 145-3 151-1 181-2 175-0 132-8 134-6 144-8 135-8 113-6 New Brunswick 146-0 Quebec 136-3 146-6 Manitoba ' 162-5 150-0 Alberta . . . . ' ,. . . . 134-4 134-6 135-7 BUTTER (CREAMERY PRINTS). Nova Sqotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Quebec. Ontario. Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia Dominion of Canada. . 100 106-3 155-0 150-6 167-0 185-4 100 104-1 116-6 87-5 116-6 133-3 100 105-3 127-1 117-3 130-0 144-4 100 111-5 120-2 114-8 130-1 143-8 100 111-6 127-9 127-8 141-5 146 1 100 114-9 155-3 148-9 170 1 170-1 100 100-0 120-6 120-6 133-3 141-5 100 105-3 111-6 111-6 127-6 137-3 100 101-9 127-4 135-4 138-7 140-3 100 108-6 125-5 125-5 136-8 145-1 CHEESE (CANADIAN OLD). Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia Dominion of Canada. ■ 100 104-5 99-2 101-5 118-1 118-1 100 106-6 .106-6 120-0 120-0 120-0 100 106 6 115-5 113-3 136-6 144-4 100 105-3 107-4 111-8 115-8 128-8 100 107-1 117-8 122-6 131-2 137-3 100 113-2 135-8 128-3 162-2 171-7 100 93-3 133-3 133-3 150-0 150-0 100 91-5 lQO-0 96-5 106-5 115-0 100 104-3 108-6 108-6 133-1 133-6 100 109-3 .110-5 113-0 124-2 131-0 COST OF LinXG IN CANADA -|49 INDEX NUMBERS OF AVERAGE COMMODITY PRICES, 1900-lS-G ontinued. (1900 Prices=100.) CHEESE (CANADIAN NEW). 1900. 1905. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913., Nova Scotia 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 105-0 106-6 107-1 ,104-0 109-0 100-0 93-3 102-8 110-8 107-8 108-3 106-6 119-0 lW)-0 125-5 120-0 133-3 114-2 120-4 116-2 111-6 106-6 116-6 116-4 123-7 113-3 133-3 109-1 120-4 117-4 125-0 113-3 139-2 122-5 136-1 143-3 150-0 133-1 141-5 130-8 126-6 120-0 142-8 130-3 143-8 141-6 150-0 131-4 142-1 133-5 126-6 120-0 133-9 127-8 141-0 141-6 144-0 121-1 138-5 132-8 Prince Edward Island Quebec , , , , Manitoba Alberta Domimon of Canada BREAD. Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Quebec Ontario ; Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia Dominion of Canada. . 100 96-7 103-2 106-5 102-4 98-3 100 100-0 116-6 116-6 116-6 116-6 100 100-0 106-8 122-6 133-4 122-6 100 104 1 112-8 114-3 114-9 114-9 100 103-1 124-2 117-2 119-4 117-2 100 800 88-2 88-2 88-2 88-2 100 98-6 98,-6 77-2 98-6 85-9 100 129-7 108-1 121-6 121-6 133-3 100 105-9 136-5 136-1 143-1 121-1 100 105-4 lis- 8 116-2 118-8 116-2 FLOUR. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 107 150-0 119-5 109-7 113-9 108-8 93-3 106-6 110-0 112-0 , 129.0 17S-0 127-6 138-6 127-0 134-2 106-6 106-6 119-3 12^-0 128-3 160-0 146-7 123-4 127-8 162-2 123-3 105-3 125-0 132-0 133-6 150-0 134-0 125-7 128-6 140-0 143-3 116-6 136-0 136-0 122-6 150-0 137-5 129-2 131-2 154-2 120-0 120 131-3 136-0 119-5 Prince Edward Island 175-0 New Brunswick 132-2 Quebec . 126-9 •■ Ontario 126-5 1 Manitoba 148-8 •' Saskatchewan 113-3 f Alberta 116-6 S British Columbia ... 113-3 132-0 ROLLED OATS. Nova Scotia 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 126-1 133-3 115-3 107-7 108-1 106-9 100-0 92-6 108-6 108-3 140-1 133-3 136-2 105-2 12fe-5 153-6 103-0 126-8 101-7 119-4 118-6 133-3 133-2 96-7 119-8 125-7 142-4 100-0 104-3 113-9 114-8 133-3 126-7 110-7 127-1 125-7 142-4 104-8 132-6 122-2 133-5 133-3 123-0 118-7 125-9 139-6 145-4 124-3 110-8 125-0 126-1 Pjdnce Edward Island 133-3 123-0 Quebec 121-7 Ontario . 121-7 Manitoba 139-6 Saskatchewan . - ^. . . . 127-2 Alberta 102-4 106-5 Dominion oi Canada ~ 119-4 150 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO INDEX NUMBERS OF AVERAGE COMMODITY PRICES, 1900-13— Gontinuei (1900 Prices=100.) RICE (GOOD MEDIUM). 1900. 1905. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. Nova Scotia. ,,.,.. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100- 100 .0 100 100-7 87-5 100-0 97-3 105-3 101-9 105 100-0 105-2 108-2 a04-8 127-6 62-6 73-3 106-2 103-8 950 100-0 105-2 iooo 99-2 110-5 78-3 80-0 118-7 101-9 115-0 100-0 115-8 109-5 97-0 116-6 60-2 94-6 126-0 105-9 110-0 100-0 119-1 112-8 103-6 116-6 73-0 102-6 130-3 103-8 llO-d Prince Edward Island llO-d 110-5 110-8 Ontario . 106-4 123-5 Saskatch'ewan 81-9 Alberta.:../ ' 100-0 132-1 Dotninion of Canada 111-5 BEANS (HANDPICKED). Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia Dominion of Canada. . 100 105-8 117-6 111-7 117-6 141-1 100 114-2 114-2 142-8 142-8 142-8 100 115-5 145-7 125-0 125-0 150 -C 100 112-7 130-8 136-9 130-2 114-5 100 109-3 115-2 122-3 114-1 146-5 100 72-4 150-0 92-6 110-0 130-0 100 100-0 130-0 130 1100 134-0 100 100-0 90-9 96-3 120-0 121-8 100 108-3 131-2 158-3 150-0 152-0 100 109-3 125-6 127-9 125-6 141-8 APPLES (EVAPORATED). Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick. . . . . . Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta , British Columbia Dominion of Canada. . 100 102-3 100-0 105-9 118-6 108-4 100 100-0 120 120-0 90 100-0 100 95-0 120-0 126-6 146-6 113-3 100 103-6 130-0 125-5 138- 1 132-8 100 107-2 114-7 128-4 142-7 143-6 100 90-0 77-7 ,91-6 95- 90-0 100 85-6 100-0 109-6 120- 129-6 100 87-6 102-1 98-5 110-2 100-0 100 120-8 137-5 134-3 161-4 147-9 100 •77-7 116-1 122-2 135-3 131-3 PRUNES (MEDIUM QUALITY). 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 106-3 100-0 103-6 103-6 108-3 100-0 83-2 96-4 106-4 83-4 — 1 121-2 100 114-7 125-8 101-1 101-7 800 89-2 110-3 85-2 121-2 120-0 118-4 112-5 1220 127-7 89-6 100-8 131-1 94-7 139-9 120-0 144-4 119-9 136-9 136-1 109-6 125-8 172-7 108-7 138-5 110-0 125-8 126-2 137-2 136-1 114-4 122-3 168-8 - 108-7 144-3 Prince Edward Island 14fl-( New Brunswick ! 122-! 1,*6 Ontario m-1 1!(5-(1 J04-8 Alberta ..... ,102-6 British Columbia :i74-l) K)6-l) — ^ COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 151 INDEX NUMBERS OF AVERAGE COMMODITY PRICES, 1900-13— Gontinued. (1900 Prices=100.) SUGAR (GRANULATED). Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Quebec Ontario... Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia Dominion of Canada. . 1900. 1905. 100 89-4 100 1100 10() 109-0 100 103-5 100 100-9 100 100-0 100 71-0 100 108-9 100 106-0 100 101-8 1909. *05-7 110-0 111-1 113-4 107 100-0 58-0 118- 2 ^06-8 105-5 1910. 89-4 110-0 118-2 111-5 122-7 104-5 65-0 112-1 113-4 102-4 1911. 107 110 139 129 127 130 74 132 129 127 1912. 117-4 1100 121-7 121-4 116-0 110-5 620 126-7 115-5 116-6 SUGAR (YELLOW). 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 91-8 100-0 108-2 107-1 91-7 104-7 80-0 103-7 104-0 98-0 ■88-4 100-0 JOS -2 110-4 96-6 104-7 53-0 113-2 101-9 100-0 93-1 90-0 108-2 114-5 102-7 119-2 58-0 116-9 109-6 106-0 111-7 90-0 133-5 138-3 119-7 137-1 65-0 132-0 131-0 124-0 111-7 100-0 121-4 125-0 111-9 135-8 64-0 133-9 • 119-2 118-0 97-7 Prince Ecward Island 100-0 108-2 Quebec. . .• 114-5 105-8 Mfi.Tiitnhfl-; , , , , 123-8 Saskatchewan Alberta 61-0 116-9 British Golumbla 111-5 "DnTninioTi nf nn.Tift.rl«. , , , , 108-0 TEA (BLACK). Nova Scotia . 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 104-9 100-0 73-5 101-8 100-0 100 102-5 96-9 100-0 100-9 114-9 100-0 :76-4 99-5 104-1 IQOO 107-1 •94- 1 107-7 103-9 113-4 100-0 78-4 105-4 110-6 100-0 107-1 96-0 103-8 1060 102-1 100-0 82-3 112-8 107-3 92-8 114-2 94-1 128 -5 106-0 106-4 100-0 86-2 108-2 109-6 100 110-5 91-0 109-0 108-2 104-2 100-0 88-2 Quebec 108-2 110-7 Manitoba 1000 110-5 Alberta . . . 92-4 British Columbia 103-6 108-5 TEA (GREEN). Nova Scotia 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 105-0 100-0 100-0 105-1 102-1 82-7 ,82-0 100-9 100-0 99-1 t47-4 125-0 .94-4 =97-5 111-2 88-2 75-0 97-0 108-5 104-2 144-0 125-0 100-0 97-4 115-3 82-7 800 100-2 104-8 105-1 1.55 125-0 103-1 117-2 112-0 76-5 800 92-9 104-8 107-4 165-0 125-0 103-6 99-9 112-7 82-7 78-6 97-0 109-7 106-0 165-0 Prince Sdward Island 125-0 New Srunswick / • ■ ■ 94-4 106-8 113-4 Manitoba 82-7 78-4 Alberta .' 95-3 102-4 106-5 152 BOARD OF mQVlRY INTO INDEX NUMBEES OF AVEEAGE COMMODITY PEIOES, 1900-13— Continued. (1900 Price^=100.) COFFEE (MEDIUM MOGHA). 1900. 1905. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100-0 117-6 100-8 100-4 94-1 130-0 94-3 100 101-4 91-6 looo 120-4 102-5 ■101-6 •88-2 122-0 .133-3 J02-6 91-6 94-9 100 123-1 104-2 108-1 82-7 125-0 127-6 102-6 104-3 103-3 100-0 123-1 105-1 106-0 76-5 133-3 122 105-6 104-3 110-0 100-0 123-1 111-9 110-5 82-7 122-6 125-0 107-8 109-5 110-0 Prince Edward Island 100-0 New Brunswick 123-1 102-5 112-2 Manitoba; 88-2 129-0 120-6 104-4 108-9 POTATOES. Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia Dominion of Canada. . 100 100-0 117-3 113-4 155-7 1300 100 112-6 JSOO 137-6 300-0 93-7 100 101-5 112-1 129-0 163-0 173-5 100 117-2 112-3 166 223-9 170-6 100 123-6 99-7 114-6 205-4 164-6 100 83-3 106-6 163-3 150-0 110-0 100 111-6 i83-3 225-0 225-0 152-8 100 110-4 115-6 168-7 125-0 128-1 100 ■122-4 132-6 191-8 190-8 130-6 100 1161 113 -5 122-3 195-4 152-5 VINEGAR. Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Quebec Ontario.... Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia Dominion of Canada. . 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100-0 100 100 101-8 100-6 71-4 100-0 104-0 111-6 100-8 111-1 100-0 114-0 126-0 100-3 57-1 •83-3 100 -82-5 100-0 108-3 120-0 105-2 122-4 101-1 71-4 100-0 83-0 82-5 100-8 108-3 120-0 105-2 116-3 100-9 77-5 100-0 - 91-5 970 102-61 100-0 150-0 105-2 126-0 100-9 71-4 116-6 87-5 97-0 105-8 STARCH. Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick,... . , . Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia Dominion of Canada. . 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100-0 100-0 76-9 lU-2 102-3 100 83-3 96-3 104-3 101-1 95-2 .80-0 "76-9 105-0 114-2 100-0 66-6 101-8 123-6 105-5 90-4 110-0 69-2 112-9 114-4 100-0 66-6 96-9 113-9 104-5 95-2 110-0 80-7 109-6 113-1 92-5 83-3 127-2 113-9 107-9 95-2 110-0 82-0 95-1 113-8 92-5 78-6 113-6 118-2 107 COST OF LITING IN CANADA 153 INDES NUMBEES OF AVEEAGE COMMODITY PEICES, 1900-lS— Continued. (1900 Price8=100.) COAL (ANTHRACITE). 1900. 1905. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. Nova Scotia 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 107-2 100-0 97-1 108-5 111-0 93-4 105-7 107-4 135-5 114-4 77-7 ioo- 101-6 116-1 113-6 :97-7 103-8 151-9 167-8 120-7 79-3 100-0 97-5 114-5 114-2 93-4 105-7 185-7 163-3 119-0 77-3 100-0 110-2 114-8 118-4 98-7 100-0 274-4 161-5 115-7 134-5 107-1 127-7 142-7 132-1 98-0 103-7 176-7 161-5 140-7 92-1 Prince Edward Island 115-5 113-4 New Brunswick 128-1 126-1 100-0 103-4 Alberta 116-6 167-6 Dominion of Canada . . . . t 134-5 COAL (BITUMINOUS). Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Quebec Ontario..,. Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia Dominion of Canada. . 100 98-0 94-0 99-2 100-9 106-6 100 100 100 .100-0 100-0 112-5 100 103-8 "94-4 99-1 107-0 108-5 ■ 100 112-4 105-3 111-8 121-6 129-7 100 96-3 100-6 108-8 109-4 114-1 100 100-0 94-7 94-7 98-7 97-3 100 108-0 106-4 106-4 116-] 126-5 100 106-6 173-3 143-8 180-0 180 100 107-3 119-6 124-2 122-6 166-6 100 103-6 117-6 122-4 116-6 129-2 WOOD (HARD). 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 113-3 100-0 113-4 108-6 118-0 104-1 106-2 120-0 100-0 104-4 131-2 135-4 110-5 "81-2 •123-2 100- 104-4 127-6 133-7 118-8 100-0 126-6 100 110-? 130-0 129-7 141-6 112-5 123-2 1000 126-0 149-6 139-4 131-1 91-6 129-6 Prince Edward Island 100-0 New Brunswick 1260 Quebec 141-3 Ontario. Manitoba 137-5 120-8 SaskatcHewan 91-6 British Columbia 100 100 53-9 108-5 70-7 131-6 60-6 134-8 66-6 123-6 66-6 130-5 78-7 126-6 WOOD (SOFT). Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Quebec. . . : Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia Doininion of Canada. . 100 100-0 122-0 122-0 112-3 112-3 100 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100 100 106-1 116-1 1161 119-0 130-2 100 112-7 149-9 149-9 162-5 152-1 100 116-5 123 •? 123-2 126-3 131-0 100 116-5 150-1 150-1 160-0 169-8 100 85-S 93-! 96-8 109-3 85-8 100 120-0 f04-S 120-0 183-2 140- ■ 100 114-2 185-7 161-7 157-1 180-0 100 112-9 1^1-0 132-4 137-S 141-7 154 BOARD OF INQUIRY ISTO INDEX NUMBEES OF AVEEAGE COMMODITY PEICES, 1900-13— Continued. (1900 Priees=100.) COAL OIL- 1900. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1905. 1^09. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913, Nova Scotia 93-6 104-1 86-7 101-5 62-3 100-0 114-2 100-0 100 102-0 91-S 104-1 85-4 105-6 104-5 .85-6 •100 93-7 109-1 100-4 88-0 104-1 86-7 98-2 99-8 85-6 100-0 83-2 1191 99-1 82-1 104- 1 83-4 97-6 105-7 78-5 92-8 83-2 108-0 96-6 85-2 91-7 77-6 102-1 105-8 78-6 89-1 80-7 113-6 99- 1 88-0 91-7 84-4 106-7 106-5 78-5 85-7 80-7 106-3 99-1 Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia Dominion of Canada COST OF LITINO IN CANADA 155 EETAIL PEICES. CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive.) Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December ]2tli, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in loca-lities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to tlie Labour Gazette. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Nova Scotia — Sydney. Beef — Sirloin, per lb Medium ohuclc , per lb Vea] forequarter, per lb Mutton hind quarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked per lb Fish— Fresh, good quality per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread — For 1 lb. loaf per lb Flour — Strong, bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated in $ lots, per lb Yellow in $ lots, per lb Tea— Black medium India or Ceylon, per lb., Green medium Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of 1 J Bushels Vinegar — White wine XXX per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite per ton of 2,000 lb Wood — Hard best per long cord Soft, per cord Coal oil — Per gallon Note— (a) Flour S5. 95 per brl. (c) " $6.00 " " (d) " .85 " bag 25 lbs. 1911 and 1913 Fish Cod. 13 22 08 23 28 17 17 12-13 12 14 15 17 20 06 18 30 30 10 28 30 16 18 m 15 15 12J 20 05-08 17 30 18 13 10 15 16 16 20-22 08 17 34 10 28 34 20 22 14 10-12 16 18 16-18 22 05-07 20 40 32 10 35 40 20 22 16 12 18 20 20 23 06 20 50 40 10 10-32 38 20 06 2t 04 05 04 12 06 02f 05 05 05 10 09 05 n 25 06 039io 05 05 05 10 10 06 05 30 06 a OSJlo 04 04 04 12 08-12 05 05 23-35 40 65 10 10 Bituminous per ton of 2,000 lb 4.00 2.50 "26 3.00, 4.00 2.50 20 30 80 10 10 7.00 7.50 2.00 3-00 40-25 1.00 10 08 7.50 3.00 4.00 25 22 05 c03 04 05 05 12 12-15 07 55 25 40 40 1.05 10 10 6.50 3.50 4.50 3.50 20 05 d03! 04 05 06 10 12 07 06 30^0 60 40 90 10 10 7.25 3.50 4.00 2.50 20 05 dOSi 04 05 05 10 10 06 05 25-50 60 40 1.20 10 10 8.25 3.50 5.00 3.00 22 156 BOARD OF INQVIET ISTO RETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— .(inclusive)— Confinwed Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 aixd over, collected by Corresimndents to the Labour Gazette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Nova Scotia — S. Wesiville. Beef — Sirloin, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal forequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread— For 3 lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated in $ lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — Black medium India or Ceylon, per lb.. Green medium Japan, per lb Cofiee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of li bushels Vinegar— White Wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite per ton of 2, 000 lb Bittiminous per ton of 2, 000 lb Wood — Hard best per long cord Soft per cord Coal oil — Per gallon 12 10 05 09 06 13 04-12 14 14 14 06 24 06-15 14 15 15 07 24 16 14 04 n 03 05 05 14 10 06; 06i 30 30 35 60 10 10 C4 03 04 05 05 14 10 05^ 055 35 30 35 60 10 10 3.20 3.25 3.00 •26 3.20 3.50 3.25 22 15-17 15 08 14 12-15 14 18 07 20 30 or' 25 28 16 041 3i 05 05 05 10-12 10 054 05' 30 25 30-35 75 10 10 3.20 4.00 3.50 20 15 12 07-10 14 16 17 33-25 14 20 30 30 07 25-30 30 16 04| 04 04 05 05 10 10 05J 05J 30 25 35 90 09 10 3.20 4.00 3.50 20 15 12 08 14 16 16 16-21 06 16 35 32 07 25 33 18 04i 04 04 05 05 12 11-13 07 06i 30 25 35 90 09 10 3.20 4.00 3.50 18 18 12 08 15 15 15 22 07-15 20 35 35 07 35 35 20 20 04i 03J 05 05 07 13 13 06 06 30 25 35 75 08 10 3.20 4.00 3.50 19 18 14 10 15 15 18 24 C7-15 20 40 35 08 34 36 18 18 041 03f OS 05 06 13 13 05| Obi 30 25 35 90 08 10 3.50 4.00 3.50 20 COST OF LiriNO IN CANADA I57 RETAIL PRICES, CANADA, IdOO-lQlS^iinolnBiYe)— Continued. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12tli, I960 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gazette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 '1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Nova Scotia — Amherst. Beef — Sirloin, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal forequarter, per lb Mutton hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed per dozen Milk — Per quart - Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread— For 2 lb. loaf, per lb For IJ lb loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats, per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated in $ lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — Black medium India or Ceylon, per lb., Green medium Japan, per lb.. Coffee — Medium Mpcha, per lb Potatoes— Per bag of 1 J bushels Vinegar — White wine XXX, per quart Starch^ — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2, GOD lb Bituminous, per ton of 2, 000 lb Wood — Hard best per long cord. Soft, per cord Coal oil — per gallon 12-14 09-12 10 12 12 11 20 14 14 23 < 21 06 25 27 14 14 04 m 03- 05* 04 07 07 06- Obi 30 30 40 60 08. 12 7.00^ 4.60^ 4.25 3.00* 23 16 13 12 12 14 13 21 15 17 25 23 05 26 28 16 10 16-18 14-16 12 12 16 14 20-22 20-25 20 35^0 30-40 07 25 30-35 16 18 14-16 10-15 18 16 24 14 20 40 38 07 26 28 16 16 15 18 14 24 15-18 18 40 35 08 28 30 20 20 4f 03^ 04 05 04 08 08 05^ 05 30 30 40 60 08 12 7.25 4.60 4.50 3.25 22 4S 3i 04 05 05 10 10 05^ 05 30-60 40-45 40 75 10 10 6.75 4.75f 5.00 22 51 04 04 05 05 12 12 05 04^ 40 40 40 90 10 10 6.50 4-60 4.75 5.00 4.00 22 5f 04§ 04 06 05 12 11 06i 06 30^0 30^0 40 90 10 10 6.75$ 4.60 4-75 5.00' 4.00 20 18 14 15 14 15 14 25 17 18 35 32 07 32 35 18 18 4f 03^ 04 06 05 12 11 065 06 30 30 40 98 08 10 10.50 5.00 4.00 20 20 15 15 15 17 16 25 18 19 38 35 07 30 32 20 20 it 03J 04 06 06 10 12 05i 051 30 30 40 90 08 10 8.. 50 5.00 5.00 4.00 20 Note— 1910— Fish— Cod . 1911—" " 1911—" "—Halibut. 158 BOARD OF INQUIRY IN'TO EETAIL PEICES. CANADA, 190O-1913-?(inclusive)— Cowfmweef. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the 'Labour Gazette — Continued. Localities and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Nova Scotia — Halifax. Beef- -Sirloin, per lb Medium chuck, per lb , . Veal forequarter, per lb Mutton, hmdquarter, per lb.. Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb. . 15 12 08 10 10 10 15 12 30 25 06 20 25 21 15 03f 02! OS: 05 04 10 09 05 04. 25-40 40 30 75 08 10 6 25 Bituminous.. per ton of 2,000 lb 4 85 Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Puie leaf, per lb Eggs^New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen ' Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Biead — For IJ lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good Medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quaUty, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in i lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea— Black Medium India or Ceylon, per lb. Green Medium Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of l^ bushels , Vinegar — White Wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — ^Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb Wood — Hard, best, per long cord. Soft, per cord Coal Oil — Per gallon 5 00 3 00 25 15 12 08 12 12 12 18 &4-06 15 32 28 07 27 28 22 16 04 03 04 05 04 12 10 05 04f 25^0 45 30-40 75 08 10 6 75 7 15 4 90 5 10 "5 00 3 00 25 20 12 08-10 13-15 16-18 14-17 22 07 05-12^ 20 35-40 30-35 08 28 32 17-18 04f 04 05 05-07 05 12 12 05J 04 30 60 35 75 10 10 6 60 4 60 4 85 5 00 20 -22 15 08-10 18 15 14 20 07-15 20 50 35 08 28 32 17 17 041 0Z>, 04 05 05 12 10 05^ 05 30-40 40-50 35 1 05 10 10 7 00 5 00 5 25 3-50 20 22 12-15 10 14-18 15 14 20-22 07 05-15 18 50-60 35 08 30 35 20 17 043 03i Odi 07 05 15 12 07 06 30 50-60 40 1 20 10 10 7 25 5 00 5 25 6 50 3 50 20 24 15 10 15 15 15 20-22 06-15 18 40 35 09 35 35^8 20 18 041 03J 05 06 06 10-15 06 06 30 50 40-60 75 10 10 9 00 5 75 5 50 3 50 22 24 17 12 20 18 18 25 10 18 50-60 40 09 30 35 20 18 04f 03 01 06 06 10 15 05 04J 30 50 40-60 $1 00 10 10 7 75 5 75 5 50 3 5J 22 Note.— 1910, 1911 and 1912. . . Fish— Cod. 1913.... Fish— Cod. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 159 KETAIL PEIOES. CANADA. 1900-1913— (inclusive)— Conitnwe«f. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 190,0 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gazette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Nova Scotia — Truro. 15-18 10-12^ 06-08 08-10 10-12 12-12J 18 08-10 13 25 20 06 20 25 16 J8-20 12-15 08-10 10-12 12-15 14-15 20 1=2-15 15 32 28 06 22 25 16 4 20 Medium chuck oer lb , , 12i 10 15 12 15 IS Salt Der lb 18 24 ' 18 20 45 07 35 38 20 "Rrpfld For 1* Ih loaf dgi" lb 04 03i 03 05 05 08 08 05 04 35-50 04 03i 03 05 05 08 08 05 04 30-50 ' 04| 03f ■RnllpH r>nt<9 "Pf^T Ih 04 ■ 05 05 12| 15 05J 05 Tea— Black Medium India or Ceylon, per lb 30-40 • 40 75 25 10 8 00 4 0.0 3 00 2 00 24 ' 40 75 85 10 8 00 4 St) 3 50 2 00 25 40 ■pntfttops — Ppr haff of Ih bushels •97^ 08 10 8 00 Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb 5 00 5 00 3 00 20 Note— 1913. 1913. .Fish— Halibut. .Flour— 90 cts. per 25 lb. bag 160 BOARD OF INQUIRY fNTO RETAIL PEICES, CANADA, ldOO'191S^(mclusive)— Continued. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, ISOO to 1913, Inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Laiour Gazette — Continued. Nova Scotia — Recapitulation. Beef— Sirloin, per lb Medium chuck, per lb. Veal, forequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Poik— Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per Lb laid — Pure leaf, per lb SggB — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — ^Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Biwid— Per lb Fkmr — Strong Bakers, per lb Holled oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beams — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Pmnes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar— Granulated, in S lots, per lb Yellow, in S lots, per lb Tea— Black Medium India or Ceylon, per lb . Green Medium Japan, per lb CcAee — ^Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes— Per bag of IJ bushels Vin^ar— White Wine XXX,. per gallon Starch — Laundry^per lb CobI— Anthracite,, per ton of 2, 000 lb Bituminous,, per ton of 2,000 lb Wood — Hard best, per long cord Soft,, per cord Coal Oil— Per gallon 1900 13-3 10-g 7-7 9-7 18-7 10-7 17-5 13-2 21-7 200 6-2 230 19-7 16-5 ISO 4-9 2-8 3* 50 4-2 10-7 8-7 5-9 5-4 29-4 25 37-5 65-6 90 10-5 6 62 4 03 3 75 3 op 23-7 1905 25 21 17 15 4 3 4 5 4 11 9 5 4 30 26 37 65 9 10 7 10 3 95 4 25 3 00 22-2 1909 17 13 10 13 15 15 20 19 33 31 8 26 30 16 16 5 3 4 5 5 10 10 ft 4 33 36 34 76 10 10 5 15 3 79 4 50 3 67 21.7 1910 •5 5 25 4 00 4 62 3 67 210 1911 30 38 38 101 9 10 5 12 4 07 4 76 3 37 19-5 1912 20-5 13-7 11-0 150 15-7 15-2 22-5 190 37-5 335 8-2 34-2 36-6 19-5 190 4-8 3-5 4-5 5-5 60 11-7 12-0 6-3 60 31-2 41-2 41-2 84-5 90 100 8 91 4 30 4 62 3 37 20-2 1913 21-0 130 12.3 17-0 17-5 18-0 24-2 19-2 40-7 37-5 8-5 31-2 35-2 19-5 190 4-8 3-4 4-2 5--5 5-6 10-7 12-5 6-5 5-2 306 41-2 41-2 100-0 90 lO'O 6 10 44i 487 3S0 210 COST OF LIVING IN GAl^ADA 161 RETAIL PRICES. CANADA, 1900-1913— (ihclusive)—Co*i(mw6d Prices of thirty-six comilioatties as on DeScember 12th, 1900 to 1913, Inclusive, in localities of 18,000 and over, collected by Cdrrespondents to the.id&OMr Gamette — Oontin'aed. Locality and Cdminodities. Prince Edward Island — OharlotUtown. Beef: SirlOin steak best, per lb Medium chUck, p6r lb Vfeal forequartir, per lb Mutton hindqufeiter, pet lb Poric: — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb , Bftconi best smoked, per lb riSfe— Fresh, good qtiality, per lb Lard— Pure Lteaf, per lb £^s — New laid, per dozen Packed, per do^en Milk— Per duArt BUttei^Dairy tub, jtet lb Oeamety prints, plor lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian n- w, per lb BiBftd— For 2 lb. loaf, per lb Fltjjlr — Stfong bakers, per lb floUed OhtB— Per lb Ritifc— Good medium, per lb Betins — Hand picked, per lb Apjlles-^EvapOrated, per lb PJtoeB^Meditiai quality, pfcr lb Siigtr-'Gfanulated in S lot t)er lb yeUo* in $ lot per lb T«Sr-Bils!dk nledium India or Ceylon, per lb. dreen medium Japan, per lb Ctfflfee— Medium Mofcha, per lb Pdtfctoes^Per bag of U bushels VJjiegai^White Wine XXX, jjer gallon Stiufoh-^Laundry per lb Csaa— Anthratite, pel- ton of 2000 lb Coal— Bitiiriiiliaus, pfer toft of 2000 lb WOod^Hard, best, per long cOrd Soft, per *ord Coal Oil-^Per gallon 1900 12 08 03' 06 07-09 10-12 12 14^15 22 24 02 035 05 1905 13-14 09 04-06 O'9-IO 13-14 14 15-16 10 08-: 05 04 055 05 40 24 45 1909 035 035 04 05 04 12 lb 055 05 25 50 40 60 "9 08 i 50 25 1910 14-16 10-14 12 14 08-12 20-23 08-10 20 30 26 06 25 21 18 16 035 03i 04 05 05 12 08-14 055 05-04 25 SO 40 55 12 10-12 6 50 4 00 25 1911 i«e 10-14 09-12 12-14 07-09 20-23 16-18 33-35 22 06 26-28 28 18 17 035 03 04 05 05 08-10 18-14 055 04 05 25 50 40 1-20 1? 10-12 6 50 i 00 4 00 25 25 1912 20 16 10 16 15 14 17 05 18 0-32 30 Q6 28 32 18 18 035 08 04 05 05 10 10-12 055 05 25 50 40 3*40 16 10-12 7 00 4 50 4 00 22 1913 20 18 10 16 16 20 22 05 18 38 32 07 25 30 18 18 04 035 04 05-06 05-06 16 14 055 06 25 50 40 60 15 10-12 7 50 5 00 4 00 4 00 22 Note.— 1910. . . .Fish— Cod. 82696—11 162 BOARD OF INQUIRY INVO EETAIL PEICES. CANADA. 1900-1913— inclusive)— ConimMed Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gazette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 New Brunswick — Moncton. Beef — Sirloin steak best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal forequarter, per lb Mutton hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — ^Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread — For 2 lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked ,per lb t Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated in $ lots, per lb Yelow, in I lots, per lb Tea — Black Medium India or Ceylon, per lb. Green medium Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of IJ bushel Vinegar — White wine XXX, per gallon Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal— Anthracite, per ton of 2000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2000 lb Wood — Hard, best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal Oil — Per gallon 14 10 12 10 18 05 15 22 18 06 21 25 14 03J 03i 03J 04 04 09 08 05 04} 35 40 35 75 5 00 4 25 2 75 24 14 12 20 05 16 25 20 07 22 26 ■16 ■03} 03| 03} 04 05 •10 09 05 05 35 40 40 75 08 18 12 07 12 14 14 16 05-08 18 35 30 07 26 30 18 20 12 5-25 4 50 3 00 22 04 03} 04 05 05-10 12 10 05} 05 35 50-40 40 75 10 10 6 75 5 25 4 SO 23 12 16 16 22 06-18 20 35 30 07 24 28 17 04 03} 04 05 05 12 10 05i 05 35 40 40 90 10 10 6 75 5 25 4 50 3 25- 22 12 16. 16 25 06-18 18 35 28 08 25 30 20 04 03} 04 05 05 14 14 06i 06} 35 40 40 90 10 10 7 50 5 25 5 00 3 50 21 16 16 23 06 20 35 32 08-07 32 35 20 04 031 04 05 05 10 10 05^ 05} 35 40 40 90 10 10 5 25 5 50 3 50 20 20 16 18 16 25 or 20 45 35 08 30 35 18 04 03f 04 04 07 10 10 05 05 35 40 40 90 10 10 8 00 5 75 5 50 3 50 20 ' Note.— 1900 to 1913 inclusive . . . .Fish— Cod. 1910 and 1911 Fish— Halibut. 1911 and 1912, 1913 Flour 25 lb. bag, 90cts. 1910 Flour— 1961b. Barrels. COST OF LiyiNO IN CANADA 163 RETAIL PRICES. CANADA, WW-IQIS— (inclusive) -Continued. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the 'Labour B-axette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 New Brunswick — Si. John. Beef — Sirloin steak best, per lb Beef— Medium chuck, per lb Veal forequarter, per lb Mutton hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per qusjt Butter Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old per lb Canadian New, per lb Bread— For 2 lb. loaf per lb For li lb. loaf per lb Flour — Strong bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb . : Sugar — Granulated in$ lots per lb Yellow in % lots, per lb Tea— Black medium India or Ceylon, per lb., Green medium Japan, per lb Cofifee — Medium Mocha per lb Potatoes — Per bag of Ik bushel Vinegar — White Wine XXX. per gallon Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal— Anthracite, per ton of 2000 lb. . Bituminous, per ton of 2000 lb. Wood — Hard best, per long cord . Soft per cord Coal Oil — Per gallon 16 12 10 12 12 10 15 05 14 32 25 06 22 26 16 16 18-20 12-14 12 12 14 12 17 05 14 32 27 06 25 28 16 16 18-22 10-20 05-07 14 15 15 20-22 06 20 40 32 07 28 33 16-18 03J 02 03 05 04 10 041 04 25 50 20 90 10 12 m 04 05 04 10 09 05J 05 25 50 38 1 1.5 10 10 04 6 25 4 85 8 00 4 00 22 3i 04 05 05 12 10 05406 05 25 50 35^0 1 GO 10 10 6 50 6 75 : 25- 5 50 8 00 9 00 20-22 12 09-10 16 16 16 20 07 18-20 50 30 07 24-27 30 18 16 22 12 12 15 14 15 20 06 18 50 35 07 25-30 35 20 24 14 12 16 16 15 20 06 20 45-50 35 08 34 38 20 20 24 14 14 IS 20 18 23 06 20 60 35-40 08 32; 35-3g; 20j 20f 18 04 04 05 05 14-12 12 05i 05 35 50 40 1 35 10 12 6 50 7 00 5 10 8 00 9 00 4 00 20 05i tm 04 06 05 14' 063 06 40 50 40 1 50 10 12 7 00 7 75 5 10 8 00 9 00 4 00 20 05i 03i (H 06 12 12 06 05i 40 50 40 1 60 10 12 9 00 8 75 5 10 8 00 9 00 4 00 20 03i, 04 06i OS 12 14 05i 05 40 501 40 $1 00 10 12- 8 Oft 5 50 8 00 9 00^ 4 50 22 Note.— 1910, to 1913 inclusive. . . .Flour— 25 lb. bags, 90ots. 1900 and 1905. . . .Wood— Hard, $9.00 sawed. 1900 and 1905 Wood— Soft, $4,00 and $4.50 Reap, sawed. 82696—114 164 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO RETAIL PRICES. CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— CoM^mwed Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, Inclusive, in looalitieB of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gazette — Continued. Locality and Commoditiea. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 New Brunswick — Newcastle. Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best, smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — ^Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen MUk — Per quart Butter— Dairy , tub, per lb Creamery, prints, per lb Cheese— 'Canadian, old, per lb Canadian, new, per lb Bread— For li lb. loaf, per lb For 2 lb. loaf, per lb For aj lb. loaf.per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— per lb Bioe-^Good, mjedium, :per lb Beans — iBtand picked, per lb Apitles — Evaporated, per lb Pjsanea — Medium quality, per lb. Sugar — Granulated, in $ lots, per lb Yellow, in S lots, per ifb Tea — ^Black, medium India or Ceylon, per lb. Green, medium Japan, per lb Oofiee — ^Medium Mocha, per lb EotatoeB— Per bag of li bu^els Vinegai^White Wine XXX, per gallon Starch — Laundry, per lb Goal-^Anthraoite, per ton of 2000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2000 lb Wood — Hard, best, per long cord Soft, per oord Coal oil — Per gallon 10 10 10 10 14 05 12 20 05 20 14 02i 03i 05 04 12 10 05 05 30 40 90 10 10 50., 30 I 14 13 16 06 14 25 06 25 14 03^ 021 osr OS 05 08 06 05 25 40 10 10 50 12 10 08 12 15 18 18 08 20 35 30 07 25 30-35 16 03^ 031 05 05 05 12 10-12 OS OS 25-40 25-40 40 90 10-13 10 7 00 6 00 4 00 25 18 13 08 14 16 17 22 05 19 35 30 07 24 16 04 04 05 05 05 13 10 06 05 30 40 80 10 05 7 00 5 00 4 00 3 50 .25 18 13 14 18 16 20 07 17 35 30 07 28 35 17 18 D6 03 05 05 05 17 12 07 06 30 40 75 10 10 8 00 5 25 4 00 2 50 25 20 14 11 16-18 15-18 24 03-10 18 40 35 35 20 18 « 03 04 fl5 OS 12 W 65 05 40 40 1 10 10 10 7 25 6 00 Note.— 1900 and 1905.. Fish. .Cod. 1913 Flour 15.75 per brl. of 196 lb. 1900 and 1905. Mill Wood 50 ots. per load. COST OF LITING IN CANADA 165 RETAIL PEICES, CANADA. 1900-1913-s-(inclu8ive)— Confmwed. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on Pecember 12tli, 1900 to 1913, inclusive. In localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to tim, Labour Gazette — Continued, Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 New Brunswick — Fredericton. Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb ... , Veal, (orequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork— Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eegsi— New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy, tub, per lb Creamery, prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian, old, per lb Canadian, new, per lb Bread— For 21b. loaf, per lb yioup— Strong Bakers, per lb RpUed Oats— Perlb Rice-^Good, medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples— Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar— Granulated, in { lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea— Black, medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green, medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium, Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of IJ bushels Vinegai^-White Wine XXX, per gallon Starch— Laundry , per lb Coal— Anthracite, per ton of 2000 lbs Bituminous, per ton of 2000 lbs Wood — Hard, best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal oil-^Per gallon - U 08 OS 10 10 12 14 05-12 15 30 25 06 20 24 14 12 04 03 03 05 04 09 09 05 05 16 10 06 12 12 12 16 06-12 13 30 28 07 20 25 16 14 04 04 04 05 04^ 10 10 05 05 30-50.30-60 40-50 35 60 10 7 00 6 60 5 00 3 00 24 40-50 35 60 10 12 7 50 6 00 6 00 3 00 23 Note. — 1911 prices taken from January 1912. 1900 to 1913, inclusive Fish Halibut. 1911 to 1913, inclusive Fish Cod. 1911 to 1913, inclusive Flour in 25 lb. lots. 08 03- 20 12 10 15 14 14 18 -16 12 40 35 07 22 30 25 20 04 04 -04 06 05 13 12 07 06J 35 50 40 OO 10 10 00 50 60 00 20 25 12 08 14 14 16 24 07-16 20 41 30 08 26 35 25 20 04 04 04 06 07 12 12 .06 06 35 50 40 1 50 10 10 9 00 6 SO 6 50 4 00 20 25 12 I 10 14 151 181 25] 08-16 20! 40 38 08 28 40 25 19 04 04 04 06 06 13 10 05 05 35 50 40 1 50 10 10 8 50 6 50 650 300 20 166 BOARD OP INQVIBT INTO EETAH PEICES, CANADA, 1900-1913^(mclusive)— Confmwed. ■prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 ana over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gazette — Continued. Recapitulation. 1000 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 New Brunswick. Beef- -Sirloin, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb. Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy, tub, per lb Creamery, prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian, old, per lb Canadian, new, per lb Bread— Per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good, medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in I lots per lb Yellow, in $ lots per lb Tea — Black, medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green, medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium, Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of If bushels Vinegar — White Wine XXX, per gallon Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — ^Anthracite, per ton of 2000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2000 lb Wood — Hard, best, per long cord Soft; per cord Coal oil — Per gallon 14-2 10-0 7 10 110 10-5 15-2 13-5 26-0 22-7 5-7 20 250 150 140 3 2 3-2 4-7 40 100 90 4 4 42 45 32 78 9 13 7- 10 516 5-42 2-94 25-7 15-2 11-7 9-0 12-0 13-5 12-2 17-2 14-2 28-0 25-0 6-5 23-0 26-3 16-0 150 3-6 3-1 3-7 4-7 4-6 9-5 9 5 5 31 45 38 800 9-5 100 6 87 5 36 6 10 3 12 22-3 16-7 12-3 7-0 12-7 13-7 14-3 18-3 19-3 36-6 30-7 7-0 26-3 31-8 17-3 16 3 3 4 5 5 120 10-3 5-4 50 32-5 42-5 39-1 88-3 10-8 10-0 7 12 4 87 5 66 3 42 220 190 13-0 90 14-0 16-0 16-3 21-3 19-3 40-0 30-0 70 24-5 29-3 170 16-3 4-4 3.8 4-3 50 50 12-7 10-6 5 5-0 33-3 450 400 101-7 10-0 9-0 6 83 5 11 5 66 3 42 22-3 200 12-2 11-0 14 15 15-2 20 16-2 400 32-0 7-2 25-6 32-5 20-5 19-5 4 3 4 5-5 5-0 14-7 13-0 6-8 61 350 46-7 40-0 128-7 100 10-5 7 72 5 53 6 00 3 50 21-5 23-0 12-7 10-0 10-0 15-3 15 22-3 20-0 40 32-3 7-8 30 360 21-6 20-0 4-4 4-2 4-0 5-7 60 11-3 11-3 5-9 5-6 36-7 46-7 400 136-7 100 10-7 8-94 5 6 3 83 20-0 22-2 14-0 12-0 14-3 17.7 17-0 24-2 19-5 46-2 38-4 8-0 30-5 44-6 24'S 18-7 4-3 3-5 4-0 5-2 6-0 11-7 11-0 51 5-0 37-5 42-5 40-0 112-5 100 10-5 7 94 3 94 6 83 3 67 21-7 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 167 EETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913i— (inclusive)— Gonimued. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12tli, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gamette — Oonlinued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Quebec — Quebec. Pork- Fish- Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal forequarter, per lb Mutton hindquarter, per lb -Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb -Fresh , good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb , Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Breaid — For 6 lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats, per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated in $ lots, per lb Yellow, in S lots, per lb Tea — Black medium India or Ceylon, per lb. Green Medium Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes— Per bag of 1§ bushels Vinegaiv-^White Wine XXX, per gallon ' Starch — Laundry, per lb , Coal— Anthracite per ton of 2, 000 lbs Bituminous per ton of 2, 000 lbs . Wood — Hard, best per long cord. ti tt Soft per cord Coal Oil — per gallon 10-12 07-09 09-: 05-09 08 10-12 12-15 06-08 15 35 08 18 20 08 23 26 15-18 14-16 14-16 14 15 16 18-22 08-10 20 60 30 10 28-30 30-35 15-18 13-14 12-14 13-14 13 15 16 18-20 08 20 50 26-30 10 24-27 26-30 16 14-15 12-13 10-12 13 14 16 18-20 08 20 50 30 10 27 30 16-18 16-17 14-15 14-15 12-14 15 16 18-20 08 20 60 30 10 28-30 35-28 16 18- 02 02J 04 05 04: 03 031 04 05 05 05 04 36 35 40 50 15 08 1 6 00 5 00 4 50 5 50 2 SO 3 50 18 04i 04 35 35 40 60 15 OS 6 50 4 50 5 00 6 00 •3 00 4 00 18 03i 04 05 05-06 05 13 12 05 04i 25-30 25-30 40 75 20 10 8 00 6 00 6 50 7 00 8 CO OH 03 05 05 05 13 12 05 04^ 25-30 25-30 40 90 20 10 7 50 5 00 18 03J 03 05 05 05 13 12 m 051 35 35-40 40 SI 20 ■ 20 10 7 75 8 00 5 00 6 00 6 00 7 00 4 00 5 00 18 03J 03i 05 05 07 13 12 05^ 04i 35-40 35^0 40 90-1 00 20 10 10 00 12 00 16-18 14-15 14-16 16-18 18-20 19-20 20-22 08 23-25 60-70 35-40 10 28 80 32-34 20 18 03i 03} 05 05 13 12 05J a 35-40 35-40" 40 90-75 15-20 10 8 50 5 00 6 00 6 00 7 00 4 50 5 50 20 Note— 1910 to 1913— Fish— Haddock. 168 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO RETAIL PRIOES, OANABA, 190O^191S^(ine\vsive)^C antinued. Prices of thirty-six commoaities as on EJeaember 12th, 19'00 to 1913, iiuduslve. In localities of 10,000 and over, coUectecl by Correspondents to th« Lab-20 03i 03 04 05 05 09 10 06 05 30 25 30 40 10 08 7,00 5,00 8,00 15 13 10 15 15-18 16 20 12i 18 34 27 06 031 03" 05 05 05 10-12 13 m 05 35 35 30-40 85 10-13 08-10 7,00 6,25 7,00 4,50 18-20 20 15 10 15 15 18 23 m 18 50 30 06 25 30 15 13 20 15 10 15 17 15 20-22 12J 17 35 07 20 15 10 15 20 15 20-22 121 17 45-50 07 04 03 05 05 05 20 13 06J 05 35 35 30-40 1,50 10 08 7,00 6,25 7.00 4,50 IS 35 30-35 20 30 18 18 031 05 05 06 12J m %l 05] 35 35 40 90 10 08 7 75 5 50 7 00 5 00 15 04 031 05 05 06 121 121 061 051 35 35 40 1,10 10 08 7,75 5,50 7,00 5,00 15 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 179 RETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— Con^wwed Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive', in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the iaBoitr Gazette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Ontario — Belleville. Beef— Sirloin steak best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, f orequarter, per lb Mutton hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pui-e Leaf, per lb Eggs— New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb ,,...... Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread — for 3 lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats — per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in $ lots, per lb Yellow, in % lots, per lb Tea — Black Medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green Medium, Japan, per lb Co£fee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes, per bag of IJ bushels Vinegaiv^White Wine XXX, per quart. Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb . Wood — Hard best, per long cord Soft, per cord . Coal oil — per gallon... m 15 10 m 12 18-20 12J 15 10 121 121 20 125 20-22 16 05 25 28 15 13-14 OH 2-6 02J 05 05 14 25 23 05-06 25-28 27-28 15 14 03: 02$ 03 05 18 08-10 10 10-15 15 12 24 10-12 18 35 28 06 24 25 16-18 10 05 04J 25^0 25^0 30^0 1,00 1,05 10 08 6,50 7.00 5,00 5,50 6,00 4,00 5,00 15 05 04; 25^0 25-40 30^0 1,00 1,05 10 08 6,75 5,00 7,50 '5,00 15 03. 03 04 05 05 10 08- 05| 05 30 30 30 50 10 08-10 6,75 5,00 6,00 25 17 10 121 15 14 14 22 12 20 40 28 07 27 30 18 16 031 03i 031 OS 05 10 10 06i 051 30 30 40 90 10 10 7,00 5,00 6,50 4,50 20 13- 20 121 15 15-17 20 14 20 17 27 28 19 40 35 06-07 35 35 20 18 031 02; 04 05 08 18 , 45 38 07 30 33 20 18 03J 021 04 05-06 07 5,75 7,00 5,00 121 061 051 30-60 30-60 30-40 1,50 10 10 8,50 5,00 5,50 6,50 4,50 5,00 20 10 051 05 30-60 30-60 30-40 1,40 10 08 7,75 6,00 6,50 5,50 6,00 20 Note.— 1910 to 1913 Flour 70 to 80 cts. for 251b. bag. 82696— 12J 180 BOARD OP INQUIRY INTO RETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— Confznueif. Prices of thirty-six coimnodltles as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gazette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 25 16 16 22 20 17 26 18 20 45 40 07 30 32 20 18 03i Ontario — Peterborough. Beef — Sirloin steak best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure Leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen ." Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian, old, per lb Canadian, new, per lb Bread — For 1} lb. loaf, per lb For 2 lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — fiand picked, per lb Apples — ^Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated in t lots, per lb Yellow in S lots, per lb Tea — ^Black Medium, India or Ceylon, per lb . Green Medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of If bushels Vinegar — White Wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — ^Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lbs Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lbs.. Wood — Hard best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal oil — Per gallon m 10. 10 .121 10 09 1? 10 15 25. 20 05 20 25 17" 15* Of, o^ 03 05 05 09 10 05 05 35 25 40 75 10 5,00 2,. 50 20 12J 10 10 m 12 10 15 10 18 25 20 06 20 25 18 16 02J 02| 05 05 05 10 10 05 04i 35 25 40 75 10 10 15 10 10 10 15 18 20 m 20 34 30 06 20 30 18 10 5,00 2,75 20 05 02j 03J 05 05 124 08J 06 05 40 40 40 60 10 10 7,50 5,60 7,00 20 20 12 12J 18 18 17 23 15 20 35 30 07 25 ■30 20 17 05 03 03i 05 05 12; 12i 05i 05 40 40 40 80 10 10 18 m 12i 15 16 m 20 15 18 38 36 07 30 32 22 20 05 02| 03 05 05 15 15 06f 06i 40 40 40 1,45 10 in 7,50 7,50 7.75 5,50 5,50 5,50 6,00 3,00 3.50 20 20 20 12J 12i 18 16 15 25 15 20 40 30 07 28 33 20 18 034 m 05 07 15 15 05| 05 40 40 40 1,10 10 10 8,25 5,30 7,00 3,50 20 02J Oil 05 07 125 12J 05 04f 40 40 40 1,20 10 10 8,25 5,50 6,50 3,00 Note.— 1911 Bread Doubtful. 1912 and 1913 Flour at 70 to 80 cents for 25 lb. bag. COST OP LIVING IN CANADA 181 RETAIL PEICES, CAJSTADiA, 1900-1913-^(inclusive)— CowiSmwed. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1960 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gaxetie — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Ontario— OrilUa, Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb m 08 10 10 12J 12 14 10 13 22 18 05 19 22 16 14 m 02 021 08 15 10 10 12 m 12 18 20 14 12i-15 15 15 15 22 12 16 35 30 07 27 35 20 14-15 15-18 15 16 23-25 17 15-18 ,15 18 Medium chuck, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb.. Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb ' Salt, per lb Bacon best smoked, per lb 23 124 18 33 28 07 28 35 18 ' ■ '634 03 034 05 06 12 10 05J 08 30 30 40 90 10 07 8 75 6 00 7 50 5 50 15-20 28 14 20 Lard — Pure Leaf, per lb 15 27 25 05 24 26 45 388 11 30 Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart ...,,.,.. Butter— Dairy tub, per lb Cream.ery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old , per lb 28 Canadian new, per lb 17 031 03 03i 05 05 124 10-15 07 06 25 25 25-40 1 50 10 07 7 50 5 50 6 00 3 50 25 13 Bread— For 3 lb. loaf, per lb 03J 02f 02j 08 024 031 05i 05 Flour-^Strong Bakers, per lb... Rolled Oats— Per lb 02 ADules — Evanorated. ner lb. 12 10 06i 05i 25 25 40 40-45 10 05-06 7 25 5 25 4 75 2 50 154 05i 004 30 05 04i 25 25 40 70-75 10 07 Yellow, in $ lots, per lb .. Green medium, Japan, per lb . 30 40 Potatoes — Per bag of 1^ bushels 1 20 17 00 7 70 Bituminous ner ton of 2.000 lb.. 6 00 Wood — Hard best, per (long) ton ... 5 00 3 50 15-20 6 75 4 5 Coal oil — Per gallon. 15-20 Note.^Sirloin steak 1911 is'1912 prices. 1913 Flour 70 and 80 cts for 25 lb. bag. 182 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO EETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913-^inchisive)— Continued. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on Becember 12th, IMO to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to theioftoar Gazette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Ontario— Toronto. Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, i>er lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best, smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy, tub, per lb Creamery, prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian, old, per lb Canadian, new, per lb Bread — For 3 lb. loaf, per lb Flout — Strong Bakers, per lb RoUed Oats— Per lb Rice — Good, medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in $ lots, per lb Yellow, in S lots, per lb Tea — Black, medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green, medium, Japan, per lb Coffee— Medium, Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of 1 J bushels Vinegar--White Wine XXX, per gallon.. Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — ^Anthracite, per ton of 2000 lbs Bituminous, per ton of 2000 lbs.. Wood — Hard, best, per long cord Soft, per cord . Coal oil — Per gallon 08-09 09-10 10-13" 08 lO-W 05-08 13 22 18 16 14 •11-12 11-12 14 10 14-16 08-10 11 26 21 22 25 14 13 03i 02i 03. 05. 04. 09 « 08-10 05 04| 20-30 25-35 30^0 23 27 15 13 03J 03 03J 05 04 10 09-ia 05i 05 25-30 25-35 30-40 18-20 08 08 15 20 17 22 12^15 18 45-50 28 08 24 33 15-16 03 03 04 05 05 08 07 05 25-30 25-35 25-25 20-22 7J-09J 6H)8| 10-12 16-18 14-16 20-22 15 17 55-60 30-35 oa 30-27 32-33 17-18 15-16 03i 03 021 04 05 10 10 05 05 25-35 25-35 25^0 18-20 10-12 10 121-13 16-18 12-13 20-22 124 15 60 30 10 25-27 32-35 20 18 03J 03 02f 04i 05 75 10 07 6.00 75 10 07 7.00 4.50 6.00 5.60 7.50 5.00 6.50 70 10 07 7.25 6.00 7.50 7.50 8.00 1.00 10 07 7.00 05^ 05r 25-35 25-40 25-40 1.35 1.45 10 07 7.25 5.50 8.00 5.00 8.50 18 5.00 18 5.50 18 20-252 12i-13 121-13 15-18 18-22 12-14 20-24 15 18 50 40-35 10 32-35 33-37 20 17 03^ 02| 02" 05 06 10 10 05 05 25-35 25-40 25^0 1.20 1.30 10 07 8.25 5-30 16-18 16-18 19-21 18-22 12-14 22-25 22-18 18 50-55 0-32 10 28-32 32-35 20 17 03J 02} 02J 05 05 10 12 05 25-35 35-40 25-40 1.10 1.20 10 07 8.25 5.50 8.50 5.50 23-25 5.50 8.50 5.50 20-23 Note.— 1912 and 1913 Flour $2.75 and $2.65 for 9Sflh. bag. 1910 Rolled Oats 90 lb. bags $2.25. 1911 and 1913 Rolled Oats 90 lb. bags $2.30. 1912 Rolled Oats 90 lb. bags $2.60. 1911 Granulated Sugar 16 lb. for $1.00. 1911 YeUow Sugar 17 lb. for $1.00. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 183 RETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913-:(iiiclusive)— aonimuecZ. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 19&0 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Oazette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Ontario — Niagara Falls. Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best, smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — new laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy, tub, per lb Creamery, prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian, old, pef lb Canadian, new, per lb Bread— For li lb. loaf, per lb For 2j lb. loaf, per lb Flouj>— Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Eice — Gqod, medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in $ lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — Black, medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green, medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of H bushels Vinegar — White Wine XXX, per gallon Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2000 lb Wood — Hard, best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal oil — Per gallon 15 09 10 12 13 18 12 12 14 10 18. 10, 13' 25 20 05 22 15 30 25 06 25 1 20 15 30 20 18 02|. 03J 05 04 10 10 05i 05 25 25 25 75 121 08 5.50 4.00 021 03^ 05 05 12i 10 05§ 05 25 25 25 1.00 12^ 10 6.25 4.00 20 20 IS 10 12 17 18 16 22 15 19 40 31 07 28 31 16 03i 03i 05 05 08 07 10 05} 045 30 30 35 90 10 08 6.25 4.00 6.00 18 10 15 20 20 16 25-28 12 20 45 35 07 30 32 17 16 04 20 12J 15 18 18 16 22-25 15 20 40 35 08 31 33 20 17 04 23 15 IS 20 20 16 25 15 20 45 35 08 32 37 25 18 04 03} 05 05 08 20 10 05i 05 30-50 30-50 40 90 10 08 6.00 4.00 7.00 5.00 20 02f 05 05 05 12} 10 06} 05i 30-50 30-50 40 1.65 10 08 6.25 4.50 7.00 5.00 20 03 04 05 09 10 06} 06 1-50 30-50 28 1.35 10 08 7.00 5.00 7.00 5.00 20 23 15 20 23 25 18 28 18 20 45 08 30 35 22 20 04 02| 04 05 07 13 05J 05 30-50 30-50 28 1.35 13 10 6.75 5.00 7.00 5.00 18 Note.— 1912 and 1913 Flour 70 and 80 ots. per 25 lb. bags. 184 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO RETAIL PEICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— Confmued Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 19rfo to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to Vi&'Labour Gazette — Continued, Locality and Commodities. 1900 190S 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Ontario — St. Catharines. Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best, smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy, tub, per lb Creamery, prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian, old, per lb Canadian, new, per lb Bread— For 2| lb. loaf, per lb For 3 lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good, medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in $ lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — ^Black, medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green, medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of 2 J bushels Vinegar — White Wine XXX, per gallon.. Starch — Laiindry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2000 lb., Wood — Hard, best, per long cord. Soft, per cord.. . . . , , , Coal Oil — Per gallon.. 18 08-10 15 15 15-18 15 20 15 18 40 30 07 25 32-34 16 02s 04' 07 05 10 06 05 40 40 25 80 10 08 7.00 8.00 . 17 18 12i 15 15 16-18 15-18 24-28 12J-15 18 40 34 07 27 30 18 15 04 03 03i 05 05 10 07 06 40 40 30 75 10 08 6.75 8.00 5.00 6.00 17 18 12H5 15 17 13 20-22 13-15 15 40-45 35 07 28 34 20 18 10 07 06^ 40 40 30 1.70 10 08 7.00 8.00 5.00 6.00 17 22 18 20 20-22 18 16 22 10 20 40 32 08 26-28 38 22 18 04 03 04 05 07-08 10 12-15 051 05. 30 30 40-45 1.30 1.50 10 07-10 7.50 7.75 4.75 5.00 8.50 7.50 20 24-26 18-20 22-24 22-24 18 16 24 15 20 42-45 30-32 08 28 32-35 22 18 04 03 03 05 07 12-15 05Hi) 06| 30 30 40-45 1.20 1.30 10 07-10 7.75 4.75 5.00 8.50 7.50 20 Note.— 1910 to 1913 Flour from 70 to 80 cts. per 25 lb bag. 1912 Granulated Sugar 16 to 18 lbs. JJer $1.00. 1913 Granulated Sugar 21 and 19 lbs»per $1.00. 1912 Yellow Sugar 16 to 18 lb. per $K0O. 1913 YeUow Sugar 21 and 19 lbs. per $1.00. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA EETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 190O-1913~(inclusive)— Confrnwed 185 Prices of thlrty-slx commodities as on December 12th, 191)0 to 1913, Inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Oazette — Continued. Locality and commodities. 1900 ; 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Ontario — Hamilton. Beef- -Sirloin steak best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb. . . Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb. . . Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure Leaf, per .lb Eggs — New laid , per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian Old, per lb Canadian New, per lb Bread— For 2 lb. loaf, per lb For IJ lb. loai, per lb For li lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good Medium, per lb .Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes— Medium quality, per lb 'Sugar — Granulated, in $ lots, per lb. . Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — Black medium India or Ceylon, Green medium Japan, per lb — Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb per lb. Potatoes^Per bag of IJ bushels Vinegar — White wine XXX, per gallon. Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — ^Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb. . , Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb . . . Wood — Hard, best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal Oil — Per gallon 09-10 08 07 08" 08-10; 08. 09-10. 10 10-11 23-25 17-20 06 23-24 26-28 12^ 12i 021 11-12 08 09 09-10 10-12 10 12 12 12 22-24 17-20 07 ^6-28 03 04 05 031 09 10 05" 25-60 s 25-60 25-40, 65-70. 10 06 5.50 4.00. 8.00 7.00, 14. 03 04 05 m 09 10 05 . 04i .25-60 ^5-60 25-40 75 10 06 6.75 5 00 8 00 7 00 14^15 15 u 10 18 16 23 125 18 45 30 07 30 35 18 17-19 11-14 14-18 12-18 IS 18 25 10,1-20 18 42-45 30-32 07 30 33 20 15 18-20 10-12 15 18-20 15 15-16 18 15 15 45-55 32-35 08 27 35 20 20 18 m 15 18-20 19 16 22 15 18 45-50 32-25 08 30-32 33-35 20 18-20 22 13-15 15-18 18-20 22 22 23 15 18 50-60 35-40 08 30-33 33-35 20-23 18-20 04 03 04 05 05 05 09 05 05 40 40 40 75 08 08 6.75 5 50 7 00 03^ 031 03^ 03i 03 04 05 05 18 101 m 06J 35-40 35-40 40 90 08 08 6.75 5 50 7 00 5 50 18 03 04 50 05 12 0-12 1 07-06i 061 25-40 25-40 30^0 1.60 10 08 7 00 5 25 5 75 8 00 6 00 18 03 04 05 051 12 3-15 6J-07 m 25^0 25^0 3^40 1.10 1.25 10 08 8.00 6 00 9 00 7 00 18 03 04 05 05i 12 13-15 05 04i 25-40 25-40 30-40 1.10 1.20 10 08 7.50 6 00 10 00 8 00 18 Note.— 1910 to 1913, Flour, 70 to 80 cts. per 25 lb bag. 186 BOABD OF INQUIRY INTO RETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— Conimwei. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, Inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gasette — Continued. Locality and commodities. Ontario — Brantford. Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb Mutton hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked , per lb Fish — Fresh good quality, per lb Lard — Pute Leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian Old, per lb Canadian New, per lb Bread — For 2 lb. loaf, per lb For 1| lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in $ lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — Black medium India or Ceylon, per lb. Green medium Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of 1^ bushels Vinegar — White wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb Wood — Hard, best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal Oil— Per Gallon 1900 13 10 10 12 10 10 m 10 13 20 05 20 25 12J 10 05 2-8 03 05 03 10 05 04i 25-50 1 25 30 75 10 08 6 00 5 00 6 00 4 50 16 1905 15 10 OS 15 15 13 15 12J 15 25 18 05 18 25 14 12 05 03 03 05 04 10 05§ 05 25-50 25 30 85 10 08 6 75 5 00 6 75 5 50 18 1909 18 10 10 15 17 16 24 12J 18 40 30 06 28 17 03 03 07 04 08 05J 05 25 25 35 75 10 09 7 00 3 60 8 00 16 1910 20 12 18 15 15 22 13 20 40 32 06 3i 03 05 07 05 08 05-"5(7 05H 25-40 25-40 35 80 10 09 7 25 5 00 8 00 5 00 16 1911 20 12 16 15 15 22 13 17 40 30 08 35 22 18 3J 03-O3i 05 07 05 m -07} 061 25-40 26-40 36 1.50 10 09 7 25 5 00 8 00 5 00 16 1912 20 m 15 20 20 20 15 18 46 35 07 03i 03-03i 05 05 07 12J 06} 5« 40 25 40 1.25 10 08 8 00 5 76 8 00 6 50 16 1913 25 14 15 23 20 20 25 15 18 20 07- 30 35 20 18 05 03 04J 06 05 12i 05i 09 30 25 40 1.00 10 08 8 00 6 00 7 00 5 00 20 Note.— 1910 to 1912, Fish, White and Salmon. 1910 and 1911, Flour, 70 and 80 cts. per 25 lb. bag. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 187 EETAIL PEIOES, CANADA, WOO-WlS-^imoluBive)— Continued. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gazette — Continued. Locality and commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Ontario — Guelph. Beef — Sirloin steak, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal , forequarter, per lb Mutton , hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh , roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard— Pure leaf, per lb '. . Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian Old, per lb Canadian New, per lb Bread — For 2j lb. loaf, per lb For 3 lb. loaf, per lb j . Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb * Beans — Handpicked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in $ lots, per lb Yellow, in S lots, per lb Tea— Black Medium India or Ceylon, per lb Green, Medium Japan, per lb Coffee, Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of IJ bushels Vinegar — White Wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal— Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb Wood — Hard, best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal oil — Per gallon 15 10 11 12J 10 08 13 10 12 18 13 05 16 20 U 12 18 12i m 15 12J 10 17 m 14 18 13 05 20 24 15 12J 18 n 10 m 17 15 22 15 19 32 28 06 22 30 17. 04 03i^ 02 03 05 05 04 10 06 05 25^0 ; 25-40 40 75 10 08 5 75 4 00 5 00 3 50 23 03! 02f 04 05 05 04 10 05 04 25-40 25-40 40 60 10 08 7 00 5 00 8 00 5 00 22 03 03i 05 05 08 10 05^ 05 25-50 25-40 40 70 10 08 00 00 8 75 20 20 14 14. 18 18 18 23 m 17-19 35 28-30 07 27 29 20 15-17 20 125 13 16 15-17 18 22 15 17 38 30 07 32 25 20 17 20 14-15 17-18 16 18 16-18 20 15 20 40-45 07 31 34 20 20 25 16-18 22-25 19 22 16 18 25 17 20 47 35 07 30 34 20 20 04 m 04 05 05 10 10 06 05^ 25-50 25-50 40 60 10 08 7 00 5 50 8 00 5 50 18 04 03 04 05 05 12^ 07 06 25-40 25-40 40 1.40 10 08 7 25 5 00 8 00 5 00 18 04 03 04 05 05 121 07 06 25^0 25 40 40 1.25 10 08 8 00 5 50 8 00 5 00 18 04 03 04 05 07 m 06. 05i 25-40 25-40 40 MO 10 08 7 50 5 50 8 50 5 50 18 Note.— 1911 to 1913, flour, 70 and 80 cts per 251b. bag. 188 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO EETAIL PRICES, CANADA, lQ00-1913^(^incl\isiYe)— Continued. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to thfe Labour Qaisette — Continued. Locality and commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Ontario — Berlin. Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal forequarter, per lb Mutton hindquarter, per lb . . Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb ... Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb. Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb. . Lard — Pure Leaf, per lb £ggs — New laid, per doien Packed, per dozen Milk— Per Quart Butter — Dairy, tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese— Canadian Old, per lb Canadian New, per lb Bread — For IJ lb. loaf, per lb For 2 lb. loaf, per lb For 3 lb loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes, medium quality, per lb . 12J 10 10 10 10 12 15 05. 16-18' 14 124 02i 02| 04 05 03 Sugar — Granulated, in S lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — Black medium India or Ceylon, per lb. Green medium Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of IJ bushels Vinegar— White wine XXX, per gallon Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal— Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 Ib"^. Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb Wood — Hard, best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal Oil — Per gallon 08J 051 05* 40 40 m 75+ 10 08 6 00 5 00 6 00 4 50 20 15 m 12i 12| 12i 12J 18 05 20 15 13 04 02# 05 40 40 10 08 7 00 5 00 8 00 6 50 15 10 m 18 18 18 20 12 20 35 30 06 28 30 18 18 12i 15 18 18 18 25 10 18 35 30 06 27 30 18 17 04 18 13 15 15 18 20 10 15 40 30 07 31 35 20 18 04 03i 03 04-1- 05 05 07 •08i 06 05 30, 30 20 80 10 10 25 50 00 20 03 04 05 05 10 05| 05 30 30 30 75 10 08 7 25 5 00 8 00 5 00 20 03 05 05 05 15 061 06i 40 40 40 1.50 10 20 15 15 18 18 17 23 15 18 40-42 35 07 33 38 20 04 03 044 05-10 08-10 07 15 12-15 10-15 04i 04Ki 25-50 30-40 25-40 1.20 10 08-10 8 00 6 00 8 50 5 50 22 25 20 20 18 21 17 25 18 19 30 33 20 18 04 03 04J 05-10 08-10 05 07 07-15 05 045 25-50 30-40 25-40 1.15 10 08-10 00 iOO 00 >00 Note.— 1910 to 1913, Flour, 70 to 80 cts per 251b. bag. 1912, Granulated sugar, 16 & 18 lbs. per $1.00. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA RETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— CowSmued 189 Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12tli, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gasetle — Oontinued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 19U 1912 1913 Ontario — Woodstock. Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb". Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb -. Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Ijard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian, new, per lb Bread — For U lb. loaf, per lb '. For 1| lb. loaf, per lb For l| lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaijorated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in $ lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea-rBlack medium India or Ceylon, per lb. Green medium Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of IJ bushels Vinegar — White wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb. Wood — Hard best, per long cord. Soft, per cord Coal oil — Per gallon. , 12} 10 10 12,^ 10 10 17 15 15 12J 15 12J 12| 18 20- 13 25-27 06 25 27 18 16 18 10 10 13 15-18 13-16 20-22 07-13 20 30-35 28-30 06 25-28 30 17-20 18 12J 11 13 18 13 25 10-13 20 35 30 06 25 30 20 15 20 13-14 13^15 15 18 18 22 06-12 15 40 30-32 07 30 35 20 17 04 22 13-14 12^-15 15 20 20 23-25 08-14 18 38 32 07 30 35 25 20 22 13-14 15 18 20 20 25 10-15 18 45 07 32 34 20-25 18 04 03J 021 03} 05 05 07 06} 06 25 25. 30 1 00 10 10 6 75 5 00 7 00 05} 05^ 25 25 30 1 00 10 10 7 00 5 00 8 00 4 00 5 00 03 03} 05 05 10 08 05} 04! 25 25 25 85 10 08-10 7 00 3 75 4 00 7 50- 8 00 04 02| 03 04 05 10 10 05} 05 25 25 25 60 10 10 7 00 4 50 7 50 02i 03} 04} 05 04 02| 03} 05 07 12} 06} 06} 25 25 25 1 50 10 10 7 25 4 25 8 00 18 00 16 10 05} 05f 25 25 30 1 00 10 10 8 00 5 00 8 50 4 00 6 00 18 04 021 03} 05 05 10 12} 05} 05} 25 25 30 1 20 10 10 7 50 7 75 5 00 8 50 4 00 6 00 18 Note.— 1910 to 1913 Fish— Herring. 1910 to 1913 Fish— White fish. 1910 to 1913 Flour— $2 . 65 per cwt. > 1912 Flour— S2. 75 per cwt. 1913 Flour— $2.60 per cwt. 1911 Granulated sugar— 14 and 16 lbs., $1.00. 1912 Granulated sugar— 16 and 18 lbs., $1.00. 1913 Granulated sugai^l? and 19 lbs., $1.00. 1911 Yellow sugar— 14 and 16 lbs., $1 . 00.. 1912 Yellow sugar— 16 and 18 lbs., $1.00. 1913 Yellow sugai^l7 and 19 lbs., $1 .00. 190 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO RETAIL PRICES, CAISTADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— Confmwed Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gazette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 .1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Ontario — Stratford. Beef — Sirlion steak, best, per lb '. . Medium chuck, per lb Veal, f orequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread — For Ij lb. loaf, per lb For IJ lb. loaf, per lb For 2 lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong bakers, per lb RoUed Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples— Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb. Sugar — Granulated, in S lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — Black medium India or Ceylon, per lb. Green medium Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of IJ bushels Vinegar — White wine XXX, per quart . Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb. . . Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb. . Wood — Hard best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal oil — per gallon m 08 08 16 12 10 12J 10 121 18 15 05 18 17 15 15 10 10 m 14 12 16 12i 14 20 16 06 23 25 17 15 03 02 03 05 04 10 09 06J 05 25 25 25-40 90 10 06 6 00 6 00 4 00 3 00 18 03i 021 03 OS 04 10 09 06^ 05 25-40 25-40 25^0 1 00 10 06 7 00 7 00 5 00 '3 50 18 18 125 12i 14 15 15 22 m 18 32 29 06 25 27 17 18 15 13 16-18 22 20 25 m 18 30 30 06 25 26 17 IS 18 15 13 16-18 22 20 25 m 16 32 28 07 28 30 17 17 04 20 16 14 16-18 22 20 24 15 18 40 33 07 28 30 20 20 15 14-161 16-18, 22' 20 27 15 18 43 38 07 27 31 18 18 03i 03i 03J 03| 02t 05 05 05 10 10 06 05 25 25 30 75 10 10 7 00 6 00 8 50 18 03 04 05 05 08 10 06i 054 25 25-30 30 60-75 10 10 7 00 6 00 8 50 7 00 18 03 04 05 05 08 12 07 05^ 30 30 30 1 00 1 10 10 10 7 00 7 00 8 50 7 00 18 12 07 Obi 25-30 30 30 1 25 1 SO 10. 10 8 00 8 00 8 50 700 18 03 04 05 05 10 08 07 051 30 30 30-40 1 25 10 10 7 75 7 75 8 50 700 18 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 191 RETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 190O-1913^(inclusive) —Conimweff. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected hy Correspondents to the Labour Gaxette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Ontario — London. Beef- -Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish— Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread— For U lb. loaf, per lb For IJ lb. load, per lb For 2 lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in % lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — Black medium India or Ceylon, per lb. Green medium Japan, per lb ' Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes— Per bag of IJ bushels Vinegar— White wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal— Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb 121 08 ' Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb. Wood — Hard best, per long cord . Soft, per cord Coal oil — Per gallon 02| 02 OS 04 05 10 05 049(i 25 25 40 35. 10 07 6 00* 5 00. 5 00 3 00. 15 15 10 12 15 15 15 17 13 13 28 24 05 25 27 17 15 18 12 15 15 18 18 22 -18 19 28 25 06 27 30 16 02; 03i 18 12 15 15 15 18 20 15 18 35 30 06 24 30 20 16 04 18 12 15 15 15 20 20 15 15 40 30 06 28 33 20 18 3i 02| 04 05 05 10 055^ 05 25 25 40 1 00 10 07 03 J 05 07 05 09 10 06 05 30-40 30-40 40 50-65 10 10 7 00 6 00 6 00 4 00 15 7 60 6 25 4 50 8 50 15 03 05 05 05 13 12 0556 05 30 30 40 75 10 07 6 00 7 00 6 00 8 00 6 00 15 03 05 05 05 15 061 5i5i7 30 30 40 1 40 10 08 6 00 7 50 6 00 8 00 6 00 15 22 15 17 15 18 18 23 18 18 45 30 07 30 34 20 18 04 12 051 30 30 40 1 30 10 08 8 00 7 50 6 50 8 00 6 00 15 25 17 18 20 20 20 26 18 18 50 40 07 30 33 22 19 04 03 05 05 06 13 0554 05 30 30 40 1 10 10 8 00 6 50 8 00 6 00 17 192 BOARD OF INQUIRY WTO RETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— Cowfrnwed Prices of thirty-six commoflities as on December 12th, Ifl^JO to 1913, inclusive, In localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the'ioboMr Gazette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 25 17 15 20 20 Ontario — St. Thomas. Beet- -Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard— Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen. ...,.,.... Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy, tub, per lb Creamery, prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian, old, per lb Canadian, new, per lb Bread — For li lb. loaf, per lb For IJ lb. loaf, per lb For 2 lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers', per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — ^Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in $ lots, per lb Yellow, in S lots, per lb Tea — Black, medium, India or Ceylon, per lb . Green, medium Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes-— Per bag of IJ bushels Vinegar — White Wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb 15 12i 12: 12j 12^ 15 12J m 12J-15 m 15 09 121 18 18 Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb. Wood — Hard, best, per long cord. Soft, per cord Coal Oil — Per gallon 021 02 02J 05 04 10: 07 06i 5| 25 40- 25^0 25^0 '65 10. 10 6 50 5 00 2 50 024 02" 03 05 05 08-10 10-15 06 05 25-50 25-50 25-40 75 10 10 7 00 5 50 3 25 20 20 18 12^ n-m 14 16-17 18 23 10 20 35 28 06 28 32 17 04 03Mo 03J 05 05 10 08 05i 05 40 40 35-40 80 10 08J 7 00 3 25 4 00 6 00 18 20 14 14 17 17 16 24 10 18 35 30 06 25 30 20 16 20 12i 15 18 17 14 18 15 IS 35 07 30 34 22 18 03J 03 03 05 05 m 10 18 05 40 40 40 90 10 08 7 25 6 00 6 00 4 00 15 20 12i 17 18 15 21 16 18 38 35 07 32 35 25 20 03i 031 02i 04 05-08 05 12 13 07 06i 30-40 30-40 25^0 1 60 10 08-10 7 25 6 00 6 00 3 50 16 03: 04 05i OS m 10 06 05< 30-40 30^0 30-40 1 25 10 10 8 00 6 00 6 00 3 50 18 23 18 20 40 38 07 27 30 20 18 03} 031 05 05 S» 5» 30-40 30-40 30-40 1 25, 10 10 7 75 7 50 500 3 25 ■'is' COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 193 RETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— ConimMsd Prices of thirty-six commoaities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, In localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gazette — Continued. Locality and Commoditiea. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Ontario — Chatham. Beef — Sirloin Steak, best, per lb Medium Chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb ...,,,.... , Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy, tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian, old, per lb Canadian, new, per lb Bread — For U lb. loaf, per lb For 2 lb, loaf, per lb Flour — Strong, Bakers' , per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good, medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in I lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — Black medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — ^Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of U bushels Vinegar — White Wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — ^Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2^,000 lb Wood — Hard, best, per long cord Soft, per cord. Coal Oil — Per gallon. . m 08-10 m 10 12| 15 12^ 10 10-12i 12 m 15 12i 124 18 12J 13 25 05 20 06 20-25 16 15 021 16 15 m 15 11 10-121 15 18 16 22 12H3 20 25 30 07 25 30 16 I5-: 23-: 18 15 15 16 15 16 20 10-15 15 35 30 07 28 30 16 16 20 15 15 * 16 18 14 24 10-15 17 35 30 08 28 32 18 18 20 15 18 20 25 20 26 15-10 18 35 08 30 32 18 18 02 03i 05 04 10 10 05J 05 25-40 25-40 40 10 09 7 00 3 75 4 75 24 03J 05 04 10 10 05i 05 »-40 25-40 40 1 50 10 09 7 00 is 75 "4,00 4 75 05 03 04 05-07 04 12i 10-12 5 5-9 05 30 30 30 90-1 00 10 08 7 00 03f 02i 3f 07 OS 04 04 05 05 40- 10 05^ 05 -50 40 40 80 10 08 25 00 12 08i 5| 35 30 30-40 1 60 10 08 7 25 5 00 04 3* 04 05 05 m 06 5i4 36 35 30-40 1 25 10 08 9 00 5 26 03J 03 04 05 05 12J 12 oil 40 30 25-35 1 25 10 06 8 00 5 25 6 00 00 18 .3 00 18 15 5 00 15 IS 15 Note.— 1911 to 1913 Fish, herring. 1911 to 1913 .... Fish, whitefish. 1913 Flour from 70 to 80 cents per 25 lb. bag. 82696-^13 194 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO EETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— CowitwMet?. Prices of thirty-six commoflities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities ol 10,000 and over, collected by Corresi>ondents to the Labour Qasette — Gontinued, Localities and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Ontario — Wiiidsor. Beef- -Sirloin Steali, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal , forequarter, per lb Mutton, hindiiuarters, per lb Pork — Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure Leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy, tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian, old, per lb Canadian, new, per lb Bread — For IJ lb. loaf, per lb For IJ lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong, Bakers', per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice— Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb , Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, i n $ lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — ^Blaokanedium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of 1| bushels Vinegar — ^White Wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — ^Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb Wood — Hard, best, per long cord , Soft, per cord Coal Oil — Per gallon 15 10 12. 121 \2\ 10 18 10 12i 15 05 18 22 16 03i 03 05 05 10 10 10 05 04i 30 - 30 30 90 10 08 7 00 4 25 7 00 5 00 16 20 12J 15 12i 12| 12. 20 12\ 15 18 06 20 25 16 18 10-12J 09 12J 18 16 22 15 15 35 30 07 30 35 20 03i 03 05 05 10 10 10 05 m 30 30 30 1 65 10 , 08 {7 50 4 50 7 00 •5 00 16 04 03t 05 05 05 15 10 06 05 35 35 40 90 10 10 7 50 5 00 8 00 15 10-12 09 12J 16 14 20 15 18 38 30 08 30 37 20 20 20 04 03 05 05 07 m 06 05 30 30 30 90 10 10 7 50 5 00 8 00 4 50 20 18 12 12^ 15 18 16 22 15 20 40 28 08 30 35 24 20 04 03 05 05 07 121 m 08 07 30 30 30 1 75 10 10 7 75 5 00 8 00 5 00 20 04 03 05 05 07 12i 12^ 08 07 30 30 30 1 80 10 10 8 00 5 00 8 GO 5 00 20 23 14 15 18 20 16 28 15 20 40 35 37 24 20 04 03 05 - 08 07 m 12i 06 06 30 30 30 1 50 10 10 8 25 5 00 8 00 5 00 C08T OF LIVING IN CANADA 195 EETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— Cincluaive)—(7oniOTMed Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Corresiwndents to th& Labour Q-assette — Continued. Localities and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Ontario — Owen Sound, gggf — Sirloin steak, best, per lb 15 10 10 12^ 10 15 10 12J 12i m 22 12-15 15-18 15 15-17 17 20 11 15 35 32 07 27 28 18 18 04 ^1 05 07 12^ 12H5 06i 5% 25 25 25-40 1 15 10 08-10 9 00 6 00 22 13 15 Veal forequarter per lb 15 Mutton , hindquarter, per lb 15 20 Salt, per lb 18 20 12 13 23 11 Lard — Pure Leaf, per lb .... 15 20 18 15 24 22 17 45 Packed, per dozen 40 Milk— Per quart 07 Butter — IDairy, tub, per lb 20 25 16 15 24 29 16 15 27 Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian, old, per lb ... 18 Canadian, new, per lb 18 Bread— For 1^ lb. loaf, per lb 04 Flour — Strong, Bakers, per lb 02 21 02f 04i 05 Rolled Oats— Per lb 05 04 09 09 05 04 25 25 05 05 09 09 05 04 25 25 ^ 07 Apples — Evaporated, per lb . 5-At Sugar — Granulatea, in % lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — Black medium, India or Ceylon, per lb 30 C'T'ft'^Ti medium, Japan, p^r lb ■ ■ 30 Coffee — Medium Mocha,' per lb 40 50 10 08 90 10 08 1 25 Vinegar' — -White wine XXX per quart 10 10 Coal — Anthracite oer ton of 2.000 lb 7 25 5 00 uniuminous, per ton pi ^,uuu id | ■ 6 00 7 00 3 75 15 7 50 Soft per cord 7 00 3 50 Coal Oil— ter gallon 15 — 13J 196 BOARD OF IN QUIET INTO RETAIL PRICES, CAJSTADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— ConiOTwed Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gazette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Ontario — Cobalt. Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb ittedium chuck, per lb Veal forequarter, per lb Mutton hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh good quality, per lb Lard — Pure Leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk— Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian, old per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread — For 3 lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated in S lots, per lb Yellow, in S lots, per lb Tea — Black Medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Greeii Medium, Japan, per lb Cofifee — ^Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of IJ bushels Vinegar — White Wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2000 lb Wood — Hard best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal oil — Per gallon 20 12J 15 20 15 15 20 io~m 15 50 35 10 30 35 18 04 03^ 05 05 05 15 10 07H d6f 25 25 30 1 50 10 08 9 50 5 50 5 00 25 20-22 m 15 18 20 18 22 14-15 20 45-50 32 10 03i 03." 05 05 06 13 15 061 30 30 40 1 20 10 10 11 00 5 00 4 00 25 25 16 15 20 20 18 24 12-14 17 60 40 38 20 03J 03i 05 06 05 10 13 06i osa 30 30 45 1 35 10 10 10 00 5 00 4 00 25 COST OF LIYINO IN CANADA 197 KETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— Conimwed. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12tli, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gasette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Ontario — SauU Ste. Marie. Beef- -Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal forequarter, per lb Mutton hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish— Fresh good quality, per lb Laid — Pure Leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen > Packed, per dozen , Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb , Canadian new, per lb Bread — For 1| lb. loaf per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated in S lots, per lb Yellow in $ lots, per lb Tea— Black Medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green Medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of IJ bushels Vinegai^-White Wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal— Anthracite, per ton of 2000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2000 lb Wood — Hard best, per long cord . Soft, per cord Coal oil— Per gallon 15-17 09-10 12i 16 17 17 20 12i 20 SO 30 09 2&-27 30-32 16-17. 41 03 041 05 05 12i 10 05i 05J 30 40 30 75 10 10 7 50 5 50 5 50 25 18 m 14 18 18 16 22 12 18 50 30 09 25 30 16 04 03 05 05 05 12J 12i 05% 0555 30 30 30 1 15 10 10 8 00 5 50 6 00 4 00 22 20 15 16 18 17 15 20 12^ 16 04; 03t 04{ 05 05 13 12J 07i 061 30 30 30 1 50 10 10 8 00 5 50 6 00 5 00 22 23 20 15 IS 14 15 m 18 60 50 10 27 35 20 045 03^ 05 05 05 10 0556 05 40 40 40 1 00 10 10 9 00 5 50 5 00 25 28 18 18 23 22 17 24 IS 18 45 30 10 27 35 20 18 041 03i 05 07 06 10 m 055 055 30-40 30-40 30-45 1 00 10 10 8 25 4 50 6 00 6 00 7 00 4 00 4 50 22 198 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO EETAIL PEICES, CANADA, 190O-1913^(inclusive)— Confmued. Prices of thirty-six commodities aa on December 12th, 1§00 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gasette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 25 15-18 20 25 25 18 28-30 12J 18-20 40 35 10 30 35 20 20 05f Ontario — Port Arthur and Fort William. Beef — Sirloin steak, best.per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal forequarter, per lb Mutton hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh good quality, per lb Lard — Pure Leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread— For 1§ lb. loaf per lb For 2 lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated in $ lots, per lb Yellow in S lots, per lb Tea — Black Medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green Medium, Japan, per lb Coffe — ^Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes— ^Per bag of IJ bushels Vinegar — White Wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb. Wood— Hard best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal oil — Per gallon ^^ 121 1^ 15 15 12i 15 10 17" 20 18 18 12J 18 18 14 182 10 17 28 25 25 28 18 12^ 15 20 18-20 20 21-25 10-15 15 45-60 35 10 30 35 20 04| 03i 031 05 05 12 8^ 07 05 25 50 25-50 40 1 00 10 10 8 75 6 00 5 00 35 25 15-20 15 22 25 20 23' 10-12 20 50 35 10 25i 30 20 03f 03f 03^ 05 OS 15 15 06i 05i 25 60 30^0 25^0 1 00 10 10 8 00 6 50 5 00 6 00 4 00 3 00 25 22-25 15-20 17 25 18-25 18 22 10-12^ 20 45 35 10-12 30 35 20 031 03| 03^ 03 03 15 OK 06] 25 60 30^0 30^0 1 25 10 10 8 00 8 50 6 00 5 00 6 00 4 00 3 50 25 25 12i-15 18 22-25 22-20 18-20 22-25 12i-lS 15-18 45 35 10 35 40 20 20 031 03i 03J 05 06J 12^15 12^-15 61-7^ 06J 30 30 25-40 1 25 10 08-10 8 50 5 75 5 50 6 00 4 50 3 50 25 03)it 03f 05 05 12} 12i 05| 5J 30 60 30 30-60 1 10 10 10 8 25 6 00 5 50 6 00 4 50 3 50 25 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 199 RETAIL PRICES, CANADA, lQOO-1913—XmclTisiye)— Continue^. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12tli, 19(M) to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 ana over, collected by Correspondents to th^'Labour Qaxette — Continued. Recapitulation. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Ontario. Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal forequarter, per lb Mutton hindquarter, per lb Pork — Frqsh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon best smoked, per lb Lard — Pure Leaf, per lb Eggs— New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese— Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread — Per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated in $ lots, per lb Yellow in % lots, per lb Tea — Black Medium, India or Ceylon, per lb Green, Medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of \\ bushels Vinegar — ^White Wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2000 lb Wood — Hard best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal oil — Per gallon 13-2 19-7 7 6.23 4-96 5-25 3.87 18-3 7 6.92 4-78 6.20 4.51 11-4 16 10 11 14 16 16 21 18 39 29 6 26 30 17 16 3 3 4 5 5 10 9 5 4 32 32 32 73 9 8-7 7.18 4.99 7.11 4.77 19-1 19 13 13 15 16 15 20 16 42 31 7 29 33 19 17 3 3 4 4 5 12 12 6 6 33 .32 34 •52 8-7 7.13 6-59 7.02 4.77 18-3 7.38 5-43 6.81 4.89 19-3 21 14 14 17 18 16 22 18 41 33 7 30 34 20 18 3 3 4 5 6 12 12 6 5 33 32 35 •21 9 8 8.23 566 7.32 5.07 19^3 237- 12^. 16^0 19^1 20^- 18^6 25-3 18^6 46-9 36^5 8^. 29^3 33^6 20- • 18^7 32 3^- 41 • 57- 506 1186 1230 532 524 349 • 3302 3658 1^207^ 1051 89- 7.0- 508 7.4^ 5.8- 194- 200 BOARD OF INQUIRY l1S!TiO KETAIL PEIOES, OAISrADA, 1900-1913— <:inclusive)—ConfwMed Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gaxette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Manitoba — Winnipeg. Beef^Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal forequarter, per lb Mutton hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon best smokCd, per lb Fish — Fresh good quality, per lb Lard — Pure Leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery, Prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread— For 1 lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated in $ lots, per lb Yellow in $ lots, per lb Tea — Black Medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green Medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of li bushels Vinegar — White Wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2000 lb Wood — Hard best, per long cord Soft per cord Coal oil — Per gallon 15-18 10 12§ 12J-15 12^ 12= 18 09 121 15-20 15-20 6-5 20 22-25 121-15 15. 20 12| 14 17 18 18 20 10 15 ,20-25 20-25 06i 20-25 22-28 15 15 02 04i 06 05 15 10 06 05 02f 04i m 03 12 10 06 061 50' 45' 90 20 10 40 50 10 10 10.00 35 6.00 S.OO 35 18 m 12i 15 19 16 25 15 22 60 35 10 27J 38 18 05 02; 06 08< 05 08i 08J 06 05 35 35 35 70 10 10 11.00 9.00 6.75 35 20 10 12i 18 18 20 28 12^ 20 50 Z% 10 30 35 16 05 m 04 06t 04i 12J 10 051 05J 35 35 35 1.35 15 10 10.50 9.00 7.60 6.50 35 23 14 14 22 22 21 28 12 18 40 35 10 33 40 20 20 05 02J 04 07 05 13. 12 'T 06' 35 35 36 1.35 12 08^ 10.50 9.50 8.00 6.00 25 25 16 18 24 22 18 26 m 18 46 35 10 35 40 23 20 05 05 07 06 12 12 06i 06i 35 35 35 90 10 081 11.00 9.00 7.00 6.00 25 28 16 18 .24 22 IS 35 15 18 45 35 10 30 35 23 20 05 03i OS 06J 05 12 10 %h 065 35 35 35 1.00 10 08 11.60 9.00 7.00 6.00 25 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA RETAIL PEICES3 CANADA. 1900-1913— (inclusive)— Oontrnwed 201 Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, IftflO to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the 'Labour Basette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. Manitoba — Brandon. Beef- -Sirloin steak, best per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal {orequarter, per lb Mutton hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon best, smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid,' per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk— Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian' old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread — For 1 lb. loaf, perl b For U lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb RoUed Oats— Per lb Eice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated in $ lots , per lb Yellow in S lots, per \h..: Tea— Black Medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green Medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of 1 J bushels Vinegar— White Wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2000 lb Bituininous, per ton of 2000 lb Wood — Hard best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal Oil — Per gallon 1900 20 13 05 02) 03 06 05 08 06 05. 85 35 40 60 15 10 11.50 9.50 6.00 3.75 35 1905 10-20 m 20 15 15 25 12^ 20 28 m 30 15 04 02^ 03i 06 04J 08 06 05f 35 35 40 75 15 10 11.50 9.60 6.50 3.75 36 1909 20 15 m 18 18 16 25 15 22 50 35 08 25 35 18 04 03J 05 07 10 15 10 06 06 35 40 40 90 10 10 11.50 9.00 6.50 35 1910 17 m 15 20 22 18 35 15-18 25 45 35 10 32 36 18 04 03i 05 07 05 15 13 07 061 35 36 36 1.10 10 10 11.50 9.00 6.76 4.76 35 19U 20 12^ 12^ 20 18 18 25 15-18 20 50 40 10 33 40 23 23 04 03i 05 07 06 16 12J 08i 07f 30 30 30 90 15 10 11.26 9.25 9.00 6.00 30 1912 20 16 15 20 18 18 25 20 20 40 30 11 37^ 40 225 22i 04 03i 05 07 06 IS 12§ 07 08 35 36 35 76 16 10 11.75 9.50 8.75 6.75 30 1913 26 18 18 22 20 35 12-20 20 50 40 10 35 40 22J 22J 03J 03i 05 I 08i 05 m 12i 06i 06§ 36 36 40 1.00 13 J 10 11.60 9.00 7.50 6.75 30 Note— 1910, 1911, and 1913. .Fish Halibut. 202 BOARD OF INQVIRT INTO RETAIL PEICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— Confrnwei. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gasette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 25-0 17-0 180 23-0 21.0 18-0 390 19-0 47-5 37-5 10-0 32-5 37-5 22-7 21-2 4-2 3'3 6-0 7-4 5-0 12-2 11-2 39-0 350 37-5 1-000 11-5 9-0 11 50 9 00 7 25 5 87 27-5 Manitoba — Recapitulation. Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb HuttoD , hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter-^ Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese— Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread — Per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated- per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated , in $ lots , per lb Yellow, in S lots, per lb Tea — Black medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of IJ bushel Vinegar — White Wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2,000lb Wood — Hard best, per long cord Soft, per cord ,. . Coal Oil — Per gallon 15 10-,0 11-2 16-7 13^7 13-5 19 -'0 15-0 21-2 17-5 5-5 20 -"0 23 -a 13-2 15 -fl S-fl 2-e 3-'B 60 5-0 15-0 '9-0 6-|) 6-2 35 42-5 42-5 .75-0 17-5 100 11 50 9 50 6 00 3 75 35 17-5 12-5 13-5 18-6 16-5 16-5 22 5 17-5 25-2 22-5 6-2 25-0 270 15-0 15-0 4-0 2-4 3-8 5-2 3 , 13-5 9-0 60 5-5 35-0 350 40-0 62-5 12-5 10-0 10 75 9 50 6 25 4 37 35 19-0 13-7 12-5 16-5 18-5 15-5 25-0 22-0 55-0 350 9-0 26-2 36-5 18-0 18-0 4-5 3-0 5-5 7-6 7-5 11-6 9-2 6-0 5-5 35-0 37-5 37-5 80-0 10-0 10-0 11 25 9 00 6 63 5 63 30-0 18-5 11-2 13-7 19-0 20-0 19-0 31-5 22-5 47-5 33-7 10-0 31-0 350 17-0 17-0 4-5 3-6 4-6 6-6 4-6 13-7 11-5 6-3 6-3 35-0 350 35-0 1-22-5 12-5 10-0 10 75 9 00 7 13 5 63 27-5 21-5 13-2 13-2 21-0 200 19-5 26-5 190 45-0 37-5 10-0 33-0 40-0 21-5 21-6 4-5 3-2 4-5 7-0 5-5 14-2 12-2 7 7-2 32-5 32-5 32-5 1 12-5 13-5 9-2 n 37 9 37 8 50 6 00 27-5 22-5 15-6 16-5 22-0 20-0 18-0 25-0 19-0 42-5 32-5 10-5 36-2 40-0 22-7 21-2 4-5 3-5 5-0 7-0 6-5 13 12-2 6-6 7 35-0 35-0 350 82-5 12-5 9-2 U 37 9 25 7 87 6 37 27-5 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 203 EETAIL PEICES, CANADA, 1900-1913-^;(inclusive)— Core^wwed Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive,- in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour OazeAte — Conlinued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Saskatchewan — Regina. Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs— New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb , Creamery, prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread— For IJ lb loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb RoUed Oats— Per lb.. ., Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in % lots, per lb Yellow, in S lots, per lb Tea-^Black medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green medium, Japan, per lb Coffee— Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of IJ bushels Vinegar — White Wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb Wood — Hard best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal Oil — Per gallon 20 10 20 30 20 10 15 30 10 13 30 15 15 06t 03 03i m 05 \2\ 12J 10 10 35 50 30 45 15 15- 00 .75 35 10 20 30 14 14 061 031 m m 05 124 \2\ 08 08 40 50 45 75 15 12i .50 50 50 50 40 18 •12 -15 20 18 15 25 08 22 40 35 08§ 25 35 20 05 12 061 03J 3i -06 06 12J 10 05i 05i 35 35 33J 86 10 10 50 50 50 35 22 15-17 20 20-25 18-20 15 35-40 18 25 40 35 10 30 35 20 20 04 04J 06 08 06 15 12i 071 06i 35 40 35 1.35 15 10 13 00 8 50 8 00 7 75 35 25 18 22 22-25 22 15 35 15-18 20 50 35 12 30 40 25 25 061 05 05 05 05 15 15 08i 07^ 40 40 40 1.20 15 15 12 50 10 00 9 00 8 50 30 25 18 22 25 25 22 32 15 20 50 35 12J 35 40 20 20 061 03f 05 m 05 15 12J 06J 06i 35 35^0 35-40 1.05 15 10 13 25 10 00 9 00 8 50 30 25 18 22 25 25 22 32 15 20 50 35 12J 30 40 20 20 06? 03f 05 06i 06 16 12i oej 06i 35 35-40 35 40 1.20 15 10 13 25 10 00 9 00 8 50 30 Note— 1910 and 1911— Fish. . . .Halibut. 204 BOARD OF INQUIRY IITTO EETAIL PEICES, CANADA, 1900-1913-f(inclusive)— Cowimwed Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities o£ 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gazette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Saskatchewan— Prince-Albert. 22 15 15 20 20 20 30 18-20 10-20 50 40 12i 35 45 22 15 15 Mutton hindauarter. t)er lb 22 Pork — Fresh. roa.stinc Der lb ^ 20 Salt "Der lb 18 25-30 15-18 18 0- 45 35 121 20 Butter — Dairv tub. oer lb Creamerv Drints. oer lb ,,.■,, 40-35 25 25 03i 03 05 08 06 12i m 07 061 40 40 30 90 15 10 13 50 11 00 5 50 4 50 30 25 Bread — For 8 lb. loaf, per lb r 03 03 04 08 07 Rolled Oats — Per lb Rice — Good xnediuni. Der lb "• Beans — Sand picked, per lb a 15 06 Sugar — Graniilated , in % lots , per lb 06 Tea — Black Medium India or Cevlon. oer lb 40 Green Medium, Japan, per lb 35-40 35-40 1.00 Vinegar — White Wine XXX, per gallon 12J 10 Coal— Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb 13 50 Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb 11 00 5 50 Soft, per cord 4 50 Coal Oil— Per gallon 30 1 Note— 1912 and 1913— Fish Halibut. C08T OF LIVINO IN CANADA 205 EETAIL PEICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— Oonimiied. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gazette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. Saskatchewan — Moose Jaw. -Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, f orequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Pish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter— Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread — For 4 lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice— Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in $ lots, per lb Yellow, in S lots, per lb Tea— Black medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of li bushels Vinegar — White Wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb Wood — Hard best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal oil — Per gallon 1900 : 12^ 03 03i 75; 1905 1909 17 10 15 15 15 15 •25 12J 22 35 10 30 35^0 20 06i 03i 03! 05 07 m 10 06 05} 40 40 40 1 35 15 10 14 50 8 00 35 1910 17 10 15 15 15 15 25 12} 22 35 10 30 35-40 20 06J 03} 03: 05 07 12: 10 06 05i 40 40 40 1 35 15 10 14 50 8 00 35 1911 20 18 18 20 18 25 15 22} 50 35 10 35 40 20 06i 03? 041 05 06 15 12} 06S 06 40 40 40 50 15 10 50 00 00 35 1912 25 20 18 23 18 25 50 40 11 40 22} 06} 03? 05 06 06 17} 15 061 06} 40 40 40 75 IS 15 10 25 •00 35 1913 30 20 20 28 25 20 25 18 18 45 35 11 35 40 20 20 05 031 03f 06 06 15 15 061 06i 40 40 40 65 15 15 13 50 8 50 00 30 Note.— 1910 prices— Sirloin steak— taken from January 1911. 206 BOARD OF INQVIR7 INTO RETAIL PEIOES, CANADA, 1900-1913— Salt, per lb . 20 30 Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb 15 Lard — Pure leaf, per lb 101-12 28 25 20 Eggs — New laid, per do7en 50-60 Packed, per dozen 40 Milk — Per quart 15 Butter — Dairy tub, per lb 25 35 Creamery prints, per lb.. 40 Cheese— Canadian old, per lb 25 Canadian new, per lb Bread— For 1 lb. loaf, per lb 06J For U lb. loaf, per lb : . 061 04 04J 04 10 20 m 06f 40 40 40 97 25 12i 14 00 7 00 10 00 7 50 6 50 30 06f 03 04 Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb.. 1 2.15- 2-4 31 RoUed Oats— Per lb \ Rice — Medium quality, per lb., good 07 Beans — Hand picked, per lb 06 Apples— Evaporated, per lb 09A 08J 06-3 m 40 Prunes — Medium quality, per lb... Sugar— Granulated, in % lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb . Tea — Black medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. 33i 33i 33J 60 Green medium, Japan, per lb e 40 Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb 40 1 35 Vmegar— White Wme, XXX, per quart 25 Starch — Laundry, per lb 15 Coal— Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb 15 00 8 00 8 50 13 50 Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb . / 10 00 Wood — Hard best, per long cord . 7 50 Soft, per cord ' 4 50 6 00 6 50 Coal oil— Per gallon 30 1 Note.— All hardwood is poplar, tamarac, etc., west of Ontario. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 207 KETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— {inclusive)— Gonfimtei. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 190*0 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Oaxette — OonUnued. Saskatchewan — Kecapitulation, Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart ; Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Ciieese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread— Per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in % lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — Black medium, India or Ceylon, per lb Green medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of 1\ bushels Vinegar — White Wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb....'. . . . . Wood — Hard best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal oil — Per gallon 1900 05 12 12' 10 10 35 50 30 60 15 15 13 00 6 75 8 00 8 00 35 1905 18 15 15 17 15 15 20 13 29-0 25 10 22 30 14 14 6-4 2' 3-3 .8-3 05 10-7 10-4 7-1 08 36 41 39 67 15 12-5 13 75 8 37 8 50 6 87 401 1909 17-5 10-5 14-2 17-5 16-5 15 25' 22 37-5 35 9'1 27-5 36-2 20 20 6-4 •2 3 3 5 6 12 10 5 5 37 37 36-6 MO'O 12-5 10 13 50 8 25 6 50 7 50 35 1910 19-5 130 17-5 18-7 17-0 15 31-2 23-5 45 35 10 30 -36-2 20 20 5 3 4 6 6-5 13-7 11-2 6 5 37 40 37-5 I 35-0 15 10 13 70 8 25 8 00 7 75 35 1911 22-5 18-0 20-0 21-7 20-0 15 35 21'2 50 36 11 32-5 40 22-5 22-5 6-4 4-3 4-7 5-0 5-5 15 13 7' 6 40 40 40 1 350 15 12-5 13 00 9 00 9 00 8 75 32-5 1912 24-2 16-2 19-5 24-2 21-2 20-7 27-5 20 52 41 12 35 42 22 22 5 3 4 6-0 6-7 16-2 14.3 6-2 6-4 38-7 39-5 36-8 91-7 17-5 11-8 13 46 9 81 7 33 6 87 31-2 1913 25-5 18-2 19-2 18-7 22-5 20 27-3 19 47-5 37-5 12'7 30 38-7 22-5 21-6 ■ 5-4 3-4 4-2 6-8 5-7 • 14-3 13-1 6-6 6-1 38-7 39-2 38-7 1-06-0 16-8 12-5 13 43 8 87 7 33 6 87 30 0. 208 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO EETAIL PKICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— Core^mMed Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Corresi)ondents to the Labour Gazette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1800 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Alberta— Medicine Hat. 15 10 15 18 18 12 16 10 12 35 25 06 22-25 30 15 14 30 20 25 25 25 20 25 12J-18 20 60 45 12 30 45 25 25 061 30 18 25 25 25 18 25 12M8 15 60 40 > • Mutton, hindquarter, per lb- . Salt, per lb £acon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb ♦ Lard — Pure leaf, per lb. Eggs— New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart, . 12 Butter — Dairy tub, per lb 35 Creamery prints, per lb 40 25 25 Bread — For 1^ lb. loaf, per lb 06} For 2 b. loaf, per lb 05 03i 07 06 12', 10 061 055 35-50 35-50 25 90 22i 10 Flour^Strong Bakers, per lb '. 03f %l 06 15 15 08i 7%, 40 40 30 1 20 15 12} 03} 05 Kolled oats— Per lb ^ Rice — Good medium, per lb 08 Beans — Hand picked, per lb 08 Apples — Evaporated, per lb , 12} 12 08 Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar— Granulated, in S lots, per lb , Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — Black medium India or Ceylon, per lb Green medium Japan, per lb 40 Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb 30 Potatoes— Per bag of 1| bushels 1 25 Vinegai>— White Wine XXX, per quart 15 Starch — Laundry, per lb ; 12} Coal— Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb .4 00 Wood — Hard best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal oil— Per gallon 45 40 40 . Note.— 1912 and 1913 Fish— Halibut. COST OF LIVIXa iX CSNXDA 209 KETAIL PEICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— Conimwed. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Babour Gazette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Alberta — Calgary. Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread — For H lb. loaf, per lb For 2 lb. loaf, per lb Flour— Strong bakers, per lb Rolled oats — Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb ^ Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in S lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — Black medium India or Ceylon, per lb. Green medium Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of IJ bushels Vinegar — ^White wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb. . Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb. Wood — Hard best, per long cord Soft, per cord . Coal oil — Per gallon.. 15 10 m 18 15 20 20 10 20 60 40 10 25 35 20 061 18 10-12 12H5 18 18 20 25-30 12^-15 20 60 40 10 25 35 18 m 20-22 18 22 20 16 ' 25' 15-18 18 60 40 10 35 40 25 25 25 15 20 20 20 20 23 15-18 20 60 40 10 33 40 22 22 22^ 15 20 22 20 18 30 15 15 50-60 40 10 35^0 20 20 05 06 05 15 10 07 06 40 40 40 95 20 10 00 50 25 40 03i 021 03i 05 06 15 10 06 06 25-40 35 35 1 30 15 10 8 50 6 25 6 75 7 00 35 03} 03 04 m m . 07 07vf 40 35 35 1 35 15 15 13 50 6 75 7 00 5 75 35 03i 031 04i 07 07 15 12i b% on 35 40 40 95 15 10 7 00 8 95 6 75 35 05 3| 03i 06 07 15 10 05i 05i 35-40 35-40 30-35 1 05 15 10 7 00 6 25 6 75 5 00 5 50 4 00 35 Note. — 1911 Sirloin steak — Prices taken from Janujiry, 1912. 1912 Sirloin steak — Prices taken from Jani(^ry, 1913. 1910, 1911 and 1912, .Fish— Halibut, S2696— 14 210 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO RETAIL PKICES, CANADA, 1900-19ia— (inclusive)— ConiSmMe^. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gaaette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Alberta — Edmonton. Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, f orequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb '. '. Eggs^New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk—Per quart Butter — Dairy tub, per lb 1 Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread — !{ lb. loaf, per lb IJ lb. loaf, per lb Flour-:— Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice-j-Good medium, per lb Beansj — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in Slots, per lb Yellow, in S lots, per lb Tea — LBlaek medium India or Ceylon, per lb . Green medium Japan per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha per lb Potatoes — Per bag of li bushels Vinegar — White Wne XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, iper lb Coal — ^Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb. Wood — Hard best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal oil — Per gallon 12 10 10 15 10 10 14 15 10 30 05 20 25 20 15 02^ 03 03J 07 06 10 10 05 Oii 40 40 40 60 20 12 00 15 12 15 17 12 12 18 15 12 35 30 05 23 30 20 20 04| 03i 03i 07 06 11 10 05^ 05 40 40 40 75 20 12 3 50 2 50 2 50 40.1 3 00 3 00 35 15 10 14 18 18 20 20 15 19 45 35 08i 30 35 20 06i 031 05i 05 05 13 10 06J 06 40 40 40 90 20 12* 3 00- 3 SO 15 10-121 16 18 20 22 30 20 22 40 10 30 35 20 05 035 04 05 05 13 10 06i 06 40 40 40 90 20 12 4 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 35 30 20 12J 15 20 22 20 25 10-20 18 50 40 10 25 35 20 20 05 03J 04 05 05 13 10 07J 07 40 40 40 1 00 20 12 5 00 3 50 3 50 30 23 18 25 23 20 30 15 20 50 05 04 04. 08 08 12; 121 06i 06 40 40 40 1 05 20 12J 4 75 3 50 3 50 30 27 15 22 25 20 20 28 16-20 20 50 40 10 35 40 05 03J 04 08 07 12i 11 06 05f 40 40 40 90 15 m 4 00 4 00 4 00 30 Note,— 1912 and 1913 Fish- 1911 Fish- -Halibut. •White fish. COST OF LiriNG IN CANADA EETAIL PEICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— ConimMed. 211 Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Oazftte — Continued. of Locality and Commodities. A Iberta — Lethbri dge , Bee(— Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, f orequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork— Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Flesh good quality, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs— New laid, per dozen . . . PacKed, pel dozen Milk— Per quart Buttei — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread — For 1 lb, loaf per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oata— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medi um quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in $ lots, ^er lb Yellow, in S lots, per lb Tea— Black medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green medium, Japan, per lb Coffee— Medium mocha, per lb Potatoes— Per bag of 1^ bushels Vinegar — White wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal— Anthracite, per ton of 2000 lb Bituminous , per ton of 2000 lb Wood — Hard best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal oil — Per gallon. 1900 10 05 12^ 12^ 10 10 30 35 20 20 05 03 05 08 05 m i2i 06J 06 40-50 40-43 20 1 00 20 10 3 75 ,1905 10 05 m 12: 10 17 15 15 40 10 30 35 20 20 05 03; 04J 08 05 m m oer 061 40-45 40-45 20 1 00 20 10 3 75 40 40 1909 1910 15 -18 12i-18 10 -18 15 -20 12i-18 28 35 20 20 05 03J 05 08 05 12. 15 06J 06f 50 50 40 1 85 15 10 4 25 35 1911 20 15 18 23 22 20-25 26-28 15 20 60 40 10 30 40 20 25 05 03^ 05 08 06 20 20 08 07 40 40 35 1 25 20 15 4 5C 35 1912 22 17 22 25 22 18 30 15-20 18 60 40 10 35 40 25 25 05 03| 05 08 06 12^ 15 08 07i 40 40 40 90 20 15 5 00 35 1913 25-28 16-18 18-20 22J-25 20 18- 2p 25-30 15-20 15-18 do I 45 10 30 401 2ff 29 - 05 03f 05 08 07' 12s m 065 06J 40 40 40-45 1 25 20 10-15 4 25 35 Note — All hardwoo'd west of Ontario is poplar, tamaiac, etc. 8269G— 14J 212 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO EETAIL PKICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— Confinwei. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to tjie Labour Gazette — Continued, Recapitulation. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Alberta. -Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, f orequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarters, per lb Pork — Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Xard — Pure leaf, per lb Dggs — New laid, per dozen 'i Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart >. Butter — Dairy tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian new, per lb Bread— Per lb Flour — Strong Bakers, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugai^-^Granulated, in $ lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — Black medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of 1^ bushels Vinegar white wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2000 lb Wood — ^Hard best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal oil — Per gallon 11 7-5 11-3 13-7 10 10 15 12 35 27 7^5 25 30 20 17-5 3-7 3 41 ^■5 5-5 13-7 11-2 05-6 05,3 42 5 41-; 30 80 20 n 3 37 3 75 2 50 40 13-3 09 141 15-8 13-5 12 17 13 36-6 27-5 07 281 31-6 18-3 18 4-8 3-2 3-8 7-3 5-5 120 10-8 06- 1 05-5 41-2 41-6 28-3 88-3 20-8 10-6 3 62 4 00 IS 10 13-2 18 165 20 20 19-5 52-5 37-5 9-1 27-5 35 20 20 3 5 5 5 14-0 10 6-0 40 40 40 92-5 20 11-2 5 12 6 50 16-5 12-7 14-5 17-8 17-8 30-2 28-5 20-2 53-3 40 9-3 30 35 19-3 191 4-5 3-2 41 60 5 13 11 6 6-2 40-8 41-3 38-3 350 16-6 10-6 6 25 5 37 3 00 40 2 62 37-5 3 00 33-3 20-3 13-7 13 21-3 2M 19-5 25-5 18-6 56-6 40 10 30 38-3 21-3 23-3 4 3 4 7 15-1 14-1 7-4 70 40-0 38-3 36-6 20-0 18-3 140 9 25 B 75 4 58 33-3 23-7 16-1 21 23 22-5 19 270 19 55 41-2 10-4 33-2 41-2 23 23 5 3-6 51 7-7 6-7 13-7 13-7 7-1 7-1 38-7 400 37-5 02-5 17-5 125 i91 ) 75 26-5 16-2 21.5 23-9 21-2 18-7 27-6 16-6 56-2 41.2 10-5 33-7 39-3 21-2 21-2 5'4 3-5 4-2 7-5 7-2 13-1 ll'S 6-5 39-3 36-2 1 11.2 16-2 11-8 93 iSO 3 50 350 4 00 350 VO,ST OF LIVIXG IN CAN'iDA 213 KETAIL PEICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— Con/rnwed. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12tii, 19^0 to 1913, inclusive, In localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gazette — Continued. Locality and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Bri ish Columbia — Nelson. Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Pish— Fresh good quality, per lb Lard^Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart - Butter — Dairy tub, per lb ; Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian old, per lb Canadian' new, per lb Bread — Foi I lb. loaf, per lb, For U lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong Bakeis, per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, pel lb Sugar — Granulated, in $ lots, pel lb Yellow, in S lots, per lb Tea — Black medium, India or Ceylon, per lb.. Green medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag, of 1 j bushels _■ Vinegai^-White Wine XXX. per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2000 lb.. Wood— Hard best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal oil — Per gallon 20 10 20 18 20 15 17 13 02i 03 07 051 12 08 06^ 06 40 40 40 1 50 20 10 18 10 18 16 18 15 20 12 13 60 29 10 22 28 18 18 05 15-18 10-16 10-16 12-18 15-20 15-18 23-30 12^-18 18-20 50 35-40 m 30 35 20 20-22 15 15 20-22 20 20 25-30 12§-1S 20 22 75 35 35 40 25 15-18 15-20 22-25 22-25 20 24-25 12^-20 171 65 35 m 30 40 20-25 20 03i 04 07i 06 12^ 10 07 06i 40 40 40 1 25 12 00 8 25 10 OOj 8 00 4 50 06 03i 03A 08J 08 15 10 07 06 60 50 40 1 75 20 12^ 9 50 10 00 (7 00 \8 25 6 00 0& 03A 04J 08i 08 15 10 07 06 50 50 40 2 50 20 9 60 7 00\ 8 26/ 06i 04 06 08 08 20 12^-15 08-08i 07-08 35-50 40-60 40 2 00 25 124 9 50\ 10 00/ 7 50 28 20 16 25 26 22 28 15 25 80 36 15 30 46 20 20 04} 30 22 16 25 25 22 28-35 15 25 75 35 15 30 45 20 20 OH 12 03J 05 08i 08' 16 -15 07 06 36-60 40-50 40-50 2 00 26 12^ 9 50 7 50 031 05 08i ,m 16 12i 07 06 50 45 30-60 1 25 25 124' 12 00 8 75 6 50 36-5 36-5 50 6 00 40-50 6 00 40-50 40 Note— 1909 to 1912 \ 100 lb. Bag potatoes. 1900 and 1905 CoaLoil 13.65 per case of two 5 gallon cans. 214 BOARD OF I^'QUIIiT ISTO EETAIL PRICES, OAJSTADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— Coniinwe^Z. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in looalitiee of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gazette — Continued. Localities and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 British Columbia — Xew Westminster. Beef- Pork- -Sirloin steak, best, per lb . . . Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb Mutton, hindc[uarter, per lb., -Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb. -Fregji, good quality, per lb . . Fish- Lard- — Pure Leaf, per lb. Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy tub,, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian, old, per lb Canadian, new, pex lb Bread — For 1 lb. loaf, per lb For li lb 'oaf., per b For li lb. loaf, per lb Floui^Strong, Bakers', per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes— Medium quality, per lb . • Sugar — Granulated, in $ lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — ^Black medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green medium, Japan, per lb. Coffee — Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of li bushels Vinegar — ^White wine XXX, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — ^Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lbs Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lbs. Wood — Hard, best, per long cord. , Soft, per cord Coal Oil — Per gallon 22. 12| 18 18. 16 25 14 18 22 18 25 08* 14 40 25 08 25 30 15 15 05. 25 10 16 30 25 09 35 30 16 16 06 20 /15 15 15-18 15 12H5 30 15 20 50-60 35^0 10 33i 40-45 20 02J 07 05 05 10 OS- OS. OSi 35 35 40 75 35 10 6 50 03 07 06 05 12i 08 06i 06 35 35 40 1 75 40 m 7 50 061 04 04i 05-06 05-06 084 06 06 05 35-50 35-50 40-50 1 00 15 m 11 00 7 50 6 00 25 15 20 25 23 18 35 15 22 70 40 12i 40 40 20 20 06f 03! 05 08 06 12J 08 06i 051 35 35 40 1-50 15 08 7 75 3 50 35 4 50 40 40 5 00 40 22 18 18 22 20 20 33 18 65 45 Hi 28 35-45 25 25 m 03 05 06 06 15 12i 07i 06i 40 40 40 ISO 20 10 8 00 6 50 40 25 20 20 22 22 20 33 12M5 19 60 35 12i 35 40 25 25 05 03^ 06 061 06 15 06i 06i 40 40 40 90 20 10 8 00 6 50 40 25 18 22 25 25 20 35 m 20 60 40 12i 40 30 25 05 06 08 06 12| 15 m 061 40 40 40 1 10 20 10 7 501 9 00 ISO 40 Note — 1911 and 1912 Fish— Halibut. 1913 Fish— Halibut. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 215 EETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— Ciiiclusive)—C'onimMed. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December IZth, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to tlie Labour Gazette — Continued. Localities and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 British Columbia — Vancouver. Beef—Sirloin steak, best, per lb. Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb MuJ;ion, hmdquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure Leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen , Packed, per dozen Milk— Per quart Butter — Dairy, tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian, old, per lb Canadian, new, per lb Bread — For 2 lb. loaf, per lb For li lb. loaf, per lb Flour— Strong, Bakers', per lb Rolled Oats— Per Ibl Eice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes^-Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in S lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — Black, medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — MedJuin Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of 1| bushels Vinegar — ^White Wine XXX, per quart .... Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb Bitiiminous, per ton of 2,000 lb Wood— Hard, best, per long cord. Soft, per cord Coal Oil^Per gallon 18-20 12-15. 18 18 18 15: 25. 10 12 35- 20 08 25 30 22 18- 04. 21 15 20 20 20 18 27 10 12 35 25 10 25 30 22 20 04 18-20 10 11 17 15 15-18 25 22 55 40 10 30 35^5 20 20 m 15-18 '20-23 25 22 35 15 20 65 35 10 28 35 20 20 03J 03 04 05 03| 05 05 ' 03i 25-50 30 30 1-00 12 06 6-50. 03i /04J 04 05 08^ 05 05 03i 25-50 30 30 100 12 06 900 6-50 06i 03J 04 05 06 15 08 08 05 40 35 40 1-25 10 10 12-00 7-50 5-50 2-50 29 2-60 29 06i 031 05 05 06 12 10 06 05i 35 40 35 1-75 15 10 26 15 20 25 22 18 35 15 17 65 35 115 26 35 20 20 20-30 15-20 20 25 22-25 18-20 25-27 15 20 75 46-40 10 30 30 25 25 22-25 16 22 20 22 18 32 15 17 85 45 10 »5 40 25 20 08} 03t 04 05 08 15 10 07 06 35 40 40 1-60 15 10 06 03i 04i 06} 08} 12} 12} 06} 08} 35-60 50 40 100 15 10 7-50 5-00 36 36 8-00 5-50 3-50 35 750 800 05 03} 03 05 06 16 12 06 05 32 35 33 115 12} 07| 7-50 8-50 30 3 50 32 Note— 1913 Soft Wood— Price per load. 216 BOARD OF ISQUIRT IXTO KETAIL PKICES, CAITADA, 1900-1913— (incl-asiye)— Continued. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 19p0 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the Labour Gazette — Continued. Localities and Commodities. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 British Colunibia. — Victoria. Beef- -Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb Mutton hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Lard — Pure Leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart , Butter — Dairy, tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese^Canadian, old, per lb Canadian, new, per lb Bread — For 1 lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong, Bakers', per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in $ lots, per lb Yellow, in $ lots, per lb Tea — Black medium, India or Ceylon, per lb. Green medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — ^Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes — Per bag ot li bushels Vinegar — White Wine XXX, per quart. Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — ^Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb . . , Bitumiaous, per ton of 2,000 lb . Wood — Hard, best, per long cord. Soft, per cord Coal Oil — Per gallon 15. m 12i-15 15 121-lS m 17 08-10 10 60 30 09, 22| 35 30. 15 05* 04. 05. 06. 04 10 08 06 OSJ 40 50 40 90 12J-26 08 18 15 15-18 18-20 15-17 IS 20 10-12i 12i 60 35 10 25 35 20 18 05 04 05 06 05 12^ 08 Off 05i 40 50 40 1-00 15-25 08 18-20 10-121 12J 20 20 18 25-35 10-121 m 45 35 12 31 45 20 061 03f 06 06 06 13 08 06 05 40 60 35 1-25 20 10 r5 50 1 6 50' 5 50 6 50 6 50 7 60 20 12i 15-10 20 20 20 35 12 25 80 40 10 32 50 20 20 06i 04 05 06 08 12J m 07 06 40 50 40 1-90 IS OS 11-60 6 50 7 60 22 15 20 22 20 20 35 121-15 20 70 35 12i 35 60 25 25 06i 05 05 m 15 08 07 40 50 40 2-25 15-25 08 11 50 6 50 7 50 25 15 20 25 25 20 32 121-15 25 80 35 15 35 50 30 25 06i 05 05h 15 15 07 061 40 50 40 100 1-50 15-25 10 11 50 6 50 7 50 30 18 25 25 25 20 36 125-20 18 69 35 15 35 50 30 26 06J 04 06J 20 15 06J 06i 40 50 40 1-25 15-25 10 12 50 650 650 4 50 30 5 00 30 6 50 35 00 50 6 00 35 6 50 50 150 40 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 217 EETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913^(inclusive)— Continued. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, ISQO to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Correspondents to the'iaSoMr Gasette.—Contim^ed. Localities and Commodities. 1900* 1005 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 British Columbia — Nanaimo. Beef- -Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb /. Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best smoked, per lb Fish — Fresh, good quality, per lb Iiard — Pure Leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy, tub, per lb Creamery prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian, old, per lb Canadian, new, per lb Bread — For IJ lb. loaf, per lb For ij lb. loaf, per lb For 2 lb. loaf, per lb Flour — Strong, Bakers', per lb Rolled Oats— Per lb -^ Rice — Good medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in $ lots, per lb Yellow, in S lots, per lb Tea — Black medium, India or Ceylon, pet lb. Green medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — ^Medium Mocha, per lb Potatoes^Per bag of li bushels Vinegar — ^White wine XXX per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal— Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lb Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lb ; . . Wood — Hard, best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal Oil— Per gallon 18* 12i 15 20 18 18 15 15 19 18 22- 25 10 15 65 40 10 30 36 20 20 18 15 15 18 18 20 26 10 20 60 40 10 30 45 20 mi OSi 03i 05.. 06 05 12J 12i 06J 05i 40. 50 40 75 25 15 OH 05 06 06 12i 10 06J 053 40 50 40 100 20 m 03? 05 05 06 15 10 06 05^ 35 35 1-25 20 12J 20 18 16 22 20 20 28 10 19 65 40 10 30 46 20 20 15 16 23 20 20 25 10 18 65 35 10 30 40 25 25 065 04J 031 05 06 08 12f 10 06J 051 40 40 40 1-75 20 121 03f 05 08 08 15 12^ 07,^, 06t% 40 40 40 2- 00 20 m 23 18 22 25 20 24 27 10 18 60 40 10 35 40 23 23 06i 031 05 08 08 12i 10 06'i 05| 40 40 40 1-25 20 125 4 00 4 00 4 50 4 50 4 50 4 50 50 45 32 40 40 40 25 20 23 28 35 20 27 10 18 65 40 12 35 40 25 25 12^ 12i 06 05J 40 40 40 1-25 20 12i 5 00 40 Note— Bituminous Coal Delive ry Extra 75c and $1-50. 218 BOARD OF IHIQVIEY tNTO EETAIL PKICES, CANADA, 1900-1913— (inclusive)— ConcZw^ZedZ. Prices of thirty-six commodities as on December 12th, 1900 to 1913, inclusive, in localities of 10,000 and over, collected by Corre^ondents to the Labour Oazette.^Goncluded. Recapitulation. 1900 1905 1009 1910 1911 1912 1913 26-7 18-8 21-6 24.6 26.2 20-0 32-1 16-3 660 38-0 12'9 33-0 430 26 230 5-3 3-5 4-9 7'4 7-2 15-2 13-4 6'4 5-8 405 42-0 35-6 1.20-0 19-5 10-5 10.90 6.87 J6.50 5.50 38-4 British Columbia. Beef — Sirloin steak, best, per lb Medium chuck, per lb Veal, forequarter, per lb Mutton, hindquarter, per lb Pork — Fresh, roasting, per lb Salt, per lb Bacon, best, smoked, per lb Lard — Pure leaf, per lb Eggs — New laid, per dozen Packed, per dozen Milk — Per quart Butter — Dairy, tub, per lb Creamery, prints, per lb Cheese — Canadian, old, per lb Canadian, new, per lb Bread— Per lb Flour — Sti-ong Bakers, per lb HoUed Oats— Per lb Rice — Good, medium, per lb Beans — Hand picked, per lb Apples — Evaporated, per lb Prunes — Medium quality, per lb Sugar — Granulated, in S lots, per lb Yellow, in I lota, per lb Tea — Black, medium, India or Ceylon, per lb Green, medium, Japan, per lb Coffee — Medium Moch3, per lb Potatoes — Per bag of li bushels Vinegar — White Wine, per quart Starch — Laundry, per lb Coal — Anthracite, per ton of 2,000 lbs Bituminous, per ton of 2,000 lbs Wood — Hard, best, per long cord Soft, per cord Coal oil — Per gallon 18-4 11-2 16-1 17-8 171 14-1 21-^ 12-S 52-5 29-2 9-0 24-5 31-0 18-4 16-6 4-4 30 4-6 5-6 4-8 9-6 7-7 5 5 38 410 38-0 980 20-q 9-3 6.50 5.70 8.25 3.50 36- 1 20-0 13-8 17-5 17-9 18-0 160 23-0 13-9 50-0 30 3 5 5 5-2 11-6 8-2 6-1 5-4 38-5 410 380 .200 230 9-7 8.83 6.12 4.50 4.00 36-1 18-7 12-5 13-3 17-3 16-8 17-5 27-5 20-5 53-0 380 10-9 30 39-5 20.0 20-0 eo 3-6 4-7 5-9 6-3 13-3 8-5 6-2 5-3 10.91 6.82 8.75 6.50 39-4 21-2 14-6 16'0 24-6 21-6 20-0 32-1 21-4 71-0 380 11-0 330 42-0 200 20-0 5-9 3-8 4-8 6-6 7-6 12-9 10-1 6-6 5-7 400 430 39-0 l-88'O 17-0 10-6 10.62 7.07 5.00 5.66 430 22 15-9 18-3 23-1 21-1 19-6 30-5 181 660 37-0 11-4 29-6 430 24-5 23-5 6-3 4-0 6-1 7-0 7-2 15-5 13'3 7-5 6-8 49-5 43 400 1.87-0 200 10-6 10.50 9.00 5.50 5.50 39-0 25-2 18-1 19-6 24-4 23-1 23-0 29-2 21-4 71-0 36 15-5 33-0 43-5 24-6 236 5-3 3-9 5-1 7-3 7-3 14-3 13-0 6-7 6-2 42-0 45-0 41-0 .28-0 20-0 II-O 10.50 9.50 5.50 6.30 410 COST OF LiriXG IX CA2\\4.DA 219 It is difficult to measure changes in the price of clothing to the consumer on account of the Inck of standardization both in finished product and materials. From the wholesale list of Part I, it would appear that the advance in raw wool . and woollens (the later including yarn, underwear and beaver cloth) since 1900 has been about 27 per cent; in raw cotton and cottons (the later including gray cotton, woven coloured fabrics, and prints) 35 per cent; and: in leather 40 per cent. In raw silks there has been a decline of about 11 per cent. The three lines of boots and shoes quoted at wholesale have gone up about 50 per cent. To these data, the following tables showing (1) retail prices and costs of custom-made clothing in Ottawa, (3) manufacturers' prices and costs of ready-made clothing at Montreal, (3) manufac- turers' prices and costs of boots and shoes in Quebec may be added : RETAIL PRICES AND COSTS OF STANDARD CUSTOM-MADE TWEED OR SERGE SUIT OTTAWA. Costs. Rent of store (per an- num.) Selling Price. Materials. Wages. Percent- age of gen- eral over- head charges. Bell warp serge, laid down. Scotch Twee4 laid down Weekly rate of Wages Labour, Cost of making suit. Men Tailors. Men emitters. 1890 1900 1913 • $20-25 ' 22-28 25-33 Yd. $2.10 2.35 2.75 Yd. $2.00 2.10 2.25 $10.00 15.00 20-25.00 $20-25 •25-30 30^0 $5.00 6.00 7.50 $1,000 1,500 3,000 10 15 20 Note. — The firm supplying the above has observed a growing tendency on the part of young men to demand more and better clothes and more up to date fashions than previously. MANUFACTURERS' PRICES AND COSTS OF READY-MADE CLOTHING AT MONTREAL. Selling prices of overcoats and suits : — Year. Overcoats. Suits. Beaver, Melton. Frieze . Serge. Serge. Tweed . Fine Worsted. 1900..., , $ 7.50 8.50 10.00 $ 7.50 8.50 10.00 $ 7.50 8.50 10.00 $ 7.00 7.50 .8.50 $10.00 11.00 12.60 $ 6.00 7.25 8.00 $10 00 1905 1913 :;■ 11.00 12.50 220 BOARD OF ISQUIRT IS TO The cost prices of material in the above are shown in the following : — Year. Overcoats. Suits. Beaver. Melton. Frieze. Serge. Serge. Tweed. Fbe Worsted 1900. SO. 85 1.00 1.10 JO. 85 1.00 1.10 $0.90 1.00 1.10 2/3 2/6 2/- 3/8 4/1 4/4 1/11 2/2 2/5 3/8 1905. 4/- 1913 4/6 Year. LINING. Body Lining. Sleeve Lining. Canvas Lining, 1900 lOd .1/- 1/3 7d 8d 9d 3d 1905 4d 1913 5d 1 WAGES AND HOURS IN THE SAME ESTABLISHMENT.* Year. Hours per week. tages. Cutters . Pressers . Machine Male. Hands. Female. Hand Sewers. . Male. Female. 1900 60 55 49 J12-$14 14- 15 18- 20 $ 8-$10 12- 14 15- 20 $.9-$12 13- 15 15- 25 $3,50-$6 S6-$8 10 -12 S 8-$10 12- 14 15- 20 $3.50-$6 1905 $6-$8 1913. . 10-12 •Other data with regard to wages and hours in ready-made clothing establishments will be found in Appendix No. 7. Note. — The firm supplying the above data has stated that the demand is now for better goods, wider ranges of choice, and more frequent changes in style. The most important increase in costs has been under the heading of wages, but labour efficiency is improving. COST OF LiriXO IN CANADA 221 BOOTS AND SHOES, STANDARD LINES, MANUFACTURERS' PRICES AT QUEBEC. MEN'S WELTS. Year. Selling Price. Costs. Material & Lea Cost. Wages Cost. Factory. Royalty. 1897 S cts. 1 90 2 35 2 65 $ cts. 1 23 1 46 1 58 cts. 37 47 62 cts. 09 12 14 cts. 04 1907 1914 06 MEN'S McICAY. Year Selling Price. Costs Material & LSaCpst. Wages Cost. Factory. Royalty. 1897 $ cts. 1 60 2 00 2 25 S cts. 1 09 1 30 1 40 cts. 28 38 49 cts. 08 11 12 cts. 1907 01 1914 ou WOMEN'S WELTS. Year. Selling Price. 1 Costs Material & Lea Cost. Wages Cost. Factory. Royalty. 1897. . '. . . . $ cTts. 1 50 1 85 2 20 $ cts. 90 1 05 1 22 cts. 35 46 61 cts. 08 10 12 ots. 03 1907 04 1914 05 WOMEN'S McKAY. Year. Selling. Price. Costs Material * & Lea Cost. Wages Cost. Factory. Royalty. 1897 $ cts. 1 25 1 55 1 90 •$ cts. 79 94 1 14 cts. 26 36 47 cts. 07 08 10 cts. 1907. , 01 1914: 01 222 BOARD OF IXQUIRY INTO KOTE " B." WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES, CANADA, 1900-1913, COMPARED. The foregoing sections enable comparison in a general way to be made of the wholesale and retail price movements. The general wholesale index number, for example, shows a rise of about 25 per cent between 1900 and 1913, while the retail number shows one of 33 per cent. It is obviously unsatisfactory to regard such a comparison as final, — a comparison, that is, of findings based in the one case (wholesale) on 270 articles selected from the whole field of commerce, and in the other (retail) on 36 articles restricted to foods and fuel. As it is of importance to know with resasonable definiteness whether the retail trader in household necessaries has merely followed the wholesale market in recent years or has added an impetus of his own, some further examination of the figures is called for. Of the 36 articles covered in the investigation into retail prices, three (hard wood and soft wood, as fuel, and black tea) are unrepresented in the wholesale list. For the rest, the wholesale prices of the same or approximately the same commodities are avail- able. In the accompanying table the two sets of prices for each of these articles are assembled side by side so as to enable comparison of the trend as between the two to be made at a glance. Thus the course of beef, hindquarters, wholesale, at Toronto is shown side by side with that of the average price of sirloin steak, at retail, in the fifty-seven cities. Beef, forequarters, at wholesale, is similarly compared with medium chuck roasting beef at retail, and so on. A summaiy index number has been worked out for all the food-stuffs, and for the fuel and lighting group, as well as for the list as a whole. These summary index numbers have been weighted to represent the re- lative importance of the several articles in consumption, each unit in the weight representing roughly 10 cents e:fependiture weekly. '^ Charts have been made of the final results. On the whole the advance in retail prices has not been so pronounced as in whole- sale. This is in accordance with the usual experience, namely, that retail prices follow wjiolesale somewhat slowly and are not subject to violent variation either up or down. For the whole list wholesale prices have gone up 46 '1 per cent since 1900, and retail prices by 40-2 per cent. For the list of 27 foods alone, the advance is 50-8 per cent in the case of wholesale and 42-3 per cent in the case oJ retail prices. A few cases may be noticed in the table in which retail prices have advanced more rapidly than whole- sale. Sirloin steak, retail, has apparently advanced, a little more than hindquarters at wholesale. On the other hand, chuck roasting beef =at retail has not gone up as fast as forequarters at wholesale, possibly because of the fact that poorer qualities of meats have been less in demand. Packed eggs_ seem to have gone up faster at retail than at wholesale, but this may be due to uncertainty in the statistics resulting from the fact that this commodity is on the market at varying intervals. It must be remem- iThe weights used are as follows : — Beef; best . . i 4 Flour .; 4 " medium 3 Rolled oats 3 Veal 2 Rice 1 Mutton 2 Beans: 1 Pork, fresh 2 Apples, evaporated 1.5 salt 3 Prunes - 1.5 Bacon 3 Sugar, granulated 3 Lard 3 " yellow 1 Eggs, fresh 4 Tea 2 packed 3 Coffee. .' 1 Milk 6 PotatOfS 6 Butter, dairy 4 Vinegar 1/100 " creamery 6 Coal, anthracite 10 Cheese 4 " bituminous 8 Bread 6 Coal oil 2 These weights are derived by rpugh calculation from the budget quantities shown in the table appearing on p. 137. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 223 bered throughout that the wholesale prices are averages for the year whereas the retail are December prices.^ lOn the subject of wholesale as a campared with retail prices and the dl. .culty of securing adequate data therefor, Mr. R. H. Hooker (Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Dec, 1911, p. 35) offers the following table and observations: — COMPARISON OF WHOLBSALE AND RETAIL. FOOD PRICES. ' dBase 1895-r904 = WO.) Year. United KiNGbOM 1 France Germany United States Whole- sale Board of Trade Retail Board of Trade.. Whole- sale (I) Retail (II). Retail (HI). Retail (IV). Retail (V). Whole- sale Hooker. Retail Board of Trade. Whole- sale Bureau Labour, Retail Board of Trade. 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896,.... 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1903 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910. 110 118 112 110 103 100 94 98 103 99 100 101 102 101 102 102 101 106 107 109 110 94' 93 97 102 97 101 103 103 104 105 105 104 107 110 109 111 110 117 110 105 102 98 94 94 98 99 98 102 107 107 106 99 102 109 115 122 122 109 112 110 104 103 99 99 102 101 102 102 102 98 99 93 88 92 98 99 96 107 108 113 106 109 100 97 97 103 104 101 103 99 97 98 98 99 99 103 105 110 113 112 109 109 104 102 104 105 107 104 101 89 91 94 88 86 90 91 90 96 101 105 104 98 104 102 99 96 101 103 98 98 '100 102 «102 107 107 412 ai4 •109 114 110 119 113 109 101 94 88 93 102 100 102 103 101 108 108 113 115 121 113 125 128 98' 96 99 101 99 100 101 103 102 101 108 114 116 119 120 108 114 102 107 96 92 82 88 94 98 104 106 115 109 111 112 114 121 123 127 131 ; 96 93 94 96 97 99 102 108 107 110 111 114 118 1911 (I) Import Value; same commodities as (II) andx(III). (II) Assistance publique. (III) Economat. j (IV) Normal expenditure ot a working-ulass family. ■" (V) Idem, without sugar and wine; (I) and (II) include coal and lamp-oil in addition to food. 1 have ventured to make a comparison between the whplesale prices of food in the country, as ascertained above, and these retail prices, although, of course, the comparison is largely vitiated by the commodities not being really the same, nor weighted in the same manner. Very little reliance can accordingly be placed upon the result. A priori, we should expect the curve of retail prices to be, upon the whole, distinctly smoother Hhan that of wholesale prices ; and this is apparently the case at New York, wherea« the BritisOi series show very little difference between the two. The figures suggest that the retail index number has risen somewhat more than the wholesale in recent years in this country, which is .contrary to theoretical anticipation ; this conclusion is quite Illusory, and merely due to the selection of the standard. In the United States the retail curve is much the smoother, not falling so low as the wholesale In 1896-97, and lagging behind in 1907. Moreover, the different plan on which the wholesale and retail index numbers have been formed is quite sufficient to account lor very considerable variations. All that can be saf61y said here is, I think, that since 1895 retail prices of food have risen as much as wholesale in this country, but that in the United States they appear to have lagged behind (until 1907). " Reverting now to the French wholesale and retail prices, quoted in the " Salaires et Coflt de I'existence," these show an index number for eight articles of food (bread or flour, butter, cheese, potatoes, rice, oil for food, wine, sugar,— the absence of meat is noticeable), plus coal and lighting-oil, first at import values (wholesale prices) ; secondly, contract prices paid by the " Assistance pubUque " and, thirdly, the prices charged' by two economats (that is, co-operative associations of employees of two railway companies) to their members, these last being retail prices at Paris, all octroi paid. These three gets thus r^resent three stagess m the sale ot goods. The number of commodities is extremely small, and the data thus apply to but a fraction of the provisions usually purchased by a family ; still, the unexpected conclusion is reached that while'import values have risen 20 per cent since the averagfe of 1895-1904, the other prices have scarcely ris«n at aU. This is only another example of the difficulty of drawing conclusions, and 224 BOARD OF INQUIRY IXTO ' INDEX NUMBER OF PRICES, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, 1900-1913. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Foods. Beet fhindquarters, wholesale \ sirloin steak, retail Beef Jforequarters, wholesale \ehuok roast, retail Veal /dressed, wholesale. troast, foreq't'r, retail Mutton fdressed, wholesale Iroast, leg, retail Pork, fresh /dressed hogs, wholesale Iroast, ham, retail Pork, salt fmess, wholesale ^mess, retail Bacon /breakfast, wholesale \breaktast, retail Lard J pure, wholesale \pure, retail Eggs /fresh, wholesale Ifresh, retail Eggs /packed, wholesale Ipacked, retail Milk /wholesale Iretail Butter /creamery, solids, wholesale. Icreamery prints, retail Butter /dairy, prints, wholesale jdairy solids, retail Cheese. i /Canadian, wholesale ^Canadian old, retail Bread /plain, white, wholesale (plain, white, retail Flour /family, wholesale jfamily , retail Oatmeal /standard, wholesale...: \roUed oats, retail Rice /patna, wholesale imedium, retail Beans. /handpicked, wholesale |handpicked, retail Apples /evaporated, wholesalej 1 evaporated, retail Prunes /medium, wholesale t medium, retail Sugar /granulated, wholesale Igranulated, retail Sugar /yellow, wholesale Wellow, retail Tea /green, Japan, wholesale Igreen, retail CofTee /Rio, wholesale \mediuin, retail 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 lO'O 100 lOtfl 100 100 100 100 lOOi 100 i(to 100 100 100 100 idD ido 100. 100 100 IQO 100 100 1Q0 103 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 lOO 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 84 111 108 125 101 113 146 103 121 106 110 114 117 115 100 107 121 116 123 115 100 108 102 108 112 111 99 ■109 144 105 131 112 144 108 107 101 103 109 61 77 75 83 110 101 109 98 109 99 104 101 118 123 126 120 lis 116 152 123 148 133 141 147 127 142 149 146 150 162 164 157 114 124 114 125 121 121 107 110 155 118 143 128 80 119 115 103 131 125 62 115 112 85 100 105 105 100 134 104 91-6 144 138 161 130 125 127 140 142 166 139 162 149 165 157 165 148 152 173 161 158 116 132 119 125 127 120 113 113 153 116 137 132 69 113 117 101 141 127 53 122 95 94 183 102 109 106 133 105 124 104 140 139 150 136 121 138 130 141 136 136 129 144 130 146 121 128 155 177 151 163 126 127 112 136 125 132 112 124 145 118 124 136 73 122 121 105 125 125 87 135 122 108 108 127 110 124 131 107 183 104 163 158 172 150 126 153 143 153 156 151 142 153 138 138 144 144 184 182 183 175 139 147 131 145 155 144 124 131 143 116 131 136 76 125 118 103 170 141 96 131 136 108 113 116 115 118 132 106 218 109 162-5 171-3 235-6 163-1 143-0 167-0 160-6 162-7 185-1 166-6 164-7 167-8 160-6 168-8 154-3 140-4 199-9 192-2 173-7 185-1 141-4 149-1 132-7 138-8 , 145-4 135-7 114-0 124-2 1,52-3 116-2 127-9 132 69-6 119-4 131-6 111-5 147-8 134-8 86-0 125-2 115-9 106-0 97-9 101-8 98-0 108 139-7 106-5 189-4 108-9 is, I suspect attributable to reductions in octroi or Customs duties on certain articles, such as wine or sugar. As instancing the enormous difference that may arise — when dealing witli a few articles only — I also reproduce two coluras from the same work ot the MinjstSre du Travail showing the " normal " annual expenditure on food of a workman's family of four persons at Paris. Only thirteen articles are taken (bread, meat, fresh vegetables, potatoes, haricots, sugar, milk,J)utter, cheese, rice, fruits, wine, coffee) and these al'e weighted according to an estimated Ideal rate of consumption based upon medical research. ,It will be seen that the food Indct number (base 1895-1904), is much lower, reaching in 1910 only 96. If, however, two articles- sugar and wine — are excluded, the index number of the semaining eleven articles shows a rise to 114 in 1910. The latter curve shows a much more reasonable resemblance to wholesale prices. Such considerations as these convey a vivid idea of the dlfHculfy of arriving at a true estimate of the change in the cost of living." See U.S. Senate Document 601 ot the 61st Congress, 2nd session, on the prices paid by con- sumers and retail dealers to wholesalers and producers for eggs butter milk and chickens. See also various bulletins of the U.S. Department of Labouf " Retail Prices and Cost of hiv'm Series," e.g., " Wheat andflour prices from Farmer to Cortsumer," etc., etc COST OF LiriNG IN CANADA 225 INDEX NUMBER OF PRICES, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, 1900-1913— Co»ii»««d. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Food— Continued. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 186-9 116-1 87-5 100-8 118-1 109-4 115-7 J14-4 105-2 103-6 108-3 102-0 116-6 109-8 201-7 113-5 71-8 100 132-2 124-8 113-8 120-7 115-7 117-6 103-3 100-4 128-5 123-2 194-3 122-3 75-5 100-8 140-9 129-8 122-7 119-0 124-5 122-4 87-7 99-1 136-1 129-0 306-9 195-4 68-7 102-6 141-2 138-8 127-4 115-7 122-8 116-6 81-4 96-6 137-2 135-4 347-1 152-5 75-0 105-8 158-2 143-2 127-4 140-7 123-7 129-2 90-5 99-1 149-0 141-3 201-4 153-1 Vinegar white wine, wholesale 75-0 104-1 All foods wholesale .... 150-8 retail 143-3 Coal Fuel and Lighting, fanthracite, wholesale 135-1 134-5 Coal bituminous, wholesale 124-5 bituminous, retail 101-9 Coal oil Canadian, wholesale 102-2 Canadian, retail 99-1 All 146-1 [retail 140-2 82096—15 226 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES POODS, CANADA, 1900-1913. COKT OF LlVlXa J'S (WSADA 227 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD-S (27 ARTICLES) AND FUEL AND LIGHT- IMG (3 ARTICLES), CANADA, 'i.9'00'-1913. ' 1 ^ m§s 148 \ 146 \^ 144 ^hnJ^. is that of Mr. R. H. Hooker, M.A., which appeared in the JouAial of the Royal Statistical Society for December, 1911. The enlargement and improvement which has taken place in ofHcial statistics of prices dur- ing recent years is well illustrated by comparison of the above with the data available for the Royal Commissions on the Depression of Trade and IndustiSy and on the Relative Value of the Precious Metals appointed during the eighties. A list of the more important publications on the subject of the cost of living was recently published by the U.S. Library of Congress. On the difflculties of instituting international comparisons the Economic Commission of South Africa says (Report, p. 12) : — " No more awkward problem could be set than that df instituting an international com- parison of costs of living. People do not live in the sam^ way all the world over, and con- eecjuently the standard of living in one country is not a sa|isfactory basis for comparison with that in another country. Needs may not be the same in, two different countries because of climatic and other differences ; and, in view of the relative prices of things in the places com- pared, a commodity consumed largely in one of them may figure only to a slight extent in the budgets of anpther. In short, what has to be attempted is an international measurement of the cost of equal comfort, the patent fact being admitted that under diverse climatic and other con- ditions comfort is attained in different ways." lExcept in a few cases where the earliest returns were for 1901; h«re 1901 prices are equal to 100. Percentage comparisons based on index numbers instead of actual prices are, of course, only ' roughly accurate. In order that index numbers may be thoroughly "reversible" (i.e., may yield the same results as the original data), it is pointed ojit by Mr. G. H. Knibbs, that either the geometric mean must be used or an " aggregate consumption " system of weights adopted. (See Prices, Price Indexes and Cost of Living in Australia, by G. H. Knibbs, C.M.G., 1912, pp. 14, 35, 48, and appendix VIII.) On this point Mr. Hooker says (Journal of Royal Statistical Society. December, 1911, p. 3-4) : " Strictly speaking ,each item ought to be reduced to the standard, and the new percentages added to form the group — or total — index number. The difference in the most extreme case, is only a matter of 2 or -3 per cent, at the outside, an error by no means greater than tfie possible error due to the selection of different commodities or systems of weighting." Mr. Hooker adds, therefore, that differences of 5 per cent or even 15 per cent, Between one set of figures and another may be of no moment, being due to differences in the method of constructing the index numljers. 230 BOARD OF INQUIRY KTO — u 2 B -i a Z < o £ CO < != z ~ o (6*) •spooj[ snoauuijaosinf ■MoX (•iBWB^ }o ui^aja '•epos 'jtj33uiA 'jsddad '^l^g) •s^uauiipuoQ ■jB3ng a]dBui 'jCauoii '3soon]3 'sass'E]Oui 'iB3ng •a^Bioaono aagoo -bsx (•'BaOTd13'^ 'viaT.I 'jBaUH'GO 'sjinosiq 'pBBjq '-inoijj) •sgntspB3jg (■S30^Brao:> 'UJOD 's^aj;) (■BUietBI 'S^UBJItlD 'gau'tiid 's3[ddYJ (■S30J --Buio^ 'sdiu^n^ 'suotao ■suEaq 'saojBjdj) (■SSSUBJO '8uom8[ 'SBUBUBg) ■^ »« 00 W3®00 Q0005^^^-OWM'-^U^^eOCO'#.-^^ocCO-H N CI O OgO OSOSQOCiOSOOOOOOOi-f.-(«^CQc<3^^ os^oO>'3'''«Cieot»*cocooOeooo^H^M^^M»CNOT-( CTi00^0a^iC>-HT-iTHCYDO00t-t^^5OimCO»C'*.-* CSeCCC-o»o 000>'5C5M^OC<10DCSOO'i*Ot~-OOCqQOi-OOeOCDOO ca»mr^(MWcor^-*os(NCseo«)-^i-HcO(NT-m (•aom(BS pauuBO 'inoji 'nora^BS 'qsijajiqAL '3aijjaq '(aia5[aBni 'j3:)sqo( "inqqBq '3[DoppBq 'poQ) •HSJd 'AI I 'agaaqo 'ja^^nq '^liiw) •g'^Dnpojj -^T^Q 'III 0-^^^t>sOco-*eooeoocouic ^^OCQCg05--OOCqOO»OOOSflOLQOCOO"5^000C TjHr^l^^HiineocqcqiocoOOOoaaQO'COO'Cffa'^-^iO'" 050S050C3SQOQO^OOCT10T-H050sa50i-IMND1NM^'< I (•Xj:j]nod 's^onpojd jiaq^ puB aums 'daaqs 'a[;i'G3) ('sjioqs 'uBjq 'av'bj'^.s '^Bq 'sBad 'x'ey 'aXj *ujoD 'AaiJ-eq 's^'bo ':^'eaq^\) 'SJappO^ pUT? SUI'GJJT) J "5'-'tJ'— '—> <— > <— ) Cv? <— ) c_7 (_) ^v' — ; p o, — I rd^« 0!y "^"^ OJOJOSOJCSOiOlOiasOSOOOOO-H,-,— icviC-iCNCNCVsiO OOOOOOCTiOOOSOOOOa'OSOOJ O O OOOOOOrHOMCO 2SSS!2^'9?'*i"*"=>'^^--^T-iOOO00U5US40 (o s. t; wi ■ Ococoi— ilr-T:t— IO^OJ»COIOCOC>1 r^onDO'*Mi>--*h-t>-»(ni-iio ■^ fe g-S-?.S P5 S CaOO'— "OiOiOSOiOiOOOTOlOiOiCfiO'-^CsOSOOOOOOOl Oi^ioc>MOsi>-ooosOQOcq«5'-'coic-*j<-i^?OMcoT-Heq ai o f5 (M " ►> X |&>'3 'pqo eoeDi»-POcoMi:Dcgi>-mo«oco-*oo!OCiOifll>-coosooco-* a30sosaioiasosaioia30000<=)OOOC)Oi-H^H^-ii— I 232 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO 3 t3 ■"a °°ts"s IS c -d iB*;j g fl 03 jg ='.^ P.-S _A M3 c8 t8 & . no . B +■ ta oj U O DQ • - A tn m S S -1= ja -S Will O I < < < Iz; tn Cd O Clj PL, Eh O H CO o o H 03 OS CO 00 00 CO OaW t*000010000i-Hi-H^i-Hi-Hi--J,-(cg T-H 1-H T-H i-H i-t »-l 1-1 i-H T-l ,-( 1-H ,-( r-l 05**'a)M00C0^C0^'**O00t"C0C.(NOD t^OW3COt^'-t.-HCO<»OOiCOO>THtOOSOi:DCOOOOO qj g u cS"o^ I* P 4^ ;:^ *^ r^H ^00l>-00t^Wi-|ipt^,-HOe0Oi-f>-HN»ftO»e001^t>-TjfM 03 in kCc^b-.f-^t»-c^coooooOM^i-Hcqt--o»oeoooN B3 D3 H-l 15 c3 Of-iMe2'^U3«gt-OOOSO'-iNtO'M<"5eOb-OOOlOi-o>o>o»o>o>oo» C08T OF LIVING IN VAN'ADA 1233 l^ t3 o g £ » ^H f^ (•sappi-B ^c) ]iv ■jio i^oo '^jos puB pj^q 'pooAi 'aii:) -'^j.\\'\u^ puB enouttun^iq 'iboq ■guT^qgTT puW pnj -u *(6g) epoojnv •XB3auTA 'aagoo 'b9^ 'j-sSng •v%od 'saarud 'satddB 'su-oog; (•90IJ '|«3ra(^'BO *jnoy 'pBOjg) 'Sjtjn-^sp'eajg (■s338 'asaaqo 'ja':^^nq '3[][Tp\[) Cpjui 'uooBq • ei o o 00 eo -00 CO CO 00 CO ;-^r*ooo>^ • lO en oo 1— I ■* • CM i>1 CO ■<*< ". ^O -^ 03 -rHOiOl-^cou^co■.-^osQoo'ri^^-.{^^o ci4-M.Ttiot~-.toeo(Nco THice6=OioeO'4<00<7>OC>OcOTf*"^t^cqi-f"4^cOQO'^00 OiOsoiCJCs©scsooojooooooocCSC7>0»OCi--<00000000'-ii-i'-( T-H 1-H ^1 1-^ 1— I 1-H ^« ■* ,-( tH ^H ^H .— I ^H ^H .-H ^H ^H oa .— (U5i>.oioo-*"sjoesooiO'*e^"*'*c-CM EDOl'OOOCqOmcOOOO OOQOQOQOOO&OI^I^t^CQOO>00 05 0<3sC»OSOSOOiOSOi09 lOlClC'CiOipt— «>— li— -i>"r-r-r- ~IC irti— iC^MfeoOO'^'^OO'-''— '''^'^■^^OO'OtOQOC^OOO S-»*teOOOOOCDOOOOI>-OOOOl>-"VCOO-^iOoOOS'^0 OOOOOSOiOSOSOJO^OOOsOiOaOOOSOOSOCO 1-H tH 1-H T-H r-« l-H I-H 1-H r-l 1-H 1-H ,-^^,-^ (0<0OC0"^P>NO l>-l>.OO"^«^«C'^i— lOO COCO"4^»r3COCO^OI>odoiO'-Hirgco c»asosaso50io>090»o>oooooooooo^^r-(rH Q0000C00000000000000O39^OiO>O3O)C3O>a>O3O3O3Oa9} s 'sniAi:^ japuiq *adoj 'jaqqni '6^it[dins 'd(nd 'j3dB<£ •jfipung (•oooBqoi Snjd 'oaoBqoi jbo; 'eajB 'jCiigiqii '^j'bui 'sdog) (•UOOOBJ ■s-inji ■s[B3iui3qo puB sSniQ 'IIX sSuttjsiujnj asnoq hv (■saoji pes 'Bniooiq 'sqn:j 'si^d) jounip 'sdno 3%iv^m. 'si3\qianj, ■ajisju.ss'Bio puB Aja^ioojQ (•epaq uojr 'sarins uioojpaq )'spjBoqapi's 'sajq'Bi 'sireqg) •ajn'jiujnj; 234 BOARD OF INQVIJiT IXTO In presenting the data by countries the method followed was, first, to reproduce the aggregate or group index numbers of the original investigators reduced to basis 1900. These enable comparisons in a general way to be made with the corresponding group of numbers for Canada. Such data alone, "however, leave something to be desired. In the first place the figures are only roughly comparable, seing that the number of commodities investigated and the manner in which the groups are consti- tuted differ, as between almost every country. Secondly, it is important that the facts with regard to the chief individual commodities shbuld be available. Useful as it is to kno^ how prices, speaking generally, have gone up in Great Britain, the United States, France, Germany, etc., as compared with Canada, it is undoubtedly desirable to be able to ascertain at a glance what has been the course of wheat, cattle, cheese, flour, iron, leather, etc., etc., in as many countries as possible. Incidentally when a fairly complete record of individual commodities has been secured, it is possible to reconstruct group index numbers as between particular countries on the same basis and thus to institute exact comparisons on a general scale in place of the rough com- parisons above mentioned. To meet this requirement two tables have been compiled showing for each of the more important commodities in turn (1) the wholesale and (2) the retail index numbers from year to year since 1900 in every country for which they could be obtained from the sources just described. These large tables are printed at the end of the chapter. Altogether they contain comparative figures for 144 commodities at wholesale and for 24 at retail. The arrangement of articles follows that of the Canadian official reports on prices. The number of countries compa];ed is, of course, larger in the case of certain articles than of others. In the case of wheat, for instance, the price-trends in eleven countries are shown. There are several commodities, however, for which the comparisons are available only as between Canada .and the United States, this being a reflection of the fact that the official statistics of these countries cover over 250 articles, whereas in most of the other, countries they cover less than 50. Using the data' contained in these tables as basis there has been introduced into the review of prices for each country below an exact comparison of the price trend since 1900 there and in Canada, i.e., a comparison based on identical commodities for each, the latter including all for which comparati"we data were available. The com- parison covers both wholesale and retail prices, and the results have beeti charted so as to show their significance at a glance. The wholesale index numbers are unweighted, but the retail numbers being much fewer in number have been weighted as in the com- parison of Canadian wholesale and retail price tends.^ - In addition, where the data was available, a camparison is made between actual prices at or near the present time in Canada and the country in question. Because the rise in prices has been greater since 1900 in Canada than in a particular country it does riot necessarily follow that the resultant level here is. higher. These comparisons, how- ever, are limited in humber and must be accepted with reserve in the absence of detailed information as to certain of the quotations. Following the above detailed presentation of the data, a measure of the general tendency is given in the form of a " world " index number. With this as standard or background, broad analyses and summaries are made (1) of the rises in different countries and (2) of the rises in different groups -of commodities and the reaction of the latter to local conditions, with a final statement on points of significance in the main findings. lAs comparative retail prices were obtained prior to l'90'9 only In the case of the years 1900 and 1905, the diagrams of retail price trends? do not Indicate the annual Huctuations during the periods 1900-1905 and 1905-1909, but only the general tendency. COST OF Liviya ix Canada 235 (l) THE UNITED KINGDOM. There is a wealth of statistical data bearing on commodity prices in Great Britain and Ireland) during the past several years. ISTot only have the official investigations been most thorough, but the compilations and analyses of private statisticians are the best-known in the world. (1) Continuous Investigations. In the accompanying table will be found the index iiumbers by groups of the Board of Trade, Sauerbeck (now computed by the Statist), and the London Economist, each of which carries some 45 commodities at wholesale. For retail prices the index num- bers of the Board of Trade covering 23 articles of food, weighted, at London are given.^ While the differences in the manner in which the commodities are grouped together; as well as in the list of the commodities themselves, prevent these statistics being directly compared with those for Canada on pages 230-233 ine.,^ some rough preliminary generalizations are possible from the twb sets of figures: With regard, first, to the showing as a whole: It is plain that the general course of prices in the two countries has been the same, viz., a downward movement to 1896 and an upward movement since, leaving the general level in 1913 of both countries at the highest point within the period, 1890-1913. The fluctuations, however, in the United Kingdom have recently been less violently upward than in Canada. (a) Wholesale Prices. — The rise in grains and vegetable foods, which has been less than 20 per cent in England, has been considerablji greater in Canada. Meats and dairy products, in which the rise in England according to the Board of Trade has been 19-6 per cent and according to Sauerbeck 16-5 per cent, has been at least three times as great according to the Canadian figures. On the other hand, metals and textiles have fared about the same in the two countries, having gone up, if anything, more in Great Britain. Miscellaneous foods also have show^i about the same tendency. The three British numbers went up about 30 per cent between 1896-1912, while the Cana- dian number went up about 45 per cent. (6) Retail Prices. — The United Kingdom index number attained in 1912 and 1913 a point higher than at any time in 25 years. The lowest year was 1896, between which and the present a rise of 25 per cent is indicated. The rate of increase, how- ever, has varied; the periods 1896-1900 and 1906-1913 were marked by rapid advances, but from 1900 to 1906 the increase was slight. The -rise of nearly 7 per cent in 1911- 1913 is a noticeable feature. The group index numbers given show about the same variations as the total. A more detailed statement of group conditions, however, is necessary : The meat group showed the highest advance. Bacon and imported beef were the causes: bacon rose from 110-6 in 1908 to 123-2 in 1909, and to 144-7 in, 1913; imported beef rose from 111-9 in 1909 to 131-5 in 1913. On t^e other hand, British mutton has remained low and steady since 1900; British beef .also showed a much less marked advance than the imported. iTwo index numbers of retail prices over a period of years have been constructed by the Board of Trade, the one covering nine commodities at London between the years 1871-1903, and the other covering twenty-three commodities at London since 1892. .See United Kingdom Annual Abstract of Labour Statistics. See also Special Report onlCost of Living, 1912 ccd 6955) p. 42 and on. 2Thus the British wholesale price numbers include about 45 articles, mostly raw materials, while the Canadian number includes 272, of which more than half are manufactured articles. Again, cereals and meats are grouped together in the Economist number, meats and dairy produce in the Sauerbeck number and meats and flsh in the Board of Trade number, whereas these are all separated in the Canadian number. 236 BOARD OF INQUIRY tNTO ri a O'-Hi-(i-(OOOT0iCT3OOC3OC»CnOC3THO IIIc. Sugar, tea, coffee, cocoa, tobacco. CO cq 00 00 00 1^ 00*00 a>eoot^'»*<''i<>oooi>cviO'^i>--^Tt- 1>. csi t>. to r^„o ososo-^-^fflcsiTj^ooTtiaiOT-iTfo© (M OS®-r}<0^:«300"50MTf*^COI>-e-«CO r-* ^ 1-1 i-Ii-l ,-lr-trHr-li-li-lT-li-l ' Ilia. Corn. (Wheat, barley, oats, maize, hops, rice, potatoes.) - ^ l>e t>- kCeoOOMMOiCflCOCOOOt-OSMOeO t-iPOi-i000010'-HOOOOOOOOO>-'^0--01^ II. Textiles. (Cotton, wool, ■ute, fiax, silk.) Tt< ■^ IE) -^ so CO OJ-OO 00> C»3CQr^OJr».-HT*tOO'^i-HCsiOC^5O-*O»-H00tDQ0eQ«'^'*C*» t^ t* to »o . r* r- oo r- r- 1- 1> oo ® J OOOOOOOOOOC000000000010lO»Osas05030iOSOSOsas{Sal COST OF LITINO IN OATfADA 237 ■73 o OOt0eDOtxC0b-^C0O'*OO"<*- l>- ■**( »C O •-< OO (^ 00 -H o o o i>. ^ ic ^ mcsiososcsiosooooooosooocrioiosc: . e3 <» • a>^ ";— < "S o ft - H o S o ©■*W<^MC000e0C000O0>»0O«0O«|>.OO<0C..>»t--OO(MOt^O'-«CD-^t^OiCiCI>- O00000000l>C»t-t^Q0O05CSOOi-Hi o Mrf3> ffq cs N «o .-H eq OOOOOt--l>-t--OOOSO>OOt--000000 oocOQocQ«?r^ooMW3cqOi-Hi-Hio'^ O'O co co co (N t^ '>*< ^& O^OOOlOSOOO>OsOiOOJOSOlOiOOOOOOO^»H o H eDi-H000S-^Q0«0CO^MO(M0S»C3COC0i-*C3O5OiO O O) bu 03 3 WMOOOi-HQOOSO«DOOO^QOW^W^t^r-0050«3 _0 . O S o3 ooo'oocqi>-i— iicoob-csoooeooeoeooffOOsiraoooiQoco oc0»0000000000;-;»;H;;H^ CjOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOlOSOSOlOiOlOSCBOSOsaaOlffi^ 238 BOARD OF IXQUIRY TNTO Total. Weighted index numbers for - 23 articles. W QC =^M0Sl-1^-.l^!lh'*O■^t^OQ0rt^JDOO'rt:0Tr-TU^Q0 V. Sugar, jams (2), currants and raisins. 00 (M r- r- '-' -^ #H as C3cr)a300y^unc^c^:j^:^c^oi(;^t^ IV. Tea, cofTee, cocoa. o— 'cooocooot»--tiococcoc'c>iiooooic-^c; — ^r-- 00 r- CO CO eO CO CO;'^ OM(MCS100-JD-^COlCCO(MTrCO-rtl 05 C5 Ol C7i CSi OS C3SgOS OOOOOOOOOSOOCO 111. Butter, eggs, cheese. *COt^'*000000iMC'^'£'-f00"5dooi>--ooo-H^r^. ca-t*i>- — c: cicscsdOSOTqpoioc^cnoiCiOsOOOOOO — c II. Beef (2). mutton (2), pork, .bacon. '#CiWSOON-^«0.-(0«0':t^cOTt<--'S:M<*(M«e^ — Ci CR00t0ff0Oe0'*'r)OC0cD-#O'-KN-*|»Ot^C0CiL0C CSClOSOSOiOiCsOSOOOOOOOOOC: — C— C'l I. Bread, flour, rice, tapioca, oatmeal, potatoes. O(MC0-*0SC0C0C0OO^3S'*C0'*^-.'*»nu0-^T^^M I Total. c^-HQbt^coosAooT^cisoosON^o--=OI>.OOiCSiCSCOOOODi3St>-CiCatCC^X-- Minerals. Pig iron, iron bars, steel rails, coal steam, H. coal, lead, tin, copper. coooiftOoor^cioor^^ososoi^-d-^osira cD'Xl«^^-ool^-^'^~t-ooooooo^c^cscoci Textiles. Cotton A., cotton E,, 3'arn, cloth, wool, Eng., wool, Aus., silk, flax, hemp, jute. 1 as »0 eOgCO 000(MCO-^>OCqiCOCCOCOCCCS»f3'^ cocOMOOOoscominco— oun»n:r-^-^ocsi t^COeOeOOOOODOOOSOsO — OiOOOCSJ — TH Other foodstuffs. etc. Tea, coffee, sugar C, sugar B., butter, tobacco. ccir-(,-(Qoo— ■cc.-i'i*i.-Hot~-W"*oo— *c^»o^^ O0000OOQ033iCl>-OOt--t^I>.^aCC'iC:irr — iOOiClOOSt— OiOs^OOiOOsOCcT— -^ Cereals and Meats. Wheat (For. and Eng.), flour, barley, oats, potatoes, rice, beef, mutton and pork. CO o eib^ca oooo'*Qoooo-*os30'*tor^i--cs Is (M C^ 00 oc OOOC : ■;;;;■■;; 1 :■ ■ '. '. . j OT ro S OS O O O O O O O O O O " ^ Si ^ GO OD OO QO 03 OS Oi OS 03 CTJ OS 05 Ol O) OS 0> C3 C: COSIT OF Lima IX OAX.fDA. 239 The group slmwiiig- the next highest rise is flour, cSreals and potatoes. It reached its lowest point in 1895, and its highest in 1913. Tapioca reached 148-5 in 1912 and 142-9' in 1913; oatmeal 129-9 in 1913; and rice 119-(i. Bread, flour and potatoes are the most important commodities in this group; of these bread stood at its highest in recent years, reaching 119-5 in 1912 and 120-3 in 1913;, flour folio-wed closely through- out, being 118-5 in 1912 and 1913; potatoes, however, brought the group index down severaj points, being only 93-9 in 1912 and 96-6 in 1913. The group oi, sugar, jam, currants and raisins, re'Sched its lowest point in 1897 (88-4), and its highest in 1912 (129-2), declining in -l-Sl?; (115-7). Sugar, the most important commodity, steadily increased in price to 137-7 in 1912, but declined to 110 -7 in 1913. The dairy produce index was only 111-1 in 1912 and 109-3 in 1913, having been at its lowest in 1895 at 92-4. Cheese, eggs and butter followed nearly the same rate of advance. Milk remained stationary. The tea, coffi;e and cocoa group showed the least advance. Tea was high in 1904 owing to the imposition of a higher duty. Summing up, the important commodities having the greatest increases in price of late years in the United Kingdom are bacon, imported beef, bread, flour, and sugar, while the only important commodity showing the revers'e tendency is potatoes. (2) Special Investigations. The results of certain special investigations may be cited as supplementary to the above. (a) Board of Trade. — In 1912 a special inquiry was made by the Board of Trade into rents, retail prices of food and wages in 88 important industrial towns in the Unietd Kingdom, repeating on an identical basis an investigation conducted in 1905. The general effect was to -show that retail prices increased 13-7 per cent^ during the seven-year period. The following tables^ show the geographical distribution of the upward tendency and the tendency according to population groups throughout the British Isles: . ■ i . . 113 per cent of the S8 cities are weighted according to population. 2C.a. 6955 XXXIX. 240 BOARD OF INQVIET MTO PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN RETAIL PRICES BETWEEN OCTOBER, 1905, AND OCTOBER, 191fi. Per- centage increase. Town in which the Percentage i^as as Stated. Per- centage increase. England and Wales. Scotland. Ireland. 20 Stockport 20 19 ' Waterford Londonderry 19 18 Blackburn, Bolton, Gloucester, Liver- 18 17 Kidderminster, Newport (Mon.), Roch- 17 16 Birkenhead, Burnley, Burton-on-Trent, Grimsby, Preston, St. Helens, Yoik. . Bradford, Halifax, Keighley, Leicester, Manchester and Salford, Middles- brough, Normanton, Peterborough', South Shields, Sunderland, Walsall, Worcester Aberdeen, Perth Cork 16 15 Limerick 16 14 Birmingham, Carlisle, Coventry, Derby; Huddersfield, Leeds, Macclesfield, Northampton, Norwich, Oldham, Sheffield, Stoke-on-Trent, Taunton, Warrington, Wolverhampton Greenock, 14 13 Barrow-in-Furness, Chatham and Gil- Belfast 13 Cardiff, Gateshead, Hull, Jarrow, Lon- castle-on-Tyne, Plymouth, Devonport Bedford, Bristol, Luton, Stockton-on- Tees 12 Dundee, F-alkirk, 12 11 Kilmarnock 11 10 Castleford, Ipswich, Lincoln, London (Outer Zone), Nottingham, Reading, 10 9 Dublin. . 9 8 Portsmouth 8 7 7 PERCENTAGE CHANGES IN RETAIL PRICES— POPULATION GROUPS. Number of ' towns Included . Mean Percentage Increase in Retail Phicis between Octobeh, 1905, and October, 1912. Population Group. Meat (British). Other Food. Total Food. Coal. Food and Coal. fMiddle Zone London ^ Inner Zone . 1 14 26 23 24 11 9 8 8-1 9-8 8-6 90 11 12 10 13-4 14-8 14-3 14- 1 11 11 10 12.1 13-4 12-7 12-7 16 17 . 14 22-6 20-9 23-7 23-3 12 12 [Outer Zone . . . 10 Other towns with population exceedine 250,000.., 13-0 Population from 100,000 to 250,000 Population from 50,000 to 100,000 Population from 14,000 to 50,000 14-2 13-8 13-6 Prdm the above it will be seen that in every one of the towns there has been an increase, the minimum advance being 1 per cent and -the maximum 20 per cent. The COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 241 highest rate of advance was in Lancashire and Cheshire and the lowest in the southern counties of England. The rise in London has been on the whole somewhat less than the mean rise in the other towns investigated.^ INDEX NUMBER OF THE PRICE -OF BREAD. Year. London. Edinburgh. Dublin. 1882, 1892 1900, 1905 1909 1912 142-3 U9-2 100-0 105-8 117-3 111-5 138-6 103-5 100-0 105-3 118-4 118-4 138-1 119-0 100-0 114-3 119-0 123-8 This shows that the price of bread has not advanced as rapidly in London as in Edinburgh and Dublin. Other tables given by the Board of Trade, however, bear out the fact that the rise in prices in London is fairly representative of the whole United Kingdom. MEAN PERCENTAGE INCREASE (+) OR DECREASE (-) IN PREDOMINANT RETAIL PRICES PAID BY THE WORKING CLASSES, BETWEEN OCTOBER, 1905, AND OCTOBER, 1912. Geographical Groups. British Meat. Beef. Mutton Pork. Tea. Sugar. Bacon. Eggs. Londo Middle Zone ,. .' Inner Zone [Outer Zone 'Northern Counties and Cleveland. Yorkshire (except Cleveland) Lancashire and Cheshire Midlands,.., Eastern and East Midland Counties Southern Counties Wales and Monmouth Scotland Ireland '. +11-7 + 9-5 + 9-5 +12-1 +10-1 +10-0 + + 6 + 6 +11 +14 + 3 8-3 7 5 4 4-4 25 +10-5 + 9-0 + 2-3 +10-3 +12-1 +13-5 +14-6 +14-0 +13-2 +13-1 +10-4 +12-7 +15-8 +11-7 + 5-6 Nil. - 2-0 Nil. - 5 -:8-0 - 3-3 - 1-1 -i2-4 - 3-5 -*4-2 -(5-3 - 1-7 Nil. + 2 + 1 - 3 Nil. - - - 1-4 - 1-1 Nil. +0-7 +7-7 +40 +38 +33 +37 +27 +25 +33 +21 +27 +18-3 +21-3 +17-9 -2 (+37-7) -4 (+29-1) -4 (+25-2) -8 (+30-7) -0 (+23-3) •5 (+24-2) -5 (+28-8) ■7 (+15-7) -8 (+23-0) +28-8 +27-8 +18-6 + 6-9 + 6-6 +21-4 +12-1 + 7-0 + 8-6 +31r8 +11-9 +21-0 Cheese. Butter.* Pota- toee. Flour. Bread. Milk. Coal. (Middle Zone London i Inner Zone +19-0 +17-4 +19-7 +19-2 +17-9 + 19-2 +20-5 +17.1 +20-6 +20-8 +17-5 +14-3 +10-0 +10-9 + 9-6 + 10-9 (+10-2) + 11-1 (+ 9-6) + 9-5 (+ 9-2) +10-2 (+10-4) + 9-9 (+ 9-6) +10-9 + 8-3 (+ 7-5) + 7-7 (+6-7 ) + 10-0 +14-0 + 13-5 + 17-1 +42-8 +41-1 +62-6 +50-9 +5P.-3 +27-3 +-30 -5 +3i7-l +59-2 +14-4 +12-0 +14-6 +14-3 +19-1 +16-4 +15-1 +16-0 +12-5 +18-3 +11-2 +13-5 +15-3 +19-5 +14-0 + 9-7 +16-3 +22-3 +15-8 +10-7 +10-2 +18-0 +13-0 + 19-0 Nil. Nil. Nil. + 4-0 +14-7 +10-6 +16-6 + 7-7 + 3-8 +16-5 + 2-9 + 8-0 +16-2 +17-4 --13-7 Northern Counties and Cleveland.. Vorkshire (except Cleveland) +27-4 +18-9 +25-5 Midlands.... +22 Eastern and East Midland Coun- ties +27-7 Southern Counties + 13-7 Wales and Monmouth +15-0 Scotland, +24-1 Ireland.... +25-8 'From a table given in the "Abstract of Labour Statistics" for 1912^ (p. 142), the following figures showing A the increase in the cost of bread in London, Edinburghand DuBlin, are taken (prices in 1900 = 100). ',( *The figures in brackets are those obtained if account be taken only of those descriptions of bacon and butter for which predominant prices are available for both 190^ and 1912. In certain oases, however,' a higher class article has come into use since 1905. 82696—16 242 BOARD OF IKOriEY IXTO The mean percentage changes in the several articles in the 88 towns taken as whole, follows: — Commodity. Percentage Increase {+) o; Decrease l~). Beef, British. . . . Mutton, British. Pork, British . . . Tea Sugar Bacon Eggs Cheese Butter! Potatoes Flour Bread Milk Coal All above comiinodities. + 9 + 6 +12 - 3 - +32' +13' +18. + 9- -1-46 ■ -1-15. +15- + 9- +22- -1-13-7 (&) Other Investigations.- shown in the following tahle:- -The results of certain other recent investigations are Year (1) G. H. Wood. (2) A.L.Bow- ley Co-oper- ative Wholesale Society Mr (4) . G. H. Wood 1 2 3 1900 89 90 91 92 93 92 92 95 97 97 98 97 98 98 99 99 99 99 100 102 102 103 93 93 97-5 94 94 96 96 96-5 98 99 98 100 101 94 95 93 95 99 97 96 94 98 100 101 100 103 97-5 1901 97 1902.... 98 1903 98 1904 99-5 1905 100 1906 105-4 100 1907...: ^ 100 1908 109 -■& 102 1909 , 103 1910.... 1911 113-'3 111 -.2 116-'3 113 ■•4 103 104 1912 105 1913 (1) Prices in 1850 = 100. Article on Real Wages and the Standard of Comfort since 1850.— Journal oftk Royal Statistical Society, 1909. Data obtained largely from Board of Trade Publications. (2) Daily A''eM)s, Oct. 9, 1911. Listof articles not given, quoted in article cited in preceding paragraph. (3) Prices in 1898 = 100. Number of articles, 8. Index number made from prices at wholesale, based on an average weekly family grocery order, compiled by the Cooperative Wholesale Society, Limited, Manchester, England. The commodities included are 1 lb. bacon, 2 lbs. butter, i lb. cheese, 2 lbs. flour. I lb. lard, 1 lb. meal, 4 lbs. sugar and § lb. tea. (i)The course of real wages in London, 1 900-1 91 S— Journal of Royal Statistical Society, December, 1913. Number of articles, 14. Prices 1911 = 100. Column No. 1 based on data obtained from working class firms; Column No. 2 on data from middle class firms; Column No. 3 on data from all firms. The commo- dities included are beef, mutton, pork, bacon, butter, cheese, sjifear, rice, tea, bread, flour and milk. Only very general comparisons are possible from these index numbers, owing to differences in commodities, weighting and base, but it will be seen that the general effect is to show a less rapid rate of advance than that of the Board of Trade; especially is this the case of Mr. Bowley's and Mr. Wood's numbers. COST OF Livma rN gan-ada 243 DIRECT COMPARISONS OF RECENT PRICE TENDENCIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND CANADA. In the foregoing the attempt has been to indicefte in a general way by existing statistical combinations what the advances in the tws countries have been. To make satisfactory comparisons, however, it is necessary to "bring the same articles in each case into juxtaposition. (o) Wholesale Prices. — The statistics of the two countries above referred to include fifty-two articles common to both. The index numbers for these are included in table " A " of the appendix (those for the United Kingdoiji, however, are complete only to 1912). A simple average of the numbers is as follows: — TREND OF WHOLESALE PRICES IN CANADA AND THE UNITED KINGDOM. 1900-1913 Number of Articles, 52* Prices 1900 = 100. 1900 1901 1902 4903 1904 1905 1906 100 '0 100 98-5 99-1 99-5 95-1 100-8 95-0 100-6 95-7 106 1 98-1 109-7 United Kingdom 103-6 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Canada... United Kingdom. 115-7 108-8 111-2 102-0 114-6 102-7 120-0 108-1 122-8 110-3 130-4 113-2 126-6 115-7 *The statistics for all fifty-two articles are in the case of Canada from official sources. In the case of .the United Kingdom, preference -was given to official sources and the statistics for 42 articles are from the Board of Trade reports as follows: barley (two grades), oats (two grades), wheat (two grades), com, flaxseed, bacon, pork, ham, beef, mutton, butter, cheese, eggs, milk, fish, potatoes, rice, chocolate, coffee, tea, sugar, wool, silk, flax, jute, cotton, hides, copper, iron (pig), lead, tin, zinc, coal oil, coal, timber, bricks, whiskey, tobacco, rubber. Of the remainder, the following eight are from Sauerbeck, namely, flour, iron bar, rope, leather, tallow, linseed oil, carbonate of soda, indigo, while two, yarn and cloth, are from the Economist. ■• It will be seen that the rise in wholesale prices according to this showing has been 30 per cent in Canada compared with 15 per cent in the United Kingdom. In both countrfes there was a recession in 1901, but whereas the recovery was almost immediate in Canada it was not until 1905 that it was efPected'in Great Britain. Thereafter, until 1907, the lines went up together. , The recover^ of buoyancy in 1909 after the setback -of 1908 was more marked in Canada. In 19.10 and 1911 the rise was pro- nounced in both countries, but the Canadian advance of 1912 outdistanced the con- temporary rise in the United Kingdom. This last spurt and the steadiness of 1902-04 in Canada accounted for most of the gain which the final Canadian index number shows. Glancing at the record from the standpoint of th^ commodities included : in 1912, 33 of the 32 commodities showed a greater increase in Canada than in the United Kingdom. Generally speaking, animal products, dairy products, potatoes, flour and grains have advanced more rapidly in Canada. Canadian coal advanced in 1912 to 161-5, against a British index number of 76-1; Canadian timber to 146-0 dgainst 98-Y and Canadian bricks to 175-6 against 79-2. Textiles : held about the same rises from 1900 on, but in 1912 raw cotton, raw silk, raw flax, jute, wool and cloth had gone up leas in Canada. Metals averaged about the same: in 1912 copper and lead had the 82696— 16J 244 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO same index numbers in both countries ; English pig iron and iron bar were less buoyant than tbe Canadian, being 87-6 against 106-3, but Canadian tin was only 140-3 against tbe British 15Y-9 and Canadian zinc 105-1 against tbe British 125- 6. (h) Retail Prices. — The official statistics of retail prices of the two countries enable direct comparison to be made between 16 articles of food for the years 1900- 1913. The total index numbers for these, weighted, are given below. The numbers for the individual commodities may be found in the* appendix. Chart to illustrate: Fluctuations in V/holesale S-'Retail pRtCEi. WB 1 1910 IB, )BTt r T. laao lees leao 'ew ' 1900 1 ENT ■■ t -; -\V \ V "^^ \^ / - \V^ ^K - A. X--^.. .y<^ < ^ — . )tf>o7eM/e fl-/c« of WArneJes. IB7/-/S/Z ■ Retail Pricts effoi fin London Arhc^ha. IB77-/S03 Vffiree Arrre/es.tBS2~/i ? ■' (f^ices in 1300 ~ IQL .^«,cAc«V ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 245 WHOLESALE PRICES IN CANADA AND THE U>tfTED KINGDOM, 1900-191'3. Number ql Articles, 52. Prices 19'00 = 100. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1906 1909 1910 1911 1912 1915 IW 128 Cf J3&S, R. y \ \ l?fi \h Itfi \ K inp'^ OIDi / \ 124 / 1&2 J / 120 !_. , / 118 / lift / 114 1 \ / / ---•' 11? / \ / / 1 110 ■ / \ / 1 9 1,08 / 1 1 • 106 / 1 1 1 « t / 104 / 1 t f V \ / 1 10?, / > ■ ■■ \ ^^^, 1 1 100 ^ - / 98 ^ r^ ^. 1 96 > 94 1 — --''" 130 128 126 124 122 120 118 116 114 112 110 lOS 106 104 102 100 98 96 94- 246 BOARD OF INQUIRY IISTO TREND OF RETAIL PRICES IN CANADA AND THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1900-1913. Number of Articles, 16. ic Prices 1900 = 100 1900 1905 1910 1911 1912 1913 Food only- Canada 100 100 100 100-0 110-4 101-3 110-1 96-7 129-7 107 -S 127-9 102-7 139-9 108-5 135-1 103-8 144-4 113-8 140-9 108-4 14S-0 113-8 139-6 Food and coal — Canada* United Kingdom . . . 109-2 •Namely, beef, mutton, pork, bacon, eggs, milk, butter, cheese, bread, flour, oatmeal, rice, sugar coffee, potatoes, tea. In retail prices much the same story is told as in the case of wholesale. The rise has been considerably greater in Canada, say 40-45 per cent compared with 14 per cent. In retail prices, as in wholesale, the Canadian rise of the opening years of the century was not reproduced in Great Britain. In 1910 and 1911 also the Canadian rise was more pronounced. In 1912, however, the rise in England was quite as remarkable as the corresponding rise in Canada. As between 1900 and 1913, eleven of the sixteen commodities rose more rapidly in Canada than in London; of these ^neat products, dairy products, potatoes and flour, show much larger increases; the index number for eggs is respectively 188-7 in Canada and 112-5 in London; pork 16Y-2 against 109-9; bee^, 166-6 against 120-5; potatoes 153-0 against 96-6; and flour 132-0 against 118-5. _0n the other hand, five London index numbers wore higher in 1913, namely bread, oatmeal, rice, sugar and coffee. The total weighted index number, formed from this compiarison, gives a larger increase ia Canada than in London, being respectively 129-Y in Canada in 1910 and lOY-5 in the United Kingdom, 139-9 in Canada in 1911 against 108-5 in the United Kingdom, 144-4 in Canada in 1912 against 113-8 in the United Kingdom, and 145-0 in Canada in 1913 against 113-8 in the United Kingdom. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 247 RBTAILi PRICES OF FOODS IN CANADA AND THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1900-1913. Number of Articles 16. Prices 1900 = 100. S Q- '^ JT ,^ "^ »; oC -CN CN CN CN ^ ^, ^ r^ P^ ~, i 144 / 142 / 140 ca ladi i. 1 r lift im \tP;( \ K1 VipA ?m, / 1S6 / l.'^4 / 151! / 130 / i?a / 126 } 1f^4 / 122 / 120 / 118 / 116 / 114 / J / na / no jI / r / 1 108 / • V ^ ' loe / y^ 104 / * y ^ 103 /. ^„ — __ _ y ' ' _ 100 d8 248 BOARD OF INQUIRY mTO COMPARISON OF PRESENT PRICES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND CANADA. It remains to note, whether actual present prices are higher in the United Kingdom or in Canada. Because prices have advanced more rapidly in Canada than in England it does not necessarily follow, except inferentially, tjiat they are now actually higher. Ill order to throw light on this point four tables are given herewith.^ The first contains the average prices of thirteen fcommodities in eighty-eight towns including London in England,^, and of the sarrie commodities in fifty-five towns in Canada.^ It will be noted that the British prices are for October and the Canadian prices for the whole year. But as October was selected by the Board of Trade as being on the whole the most representative month, this difference, will probably not invalidate the comparison. In addition, a weekly budget has befen worked out in the terms of the British and Canadian prices respectively. It will be seen that the Canadian prices of bread, sugar, cheese and potatoes are considerably 'above the British; mutton, tea, bacon, eggs, flour, butter and milk are slightly higher in Canada; and beef and pork are .lower. The budget works out about 10 per cent higher than in England. The second table gives a comparison of the same, articles in London and Montreal respectively in October, 1912. The London prices of sugar, eggs, cheese, potatoes and bread are considerably below the Montreal prices. Other prices are about the same Montreal beef steak and pork are markedly lower. . The excess of Montreal prices over London amounts to about 17 per cent. 1 The comparison is limited to retail prices. An analysis of wholesale prices based on the offloial statistics of the two countries appears in the subjojned table printed in the " Monetary Times" Annual, 1914. The purpose of the table is to show the "spread " between English and Canadian prices 'in 1900 and 1912, the review being limited to foodstuffs. The table shows that in 1900, Canadian wholesale prices of the articles In question were 74.3 per cent of current English prices, whereas to-day they are 93-8 per cent, Buitish prices are shown by the table to have risen 20 per cent between 1900 and 1912, wherea's Canadian prices hav^ risen during the same interval from a point about 25 per cent below British prices of 1900 to a point about 15 per cent higher than that level. The table shows that for several important articles Can- adia:n prices are the lower. The entire group works out at about 6 per cent lower, and the list of grains is lower to a marked degree. Beef, mutton, milk and cheese also are lower, though ' butter, eggs, bacon, sugar and potatoes are higher. The table, however, is based on wholesale prices, and is somewhat overloaded with raw materials, both of which considerations impair Its value as: directly reflecting cost of living. The consumer Durchases flour, not wheat, oatmeal, not oats, etc., and he buys them at retail, not wholesale prices. 2 Cost of Living of the Working Classes, 1912 (Board "of Trade, Cd. 6955). See also "Ap- pendices to Evidence from the Select Committee on Post Office Servants" (268), 1913. 3 From Appendix 2, p. 86, preceding. (JOHT Of JjyiNO IN CANADA 249 o'C? f.S3 oJN - .2 bo CQCOi-'T-iWffOf/-iWl^Ci0 c CO I •* P3 »0 ^ W W Wy? -^ '£"0 7 ) Oi lO 'C --< I - to OO -O U3 »o -P I ~ I - -f tn) 1^ '-< OS ctj a- r>"^ 'O o o W lO M a> -f -^/j -t^ to I* O CO CO CO ro ^ ic "5 O CO -t^ 'O I - O —< 0> vj '-0 "7 cc 5ioicco*f«-i05'^iy:jc lO CO Q ■ ■ --fl OT pq- a^^^ a (3 250 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO THe third and fourth tables give similar comparisons as between Manchester and Toronto, and Hamilton and Walsall, these being towns occupying about the same relative position in the two countries. It will be seen that the Toronto prices are about 11-5 per cent higher than Manchester and the Hamilton prices about 14-4 per cent higher than Walsall. The tables, of course, are not to be regarded as ttiore than rough indications of the respective price levels. For final comparisons, investigations on the same basis and by the same persons is imperative. BUDGET AT RETAIL PRICES, UNITED KINGDOM* (OCTOBER, 1912) AND CANADA (AVERAGE YEAR, 1912). Commodity. Quantity Consumed Per week Price (per unit). United Kingdom =. d. cents. 8-10 18.3 8-9| 17-7 : 8^9i 18-2 ■ 16-18- 34-5 . 2-2i 4-3 * 10-11 21-3 14-18* 32-9 8-9 17-2 15-16 31-4 • 45-58 104-4 • lf-1^ 305 : 1 -n 2-9 • 3r-4 7-6 Canada Cost per week. United Kingdom Canada Beef, lb., Mutton, lb Pork, lb Tea, lb Sugar, granulated, lb Bacon, lb Eggs, doz ; Cheese, lb Butter, lb Potatoes, per 90 lbs,. Plour, lb Bread, lb Milk, per qt 4 lbs. 2 lbs. 2 lbs. 41b. 6 lbs. 1 lb. 2 doz: 2 lbs. 3 lbs. 2pks. 10 lbs. 15 lbs. 6qts. cents 17-4 17-8 17-5 35-6 6'5 22-5 34-3 20-1 31-7 145 3-4 40 8-3 cents 73-2 35'4 36-4 17-2 25-8 - 21-3 65-8 34-4 94-2 34-8 30-5 43-4 45-6 }5 58 cents 69-6 35-6 35-0 17-8 39-0 22-5 68-6 40-2 95-1 48-3 34-0 60-0 49-8 $6 15 *Irish eggs. COST OP LIVING IN CANADA 251 K J) M c aj S o a ? R S 3) o e. S C 03 L, t3 * T* 1 "-H I C^ •T' ■ CTs r-l -* CO ^^ ■* —■ --I 00 u3 (» cn'-'oo ""^ N CI t-H i-H W HMO --H W Ol CO CI O »^ N Ji --— 'c oil il,M o o f^^ (SI t^ od O g 3 T3 fttf gs per tatoes k per r7 1b. bi) o;-- 03 H^j^fe lllpsliillllii 252 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO BUDGET AT RETAIL PRICES, MANCHESTER AND TORONTO. OCTOBER, 1912. Commodity. Quantity Consumed per Week. Price (per uni t). Cost per (Veek. Manchester. Toronto, cents. Manchester cents. Toronto =. d. •cents. cents. Steak, lb 2 1b. 2 1b. lib. lib. 2 1b. 41b. 61b. lib. 2doz. 21b. 3 1b. 2 pks. 101b. 15 1b. 6 qts. 11—13* 8— 9t 9— lOJ* 6-6it 9i— 10 16 2— 2i 10—12 18tt 16 12-14 45-63 U li 3i-4 24-3 17-2 19-8 12-7 19-8 32-4 .4-31 22-30 36-48 17-2 26-4 '109-5 3-0 2-5 *7-6 48-6 34-4 19-8 12-7 38-6 16-2 25-86 22-3 73-0 34-4 79-2 36-5 30-0 37-5 45-6 Steak, lb 22-5 90 16-5 17- 300 5-55 20-0 37-5 22-0 32-5 125-0 3- 3- 10- 33-0 Pork, fresh, lb . . 34-00 Tea, lb.... Sugar, granulated, lb Bacon, lb- ... . 15- 33-3 20-0 Eggs, dozen 75-0 44- Butter, lb, '. 97-5 41-7 Flour, lb 30-0 Bread, lb 45-0 60-0 15-54 $6-18 'British, timported. {Irish eggs. BUDGET AT RETAIL PRICES, WALSALL AND HAMILTON. OCTOBER, 1912. Commodity. Quantity Consumed per Week. Price (per unit). WalsaU. cents. Hamilton cents. Cost per Week. Walsall cents. Hamilton cents. Beef, lb Beef, lb Mutton, lb Mutton, lb Pork, fresh, lb ^ Tea, lb Sugar, lb Bacon, lb . •. Eggs, dozen Cheese, Canadian, lb Butter, lb Potatoes, per 90 lb . . . Flour, lb Bread, lb. MUk, quart 2 lb. 2 1b. lib. lib. 2 1b. ilb. 6 1b. lib. 2 doz. 2 1b. 31b. 2 pks. 101b. 151b. 6 qts. 7-8 t 9-10* 5-6 t 8-8i 16-18 li-2 91-11 1- i 8 14-15 4- 6 1-43 1-37 4 i 24-33 15-21 19-26 11-15 16-73 •34-47 3-80 20-78 > 24-33 16-22 29-40 109-5 2-90 .2-78 .8-11 23-0 18-20 17-18 25-40 6^-7 22-0 32-38 18-22 30-32 90- 3- 3i 30-42 19-26 11-15 33-46 17-23 22-80 20-78 48-66 32-44 88-20 36-50 29-00 41-70 48-60 $5-29 92-0 38-0 35- 16-2 40-5 22-0 70-0 40- 93- 30- 30- 50- 48- *British. timported. {Foreign. COST OF LIVING IN CAN'ADA 253 (ll). THE UNITED STATES, (1) Wholesale Prices. — The course of wholesale 'prices in the United States is shown in the accompanying table by means of three index numbers: (1) that of the Bureau of Labour Statistics, which includes 255 coitimodities, of which 54 are raw materials and the remainder manufactured articles; f2) the Gibson index number, a continuation of Duns from 1907, including 22 foods; and (3) Bradstreet's index number, representing 106 raw and manufactured articles. All three show a general fall from 1890 to 1897, and a pronounced rise from ihat year to the present.^ The Labour Bureau's index number and Bradstreet's foUqw nearly the same fluctuations, reaching their highest points in 1913; the Gibson number has fluctuated more violently, reaching its highest point in 1912. The Gibson number, however, being representative only of foods, is comparable rather with the food groups of th^ more inclusive num- bers. Thus the food group of the Labour Bureau's number rose to 133-9 in 1912 and fell to 131'- 6 in 1913 compared with a rise on the part of the Gibson number to 141 -Y in 1912 and a recession to 131 • 5 in 1913. The 20 " f arfa products " of the departmental number went even higher, but the other groups all showed less extreme fluctuations. There is a general similarity in the method of grojiping employed by the Canadian and the' United States departments, and more the impbrtant tendencies as between the two countries may be distinguished by comparing the tjvo sets of figures. The general index number for the United States was steadily higher than the Canadian between 1900 and 1911, after which the latter forged ahead. Among the groups there appears general similarity of movement where the constituent elements are at all similar, as in metals, building materials, drugs and chemicals, aiid house furnishings. 1 Average wholesale prices in the United States aocordiiSg to the latest report of the Bureau of Labour "declined each year from 1890 to 1897, or eight years of constantly falling prices. From 1898 to 1913 was a period of advancing prices with 6nly four of the 16 years showing a decrease from the prices of the previous year. These four years were 1901, 1904, 1908 and 1911. The decline of the 1908 prices from those of 1907 were heavier than the decline in 1901, 1904 or 1911. The extent of the recession in 1911 was nearly the same as in 1901, slightly more than in 1904, and much less than in 1908. Prices advanced sharply in 1912 and again slightly in 1913 to the highest point reached in the 24 years covered by this compilation. The lowest year of the 24-year period was 1897." 254 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Q <1 << CO O CO O S O cq & :? Q (I4 f ^ -3UI3IJOA1 UI S3I0T')I'B SnOIJBA aqi JO uopiJransuoa sS^jsa^ sq:j o^ aiiipjooOB pa^qSiaAi saiBig pa^'iufi &j\% UI p'ooj JO sapt^jo jx JO -laqninu xapuj .■jrioq^rj JO (juam^JBdaQ ■sa^'G^g p3:jia0 gq^ ui pooj JO s8]Dt:jj'B sx jo giaquinii xapui av(% jo 33bi3ab axdraig ^, ■ inoq'B'j JO luara^jj^aaQ ' . ^•sai^ipouiuioo xis puB pajpnnij auQ •Haaj^spBjg OSTJHaaT-HCQCQ-^caooosOc^co^QOOOONMCqoaQOt^so wt>-OOt>-t>.iO(Mt--c£3QOOTHmCOOOaaTt100ffOC^t>-Tj(co "At^U5.-(fr-D^^OOO^eOt-e00001-QOi— 1»nOO(MiHOONOSOO030S000000Q0000SOCiOOOOi-'i-i'-''-Hi-HrHNCt^^050S'-HOOOQOOOOOiOOOOOCOQOMI>»COIOU50S O 03 OS 03 03 00 C1Q.QO COOO^OiOOO^'— (*-i^.--(CMN QO 01 Tt* OS CO OS ec «o l>- eo O «0 00 CD CO OS c— C- »0 CO Cfl SO r3osoD^C'03<©«0'— i-ira-*t--'^mi>.^HcOtOt- Aoooooot^e—ooooosOftoososasobosooosanosoooo 1—1 r-l .-H .-H r-1 <33l>.OOOCieOoOi-iOO«ftOOSl>.aOf-iTj(T-«cni-iOT»<300iM »neooooocO'-HOooe^ r-*ooM»fl«cC''*.eoiOcoi>-^^ur30-0'-H(M03^co eoos ^ o OOOiODOOt—t— t^l>-I>-CnO0S0S050iO^^OOO0SOO CD OS r- l>- IC O »5i/^ OSOSOOO'-liJ^t--OrHt^cqOSOOeOCOI>- eDTHC0Nc0i-HCO0100e0O00-HC00SOCT)^HC0cDC0i-HOI>- COQOCOOOI>-COQOt~-l>.OOOOai-iCqOCiO--tOOOOT-ir-« coo'?i-H"*caoo»pcoMf«coeo>coiOios'>*<»C''i- ■© -4^ C3 o o eo ^*io i>.oo4<*cdiM-<*T--l>-i-HOcDOS C3D to C0(M»0'-H0SOr^C0'-' O"— lOOsoooOC'-r-ooOsOO'— 'O^Hi— ii-fC^CMCQiraTjimus 0^-^cqeoTJ^^ccd)^^coc^io.-^M^:lrt^^cco"^^ooo^Or-^(^^co OsosasosOsosoiOioaoaCSOOOOOOOOOi— It— t'-^'"' ODoooooooooooooDooooasoaasoaos.cncnosososojaiOso^ COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 255 (a) Barley, cattl6. (&) Corn, cotton, flaxseed, hay, hides, hogs (2), hops, horses, mules, oats, poultry, rye, sheep (2), tobacco, wheat. (&) Beans, ibread (4), butter (3), canned goods (3), cheese, coffee, eggs, flsh (4), flour (4), fruit (4), glucose, lard, meal (2), meat (9), milk, molasses, poultry, rice, salt, soda, spices, starch, sugar (2), tallow, tea, vegetables (3), vinegar. (c) Bags, blankets (2). boots and shoes (4), broadcloths, calico, carpets (3), cotton flannels (2), cotton thread, cotton yarns (2), denims, drillings (2), flannels, ginghams (2), horse blankets, hosiery (3), leather (4), linen shoe thread, overcoatings (2), print cloths, sheetings (6). shirtings (4), silk (2), suitings (4), tickings, trouserings, underwear (2), women's dress goods (6), wool (2), worsted yarns (2), (d) Candles, coal (7), coke, matches, petroleum (3). (c) Augers, axes, bar iron (2), bait wire, butts, chisels, copper (3), door knobs, flies, hammers, lead, lead pipe, locks, nails (2), pig iron (4), planes, quicksilver, saws (2), shovels, silver, spelter, steel billets, steel rails, steel sheets, tin, tin plates, trowels, vises, wood screws, zinc. (/) Brick, carbonate of lead, cement (2), doors, hemlock, lipie, linseed oil, maple, oak (2), oxide of zinc, pine (4), plate glass (2), poplar, putty, rosin, shingles (2), spruce, tar, turpentine, window glass (2). (.0) Alcohol (2), alum, brimstone, glycerine, muriatic acid, opium, quinine, sulphuric acid. (7i) Earthenware (3), furniture (4), glassware (3), table cutlery (2), wooden- ware (2). (i) Cottonseed meal^ cottonseed oil, jute, malt, paper (2), proof spirits, rope, rubber, soap, starch, tobacco (2). § In continuation of Dun's Index Number. It includes, wheat, flour (2), barley, oats, corn, corn meal, potatoes, rye, sugar (2), coffee, tea, beef (3,), mutton (2), pork, bacon, hams, butter, t Breadstuffs, livestock, provisions and groceries, fruits, hides and leather, textiles, metals, coal and coke, oils, naval stores, building materials, drugs and chemicals, miscellaneous. The original number is constructed by adding together the prices of 1 pound of each commodity. This gives undue prominence to high priced articles. The fact that silver, silk, etc., have de- clined rapidly in recent years probably accounts for the pmall rise in the number, which, at January 1, 1914, stood at 110.8. * Sirloin steak, round steak, rib roast, pork chops, bacon smoked, ham smoked, lard (pure), hens, flour, wheat, corn meal, eggs (strictly fresh), butter (creamery), potatoes (Irish), sugar (granulated), milk (fresh). (2) Betail Prices. — The index numbers of retail prices herewith given are the weighted and unweighted numbers of the United States Bureau of Labour Statistics. As at present computed, the number is based on priejes of 15 articles of food,'- with anthracite and bituminous coal and household gas, in '40 of the most important indus- trial cities of the United States. The data, is obtained from approximately Y60 retail stores, 140 bakeries, 250 retail coal dealers, and C5 gas companies. The 40 cities repre- sent 32 states.^ On the whole the American retail price record sliows a more rapid advance than the Canadian between 1900 and 1913, viz., 58 per cent .compared with 38 per cent. The rise has been steady and the widening of the " spread " between the two persistent. The American number, of course, contains only about half £ts many articles as the Canadian. This fact gives a preponderating importance to the influence of meat prices, in which the rise during recent years has been very marked in the United States. In 1913, bacon was 104-8 per cent higher than in 1900; pork chops, 96-3 per cent, and round steak 81-7 per cent. The meat product which lias advanced the least is lard, yet this has gone up 58-8 per cent. Intervening come 'i^oasting beef, hams, and sirloin , steak. Eggs have also showed a rapid advance, 76-4 per cent. Other advances are, butter, 51-2 per cent, potatoes 63 0, milk, 40-2, flour 34-7, corn meal 68-3, and hens 72-5. Only one commodity was lower on the average in 1913 than in 1900, namely, Sugar, which wa.s down 8 ■ 3 per cent. 1 Namely, sirloin steak, rib roast, pork chops,, bacon smoked, lard, hens, wheat, flour, corn, milk, .eggs, starch, creamery butter, potatoes and granulated sugar. The weights used in the second number represent average working class consumption as revealed by an investigation conducted by the Bureau in 1901. (Eighteenth Annual Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Labour. ) ' 2 The method of collection at present followed by the Bureau was only recently adopted. From 1890 to 1907 thirty articles were included in the index number in a varying number of cities in 33 states. In order to make the results continuous the index number for each com- modity in 1907 "was found by proportion," i.e., raised or lowered according to the increase or decrease compared with the average of the prices for 190?;, from the same number of returns. (Bulletin of the U.S. Bureau of Labour, No. 77, July, 1908, page 213.) 256 BOARD OF INQVIRT I-NTO DIRECT COMPARISON OF RECENT PRICE TENDENCIES IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES. (1) Wholesale Prices. — The official statistics of the two countries include 135 articles common to both. Of these, 84 have gone up in both countries, but 46^ have gone up faster in Canada than in the United States, while 38^ have gone up faster in the United States than in Canada. Altogether 2d articles have gone down in both countries; in the case of 10' of these the declines hate been more marked in Canada than in the United States, whereas in 10* others the reverse was the case. In five" cases the tendency was the same. In the remaining 26' articles, the price tendency has varied, being upward in one country and downward in the other. The final com- parative index number is as follows: — THEND of wholesale prices in CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES, 1900-1913. No. of articles, 135. Prices 1900=100. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 {.905 1906 1907 1 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Canada. . . United States... 100- 100- 100-8 99-1 101-9 103-9 102-8 103-3 103-6 102-8 107-8 104 -.5 110-8 110-8 116-2f 117-6 112-7 110-0 113-6 113-2 117-5 118-0 120-0 118-4 128-0 122-6 127-7 119-6 1 Namely, hay, rye, wheat, beef, cattle, sheep, eggs, milk, salmon, beans, potatoes, flour (two lines), rice, coffee, salt, denim, ticking, shirting, saxony, gingham (tw6, lines), leather (three lines), boots and shoes (three lines), stei^l billets, coal, bituminous (two lines), pine,' shingles, maple, oak, bricks, white lead, kitchen chairs, kitchen tables, alcohol, alum, glycerine, malt, rqge and starch. 2. The articles which have gone up faster in the United States than in Canada are as follows; barley, corn, bacon, ham, hogs, lard, mutton, pork, butter (two lines), cheese, cod fish, salted herring, apples, prunes, prints, bread, glucose, jute, flannelette, hides, tallow, spelter, tin, zinc, axes, vices, coal (anthracite), coal oil, pine (two lines), spruce, lime, tar, rosin, pails, brimstone, opium. 3- Namely, flax, raisins, currants, soda, bicarbonate of copper, silver, cement, turpentine, table cutlery, alcohol. — 4. Namely, granulated sugar, iron, common ba^-; coke, na'ils (two lines), wire, iron, linseed oil, tumblers, quinine, paper. 5- Namely, cotton, upland middling; silk (raw) (two lines), wire, rubber. * 6- Namely, oats, mackerel salted, onions, biscuits, tea, mplasses, pepper, vinegar, wool, yarn, pig iron, tinplates, lead, screws, coal oil, matches, lead pipe, putty, window glass, bedroom sets, cups and saucers, dinner Sets, tubs, muriatic acid, sulphuric acid, tobacco. COST OF LIVING IN GAN'ADA 257 WHOLBSALB PRICES IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES, 1900-1913. Number of Articles, 135. Pri^g^ i„ 1900:^100. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 l-§0*9 ■ 1910 1911 1912 1913 128 1 126 ~ 1 ' 124 122 ca nad 1. \ 120 Un Ite I fit ate Pin 1/ \ \ 118 /■ 1 1 > 116 1 If f lU \ / 112 \ \ / f 110 i 1 \ \ / / lOR /l 106 / ^ 1 / 104 / / f 10?, / / ^< f X 100 ^ 9A 1 96 128 126 124 122 120 118 116 114 112 110 108 106 104 102 100 98 96 It will be seen that the trend of wholesale prices in the two countries has been very similar, though the lines var,y slightly in direction from time to time. In 1906, after a somewhat more erractic course in the United Stated, they came together on exactly the same level compared with 1900. The setback to .commodity prices following the financial crisis of 1907 was apparently more severe in the United States, the drop in the line having been 7-6 points compared with 3-5 in Canada. Ever since 1909, in fact, the Canadian line has remained above that of tlje United States. The boom of 1912 was more pronounced in Canada, sending the line up 8 points as compared with 4-2 in the United States. The subsequent decline was also less marked here than in the neighbouring republic. The whole story of the accompanying diagram, in short, except during 1912, seems to be that prices obey the same general influences but. that they move more conseryatively in Canada than in the*United States. 82696—17 258 BOARD OF INQUIR7 INTO (2) Retail Prices. — The official statistics of retaii prices of Canada and the United States enable direct comparison to be made of the course followed by 11 articles of food from 1900 to 1913, namely, sirlion steak, roasting beef, fresh pork, smoked bacon, pure lard, fresh eggs, creamery butter, milk, flour, granulated sugar and potatoes. Weighted index numbers showing the course of these articles taken together in the two countries are as follows: TREND OF RETAIL, PRICES IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES, 1900-1913. No. of articles, 11. Prices 1900=100. 1 1900 1905 1910 1911 1912 1913 i -100-0 100-0 111-9 113-9 135-2 139-9 147-0 141 148-4 150-S 1.51-9 United States ....... 1.1.5-5 The cost of living on this showing has gone up somewhat faster since 1900 in the United States than in Canada, except during the past two years. Between 1900 and 1905, the United States number went up 13-9 points while the Canadian number advanced 11-9. In the ensuing 5 years the United States number advanced 26 points while the Canadian number advanced 23-3 points. In 1910, however, the United States nimiber went up only 1-1 points while the Canadian number went up 11-8 points. The lead which the Canadian number gained by this advance in 1911 was lost in 1912, during which year the United States number went up 9-8 points while the Canadian number moved up only 1-4. In 1913 again the American number went up 4-7 points while the Canadian number went up only 3-4 points. The number of articles included in the comparison is, of course, limited. Of the eleven commodities included in the conrparison six rose more rapidly in the United States than in Canada. Fresh pork nearly doubled in price in the United States, whereas the advance in Canada was about t^o-thirds. Bread went up 60 per cent in the United States compared with 40 per cent in Canada, butter 51 per cent in the United States compared with 39 per cent in Canada, flour 35 per cent compared with 32 per cent, and potatoes 63 per cent compared vsrith 53 per cent. The five remain- ing commodities which went up faster in Canada than in the United States were sirloin steak, with an advance of Yl per cent, in Canada compared with 60 per cent in the United States, roasting beef 61 per cent in Canada against 57 per cent in the United Sta,tes, eggs 92 per cent compared with 76 per cent, milk 49 per cent compared with 40 per cent and sugar 5 per cent compared with a ddcline of 8 per cent in the United States. COMPARISON OF PRESENT PRICES m THE UNltED STATES AND CANADA. The table herewith exhibits a budget of 11 commodities worked out in average prices as in December, 1913, of the United States and Canada. As already explained, the United States figures represent the average for 40 cities and the Canadian the average for 56 cities. The list of commodities includes all that are common to the ofiicial Statistics of the two countries. It will be seen that the Canadian prices of potatoes and butter are considerably lower, and the prices of sirloin steak, pork chops and bacon slightly lower, than the American; the Canadian and American prices of chuck roast and milk are the same, while the American prices of lard, eggs, flour and sugar are by a good margin below the Canadian. The budget works out at about 4 per cent higher in the United States C08T OF LIVING IN CANADA 259 RETAIL, PRICES OF POODS IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES, 1900-1913. Number of Articles, 11. Prtoes In 1900 = 10'0. G "* ^ •-« «2 «r> S <>S OS ON o% oj 154 / ' 1S4 152 —r t 153 150, 1 V « 150 148 cai iade • J r 148 146 Un tti iSt ate i. — — - _ «^ « 1 146 144 1 1 144 1*2 \ 1 14?l 140 I 140 1 U8 i 1 1 15ft 136 / 136 134 " ' 1 ' 134 132 / / 132 130 / t i 1 130 126 / ise 126 / / 1 126 124 . \ 7 1$« 122 1 i izs 120 h • 12i» 118 y / ® lis 116 / f 116 114 " 114 112 / 1 112 lio 4 ■/ 110 108 '> f • 109 106 // / § 108 104 ■ 7 10«, 102 / / /. - 103 100 / ^00 260 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO than in Canada. It is to te remembered, of course, iliat the character of the localities represented is different, the Canadian average reflecting a considerable number of towns of 10,000-20,000 population whereas the American list is confined to large cities. That prices tend to be about the same in the two countries is borne out by an examination of the figures for neighbouring cities. The differences which exist in grades and standards make close comparisons perilous. Eastern Canadian cities com- pared with Boston have somewhat lower prices. The larger Ontario cities in turn are a shade higher than the neighbouring American cities, and this tendency naturally becomes more marked in the West. As already stated, however, close comparisons of this kind to be final require data of a different sort than those herewith available. BUDGET AT RETAIL PRICES I]^T THE UNITED STATES* AND CANADAf. IN DECEMBER, 1913. Commodity. Quantity Consumed per Week. Price (per unit). ■U.S. Canada. • cents. cents. Cost per Week. U.S. cents. Canada cents. Sirloin steak, lb Chuck roast, lb Pork chops, lb Bacon, IB Lard, lb Eggs, doz Butter, lb Milk, qt Flour; 25 lb. bag Sugar', granulated, lb Potatoes, peck 2 1b. 2 1b. 2 1b. lib. 21b. 2 doz. 31b. 6qts. 101b. 61b. 2 pks. 25-6 15-9 •20 .6 27-5 15-8 44-9 401 9:1 78-3 5-3 27-5 23-3 15-9 20-5 26- 18-4 49-4 35-4 91 82-5 S-5 18-5 Sl-2 31-8 41'2 27-5 31-6 89-8 120-3 54-6 31-3 31-8 55-0 $5- 46-6 31-8 41-0 26-0 36-8 98-8 106-2 54-6 33-0 33-0 37-0 $5-45 'Average prices in 40 representative cities in United States. fAverage prices in fifty-six cities in Canada. BUDGET AT RETAIL PRICES IN BOSTON AND MONTREAL IN DECEMBER, 1913. Commodity. Quantity consumed per week. Price (per unit.) BostOD. Cents. Montreal. Cents. Cost per Week. Boston- Cents. Montreal. Cents. Sirloin steak, lb.. Chuck roast, lb.. Pork chops, lb. . . Bacon, lb Lard, lb Eggs, doz Butter, lb Milk, qt Flour, 25-lb. bag Sugar, lb Potatoes, peck.. . 2 lbs. 2 lbs. 2 lbs. lib. 2 lbs. 2 doz. 3 lbs. 6 qts. 10 lbs. 6 lbs. 2 pecks 36-2 16-2 22-0 24-4 15-8 57-2 38-1 8-9 88-7 5-3 25-8 23-0 12-5 19-5 240 200 75-0 32-5 10-0 850 5-0 25-0 72-4 32-4 44-0 24-4 31-6 114-4 114-3 53-4 35-5 31-8 51-6 $6.06 46-0 25-0 39-0 24-0 40-0 150-0 97-5 60-0 34-0 30-0 60-0 S5.96 COt^T OF LIT ISO fX C.\^':^DA 261 BUDGET AT RETAIL PRICES IN BUFFALO, N.Y., AND TORONTO IN DECEMBER 1913. • Commodity. Sirloin steak, lb. Ghuck roast, lb.. Pork chops, lb.. . Bacon, lb Lard, lb Eggs, doz Butter, lb Milk.qt Flour, 25-lb. bag. Sugar, lb Potatoes, peck. . . Quantity consumed per week. 2 lbs. 2 lbs. 2 lbs. lib. albs. 2 doz. 3 lbs. 6qts. 10 lbs. 6 lbs. 2 lbs. Price (per unit.) Bu&alo. C6ftts. 21-8 -15 '2 17-7 20-8 14 47 39 ^6-2. Toronto. Cents. 27-5 170 200 23 5 18-0 52-5 300 100 67-5 50 28-7 Cost per Week. Buffalo. Cents. 43-6 30-4 35-4 20-8 28-4 94'4 117-9 48-0 28-9 31-2 52-4 $5.^1 Toronto. Cents. 550 340 400 23-5 360 105 900 600 270 300 57-4 $5.58 BUDGET AT RETAIL PRICES IN WINNIPEG AND THE AVERAGE OF RETAIL PRICES PRICES IN ST. PAUL AND MINNEAPOLIS IN DECEMBER, 1913. Qnantity consumed per Week. Price (per Unit). Cost per Week. Commodity. St. Paul & Minne- apolis. Gents. Winnipeg. Cents. St. Paul & Minne- apolis. Cents. Winnipeg. Cents. Steak, sirloiiK lb. 2 lbs. 2 lbs. 2 lbs. lib. 2 lbs. 2 doz. 3 lbs. 6qts. 10 lbs. 6 lbs. 2 lbs. 2S-4 15-0 17-1 25-7 15-2 38-3 36-9 T,8 69-5 .5-1 21-9 4 250 160 22-0 35-0 18-0 45-0 35-0 10-0 80-0 6-5 250 44-8 30-0 34-2 25-7 30-4 76-6 110-7 46-8 27-8 30-6 43-8 50-0 Chuck roast, lb. 32-0 Pork chops, lb 44-0 35-0 Lard,lb...,, .' 36-0 90-0 Butter, lb.. 105-0 Milk,qt.. Flour, 25-lb. bag Sugar, lb . . 60-0 32-0 39-0 Potatoes, peck 50-0 $5.01 $5.73 (in). — OTHER BRITISH DOHINIONS — AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND, SOUTH AFRICA AND INDLi. (1) Australia. The Labour and Industrial Branch of the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics has carried out a thorough investigation into the course of prices and the cost of living during recent years. The results are presented under four headings. (1) An initial inquiry into household incomes and expenditures in 1911 yielded some interesting data, though insufficient for general, conclusions.^ It disclosed the fact that the distribution of the family expenditures in Australia is as follows : rent, 16-3 per cent; food, 28-4 per cent; clothing, 12-3 per cent; fuel and lighting, 3-4 per cent; and other items, 39-6 per cent — a valuable guide in the subsequent investigations into prices. 1 Prices, Price Indexes, and Cost of Diving in Australia. (Report No. 1) pp. 11-15. 262 BOARD OF INQUIRY mTO (2) The first of the prices investigations covered "retail prices, house rents and the cost of living."! The retail prices of 46 articles^ (18 being classified as groceries, 7 under the heading of dairy produce, and 21 as meats) were obtained in each quarter of each year back to 1901 in the capital tov^n of each of the six states. The index numbers based on these statistics follow: — INDEX NUMBERS* OF RETAIL PRICES IN METROPOLITAN TOWNS" IN AUSTRALIA 1901 to 1912. (Base Prices in 1911 = 100.) Year. Groceries Dairy Produce. Meat. All 1901 100 102-5 103.8 95-2 107-1 i05-4 96-8 106-9 106-6 109-2 109-2 120-7 100 113-0 106-0 92-2 98-1 98-8 101-1 114-5 108-2 105-6 105-8 120-3 100 113-6 105-4 97-3 96-1 95-6 97-5 97-1 94-5 93-0 90-8 101-8 100-0 1902 t 108-6 1903. 104-8 1904 95-1 1905. 101-4 1906 100-8 1907 98-2 1908. 106-1 1909 103-6 1910 103-4 1911 102-8 1912.. 115-0 1913 112-7 *These index numbers are average percentages, weighted according to consumption and population in each case. **Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth and Hobart. The rise in retail prices in Australia since 1901 has apparently been in the neigh- bourhood of 13 per cent. There was a rapid move upward in 1902, but a drop in 1904. The year 1908 again was high, but 1911 saw little change from 1900. A very rapid rise (14 per cent) took place in 1912 with a recession in 1913. In groceries, a rapid rise appeared in 1912. In dairy produce, prices w^e high in 1902, 1908 and 1912, which were years of drought; prices were lowest in this group in 1904, a year of low prices for groceries and meat. Meats showed rises in the drought years. It should be added that a more comprehensive investigation embracing 30 towns throughout Australia begun in 1911 shows that cost of living was- practically stationary as between 1912 and 1913. Groceries and dairy products have de'cflined, but meats and house rents have gone up. The following table of index numbers illustrates this : — 1 Prices, Price Indexes, and Cost of Living in Australia. (Report No. 1) pp. 15-42. 2 Bread, flour (ordinary), tea, coffee, sugar, rloe, sago, jam, oatmeal, raisins, currants, starch, blue, candles, soap, potatoes, onions, kerosene, milk, butter, cheese, eggs, bacon middles, bacon shoulder, ham, b»ef sirloin, rib, flank, shin, steak rump, shoulder, buttock, cornered round, brisket with bone, brisket without bone^ mutton leg, shoulder, loin, neck, chops loin, chops leg, chops neck, pork leg, loin, belly, chops. COST OF LITINO IN GANA-DA 263 COST OF LIVING INDEX NUMBERS, (Retail Prices and Rents in Thirty Towns in Australia, 1912 and 1913.) (Average for the year 1912=100-0.) 1912 January-March April-June July-September October-December 1913 January-March. ... April-June July-September — October-December Groceries, 100-0 93-5 97-8 102-6 106-1 92-8 94-0 94-8 92-2 90-2 D^ry Procluce 100-0 97-7 104-8 102.-7 9^-8 970 97-9 100^4 95-4 94,-3 Meat 100-0 89-1 93-8 110-8 106-7 104- 103- 104- 105- 103-4 House Rents 100-0 96-8 99-2 101-8 102-0 104-8 103-4 104-7 105-1 106-1 All 100-0 94-7 98-8 103-7 102-7 100-0 99-8 101-2 EougUy comparing the above Australian index numbers (of 46 foods in 6 cities) with the corresponding Canadian index numbers of prices at retail (of 29 foods in 56 localities) the latter would seem to have advanced jnore rapidly than the former. For the final year the Canadian index number of 144-1 compares with an Australian number of 112-7. The more exact comparison on a later page, however, somewhat lessens this disparity. The following table of current retail prices in metropolitan cities in 1912 (being the latest official statistics available), will enable some interesting comparisons between Canada and Australia : — RETAIL PRICES IN METROPOLITAN CITIES, AUSTRALIA, 1912. Weighted Article.^ Quantity. Sydney. Mel- bourne. Brisbane . Adelaide. Perth. Hobart, Average , of 30 cities. s. d. s, d. s. d. =• u^- s. d. s. d. s. d. Bread 2 lbs. 25 lbs. 3-4 2 10-9 3-0 2 71 3-5 3 21 ^•5 2 '9-6 3-5 2 8-4 3 5 3 0-9 3-3 Flour 2 9-8 Tea.. per lb. 1 4-1 1 6-3 2-8 1 2-7 1 6-6 2-9 1 4-4 1 7-1 3-0 1 4-5 1 «-2 2-9 1 3-8 1 7-3 30 1 3-4 1 6-0 3-0 1 3-8 Coffee. 1 6-5 Sugar 2-9 Rice .". " 2-8 2-8 2-6 3,-3 2-9 3-0 2-9 Sago.. 14 1b. 2-9 3-0 5-6 30 1 8-6 2-9 2-8 5-3 3-6 1 41 2-8 2-8 5-5 2-4 1 11-4 ■3-2 2-9 5-5 2.-6 1 6-5 3 2-9 5-9 2-9 1 9-8 3-2 2-8 6-0 3-1 1 7-2 3-0 2-9 Starch. 5-6 Soap 3-1 Potatoes 1 7-4 Onions per lb. 2-2 2-0 2-1 2-3 2-4 2-6 2-2 Kerosene gallon 1 0-8 1 0-3 1 0-7 1 2-1 1 0-5 1 -2-6 1 1-4 MUk quart per lb. 50 1 3-2 4-6 1 3-7 4-8 1 3-6 6-0 1 i4-8 6-9 1 4-4 5-0 1 3-8 5-1 Butter 1 3-6 Cheese.. per doz , per lb. 11.7 1 6-9 11-2 11-4 1 5-4 1 0-2 111 1 5-6 10-6 11-5 1 'a-9 M-5 11-8 1 8-4 1 0-7 11-7 1 4-4 11-1 11-6 Eggs..,. 1 5-7 Bacon, middle. . . 11-6 Ham t 1 0-3 6-2 8-4 1 0-6 6-4 8-9 1 2-3 4-4 6-3 1 0-3 '5-8 S-l 1 19 7-5 11-7 1 1-2 6-8 8-6 1 0-8 Beef... 6-2 Fresh sirloin steak 8-5 Rump steak t 4-3 4-6 3-7 4-5 7-0 5-5 4-7 Shoulder steak... . ' 4-3 5-2 3-7 4-9 7-0 6-3 50 Buttock mutton.. . • 4-1 4-3 4-6 4-4 7-7 5-6 4-7 I*g mutton ' 3-5 3-4 3-1 3-6 6-6 4-7 3-8 Shoulder Chops. . , ' 4-9 4-9 5-1 l5-3 8-1 6-2 5-3 Leg chops t 4-2 3-6 5-1 4-- 4 6-5 51 4-4 Neck pork 8-0 6-7 7-0 7-3 9-0 6-5 7-4 Leg pork chops..,. (( 8-9 7-7 7-9 8-2 9-6 7-3 8-2 264 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO (3) Tlie third investigation covers virholesale prices in Melbourne markets.^ The comfliodities (80 in number up to 1911, thereafter 92) are chiefly raw materials, dis- tributed in 8 groups. Back to 1890 the index numbers are shovm in the accompanying table : — AUSTRALIAN WHOLESALE INDEX NUMBERS BY GROUPS. All Metals Jute, Agri- Dairy Build- Com- and leather, cultural pro- Grocer- ing Chemi- modi- Year. coal etc. pro- duce ies Meat mater- cals ties (1) (2) ducts (3) (4) (5) (6) ials (7) (8) to- gether (weight ed). 1890 134-5 85-9 85-3 82-1 72-1 69-1 77-5 78-1 80-8 89-5 105-8 98-3 92-9 90-9 83-7 79-4 86-9 81-9 79-3 83-2 145-3 145-6 138-1 118-6 91-6 104-4 158-7 151-2 130-8 95-3 131-1 . 118-7 127-2 100-4 84-4 84-9 104-4 111-9 123-3 97-1 103-3 •99-3 95-9 99-4 101-7 97-7 .98-2 97-1 ;96-2 •96-5 86-2 76-0 77-1 69-8 59-5 .58-3 691 91-7 93-4 82-1 96-5 85-6 77-2 81-1 80-2 86-6 85-6 84-0 92-9 88-3 137-9 131-4 126-5 1121 102-7 110-4 117-2 106-9 102-7 98-2 117-8 1891 105-7 1892 . . 102-7 1893 95-0 1894 83-9 1895 . 85-0 1896 103-5 1897 103-4 1898. ... 100-1 1899 90-5 1900 1000 101-8 96-6 88-5 78-8 74-1 100-0 89-8 87-7 96-8 102-7 98-7 100-0 131-6 169-5 171-9 107-2 127-1 100-0 122-7 144-9 126-3 104-5 116-9 100-0 100-8 •90-9 90-0 83-1 90-6 100-0 115-1 123-8 123-5 122-1 103-5 100-0 92-3 91-8 96-0 92-7 87-9 100-0 100-9 97-0 101-4 96-3 94-5 100-0 1901.... 108-9 1902 117-6 1903 117-3 1904 99-5 1905 101-8 1906 84-6 99-5 - 99-1 113-5 118-1 104-6 130-2 138-4 186-6 U5-9 121-7 142-9 88-8 91-2 93-1 95-0 110-7 114-2 98-3 106-2 102-6 95-1 105-8 98- 1 106-0 1907 114-7 1908 124-7 1909 97-3 105-3 142-2 133-5 94-1 93-1 100-0 89-7 111-6 1910 96-3 122-1 137-8 131-2 96-1 86-3 109-3 98-8 112-2 1911 95-9 116-1 142-2 119-3 96-2 85-6 109-7 110-1 111-9 1912 97-9 115-1 194-5 143-9 101-2 116-2 116-0 107-7 131-3 1913 * * * * * * * * 121-7 *Average for year not available. (1) Iron-pig mixed nos., rod and bar, angle and tee, plate, hopp, galvanized corrugated, wire fencing, zinc sheet, lead sheet and piping, copper sheet, coal (on wharf). (2) Jute goods — bran bags, corn sacks, wool packs. Leather^-kip, calf, basils, cotton raw, silk raw, wool. (3) Wheat, flour, bran, pollard, oats, oa,tmeal, barley, malting and feed, maize, hay and straw, peas and potatoes. (4) Ham, bacon, cheese, butter, lard, eggs, honey. (5) Currants, raisins, herrings, salmon, sardines, tea, coflee, cocoa, sugar, macaroni, sago, rice, salt fine and roCk, mustard, starch, blue, matches, candles, kerosene, tpbacco. (6) Beef, mutton, lamb, veal, pork. (7) Timber — flooring, 6 x IJ, 6 x J, 6 x J, 6 x |, weatherboards-, Oregon, shelving, cement, white lead. (8) Cream of tartar, carbonate of soda, saltpetre, sulphur. It will be seen that from 1890 to 1895 was a period of falling prices; (in 1894 prices in Australia were 50 per cent below those of 1873). By 1900, however, a recovery had been made to the level of 1890. Commenting on the years of the present century the Commonwealth Statistician says: "The ris'e which began in 1898-9 continued for three years, and again the increase is most noticeable in regard to the gropps comprising foodstuffs. This rise followed on the severe drought of 1901-2, ;and after being maintained for one year was succeeded by a sudden fall from 1*049 in 1903 to 890 in 1904. In that year a rise again set in, and was maintained for several years, culminating in 1908, when there was again a drought. In 1909 the price-index fell to a level 1 Prices, Price Indexes, and Cost of Living in Australia (Report >:o. 1) pp. 48-66. COST OF LIYiytl IN GANn.DA 265 which was substantially maintained for two years." During the year 1912 there was a sharp rise in the index-number. The increase is again most marked in the groups comprising foodstuffs, and was no dqubt largely due to the drought in the earlier part of the year." At the end of 1913 prices were considerably lower than at the end of 1912. The following were the chief features of the movement by groups : Metals and Coal. — After a steady fall from 1873 to 1895, there was a rise till 1900, the year of the highest level of this group. Prices have been fairly constant since, but metals were up in the latter part of 1912. In Australia, the commodities in this group except coal were stated to depend on the world's markets. Textiles and Leather. — Until 1898, there afipeared a decline, but a fairly marked rise was noted since. Agricultural Produce. — As the 'production of wheat in Australia depends chiefly upon the rainfall, prices were noticeably upward in the drought years of 1888, 1895, 1902, and 1907-8. Prices of floift and bread reflected these con- ditions. Dairy Produce. — Butter and cheese prices were reported as reflecting weather conditions from year to year. Groceries. — These commodities, being mainly imported, reflected the move- ment in other parts of the world. Meat. — The level was highest in 1902, a year of drought. There was a marked decline from 1890 to 1895. • . Building Materials. — The level was lowest in 1892 and from that year until 1912 a fairly steady rise took place. Chemicals. — A steady decline was noted from 1873 till 1909, with the excep- tion of recoveries in 1880, 1890 and 1896. Prices recovered again in 1910 and 1911, but fell in 1912, this being the only group .which showed a decline in that year. Comparison between the Australian group numbers above given with the similar numbers for Canada affords some interesting gen'eralizations. Taking the first Australian group, namely, metals and coal, a decline Is shown though the correspond- ing group in Canada, namely, metals and implements and fuel and lighting, sho* small rises. In leather products also prices would seern to be more buoyant in Canada. Textiles have fared about the same. In agricultural "products the rise has been very rapid in both countries, Australia showing the highar level in several years. Dairy products similarly have gone up rapidly, and by approximately the same extent in both countries. Groceries have advanced more rapitfly in Canada. The steady and material advance in meat prices in Canada compares with a tendency to fluctuate violently both above and below the base year. Building materials were high in price in Australia in the base year, 1900, and remained lower than that year until 1906 (inclusive), rising in price from that time to 1912; Canadian prices on the other hand steadily advanced from 1900 to the present, being 119-8 in 1911 and 119-4 in 1912, against the Australian number of 109 ■ 7 in 1911, and 116 • in 1912. 266 BOARD OF INQUIRY n'TO (4) An index number of import and export values has also been constructed for Australia, Tbe list of commodities (44) is very much the same as that on which the TJnited Kingdom Board of Trade Index Number ia cased. Eesults are shown in the following table: — COMMONWEALTH IMPORT AND EXPORT VALUES. (Prices 1901 = 100). 1 2 3 Agri- 4 Meat, 3, 4 and 5 6 Year. Metals Textiles. cultural dairy Groceries, Food and Miscell- All and coaL produce. produce, etc. etc. groceries.* aneous. groups.' 1901 1000 970 890 84-9 82-9 1000 113-4 121-2 128-1 125-3 1000 114-4 97-6 80-0 107-5 1000 103-2 101-5 93-6 90-8 1000 97-5 96-2 91-3 90-7 1000 105-9 99-4 88-4 96-1 100-0 95-4 86-0 89-6 91-8 100-0 1902 105-3 1903 100-8 1904 95-5 1905 99-6 1906 . 920 97-3 93-8 129-7 135-2 120-8 107-6 93-1 129-9 90-8 95-0 102-7 89-4 101 1 100-8 95-9 95-4 111-0 92-5 95-7 92- 1 101-1 1907 102-6 1908 109-0 1909 91-6 120-4 122-3 93-5 94-3 102-6 99-1 104-5 1910 93-7 138-8 116-9 96-1 97-6 102-8 103-9 108-6 1911 95-6 137-0 113-1 102-3 100-6 105-4 102-1 109-8 •Weighted average. The table shows that the index number for all groups combined, after rising in 1902, declined in the nest two years, reaching its minjmum in 1904. During the fol- lowing four years it steadily rose and in 190S the price level was nearly as high as in 1911. In 1909 prices fell, but rose again during tte next two years, the maximum being reached in 1911. It should be observed that the high prices in 1902 and 190S are almost entirely due to the droughts which occurred in these years, and which con- sequently increased prices in Groups 3 (As'ricultitxal Produce) and 4 (Meat, etc.). In a comparison of the index numbers computed from import and export values for the whole commonwealth with the index numbers published by the Labour Depart- ment of the Board of Trade of Great Britain, the items in the two calculations being almost uniform, the trend is almost identical, except in the years 1902 and 1908, years of drought in Australia and therefore of high prices for agricultural products, and in 1904, when low prices prevailed in Australia. Gefterally speaking, the index num- bers for Australia show more violent fluctuations than those of other countries on account of the effect of the periodical droughts. A comparison of the index numbers of wholesale prices and retail prices, includ- ing rent, at Melbourne only, indicated that wholesale prices had increased in the period 1901-5 to 1911-12, about 111-5 per cent, as against an increase in retail prices and rent of 13 -S per cent. Comparing, however, the advance in retail prices of groceries' and food only with that in the wholesale prices of these lines only, retail prices showed an advance of only 4 per cent, as conipared with an advance of 6 per cent, in wholesale prices. DIRECT COMPARISON OF EECEXT PRICE TENDENCIKS L\ CANADA AND AUSTRALIA. (1) Wholesale Prices. — A rough comparison betVeen the Australian official group index numbers with the similar numbers for Canada has been already made. A more exact comparison based on an identical list of commodities in each country (the official COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 267 statistics of wholesale prices in Canada and Australia include 52 articles common to both^) is as follows : — TREND OF WHOLESALE PRICES IN CANADA AND AUSTRALIA, 1900-1913. Number of articles, 52. Prices in 1900=100. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Canada . . . Australia., 100 100 98-6 104-5 104-2 115-2 105-0 110-3 103-7 94-4 105-1 100-9 109-5 103-5 120-5 107-7 -117-2 118-4 120-2 109-3 122-7 109-5 133-4 106-3 134.9 124-3 127-8 In the first three years of the century, wholesale prices were apparently more buoyant in Australia than in Canada. They fell back, however, in 1904, and remained comparatively quiescent until 1908, in which year they went up with extreme rapidity to a level slightly higher than that of the similar pri'ce list in Canada. In the three following years, however, they again relapsed while CsOiadian prices went steadily and rapidly forward. Again, however, in 1912, there was*a very rapid increase in Austra- lian prices, but though the number showed the remarbable gain of 18 points in a single year the new level did not reach as high a point as that attained by the steady pro- gress of Canadian prices. The chart herewith exhibit at a glance the tendency to violent rises which Australian prices show as compared with Canadian at the same time that they maintain a greater general steadiness over long periods. Of the 52 commodities on which the above compaTisons are based, 33 articles were higher in both countries in 1912 than in 1900. Amfong these, lY went up faster in Canada than in Australia (namely, bran, corn, peas, shorts, straw, beef, lamb, pork, eggs, oatmeal, coffee, sugar, salt, raw cotton, zinc sheejs, coal arid starch) ; on the other hand, 16 reached a comparatively higher- level in Australia (namely, barley, hay, oats, wheat, bacon, ham, lard, mutton, butter, cheese, potatoes, flour, rice, matches, sulphur and tobacco). Six articles went down in both countries, galvanized iron and cement having sagged to a greater extent in Canada than in Australia, whereas currants, raisins, iron bar, and wire fencing went down more in Australia than in Canada. In the case of the following articles the price tendencies were up in one country and down in the other : veal, herrings, salmon, cocoa, tea, honey, cream of tartar, soda, wool, silk, pig iron, lead pipe, and white lead. The exact figur,es for each of the above will be found in the Appendix (Table A). 'Namely: (1) Grains and fodder: wheat, barley, oats, peas, corn, hay, straw, bran and shorts. Meats beef, veal, mutton, lamb, pork, bacon, ham and lard. Fish: herrings and salmon. Dairy Products: butter , cheese, eggs. Other foods: flour, oatmeal, rice, potatoes, currants, ,j-aisins, tea, coffee, cocoa, sugar, honey salt, soda and cream of tartar. Metals, etc.: pig iron, iron bars, galvanized iron, zinc sheets, lead pipe' white lead, wire fencing and coal. Textiles: cotton, wool and silk. Miscellaneous: cement, matches, sulphur, tobacco and starch. ' • 268 BOARD OF INQUIRY IXTO WHOLESALE PRICES IN CANADA AND AUSTRALIA, 19'0'0-1913. Number of Articles, 52. Prices in 1900 = 100. 1900^ 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1009 o -< 1911 1912 to 134 y y 132 J / \ 130 / \ 126 car a as . / \ 126 AU£ tra lia ■_ _ _ ■ » — _ / 124 / 122 y \ 1 120 , s / 1 1 118 \ i \ / 1 1 116 / \ V 1 114 / \ / / / \ 1 1 / 112^ / \ / / 1 \ \ 110 / \ / / \ 1 1 108 / \ / / / ' \ 1 106 J — \ 1 / / \ 1 1 f 104 > / ^ \ / / t 102 1 1 / > / f 100 / / \ 1 / / 98 ^ / \ / 1 96 \ \ 1 1 94 / ' 92 __ COST OF LIT If} IX CANADA 269 (2) Retail Prices. — The official statistics of retail prices of the two countries enable the direct comparison of 19 articles of food to be made. The index numbers for these taken together, weighted,^ are as follows ; — TREND OF RETAIL PRICES IN CANADA AND AUSTRALIA, 1900-1912. Number of articles, 19. Prices in 1900 = 100. 1900 •1905 1910 1911 1912 100 100 109-9 100; 4 132-4 110-2 142-9 112-0 140-6 118-8 The Australian index number, it will be seen, baa gone up less rapidly than the Canadian, having reached in 1912 a point only 18-8 per cent higher than in 1900, whereas the same prices in Canada have gone up 40-6 per cent. Of the 19 commodities thus compared 15 were -up more in 1912 in the case of Canada than of Australia. The rise in the general 'Canadian index number as com- pared with the Australian is largely due to the rapid increase of meats in this country compared with the general steadiness or declines in Australia. The only important articles which went up faster in Australia than in (Janada were sugar, rice, potatoes and oatmeal. 1 The 19 articles with the weights assigned to each are as fallows: beef, sirloin, 4; beef, roasting, 3 ; mutton, 2 ; porlc, fresh, 2 ; bacon, 3 ; butter, 10 ; cheese, 4 ; milk, 6 ; eggs, 7 ; bread, 6 ; flour, 4 ; potaitoes, 6 ; rice, 1 ; oatmeal, 3 ; starch, i ; sugar, 4 ; tea, 2i ; coffee, 1 ; kerosene, 2. The Australian statistics begin with the year 1901 ana this year is accordingly made the base though the corresponding Canadian base is 1900. As the Canadian prices were taken in December any inaccuracy arising from this method will probably not be material. The Austral- ian prices were taken four times a year namely, February, May, July and October (Prices, Price Indexes, and Cost of Living in Australia, Report No. 1, of the Commonwealth Bureau of Statistics, page ,25). 270 BOARD OF lyCjl'IRY I'XTO RETAIL PRICES IN CANADA ANT> AU^RALIA, 1900-1913. Number of Articles, 19 (weigrhted). Prices m 1900=100. 1900 1905 1910 1911 1912 1913 142 i s. 140 \ \ 138 / Ta \tiAt • / 136 134 >u itrj lia ■ . ^^ < / 132 i ' 130 128 1 126 1 124 / 122 / f 120 / 118 i / / 116 / / / 114 i / / 112 • 1 1 110 1 > • 108 / r • 106 / f 104 / ! • 10J> / • 100 /. i _ 98 i 1 COST OF LrviNQ JN CANADA 271 COMPARISON OF PRESENT PRICES IN CANADA. AND AUSTRALIA. To throw light on recent actual prices in Canada and Australia two tables are given : The first shows the average prices of nineteen commodities in six cities in Australia and in fifty-six cities in Canada in 1912. In addition, a weekly budget has been worked out in terms of the Australian and Canadian prices respectively. The table indicates that ten of the nineteen commodities stood at a higher price in Canada in 1912 than in Australia; meat products, (except bacon), flour, bread and sugar were much higher in Canada; on the other hand cheese, milk, potatoes, oatmeal and kero- sene were considerably higher in Australia. The budget works out about 2-3 per cent higher for Canada than for Australia. The second table gives a comparison on the same basis as between Melbourne and Montreal in 1912. Twelve of the nineteen commodities were higher in price in Mont- real than in Melbourne. The budget works out 7- per^cent higher for Montreal than for Melbourne : BUDGET AT RETAIL PRICES IN CANADA* AND AUSTRALIA.** Price pek Unit. Cost per Week. ■ Quantity consumed per week. Australia. Canada. Australia. Canada. , s. d. cts. cts. cts. cts. Beef — Sirloin lb. 21b. 6-2 12-4 20-8 24-8 41-6 Beef (shoulder steak in Australia, and shoulder roast in Canada)... lb. 21b. 5-0 100 140 200 28-0 Leg of mutton lb. lib. 4-7 8'4 17-8 9-4 17.8 Fresh pork lb. 21b. l-i 14-8 17-5 29-a 350 Bacon lb. lib. 11-6 23-2 22-5 23-2 22-5 Butter lb. 31b. 1 3-6 31-6 31-7 94-8 95-1 Cheese lb. 2 1b. 11-6 23-2 201 46-4 40-2 MUk qt. 6qt. 51 102 8-3 61-2 49-8 Eggs doz. 6 doz, 1 5-7 35-9 34'3 71-8 68-6 Bread lb. 151b. 1-65 3-3 4-0 49-5 60-0 Flour lb. 101b. 1-35 '2-7 3-4 27-0 340 Potatoes pk. 2pk. 1 8-8 42-1 36-2 84-2 72-4 Rice lb. 2 1b. 2-9 ^-8 5-8 11-6 11-6 Oatmeal lb. 5 1b. 2-9 5-8 4-4 29-0 22-0 Starch lb. Ub. 5'6 11-2 9-6 3-7 3-2 Sugar lb. 6 1b. 2-9 5-8 6-5 34-8 390 Tea lb. lib. 1 3-8 32-0 35-6 16-0 17-8 Coffee lb. Hb. 1 6-5 3V-5 37-9 9-4 9-5 Kerosene. . , . ; gal. Igal. 1 1-4 2J-2 21 27-2 21-0 $6-74 58-89 •Unweighted average for 56 cities. **Weighted average for six metropolitan cities, 1912. 272 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO BUDGET AT RETAIL PRICES IN MELBOURNE AND MONTREAL IN 1912. Pbice FEB Unit. Cost fee Week. Quantity- consumed __ per week. Australia. Canada. Australia. Canada. s. d. cts. cts. cts. cts. Beef, sirloin lb. • 2 1b. 6-4 12-8 19-8 25-6 39-6 Beef, (shoulder steak in Melbourne and shoulder roast in Montreal) . lb. 21b. 4-6 9-2 12-4 18'4 24-8 Mutton, leg of lb. lib. 4-3 8-6 16-0 8-6 16'0 Pork, fresh lb. 21b. 6-7 13-4 15-2 26-8 30-4 Bacon lb. lib. 1 0-2 24-7 22-5 24-7 22-6 Butter lb. 31b. 1 3-7 31-8 33-3 95-4 99-9 Cheese. lb. 21b. n-4 23-1 210 46-2 42-0 Milk qt. 6qt. 4-6 9-2 8-7 55-2 53-2 Eggs doz. 2 doz. 1 5-4 35-3 41-5 70-6 83.0 Bread lb. 151b. 1-5 30 4-0 450 60-0 Flour lb. 101b. 1-24 2-48 4-1 24-8 41-0 Potatoes. pk. 2pk. 1 5-25 35-0 27-3 700 54-6 Rice lb. 2 1b. 2-8 5-6 70 11-2 14-0 Oatmeal lb. 51b. 2-8 6-6 4-0 28-0 20-0 Starch lb. *lb. 5-3 10-6 7-4 3-5 •J-5 Sugar lb. 6 1b. 2-9 5-8 5-9 34-8 35-4 Tea lb. Hb. 1 2-7 29-8 37- 1 14-9 18-5 Coffee.... lb. ilb. 1 6-6 37-7 40-0 9-4 10-0 Kerosene gal. Igal. 1 0-3 24-9 21-6 24-9 21-6 $6-38 $6-88 NEW ZEALAND. (1) A report entitled " The Course of Prices iij New Zealand," by James W, Mcllraitli, LL.B., Litt. D., covering the movement of wholesale prices back to 1861, was issued at the close of l&ll by the Government I^rinting Office of New Zealand.^ The following table from the report shows the chief features of the movement by groups of commodities since 1890. 1 See also article by Dr. Mellraith. Sept., 11913. Price Variations in New Zealand, Economic Review, COST OF LIVING IN CANADA NEW 'ZEALAND WHOLESALE INDEX NUMBERS. (Dr. Mcllraith). 273 Year. Agri- cultural pro- ducts, (1) Pastoral pro- ducts. (2) Bever- ages. (3) Oils. (4) Miner- als. (&) Mater- ials. (6) Other food- stuffs. (7) Liquors (8) Total index num- bers. 1890 110-3 119-1 125-8 110-8 104-6 101-9 124-6 142-3 147-5 97-4 100-0 97-4 135-6 130-6 104-6 118-7 125-3 144-9 159-2 124-6 131-8 92-5 90-3 89-9 92-4 92-4 83-2 82-7 77-6 79-6 101-8 100-0 98-7 104-5 112-9 110-9 115-6 116-8 114-1 118-5 U6-4 118-9 100-0 101-4 104-1 104-1 104 1 104-1 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 99-7 99-7 99-7 99-7 99-7 95-6 109-2 109-2 109-6 104 -S 92-7 85-8 88-3 86-4 89-9 98-1 90-5 91-5 100-0 101-9 98-5 92-1 81-9 80-9 88-6 96-3 86-1 85-1 100-7 101. 1 199-2 .95-1 :87-5 :83-8 .80-9 .80-2 78-8 '78-9 ,87-7 100 = 93-2 .85-1 83-6 •81-2 83-1 *91-1 97-3 S90-6 86-2 83-4 121-9 123-9 119-5 113-1 112-6 109-2 109-1 111-1 106-2 99-2 100-0 98-8 98-5 97-0 92-6 92-3 92-6 99-2 100-0 101-2 99-9 120-0 122-9 107-9 103-2 97-3 90-3 91-1 94-0 96-7 98-1 100-0 97-1 89-4 83-1 82-6 84-9 90-0 98-5 80-4 80-3 84-7 100-9 100-9 100-9 100-9 100-7 100-9 102-9 102-7 102-7 102-3 100-0 100 100-5 100-5 100-9 100-5 100-7 100-9 102-9 105-3 105-3 106 107-0 102-9 99-1 98-1 92-1 95-1 96-1 96-1 98-1 100-0 981 99-1 99-1 94-1 98-1 100-1 106-0 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 . . 1907 1908 102-9 1909 100-0 1910 102-1 (1) Wheat, flour, barley, oats, oatmeal. (2) Wool, beef, mutton, lamb, bacon, butter, cheese. (3) Tea, coffee, cocoa. (4) Kerosene, linseed oil, castor oil. (5) Iron galvanized, iron bar, lead sheet, zinc, wire No. 8, coal. (6) Cement, soap, matches, candles, hops, soda-carbonate, soda crystal. (7) Sugar, currants, raisins, rice, sago, salt, salmon, pepper. (8) Beer, whiskey, port, claret, brandy. The following notes may be addejj: — "The Decade 1890-99. — In 1889, a somewhat abr.upt rise took place, agricultural and pastoral products being the most affected; but the rise was not maintained, and in 1893-4-5, the fall was very sharp, and affected every group. Here we probably were influenced by the Australian bank crisis of 1893-4-5. Prices touched their lowest in 1895 ; but, though there was somewhat of a financial crisis about this time, the era of the public soup-kitchen had passed away. The Government had successfully initiated the land-for-settlement scheme, the exports of wool and meat gradually increased, while the export of gold again began to advance rapidly. Towards the close of the decade the dairying industry revealed to the New Zealand farmer another hitherto neglected source of wealth. The Government fostered the industry, and in 1899 the export of butter rose 45 per cent, and in 1900 that of cheese 50 per cent on the exports of the previous year. " The Period 1900-08. — The present century, theijef ore, has been characterized by greatly increased exports of wool, meat, butter and cheese; while the production of hemp and coal has also risen rapidly. In short, a total foreign trade of £18,000,000 in 1897 has given place to one of £39,000,000 in 1910. Land, as will be pointed out in a later chapter, has risen rapidly in price, and during 1906-7-8 boom prices were realized. The Arbitration Court was also very frequently invoked to raise wages. The old-age pen- sion was raised in 1905 from £18 to £26 per annum. "Everything pointed to a period of greatly increased prosperity. With rising wages, aiid an alleged dearth of unskilled 82696—18 274 BOARD OF INQUIRY INrO labour, there was, as in the "seventies," a demand for organized immigration, and during the past few years several thousands of imjnigrants have arrived in the Dominion. Towards the end of 1908, the financial stisingency which affected America and Europe in 1907 and 1908 began to make its influence felt in New Zealand. The price-level fell, credit was restricted, and the rate of interest rose. For a time the " unemployed " difficulty was somewhat acute. A fairly large number left the Domin- ion, principally for Australia. The stringency now appears to be passing away, but, in view of the great amount of land recently sold at Highly inflated prices, the future is looked forward to with some apprehension."^ Owing to the limited number of articles included in the 'New Zealand groups and the difference in the commodities themselves comparisons can be made of only four groups with the corresponding Canadian group figures. The first New Zealand group, agricultural products, has fluctuated considerably tMoughout, but there can be no doubt that previous to 1910 the Canadian grains and fodder group rose the higher. Pastoral products (including meat products, butter^ and cheese) did not go up nearly as rapidly (in 1910 118-9) as the Canadian animals dnd meat group (in 1910 158-2) and dairy products (in 1910 124-4). Beverages in Australia only showed an advance in 1910 of 9-2 points over 1900, while the corresponding rise in the Canadian group on 1 Dr. Mcllraitli has kinilly furnish'ed the subjoined data supplementary to that of the report for 1911. The base in every case is the annual average for the decade 1890-1899, so that the numbers are not continuous with those in the table on page 273 the information not being avail- able to coTer them. Year. All com- modities. Farm products. Non- farm. Marriage rate. Bank- ruptcy rate. 1910 109 112 117 117 126 126 m 134 104 108 111 110 129 135 137 60 1911 52 1912 16 1913 Tear. All products. Veget- able products. (inc. cereals) Meats. Other animal products. All animal. AU foods. 191S. 1st quarter; 2nd quarter 3rd quarter 4th quarter Whole year, 1913 1912.... 119 119 117 lis 117 124 122 117 115 120 142 148 149 147 117 125 137 149 148 145 136 144 142 146 148 145 141 145 140 117 116 113 109 114 119 Nora.— (1) General prices stationary on the whole, but quartef by quarter declining. (2) The extra- ordinary rise in animal products. (3) The late decline in all animal products except meat. (4) The decline in food as a whole. 2 Butter went up th-e faster in New Zealand, being 145.3, 1G7.3 and 1&5.3 in 1908, 1909 and 1910,_respectiTely, against the corresponding Canadian numbers, 131.0, 114.9 and 120.8. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 275 tea, coffee and chocolate was 23 • 2 points. Minerals up Jo 1910 Tvere low in botli coun- tries. The total New Zealand index number on the 1990 base was only 102-1 in 1910 against a total Canadian index number of 114- Y. (2) In May, 1912, a Eoyal Commission was appointed in New Zealand for the purpose of inquiring, amongst other things, into the rise in the cost of living in the past twenty years. Some interesting analyses of the ^Mclraith statistics were made by the Cormnission.^ For example," the chief foodstuffs (17 in number) of the Mcllraith investigation were examined separately; they show a rise of approximately 16 per cent since 1900. A corresponding list of articles at wholesale 'in Canada shows a rise of 28 per cent. A further analysis by Prof. H. W. Segor, of University College, Auckland, shows the following results : — INCREASE IN FOOD PRICES IN NEW ZEALAND BETWEEN 1894-96 AND 1908-10. (1894r-96=100). 1894-96. 1908-10. Breadstufis (including wheat, flour, barley, rice, sago, oatmeal) Meat and Fish (beet, mutton, Iamb, and salmon) Butter and Cheese Weighted according to relative importance 100 100 100 114 115 149 100 121 This shows an increase in the cost of living, as 'measured by changes in these important foodstuffs, of 21 per cent, during the 17 yea^p covered by the table, and " in the opinion of the Commission affords the most satisfactory estimate." A further analysis of retail prices in Auckland shows an increase of 24-6 per cent, as between 1894-6 and 1908-10, while a similar estimate for Christchurch shows an increase of about 21 per cent. At Wellington, a rise'of 30 per cent in foodstuffs is shown. The final conclusion of the Commission is that prices went up about 16 per cent, in the fifteen years preceding 1910. The tables exhibited by the Commission foUow : ESTIMATE OF INCREASE IN COST OF LIVING IN AUCKLAND, PROM 1894-96 TO 1908-10. (Weekly Average). 1894-96 1908-10 Rent • £s. d. 7 lU l-9i 3 11 1 IJ 2 OJ 2 Oi 1 0^ 1 3 3 6i 6 10 3 2 1 £s. d. 12 Bread ' 2 2i Meat 4 7i 2 5i Milk 2 4 2 8 1 0- Tea and CofiEee 11 3 8 Clothinff ,...,-... 8 2i Fllfil ftTlH T.TOl'h+ . ' ' 3 1 Groceripa nthpr than food ■- 2 2 Total 1 16 7i 2 5 7J MiscellanGous • 13 5| 2 19 1 An increase (excluding miscellaneous itema) of 24-6 per cent. 1 Cost of Living in New Zealand.- 82696~18i -Report of the Royal Commission, l'9il2. 276 BOARD OF INQVIEY INTO ESTIMATE OF INCREASE IN COST OF LIVING IN CHRISTCHURCH BETWEEN 1894-95 AND 1910-11. (Food and Rent only) . (Annual Average) . Prices 1894-95. \Veights. Hypothe- tical Expendi- ture 1894-95. Prices. 1910-11. Expendi- ture on same scale 1910-11, Hent. l^read Meat Potatoes (vegetables). Milk. s. d. £ s. d. 60 Butter, Cheese (in ratio) /Butter : Cheese). \ 4 : 1 /. Sugar Tea and Coffee (in ratio Tea : Coffee : 3:1). . 4Hb. 3ilb. 3 cwt. 3 qt. 7 lb. 7f lb. 3 lb. 9 lb. 11 23 12 14 11 23 6 12 14 s. d. 20% in- crease. 6 ii 3 llf lOiJ 2i 1 If I m\ I ml £s. d. 72 14 13 i 33 4 3 11 11 5 3 22 9 11 3 15 3 15 136 164 8 11 An increase of 20%. INDEX NUMBERS OF WELLINGTON RETAIL FOOD PRICES BETWEEN 1893-95 AND 1908-1910. 1893-95 1908-10. Bread Flour Beef Mutton Cheese Butter ■. Potatoes; All ; Rent (for same style of house) Rent (for improved style of house, including tram fares) 100 113 100 116 100 125 100 138 100 122 100 127 100 166 100 130 ion 114 100 130-136 COST OF LIVIXG IN CANADA 277 ESTIMATED INCREASE IN THE COST OF LIVING IN NEW ZEALAND BETWEEN 1894^98 AND 1911. Summarized from evidence tendered to the Cchvimission. (Average weighted according to present relative consumption as shown in Labour Department Enquiry, 1910-1911). • 1894-98* 1911 Bread '. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Butter and Cheese ^ Boots and Clothing 149 119 Sundry Foods • 104 Fuel and Light ? 97 Meat 125 Milk 100 Vegetables (omitting potatoes) ' , . Rent % , 100 120 Sugar 88 Tea, CoHee and Cocoa 100 AU (weighted) 116 "Some of the prices accepted are for years outside the quinquennial period. Direct Comparison of Recent Price Tendencies in Canada and New Zealand. Wholesale Prices. — The official statistics of Canadsi and New Zealand enable direct comparisons of tlie wholesale price Irend to be made in.the case of thirty-seven articles.-' TREND OF WHOLESALE PRICES IN CANADA AND NEW ZEALAND, 1900-1913. Number of articles 37 Prices in 1900 = 100. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 100-0 100 98-3 99-1 98-8 • 103 -.3 98-4 102-2 101-2 96-0 103-8 99-4 103-5 New Zealand 99-9 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Canada 109-6 107-2 108-9 106-8 110-2 105-6 114-3 104-6 115-6 123-3 119-2 New Zealand The New Zealand trend it will be observed, ^vas above that of Canada until 1904, since when it has remained below, maintaining on the whole a fairly level course com- pared with a fairly persistent though not extreme rise in Canada. Of the thirty-seven commodities on which the above comparisons are based, 21 went up in both countries. Among these, 12 went up faster in Canada (namely, bacon, beef, lamb, salmon, oatmeal, coffee, cocoa, tea, salt, coal, matches, whisky) ; on the. other hand, nine had reached a comparatively higher level in New Zealand (namely, barley, oats, wheat, mutton, but- JBarley, pats, wheat, bacon, beef, lamb, mutton, butter, cheese, salmon, currants, raisins, flour, oat- rneal, rice, cofifee, cocoa, tea, sugar, pepper, salt, soda, wool, iron, (galvanized), iron (bar), lead, spelter, (zinc) coal, coal-oil, matches, cement, -wire, linseed oil, hops, whisky, ale, soap. 278 BOARD OF INQUIB7 INTO ter, wool, linseed, oil, ale, soap). Nine articles in tte Jist went down in both countries, the following having sagged to a greater extent in Canada than in New Zealand; raisins, iron (galvanized), cement and wire, whereas the following had gone down more in New Zealand than in Canada: currants, pepper, spelter (zinc), coal-oil and iron bar. In the case of the following articles, prices went up in one coimtry and down in the other : cheese, flour, rice, sugar, soda, lead, hops. WHOliESALE PRICES IN CANADA AND NEW ZEALAND, 19a0-1913. Number of Articles, '37. Prices In 1900 = 100. 1900. 1901. 1903. 1903. 1904, 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910, 1911, 1912. 1913. 124 1?4 122 1 \ 122 120 / \ 1?0 118 ca nad a, / \ Ub 116 N€ w Z eali md, , / 116 114 ^ ' 114 112 110 112 / 110 / 108 1 "^ ^' lOS lOfi 106 / ^"-*, 104 > N,^ k 104 102 * *- > / f 1 f I 102 lop OB 100 / / / 1 f «8 \ / / 4 / .-' S6 1 1 / / / 96 94 94 921 S2 There are no comprehensive data for retail prices in New Zealand comparable with the similar figures for Canada,^ but as already stated, an analysis was made by the New Zealand Cost of Living Commission of the trend of seventeen important food- stuffs^ included in the Mcllraith wholesale index number. An index number for Can- ada based on the same commodities was worked out ajid the two are shown side by side in the following : COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 279 TREND OF WHOLESALE FOOD PRICES IN CANADA AND NEW ZEALAND. Number of articles 17 Prices in 1900 = 100. Year Canada New Zealand Yeas Canada New Zealand 1890 114-2 109-4 99-9 100-3 91-9 97-1 83-1 88-3 101-5 94-4 100 103-4 103 103-0 105 101-0 100 92-9 98.0 101 104 98-0 100 101-0 1902 1903 102-4 99-6 106-2 109-8 110-9 120-5 124-4 127-0 129-0 128-1 138-8 134-3 109-1 1891 109-1 1892 1904 102-0 1893 1905 * 107-1' 1894 1906 » 1907 , 1908 1909 „ 1910 t 107 1 1895 112-1 1896 117-2 1897 108-1 1898 110 1899 1911 : 116-2 1900 1912 1901 , 1913 'Table "B" of the appendix shows the New Zealand trend for sugar, vinegar, kerosene, starch and rice, as from the Cost of Living Commission Report p. 22. ' Wheat, flour, barley, oats, oatmeal, beef, mutton, lamb, bacon, butter, cheese, tea, augar, currants rice, salt and salmon. 280 BOARD OF lyQl'IRY fXlO WHOLESALE PRICES OP POODS (17 ARTICLES) IN CANADA AND NEW ZEALAND, 1890-1913. Prices in 19100 = 100. o « iH 1891 1S92 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1699 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 190S IS 06 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 138 \ 1M ise ■\ \ 136 134 \ \ 114 ISR r,it mrt/1 \ ISO Ne ' ?e alp Id. \ no ize / \, l!t8 126 / / )!!6 124 / 124 122 / 122 120 /' 120 lie / 116 lie / 1 . 116 114 / / \ \ / lU lis \ / / / \ \ \u HO \ / i / \ / 1 110 108 ^ — ■ \ / / / \ 1 • loe loa \ / \ \ / -- 106 104 I v / \ V t 1 1 104 i02 ... ^\ \ / ( \ \ / >^ / 1 1 1C2, 100 \ '» / r 1 \\ /- r \, / 100 98 \ \ / \\ ,' / " 98 96 \ V 1 / / \ 96 94 \ / ' / \ 1 94 92 \ /' '\ / 91 90 \. W BS 1 — ■ — \ M 66 / AK 84 ) 114 02 . ,^^ _ at COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 281 RECENT PRICES IN NEW ZEALAND. The following prices from the New Zealand Year Book, 1913, "compiled from returns furnished by police officers, show the range of average prices of the principal articles of food and drink at the chief centres of population in each Provincial district during the last month of the year 1912 " : — RANGE or AVERAGE PRICES OF PRODUCE, LIVE-STOCK, PROVISIONS, ETC. IN EACH PROVINCIAL DISTRICT OF NEW ZEALAND DURING DECEMBER • 1912. Articles. Auckland . Wellington. Canterbury. I. Agricultural produce. Wheat per bush. (601b.).. Barley " (50 " ). Oats " (40 " ). Maize " (56 " )., Bran " (20 " )., Hay, grass, per ton II, Flour and Bread. Flour, wholesale, per ton of 2000 lb. Flour, retail per bag of 60 lb Bread III. Lhestock and Meat. Cattle, fat, per head . Sheep fat, per head . . Butchers' meat: — Beef per lb... Mutton. ... " Veal " .. Pork " .. Lamb " IV, Dairy Produce. Butter, fresh, factory, per lb... Butter, salt " Cheese, colonial " Cheese, imported " Milk per qt.. V. Farmyard Produce. Fowls, per pair Turkeys, per head . Bacon, perlb Ham, per lb Eggs, per doz VI. Garden Produce. Potatoes (old) wholesale, per ton. Potatoes (old) retail, per cwt Onions, per lb VII. Miscellaneous Articles. Tea, per lb". Coffee, per lb..- Sugar, per lb Rice, per lb Soap, per cwt.. Tobacco, per lb. . . . . Coal, per ton ... . Firewood, per cord. * Page 754. £ s. d. 6 4 3 4 1 3 6 to to to 8 to to to 10 to 5 4 to 7 to 11 5 7 10 to 15 to 4i to 5 to 5 to 6 to 5i to 1 2 to 10 to 8 to 11 to 3 to 4 to 8 to 9i to 9i to 11 to 9 10 1 7 6 5 10 1 1 1 6 10 to 12 7 to 13 li to 2i 1 to 1 3 to 2i to 2 to 12 6 to 5 6 to 3 to 10 to 1 1 1 18 7 1 14 2 4 3 2 4 1 15 ■2 to t to *10 to 6 to 3 to to £ s. d. 5 8 5 C 3 £ 5 6 1 £ 6 t 9 15 to 10 5 5 -2 to 6 6 6 to 7 7 10 D to 10 14 "0 to 10 'ii to 4i to 4 to 6 to 6 to 1 1 to 8 to 0=7i to 2 to 3 to 3 to 5 5 to 10 6 0.9^ to 1 0'9i to 1 1 to 14 4 to 6 to 1 to 6 to 8 to 2 to 2 to to 6 to to to 8 9 3 2 1 10 2 6 4 8 3 3 2 4 10 6 to 3 to to to 9 to to 4 4 2 4 1 : 10 10 to 11 5 2 to 6 6 6 to 7 to 14 16 to 14 8 6 4 to 4 to 4 to , 6 6 to 8 5 to 7 2 to 9 to 8 to 2 to 3 to 1 3 1 9 1 10 4 3 to 8 to 8 to 1 9 to 1 11 to 1 6 11 3 to 8 to 2 to 1 6 to 1 6 to 2i to 2 to 2 to 5 3 to 4 to 6 to 11 4 1 10 2 3 2J 8 8 6 2 282 BOARD OF INQUIRY I'fiTO (3) South Africa. No statistics as to the trend of prices in SoiJth Africa are available, but the Economic Commission of 1913, whose report appeared in January, 1914, conducted an investigation into present conditions, certain findings of which are of interest here. In order to obtain a general idea of the divergencies in local price levels, the Com- mission (through magistrates and other authorities) secured from retail dealers ia a number of places the current highest and lowest prices for certain commodities in general use, namely, sugar, cheese, butter, flour, brea4, beef, mutton, tea, coffee, cocoa, bacon, eggs, potatoes, fresh milk, tinned milk, oatmeal, rice and paraffin. The (arithmetic) mean price of each commodity for eadh place having been calculated, that for Johannesburg in each case was put as 100, while the mean prices at other places Were expressed by proportionate numbers, with the following result: — Average of eighteen articles general prices Average of eighteen articles general prices. Aliwal North 93 Durban Pietermaritzburg Boksburg... Germistop Johannesburg Krugersdbrp Pietersburg Potchefsti-oom 86 Beaufort West 95 89 Cape Town 89 102 Cradock East London 87 98 97 100 84 108 Grahamstown Kimberley. King Williams Town 88 102 90 92 88 100 Mossel Bay ..'........,, 89 Bloemtontein Harrismith Jagersfontein Kroonstad 91 Oudtshoorn Port Elizabeth 94 87 103 103 92 107 Uitenhage. 90 The report adds : " Numerous causes can be singled out to explain why prices have not the same level throughout the Union. In some cases certain commodities are produced or landed, whereas to other places they have to be carried by rail or road, frequently over long distances, and the cost of transjport may become a heavy item in the expense of things inland. Other elements in the explanation of local differences in cost of living arise from the fact that the degree of competition and the perfection of economic organization are not the same everywhefo. Where the population is con- siderable, and the means for furnishing supplies are highly organized under competing agencies, and a large and steady market can be depended upon, a smaller profit per article sold is to be expected, and the cost of distribiltion must bo appreciably lower." After a somewhat extensive comparison of cost of living in South Africa and elsewhere (a further reference to which appears on page 333 hereunder) the Com- mission.. concludes : " On every basis of calculation the high cost of food in South Africa is outstanding. One noticeable point bearing on this is that_South Africa raises only about 50 per cent of the wheat and flour consumed. Meat and mealies figure largely among farm products, but it is the meat only that is consumed to any extent by whites. Mealie meal, although a. valuable food, is almost negligible in the white man's budget. It should be renlilrked also that the high rent of shops and other premises figure to some extent in determining the cost of living. With respect to other things as well as food, the general level of prices is bound to be somewhat high in South Africa in view of the great variety and COST OiC LITINO IN CANADA 283 volume of imported goods wiiicli are brought from great distances, and have therefore to bear a heavy cost of carriage, and in view also of the Customs duties charged upon them." The final conclusions of the Commission on this point are expressed as follows :— " (1) Cost of living for whites (food and 'rents) on the Witwatersrand is about 40 per cent higher than in America (the most expensive of the other countries examined) and nearly 80 per cent 'higher than in any European country. "(2) The chief factor in the high cost of living in South Africa is rent, and another factor of some weight is the high standard of living, particularly on the Witwatersrand." The report contains an appendix in which the average prices in the 27 towns above mentioned are quoted. An excerpt from this table is given below together with com- parative budgets as between Montreal and Capetown and Winnipeg and Johannesburg. AVERAGE PRICES IN 7 TOWNS IN THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA. Article. Quantity Cape Town Graaff- Reinet Kim- berly. rSurban Johannes- burg Pretoria Kroon- Btad Beef lb. if <{ It t( doz. lb. It 1 / * It dla • _. / \ 1 ^ 116 114 / 1 \ / 112 1 1 A \ / '/ 110 '/ \ - / 108 /l \ 1 1 106 / \ 104 ■ y 1 1 1 \ 1 102 / 1 1 100 / r 1 98 \ / / 1 1 96 \ / / 94 \ f / / 92 \ \ \ y > 90 < 88 122 120 118 116 114 iia 110 108 106 104 102 100 98 96 94 92 90 88 The Indian price level of grains, textiles and metals, it wiU be seen has gone up faster than the corresponding level in Canada. Of the twenty commodities, fourteen show a greater increase during 1900 to 1912 in India than in Canada. 288 BOARD OF lyQVIRT UrO TV. Other Foreign Countries. Statistics of price trends in 1900 in various other foreign countries have been brought together in the accompanying large table, -n^ere an explanation will be found in each case of the articles included and the source of the statistics. The countries are dealt with in alphabetical order, both in the table and in the accompanying commen- tary, as follows: Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Japan, Norway, Eussia.i (1) Austria-Rung ary. Tour index numbers of prices in the Empire of Austria-Hungary are given. They agree in showing a persistent and material rise in prices. (1) The Wholestble Prices of 45 articles (taken chiefly at Vienna and Budapest) .as compiled by Herr Yon Jankovitch rose 14-6 per cent between 1900 and 1909. (2) Contract Prices of 13 articles at Trieste went up 45 per cent in 1900-1911. This number reflects the change in the cost of a yearly food supply for a working-class family.^ (3) Retail Prices. Two index numbers will be -found in the table: (a) Statistics of retail prices issued by the municipality of Vienna (as analyzed by the United King- dom Department of Labour) shows that food and fuel have gone up approximately 35 per cent since 1900, the chief rise having been in bacon (77 per cent) ; veal (54 per cent) ; butter (50 per cent) ; pork and lard (49 per cent) ; beef (44 per cent) ; potatoes (40 per cent) ; and flour (29 per cent) . Prior to 1900, prices had been stationary on a low'level since about 1884. For 13^^ of the articles iijcluded in this investigation, com- parative figures for Canada are available; these are brought together in a total (weighted) index number in the following : 1 THe Municipal Statistical Office of Stockholm made in 1907-8 a budgetary study of the cost of living of 150 families with incomes of less than $1)200 per annum (Stockholm Statistika kontoret. Statistisk undersokning angaende lefnadskostnaderna i Stockholm aren 1907-8. Pa foranstaltning af Stockholm stadsfullmaktiges lifsmedelsktynitte, verkstalld af Stockholm stads Statistiska kontor, Stockholm K. Li. Beckmans boktrycheri 1910.) The number of families is small but an interesting feature is an account of the expenditures of one family given for a period of about 40 years. Mention may also be made of a volume published by the Swedish Division, of Labour Statistics on prices of food and rents in Sweden during the years 1904 to 1907 (Sweden K. KommerskoUegii Afdelning for Arbetsstatistik Llfsmedelsoch Bostadspriser i Sv«ilig6 under aren 1904-7. Utgifyen af K. KommerskoUegii, Afdelning for Arbettstatistik Stocl: holm 1909). A digest of the contents of this report is given in Bulletin 84 of the United States Bureau of Labour. 2 Albert! Mario II costo della vita i salarle le paghe a Trieste nell, ultimo quarto de secolo Ettore Vram. editore, Trieste Tip. Nouva 1911. 3 Namely, beef, pork, bacon, veal, lard, milk, butter, bread, flour, sugar, potatoes, coal and petroleum- COST OP LIVING IN CANADA 289 S CD •s t3 +3 C3 -*j .'^ .£] o a a M O o. S3 00 1 M »^OOQ03i'rtfr>iC^O»OO^iM»OPOOCOPOb*^-^COC«1 osi-Hi— iOinco-*tooirao«OQOint^Offoi>.M-fo>.-Hco 0SO0i3i000000000S0>O010>0S03OOOOOO'-'--( oi r- m -t^ '"T^ ail Pri 1 foods localit . K. D Labo (Weigh g Od-iM00Olr-i"4*^OCSlCQM OOOt-iOOt-h— ..-.(MMMCO l£l«ll OOCOi-S ■090r-(iMCO'-H-t--«OI'i.t-(tqOt-iOr-~OMOiCO^ OsOSOSOSOOCOOOOOOX^OOSOSOiOOi-i^-H^ CaOiOiOiOSOSOsOSOaOSOOOOOOOOOO'-H'-J— '— - 82696—19 290 BOARD OP INQUIRY INTO ^ o I CO 1-1 OS 1^ o Oi 00 o o C o P-i 3 o O ^■B spooj iz P saoijd (61) ira^sH puB ai'EsaioqAi (81) ■'^OJA'^ -sniug "! spooj 91 (■pa^T^aiajVi) •jnoqB'j JO -^daa -x -xi (il) -BaiBlg UBUU30 f ui ssoud poo^ CpatqaiaM) ■jaAiiBO IJ3H (9J) SUAIO!) I nt UOt!)«J kj5[3aAl B JO ^SOQ (•pa^qaisjvi) ■uq'BZ -Id (SI) 'BliBABg UI pOOJ JO e3pT!)IB gl (•pa^qSiaAinfi) •3nrni92 sifosissOj^^ (•p3:>qSi3Ma£i) •z'jTinqDg o;io (SI) -sappreez (SI) •sapi'jjBii (■pa^qSiaAi) •jnoq^i JO Xnsiuii^ qauaij; ■'eiJBj; ^B Sni-jqaji pnB pnj 'pobj jo ^803 (II) -saouj ireiau o (•pajHSiaAiUfj) ' •anbim -onoag anijoj^'jj bi 'sappjB g^ (01) 'saaijj (tajjjBjv (•p3^q3iaiia0) •jnoqBT; JO ^j^siajjii qanai^ •sappj-B gf (6) -saaijj ^a^ijBTO (•pa^^q3iaAiu£^) •jnoqBT; JO iCflSintm qonajj •sbjoTiji'B s> (8) -saniBX (jioduij 2 S ®w 1^ I eq .-H 00 OS eo t-- o t-- 00 os cq M b- os o co »-( os ;d co «o M oeo «C3i--eOO—o<: oc>ow^i-(.-HcqMoq ■OCQi-Hr-1i— I.— (i-Ht— (I— It— I^H^H ■ 00 wSt^i-O^:'^t^O«0«O'^l>'b-0000ff0b-0S«0b- OcqoscoO^>ooo^^'Ml>-**eD O0J0>0>OOOi-00r^l>'* ooO-^eQ(NOtf>THOcs-t-H(OOiior--OI>-COOOSIVi-HOSi-iCOO»0 t~«fr^cqu5coMOrHtoci:)OTtiMffOc*3"*cooaoooifti-i»oco ffia^0aa300C»CX)Qp000iO03ffiA0J0>OO03OO<-<^r-« T' 1— t ^Hi-^,-li-|i-lT-(i-l o^o^Oi-ieo^iooioeoos^- 00>eeu5t--i«cCrJ<«D->^OUS-«^«S-5*0 OCSOt-h - ■ ■ 0<-t(MCO'<*<«OCDb-OOOiO»-4CMCO'>Jt>OOOaO'-'«CO OSOJOIOIOIOIOJOIOJOJO 000000 OOOi-H^^Ti; ooQOooQOQocoooooooooaaaxssasasoiaaosAoaosfflOiof 1— li— 11— 11— ti-Hl— (i— 11— (r- I1-H1— lf-(i-Hi-HT-(i-Hi— If— (r-t^-11— li— t»Hi-1 COST OP LIVING IN CANADA 291 (•pa^HBiaAiafi) •pooj }o Bapi^i'B OE (•paiHSiaMuxi) ■Xj^snpai pHB aoaaranioo }0 jCi'^simjn uBissny; -saioi^jtB g \iZ) ■saau'j eiTisaioq^ t^-*C0'-'t^'*O^0iOOf-H^e00st^'*O?DU5i000 I (■paiqSiaM) •jnoq^T; JO -^daa -g -ji (gg)-emBT'jsijqoaijC^iraBjssBio Sm:^joii B JO sajn^fpuadxa Xjieax (•pa^qaTSAiUQ) •inoq^T; jo puB |3nj 'pooj JO saxanjB gg (gg) -saouj irat'^'a " I (•pa^q3iaAS.U£i) •sapT'jiB 6g (Xg) -SBiOii,! aiBsaioqM OOSTj^cOt^OiCOC)10DOSq3iaAiun.) •oooajsi loaSig Q (•paiqSiaMuxi) ■3jaqaa3[iBj -pf (ES) -siB^idsoq uiBpia;^gmy joj epooj (•pa^q3iaAiU£l) •^da0; jnoqBi qo^jnQ (jj) •Buoi^jn^niBui a^B^g g JOJ eaiiddns pooj (•pa:>q3iaAia/i) •:jdaci Jnoquq; qoinQf ■sai^jia 9 ui sapT-jjB gj (xg) -saaiij ijBJ^aa (■pa^qSiaAi.n£X) •inoqB'i JO -ijdaa '51 'Jl (OZ) -sjanpoid ]BiiHinaij3v JO saatid aiBsaioqa oa3cocncsiQOimn]aa oc^'-t-^CJOOD^Oi-i-^r^ o^-^fNCO^u:)=£S^*QOOso^-^cqco■*»ocDt^gDOTOI-HcqcQ aS03as0»030S<350i0iaSOOC3<3OOOOOO^T-ir-l^ 0000Ci0Q0O50000000000OiO5CnC3iOSO3O3O3OsO3asOsOiOi T-tt-(l-tT-(lf-|l-tl-(9HT-lT-tl-tl-t.-*t-«^t-tr-tWT-lT-Hl-(T-l.-H.-H 82696— 19J 292 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO The following notes apply to the reference numbers in the preceding table :— (1) Foods, minerals, textiles and miscellaneous; chiefly in Budapest and Vienna. Bulletin of the International Statistical Institute, Vol. XIX, p. 136. (2) Bread, flour, macaroni, rice, beans, potatoes, oliv6 oil, cheese, peas, beef, sugar, wine vinegar and soap. The number reflects changes in the cost of a yearly supply of food for a working class family. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 328. (3) Flour, bread, pease, lentils, potatoes, sauer kraut, milk, sugar, butter, beef, veal, iiorlt, lard and bacon. The original prices statistdes are those of the Monthly Bulletin of the Muni- cipality of Vienna. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 327. ^4) Grains, breadstuffs, meats, poultry, groceries, borage, beverages, fuel, vegetables, dairy produce, etc. The original prices from Yearbook of Central Statistical OfHce of Hungary. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 331. (5) Wheat, potatoes, meats, eggs, butter, milk, linen, calico, coal and wood. Bulletin In- ternational Statistical Institute. XIX 210. (6) Bread, coffee, eggs, butter, beef, pork, bacon, potatoes, sugar, rice and haricots. Orig- inal prices collected and published by Belgian Labour Department. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 336. (7) Grouped as follows r Group (1) Tallow, oleo, flour, flaxseed, cocoanut, rice, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, cotton thread, lard, copper, coal oil. Group (2) Horses, eggs, salt herring, wheat, potatoes, flax, linen thread, hides, boots and shoes, paper, wood, bricks. Group (3) Meat, salt pork, butter, rye, wheat, barley, oats, corn, su^r, coal, pig iron, iron bar, oil cake and timber. Group 1 is given a weight of 1, group 2 of 2, group 3 of 3. Bulletin of the Inter- national Statistical Institute, XIX, p. 219. (8) Wheat, flour, rye, corn, barley, oats, potatoes, rice, cattle, sheep, pigs, salt meat, butter, sugar (3), coffee, cocoa, cheese, pig iron, bar iron, tin, copper, lead, coal (2), cotton, hemp, flax, jute, wool, silk, iron ore, zinc, hides, tallow, oil (3), linseed, petroleum, nitrate of soda, indigo, oak (2). U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 340. (9) Wheat, flour, rye, barley, oats, corn, potatoes, rice, beef (2), mutton (2), porlt, salt mea;t, butter, cheese, sugar (2), coffee, cocoa, iron (3), copper tin, lead, zinc, coal, cotton, flax, hemp, jute, wool, silk, hides, tallow, coal oil, linseed, alcohol, soda, nitrates, indigo, wood, rubber. UK. Cd. 6955, p. 341. ^10) Under the following main headings: Wheat, meal, wine, sugar, alcohol, coffee, coal, coal oil, copper, tin, zinc, lead, steel, iron, silk, wool, fla'x, cotton, soda, phosphate, sulphuric acid. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 342. See also wholsale prices, Canada, 1913, p. 282. (11) Consumption of a typical Paris carpenter. Sal^ires et coflt de I'existence a, diverses fpoques Jusqu'en 1910. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 339. (12) Wheat, rye, potatoes, rice, pigs, oxen, cows, sheep, coffee, tobacco, sugar, coal, petrol- f^um, pig iron, cotton jute and silk. The original prices have been published by Imperial Stais- tical Office. U.K. Cd. 6955 p. 353. (13) Cereals and other agricultural and fishery products, colonial wares, textiles, metals; fuel and lighting. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 354. (14) Grains, vegetables, meats, textiles, metals, fuel, etc. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 357. (15) Eye bread, rye flour, wheat flour, beef, veal, p6rk, potatoes, milk, butter, lard, eggs and beer. Original prices from the Journal of the Bavarian Statistical Office. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 343^ (16) The weekly ration served to the German blue jacket in home ports. UK Cd, 6935, p. 344. (17) Bavarian, Wurtemburg, Pru.'isian and Baden. Commodities included: Bread, flour, potatoes, sugar, coffee, butter, eggs, beef, veal, mutton, pork, bacon and milk. U.K Cd. G955, p. 347-8. (IS) Wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas, hay, straw, beef, mutton, veal, bacon, pork, butter, lentils, beans and potatoes. Bulletin of the International statistical Institute, XIX, 132. U9) Wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas, beans, lentils, strUw (2), hay, mixed bread, bread, rye bread, beef, pork, veal, mutton, (table) butter, eggs, wheat meal, whole barley, barley meal, buckwheat flour, rice, coffee (raw), coffee (Java), table salt and tallow. Bulletin of the Inter- national Statistical Institute, XIX, p. 134. (20) Butter, cheese, oxen, calves, pigs, wheat, rye, barley, oats, beans, peas, corn, potatoes and sugar beets. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 362. (21) Amsterdam, Harlem, Arnhem, Utrecht, Leeurwarden and The Hague. Twenty-four goods. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 358. (22) Wheat bread, rye bread, butter, beef, rice, potatoes, peas, pea meal and milk. UK- Cd. 6955, p. 360. 123) Animal foods (7), vegetable foods (11), other foods (5), as purchased by Municipal Hospitals of Amsterdam. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 362. (24) Of the following: (1) Spirits, liquors and oils; l(^) colonial products, drugs, etc., (3) chemicals, etc., (4) colours in general for tinctures and, (5^) flax. Jute, etc., (6) cotton, (7) wool and nair, (8) silk, (9) hay, straw, (10) charts and books, (11) furs, (12) mineral metals, etc., (13) vehicles, (14) stone, earthenware, etc., (15) rubber gum, gutta peroha, etc., (16) cereals, flour and paste, (17) animals and their products, (18) miscellaneous. I Prezzi delle Merci i" Italia, 1910 — 12, Achille Necco. Panteleonls number based .on 19 imports and 12 exports shows a greater rise in the former and a less rise In the latter. (25) Bread, macaroni, rice, beef, sausage, fish, eggs, butter, olive oil, milk, coffee, sugar and wine. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 363. (26) Wheat, bread, macaroni, rice, beef, coffee, sugar and wine, U.K. Cd 6955, p. 364. COST OF LIVlXa /A' GA^'ADA 293 (27) Bread, beef, veal, kid, ham, sausage, lard, bacon, cheese, butter, milk, eggs, codllsh, olive oil and wine. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 365. f28) "Wheat, bread, wine, beef, pork, butter and rice, U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 367. (29) (o) Foods, drinks and tobacco, (b) clothing and textiles, (c) minerals, fuel, timber and manufactured articles. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 369. (30) Rice, barley, wheat, beans, salt, beans preserved, Jam, sugar, tea, bonits, beet, eggs, milk, plums and radishes. U.K. Cd. 6955 p. 370. (31) Meat, dairy produce, potatoes, cereals, flour, colonial wares, textiles and miscellaneous. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 373. (32) Based on prices published in the Annual Abstract of the Municipal Statistical Otilce tor the following articles: Beef, mutton, veal, pork (salt), venison, mackerel (salt), cod (split), butter, mai'garine, cheese, eggs, milk, flour (wheat), flour (rye), potato meal, barley meal, peas, beans, potatoes, coffee, sugar, petroleum, coal, coke. Are wood. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 371. (33) Based on statement prepared for the Mimicipallty of Christiania, including food, clothe ing, rent, fuel and lighting, taxes and miscellaneous expendituVes. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 372. i34) No. (1) Cereal products. No. ( 2 ) animal products,' oleaginous products, No. (4) textile, materials. No. (5) mineral products. No. (6) dyes and chemical products. No. (7) Coloniali wares. U.K. Cd. 6955, p. 375. (35) Based on Russian Official Statistics of foods contained In immediately preceding list, as follows: p. 375 (o) rye, wheat, oats, barley, maize, pea^, buckwheat, buckwheat meal, millet, wheat flour, rye flour, bran, malt, horned cattle, live sheep, live pigs, beef, pork, butter, herrings, olive oil, salt, sugar, coffee, tea, rice, pepper, currants, almonds and Inops. 294 BOARD OF INQUIRT INTO COURSE OF RETAIL PRICES, CANADA A'ND VIENNA, 1900-1913. Number of Articles Included; 13. Prices in 1900=100. 1900 1905 1910 1911 1912 1913 13B 1 156 / 134 2SJ2 id« 1 f 132 yie ma, / 150 / t 1 128 /. / / 126 '/ 1 124 '/ 122 / 120 / 118 ' / 116 / fi 1 i ■ 114 / 112 - / * 1 / 110 /' 108 / / 106 / / / 104 J / 102 ^ ^ 100 / 98 w-^__ COST OF LiriXG IN CANADA TREND OF RETAIL PRICES IN CANADA -AND VIENNA, 1900-1913. 295 «_ No. of Commodities 13. Prices 1900=100 1900 1905 IDIO 1911 1912 1913 C&nada 100 100-0 110-3 107-6 127-2 •128-5 135-1 127-8 139-8 131-2 139-6 Vienna Eetail prices in Vienna apparently went up faster than in Canada until 1911, in which year and in 1912, however, the situation was reversed. (6) An index number based on a list of 60 commodities in 22 towns as recorded by the Central Statistical Office of Hungary shows a rise pf 34 per cent between 1900 and 1911. The 47 foods included in the list have advancedl37 per cent. Wheat has gone up 52 per cent, oats 68 per cent, beans 6vS per cent, flour 33 per cent, chickens 58 per cent, beef 44 per cent, pork 65 per cent, bacon 56 per cent, milk 57 per cent, coal 29 per cent and hay and straw over 50 per cent. Altogether, 20 commodities^ are included in the above list for which comparative .price trends ate available in the two countries ; these are brought together in the following weighted index numbers : TREND OF RETAIL PRICES IN CANADA Ako HUNGARY, 1900-1913. No. of Coftimodities 20 Prices 1900=100 1900 1905 1910 1911 1 100-0 100-0 , 110-5 112-7 130-8 132-7 137-3 >»»»«» 1 141-0 The cost of living in Hungary on this showing has gone up more rapidly since 1900 than in Canada. 'Namely: beef, veal, mutton, pork, bacon, lard, eggs, butter, feiilk, cheese, flour, bread, rice, sugar, potiitoes, coffee, vinegar, wood, coal and beans. 296 BOARD OF INQUIRY IVTO COURSE OF RETAIL, PRICES, CANADA AND HUNGARY, 19*0-1913. Number of Articles Included, M. Prices in 1900 = 100. ■ o o s 1905 1910 1911 1912 1913 140 / 138 / / 136 // 134 can jda // 132 Hun efar; '. ___ ^ / 7 130 // / 128 J 7 126 1, / 124 / 7 122 / / 120 V 118 / f 116 '/ \ 114 / / 112 y ' 110 / / 108 / / 106 / 104 / '/ 102 100 / 98 COST OF LiriNG IN CANAVA 297 BELGIUM. Two index numbers, one of wholesale (prices and the other of retail, will be found in the accompanying table. (1) Wholesale Prices. — The former, that of Prof. E. Waxweiler, covers 10 articles at Brussels. It shows a rise of 13' per cent as between 1900 and 1910, eggs and meat having gone up fastest. It has not been compiled for subsequent years. Summarizing his results, Prof. Waxweiler states: "For the last five years the prices of most of the articles exhibited an upward tendency. Nevertheless the level of prices to-day (i.e. 1910) does not appear to be exceptional." Another wholesale index number for Belgium is th^t constructed by Mr. Maurice Sauveur, based on data published by the Minister of ,the Interior and Agriculture (Annuaire de la Belgique).i It is compiled only for individual articles and for certain groups. It shows an increase of 2-6 jrar cent between 190O and 190® in cereals (wheat, rye, barley, meslin, spelt and buckwheat), of 32 per cent in vegetables (peas, beans and potatoes) of lY per cqnt in meats (beef, veal, mutton and pork) and of 8 per cent in butter. Combining t^ie 14 articles^ which are com- mon to Mr. Sauveur's statistics and those of Canada the following comparison of the wholesale price trends in the two countries is obtained. TREND OF WHOLESALE PRICES IN CANADA ^KTD BELGIUM, 1900-1913. Number of Articles 14. Prices 1900 = 100. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 Canada 100-0 100-0 106 108-2 115-3 107-7 115-5 107-0 110-6 106-5 118-1 143 -0 121-7 115-0 137-5 117-3 140-9 114-4 141-9 120-2 140-3 Belffium Retail Prices. — A retail index number for Belgium was compiled by the United Kingdom Department of Labour based on the retail prices of 11 foods in 16 localities as collected by the Belgian Department of Labour. It shows a gain of 32 per cent between 1900 and 1912. The chief increases have been in beef (70 per cent), haricots (49 per cent), bacon (46 per cent), pork (44 per cent), and coffee (31 per cent). Sugar has gone down 25 per cent. Taking the 10 articles^ common to the Canadian and Belgian statistics of retail prices, the following weighted index number has been com- piled. TREND OF RETAIL PRICES IN CANADA AND BELGIUM, 1900-1913. Number of Articles 10. Prices 1900=100. 1900 1905 1910 1911 1912 1913 Canada 100 100-0 111-5 108-9 131-7 119-5 144-9 126-4 145-1 129-3 149-2 Belgium Bothwholesale and retail prices it will be seen have been less buoyant in Belgium than in Canada. 'U.K., Board of Trade, C. d 6955, p. 333. 'Namely: barley, hay, oats, peas, rye straw, wheat, beef, mutfon, pork, veal, butter, beans, potatoes. •Namely, beef, pork, bacon, eggs, butter, bread, sugar, potatofep, rice, coffee. 298 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO TREND OP WHOLESALE PRICES IN CANADA AND BELGIUM, 1900-1910. Number of Articles, 14. ' Prices in 1900 = 100, OOOOOOOOOOr-t 140 / ^ \ 138 Hfl nftd !• . / 136 RP Igi' im. . 1 f 134 / 132 / 130 / 128 / 126 / 124 \ 122 1 120 / 118 / 1 116 1 / / \ 1 I 114 / -"^ \\ / \ -f — 1 112 / \ 1 110 / \ 1 1 108 7 1 1 106 //■" •^^^ f 104 102 i 100 ! COST OF LIViyCr IN CAJ^ADA 299 CIOURSB OP RETAIL, PRICES, CANADA AND BELGIUM, 1900-1913. Number of Articles Includerd, 10. Prices In 1900 = 100. 148 146 144 142 140 138 136 134 132 130 128 126 124 XZ2 120 118 116 114 112 110 108 106 104 102 100 1900 1905 1910 1911 1912 1913 > 7 ca lad I. — ' /■ Be Ifilr un. A_ - ' 1 / / / r j / / / / 1 f / / / 1 / / / / /■ / f / / / 4 f / r f / r / ^. ^ / // / /y f / 300 BOARD OF INQUIRY lA^TO (3) DENMARK. An index number based on import and export valijiations by the Statistical Depart- ment of Denmark shows a rise of 18 per cent between 1900 and 1912. Statistics for the individual commodities are not given so that comparisons on the same basis with Canadian prices are not possible. (4) FRANCE. Five index numbers of prices in France will be found in the accompanying table: (1) De Foville's numbers of import and export values is based on the annual pub- lications of the Board of Customs. Imports and exports are first valued at last year's prices. The difference between this and a subsequent valuation at current prices is made the basis of the change in the number. De Foville's (France), Sauerbeck's (Great Britain') and Neccoi (Italy) numbers are chartered together on p. 314. (2) Import Values. — An index number based on the import values of 43 articles^ is published by the French Ministry of Labour. The foods alone of the French num- ber have risen 28 per cent. (3) A second series of official index numbers based on the market prices of 45 articles shows a rise of 23-7 per cent. The foods alone in this series have advanced by 28 per cent. The articles correspond closely to those of the Sauerbeck number of Great Britain. (4) A well known French index number of wholesale prices is that of La Beforme Economique. The number includes 21 articles, the rise in which since 1900 has amounted to 13 per cent. (5) Cost of Living. As the result of a special investigation by the French Statis- tical Department into the cost of food, fuel and lighl^ing, based on the consumption of a typical Paris artisan, (carpenter) it is estimated that a rise of 15 per cent has taken place since 1900. If wine and sugar are omitted from the calculations the increase is shown at 23 per cent (considerable declines in the price of wine and sugar having taken place as the result of financial legislation). Working class rentals advanced 8 per cent at Paris in the first ten years of the century. Combining food, fuel, lighting and rentals a rise between 1900 and 1910 is estimate'd at 13 or 14 iper cent according as the calculation includes or excludes wine and sugar.^ 1 Since 1905 the index number ia calculated on market-prices, and is extended to 45 articles (see Annuaire StatisUque de la France, 1912, p. 223). 2 Prance, MinistSre du Travail et' de la Prfivoyance -Sociale. Statistique ggnSrale de la France. Saiaires et collt de I'existence a, diverges gpoques, Jusqu'en 1910. Paris, Imprlmerie Nationale, 1911. • This report contains a compilation of retail prices of food secured from the bread-tax records, the slaughter-house sales books, the books at the central markets, the records of co-operative stores, the accounts of institutions such as almshouses and boarding schools, the books of restaurants, etc. The wholesale prices on the Paris produce exchanges are also given. The wage data were secured principally from statements of the councils of prud'hommes and from the pay rolls of Government establishments. Computations of the cost of living are given. COST OF LiriMJ JN CAiJADA 301 There are 38 articles contained in the French •import price statistics as above described for which wholesale statistics in the case of Canada are available.^ Com- bining these for each country in turn the following index numbers are obtained : — TREND OF WHOLESALE PRICES IN CANADA ;AND FRANCE, 1900-1913. No. of Articles. 38*. Prices in 1900 = 100. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 •1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Canada. . . France 100.0 100 98-4 95-3 100. 1 95-3 101 4 95-8 100-2 95-5 107-4 100-9 112-7 107-0 119-0 109-6 112-5 104-9 114-1 106-7 119-6 113-3 126-0 118-6 138-8 128-3 On the above analysis prices have uniformly tended towards a lower level in France than in Canada, though the spread is not excessive. 'The index numbers for the indivii^ual commodities are not published in the Annimire Statistique but were worked out from the actual prices quoted therein. It is to be remembered that import prices do not necessarily reflect with accuracy the general level of internal pric^e^. *Namely, barley, corn, flax, oats, rye, wheat, cattle (live), hogs^Clive), sheep (live), butter, cheese, po- tatoes, flour, rice, coffee, cocoa, sugar (granulated), wool, cotton*, 'flax fibre, raw silk, jute, hides, tallow, copper, iron (pig), iron (bar), lead, steel billets, tin, zinc, coal, coal oil, oak, linseed oil, indigo, alcohol, sulphuric acid. 302 BOARD OF ISQVIRY JN-TO COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, CANADA AND FRANCE, 1900-1913. Number of Articles Includfid, 38. P"^^ '" 19M=100. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 134 lS?r / \ ISO Cfl nad a. / \ 128 Pi anc B. / \ 126 / 124 / 122 / 120 l/ 11R 1 \ 1 1 116 \ 1 I 114 312 \ 1 1 J 1 \ / 1 t 110 / 1 TOR / / / \ 1 1 106 1 f f \ i ■ ^ 1 1 104 / 1 1 \ f 1 102 / 1 1 I 1 00 ^ /, 1 1 98 >\ / f 96 \ \ 1 1 94 ^ -"' t COST OF LITING IN CANADA 303 (5) GERMANY. Wholesale Prices. — Three numbers are given herewith: (1) a weighted index number based on lY articles by Herr Cahver shows a rige of 29 per cent between 1900 and 1912, but a decline of 6 points in 1913. ^ Herr Otto" Schmitz's unweighted number of 29 articles rose 22 per cent between 1900 and 1913. (3) The index number of the Vossische Zeitung, which includes 39 commodities, had -risen in 1912 by 26 per cent, but declined in 1913. The Imperial Statistical Office of Germany has published index numbers for 44 commodities since 1899, but has not calculated an aggregate number. Among the more important increases shown in these statistics are the follbwing: wheat 38 per cent, corn 43 per cent, potatoes 60 per cent, pigs and calves 50 pSr cent, cofiee YO per cent, tea 11 per cent, hides 64 per cent; on the other hand pepper, raw silk, pig and bar iron and English coal have gone down since 1900.^ The official wholesale price statistics of Germany aaid Canada permit direct com- parison to be made in the case of 34 commodities.* These are combined in the fol- lowing index numbers : TKEND OF WHOLESALE PRICES IN CANADA AND GERMANY. 1910-1913. Number of articles, 34. Prices in 1900 = 100. ~ 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Canada. . . Germany . 100 100-0 99-8 94-5 104-6 95-5 108-9 98-0 108-6 100-1 111-9 102-9 115-2 109-8 118-9 114-5 113-6 If 5- 2 122-5 108-5 126-9 111-5 127-9 118-5 139-8 128-7 135 9 It would appear that prices have been somewhat less buoyant in Germany than in Canada, though the spread is not very great. ;T!ie courtesy of Herr Calwer in supplying figures for 1913 is ackftowledged. "The Imperial Statistical Office al o publisiied in 1909 a study of the household budgets of 860 families of persons of moderate income covering the year 1907-1908. (Germany. — Stalistisches Ami. Abteilunn fur ArbeiterstalistH! . Erhebung ron WiTtschaftsrechnurijjen mindeTbemittelter Familien in Dmtschen Reiche. Bearb. im Kaiserlichen Statistischen Amte, ASt'eilung fur Arbeiterstatistik. Berlin, C. Heymanns Verlag, 1909). Practically all the incomes were less than $1,200 (5,000 marks), the^majority being from $200 to $500. The principal value of this study is its detailed account of the various items of expenditure of the families studied. A digest of the contents of this report is given in bulletin 88 of the United States Bureau of Labour. No attempt is made to compare findings with earlier data. 'Namely, barley, corn, oats, rye, wheat, cattle, hogs, lard, sheep, butter, herrings, potatoes, flour, rice, coffee, tea, pepper, wool, cottons, cotton, silk, jute, hides, copper, pig iron, bar iron, lead, spelter, tin, coal, coal oil, (U, S. standard) coal oil, tobacco, hops. 304 BOARD OF jy QUIRT lyTO COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES, CANADA AND GERMANY, 1900-1913. Number of Articles Includ'Sd, 34. Prices in 1900=100. 138 136 134 152 130 128 126 124 122 120 118 116 114 113 110 108 106 104 102 100 98 96 94 92 OOOOOOOOO o i-t ft i-t It 1 \ M \ 1? Ca nadj 1., / \S Ge rmai 'y. / 1^ / 13 • f ^ 1,? J y / i \ \ 1? / / / \ \9, 1 / 1 \2 1 / lit J \ 1 / 11 / \ 1 / IK / f A / / 11' / 1 1 A \ / 1 11! 7 1 1 \ \ / lie / / 1 \ 1 / lOf / 1 1 \ \ / 10( / 1 1 ' f 10^ / > 1 102 / / / IOC \ > 9{ \ \ <»f \ 91 9; COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 305 Retail Prices. — Four German index numbers of retail prices will be found in the accompanying table, namely, those of Dr. Zahn,i weighted, Herr Calwer, weighted,- United Kingdom Department of Labour, weighted, aad Von Zimmerman, unweighted. Three of the numbers agree in showing a rise of approximately over 25 per cent in 1911. The fourth, which reflects contract rather than retail prices, (i.e., the cost of the weekly ration served to the German blue-jacket in home ports) had risen only 14 per cent in 1911; this, however, had increased to 24 per cent in 1913. Dr. Zahn's number for 1913 showed a rise of 35 per cent compared with 1900. A composite index number of Herr Von Hartwig on wholesale and retail price of 27 foods at Leubeck s^ows a rise of 22-3 per cent in 1912. The retail price statistics of individual articles in Germany contained in the United Kingdom Board of Trade report, 1912,^ enable some interesting A)mpari- sons to be made with the similar statistics for Oaijada. Four comparative index nunibers have been worked out for these as follows : TREND OF RETAIL PRICES IN CANADA AND PRUSSIA, 1900-1913. Number of Articles, 9.* Prices in 1900=100. 1900 1905 1910 1911 1912 1913 Canada 100 '0 100-0 113-5 112-8 137-6 :126-7 150-5 135-0 152-8 158-9 Prussia *NameIy, beef, veal, mutton, pork, bacon, eggs, butter, flourf, potatoes. TREND OF RETAIL PRICES IN CANADA AND BAVARIA, 1900-1913. Number of Articles, 9.** Prices in 1900 = 100. 1900 1905 .1910 1911 1912 1913 Canada 100 100-0 112-3 110-5 133-3 122-1 144 -9 129-5 148-8 152-2 Bavaria (**) Namely, beef, pork, veal, eggs, milk, butter, bread, floar, potatoes. -—i . . 5 'Figures for 1911, 1912, 1913, supplied by courtesy of Dr. Zahn. ?,C. D. 6955. 82696—20 306 BOARD OF INQUIRY IX TO COURSE OF RETAIL PRICES, CANADA AND BAVARIA, 1900-191'3. Number of Articles Included, 9. Prices in 190'0=:100. ^ «o" ^ tl ^ 1911 1913 152 150 / 148 r.p naH a. / / 146 Rp VflT la / 144 1 / 142 140 / 13d / 136 / 134 / 133 / 1 130 / 128 / r 126 ■ / / 124 / / 122 / / 120 / 116 / / ■f 116 / / r- ' 114 / y i/ 112 /, / / 110 /. / e 108 / 106 / 104 A r> lo;3 .< po <:i ^ »^ rM t-i IS,, CA OS 0\ C\ 0)t Oi — » "-< *r-i r-« M «-< 158 156 1 1&4 J 152 C9 lad ll / 1 150 pr IS8 a. / 146 146 \ 144 \ 142 \ J40 \ 138 ■ \ 136 1 154 , 132 1 J 130 - j 1 1 128 1 1 126 1 1 124 / / 122 / f / 120 / / / 118 / / f 116 / / 114 /■ t im / V 110 / i' 108 / 106 / ■ 104 / y 103 4 / 100 / . L— J ■ t . .' ISft 156 154 152 150 148 146 144 14« UO 131 136 m 13S ISO 128 126 124 122 120 118 116 114 112 110 108 loe 104 loa 100 82696— 20J 308 BOARD OF nQUIRY INTO TREND OF RETAIL PRICES IN CANADA AND BADEN, 1900-1913. Nnmber of Articles, 12* Prices in 1900=100. t 1900 1905 1910 1911 1912 1913 100-0 100-0 112-0 108-1 134-4 125-5 144-2 130-2 147-8 ,132-9 154-0 Baden Namely, beef, mutton, pork, bacon, veal, eggs, milk, abutter, bread, flour, coffee, potatoes. TREND OR RETAIL PRICES IN CANADA AND WURTEMBURG, 1900-191?. Nnmber oT Articles, 11**. Prices in 1900=100. ■• 1900 1905 1910 1911 1912 1913 -flCanada 100-0 100-0 111-1 110-0 131-7 129-7 143-5 133-6 146-8 146-4 "WurteMiburg i . « **Namely, beef, mutton, pork, veal, eggs, milk, butter, Tjread, flour, sugar, potatoes. The general conclusion from these tables is that yetail prices have gone up more Tapidly in Canada than in Germany, one third to half again as fast. COST OF LIVING IN (M.NADA 30& COURSE OP RETAIL, PRICES, CANADA AND BADEN, 19.0i0'-1913. Number of Artdcles Included, 12. Pri<,es i„ 199»=1(M>. 1900 1905 1910 1911 1912 1913 152 1 150 / 148 D inac a. / 146 Hi ,dfir / 144 / 142 140 / i?;ft / 156 / 154 J f 132 / / ISO / 128 1 126 / / 124 J r / r 122 / y 120 / f / lie / i / 116 / / / 114 • 1 , f ■ 112 1 / 110 / 1 108 / / 106 ■ / y y 104 y ^. y 102 i /. y 100 I 132 150 148 J.46 144 142 140 13» 13e 134 _i5a 128 126 ■ 124 .122 120 118 lltt .114 112 110 103 10 a 104 102. io6 310 BOARh OF IN0LIR7 i:XTO COURSE OF RETAIL PRICES, CANADA AND WXIRTEJIBURG, 1900-1913. -Kmnber of Aittelea Included, 11. Prioes in igoo^ioo. o (O 9 ri ^" 'j ^ oa 9 Ci s* o ft rt M r* F* r-i ! 150 143 / 1 148 Can ada • / 144 Vur tern sur^ r / 142 ( 140 1 1 I 138 1 i 136 1 134 / 132 \ 130 / i 128 ! 126 1 i 124 ' f 0.22 1 '/ 120 p 1 ■'< 118 i h 9 116 /! 114 / V 112 ; 110 A 1 108 / 106 — ^ // 104 — ■/, 7 102 -u / 100 ^^^ A _ COST OF LIVING IN CANADA (6) HOLLAND. 311 Wholesale Prices.— An index number compiled by the United Kingdom Board of Trade of the wholesale prices of agricultural products in lioUond shows a rise of 35 per cent between 1900 and 1911. Potatoes went up no less than 72 per cent, calves 50 per cent and cheese 47 per cent. Oomparatiye index numbers for Canada and Holland based on 12 commodities which are common to both series of statistics are as follows : — TREND OF WHOLESALE PRICES IN CANADA AND HOLLAND, 1900-1913. Number of commodities, 12*. Prices in 1900 = 100. - 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 i908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Canada. . . Holland... 100 100-0 104-5 113-1 115-2 105-6 116-3 104-5 108-7 106-0 118-2 112 120-2 112-5 130-3 118-5 136-8 116-1 139-6 121-3 139-2 119-4 146-8 130-5 169-5 145-5 *Nai nely, butter chee se, bee ', veal. pigs, wheat. rye, barley, oats, beans, corn and potatoes. Retail Prices. — The Dutch Department of Labour has compiled an index number from 1893 to 1912 based on the retail prices of 29 articles of ordinary household use (24 being foods at prices charged by Co-operative Stores in Amsterdam, Haarlem, Arnhem, Utrecht, Leeuwarden, and the Hague). The rise shown by this number in 1912 compared with 1900 is 21 per cent, but the foods of the list went up 23 per cent. Combining the eight articles common to the two series of statistics** the following comparison is obtained. TREND OF RETAIL PRICES IN CANADA AND HOLLAND, 1900-1913. Number of commodities. 8** Price in 1900 = 100. 1900 1905 1910 1911 1912 1913 Canada... 100-0 1000 106-7 102 -.7 115-3 111-0 123-9 116-1 125-0 122-0 120-2 HoUand **Namely, cheese, flour, oatmeal, rice, beans, sugar, tea and coffee. By the above showing the rise in prices has been more pronounced in Canada than in HoUand, though the latter saw a rapid upward moyement in 1912. Contract Prices. — Two other index numbers based on coiitract prices are given herewith. One reflects the price paid by three large State institutions for food sup- plies, and the other the contract price for food paid at the municipal hospitals of Amsterdam.! Eight articles are included in the former, which shows a rise of 22 per cent in 1912. The 23 articles included in the latter went up 33 per cent during the same interval. A comparative budget at 1912 retail prices in Montreal and Amsterdam^ is given in the accompanying table. 'Amsterdam. Bureau van statistik. Prijzen van levensmiddeleu te Amsterdam. Prix des vivres a Amsterdam. Amsterdam, J. Muller, 1911. (Statistisohe Mededeelingen uitgegeven door het Bureau van Statistik der gemeente Amsterdam .... no. 35). Text in Dutch and French. 'The figures for Amsterdam are from No. 41 Jaarcijfers, 1912, p. 47. 312 BOARD Of INQUim INTO COURSE OP WHOLESALE PRICES, CANADA AND HOLLAND, 1900-19X3. Number of Articles Included, 12. ■ Prices in 1900 = 100. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 313 BUDGET OF RETAIL PRICES, AMSTERDAM AND MONTREAL.'DECEMBER, 1912. Commodity. Quantity conaumed per week. Amsterdam . Montreal Price per lb. cents Amster- dam Montreal Price per 2-2 lb. 't' cents.* Price per lb. cents. Bread ." 151b. 2 1b. 2 1b. lib. lib. lib. Igal. ilb. 61b. 21b. 101b. Jib. lib. lib. 3 1b. lib. lib. 16-37 110- 130- 180 120 100 9-5*' 143-0 54- 20 •• 20 20 70 50 160 100 80 3- 20-0 :23-6 32-7 :21-S 18-2 43-3 52-0 4-9 4-9 •3-6 3-6 12-7 91 30-0 18-2 14-S 4! 15- 20- 18- 16- 14- 23- 60- 5| 6 4 7 13 m 34-5 22 20 45-0 40-0 47-2 32-7 21-8 18-2 43-3 13-0 29-4 9-8 36-0 1-2 12-7 91 90-0 18-2 14-5 70-0 Roast beef 30-0 400 Veal 18-0 Mutton 16-0 5ork, lean Coal oil, gal 14-0 23-0 Coffee 15-0 34-5 Beans 12-0 Flour Starch 40-0 2-3 Dried apples Dried prunes Butter 13-0 12-5 103-5 22-0 New cheese (Gouda) 20-0 $482-1 $485-8 *Dutch cent=2-5 cent Canadian. **Litre=22 gallons, fl kilogramme. (7) ITALY. Import and Export Values. — Index numbers compiled by Signor A. Necco, of the University of Turin, sbow a rise in prices between 1900 and 1912 of about 10 per cent. It is interesting to compare this number -with those of De Foville in France and of Sauerbeck in Great Britain. (See accompanying chart.) Contract Prices. — Two index numbers based on contract prices are given. The first reflects the prices paid by 43 State institutions for 12 foods. From 1890 to 1906 prices were stationary or slightly downward. Between 1907 and 1913, however a rise of 23-7 per cent took place, the articles chiefly afllected brang eggs, pork, sausages, olive oil, and wine. The second number reflects 8 foods as supplied to the Italian war office. The rise shown by this is somewhat less, namely, 20 per cent, chiefly in wine and beef since 1909. Betail Prices. — Two numbers are given reflecting respectively the course of 16 foods in Eome and 7 foods in Milan. The former -^ere up 7- per cent in 1912 after having been 8-3 per cent up in 1911; the later were up 30-9 in 1913. Taking the articles, 5 in number, common to Canada and Milan, the following comparison is arrived at: — TREND OP RETAIL PRICES IN CANADA-AND MILAN, 1900-1913. Number of articles, 5*. Prices 1900 = 100. 1900 1905 1910 1911 1912 1913 Canada 100-0 100-0 111-0 101-2 127-3 124-8 132-2 130-8 141-0 130-8 144-3 Milan 130-9 *Natnely, beef, pork, bread, butter, rice. The investigation at Rome covers 9 articles included in the Canadian statistics, but for 5 of these, namely, butter, cheese, lard, veal and bacon, prices are shown to be unchanged. 314 BOARD OF lyQVIRY MTO M P Z < H O a 02 H CM h O P3 O H Eh o o 1" 0) 0> o a> OO 00 CO o CO s > <« ID £161 ziei 1161 0161 6061 1 1 : r" ^ ■ •«. ^^. \ \ \ \ — ■^ \ \ v ^. , ■». ^ \ \ "■- V % 8051 iOSl 906T G06T *061 £081 8061 1061 0061 6881 8691 i681 9681 S681 ^691 e6'81 Z681 1681 0681 6981 8881 i881 8981 5881 *891 £881 Z891 1991 . ^ / y ^-f <»' \ »», \ X "^ •^ ^, "^ ■\ ^^ '^■*- '~i ■ \ 1 \ \ N t \ \ N, / ^ y / / ^. ^ "^ ■^ ,- .'' •-~: ^ '^^. ^ • *. »^ ^ ^ sr«s -* ** *» , - S >> \ '. / * ■ - 1 > / J*' ** ^■' i-f; i^ 1 y, '7 1 1 <; ^ '/ / 1 ^ ^ ^- 1 1 \ 8 1 "< \> \ 1 — N s\ V ..., J^ _,, ^** 7 ? — J" — 1 -^ f-J < 1* > . ^ >- >^ — a 9) t 1^ t^-" •^ b^ — 03 — 1> — ^^ ^ '^'^ •4 X ^ ^ z 1 < ^^ _ _ •HH _ 1^,^ ^__ CO to ^ o _ O en A A 0) A 00 00 <0 O <0 <0 tS ID COST OF LiriNG IN CANADA (8) JAPAN. 315 Two index numbers are given herewith, both of Wholesale prices and both of the Japanese Department of Agriculture and Commerce. (1) The first covers sixty-three articles including, (a) foods, drinks and tobacco, (6) clothing and textiles, (c) minerals, fuel, timber and manufactured articles. The average rise in these was 33 per cent. Taking the fbod items alone, the rise was 54 per cent. Textiles rose 30 per cent. (2) The second number covers 15 foods. Like thfe food section of the preceding number this shows a rise of 50 per cent between 1900 'Sand 1912. As between Canada and Japan, comparative wholesale price statistics are available for 23 articles. Combining these the following numbers are obtained : — TREND OF WHOLESALE PRICES IX CANADA AND JAPAN, 1900-1913. Number of articles, 23*. Prices in 1900 = 100. — 1900 1901 9102 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Canada. . . Japan 100-0 100-0 104-4 98-1 100-8 96-9 104-3 102-0 106-7 ior-2 104-3 116-9 106-6 116-5 118-6 122-S 118-4 124 -S 119-7 120-2 123-0 121-3 123-0 125-3 131-8 131-9 130-0 *Namely, barley, hay, straw, wheat, beef, eggs, milk, rice, tea, sugar, salt, cotton, prints, silk, pig iron, coal, petroleum, pine (balk), pine (plank), shingles, nails, japer, indigo. It will be noticed that although the Canadian index numbers are more buoyant in the first three years of this century, the lead was taken thereafter until 1910 by Japan. In 1912 the numbers show exactly the same degree of advance, with the Canadian numbers tending to sag. 316 BOARD OF lyQTSIEY INTO COURSE OF WHOLESALE PPJCES, CANADA AND JAPAN, 1900-1913. Number of Articles Includede, 23. Prices in 1900=100. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1 H 1907 1906 . 1909 o c H 1912 1915 132 130 j \ 128 Qi nad a. 126 J£ pan • 124 / \, 1 ■ ■- ■ > /- i !\ : 122 / 120 / / A"^ / IIR / / - ^ IIB — > f / 114 / 1 / 112 / / 110 / / TOR / / 106 ; f / 104 k / /' \ / 102 / \ / / • 100 / \ // 98 s / 96 ^v ' 94 rO.ST OF LITIXtl IX CAMiDA 317 (9) NORWAY. Wholesale Prices. — An index number of the Norwegian Statistical Office, which covers 39 articles, shows a rise of 9 per cent between, 1900 and 1911. The food items which number 22, have gone up IT per cent, while textiles have gone up 18 per cent. Betail Prices. — A yearly budget of a typical workingclass familiy in Ohristiania has increased 17 per cent since 1901. Down to 1906 tlie cost of living fell off in Ohris- tiania, the increase above noted having occurred betwpen 1909 and 1912. Eents and taxes rose only slightly, but clothing, food and fuel went up rapidly. An index number constructed by the United Kingdom Department of Labour based on statistics compiled by the Municipal Statistical Office of Ohristiania shows a rise of 9 per cent in the [prices of 25 principal hous'ehold suppli^js between 1900 and 1911. Sixteen of these articles* may be compared with" similar commodities in Canada with the following result : TREND OF RETAIL PRICES IN CANADA AND NOg-WAY (CHRISTIANIA). 1900-1913. Number ot commodities, 16*. Prices 1900 = 100. 1900 1905 1910 1911 Canada 100-0 100-0 110-9 98-4 129-5 107-4 138-1 1110 •Namely, beef, mutton, veal, pork (salt), butter, cheese, eggs, milk, flour, beans, potatoes, coffee, sugar, pettoleum, coal and wood. .Eetail prices would appear to have been much more stable in Ohristiania than in Canada, 318 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO COURSE OF RETAIL PRICES, CANADA AND NORWAY, 1900-1913. Number of Articles Iiiclud'ed, 16. Prices in 1900=100. o 0) H •-• H H H rt 136 136 134 Cf) nflfi ^, \ 1.^2 No rwa )r. " \ 130 \ 126 ' A f 126 / 124 / f 122 / 120 / lie / 116 / 114 k 113 / 110 / / i 108 / / r- / t 106 / / f 104 / ^ / 102 /' ^ / / r 100 / • 9S '■~ --.« WIST Vf Ij1\1J\U- IIS UA.fiiAUA. 319 (10) RUSSIA. • Wholesale Prices. — Two index, numbers are available. The first, that of the Rus- sian Ministry of Commerce and Industry, is for 69 articles. A general rise of 16 per cent is shown between 1900 and 1911. To this rise cereal products contributed 27 per cent, animal products 22 per cent, oleaginous products 24 per cent, textile materials 20 per cent, dyes and chemical products 14 per cent, " colonial series " Y per cent; mineral products show a slight decline. It will be seen that" the price rise has been highest in textiles, and next highest in animal products, hides Jind live pigs being a chief contri- buting factor in the latter. The second index number is one computed by the United Kingdom Department of Labour for the 30 articles of food represented in the above statistics. The rise shown between 1900 and 1911 is 20-8 per cent. Working out a comparison of the trend of wholesale prices in Canada and Eussia as based on the 44 articles* which are common to the official statistics of both coun- tries the following result is obtained : TREND OF WHOLESALE PRICES IN CANABA AND RUSSIA, 1900-1913. Number of commodities, 44'*. Prices 1900 = 100. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 .1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Canada.-,. 100 100-0 99-8 97-7 101-3 96-4 102-0 95-6 102-0 98-4 104-1 102-9 108-7 110-5 116 -.0 118-0 113-8 112-4 118-7 113-1 124-4 113-0 126-5 116-4 135-8 130-0 *Namely, barley, bran, flax, oats, wheat, beef, cattle, togs, pork, sheep, butter, fish, herrings, flour, rice, coffee, tea, sugar, pepper, salt, cotton, prints, flax fibre, hides, tallffw, copper, iron pig, spelter, tin, coal, gasolint^, coal oil, linseed oil, rosin, white lead, borax, caustic soda, copperas, indigo, hops, malt, corn, peas, rye, lead. The rise in Canada has been more rapid than .in Russia, though in 1906 and in 1907 the latter stood on a higher level. 320 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO COURSE OP WHOLESALE PRICES, CANADA AND RUSSIA, 1900-1913. Number of Articles Inoludea, 44. Prices in 1900 = 100, 1S4 132 130 126 126 124 122 120 lie 116 114 112 110 108 106 104 102 100 98 96 94 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1 \ U4 - / \ 132 ' / \ 130 can ada / ISB Rus sia • J / 1?6 / 124 1 122 120 J 1 118 1 r \ nn \ 1 / ( 114 \ ^ ( 112 ' 110 i / f 108 / 106 1' 104 /J 1 ■10?, y / 100 V / 98 ■ \ V ^ , / / 96 '^ 94 COf::T OF LiriXa Ilf CANADA 321 GENERAL SUMMARY. A " WORLD ■" INDEX NUMBER. In summing up the preceding the first task is t6 present an index of the general trend of prices since the beginning of the century. As already made plain, the trend has varied considerably in different countries and in different articles and groups of articles. The two large tables at the end of the chapter, as already explained, contain the available index numbers of the individual commodities (at wholesale and retail respec- tively), and these may be made the basis for a summing up of the kind desired. An average ^ " world " index number for each commodity will be found inserted in the tables; these when combined yield the results shown on the next following page. The results here given are unweighted, the averages being simple throughout. Those for the individual articles in the large tables accordingly tend to give promin- ence to price conditions in the smaller countries. As, the rises, however, have been dis- tributed with apparent evenness between the large an'd small countries not much would seem to be gained by the great labour of weighting each number according to popula- tion. A more serious defect is in the fact that the averages for certain commodities represent a larger number of countries than those for others. Eor over forty articles in the wholesale list, for example, the average is for Canada and the United States alone, where prices have been exceptionally buoyant. The above " world " numbers, there- fore, might be presumed to err on the side of buoyancy. The weighting of the various commodities, as in the preceding chapters — the wholesale by the series of group weights employed iq appdx. II (p. 90) and the retail liy the weights used in appdx. III. (p. 222) yields the following results: — 82696—21 322 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO CCOSlCOOOOi-H^COCOt^OOOOTjl m H O Pi H iJ <1 CQ H ij O w O IB w m H Q Q P3 O ^^ eOOiO(Ni-Hrl1QOt^l>-I>-COr-lCO CO»nTi<01t-OSCQ01>CO»Ct-»C Oi'^"«J^Oi>^CqOiOI>-Oit^OiOCD 00^-^Hi^T}(iceOI>.>OOiT^^HcO 1— IOSCO?DT-(THCOOHO"tt(tOOiCO ootCCOrjCC t-tMOr-ioaoOi— cOOD^OC--^«d><^RP« •P4 Q (In H o m S O 13 Q O "o d 1-1 CD 09 1-1 rl 1-1 5i co«s-«ro C4 OCqoO T-l 1-1 t^oooso QO 1-H 00 g 1-1 CO 01 CO (M eg 10 CO i 1-1 i 3 0^ as 1-1 0000 iiii s No. of Articles ,-irHi-HiH CM ■«** w 7 p • U '. -^ . < I .y=r '"I'l^lB COST OF LIVING IN CANADA WEIGHTED WORLD INDEX NUMBERS, 1900-1914. 323 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1908 1907 Wholesale 100.4 104-8 104-8 100-6 105-6 107-3 110-0 116-2 Retail 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Wholesale , Retail 114 1 1140 116-4 120-2 i_ 117-7 ^23- 3 127-0 129-3 124-4 131-0 The effect of weighting the eonunodities, it will be seen, ia to increase the buoy- ancy of both price lines. With regard to the wholesale line : from the fact that the groups in which the largest numbers of countries are represented in the detailed tables (viz., grains, meats, miscellaneous foods) are those to which the heaviest weights are attached, it might have been expected that the weighting process would tend to decrease any buoyancy due to the non-represejitative character of 'certain of the individual averages. This, however, is completely ojffset by the pronounced rises that have generally taken place in these groups. The vveighting of the retail number emphasizes the rise to 1912 and the halt that was called in 1913.' The experiment points to the view that the world rise is primarily a rise in f oodstufis. This, however, will be more fully analyzed further on. The general tendency may be summed up as follows : (1) Wholesale—The first four years of the century saw practically level progress. With 1904, however, there set in a steady rise to 1907, when a cheek occurred which extended over 1908 and 1909. In 1910, 1911 and 1912 a very pronounced upward movement was recorded followed by a shght decline in 1913. (2) Retail — The movement' was apparently more persistently upward than in the wholesale prices, the numbers being higher throughout and con- tinuing to mount in 1913.^ It is interesting to note the line of Canadian wholesale and retail prices in con- nection with this " world " movement, as in the accompanying tables and diagrams. 'This is substantially tlie finding of Mr. R. H. Hooker, who sums up {The Course of Prices at Home and Abroad, 1890-1910, in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, December, 1911): "The general feature- of the price movement in all European -countries has been a large troigh during the decade 1890-99, fol- lowing a maximum in 1890, with a minimum about 1896; another shorter and much less violent depression followed the 1900 maximum, while the subsequent culmination in 1907 has been followed by a dip lasting: one year only, and prices have since risen rapidly, so that present (September, 1911 ) prices are at the highest ' level reached since 1883. ... In Americ^, we find a precisely analogous state of affairs during the decad& 1890-99, but the 1900-7 trough is entirely, swamped by a general rise, and while the 1908 dip appears, the subsequent upward movement has again been sharper than on this side of the Atlantic." I-21J 324 noAJw OF iNQvinr i\'ro COUfJSK OP WHOLESALE PRICES, THE WOI?LD AND CANADA, 1900-1913, 130 izo u@ iis 114 lis 110 108 106 104 los 100 98 o r^Wso-^iftiee^a o o H ca fco o ooo ooooc o «-* r^ i-e «H «D (99)0) 9O>O>0>O> 9> o> o>- ® o» H t-f •-» H jS H W®i Id. ■-. car ada a „™ ^ 1 V > 1 \ / 1 \ / / \ — p- / / / / > / k V f / x / / % A / H i \ / ■ / i S ' f (f ' * / // t / / / / / / / > r' / / / / / / / — > ' X t „ y -^ / 1 1 t y' / ■ ■"^^ /,' s tf**** / 130 13S ISS 124 1^ 120 118 116 114 112 110 108 103 104 102 100 COST OP LIVING IN CANADA 325 COURSE OF RETAIL PRICES, THE WORLD AlfD CANA,DA, 1900-1913, r 1 1900 19Q5 1910 1911 1,912 1913 / \ Woi •Id. / car ada / h/ ' f ■ > .y > ^ > y / / f 4 ir * \ / y / » y ^ / / / / y \ / / / / / / / • . / ^ / f y / e - f^ .y * / ' / ["' I - US uo 138 3.3S 150 ISD 126 1S4 123 12(^ US lie 114 113 110 IQS lOS 104r 10© 100 326 BOARD OF INQVIBT INTO WHOLESALE PRICES, J90O-1913. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 World 100-0 100-0 99-8 100-5 102-0 102-7 102 -K 103-3 100-9 105-3 104-6 108-1 108-7 110-9 1907 1908 1909 191« Mil 1912 1913 •World 113-8 115-6 109-4 113-3 110-0 116-0 112-8 119-0 116-3 121-3 122-6 129-2 121-2 128-7 RETAIL PRICES, 1900-1913. 1900 1905 1910 1911 1912 1913 World 100 100-0 107-3 110-1 120-2 129-0 123-3 135-3 129-3 142-2 131-0 140-5 An interesting combination of wholesale price index numbers for various coun- tries with the object of forming a world index nunAer is that of Mr. G. H. Knibbs, C.M.G., Commonwealth Statistician of Australia (See "Prices, Prices Indexes and Cost of Living in Australia" 1912, page 76), The index numbers of the Economist, Board of Trade, and Sauerbeck for the United Kiij^dom, of Waxweiler for Belgium, of Schmitz and Hooker for Germany, of Necco fq? Italy, of various authorities for France, of the Department of Labour for Canada, of the Bureau of Labour for the United States, of Mcllreith for New Zealand, and of the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics for Australia, were averaged. In oombining them the following weights representing relative populations were used: Country United Kingdom Belgium Germany Italy Franee Canada F.S.A. N.Z. Australia Weights. . . . 45 7i 65 35 40 7 92 1 i\ The world's index number obtained in this way is as follows: 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 100-0 96-2 96-1 98-0 98-3 100-0 106-8 113-2 105-9 107-5 112-3 115-7 It will be seen that this is in substantial agreement with the results indicated above except that it accentuates the weaknses of prices in 1901-5 and in 1908-9. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 327 ANALYSIS OF WOELD PRICE TENDENCIES. This general finding as to price variations since 1900 requires analysis from two main points of view, (1) that of the countries included, and (2) that of the commodities included. The two of course are not mutually exclusive; much of the significance of the variations lies in the interplay of the two factors of locality and of commodity, as when an article rises in one country but falls in another. This, in fact, will be found to point the way to much that is explanatory of the price situation. In the first instance, however, it will be well to employ the two methods separately. SUMMAET OF PEIOE VARIATIONS ACCORDING TO COUNTEIES. The variations of prices in different countries has been the subject of fairly minute examination in the earlier part of the chapter and it remains only to bring together the results in summary form. In the first place, notwithstanding the lack of common basis to the statistics, the general impression conveyed is tolerably clear. Briefly it is, that although the main changes in the direction of the price movement since 1900 may be described as synchronous in the several countries, the lesser changes are not invariably so, and the extent of the rises and falls at times differs materially. Looking chiefly to the final results of the various changes, it is possible to classify the countries examined into three main groups according to the degree of buoyancy which their prices have shown : (1) In the group in which prices have risen least (10-20 per cent) and which lie below the average, may be placed the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Norway and Russia. (2) Germany and Austria constitute a second group where the rise in prices has been materially greater than in the first (25-40 per cent). India, Australia and New Zealand exhibit highly indivi- dualized price movements, but on the whole may be added to this second group. (3) In the third group, that in which the rise has been most pronounced (40-50 per cent), and considerably higher than the average, fall Japan, Hungary, the United States and Canada. 328 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO > & >J <. Q < o o o 03 H t5 o o cc o < > > O S PL, H cc W O w o H ;z; H O PL, o^-*cq»c^ T-^ m OS o; o t^ 03 OOO 50 OedaDOsoor^r^^^^cxTiTjHco C3t~CO<3T-(»OCMC-lCC)03'-<00 OO(M-<^00Q0C0^C00i"5t^ 0-*0»01^00U5C»ff*3eOC01>~ O'#05O00»0t*05OM>^Q0 HMC3ia3NCOeoNU:)»Airi OIM»OOa>t^«?»OOOOOOI> o«5cj»rtu3-^Tjic^r^r-,-Hcsi OsDeoOoooSr-ioob-cjOOs oooooooooooo o fe IS o COST OF L/17.A7; IX CAiVADA 329 PER CENT OF RETAIL PRICE LEVEL IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES OF CURRENT CANADIAN LEVEL, ALL 100 IN 1900. 1900 1905 1910 1911 1912 1913 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100 100-0 100 100-0 . 100-0 100 100-0 100-0 91-7 101-8 91-3 97-5 102-0 97-7 99-4 98-4 96-5 99-0 96-2 88-7 100-0 82-9 103-1 83-2 101-0 101 -4 90-7 92-1 91-6 93-4 98-5 96-3 82-9 100-0 77-5 95-5 78-4 94-6 102-7 87-2 89-7 89-4 90-3 93-1 93-7 80-4 100-0 78-8 101-6 84-5 93-8 100-0 78-5 102-4 TTnitpd States . . Australia Austria Belgium 89-1 Bavaria Baden 89-9 Wurtemburg Holland 97-6 330 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO P < o Q O Q a y H K< "H = t> So gg Wo W« o Oq S Ob SW ^ Op w o o M a w o CSJ u: U3 (M ic r* CO m c^ CO ^0 (M 00 i-H c c< « c- r-i'' C ^ IC •* tJO c (N CM c; C< — 1-1 OS i-H T-1 OS CO o ^ c ^ Tt 2 M C5 tv o c (N cr c- CT c V ° eq 05 1-1 r- ( 1- tH 00 00 0( 00 cc M tC t>. i« OS "1 c (> c: r-l '"' i-H i-( 1- t-- us CO w "C o~ vz J2 00 o c CN c CO OS 1-1 ^ to cq « oc c; »o oc 2: OS CO o c OS c OS CS ^" r- T-1 T- ■^ lO M 00 - b- ^ c c C' cry c c OS OS 2 ^^ OS '"' CO M ~ CO CO 00 lo . o c OS C c c o- o- oa ^_, o o i-H ~~r~ CO c ■* o c o c c c G G c OS f-l *"* o o ~ o c: •1- c o c c G c 1 1-1 T-l *"* 1 '"' c ca (= ec ^ ■«.3 ^ ^ ho i . ^ a-e S-a 15..; c c i > .5 a 3 (0 .s-c t ■%■■ 3 = s a, 1§ 0^ o s a 1 13 -a o s 5 c u 1 •J s s.a ■33 !l .11 ■11 D Is 1-9 P etail prices of 24 articles of food ing wine), fuel and lighting mate Paris, weighted according to men's consumption » ,t . ., etail prices of 13 articles of food ; sia, Bavaria, Baden and Wurte weighted according to workme 1 11 CO a ■-I ^^ oj ^1 - J-g-g ■ 111 , K a > ft-* f •III 8S.2 li 11 •56 .il ii ■So tf q: rt rt et _tf P5 c P3 & >> u += Pi p > S 6 c _CD L b c 1 3 Hi 1 > 1 M o ^ < W S 'a a i 1 & 1 T! 1 s 3 5 ] 5 c ' 1 C g [Q cd P m OS sg >o I' 3 tH .CO "S S O go." o„ a SI ■Si a o v o So ■t3,"-43 2 ¥ * °33 ^ S M .2 S-S tH ft ^ 03 ID O w ^ 8 ^ C3 * .2T3S S ShTJ bo,2 „>- g ft C3 H S o 3 a) o — M °| I- J: -a ^ 03 .2-S; J) fci C3 ■c ■5 ■n o 332 BOAnO OF ISQVIRY IXTO This, as above stated, is by way of rough interpretation of the preceding figures. For more precise comparisons betwen the various countries >nter se, the discrepancies in the statistics offer considerable difficulties. The method pursued above of institut- ing a series of comparisons between Canada and each of the countries m turn shifts the basis in each ease and does not directly allow a 8 general point of view. This, however, may be obtained by bringing together the figures of variation between the price rise in Canada and that in the several countries from year to year In the accompanying tables, the figures show the per cent which the price level m each country is of the current level in Canada, both having "started even at 100 m 1900. A recent valuable estimate of the different extent to which prices have risen in difiereiit countries is that of the United Kingdom Boiard of Trade in its report on " Cost of: Living of the Working-classes. 1912."i The comparison is limited to food prices, the purposes being in the first instance to portray the rise in the cost of hvmg. The method followed was to combine the food prices 'contained in the official index numbers of the several countries and to present the results side by side. Though the criticism of this method is possible that the results are obtained for the different countries by quite different methods (the result for the United Kingdom, for example, beino- based on the retail prices of 23 articles of foods:in London weighted according to workmen's consumption, whereas that for Canada is based on the wholesale prices of 78 articles at primary markets weighted by a Series of group weights), it is undoubtedly a valuable index. The table is given herewith with additions and revisions for which acknowledge- ments arc due to the Board of Trade. The figures are \u general accordance with the analysis already given. In 1911, the last year for whieji the table is complete, Canada stands fourth from the top of the list, at a small interval below the United States, Japan and Hungary. In 1912, with two of the thr* high countries unrepresented, Canada stands first on the list in close proximity to the United States. COMPARISON OF .iiCTU-'iL PRICES. As an addendum on actual living costs, as betwedn certain countries, the findings of the United Kingdom Board of Trade, the only authority which has recently investi- gated the comparative level of the cost of living in different countries on a compre- hensive scale may be cited from the series of reports already mentioned.^ The con- clusions of the Board of Trade are expressed with caution, and are intended to show tendencies rather than to give exact ratios; but in general it was found that the level of the cost of living is much higher in the United States than in the other countries i'nvestigated, namely, the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Belgium. The com- parison is given as follows, prices in the United Kingdom being represented as 100 : — Country. Number of Towns. Retail Prices. Average Expenditure on Food, Fuel and Housing. United Kingdom France. . . .- Germany Belgium United States — 30 33 15 28 100 118 118 99 138 100 110 119 94 1 See; foot-note, p. 228. 2 See- foot-note, p. 228. COST OF LIVIXa IX C AX AD A 333 Supplement a ly to the above, an estimate of the .same kind made by the Eeouomic Commission of South Africa in 1913 may be quoted. The following table is based on a budget which includes sugar, butter, potatoes, bread, flour, meat and milk : — RELATIVE COSTS OF FOOD IN SOUTH AFRICA AND ABROAD. *The figures in these lines are too low. Relative costs Relative costs of Food of Food according to according to the South Standards of Mean. African Living in Standards of Countries Living. mentioned. Witwatersrand 100 100 100 South Africa 90 United Kingdom 66 62 64 France 78 79 65 61 72 Germany 70 Belgium ■ 68 53 61 United States of America 84 82 83 84 67 61 85 68 62 85 Australia* 68 New Zealand* 62 PRICE VARIATIONS ACCORDING! TO COMMODITIES. Turning to the second point of view, that of the analysis by commodities : the table of 'vholesale group indices already given (page 322) in conjunction with the large tables themselves will be found to throw considerable light on where the chief factors in the rise have operated. It is apparent at a glance in the table on page 322 that ftirm products have led the advance. Animals and meats, grains and fodder and dairy produce stand fir^t in 1912-1913 in the order named, followed by the associated group of hides and leather. Fish comes next, followed by building materials and textiles (cotton and jute), with miscellaneous food products on a somewhat lower plane. Metals, fuel, house-furnishings, and drugs all show rises of le6s than 15 per cent, the Krst-mentioned showing little rise at all. Among articles that show extreme rises at wholesale may be mentioned resin, potatoes, onions, opium, hay, malt, peas, mackerel, hops, wheat, shorts, lard, eggs, hides, cattle, bran, jute, corn, tin, hogs, beef, straw, cod, oak, coffee. The articles which have advanced most rapidly at retail are beans, potatoes, pork, lard, veal, bacon, eggs, mutton, beef, butter. Two highly important generalizations to be added to the above are (1) a compari- son of the world rise in foods as opiposed to materials; and (20 a comparson of the rise m raw materials as compared with that in manufactured products. Index numbers combining all the data in the large tables follow : — 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Foods Materials . 100 100 104-3 96-7 1100 97-1 106 9 99-2 103-6 99-2 103 -5 102-0 109-9 108-0 115-5 112-8 117-0 105-2 117-9 104-5 119-3 108-5 123-4 111-3 134-0 114-7 125-8 117-8 334 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO 1900 1911 1912 1913 100-0 100-0 124-4 113-2 135-5 117-2 130-' lis-! The above bears out the conclusion already apparent that the rise of the past few years has been more than half again as great in foods as in materials, and more than a third again as great in raw products as in manuiactured articles. It is clearly in food production and in the primary processes of production generally that the chief factors causing the rise have been at work. It is, however, as already remarked, in the observation of the variations of these tendencies in different countries that their true sigrfificance is apt to be revealed. In the following table will be found the " food " and " materials " index numbers respec- tively for nine countries, obtained by averaging in ep,,ch case all the data contained in the large tables. ^ 1 Mr. Hooker's tables in the article already qu. CO OS w cq .-H r- ^ ^ W rH . O- O --" iM •<* "<** lO O O CO CO O i-l rjl GO !>. 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OS IT t-. to t*^ *c COIN t' OO 00 lOiN * M s §s CO MC^ l>- CC>(> t^ lod) 3 I> ■* -rjlt^ ; ^ cr rJ^C^ CO ooco -i* l>-l> c- 1 CM »S S» . - 1-1 l-( 1-1 1-1 1-) T- : °° o inc « <©« M OOSOC OS coo e- ) to 00 CqtO ." 00 ■ lO o<= if- COT ■^ obcoir »n tH»c o 1 OS to OiOi '' J/ CO cqc- C -^CS CO OOCOi- rji r^ r* 1- ^ tH UJ OQOa S OS T-H 1- ' H rt "^ """^ <£> »oc o cocc o ooooc "? o i-iiO ^ ui m ocDts. 0, o CN ci- r- oscooc w ooo tc 3 T-t cq »QO&l> QO OS T^ COi-1 lO OCn ;o cooo iJ^ CO co»o 1- J ^ s iss ^ i •^ COC IM (M 1- t~ >-( .- CO tot^ <^ i .H O OOC OS OsO OS t^t^oC cM^ c- » 00 00 loeoQO 1 © ■ O COQC CO CO Wr* Mt CO en 1 (n CD COC CO IM 1- i>- eq .- co <£)00 O to antfttSi m OS 1-( 00 T-4C co ^-es O T-<(MOC t- O^ Cs OS t- u:iu5os c- ■ 00 OSOC »c coiC c^ ob^oir- OS i>-os r- t^ i^-( eoo to ui o ■^ b-C ■•* CI>- 1- ^^ !>. OSOOOl en OS 1-1 rH i-li— 1-1 »ra i-HC IT cqt- »0 OS wOOC -^ ooo a >0 ^ u5n It- ■* to O E^ci OO <:0(S OS tocoif: in lOI>. t- i> OCOCO t^ »nco ■ • t' coco QC OS CSC 00 C3 ' 00 •'iir^ OS ooc^ o T^cb«f: I>- c 00': CO »c T-i 1-1 cr (= CV| I- (M COi-H o cooo c^ 5 fi ti^ OB i-H ■rt Tf oo o C" COi- l> i-H t>. CO O t^co "■ t^ 6 cq i-«c oc c -HOC O ooo c a 00 OOOC OS 04 r-H ^ ^ !M C-G c^ 0. oc iX>0»fl 6 OiH O! tH 6c th 6 o OS O (M c OO- OOSC O oc» c c OS oa CO OS tH 1- T- i-H . iH iH O OO o oc c ooo o oo o oc 9 ? o S SS oc o 666 6 <=)<=> 6 6 6 oc 9 o o oc oc c ooo o o o o c oc § 1-1 1-1 1-1 tH tH TH tH iH iHiH d bO J: c OJ § a" CO 3 a 1- ll JS'u ■3 C3 4 a ■StJa 2 tJ Ah Q eS5 o » c a a 6 § a a.i c3" r2 ^ ■g .§ ^ 3 J Oi s is CO 1 a 1 1 > ' 1 03 > -2 a : 11 > 1 1 1^ z o <\ K < CO <1 1^ MS < S .i 1 ill § 1 ill III It 1 •nT^-a go ^ ^ CQ . o a? ki "-^ COST OF LIVIXd IN VAX A DA 359 1-t CtOi 00 .-H CO o oo T-i M 00 (N tH OO 50COO IC o O 00 O CT> Oi O O CO CO t- "fjl CO O i-H Oi Qi C)CO Oi Oco oo .-) .— I oa<^ bo oo ^OO '(P-^CO o o ooooo ►J O o o § 9 o OTI a a : 00 o g . 5 g (B - c 2 a; i=! 9 6^o ^ ^ ill- is §a ^ ^ OS =1 «; > «! .3 ™ O • s ■ o ^T3 360 :board of inquiry ISTO Oii-t CO --I OO OS »c OS ■- ^ -H Tt< »ra -^ >o COi-H O CSI 1—1 1-1 (M I— I 0> lO Q CSI 00 O WW O eoco oi>- cq <£> CO .H OiOicar- OOOM CQW'-H cOOl to CO CQC^Ji- s s 13 o O O S > o >^ H Q T H O I— I Ph H J O »-HCOiO !>. C^ CO CO CI CO CO CM CO w .-( 1-1 r-ioooo CO^CCO iC as O Q3 COiO iC W M 1-1 CO CM OS 1-. CO CO ■^ 00 OS O * 1-1 T-l COCO OS eocO'-i l-H W --H to i-. CO to M "^ r-\ U5 COOO « OlOS CO tN ,-1 CO IC ^H lO (M CM OS OS W O lO Tt< OS (M OS t~- < 73 o a o ^^^.8.J..^-s IS t» c: w -HOT" • S S 5 3 u ^1 03 « > < ^ &r1 OO jaOP<5« .SOP COST OF LIVIXd IN CANADA 361 OOCc -f T-HO S3 g i-H r-l 3 =, CD CM ODQD W5 3§ l-H g 3 g CD OS o OS "^ CO I>- 1^3 O ^ CO £T5< ^ CO CO CO CO o •** s CO ffO OoS s gg 05 o o lO § OS OS OS CM 00 OS Ol Tt^Tt* eo « Cfi Or-. CD 0-*9^ t^ o CO b- I-H O CO IC"* cn Oi OS CD OS CD t^ 00 OO l-H T-H 1-H t-H I-H i-H Oi »c cq 00 CD l>- T-l OS o 3S ■ eoc- . "1 Oi o CC(N CO fN CO CD iC OCD CO 05t- CO o t- •^ — iO CD HI t- ^2 t-H T-H s a g !2 SS o lO OS CD OS OO 00 CO 00 COCS) CO 9t - - CO 1>- OO O (M o CD OOO Tt* OO o OO OO OO «3 0S Csl o s S o ,-t OS o o tH i-H 1-H i^o Oi ^o 00 C7 era CD Ocn 03 o o CD-"* l« ^o CO o •'T £>- ooo -* O CN CD o lO CO O^ CO ■*'* 03 t-o CO U5 ^ C6 o w ,_, 6w C^ o Ift o o o^ o OcO I--. OO o CO o (M O OO OO O CM CO o «:) OO O l-H CD o O CJS O CI CM Oi OO o O-H ^ l-H OO o OO o o O O OO o OO O o o o OO o oo o OO o o O O OO o OO o o o o o o o OO o o OO o OO o o o o CD r-lrl rH r-t l-H l-H I-H 13, 13 o bi P u L^r^ n n ^ S C.5 oi ^ s v ■ u ■ CJT3 SK :2a „ - 1 I II) a -g l?^£ K'S Br i;!^ M t3 ;cc o OS C M CQ , ^ CQ ■a O S a •So M ^ .O 362 BOARD OF INQUIRY -INTO cm H M « o U u o « > o 1^ TO K H ffl 1^ t3 l>< H P 15 tn W O M K O 9T' ^ osoi OS or-c 3 :CS» CO 00 t^ 050 »0 ,-1 . o M N O •-ri ooco i> cib'*o lo OS da OS oo O OS ' ■ OM ,-1 Oir-f o ^S'' ^ "r-t WiO W wo i-( M . 03 T-Hi-H tH r-( H 1-1 r-(i-l tH 1-1 . ^ 0(M CO OSO O (MI>.C 3 CO CO»C "w wo 1- H * . tH i-H g^ DO QOr^ o os^ g sss I S ss 3 38 3 S : § oa r-1 T-i H T-< 1-(1- -I 1-1 I-l • OM CO OSU^ I> OrlC s 9 coia 1-1 1-1 c 3 ^ (MCO "co 1—1 OI~- 00 00-* CD CQ eoc 5 ^ osc^ -^ . osos ■* »ooc ? o COiC ^ (N"C 3' i-f 1-iCO "w" o o t^ CO OOi-H lo csr-if 3 !>• oscrq •^ C^C 3 ^ ii»0 00 ocq ^ os^ O lO o^ »OcD CO tic 3 O i-nd o Oi ■pH t-I "" O^O ~CO o»o CO o t--c 3 CO wco "n" cn O 00 ^ c^-^ OO OOsW 5 ob OM ^ H COC 5 CO 1-HO 00 C3 OC O wo o 03 t-H 1-1 rH H W w^ r-l- or* ■-^ »o»c ~o '^ia CO OSCO "cD oO oo O Co4^ Oi «oc- 1 M « CO r^ obe > 4< oio kft o O'* cq o--! O Or-fC^ 1 V( COiO "3 OC 1 O C^O Oi ,-1 ,_(,_, ^ " OO O OO - CO ot^c S - ot^ CO OOC > '«1< wcD CO o O OO O OO.- o OOO OS OC ) O wos o at r-l T-i i-H THrH " I-l 1-1 1- < 1-1 W lOOS !>. OSCO oo ot»c (N 9f (M CDC > CO WCD "*» us I>-CO ta -^O) M OtHCC > . CDC CO iHi> ^ S meo T^H t^o CO OMC^ 00 Oco CO OOC t; wca A OS w O OO O OOC o oi>. OO OC O rtOO ® era "^ CO Ti^ OS TjH CO o 9'1^'t t« OOS ~c coo: OC COO t^ CQ «c to O OsO ii OOO & O CO I> □OOC c^ COOS r* O GOO OS OOO CI OOi- o o t- oO O O" c 05t> cc Oi r-< "■"^ " i>.oO ~oO" lO'cO o oooc CO OCN ~ CDC ec coi>- ~ e^ MM M OO oo OOO OS oo c obc -d C3 00 o OOO OS coo OS OOO 0^ OOO c OC c OSOO Oi r- " O 00 S 0(0 ~" CO OOC o 0"3 ~ OlC c CD CO ^H O CO jH OOO ■4< Ococj ^ O CO OC OS G e Nt^ ir- 2 OO O OOO OS oor> OS ot- X OSC c «o es T-\ I-l rH 1-1 OO o oo "E OOC ff> oo ~o oo oo "c o ==^s s SS c OOC g o o ^ OC OO 6 OO c; OO c OOC oo OC OO o ^ " t-1 d CJ _ o ^ d "V> V .& .s U3 OS Fh ce o s a, la 6 CO I 1 -(J . 9- 01 4ii a a « -«: til ) ■ ; u 1 1 § 1 . .^ CQ ■ m 1 1 CO ff i i- 1 a, < • CD 4 ^^k 1 0) 4) ^ 0. 1 a ill > < (3 II ^ o 1^ 1 > < 1 cc id ^ fk H ^ -^ pq COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 363 83 03; CO w a6 JD-CO O^Oi cor-ooi>. N ^-^ WW OWi-H 000 00 g*** -* o o ■* csi <:& tN o M th 01 -OJ OQ 00 r-1 CX) ;00 00 O O Oi *1>- rf O O 02 1-1 »rH- 30& CD 3 S^ •aop o 364 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO •^ OCD ?? r"* s ^00 ooo COOOSeO rHCO S CO C30!=)C» PQ COOOOO WO C- CO-^ cor^QJO T— I «3 S « El P O o a; D O s > o H m XI H Q 2; 03 O s Cm H CO O K i-H OCOO »o ooo o —I D- .-I CD ■-« ^ CO 1^ CO •OCO ■oo OS lO C3 c^ .a a .a o « .e o d ti o 6 o O 1 I •--l-c c a,? ;-1 S T3 3 2 > > -a u 50P a _s 'eg >? I ^ > " ™ •S ^ I < X I n ^ 03 -i § C ^ 1? Tl n M 1 '^■n ;3oP COST OF LITINO IN CAN'A^DA 365 OS • CO t*i»CO o OO 1— 1 -< o o> ■^. 00 CO *^^ 05 1 CO U3 I>. 00 OS on ■^ OiO . ^ 1— 1 i-H • ooooo n i-H i-H '^ Oi CO f^ COCOOO O (M OiOOO «3 0Sh-^ O ^ l>- TtH>- ^ oc « r- f^ S=5o r-i rH T-H 1-1 tH t^ cq t- 5D COC^ O 00 Ol-* o Tt* OS coo 1>. IT- t-- r-H CO CM T^ CM CD CM CO to OS r- CO oscq <— 1 o 1-H loeo -^ o ,-ICO OS -^COOCOO CO . CMl-^CO t- Q^ a- rt -*1>.CM rH O CO to « Oa o C^ CO to ^s 1-1 CM ^ " '"' Mt- o 0S03 O COO o (NOO -* oo c- CM OD-^ OS o CM t> o r-CMCM o cq u" ■* ooooeoeq-.* ■^ CO CO CO (O Ifl C^ CO t- o ooo 1— i »o "-t lO oc Q, O Oi O O C oo t^ c « t^ ro CC «: »fl -^ lO ir o c- "<*< CM C " " INOC ifl OOOOOCOO ■■ t>- Jt- CM CO CM CO o 00 tn oq o" r- OiOO O o- CD t* l>- o cmS N -I>- lO " CO CO CO o OSl>- 00 lO OS CM OS cccr tc l:^Tt*u3N csi «= OIQOO OS OSI>. to oo OSOO rM O -rt^ f* COOOIC iO rH >- r-1 T-H t-i rH ^\ (N QC u: coco O "* o o tMOSO o QO -a* 00 o CO COCO CO CM C^l t— t^O CM CO coc 10 t^ OiOiCO lO r-.0 CO (aD-rt* T-H CO O CO C<1 ss CO -^ 00"0 OS oooooo- c ooc^c a c OCT c CM CM CM c o cq-? y- CO(M (O lO O oo CS T-H O ^ o eo»C oo CO^CO cq CM CM I>- t^ t-- CM »o QO -- ur- o- .-1 -t tH e^oc if (O |>.0 lO o - CM O OSOO « c OO osc o ^^ (NO ^ (N-^imco ClOO ^ ■* coo lO CO OS CM *o C-i lO OS lOOOCD CD 00 — ^ dN .-H CM ID 00 U5 ^ CO CD CM t- oc c oo oo ot c oc o r1 r- T- rH .-( T-H 1-1 OO tr co»c-^ "O o CO 10.-I o o 00 CM .-H ■* " - CO GO «-l 00 CM40 OS OCDO Ttl Or- t— csr CO oa to-* 1— OOffl O 00 CO 0 CO lOOO CD CO l-HO >-< OS OOI>> t^a oc c (N ■^ oo oo t-- Tji CM ,_, to 1-1 CO oo oo CO OOCO^ CO oc o OCD O oo o « o OsoC o 00 OS oo oc G ooo oo o ooo o o o o o OOO o oo o OOO O • a: > ■§ 1 c 1 -< " o a 1 1 < " If a > < " p 1 < ' i 03 1 Dbacco — Canada United United Australi (c) Su iper — Canada United .Tanan cc ubber— Canada United United to 2 tarch — Canada United 4<1>OOCO oo^or-»o<=>oo 1740003^000 --(OOMMOOO 1-HOOOO — ooo i-H oocooo ?ooosoo oooooo oooo o o o h3 03 o S:>:o»-,gr/i3,eB I g o m o o w E-1 S ^53 .S C8 ^ 03 S ,2 com O O 03 ? la-""* u u c3 I? ta-n J3" O'n C9 o3 .a tQ e -a1 9 O s I Q 03 O o o! o 13 CQ I COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 377 .4 C3 < o O t« * # # » 03 < Is OZZtc s t3 " _ f-i O O Bjij ^ t:3 J? Si -i4 ci S ts 0)[H 378 BOARD OF INQUIRY JXTO '» « » » ■§ o I o > Pi a H -< O o W a "S " >- ■ -<-; u O o '5 •7! (U (M ^ ^ * * * «■ i& §■0 .ss =i 5 P' 03 o m ^ O 13 fa S ■a" S3 S.S a-s .2o j3 .. . C3 c . . eg « ■o-js a) O o3 ■» s . "I! cu d 3 « n o a; a w *(U p. - .«s .a oj^ S3 "*2 W Q -OS* .. ,3 -O ■ 3 j! (. : ''■S^ ■ « "'s ; 12 > ■^ Is ^,5 -o to o - o — OQ (J ft* I* O . a o O ■■a u o a m m «1 I a ^ c? flH CO .a COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 379 « « N # '-' -^ a ? ^ fe • S § - '^ ° M » § «> =5 . q . Wjg-j # ♦ • # « tt * tt >n a)^ 1=1 Q 3 S "^ ^^ Q o -g rirQ » » * li^ =U (H tH MO o .a to 02H>< O" .2 B 0) . o 380 BOARD OF n-QVIRY IWPO # # ' # # X o 02 * fi « ja oj .? H > If VU;ST OF LIVINU U\ t'AA'AUA 381 * 2* S! ?* * * * * ^ O M w H & O w o W H SS 03 .•at* c* o 6? ^* I 03 (D ° 3, o o o3 o »^ is "3 > r: K 0) (i;> >^ Fi rJlJ o) Ht>;s a n 1 >,« ™ > C3 01 •n 3 ? n ^ & 3 25 ^ "S rsQ e^ ■i -— t •> CD lo -I r-* M B o g . 3 OO £ 2-' -i w cs t^ c ■^ ° SP c O M h O fn u a. S o r" ^ (- 2 «» a » H P & O o f^i tr m cew^ji: aj; t,^ '■j^lce « X tt » o o pa II 1=1 t4 o o OO I 384 BOARD OF INQUIRY IWTO ?S M o »» Sag'- s ,_, ^ gjT3 oja— g. amas^ an I o CO P5 W H < O 8 H w ■■§^53 ■ S fi •""■si ^2 d ! -gt- j; « « S« §88 U ^1 ^, fcH (D fi _ C8 CO O S !B-S c - m'^'*" CD +j to o rs <5 S 6? 3.^ 03 - ,-,.M >!. .--*- O S b. O 'rj c] T-H 41 rt ti « P "a ""* S h s&*-- -t^ j^ u Ut ai i fcl fi Ja ^ ft o6> «l • "^ QJIC ft - o O-^ o ^ ft ^ • ^^S - +a -u »-l g .2^ So &-- i_ OO 3 O Oi >co o u s COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 385 o 6? ^oSoSS'^^ "^e 3 „ Sg 3 -s u-H 2 a C f-< u '^ U l-H I » » # » 6? I 82696—25 l2|§ 386 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO I o Pi fii m o H O i-t « H K y .S O B u O VI .S '-' c a ~- .-s ..Su3-s 3-6« 0) o ftp ff S-^"^^ 1 KfM n -H3 M ^•i-ss ag.0) P to flf^ l-Sife . 3 dSs^-S touse ;., basi itional ter rat . to6e eter re S at ra bath Bum etc. daily M, S ta O ji ^ f "=» ..s ,n s g n „ C3 e8 o fO^ , ft) a s-i a o cam B W c3 s COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 387 ■» * * CO T-H * * » * * # ■» * * * Ci « * » * * o * * » * * T-l i * « i 1 1 i O 1 § 02 O ■1 i a § 1 ' i— 25J 388 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO I O > CQ m o O i-i (4 i-H » 1st M gals 10c. above IM 7c. + * * # * * i « « « # # ♦ « «5 O * * * * «(■ * * 2 * ♦ ♦ * * * # i , * » # » * * » CO * * « «■ * « «■ O * « Ht * * * • 1-t > 111 i^i-a 11 § 2 gap 1 as si §51 g 2 2 § 6 £g^ § 1 o 1 1 * * s < K t 1 ^ ^ 1 1 1 " e i 1 COST OF LiriNG IN CAN-ADA 389 S P5 O 2 > c d £ == rt S t- S t? 2 tn o CO o3cq « tt « tt _- *^ «» ^^ ;::;cQ -3 a)_ro m aj" o #****# « * « # 1^ Cklkaia^o 03 -is 390 BOARD OF INQVIBT INTO .y d) -3 -i 5 ITS >.S a. SS a 3 -< is a o ^ S S "= ^ o ~ ■3 3.26? ■•2 (■O o *— ( m tH & Eh & O o M ca r -^ "- ao §5 *e ea S.S >>-H ■a 3.2S? ^^ o 2 ao " 2 S S eg £3 0] OQ S "--2 ■3 a« S-S O I o s » oQ I ■5 -5 o . -H : till ^ -2 PQ •i m 'JS.-j e,^^ f. d bO M t" C SJ-.2 ""•Ss ,R6-3 gaa H CO P3 H H ->! &^ o o n OS out sanitary- fixtures S9, with full plumbing S12, dis. 20%. * « i - » * * us g * 03 * * » s * -- a^w^ to t- J3 fc.r^oD C 05 * o CS 1— 1 » * « . bO 'O MKO ■So .-^B M-3 i^lll "«'§ O— G(U« ^.-11-, 1 ^ ^ ill 1 K > e O 1 ;^ COST OF LITiya IS CAMiDA 397 s s SSd s ^ CO 3 a co pa O trH SWS 2 O " fl -O t>*^ oj r 3 ( iSj i: 3 a ?? o (Tl OJ C3 o o s UJ ^ M s . 3 OTJ ID 3 m S 2 0) m o Q 53 -J^, "d (M +^ o O 'i' ^ ■ « ^5 0) u o (-~i --J C! en O m en o 3 OTi (S'O i^ 0) <:2 5 .M ' d i ' rtl (J) +3 *J W :^ W f tH H Ov^ . 6^ ■ — ■ Oi J e3C8itf5ffa3Q.-*j « .» 5 , .43X) M g d i-H t, o ^ S " " S g ^ X' H^t-tr>g3evioC3 C3 OJ as 0) ^ c a ^^ g P h a J3 ^ s 398 BOARD OF INQVIR7 INTO ELECTEIC LIGHTING, 1900-1913. The price of electric lighting over the period 4900-1913 in 68 localities wiU be found in the large table herewith. As in the case of water rafes, some difficulties in compilation were imposed by the difference in the methods of levying charges which prevail, these including flat rates, meter rates, rates based on the number and power of lamps used, rates based on house valuation, rates reflecting cost of installation, etc., with varying sliding scales and discounts. It is thought, however, that the table will show the general tendency of costs with a fair degree of accuracy. On the' whole, the price of electric current has been markedly downward since 1900. Prom the subjoined table of index numbers it will be seen that the average dbcline has amounted to about 30 per cent; this w6uld be considerably increased by weighting the localities according to population, as .it is in the large centres that the most pronounced decreases have taken place. Of 60 complete records, 38 show reduc- tions, 22 remained stationary; and only one shoT^ed an increase: Most of the reductions range from 25 to 50 per cent, but instances of 60 apd 80 per cent occur. It may be noted that the Maritime Provinces have been affected least by the down- ward trend. In Quebec also the situation has tended to stability in the smaller local- ities; Montreal and adjacent cities, however, are down by one-half. Of Ontario the opposite may be said ; the exceptional localities are those in which reductions have not been made. This is largely attributed to the advent of Niagara power under the administration of the Hydro Electric Commission, wMch by direct competition lowered rates in many localities, and in others indirectly effected the same result. In Manitoba the index number shown is the lowest of any province; this reflects a reduction in Winnipeg and St. Boniface from an 18 c6nt rate in 1900 to a 10 cent rate in 1906, and finally to a 3J cent rate with a discount in 1912 fQllowing the installation of the Municipal Hydro Electric plant. In the other western provinces material reductioM are shown in several cases as a result of municipalization. Generally speaking, the reduction in electric light charges has accompanied the growth of public ownership. Another agency working for lower prices has been the adoption of metering, which in certain localities was reported to have effected savings amounting to 33J to 50 per cent. The Public Utilities Commission of Nova Scotia and the Hydro Electric Commission of Ontario, it may be pointed out, favour a sliding scale according to the amount used, with base rate .on floor area. These bodies have also exerted their influence for the simplification of schedules, (with implied reduction of accounting costs) the promiotion of uniformity in, order to facilitate comparison of rates, and the securing of publicity through better statistical records. It should be added that in several cases where rates have remained unchanged, betterments through new and improved appliances have affected appreciable reductions in cost to the con- sumer. Taking all things into consideration the price of electric lighting to the con- sumer in Canada may be said to be down by nearly one-half since 1900. COST OF LIVING IN CAN'^BA 399 OOWSCOlO-cHl>-»0 t>. CO OCDI>.ScMU5^S t- Oi OOOOOiO-'JlO'O ] -h| C4 O O oo oo r- — C-- oo r- OOb-t-NtCkOW Ir^l a> "-1 ' O O *ra *0 !>■ (N L- ^ I> Ol tH oocoodiMos- ^ o OOQ000MCOU30C 5 CO OS T-H O O M CO O M - l- U5 o o o ■« Ui i-H PO O -" H CO oooboomosooc D 00 a> OO-^MOOCOIS CD Ol O O >« OS -^ -rj^ O — 00 o o o as oo in cr !>. OC 00 Oi »-l rn OOOOOOOCC1>-1> »o QO o o w o - 00 ui — o g OOOSQSICOSWOC oi r- ( ooiOT^mM-^t-. .-( I^ O O CO C^ CO 00 '^ M O OOOacBcoor-oc OS c» OOCO-^cOCO-^^iC C3 CD O O l>- Cq CO o — U" c^ O O O OS Oi O C t- t- CS OS t-^ OOOCsOOOC o W3 oooeooooii- ^ O OOOOSOOOt-- OS m OOOfMOOOX CS S OOOCOOOOC t- OOOOiOOOor OS l-H I-l T-l i-H 1— «-i o o o o O OC •o CQ o o r^ o O {= r^ o O Oi O o « 05 *"* o O 00 o c « -^ O o O OS o c=i or OS 03 o O CO o O OC lO y^ ci o oo o o c CO o o O 03 o O OC OS o» ^ . o o o o cs c o Q o o o o o c o o o o o o c o rH '"' 03 U C •? b- ^ ■g c ,5 £ "c 1 i 1 J OJ 03 .s g 3 1 J ^ :z; ^ o o ^ « 400 BOARD OF lygUIRT INi'O .-H « » * * * * * 10c. for each socket wired (over 10, 3c.) and current 10c. per K. W. less 10%. i * * » * * * « # 1 « « K * * Light sliding scale (min. $1 a mo.) net 12- 9c. meter rent ^5c. periho. Power 2-7 to 9c. net for2h. p. and up, me- ter rent 25c. minimum $3. Heating and other rates. * CO rH S 03 i » * * * * 6 • O . Bg2 o W Q 12: o a OS * * House up to 5- 16 c.p. light 33c. each per month sliding scale to 16-25C. also commer- ciaHOo. per 16 c.p. a month, and hotel ra- tes. * « i * • * « i * * * « ' House: up to 50 K.W. 13c. over 50 lie, hotels, etc., 1st 100 K.W. 13o., over 12c.-llc., also flat rate and meter rent; 10% discount. 12Je. house commercial i if ^ 2 2 -S 1 ^ E < n c C 1 i t c 2 ■i •r «: 1 & ,1 c ^1 I I 1 tx. -I 1 1 -a COST OF Liri^a ly Canada 401 o * ! -SJ t § § g io isSm .« "" fi 2 o « 40 ' .-* ■D ci S S I (A t? » » * * fe- 0) (MO 4> hO 3 i^S^S"' SfQ o. 'fl^>> 01 82896—26 S 402 BOARD OF lyQUIHY ISTO I o 05 o Oh Q *j * * ■* * * * # ih * » * » 3 to 2W >> C f^ Sii »o , 1 N a o Tf O o O ^ u T-t ^3 t)W3 >, ;«■«### « « « M « O" 82696— 26J ■a O p-ji-I o i .S B ,2 o •5 ° .-SJ3 o^ « 404 BOARD OF IIS'QCIRY IMO (5 o X & Qi o Q Is <1 H w o O s y o l-l C4 1 # * * « » » * * * * o * S i » 1 fe - s J 3 S g ^ ^ a-o » CO ■ » * * 1 » O OS * * 2 * « o * " S » K s en £ O c c 1 c -.2 5 ll 3 U . 1 ^ 1 1 E 01 oO o O COST OF Lirixa tn Canada 405 K'h Sh ■? S "^^S o S " '''to ■ .t^ O -t^ Q tH I V.O ' « cyio,* M 8, oo Sou a r be . u S^ o PI ra *^ L rn (U "^ m ia_^ (U "^^ 01 »H .'^^tD 'o Q (fl . tJ « rn'r" «i ry >-* • *« . Wo-2 dW'^W "^^d fl^o aJ-^ cl-^ o Ho "13 ;-- '=-' ssgs §'g& swi ggc awM s a e O P3 -d o o 406 BOARD OF ixoimr rxTO 5 « o w Pi H o Hi Q tn o u h-l o o C3 * * « « * « -» • « g ( g 1-1 » )t» »»*»♦♦ i * #-» ****** Is u.S 1. o S h ii o-SBs&^iS o S . .©=. « » \ * * 1 * * ♦ ♦ * * i = 1 so 1 2- !'■=" 1 iIj^t g^ 00 SojL.-Q.IN c 1 •3 . ii 1^ d i 1 II 1 c 1 C s c "1 a c c • COST OF LIVIXG /A^ CA\ CDA 407 4^ I 2 C O cS .-H f*H o OS Or'Kl.g 0) +^ fl ■a " o •5 !s 3 ■a-q sa.2 Ph i>.S ^ a a ^535- 5. s ' a o O ^s O O.S& " O cj •^ & •" . -I -g « a >, .0 -_3 S B 'I 3=5.3 . ..2E ■* son « 5j^t V O T3 I m p. HtJ oo e.2 6? 6? 3M-8§o a (U iH o - t^ u • S g 2 g qj !>^ "d -Q "^ 6? » *^|?" 1" " 8 ^ jS^iSs l-a^ o*G^ ".s fe r * * -o S.2 s u o O s OO h s o S.sg 408 BOARD OF IXQUIRT IXTO s I i 1 ' * M « * fl * » 1-1 1-( * 12c. less 40% discount and $1 meter rent. * * * .-1 d * * Sliding scale 12c. for M-25 M Watt down to 7c. ior over 200M Watta: * * * * i * * • * # « * * 0:1 * * * « * # * .-1 g ^4 » » * fr- a> 1 c t t= 1 1 c et G 8 ffotwe Flat rate per mo. 1-20 lamps 16 c.p. 5Sc.-$5.40, 10% discount Commercial 1-20 lamps 75o.-$8.45, 15% disc, also meter rates 8c. per K.W. House 4c. per 100 sq. ft area and 3ic. per K.W., 10% disc. House, $3 per annum each 16 c.p. lamp, commercial $5. . " „ •3 3 i ^ . i 1 1 % Si Ph 1 a ■c 'J (2 fc t < t c X c COST OF LITINO IN CANADA 409 S ■as _MS_ to (uSn i b J. ■So a a 53 . „. ^ ^ ^ O t* oj O^ t-i t-i V l-i iS^ rv* 0 W iw ^ S S " fit." .ffl S § a „ wsri^ QO Ci t^ &>• QQ "^ gS O ^ C 0..-H OB a t^r^ CO • O eS -♦J m += tH O) m a CO «& u ill ia-2 P OJ GJ OCMPh V U Q O 410 BOARD OF lyQlIRT ISTO I Pi P o & «■ PS p; o p< Q < W O 13 Pi O o * * * ^=- ♦ * * 03 o * * # '.t « # Ol u i a a S a a 1 1- ! ! Q, l* s 'C C -• — i^ Q ' ,i a: a u _?"- " c ^aj >» o O 0) ."S 1 a c 1 d u « T S 5 1 f ffi o ^5 6 3 t3 (. 3 o -*j ^- c ^ a ' 03 -y a O) E- & s^ COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 411 S 2£AhO ctSW o o 3 o S ■S .2H - -a 3 w dj a) fH +a 3 O-S tH O O .So "3 (U^ SO ajo cj o oj i'o'Sbi! fi = C — - -• - . o Q qa gS t, 0.■- « " S! § ""a 6 2P . "S . - 6^ 1 ^ &: 412 BOARD QP INQUIRY INTO 5 I o w Ah O ■Q H M O Q r^ o * cn> i i .-H ,-1 O .2 ^ O * . 05 10c. d 15%. 10c. di »A O * * # OS * * # M O * » -N- 05 Ol 1 o * • * Oi i o * * * j OS 1 feS > 4 ^ i U5 US "It o i-H ,-t 5 5 1 O o , ^ C 6 ci tr to 03 -S ^ ^ c cj w <= o o « C^ (TJ ^ i o (U 1 o <3 C ►3 ^ ^ g .& p PQ ^ ce c 1 a S 1 COST OF LIVIMJ IN CAXADA 413 t3 . to U CO O CO CO Q oo OQ •15 o k1 o M ffi -^ 414 BOARD OF IXQVIRT lyTO ■5 I o SB Bi t3 O w Bj fH Bh is a <>! H ta o 3 o r* * * Light, 1st 100 K.W. H. 16c., 2ndjl00 12c.; over 200 lOe.. power 14c. * ;■ u> ■* t. T* .-all : M g : i-Si^ : tH * i » 1 » * ' 09 » rH S oO '■B ■II : T3-. ■ > u * « ■ ■ 3 3 1 c 1 1 1 CO 1 -^ 1 E 4^ % 1 COHT OF Lni\a IN C Ay ADA 415 s ll S OS , ^ . a J-'"-'— - S'i Safe's 05 o o e rt c S s S 32^ ^5 = 5 .fe|oai^§« .SV:W >Sjg>° ooo t^ > K s >..■ S5 4^ o 2 O 1 I D O M « W fU p3 H o Q ^; <; H h O •rJ -^ O ■-* t-JT3 0.13 . o o .— ( « •a a: o w o a ^ t> - T ^H 05 00 oo cq ^ CO ;:£i Ih 8 o u u o to Tti (M O As 1.2 CO 00 -tH ■fe ^ s p5 o a ■a J2 j3 416 BOARD OF UQUIRY ISTO o O Q H o i 1st 40 K.W.H. 17c. pr K. next 60 K. W. H. 12c., next 100 K.W.H. 10c. Disc. 5%. 1st SO K.W. 10c. net per K. next 50 K. 9c. net per K.next 300 K. 8o. net per K. meter rent ISf. Disc. Ic. per K.W. 1 * * » 1 * s .113 il 2S * * 8 * * * ca * * * 1 tt mini i O c 1 c a; a o Si's S d .2S^. t. ci 0) Iff ^-"^1 i:'Sf »=; 1 . I|.l ^&|^ o o I-) II 1 :« !s ^ 1^ >^ n •S > 3 8 > =3 o > c c > coxr OF Lima ix n.v.tD.i 417 I oj O "» 1 <»: ■4 o bflj-g^ o^hJS O'JJ as O? 00 S^. S.OO "coco : i CM (H ■" o 82696—27 •z z §1 418 BOARD OF IX QUIRT IS TO THE PEICE OF GAS, 1900-1913. The price of illuminating and fuel gas in 38 localities from 1900 to 1913 is shown in the large table herewith. From the tables of index numbers subjoined, the general trend in the several prov- inces may be observed. It will bfe seen that prices have shown a considerable decline, especially in the case of illuminating gas. For the Dominion as a whole illuminating gas is down 23 per cent, while fuel gas has declined 18 per cent. Of the 38 localities, 13 show stationary prices, 18 show decreases, and 4 show increases, one of the latter being a reaction from an extremely low price on the instal- lation of natural gas. The decline in the price of gas has been the result largely of competition from two sources, namely, electricity and natural gas. Bluminating gas has been subject to the competition of both ; fuel gas, however, up to the present has not been greatly affected by the cheapening of electricity, though the tendency is visible. Hence no doubt the greater decline in illuminating gas as compared with fuel gas. The increased use of gas resulting from the rapid growth of population and the expansion of manu- facturing has been a factor in consumption ; on the =other hand, electricity has on the whole the preference for lighting purposes, and gas as fuel is still looked upon as some- what of a luxury. The price of natural gas at its highest is about half that of artificial gas. For ten tovms with natural gas in Ontario and the West the average rate is 34 cents, while the cheapest artificial gas is about YO cents. Of the ten towns referred to, three were in 1900 using artificial gas at an average cost of $1.58; these now have an average rate of 32 cents. The returns from the Maritime Provinces are veify meagre but indicate stationary conditions. In Quebec, however, there has been a considerable decline; Montreal, the largest consuming centre in Canada, is down 20 per cent. In Ontario the tendency to seek lower levels is more apparent. Several instances occur of prices being cut in half, and even greater reductions are frequent. Natural gas and the Hydro Electric Commission are the factors chiefly responsible. In ij few cases there has been a rise in the price charged for natural gas, but the fact that the original price on installation was extremely low must be considered. In the Prairie Provinces returns from Winnipeg and Medicine Hat show large reductions, the former a result of cheap electricity and the latter a result of the instal- lation of natural gas. In British Columbia a tendency to fluctuate is visible in the three cities recorded. In New Westminster, lighting has on the whole increased con- siderably. In Vancouver, lighting gas is down, but;fuel gas after a drop in 1906 has partly recovered. In Victoria there has been a rise in fuel gas. COST OF LIYINO IN CANADA 419 ooooooo o o o o o o o ooooooo ooooooo ooooooo oo oooo 000 00 o o 000 0.0 o o ooooooo ooooooo ooooooo ooooooo sc^ooo S 6 6 '43 S'C 0! fe <" " s,s c3 3 a CO ii OS •■si wo 420 BOARD OF INQVIR7 lyTO h^fa. lO o ^ 1-3 -3 O 3 3 CO 1^1^ feS # * * * « s dn fa O O ah ^ W ^H .-I O T-( .-H S'lSs .S3 a; g -•- o ua d) 0CDCMC-«5OO (y m M i-« .-I ^ « .-H " u'IiI'SiI'mi 05 O' faX' o g ■ J3-S ^ Jb:* iJPh o 000 i-j fa " S'>3 fa Sfa « « * # 111 * * ♦ * CQ Q* o ■ o o A ^ O ■£ S "OS cqm S a mo 422 iSUARh OF IXQUi'rT IXTO s? ■3 2 S =S . .1r; hi-j ■»«■«« ^^ 0"5 K >M * s § ^O «» oS 1;! -* I. •oo — o « - ^' ***** * * «*«* Ott-K- P4 c Ah -< o O W o 3 (1< * * *- * «*« **** **^ »»* *««« ** 00 o u »0 r; ^ « "S _ C3 4J 40«»«* GD CO) CO •S'O oS O 3 o o "S s (A E si o « o ; bo a c C0!. » u * * o Oi 1^.3 " ■Sijl^ O -^ a"". S G *" 3-* • CD 3 O . "-s^. V.S 1-1 anufa ., res c. XI W43 blo^ci*^ r=i in .-1 w5 t- § * * w * OS rH * # * * 1-H C^ o * * # * OS ^H * * * * 1-1 1-1 o * # « -K- o Ph (O ■^ o U5 4J 1 sj ri 1.50 fuel %d •^ C o o lO M» ^ OS 1^ : ^ 5^ 1 id •CO $2.00, fuel $2.25 net, f $2.00 me 25c. per m ■ c ■ 03 :y -*^ ^i ^4^ Ligh Ligh Ligh ren •a ^ >! a :•*- / * 6 S alit bert 1 . J ^ ] 3 (U 1 Wei ouv< ria. -C 3^ 1 ^ § -SI '1 tt5 a 2 ^ > 1 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 425 K o OS I— I i~< ^ O 5? 6 I o - O •; GJ u QqQq O. 9 oQg pop a. W-' •8" gco 00,. G o c s o o (M^OOO o « u <1> oQoQ aJS aa ca a aj « Pi •6-2 TO 4J W jj 3 O ' gogo > =8 W PL, pi" eig M B :0 : '0^0 d a o '!a,1^ Li's! Bta O o © o •■liP5 a o "^ ' M a o I ■S o S-l o f^ t-" H ^% c ■&rf 'e 3) c- 1 T3 1 !SU w H ^d ^ ^B a c,: tj ^ % > '^" (^ iS -H -d ss g stJ S !f to r- a n CO .2 a"5 S^-S'Hgle'H'SSflM §«5 2° - COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 429 P3 ■* OS Ic^ m Pi !« 8 pj «8 d « ^ d P5 :2;o ^ a s o = s S. o s ■o :dai m m m «« bO bil flJ" WHO £8 03 S M M § 2 'g.'g' c3i«"S3 P. ft OJ^^-rt Hi ^ ai fD is S b a ""u c o i? o,d o tH 0) J4 S a^ <>ai 3 Q —''■ —J" _ 2 5S Bis 8 ■c 0-3 J oj a-e : : . .00 o t^ ■^ c^ m i i-H '<*" o oo CO ^ OS o o o o o 1-1 1. ^"^ ^ -jh' -T -tJ +3 K 03 i 1 ^ CM c a o o ftS ^o O ■«tl S^(?q,§ ^O^^^ci oicqcgcq o eo+aco td c: oo O— . cocvTcocq OS » e© „ O CD MV OS ■* (Ueo cc T^K a ^ 6 .' •■si O O -MOO o S go - oo 1-H t- * gT CO r-l S^* '-' ■ r S p e bb 4 4 ■^ H ^■S 'i 3 m 5t3 o I c > 01 e s £ t O ^ ' ' d ?5«rr50 1 £ 3 a = , § § 2 .5§ts3 1 3 D CO ■ . -sj s: s ■-5 a a ■ ■ ■ -u . . , ■■ -** ■ : ■ 65 • ■ , • ^ C s Q r cc ,a - _r 2 ^ H g - ^g; g a-g - = " P J s, C3 -a 4J 1 = ■1 s 1 a > c ^_ a 1 1-1 o 1 a o 1 M 9 n 1 T 03 1 O ft C c O COST OF LlVISa IN CAy.ADA. EXPRESS RATES. 431 Fruit, Carloads. 1 191.3 From St. Catharines, to Winnipeg Effective June' '09, $2.55. . . Effective July 15, '07, 80c. Effcftive May 3, '13, S2..30. $2.00 Effective May 2, '13, 80c. From Winona, to Winnipeg From Toronto, to Ottawa HOSPITAL CHARGES AND COSTS OP MAINTENANCE. In this final division of the section the results of aji inquiry into hospital fees and tie cost of maintaining patients in hospitals since 1900 are presented. An obvious purpose of such an inquiry is to measure fluctuations in the prices of yet another " necessary ", namely skilled care ^uring severe illness. A second object vras to throw a sidelight on the field of personal and household expenditures, through an examination of the maintenance costs of public institutions. In the absence of family budgets, such costs perhaps offer the best evidence of how the advancing prices of the past few years have worked out in a practical way. The " kind " of prices that are illustrated by statistics of this sort is thus explained by Mitchell (Business Cycles, p. 29) : " There remains one other division of the system of prices — a division which has much in common with the prices of consum- ers' goods on the one hand and with the prices of labour as a business adjunct on the other hand. It consists of the prices of the heterogeneous services rendered to persons as such — not to business enterprises. Here belong the prices of domestic service, medi- cal attendance, much instruction, many forms of amusement, etc.i The furnishing of such services presents a certain contrast to the business traffic in consumers' goods, materials, machinery, loans, transportation, etc. For systematic organization has not been developed to so high a point, business motives do not have such unrestricted scope, and the wares are not standardized in equal measure. Moreover, the prices which people are willing to pay for such services are based on , personal needs and personal income, rather than on closely calculated chances of profit. The prices of these services therefore form the most loosely organized and irregular division of the system of prices "- METHOD OF INQUIRY. A list of hospitals was obtained, from Government reports in the case of Ontario and the "Western Provinces and from local city directories in the case of Quebec and the Maritime Provinces. A circular and form was sent to each institution requesting information (1) as to the tariff charged in each year since 1900 for public ward, semi- private ward, and private- ward patients; (2) as to operating-room charges, and (3) as to average costs per patient daily. Altogether 2Y4 circulars were sent out. Deducting institutions of recent foundation and those whose operations were not primarily in the way of caring for the sick, replies were obtained from some 184 institutions. Of these 131 supplied complete or nearly C(pmplete records. Tables 1% II, III, IV and V give these statistics in full. In Table I the results are reduced to the form of index numbers by Provinces. ' Ot this list the wages of domestic servants and the salaries of public school teachers are treated in the present memorandum in Appendix (7) as b^lbnging primarily to the subject of wages and salaries. 432 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO RESULTS. The average charges to hospital patients, it will be seen from Table VI rose fifty or sixty per cent between 1900 and 1914, Operating room charges, as distinguished from ward room tariffs, went up appreciably less. The cost per patient daily ia up on the whole 45 per cent. These conclusions, however, must be accepted onl^ with the following reservations : (1) In the matter of ward-room tariffs: the extent to which the element of charity enters is a factor. Charges are frequently adjusted to the capability of the patient for paying, and to that extent the record is nominal only. A broad effect of this practice is to make for stability of rates, especially in the case of public ward and oper- ating room charges, though all fees tend to move Itygether. (2) In connection with costs, it should be pointed out that the record reflects not only the prices of supplies and .services, but also the number of patients. A year in which the number treated was large will show a less cost per caput than a year when the attendance was light, over-head charges and m^any costs of maintenance being the same in bbth cases. It also reflects changes in standards, such as the installation of better appliances, (paid for out of surrent expenses) the substitution of traiAed nurses for nurses in training, etc. On the latter point the statement may be made that the tendency has been to increase efB.ciency, better standards even in diet having been demanded in recent years. The " fluidity " of tariffs above mentioned of course militates against direct compari- sons of fees with costs. That operating room fees have been the most stationary is however a fact which may 'probably be accepted without reservation. Table I. — Index Numbers of Tariffs and Costs. AVERAGE CHARGES TO PUBLIC tVARD PATIENTS. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 Maritime Provinces Quebec Ontario Prairie Provinces. . . British Columbia. . . Canada 100 100 100 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-4 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 102-7 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 112-2 100-0 100-0 100-0 lOO-O 113-9 100-0 100-0 103-3 108-6 121-0 113-3 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-2 101-5 105-9 107-0 113-5 U3-3 108-6 126-3 121-2 100-0 117-8 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 Maritime Provinces.. 113-3 108-6 133-2 123-6 100-0 122-9 106-7 133-8 133-3 102-5 128-7 108 143-0 136-5 104-8 128-7 108 147-5 137-5 105-5 135-2 108-0 158-2 140-1 105-5 137-9 113-0 170-6 155-5 105-5 162-9 1130 Ontario.. Prairie Provinces 1750 169-9 British Columbia 106-1 121-7 126-5 130-3 132-7 139-3 147-9 154-9 COST OF LiriNO IN CANADA 433 Table I. — Index N"umber8 of Tariffs and Costs — Continued. (2) AVERAGE CHARGES TO SEMI-PRIVATE WARD PATIENTS. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 100' 100-0 100 100-0 100 100-0 100-0 100 lCO-0 1000 100-0 100-0 100-5 100-0 100 100-0 112-5 1Q2-3 100-0 100-0 100-0 112-5 105-9 100-0 100 100-0 112-5 111-1 100-0 100-0 112-1 116-6 114-3 111-2 100-0 117-6 Ouebec 116-6 117-3 Prairie Provinces .,..., 117-9 "Rritish Columbia 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-3 102-3 104-4 107-3 112-1 114-9 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 Maritimp Provinces 117-6 116-6 121-4 117-9 100-0 U7-6 141 -'6 126-6 126-6 100-0 127-4 144-7 132-3 127-6 108-6 I 127-4 150-5 137-9 136-1 114-3 127-4 150-5 147-1 141-3 " 114-3 138-3 160-3 154-6 151-9 114-3 151-6 160-3 161-3 158-1 163-3 116-9 124-3 129-4 135-1 140-2 147-8 160- 1 (3) AVERAGE CHARGES TO PRIVATE WARD PATIENTS. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 MflTitimp Provinces 100 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 101-1 100 100-0 102-9 100-0 . 102-4 100-0 100-0 lfl2-9 106-6 104-1 100.-0 100 102-9 106-6 108-7 100-0 104-3 102-9 106-6 112-6 100-0 104-3 113-6 109-1 118-7 110-2 104-3 113-6 Quebec 109-1 Ontario 122-5 118-9 British Columbia 104-3 Canada 100-0 100-5 101-4 103-0 105-9 107-7 113 -3 116-5 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 Maritime Provinces 113-6 112-6 129-1 118-9 105-3 116-4 117-1 132-6 120-3 107-8 120-6 121-0 138-9 129-0 ije-1 122-7 122-4 144-3 137-7 114-3 125-5 126-7 148-8 144-3 115-9 138-4 126-9 155-7 150-0 120-5 142-2 Quebec 131-2 Onatrio... 164-8 Prairie Prbvioes 160-0 British Columbia.... 121-9 Canada 120-0 122-5 128-4 133-5 137-9 143-9 150-7 434 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Table I. — Index Numbers of Tariffs and Costs — Continued. (4) AVERAGE OPERATING ROOM CHARGES. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 Maritime Provinces ... .... 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 1000 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 101-5 100 -0 100-0 100-0 100-0 104-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 104-0 100-0 100 100-0 100-0 107-0 100-0 100 112-6 107-1 109-1 102-6 1000 129-4 107-1 109-1 102-6 100-0 Quebec Ontario British Columbia Canada 100-0 100-0 100-9 102-2 102-2 105-9 106-7 107-7 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 Mfl.ritiTTi"p PrnviTinfip.. 129-4 107-1 112-9 102-6 100-0 129-4 107-1 112-9 113-7 107-9 150-2 116-2 114-4 115-8 .110-5 150-2 116-2 121-9 135-4 119-1 150-2 119-2 124-6 141-5 119-1 150-2 ' 123-4 124-9 141-5 120-4 150-2 133-4 126-1 Prairie Provinces . . 141-5 120-4 Canada.. 109-7 112-3 115-9 125-2 128-1 129-1 130-9 (5) AVERAGE COST PER PATIENT, DAILY. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 100-0 100-0 100-0 • 100-0 100-0 103-9 101-8 96-8 97-5 104-8 110-5 104-4 100-4 101-3 107-5 105-1 109-3 104-0 100-4 99-2 113-4 106-9 111-2 102-0 96-9 117-3 117-0 129-8 114-6 102-9 116-2 123-6 122-3 110-7 110-8 123-2 127-4 Ontario" 124-9 138-8 Sritish Coluro.bia 98-5 100-0 99-5 103-2 103-6 107-5 120-8 118-4 122-6 1908 -1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 131-6 131-5 135-0 132 1 109-7 131-6 132-0 138-1 127-5 105-3 132-7 135-9 139-8 131-1 llS-6 133-4 140-4 143-9 133-3 113-6 138-4 139-2 145-9 134-6 118-3 136-6 145-6 Ontario 160-8 137-8 114-7 129-9 129-5 133-3 135-8 137-8 144-7 COST OF LIYINO IN CANADA 435 p 5 i ** ^ 1 - SBB II ii.S II •^ ,M 9 8 -i ^ a «)=»_- "5 10- 1 ■s re poor sic aying patie enty per ce iO for ou*tO tlents. hen possib mber of pi sated grati arch, 190 ly. 1914, : ,220 days; r treated iced rate Die period, ,835 days. tS^ c |5 =• ^ j;:a f|5S4S^-3S2 ^ jg ' CM0W500C c 0000000000 0000 s i>. 10 CD 10 «: ": "^OiOoKoiOOiOO oS § s t» O^OOtiC c 0^0.-.0-HOWO-- ^o^o w cqioioooc c 0000000000 0000 05 !>. 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't** Cq i-H CM W ifl tH *) w .-1 ^ C^ OOO OOO OC3 (=> OOO C^^OOtAiAoOOO OOO--t00OO»0U» g^ t- Tt< eq OOO oO ooo 0000*00000 "300 U» ooo O O OOi-HOOiOiO ^^1-, ^ b-'^C^ CDeqC^f-HCMiOiO^Cq OOO OOO ooo o op ooo ooo 00"30000 O 0^00»0«3 ooo 00«30000 O0'-'00>0»0 C3CD O ooo ooo ooooo lOOOOOO OOO. ooo OOiOOOOO 00i-l00"3»0 5 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 445 OOOOOOOOOO 0100*CU300000 COfNIMeOWCONffOCOMl M M -^ ^1 C^ CO ^*<;C eg CO CI (M CI eii lo "3 o o' oooooooooo »nu:io>c»oooo»fDo oooooooooo 10OW3OU5OW5OOO CS|CSl(MCOMCOoqffOCOCO O O O O O O O O O iO O O O o O O OO O O O O lO ic cljira woo OtHOOOO oooooooooo io»oo^o"3ooo»no CMCqcci(M(N(MCOiCi-HCS oooooooooo woooiooiraooo ooooooo ooo o o o o o »o o ooo M CO ■»** OO (M CM -rfH (N co cq NiOiOOO OOOOOOOOOO' t~.-iOOOO iC «30 "3 "3"3 O O W30 1-HN M rH M ^O0 OO OOOOOO 0"3«5 0>C O egiomoo t--^oooo i-iej oji-i ej OOOOOO O "3 ^ O lO O eljiiifSfio r-.- o OO 5 O U5 O H M ^ ea -icqea,-) ea ooo W3»00 eg Id wo t^THQOO iHcg c^ .-I OOO u3 mo O OO o mo N ^eq eguju Miflu Nii-HOOO ooo U3"50 "SO » ■ O eg CO O OO O oooioo ooo o 03 OS i-l I— I I— I t-l r-( rH 446 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO S W PS H I Ph Q 00000000«30 -ttf . o O 00 ifl O O O O W S T-l lO Th -i O O O O O "3 O O O O ^ CQ 5? 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M-^iOOOO =to 1 OiOiO CO Oi-tOiflOO-HC ^|> ^ooo io>o O— < OO o co(Mcsi(N»noMir; M .-i.-iMkrfmM M CO MMM «» rtCN r- T-t M 0"»*<0000'5j0"3 en o^ouioo c UHO O-^ OO CO CM est Cif »r3 O M 1-t 1-HM tOUSM MCO M M (M *9 T-1(M 1-1 M o .-iM »-( M 1 o oooo C5 loioo uiits 2 o OiOOO -*^ -HQOO 1-1 00 CO MM wo Ifl 1-H M WSiO M M M «» ^M ^M ^ u o ioio o M ,U5 O O O toui O o 0U30O o ■<*< ^OOO ss CO M M US O Ifl w^ M W5IOM M M r-t «e T-*M ^CSl in o iocio o M lOOOO .i« 1 o o owoo o "* •-•OOO ■^00 CO MMU50 JC 1-1 M tn to M M M '^ «» i->M i-*M 6 % s S a (3 1 .1 P^ 05 * ^ c ''i u^ r^ oc CT- c U3 CC +- 1 5 c ^ ^ ^ CS Cq Cs M 5; 1- P COST OF LI7IN0 IN CANADA 447 c 'o to '■^H ■s o 2 »i^ o . {=: o„i o» «« c!|cJj(NC< l^ .-1 U3 tH US l> tfS rl U3 b- (M(MusT-icou^coeoeo»«e^po USti!tw US 1-1 uib- us usus us IT CO U5 us m lA »(-! o MffJlNcJ eAiikmina u^cicl tiut.c!.C^ US-rHCOCONUSCOiNCMWCMUSCqcqoqWMUS o o c m 1-H us 1-^ o o i o s ^ <= 5 i-t w rH W U5 if Cqu5»OiCC ^lOCOCOut NC 'tninin ususcous us us us us USVT-( U3 ws r^usFHUst-- CO us us USUSUS t-i e« cJl««CO M "t USUi rt Co ■c Ob « c i o i ■ CD i ■2 03 up Ul up t^ i-( US us r- WS us usus us »r us(MeoNNcoeoc!jc • us us us us «* 5 (MNM *ll uImO IC CO (N "5 P ;^ «ffO ■ (7»cb>o»ci:* u,ci :5 CO ic ^---* iu- t- USUS USU- • ir ■ US USUS us w S MNCO MiOtf ;« «ci ;5, CO USNCOtMMCOCOCSIir ■cs • N pq (M cJi C ■n u: .ic -US *?*?"? «« 5 -eo ciut^ ■A ci w eoc^ cq «" cJ, ■cs • M (M c<) cq e!i CO 03 us •o o o o i ■5 OS S3«- ;^ •^ us "r ■U3 :"? c!) ■'? T CONCOcil :"? i"? (Npqco «A ■CO :« J- « M oq • ;cil 1-H o 1 o OS l>.T^ "^ b- Ui •us USUS a» -co «ut»r ci c^ CO (M CO CM CN CM ' :ci, CS1C<1CC ^ tn § t! T7 ■"? t> us •"? (N(NCO rl e& • CQ C<|uti»C ;« J- c^ CO c^ cow M (N - ■ 1 -cq 1 t t£ i .S 1 i p^ CQ ^ O gcQ 00 o- ^(MC^ ■^0 Olio W5 CO »C CO CSHO CQ r-1 cp« OO OOO 77 ■"'"77 U5 CO "5 CO Cco coup o ^ odo fill I I 1 I I I ' CO^MWiOCOCO»OCOCOCO(M IC iO ^ U3 US US CqCOrHCCCsKNlCCO 3 eocoususo «li-)Cg(NmcOCO»nCOC*3CO(N(MCOi-HCOMM»-'3cO o I w a W o o o o < H P4 O H 1-1 ffl » C irai-» usus U3 'ill CO U3 CO CO CO us USrfl us us I I I I r eg cotico lo m »n W3 I I I I aO- CO 1-1 (N M CO US>— (USlfStOUSuSiO-^iO I T I I r I I I I coiccoeocoe^Nco'— ICO l«lt3 US irt III! COi-< WNC us us us us I I I I CO T-( (M CSl CSI US^-iUSicusususuS«*»c I 1 I 1 I I I T I couscocococsicsiiro«-Hn:i ft"? co^co USUSirt us I I r I CO 1-1 n co^ ciicijc us 1— I U5 U5 CO us CO CO i ■p»0— icqcoust— oil— tW-^uBcoooO'-Hc^usteiQOcsi ^u3usu3usu5ususcDcoSooSSf-?:b:tSt2S 5 O 1— I cq CO us CD -^ 00 00 OO OO CXI OO ^ C'O.sT OF Lirixa in Canada 449 2inw30*0»OM^ oo oooooo T-tinutcOOiOiOCqiCKOiftJscoc-^O r-HpiflO>O>OC0U5 O 1 II .-nn»opwsw5eo»o o o o o o o o o I 1 I i» I T .-HLoiAcocoiomcqioioiotocoiMO -lUO lO O lO >o i-i »C i-iiOlO CO CO lo in N »o in in in e w 1 r-t inoin 2 ":; oo o 1-1 rH in in iCiOC0»C«5»CN«: O 3 m 3 3-8 2 50- 20 00 .s ows 1-H oo o ininincommmcNi 5-10 5-10 5-10 3-8 2 50- 20 00 l« 1 »Sl«^ inwi o 3-5 5-10 5-10 3-8 2 50- 20 00 1 IOU3 oo ' ininii mm g «2 com opm o (TO (MO 7 lOiO oo in >n lo mm s com opmo «(rQO 2 w_ oo inu^ift mm O m 1-H io cpmo n mm O I-H m 2 in 33 m =to U50 1 in m d, «. o 3 o 3 m gg "8 1. 1 r Scno SfH —29 450 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO o K H O !>^ y. J < M Q < M S H |4 O ^ m td H W m fM o C) H t-i pa P4 C2 •a a Wages increased 50% since 1900. Flour 21%, butter 32%, oatmeal 20%, beef 40%, bar- ley 48%, beans 66%, codfish 44%, cheese 14%, tea 30%. Hospital farm supplies of milk and vegetables since 1907 have made a saving of 5o. per patient daily. Food and fuel increased con- siderably last 3 years. Equip- ment and salaries remain about same. Very little increase in wages. Great increase in prices of food supplies. Food supplies, drugs,, salaries and wages'have all increased. Food supplies have trebled. Salaries have doubled. Increase in cost of service (nurses) excessive. In 1908 excellent nurses commanded $25-130 a month; in 1914, in- different ones, $30450. Laun- dry charges double. Char- women and laundress wages have increased 33i%. Fruit and green vegetables more easily procurable and'aljout same price. Increased cost of food apart from milk and meat comparatively trifling. 03 CO IC ,-1 r-t CO en tn o - O 05 5 .SS 0? g O f=i '*'0) « ^ c a So s-" 9 S « S M ■am S 9 aj !( So «)■ „, a S o ■o h-o g ^H "2 rf -t» giJja o .2 M m > (Q 3 d (a H O to all igi •5'-' rt I m 03 as ' .3 M as 9 a •*^ 13 .^ m oj O.S S 4i.o S m d ^; o ^ 03 T3 S o 3.2 l| a) ai.S S S G Si i^ cS o o to n •~.a P.J3 s gflvs ^ r? CO j3 So? >'a. 1x1 ' i 5P.y c M fl s M --I --«»-( N 1-1 o ^ ^ C-1 --I ^ '-H « ^ O T-H T— I ■J ^ (M --( i-H ^ 1-H O ^-.-H O T-H^ O -- w ^1 o^ ;— 29i 452 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO tn M o3 a a 1 ? c 03 J a have gone up. Also wages of maids, orderlies, engin'eers, etc. Reduction in cost for 1913 due to increase in number of pa- tients. Figures show an in- crease between 1909 and 1914 of 50% in price of meats, 20% in butter, 25% in eggs, slight increase in fuel.Lemons 100% increase. Cost of provisions has in- creased, particularly meat, butter, eggs and sugar. Average increase of 40% in foo(i costs, etp. Jrom 1906 1914; proportion of wages ta total cost of maintenance about one-third. High cost of first three years caused by cost of furnishing, etc., though victuals were, cheaper. Wages for men in- creased from $15 to $30 with board, etc., for girls S5 to $12, during period 1903-1914. Meat has increased 60%, sugar 45% and other groceries pro- portionately. Dietary for each patient in 1904 cost 70c. per day now 95e. Fuel, food supplies and wages have advanced 30 to 50%. OS ■g .=» i-( CO CO OS S cts. 1 26 88 1 46 1 11 1 13 72 1 25 89 OS i cts. 1 15 88 1 61 1 11 1 01 1 14 87 OS $ cts. 1 12 75 1 56 1 00 1 04 1 10 1 07 68 o OS S cts. 1 01 75 1 50 1 03 99 1 19 95 65 OS CO o b- p ■O O oo 00 © OS o (M eo OS MO O OS CO OS f- .-1 o o o o OS o 0» O Tt< OS t^ (O U5 OS O OS Q3 CO O w o o o OS a CO O CO 00 o oo Tt< O (Si 00 l> ^ o o OS $ cts. 96 53 00 o CO to oq OS U3 CSI o o OS o 6& OS o 00 o r-( to OS (M t-^ Ui 1-1 o o OS 5 CO o o o i .2 CO o o oo o to Ui o o 1 $ cts. 77 43 CO o o a CD •<* o o o s $ cts. 1 00 42 OO o' O CO o o 6 1 E .s, 1 o 1 1^ s O i> IN COST OF LITING IN CANADA 453 SIS 11 aogoo .Si. =3 H H S -SWISS'S i^ QJ S > 03 O fl a^ c8T3 CD O •t! ^.^ a g St-^ P ".Or; _ o.S,2S.S S.2 g ^teo'as « 5) S^O R. Q? OJ C a m (b'o ■* S to ^ 4J bfl OS -t^ P jj 0) m 0) SS.2 as oj-^ h ma > J- g.TJ o R . . S S •rH to m o [S • ^ y„ Sot! >. So « 5 « R Lj ^ aj oSH O m . '^ o G M „ ■'"' CO (D += .n ^ S >: 5", S «S:S m bo - to >j .g-a >)0 o g Q. QD ryi . Sg.s^^-2 ;^ t3 a m Fi >: C -^ .a Xf M 4-^" --g T-H .-( OO --1 «OOM'-.s'f i .2^ § CO ar^ o o ( fa i 'I S S »; c8 (U /4 . o £ a SJ o ■^ S S S 2S°S HO X " 2 S J3 C g a ^ S a ° >« *9 i-a eo (5 oS ■S " rt 2 (D 03 n y L- g M_ a °-£ ~ B.2 '- Swig ^ o a ^ fio bus an d S u^^jSi! K O " >■ B u I 01 (s g d Sirq —I wo w ■ss ■gos Scxi o CO P5 S COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 455 3 6 M M N " >,.S » I S O ^-J C, W-S OS I 3 ca Oi e3 Qt tsi-*^ h: ^ tQ bi., w ••5- +3 +3 ^, U)^ O 3 m o +3 CQ CO o Q bO Qp-S„-T53 •«& ^32 ri _, o " Jj 1=5, S 3 5 _ +3 3 I ■ - ° J (U {3 B Q •2 S °|''3'S ^ 5 £ o g.^ .5-^-=' § " S ° |,§^T333&„ S S^ d2 3 o 3 M « o (S'^ja.flTi o 00 tH (M 00 00 o iH CO CO CO CO CD 0» CO 1> CO '^ cq .-H pq ^ i^q i> CO m M 00 ' CN 1-11-4 CO as th 00 O CO O (M O 00 C3S Ot^ O O O CO lO rt— 1 (M OC i a 9 C H I> BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Cost of supplies and salaries have increased. Cost of supplies and equipment together with salaries have increased considerably. Food supplies, fuel, drugs and salaries have increased. This hospital was beyond rail- way communication until 2 years ago and was therefore handicapped by excessive. . . freight rates. The prior years, 1900-1904 not given. In outlying mining district. Daily average cost varies with number of patients. Food, fuel, salaries and equip nient have not gone up to any marked degree. Running expenses are hqsjvy and number of patients (miners) varies greatly. Cost of fuel, food and equipment has risen steadily. Within past year or two various supplies have advanced in price, particularly meats, milk, bread, etc. Since war was declared there has been a pronounced advance in drugs,dressings,rubber goods etc. Wages have gone up. The increased cost in 1912-1913 is due to the increased cost of nursing and higher prices of commodities. ^T^ N <0 ■ OS OS -CD CO , s "o t- o !>■ 00 (M COO* inco r^ o "j3rHffl»raT— 1 ooi> Ml' osos c^ OS aft-< ca t>- b- CO ITS ■* OS W -* OCO ^ ^ (N -^ CO cIADA, 1900-1913. (Rents 19i0'0'=10'0). 1900 1901 1902 1905 1994- 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 162 160 / 158 / 156 . / 154 - / 152 i 150 / X48 / 146 / 144 / U& , y \ 140 / / 138 / 136 / 134 / f— ■ 132 / 130 / r 126 / 126 / r J • 124 / 122 / f 120 / 118 / f 116 / 114 / r — 112 / 110 / 108 / 106 / 104 / ■ 102 / 100 / _^ __ ___ -» _ __ __ J 162 160 158 156 154 152 150 148 146 144 142 140 138 136 134 132 130 128 126 124^ 122 120 118 J116 114 112 no 108 106 104 102 100 460 BOARD OF IXQUIRV IXTO were in the first instance weighted according to population as shown by the Census of 1911.1 The results by Provinces are given in Table No. 1 beginning opposite. (2) On the other hand it might be pointed out that as the inquiry did not include places of less than 10,000, the smaller towns should be given greater prominence than that based on population alone, seeing that they probably reflect conditions in a large number of the smaller communities scattered throughout the Dominion which though individu- ally unimportant as to size in the aggregate make up a large part of the population.^ Especially is this necessary owing to the fact that the greatest rapidity of growth of late has been in the large centres, producing abnormalities not to be found elsewhere. A simple unweighted average of the returns has accordingly been added in Table No. 2. OOFESE OF PEEDOMINANT EENTALS, CANADA, 1900-1905-1913. I. — Weighted Index Numbers. (Eentak 1900=100.) (a) TYPICAL STORE IN FIRST-CLASS BUSINESS SECTION. Locality. 1900 1905 1913 Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Quebec Ontario... Manitoba: Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia Dominion of Canada 100-0 100-0 100-0 100 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 141-2 116-6 105-6 138-7 129-9 143-4 186-7 231-7 1540 140-0 189 125-0 185-0 480-8 272-3 285-6 361-6 338-4 469-1 343-6 (6) TYPICAL STORE IN SECOND-CLASS .BUSINESS SECTION. Locality. 1900 1905 1913 Nova Scotia r 100-0 100-0 100 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 119-1 113-9 104-5 297-4 116-1 177-6 164-3 145-9 129-1 160-1 145-1 New Brunswick 185-1 588-3 240-9 271-4 Saskatchewan. . . 302-4 279-2 279-6 100-0 174-6 340-6 1 The weights are as follows; Sydney, 18 ; Westville, 4 ; Amherst, 9 ; Halifax, 46 ; Truro, 6; Charlottetown, 11 ; Moncton, 11 ; St. John, 42 ; Predericton, 7 ; Quebec, 78 ; Three Rivers, 14 ; Sherbrooke, 16; Sorel, 8; St. Hyacinthe, 10; St. Johns, 6; Montreal, 466; Hull, 17; Ottawa, 86; Brockville, 9; Kingston, 18; Belleville, 10; Peterborough, IS,; Orillia, 7; Toronto, 376; Niagara, 9;, St. Catharines, 12; Hamilton, SI; Brantford, '23; Guelph, 15; Berlin, 15; Woodstock, 9; Stratford, 13 ; London, 46 ; St. Thomas, 14 ; Chatham, 10 ; 'W'indsor, 17 ; Owen Sound, 12 ; Sault Ste. Marie, 10; Port Arthur, 11; Fort William, 16; Winnipeg, 135; Brandon, 14; Regina, 30; Moosejaw, 14; Medicine Hat, 5; Calgary, 44; Edmonton, " 25 ; Lethbridge, S; Nelson, 4; New Westminster, 13 ; Vancouver, 100 ; Victoria, 32 ; Nanaimo, 8. 2 See statement with regard to growth of Urban population since 1901, Part II, Section (2)- COST CF LIVING IN OAMADA (0) TYPICAL, DOWN-TOWN OFFICE. 451 . Locality. 1900 1905 1913 Nova Scotia 100 100-0 100 100-0 100-0 100 100-0 100-0 100-0 122-7 115-0 105-1 118-2 117-5 169-1 179-7 164-1 111-9 155-1 Prince Edward Island 138-8 New Brunswick 185-4 Quebec 181-0 220-1 295-6 Saskatchewan 348-8 Alberta 294-6 British Columbia 153-4 Dominion of Canada 100-0 124-6 212-0 (d) TYPICAL SIX-ROOMED DWELLING IN WORKINGMEN'S SBCTION^WITH SANITARY CONVENIENCES'— ORIG-INAL STATISTICS' FURNISHED BY REAL ESTATE AGENTS. Locality. 1900 1905 1913 Nova Scotia 100 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 ■ 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 125-1 117-9 114-4 111-9 123-8 138-3 176-2 136-2 114-9 161-7 138-5 ' New Brunswick 146-9 Quebec. . ; .- Ontario ^ . . . .... 130-5 184-6 Manitoba. Saskatchewan. 187-2 239-1 Alberta 182-0 British Columbia ....<» 152-4 _ 1000 122-0 165-3 (e) TYPICAL SIX-ROOMED DWELLING IN WORKINGMEN'S SECTION— WITH SANITARY CONVENIENCES — ORIGINAL STATISTICS FURNISHED BY CORRli- SPONDENTS OP THE LABOUR .GAZETTE. Locality. 1900 1905 1913 Nova Scotia 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 108-7 155-5 Prince Edward TalanH 113-7 116-0 116-3 129-3 100-0 115-2 148-0 Quebec. . . , 135-5 Ontario 177-1 •Manitoba 210-5 t Saskatchewan 250 169-8 Alberta 100-0 116-5 165-3 'Winnipeg only quoted. fRegina only quoted. 462 BOARD OF INQUIRY TNTO (/) TYPICAL SIX-ROOMEJD DWELLING IN WORKINGMBN'S SECTION— WITHOUT SANITARY OONVBNIBNiOBS— ORIGINAL STATISTICS FURNISHED BY CORRESPONDENTS OP THE LABOUR GAZETTE. Locality. 1900 1905 1913 Nova Scotia -. 100 .0 102-8 132-3 Prince Edward Island , New Brunswick 100 100-0 100-0 100 100-0 100-0 ii4-6 122-1 120-6 150-5 113-2 1210 140-0 Quebec 140 -S Ontario 175-5 250-0 •Saskatchewan . 9 Alberta 196-3 British Columbia 171-9 Dominion of Canada 100-0 120-3 161-7 *Regina only quoted. II. — Unweighted Index JJuhibers. (Rentals 1900=10a) (a) TYPICAL STORE IN FIRST-CLASS 'BUSINESS SECTION. Province. 1900 1905 1913 Nova Scotia 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 127-7 116-6 112-2 126-4 127-3 132-9 165-6 155-5 113-5 171-9 Prince Edward Island 1250 New Brunswick ». . . 166-6 Quebec. 236-4 Ontario; .' 212-9 Manitoba 217-4 Saskatchewan 371-8 Alberta 405-9 British Columbia ' 335-1 Dominion of Canada 100-0 129-4 281-0 (6) TYPICAL STORE IN SECOND-CLASS BUSINESS SECTION. Province. 1900 1905 1913 Nova Scotia 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100 100-0 100-0 100-0 126-4 113-9 111-4 156-5 121-4 157-4 158-3 139-6 103-9 160-9 Prince Edward Island 145-1 New Brunswick 156-2 Quebec ; 259-7 Ontario.; Manitoba 201-4 227-0 Saskatchewan 294-3 Alberta 327-5 British Columbia , 254-2 Dominion of Canada , 100-0 129-2 218-7 COST CF LIVING IN CANADA (c) TYPICAL DOWN -TOWN OEPICE. 463 Province. 1900 1905 1913 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 120.8 115.0 110.8 121.6 121.6 144.5 182.5 199.0 93.4 146.9 Prince Edward laland 138.8 New Brunswick 165 8 Quebec 150.0 Ontario 167.4 227.1 Saskatchewan . ... 362.5 Alberta 457.9 British Columbia. . 166.8 100.0 129.5 203.8 (d) TYPICAL SIX-ROOMED DWELLING IN WORKINGMBN'S SECTION— WITH SANITARY CONVENIENCES — ORIGINAL STATISTICS FURNISHED BY REAL ESTATE AGENTS. Province. 1900 1905 1913 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 124.3 117. 9 117.3 115.2 .117.4 136.2 175.0 146.6 94.9 157.4 138.5 149.3 Quebec 171.0 Ontario 163.6 178.1 237.5 Alberta British Columljia .* 225.1 167.3 DoEainioii of Canada j 100.0 121.0 170.4 (e) TYPICAL SIX-ROOMED DWELLING IN WORKINGMEN'S SECTION— WITHOUT SANI- TARY CONVENIENCES — ORIGINAL STATISTICS FURNISHED BY CORRESPONDENTS OF THE LABOUJf GAZETTE. Province. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Nova Scotia 100.0 112.3 140.0 150.0 159.7 135.6 146.9 New Brunswick . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.2 120.4 124.0 150.0 108.3 150.0 121.7 128.5 147.4 140.4 136.. '"ik'.z" 160.0 143.0 148.7 ' 122.0 " 148.-5 147.7 150.3 250.0 153.5 250.0 179.7 153.3 Quebec... 161,7 Ontario 158.6 Manitoba. . 250.0 Alberta, 165.0 Saskatchewan 250.0 British Columbia..... !..'!... 163.9 ii2.5 167.3 164.7 Dominion of Canada 100.0 120.4 144.5 138.6 145.8 154.6 160.7 464 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO (/) TYPICAL, SIX-ROOMED DWELLING IN WORKINGMEN'S SECTION— WITH SANI- TARY CONVENIENCES— ORIGINAL STATISTICS FURNISHED BY CORRESPONDENCE OF THE LABOUR GAZETTE. Province. 1900 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 100.0 119.5 138.4 132.6 150.2 155 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 114.5.. 121.2 150.0 127.9 136.4 194.4 124.9 146.7 141.6 136.4 194.4 128.2 150.8 149.7 181.8 222.2 144 4 118.5 123.1 130.3 100.0 149.3 125.8 136.4 . 100.0 178.2 Ontario 155.4 Manitoba . 212.1 Saskatchewan 250.0 100.0 110.4 163.0 . 148.7 157.2 168.8 151.4 Dominion of Canada • 100.0 119.0 135.4 : 140.7 143.2 153.7 162.0 TABLE "A".— EENTALS, CANADA, 1900, 1905, 1913. (Returns from Real Estate Agents.) PART I.— RENTAL OP TYPICAL STORE IN FIRST-CLASS BUSINESS SECTION. NOVA SCOTIA. City. Street. Year or Month. 1900 1905 1913 Amherst. ... . . . Victoria (i) 700 00 300 00 300 00 600 00 25 00 600 00 360 00 775 00 300 00 360 00 900 00 30 00 900 00 390 00 860 00 600 00 " » 500 00 Halifax New Glasgow Barrington Provost 1,200 00 45 00 Sydney Charlotte... . 1,200 00 Prince 420 00 PRINCE EI?WAB,D ISLAND. Charlottetown. Richmond (ii) . . Upper Queen Upper Hillsboro 900 00 200 00 96 00 900 00 275 00 108 00 900 00 300 00 120 00 NEW BRUNSWICK. Fredericton Moncton St. John..., Queen. Main Prince William 600 00 50 00 300 00 700 00 60 00 300 00 900 00 75 00 600 00 (i); With heat. (ii) Water rates included. COST CF LIVING IN OANAVA TYPICAL STORE IN FIRST-CLASS BUSINESS SECTION— Con«n«ei, QUEBEC. 465 City. street. Year or Month. 1900 1905 1913 TTiilI Main 30 00 25 00 30 00 1,500 00 1,200 00 600 00 10 00 25 00 15 00 900 00 300 00 600 00 800 00 40 00 35 00 40 00 2,000 00 1,800 00 600 00 24 00 30 00 22 00 950 00 400 00 600 00 800 00 80 00 11 St. Cathorini! West, near' Uni- versity . 75 00 II 75 00 Montreal 7,000 00 Wellington Augjista , i King 7,000 00 1,000 00 Sorel \ 30 00 / 35 00 35 00 It <( — 30 00 1,000 00 Richelieu 600 00 Forges 1,000 00 Notre Dame 1,200 00 a ONTARIO. Belleville. Berlin Brantford , Brock ville. Chatham . . Guelph Hamilton. Kingston. . London II Niagara Falls. II , Orillia .' II Ottawa Owen Sound... xeterborough. SaultSte. Marie. St. Catharine's, . , St. Thomas, Stratford. Front. King.. Wyndham . James. . . . Princess . . . Colborne . Main. King. Dundas. Brie Queen Mississippi. Sparks . . Poulett. George. St. Paul. Talbot... Ontario. DowTiie. Ontario & Downie, Centfal.. *Tenant'paying taxes. 'Grocery Store. **Boot and Shoe Store, paying taxes. 82696—30 100 00 140 00 *375 00 *395 00 600 00 700 00 600 00 750 00 600 00 750 00 600 00 720 00 25 00 40-00 600 00 750 00 20 00 20 00 600 00 1,200 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 *600 00 *700 00 100 00 100 00 400 00 600 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 1,200 00 1,000 00 1,200 CO 40 00 45 00 50 00 60 00 240 00 360 00 300 00 450 00 . 600 00 900 00 75 00 *50 00 60 00 **350 00 675 00 ***750 00 750 00 ••**750 00 750 00 1,100 00 l.lOfi 00 1,000 00 1,100 00 1,600 00 2,000 00 350 00 350 00 100 00 100 00 10 00 15 00 40 00 40 00 500 00 550 00 f 420 00 540 00 540 00 660 00 f 600 00 600 00 / 500 00 \ 700 00 190 00 *e25 00 800 00 1,000 00 1,600 00 970 00 70 00 1,000 00 35 00 1,200 00 1,000 00 1,100 00 300 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 1,600 00 2,100 00 50 00 70 00 600 00 650 00 3,000 00 250 00 75 00 900 00 900 00 1,000 00 1,,500 00 1,300 00 2,200 00 600 00 135 00 35 00 60 00 550 00 720 00 900 00 900 00 1,000 00 9d0 00 1,100 00 •'"Hardware Store. ****Dry Goods Store, tenant 466 BOARD OF INQVIBT INTO TYPICAL STORE IN FIRST-CLASS BUSINESS SECTI0N-Cc/««7HK;d. O^TA-mO— Continued. City. Street. " Year or Month. 1900. 1905. 1913. Yonge, near Shuter $ cts. 1,750 00 1,000 00 15 00 800 00 $ CtB. 2,500 .00 1,250 00 30 00 900 00 % cte. "5,000 00 2,600 00 70 00 1,000 00 Windsor Woodstock - AuUette ?. Dundas , K MANITOBA. 75 00 **300 00 200 00 ' 1,650 00 90 00 500 00 300 00 2,000 00 100 00 Winnii)eg Portage s Main Main, bet. Portage and McDer- mot 1,166 67 450 00 II 4 800 00 SASKATCHEWAN. Main e Soarth...'.. ................. 50 00 100 00 40 00 100 00 100 00 125 00 75 00 150 00 300 00 Regina. 200 00 125 00 375 00 ALBERTA. 150 00 *'*75 00 ♦♦*'S0 00 / 75 00 1 100 00 20 on 50 00 50 00 fiO 00 200 00 150 00 100 00 150 00 200 00 30 00 75 00 75 00 70 00 850 00 Jasper Ave I 300 00 250 00 300 00 400 00 125 00 175 00 Lethbridge JVIedicineHat 3rd Ave. South ^ . Toronto ..... , . 175 00 Toronto ..,....., 175 00 ■ "•Tenant paying taxes ($900 in 19131. ♦30x75. ****25x50. ''This'district hajS chaiiged from 3rd to 1st class section. *Ineide. ♦Corner. BRITISH COLUMBIA. Nelson Baker -. . 100 00 *]30 00 ♦♦1.55 00 ♦75 00 **100 00 100 00 45 00 75 00 45 00 50 00 • ♦ISO 00 **200 00 ♦160 00 **150 00 250 00 50 00 100 00 55 00 110 Vancouver Hastings •600 «»700 West *500 ««550 Victoria n t) 500 ( 250 200 Fort i. 1601 COST OF LlYINa IN CANADA 467 PART II.— RENTAL OF TYPICAL STORE IN SECOND-fcLASS BUSINESS SE3CTION. NOVA SCOTIA. City. Amherst II — ... II .... 11 Halifax New Glasgow Sydney TVuro Street. Victoria. Church . . Granville . . . Archimides. George Outram .... Year or Month. 1900. 20 00 180 00 160 00 600 00 15 00 300 00 20 00 1905. 20 00 250 00 180 00 600 00 20 00 500 00 22 50 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Charlottetown . Upper Great George. Gt. George, Central. . 200 00 150 00 96 00 250 00 175 00 96 00 NEW BRUNSWICK. Frederioton Moncton . . . Newcastle . . St John. . York.... St. George Henry Main 400 00 30 00 150 00 150 00 450 00 35 00 175 00 150 00 QUEBEC. Hull .... Main 15 00 15 00 15 00 440 00 10 00 15 00 6 00 15 00 10 00 500 00 150 00 300 00 400 00 25 00 25 00 20 00 1,450 00 10 00 15 00 12 00 18 00 15 00 600 00 200 00 300 00 400 00 40 00 50 00 ,^ ,^ 30 00 Montre.ll St. Catherine, East near St. 2,900 00 Sherbrooke'; ...... King { 20 00 35 00 22 00 Sorel 25 00 r 20 00 St. Hvacinthe St.Johns Three Rivers 144 Cascades St. James Forges Notre Dame 700 00 200 00 500 00 600 00 * Tenant paying taxes, 82696— 30J ONTARIO. BelleviUe CainTihGll Bridere 100 00 200 CO 480 00 13 00 15 00 20 00 200 00 125 00 *225 00 250 00 660 to 13 00 15 00 30 00 300 00 160 00 Brantford Queen 516 00 300 00 960 00 West End Colbome Dalhousie 25 00 30 00 40 00 Brockville ... ,.....! Main 450 00 468 BOARD OF INQUIRY ipTO lYPICAL STORE IN SECOND-CLASS BUSINESS S'ECTIOTSI— Continued. ONTARIO— Coneirwicrf. City. Street. Year or Month. IflOO. 1905. 19U. Thames S 15 00 300 00 4.50 00 »180 00 35 00 240 00 20 00 300 00 20 00 30 00 180 00 200 00 180 00 300 00 200 00 250 00 200 00 40 00 10 00 20 00 228 00 1 240 00 \ 4>0 00 400 00 350 00 360 00 600 00 10 00 500 00 s 15 00 500 00 450 00 *270 00 35 00 240 00 25 00 300 00 22 50 40 00 300 00 300 00 200 00 450 00 200 00 275 m 250 00 35 00 15 00 20 00 228 00 / 300 00 I 540 00 20 00 King St. Clair : 500 00 450 00 Guelph ... FTamilton *3fi0 00 James i . Princess, above Montreal King Dundas and Richmond Park Erie Ave., between Park and Bridge Peter :. 75 00 Kingston London . , Niagara Falls Orillia .350 00 30 00 600 00 25 00 55 00 504 00 480 00 Bank 780 00 Tenth Hunter 565 00 Peterborough 300 00 Water ... 300 00 300 00 Sault Ste. Marie Ontario Talbot 50 00 35 00 St Thomas 30 00 Kedan and Balaclava Downie, Wellington and Wast end of Ontario ! Ontario . . . . Ontario, Downie & Wellingt )u . Yongc,. near McGill Queen Pitt Dundas 264 00 Stratford / 360 00 \ 600 00 850 00 1^ 400 00 390 00 7.50 00 15 00 600 00 / 700 00 t 900 00 1,140 00 1,000 00 Windsor. 30 00 700 00 * Tenant paying taxes. MANITOBA. Si.xtb St. and Rosaer Ave '. 75 00 20 00 50 00 480 00 100 00 • 25 00 85 00 1,200 00 125 00 Winnipeg ',, 40 00 Main St South .1 .1 between Graham and St. Mary's , . 175 00 1,500 00 SASKATCHEWAN. Moosojaw Regina M High'.'.v.v'.v.'.'.;'... ■;■;;.;:!" South Railway Broad Tenth Avo , 40 00 75 00 30 00 50 00 60 00 100 00 60 00 115 00 75 00 IDO 125 100 150 160 ALBERTA. Calgary . . . . Edmonton . Lethbridge . . , M ... Medicine Hat . First St. East. Namayo Ave. . 13th St. North . First Ave. S North Railway . Third Ave 100 00 25 00 15 00 25 00 25 00 25 00 50 00 25 00 .50 00 30 00 15 00 .35 00 30 00 'COST CF LIYINa IN CANAli>A 469 TYPICAL STORE IN SECOND-CLASS BUSINESS SECTION- Oomtenued. BRITISH COLUMBIA. City. Nelson Vancouver Tl Victoria. . . Street. Vernon . Cordova West. Finder Douglas . . . Blanchard . John.sou . . . Year or Mcnth. 1900. cts. •*50 00 . 60 00 ***76 00 ♦•**100 00 25 00 26 00 45 00 1905. 30 00 60 00 f *»*12S 00 I ****ISI) 00 60 00 25 00 30 00 55 00 1913. 30 00 150 00 • ♦**150 00 ****250 00 150 00 200 00 75 00 150 00 * No second-class business section. ** Boom in progress. *** Inside store. **** Corner.. PART III.— RENTAL, OP TTPICAl, DOWN-TOWN OFPICB. NOVA SCOTIA. City. _ Street. Year or Month. 1900. 1905. $ cts. 37 50 5 00 8 00 360 00 10 00 350 00 16 00 1913. Amherst Victoria ■ $ cts. 32 00 5 00 8 00 300 00 8 00 250 00 15 00 } 1 cts. 45 00 10 00 Halifax 480 00 New Glasgow Provost Charlotte Wain 12 00 Sydney Truro 400 00 17 50 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Charlottfctown Richmond 80 00 120 00 75 00 80 00 140 00 90 00 80 00 180 00 " Grafton 100 00 NEW BRUNSWICK. 200 00 25 00 150 00 225 00 30 00 150 00 275 00 Monoton Main 46 Princess 40 00 '^f. John riOO 00 470 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO TYPICAL DOWN-TOWN OFFICE— Continued. QUEBEC. CITY. Street. Year or Mouth. 1900. 1905. 1913. Hull f ■ $ eta. 12 00 10 00 216 00 750 00 150 00 15 00 25 00 200 00 100 00 8 00 10 00 10 00 60 00 75 00 8 ots. 15 00 12 00 250 00 900 00 150 00 15 00 25 00 300 00 150 00 10 00 12 00 13 00 60 00 75 00 S cts. 18 00 15 00 Montreal , St. James (Merchants Bank Bde.) 360 00 Sherbrooke II II ^. Wellington 1,415 00 250 00 20 00 St. Hyacinthe St. Denis .•. 43 00 500 00 200 00 Sorel . ^ 15 00 / 15 00 \ 20 UO 18 00 120 00 180 00 ONTARIO. Belleville 100 00 100 00 120 00 220 00 150 00 300 00 f 180 00 t 240 00 12 00 200 00 10 00 180 00 15 00 130 00 25 00 350 00 15 00 40 00 180 00 12 50 14 00 40 00 60 00 400 00 175 00 175 00 100 00 50 00 5 CO 12 00 180 00 120 00 180 00 200 00 150 00 * 50 • 60 10 00 14 00 125 00 i46'66 250 00 175 00 360 00 240 00 300 00 15 00 240 00 10 00 192 00 15 00 144 00 25 00 150 00 Berlin 180 00 175 00 II 300 00 „ 200 00 Near Market Square Central in City , , ,^ 540 00 3(i0 00 400 00 20 00 BrockTille . . - 300 00 Chatham -King Second Floor, Cor. King and Fifth St 15 00 216 00 1 15 00 Guelph 175 00 Hamilton. Kingston James Clarence 50 00 350 00 18 00 London Richmond . 45 00 180 00 15 00 17 00 60 00 73 00 .500 00 200 00 200 00 150 00 50 00 7 50 16 00 180 00 ISO 00 240 00 50 00 240 00 Niagara Falls MoClure Block * 18 00 23 00 Orillia 90 00 100 00 Ottawa Peterborough Sparks & Elgin (Trust Bldg.).., 700 00 250 00 11 .... Water 250 00 200 00 Sault Ste, Marie St. Catharines St. Thomas 75 00 10 00 20 00 ,, Talbot .... 216 00 Stratford i 210 00 360 00 400 00 „ 4 Downie • M (Market place) King & Toronto M 350 00 Toronto 75 90 12 00 16 00 • 150 ,, » 200 Windsor 15 00 Woodstock Near centre of city 18 00 ' Per square foot per year. COST OF LIVINO IN CANADA 471 TYPICAL DOWN-TOWN OFFICE -Vontinued. MANITOBA. CITY. Street. Year or Month. 1900. 1905. 1913. Central 2-roomed suite Portage & Garry (Garry Block). Main St., Mclntyre Blk $ Ota. 17 50 75 00 646 00 $ ots. 20 00 150 00 1,116 00 9 ots. 25 00 300 00 1,609 00 Winnipeg SASKATCHEWAN. Moose jaw. II Regina . . . . Main St. (up-stairs) Scarth Scarth St.. 2nd floor, 35' x 40' . . 15 00 50 00 75 00 20 00 50 00 30 00 100 00 125 00 30 00 100 00 60 00 200 00 300 00 60 00 175 00 ALBERTA. CsJgary. .. Edmonton . Lethbridge Medecine Hat. McDougall Block . Jasper Ave Main l{ 5 00 10 00 8 00 10 00 20 00 5 00 20 00 16 00 25 00 20 00- 25 00 15 00 20 00- 35 00 1«0 00 15 00 35 00 25 00 25 00 35 00- 40 00 35 00 40 00- 75 00 210 00 25 00 150 00 125 00 . BRITISH COLUMBIA. Nehon Baker & Ward 50 00 20 00 * 75 55 00 15 00 25 00 25 00 22 50 1 00 55 00 20 00 30 00 50 00 Vancouver Hastings west N.W. Cor. Yate6'& Douglas St. (upstairs) 22 50 Victoria 1 50 200 00 Government 30 00 75 00 *Per square foot p6r year in 6r8t class office building upstairs. 472 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO PART IV.— RENTAL, OF TYPICAL SIX-ROOMED DWELLING WITH SANITARY CON- VENIENCES IN WORKINGMBN'S SECTION. NOVA SCOTIA. 1— City. * Month or Year. 1900. 1905. 1913. Amherst. S eta. 9 00 / 12 00 ! 15 00 9 00 141 00 150 00 12 00 800 S cts 11 00 $ cts. 10 00 18 00 15 00 20 00 12 00 Halifax (i) 180 00 200 00 15 00 10 00 240 00 250 00 Truro... ^ s. . Westville 18 00 14 00 (i) Tendency regarding this class of dwelling is to run higher than figures given for 1913, due to great scarcity of dwellings. ?30 per mo. has been quoted in extreme c^es. PRI>fCE EDWARD ISLAXD. 78 00 72 00 84 00 90 00 84 00 96 00 120 00 flB 00 108 00 NEW BRUNSWICK. Fredericton . . . . . . " {:• 100 00 10 00 ♦4 00 •6 00 7 00 100 00 120 06 12 00 ♦6 00 *8 00 10 00 112 00 9 00 11 00 144 00 Moncton ; Newcastle •. 16 00 ♦8 60 *10 00 St. John 12 50 144 00 10 00 ' - 12 OO * Without sanitary con i^oniences. QUEBEC. HuU • I r 10 00 ""S 00 12 00 14 00 5 00 10 00 7 00 G 00 6 00 (i 00 6 50 60 00 100 00 13 00 12 00 12 00 13 00 16 00 5 00 10 00 9 00 7 00 6 00 6 00 6 ,^0 84 00 100 00 17 00 " *...*................, *. . 15 00 18 00 14 00 Sherbrooke 18 00 10 00 2" 00 10 00 Sorel . « St. Hyacinthe a 800 800 1100 13 00 St. Jean . 120 00 Three Rivers ,. . 120 00 180 00 ONTARIO. Belleville ^ I 8 00 120 00 120 00 150 00 8 00 12 00 144 00 150 00 175 00 10 00 16 00 Brantf ord 204 00 180 00 240 00 15 00 COST CF LITINO IN CANA-DA 473 TYPICAL SIX-ROOMED DWELLING,. WITH SANITARY CGNVENIENCES. IN WORK- INGMEN'S SECTION— Cojiimaerf. ONTARIO— CoH^Hua?. City. Year or Month . 1900. IHOo. 1913. "Rrockville . $ cts. 10 00 12 60 180 00 15 00 11 00 15 00 750 00 7 50 10 00 14 00 180 00 15 00 14 00 6 00 9 150 00 15 00 12 00 15 00 12 00 15 00 6 00 13 00 12 00 fl2 00 116 00 15 00 fl2 00 "1 15 00 114 00 12 00 10 00 6 00 » $ cts. 11 50 12 50 216 00 15 00 13 00 15 00 1,000 00 10 00 is 00 180 00 17 00 16 00 7 00 fl2IJ 00 \144 00 170 00 15 00 12 00 20 00 13 00 15 00 6 00 15 00 13 00 13 00 18 00 IB 00 iesoo 15 00 15 00 7 00 S cts. 13 00 16 00 240 00 'Gueiph 15 00 16 00 Hamilton Kingston ri London 25 00 1,500 00 16 00 14 00 16 00 ( 216 00 \ 240 00 20 00 Niagara Falls . ...... 20 00 OriUia ti Ottawa . . 12 00 132 00 108 00 225 00 Owen Sound 20 00 Peterborough /IB 00 U8 00 25 00 16 00 20 00 15 00 18 00 15 00 14 00 22 00 (HO 00 \30 00 15 00 Toronto 25 00 300 00 It ,,.,., 20 00 20 00 Woodstock 8 00 MANITOBA. Brandon . Winnipeg 15 00 ( *12 00 I, 15 00 18 CO 15 00 20 00 20 00 25 00 18 00 SASKATCHEWAN. 20 00 10 00 25 00 30 00 30 00 20 00 474 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO TYPICAL SIX-ROOMED DWELLING, WITH SANITARY CONVENIENCES, IN WORK- INGMEN'S SECTION -Contmued. ALBERTA. City. Year or Month. 1900. Calgary . . . . Edmonton . Leth bridge . . . . Medicine Hat $ cts. 25 00 *15 00 14 00 *15 00 ♦10 00 *10 00 *15 00 *10 00 1905. $ cts. ou uo 20 00 28 00 20 00 15 00 240 00 15 00 *20 00 *20 00 *15 00 1913. 9 cts. 30 00 35 00 35 00 /30 00 \50 00 18 00 300 00 25 00 (25 00 140 00 /2D 00 140 00 /25 00 135 Op ♦Without modem or sanitary conveniences. BRITISH COLUMBIA. Nelson 20 08 *12 50 15 00 15 00 10 00 15 00 12 50 10 00 ♦12 50 20 00 13 00 17 00 15 00 20 00 Vancouver , , •25 00 25 00 25 00 Victoria 25 00 25 00 IT * 30 00 ♦Central property. Assessed high for taxes, having a future v'alue for business purposes. TABLE B.— EENTALS, CANADA, 1900, 1905, 1912, 1913. (Returns from Correspondents of the Lahour Gazette.) PAKT I.— SIX-ROOMED DWELLING IN WORKINGMB^I'S DISTRICT— WITH SANITARY CONVENIENCES. NOVA SCOTIA. City. Month or Year. 1900. 1905, 1912. 1913. Amherst ... $ cts.- 10 00 13 00 10 OQ 12 00 9 0 00 9 00- 11 00 6 00- 10 00 6 00- 8 00 5 00 $ cts. 8 00 !l 00- 11 00 ,i $ cts. 9 00 10 00 '966 SB cts. 9 00 Halifax 12 00— 15 00 Sydney • . . . 9 00 Truro Westville 8 00— 10 00 ."5 00 906' 11 00 9 00 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, Oharlottetown 5 00 NEW BRUNSWICK. Fredericton Monoton Newcastle 6 00 7 00 6 00 8 00 8 00 12 00 8 00 12 00 8 00— 10 00 St. .John 7 00 8 00 8 06 9 00 QUEBEC. Hull lo'oo- 12 00 10 00 12 00- 13 00 8 00— 11 00 8 00 7 00- 8 00 8 00- 9 00 6 00 15 Montreal " 8 00- 10 00 12 13 10 14 Sorel St. Hyaointhe St. Johns , ... 00 5 00 406- G 00 5 00 6 00 5 00 ' 6'66- 8 00 6 00 6 9 10 8 12 Three Rivers 8 ONTARIO. Belleville 8 00 9 00— 12 00 9 00 12 66 " IL 00 9 00 10 00- 12 00 15 00 10 00 14 00 10 00— 12 00 10 00— Berlin... 12 00 14 00 Brantford Brockville . . . ; 8 00 8 00 ,7 00- 10 00 10 00 7 00 7 00- 10 00 11 00 10 00 Chatham Cobalt 10 00— 12 00 15 00 Guelph Hamilton Kingston 6 00 8 00 4 00- 6 00 7 50 8 00 f) 00— 8 00 10 00 14 00 10 00— 12 00 478 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO SIX-ROOMED DWELLING IN WORKINGMBN'S DISTRICT— WITHOUT SANITARY CON VEHYKSCEH— Continued. OnTkRlO— Continued. City. Month or Year. 1900. 1905. 191?. 1913. 5 cts. 6 00— 9 00 S .cts. 8 00— 12 00 8 cts. il 00— 12 00 8 00- 10 00 10 00- 12 00 10 00 9 00 8 cts. 9 00- 12 00 10 00 12 Ofl Orillia 6 00— 8 00 8 00- 10 00 8 00- 12 00 8 00 Peterborough • ■ 8 00^ 9 00- 12 00 10 00— 12 00 Pnrf", Arthiir and Fort Williain 15 00 15 00 20 00 Sn.nlt Ste Marie 22 66 14 00 8 00- 10 00 8 00- 12 00 20 00 16 00 14 00 St. Thomas 8 66' '8 00- 8 00- 12 00 Stratford. Toronto 6 00— 8 CO 10 00- 12 00 5 00 7 00 8 00- 10 00 12 00 14 00 10 00 7 00 8 00- 12 00 20 00^ 21 00 Windsor 12 00 8 00 15 00 8 00 MANITOBA. 15 00— 20 00 18 00 15 00 - ,; 20 00 20 00 . SASKATCHEWAN. 20 00 20 00 20 00 15 00- 20 Ofl Regina 10 00 15 00 25 00 m 00 25 00 Saskatoon 25 00 ALBERTA. 15 00- 25 00 Edmonton Lethbridge - Medicine Hat 12 00 10 00— 18 00 15 00 10 00— 18 00 12 00 25 00 10 00- 14 00 20 00 30 00 10 00- 12 00 20 00 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Nanaimo It Nelson 8 00- 12 00 15 00 6 50 10 00— 12 00 . -8- 8 00- 15 00 10 00 10 00 12 00- 14 00 12 00- 20 00 15 00 18 00 20 00 12 ( 20( 15 ( 15 ( Vancouver 17 ( 20 ( COST CF LIVING IN CANADA 479 THE GENERAL RESULT. While, as already stated, the situation with regard to rentals is one that differs, sometimes very sharply, between city and city, some interesting general tendencies are revealed in the accompanying tables. It will be seen at once that down-town business properties show the most rapid advance of all. It is apparently safe to say as a general- ization that the rent of stores in the first-class business sections of the larger Canadian cities has gone up by nearly three times, while store rents in- second-class sections have advanced nearly as much, and down-town office rents have doubled. At the same time house rents for the great mass of the people have advanced by 60 or YO per cent.^ These conclusions must, of course, be taken with 'due regard to the data on which they are based. The advance in centrally-situated bi^siness properties has been most conspicuous in the large centres of population like Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Hamil- ton, Winnipeg and Vancouver, where rentals have in cases trebled and even quadrupled within the fourteen-year period. The fact that the weighted index number, which gives these large centres an influence proportionate to their population, rises considerably higher than the unweighted number, which averages all 48 localities as of equal import- ance, confirms this. On the other hand the unweighted index number for a six-roomed workingman's dwelling is slightly higher than the weighted number, showing that in house rents the small cities have probably gone up as fast as the large. Other things being equal, the western cities show the most considerable advance, and the Maritime provinces and Quebec (outside of Montreal) the least, though it should be remembered that the exceptionally rapid growth of certain western municipalities, some of which were either small villages or practically non-existent in 1900, renders the record abnormal.^ In only one town on the list, namley, Nerson, are rents lower in 1913 than in 1900, the latter figures reflecting a local land boojp which subsided in subsequent years. More detailed analyses of the figures follow: Store and Office Rents. — The increase in down-town rents above mentioned reflects the enormous increase in land valuations which has taken place in the business sec- tions of the large Canadian cities since 1900, due to growth and consequent specula- tion.' Great as the rise in rents for this class of property has been, it has not in many cases equalled the rise in valuations, and represents a decrease in the per cent earning capacity of the property. It may be pointed* out, however, that rent-increases on properties of this class may not directly or immediately aSect the cost of living (through increased prices of goods to offset the advalice in rent costs) seeing that if based on population increases they represent a corresponding increase in the volume of business and earning capacity. Moreover, stores in such localities tend to be 1 Comparing these figures with commodity prices, it would seem that they bear out, in so far as Canada is concerned, and so far as they go, the belief that rent of land has in recent years been gaining an increasing proportion of the dividend of world-wealth. 2 Saskatoon, for example, was practically unoccupied ia 1900, was a, small village in 1905, but in 1911-13 had become a city. 3 The abnormal proportions attained by land speculation in an ea^ of rapid growth and developments (particularly in the way of opening up new V^as) like that through which Can- ada has passed since 1900, is, of course, a familiar spectacle. No direct measurement of its increase in volume is possible from existing statistics, but "it may be noted that the number of real estate agents doing business in the cities of Halifax, gt. John, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, London Winnipeg Regina Calgary, Edmonton, Vancouver' and Victoria, increased from 500 in 1904 to 4,250 in 1913, or over eigiat times. Speaking generally, land speculation in cities has been keenest in central business properties and in vacant building lots, and less in built-on residential properties. In the case of the latter, the value of the house is an important element ; in down- town properties this is less the case, even when the buildings'are of an expensive character. The extent to which the amount of vacant building lots for resiqences has been increased by the sub- dividing of nearby farm property is, of course, well known. » v,,. i. The relation of land speculation and the growth of cities to rents is difficult to estatalisn. Even where the population is able to find an outlet in the ojitskirts of the cities, the expense and inconvenience of transportation often operates in the same manner as an increase in rents, in some localities this process, by encroaching upon areas devated to market gardening, has caused a marked lessening in the supply of produce from nearby sources. 480 BOARD OF INQUIRY fy'TO restricted to the sale of higli class goods and luxuries or to small wares like haber- dashery and drugs which depend to a large extent on chance sales and high rates of profit. Rent in such localities is based to a large extent on window space for purposes of display. It is significant that grocery stores have disappeared from many central streets in recent years. The rents of the seconds-class ,of store, however, namely in second-class down-town localities, represent advances in overhead charges that to a great extent are paid by the consumer. Here the high rate of increase shown by the weighted number (over 300 per cent) is due to the fact that the return from Mont- real (the heaviest weight on the list) is for a section (St. Lawrence Main) which has advanced with extreme rapidity. Omitting this, or taking the unweighted number as guide, it is apparently safe to say that the ordin4ry shop-rent paid by the retailer engaged in supplying families (omitting the corner grocer of residential districts) has doubled since 1900, and that this represents a change which the dealer must recoup from his customers, except to the extent that increa^bd volume of business may have enabled him to lessen running expenses. Similarly the typical down-town office of the professional man has approximately doubled its rent since 1900. This again is largely a reflection of the rapid advance in centrally located real estate in our larger centres, combined with the fact that office rents in small localities were very low a few years ago. House-rents. — ^From the cost of living standpoint, the most important of the returns are those referring to housing accommodation. The rent which the average mechanic now pays for a typical six-roomed house is shown as 60 to 70 per cent higher than it was in 1900. It is worthy of note that though the individual returns obtained from the two sources above mentioned on this point, noq,mely, real estate agents and cor- respondents to the Labour Oazette, differ in individual localities, the general tendency which they reveal over the whole Dominion works out at exactly the same. This is in the ease of houses with sanitary conveniences. Houses without sanitary conveniences have not advanced quite so rapidly, this being due to the fact that such dwellings are in process of disappearance in the larger centres. There has been no doubt a gradual improvement in the conveniences demanded of rented dwellings, and perhaps some allowance for this as well as for the circumstances of 'rapid growth in the west already mentioned, should be made, though in the larger centres increased congestion and over- crowding has appeared, and the working population now lives in flats to an extent pre- viously unknown. As to the circumstances accompanying and explaining the rise in house rents, fre- quent mention has been made of the following : — 1. The eidianced cost of building, due to a. The rise in prices of materials. h. The rise in the wages of building mechanics. c. The increasing stringency of building and sanitary regulations. 2. Increasing taxation, due to the extensive scale of local improvements. 3. The demand for additional conveniences. 4. The enhanced demand, due to increase in population. 5. Speculation in vacant suburban properties. iWith regard to the increase in building costs : ^y reference to Appendix II, it will be seen that since 1900 lumber at wholesale has gone up 55 per cent, bricks over 80 per cent, and paint 15 per cent. At the same time the wages of labour in the building trades, as shown in Appendix 7, have advanced approximately 50 per cent. It should be borne in mind, however, that cost of construction has a bearing on house rents only when^ there is a local demand for additional housing Accommodation. Where popula- tion is stagnant or declining, an advance in building costs alone is not likely to be reflected in house rents. But when, as in many Canadian cities during the past decade, COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 481 there has been rapid growth in population (following upon industrial expansion and heavy immigration) and a stimulated demand for dweljings^ — so much so that at times acute scarcity, especially of the four to eight-room tjype of dwelling, has prevailed — • rents will be directly influenced by the cost of building. The rise in materials and labour will then accrue directly to the landlord and become an earning element apart altogether from his original outlay. Even at such 'times, however, other and more powerful factors than the cost of production will ten'd to enhance rents, namely, the speculative ground value which at times of expansion is peculiarly liable to inflation on the basis, largely psychological, of discounting the ;f uture. Thus during 1913 rents have fallen in certain localities as a result of the check to speculation, though building materials and labour, and the prices at which contractors are undertaking new work, are as high as ever. Keference to the influence of speculation in building lots has already been made (footnote 3, page 479). The demand for additional conveniences which has undoubtedly been a factor in raising the cost of a certain type of dwelling has gone hand in hand with thfe tendency among the lowest wage-earners towards greater congestion and a lower grade of accommodation. . NOTES ON LOCAL CONDITIONS. As already pointed out, the figures do not render close comparisons possible as between place and place. They have been collected byt several hands and they are from a limited number of sources. Moreover, statistical comparisons are difficult in a coun- try so large and varied as Canada, where the climate ranges from the rigours of North- ern Ontario and the Prairies to the mildness of the Pacific slope, with corresponding differences in the housing requirements of the people. The unequal economic develop- ment also creates differences that are difficult to gauge by statistics: in a new town, — of which several examples are included in the tables^rthe housing accommodation is usually of a higher standard than in the old-established city. With a view to assisting in the comparison of local conditions, the subjoined des- criptive notes, based for the most part on comments by the persons supplying the figures, are given. Some rough general conclusions may be arrived at from these notes taken in conjunction with the figures. It would seem that the Dominion falls broadly into five sections from the standpoint of the present general level of working- class rents: (1) The maritime provinces, where a typical house would appear to be $15 a month; (2) Quebec (outside of Montreal) where the typical rent may be set down as slightly less, say, $14 a month; (3) Montreal and "Ontario, where it rises to about $18; (4) The Prairie Provinces, where it reaches $2'[.50; and (5) British Columbia, where it falls to $23 or $24. Taking the cities one by one, the following table may be regarded as a personal judgment of comparative ctinditions at the close of 1913 (Toronto being made equal 100) : City. No City. No City. No. City. No. Sydney 85 60 75 80 70 40 70 50 50 4S 80 55 80 46 St. Hyaointhe St. John (Que 55 45 95 75 85 55 65 70 85 55 100 90 70 95 Brantford Guelph Berlin , 80 G5 75 Ho 75 80 75 75 85 85 85 100 Winnipeg . T'O Weatville Brandun 105 Amherst Regina Moosejaw 130 Halifax Hull ISO TruTO Stratford....*' ISO Charlottetown . Medicine Hat Calgary 135 Moncti m So. John . . . Kingston Belleville Peterborough Orillia Toronto Niagara Falls St. Catharine Hamilton St. Thomas 110 i-to Fredericton Windsor Lethbridge Nelson MO Newcastle-. . . Quebec Owen Sound Sault Ste. Marie .... Port Arthur and FortWilliann 85 95 Three Rivers Victoria. 105 Sherbrooke.. Sorel ■ —31 482 BOARD OF lyQUIRY JNTO NOVA SCOTIA. Amherst. — The town has about doubled in population and has added many induB- trles during the past fifteen years. There has been, a re-arrangement of the business and residential sections. Taxes have increased coiisiderably. Eents have gone up about one-third. Houses are in 1913 more plentiful than during the last three years, especially those of the poorer classes. Some landlords are reducing rent on account of business depression. Halifax. — Though the increase in population \as not been rapid, the amount of building has been insufficient, and housing has been scarce during the past few years. The situation is rendered acute by the demolition jof an entire residential district to make room for railway terminals and industrial expansion. Rents have advanced 40-50 per cent in ten years. Houses now b'uilding will r,elieve the difficulty somewhat, but are too high in price for mechanics. There is need of housing at moderate rentals for workingmen, of whom the majority are now paying proportionally excessive rents. Truro. — Houses are much scarcer than ten years ago. The expansion of the busi- ness section has led to changes in the residential districts. Rents have gone up about 65 per cent during the pasi fifteen years. Houses which in 1900 rented at $8 now bring $15 to $16, but in the interval have been improved by' the addition of sanitary and heating accommodation. Thp main cause of the local increase in rents is inadequacy in the supply of dwellings with modern convenience^ for which there has been a great enlargement in the demand. Sydney. — A large fire occurred in 1902, and houses have been remodelled or rebuilt since. The supply has been insufiicient, especially in the case of workingmen's houses — a larger number of business men's houses a{)pears to have been built. Houses erected for the working class during the past year have been Jess expensive, tending to lower rents. The increase in rents since 1902 amoujits to about 25 per cent. There is not much building under way at present. Westville, Stellarton, New Glasgow and Trenton. — These towns are situated within a radius of fiVc miles and are served by electric tramways, making it possible for business people to live in any one of the towns and work in any other. Many workmen, therefore, own their own homes. In Westville and Stellarton, the coal com- panies own a large number of houses which they rent to employees at $2 to $7 per month, a rate which has remained constant for many years. Those at $7 are com- fortable six-roomed houses, but without sanitary conveniences. During the past few years large numbers of " modern " houses have been erected, renting from $14 to $25 a month and in good demand at that price. The' erection of workingmen's houses kept pace with requirements until the opening of the Eastern Car Company's works at Trenton in 1912, when all kinds of buildings had to be used for dwellings and hundreds of new houses were put up. The Tlepression has lessened demand and little building is being done this year. During the last two years rents (store rents parti- cularly) rose rapidly on account of the industrial expansion. The rise during the past decade has been about 40 per cent, but returns on money invested have not kept pace, as the cost of land and building material has gpne up correspondingly. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Charlottetown. — At present it is impossible to. get a small cottage or tenement, but rents remain steady, there having been little or no increase during the past ten years. The population of the city has been stationary. Lumber and building materials, however, have increased, insurance is higher, and taxes 50 per cent higher. C08T CF LIVING IN CANADA 483 NEW BRUNSWICK, Fredericton. — The housing problem is acute. Etiilding has not kept pace with requirements, and for the past year hardly an unoccupied house could be .found. Eentals have steadily advanced and are now 75 per cent higher than in 1900. The value of tenement property has oorrespondingly increased, and is still going up. Build- ing, it is stated, costs double in comparison with ten years ago, and rentals are based accordingly. Few care to build under present conditions, and landlords take full advantage of the situation. A large block of workmen's houses is needed. Moncton. — ^A large proportion of local wage-earners own their homes which are as a rule built of wood. There are practically no unoccupied houses at present. In 1900 there were many. A five-roomed house, with water, in the latter year rented at $5 to $8 per month and a nine-roomed cottage having all sanitary conveniences at from $12 to $14. No material change occurred till 1907, wh(!u the new Government Kailway shops were erected and the building of the IJational Transcontinental Rail- way begun, causing an increased demand for houses and advancing rents. House construction since then has been at the rate o£ fifty yearly, but the supply is still insufficient to meet demands. Five-roomed houses are now $12 to $14; and nine- roomed, $18 to 22. Construction of late years has been limited to the latter class. Newcastle. — ^House rents about doubled in the period 1900-13, while business rents went up about 25 per cent. A five-roomed house without conveniences, formerly $4 to $6, now rents at $8 to $10; houses with conveniences, formerly $7, now $12.50. St. John. — Since 1900, a better class of houses has been erected, but up-to-date tenements for working people have become scarce, anji some are compelled to live in apartments that are not sanitary. Since the extension of the street railway many dwellings have been erected in the suburbs. Rents have increased 50 to 60 per cent, and in some cases 100 per cent. Flats formerly rented for $7 to 8 now bring $9, $10 and $12, and even $13 to $15. About two years ago the Board of Health compelled the installation of sanitary conveniences and rents immediately advanced, but tenants were unable to better themselves. The prospective opening of a sugar refinery at Courtenay Bay will make the housing problem still harder to cope with. High rates of taxation militate against mechanics or labouring men owning their homes. Real estate agents' figures show an increase of 100 per cent in first and second class business pro- perties and ofiices, and of 40 per cent in workingmen's.houses since 1900. QUEBEC. Hull. — The demand for houses has been greater than the supply for the past six or seven years. After the great fire of 1900, ground rents were increased about 50 per cent, and thus eventually caused low house rents. From 1904 to 1907 a crisis existed and rents were very low, with the supply of houses greater than the demand. After 1907, rents increased materially in Ottawa; this drove the people back to Hull and raised the rents there. The increase in the decade has been about 50 per cent and the tendency is still upward. Montreal. — Housing conditions have degenerated and there is a decided lack of workingmen's dwellings with proper conveniences at low rentals. Rents have increased 50 per cent in the last seven years, leading to " doubling up " of families in same apartment or house, overcrowding and ill health. Present rentals for workingmen r^nge from $7 to $18, averaging $10. City assessments have increased considerably since 1900. Quehec City. — Rents up to 1900 averaged $1.50 per, room for a three- to six-roomed house. The tendency has been upward owing to inadequate supply. Municipal taxes ""6— 31J 484 , BOARD OF IXQVIRY 7.YTO have increased. In 1912 the basis of assessment was changed from rental to real values, but no decrease in rents occurred. A rent of $3 per room is now the average, an advance since 1900 of 100 per cent. From $9 to $10 is paid for a three-roomed tene- ment, and $16 to $18 for six rooms. In good localities a rent of $30 is paid for a six- roomed house. Sherhrooke. — Eents have increased 50 to 75 per cent in the last decade. A house formerly $12 now rents at $21. Houses in residential sections are scarce. Some tene- ments are now going up for working men. The increase in population from 13,000 to 20,000 is due to .the establishment of additional nianufacturing plants. The chief growth has been in the south and west quarters, where working men live close to their work. A scheme to assist workmen and clerks to build or own their homes would be of help. Workingmen's houses, stores and dwellings have improved 100 per cent in conveniences since 1908. Sorel. — Since 1900 rents have been on the increase in the south and Eichelieu dis- trict. Houses formerly $6 are now $7 to $8 ; formerly $10, are now $11 to $12, in well- to-do sections. The growth of the city has been slow. St. Hyacinthe. — Since 1900 there has been a steady upward trend in rents amount- ing to 40 to 60 per cent according to locality. In spite of the recent depression the new rates have remained^ steady. Dwellings were very searce in the years 1903-6-7-9 and 1910 owing to new industries starting, such as the Ames-Holden Co., the Canadian Organ Cjd., the Grothe Cigar Co., the Duhamel Chair Co., the Langevin Biscuit Co., etc. Building has been on a large scale in the past- ten years, but not sufficiently to supply the demand except in 1911 and 1912. A portion of the city burnt in 1903 is not yet fully rebuilt. The tendency to higher rents is djijiinishing owing to the financial depression. 8t. Jean. — Eents have doubled since 1900 owingio the increase in population and the scarcity of houses. A population of 4,000 in 1900 ^increased to one of 7,500 in 1913. The houses constructed during the past ten years afe more sanitary. The increased price of material and labour is said to have helped to advance rentals. Three Rivers. — Since the great fire in 1908 rentals have been higher, but the houses are better. An increase of 66§ per cent has occurred in business rentals. A typical six-roomed workman's house with conveniences has increased materially since 1909. ONTARIO. Belleville. — Eents have nearly doubled since 1904, an eight to ten dollar house oi that year renting at fifteen to eighteen dollars in 1913. There have been some slight - decreases lately. A year or two ago considerable demand was created by the movement of Grand Trunk Eailway employees here, but there is no scarcity at present. Data sup- plied by the City Assessor show an increase since 1900 of ninety per cent in first-class business rentals, sixty per cent in second-class, fifty per gent in down-town offices, and , one hundred per cent in workingmen's six-roomed houses. Eents were considered too low in 1900; even at present the return is low at the prevailing cost of building. Berlin. — Eents have doubled in the past decade. Houses formerly renting at $6 to $7 are now $12 to $16. For three years past it has been difficult to secure a house at a rent within the workingman's means except by ''doubling up." The town is noted for the number of workingmen who own their homes. The supply of houses for renting is - chronically short of the demand. Instances have occurred of workmen leaving because unable to secure a suitable house, foreigners taking their places in the factories, and living twenty to forty persons to a house where only six or eight Canadians would find accommodation. A proposition to build one hundred houses a year by a Housing Com- ■ COST CF LiriNQ IN CANApA 485 pany for sale at a six per cent return on investment fell througli. Houses now being built are too dear — $16 to $22 per month. Nearly all houses in Berlin are of brick, few of frame. There is no exclusive residential section. Brantford. — Rents have increased thirty per cent in the decade, owing to inade- quate supply, advances in cost of building material' and labour, city improvements and the general increase in cost that takes place in times of either apparent or real " pros- perity." The quality of houses built recently for workingmen has improved, and sani- tary conveniences are now more general. Factories are not grouped in any one sec- tion of the city, and house building, therefore, is fairly equal in all directions. The increase in the number of houses was normal up to 1910, when scarcity caused a build- ing boom which re'ached the top in 1912. There are no vacant stores at present. Fur- ther increases are looked for unless more building occurs. Bnockville. — Rents are up 40 to 50 per cent. A six-roomed house ten years ago rented for $9 to $10 ; now for $14. The tendency is upward. Houses have been scarce for four or five years. Improvement of houses by new plumbing, sanitary conveniences etc., is one cause of the increase in rents. There has alsq been an increase of two mills in the 1914 tax rate. Permanent pavements, better street lighting and other local improvements also tend to increases. A number of u^-to-date dwellings are being erected. Chatham. — Rents have increased 15 per cent for houses with conveniences, and 10 per cent for those without. There is a keen demand for the former which cost about $1,500 with all sanitary improvements. There is a miovement towards steam-heated flats; fifteen years ago not more than a dozen families were so housed. Urgent need exists for ten to twelve dollars a month houses, as wages do not warrant higher rents, but capital is shy of building tenements owing to high taxation. A real estate boom last year caused continual moving of tenants and mai^y bought homes. There is no . workingman's quarter. Only within the last few years have large factories been estab- lished. There are few foreigners. The city covers a Comparatively large area. Cobalt. — Workingmen live in two or three small sub-divisions of the town, also at North Cobalt and Haileybury, which are connected byelectric railway. Houses with modern conveniences are scarce in all three towns. Miiers live on the outskirts of the town, chiefly in shells of houses of three to five rooms without conveniences. Some mining companies are housing their employees in well-b\iilt dwellings on the property rented at moderate rates. Quelph. — There has been a general rise in rents during the decade, amounting to about 25 per cent. At no time has the housing problem been acute. During the past five years there has been a demand from workingmen for houses at $10 to $12 which is their limit, but a new building by-law makes it difficult to erect a six-roomed house with 'modern conveniences to rent for less than $18 to $20. ^Consequently there has been a tendency for the labouring class to move to outlying portions of the city and to build cheap houses without sanitary conveniences. In the past few years Guelph has pro- gressed greatly as a manufacturing centre. It is now :^eliug the financial stringency, though considerable building is still going on. Rents a*re now stationary. Eamilton. — The housing question has been serious' for working people during the past few years owing to the many new industries locatirfg here and the great expansion of older concerns. The working population has largely increased without correspond- ing increase in the number of houses. Workingmen's rents have almost doubled in the past ten years. The sharp advance in real estate has made it impossible for working- men to buy houses, and they have been forced out to "the cheaper outlying dlistricts with street railway •communication. Apartment houses a few years ago were unknown; they are now going up in large numbers, but the rentals are still too high for working- 486 BOARD OF INQVIET INTO men. Owing to the prevailing trade depression many mechanics have left town and there are now more houses available, though no noticeable reduction has occurred in rents. Kingston. — ^Workingmen's houses, formerly $6 to $12, are now $12 to $15. In the residential part of the city rents run $15 to $30. Aji experiment in erecting rows of houses at $12 to $15 failed, half standing empty, though three-roomed one-story cottages in the same locality, renting at $8 to $10, are well filled, and more are being put up. A cause cited for the increase is the heavier taxation for local improvements, such as concrete sidewalks, gas, water and street paving, " white-way " lighting, etc. On one street rents are a third higher on the south side than on the north. The south and west sides of the city are building up, and factories are being built in the lower end of the city; houses must follow. Taking into consideration the number of empty houses and the number being erected, the advance of house rents is difficult to explain. London. — Rents have increased 50 per cent in the last ten years and are stiU going up, following taxes and assessments. An outstanding feature of the last four years is the scarcity of workmen's houses of six to eight rooms to rent at $10 to $15 a month. The dwellings being erected now have modern conveniences, and rent at from $17 to $25, a rent which is a heavy burden for workmen of moderate .earnings. Building has no more than kept pace with the demand and empty houses are scarce. 'A company is building workmen's houses at rentals of $9 to $14 in Chelsea Green, a suburb; these are mostly rented by the McClary Manufacturing Company's employees. The Mc- Cormick Biscuit Company are to build one hundred new workingmen's houses in con- nection with their new factory — to be sold to the employees. The city in 1913 annexed a large district on the line of the inter-switching Grand Trunk and Canadian Pacific railways, with a fixed rate of fifteen mills for fifteen years. Already several manu- facturing concerns have built there, and workmen's Jiomes are being erected nearby. Niagara Falls. — A continuous increase, amounting to about 50 per cent in twelve years, has occurred in rents. The city's industrial development has been rapid and the increased rents are attributed to the influx of workingmen. Workingmen now demand a better type of house and modern improvenients, whereas formerly inferior houses were easily rentable. Building has been active during the whole period and tte supply of houses fairly equal to demand. There has been no " house famine." Many new suburban districts are now well built up and ar0. growing rapidly. Business sec- tions are steadily expanding, and encroaching somewhat on residential streets. Trans- portation facilities have followed the movement to nrgwer sub-divisions. A one-story cottage of five rooms with improvements, near the fa;ctory district, rents for $17. Orillia. — ^Population increased 2,000 between 1909 and 1913, during which time 500 houses were erected. The supply, however, is still somewhat scarce, and rents have increased 35-40 per cent. New houses are of good class, with a tendency to crowd closer on smaller lots, particularly in the older sections as a result of the rapid advance in land values. Financial stringency affected industry early in 1913. but forty or fifty houses then under way were completed, relieving the scarcity. In 1914 a downward tendency of rents was noted. Owen Sound. — Up to three years ago a decided scarcity of houses prevailed, but the removal of the Canadian Pacific Railway to Po.rt McNicoU, with some factory ^slackness, has now left at least 75 houses vacant. These are either at high prices or are in other ways undesirable. From 1900 to 1911 rents rose 20 to 25 per cent, but the tendency is downward now, and some houses are offered on the scale of 1900. The town has a high proportion of brick, cement and stone houses with few frame or rough- cast, and none of the latter being built. Ottawa. — Rents have increased 30 per cent in the past ten years. Land values, assessments, tax rates, cost of building (labour and material) have all advanced about COST CF LIVING IN CANADA 487 35 per cent. A steady increase in population demands more housing accommodation. The extension of the business districts has in some sections largely advanced prices of residential property. Eents of business property to-day even at the higher rate bring only 4 per cent on the investment as against 6 or 7 per cent a few years ago. Values and rents are thought likely to remain steady. A large number of apartments have been built or re-arranged from other buildings. A tendency to overcrowding in " foreigners' " districts is noted. Peterborough.— House rents within a mile of the-gentre of the city have increased 60 per, cent, in the outskirts 25 per cent. In the bmsiness section the rise is not so great. There are plenty .of good houses with sanitary conveniences and furnaces, but a lack of six-roomed houses without conveniences. The city has grown most rapidly to the south owing to the establishment of factories and the opportunity for cheaper land and lower taxes. It is in this section that workingmen are building houses. The east side lacks 'transportation and rents are lower. In the north — the older section — rents are not so high, but the houses are not modern. In the west, growth is slow, lots much higher priced and the houses of a better class. No scarcity of houses has pre- vailed for the past three years. Before that it was di'f&cult to find one empty. Port Arthur and Fort William. — The rise in rents during the last ten years has amounted to from 35 to 50 per cent. Houses have been very scarce at intervals. Cot- tage building the last two years has fairly equalized the demand though the supply has not been over-run. Eents, therefore, are firm. Some change from residential to business or industrial uses is expected in the near future in certain sections. At present the residential section is constantly growing, especially between the two cities where two hundred cottages have been built and a scljool opened. The feature notice- able: (1) A large increase in land values due to speculation and high rates of interest on loans for building purposes; (2) an extension of transportation facilities whereby workingmen are enabled to get out to less costly districts. Ten years ago, land being cheap, nearly every one owned his shack or house. Six years ago six-roomed houses without sanitary convenience rented at $10 ; to-day they command $15 to $20. Sault Ste. Marie. — Eents up to 1905 were about the same as in 1900, but a boom in real estate in 1911, 1912 and 1913 caused advances all round. Conditions are stationary at present. St. Catharines. — Population increased by 8,000 dtiring the past ten years, but the supply of houses has latterly kept pace with the demand. Eents, however, increased by at least 20 per cent. Many new streets have been lopened. Stratford. — A considerable increase in rents haS occurred since 1900; houses formerly $8 are now $12, formerly $14 now $20. The last three years has seen a grow- ing scarcity, met to a certain extent by the erection of workingmen's houses to seU at $1,500 to $2,000 in easy instalments. The supply of houses at $10 to $15 is below the ■demand. Manufacturers have gone into house building to keep labour convenient to factory, and there is a noticeable movement of population towards such districts. The general tendency is towards the improvement of houses, but considerable crowding (former lawns used as building sites) is noticed owing to the increased local improve- ment taxes. A new' regulation requires a uniform distance from street lines and 35 feet minimum frontage. Eeal estate agents say business rejitals tend to increase. St. Thomas. — Eents increased 30 per cent on the average, but 40 per cent in some cases. Houses with modern conveniences have been scarce the past three years. There is a steady demand for this class. Supply and demanjl have been about equal 1906 to 1910 Previous to that houses were plentiful, but the demand then was not so insistent for modern conveniences. Business and industrial expansion has encroached upon residential sections. Development in the south has been due to industries established there during recent years, viz.. Pare Marquette sho|)s, Brush and Broom Factory, 488 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Packing Company, Dehydrating Company and Stave Company. A section formerly owned by the Michigan Central Kailway Company has been sub-divided and is selling to railway employees. Homes are chiefly of pressed brick, costing $1,800 to $4,000. Eeal estate is gradually increasing in value. Toronto.— The, advance in rents has been rapid for the last five or six years. Houses eight or nine years ago renting at $12 to $15 now command $20 to $22, seven or eight-roomed houses with modern conveniences bring $26 to $30. Housing for some time past has been a serious problem. The Medical Health Officer estimates a shortage of 10,000 houses. In the city hall district, 1,2 Y5 families live in four rooms, 348 in three rooms, 227 in two rooms, 139 in one room, aT»d 61 in basements. The scarcity most pressingly aSects the workin'g classes, inducing " doubling up " to save rent and resulting lodging house and tenement house probleiAs. Districts formerly residential are now manufacturing, and many fine houses have; become lodging hpuses. A large number of apartment houses of modern type have been built of late. Annexation of new territory to the city has furnished an outlet frdm older parts. The extension of transportation facilities, (strongly opposed by apartment house owners and builders) has materially helped to relieve down-town congestion. Windsor. — A great increase in rents since 1900 *ia reported. Houses formerly $5 are now $15 to $20 ; formerly $10 to $12 now $20 to $30. No house to-day is obtainable at less than $15. Scarcity has prevailed for thr^e years. Most of the houses being erected are put up by real estate dealers for sale (only about one per cent for renting). The quality, therefore, is only fair — principally fram'e with cement block foundation- profit being the chief consideration. Woodstoch. — The increase in rents amounts to about 20 per cent. The growth of the town has been so gradual that no housing problem exists, notwithstanding a con- siderable demand for the past two or three years. There has been some improvement in the quality of houses, the average being very good. MANITOBA. Brandon. — Houses were uniformly plentiful excqpt in the years 1906 and 1912. Many apartment blocks have been built recently. Most business men and workmen are owners of their homes — even 90 per cent of foreigners own their home, a shanty or cottage with 100 to 200 feet of garden. Speculative building all is in the direction of smaller houses ; five to six-roomed bungalows or cotta^ges, costing less for upkeep, heat- ing, etc., rent for the same as a larger house ($20, 1$25 a month) and are in greater demand. Winnipeg. — Rents are up Y5 per cent in some localities. The erection of 70 apart- ment blocks in 1912 abated the scarcity existing throughout the previous decade, but rentals have not come down. In 1905, when the scarcity caused by the increase in popu- lation was acute, rents advanced rapidly. A social survey in 1912 showed the average rent in the "foreign district" as $3.Y1 per room per house. Overcrowding was found prevalent, many families living and sleeping in one -room. The high cost of building and of lots make it almost impossible for workingmen to own their homes. The City Planning Commission has exhibited plans of four semi-detached model houses, and has drawn up comprehensive plans fo;r extensions in order to avoid the mistakes of older cities. Eeal estate agents say it is difficult on account of the change in business loca- tions to give fair comparisons ; for instance. Portage lAvenue was a third-class business section in 1900, but is now the best in the city. From 1900-13, Winnipeg's population almost quadrupled— 1900, 50,000; 1905, 78,300; 1913, 184,700, and great changes have occurred in the character of building and of civic services. COST CF LITIKG IN CANADA 489 SA8KATCITEWAN. Moosejaw. — In 1900 the population was 1,500, the people living in houses grouped around the Canadian Pacific railway depot. In 1904, population was 3,500 ; water, elec- tric light and sewerage systems were installed, and rents advanced $5 to $10 a month. After 1906 a steady growth set in with fairly sufficient building. In 1908 new residen- tial sections were opened up and building became very active, continuing so in 1911, 1912 and the early part of 1913. -The class of houses improved. Up to 1912 the rise in rents continued. $30 per montli being the present fair rate of a six-roomed modern house. Rents are now steady and the supply of houses sufficient. The present popu- lation is 27,000, with about 6,000 houses. Prince Alhert. — In 1911 and 1912 the abnormal ipcrease in population forced the housing problem upon municipal consideration. Prior to this there had been sufficient accommodation, and the houses generally were owned by their occupants, itents were very low compared with the present. With the increased demand in 1911, rents advanced greatly. Apartment blocks, terraces, etc., were rushed up and speedily occupied. High land values have compelled owners ,to maintain high rents, though ihere has been a downward tendency of late. People of small means have been forced out to cheaper sites. Eegina. — Rents have about doubled in ten years, hut the class of house is now bet- ter. Local improvements, such as water, light, paved roads and sidewalks, have become available during the past five years. A scarcity of houses was noticeable the last six years. The growth of the city has caused the business 'section to encroach on the resi- dential. Rents have not increased during the past year and are expected to remain stationary. Saskatoon. — A heavy influx of people in 1909 to li^ll caused the demand for houses to exceed the supply, and the land values to rise sharply. Since then increasing taxa- tion and financial stress have sent rents down more quickly than property values, though the Ifitter have fallen considerably. Owing to excessive rents during the period mentioned the number of boarding houses increased v.ery rapidly. The marketing of 25-foot lots tended towards congestion, and slum conditions developed amongst the foreigners. Conditions are better now. ALBERTA. Calgary. — Prom 1900 to- 1905, six-roomed houses rented at $20 to $25, and cot- tages of 4 and 5 rooms at from $15 to $20. After 1905 population increased very rapidly and the demand for working-men's houses sent rents up 35 to 40 per cent, Cen- tral two-roomed flats rented for $25 ; in suburbs for $15 to $20. Rents reached the top in 1911 and 1912. 1913 showed a slight decrease and less demand. In 1914 six-roomed modern houses ranged from $20 to $35 according to location. There is a large number of empty houses and little building in progress. The growth of the city has compelled workingmen to move out to unimproved districts where taxes are less and rents cheaper. Edmonton. — The rapid growth of the city has been a factor in increasing rents, which are 75 per cent higher than ten years ago. Comparison of rents at present time and ten years ago is difficult. In ten years, population increased from 7,000 to 72,000 and the demand for medium-sized modern houses hassbeen greater than the supply. In ' 1911 houses became very scarce; this was relieved in 1912 by the erection of some 1,400 houses. The residential districts have been constantly changing and business blocks are now to be found on lots formerly considered desirable residential property. Lethiridge. — The demand for good houses has fallen off anc" there are many empty. The progress of the town was slow up to five years ago, when a sewerage system was 490 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO installed. The people then left their old houses and occupied new ones which com- manded $5 to $7 per month more in the case of a six to eight-roomed house. The set- tlement of farmers in the district helped somewhat to build up the town. At present the chief building going on is in North Lethbridge near the coal mines. Eeductions in rents have occurred during the past six months. Medicine Hat. — Medicine Hat was a village inil900, with 1,100 population, and the houses were without sanitary conveniences. A five-roomed cottage then rented for $10; now with sanitary conveniences it commands $25 per month. The sewerage system was installed five or six years ago. BRITISH COLUMBIA. Nanaimo. — Rents are up 50 per cent in the last ten years. Up to 1908, houses were plentiful and cheap, but an inflow of population filled all available houses and rents increased. In 1910 and 1911 houses were scarce. Workingmen, however, began to buy lots and build, bringing demand and supply closer. At present there is no scarcity of houses to let. There has been a marked change for the better in the style of houses. Rents are somewhat lower now than in 1913. Most of the business men are the owners of their premises. The sewerage system is not yet complete and sani- tary conveniences in houses are only in course of installation. Prince Rupert. — Good houses are always difGicult to obtain and are readily rented. The only empties are small houses put up in the pioneer stage and without modern conveniences. Accommodation is being provided by the erection of apartment and rooming houses. Cottages or houses have practically all been built for owners, few for speculation, Vancouver. — Rents have risen 40 per cent in the last ten years. During that time there have beeen two depressions ; the first dating from the end of 1907 and continuing for two years with gradual improvement; the second commencing, so far as rents are concerned, in 1912, and now serious. During the first depression rents dropped 10 to 15 per cent with much house and business property to let. During last 18 months, the decrease has been 20 per cent on office, business and house property vacant. During the period between these two depressions house and business property was in demand and building was insufficient to meet requirements. The growth of the city and the rise in land values has pushed the residential section further out. Only rooming and apartment houses are now within walking distance of business centres. The latter class of house has increased last five years very rapidly owing to the large numbers of young unmarried people and the growth «f the hotel habit. Victoria. — During 1905 to 1913, house rents increased 30 per cent. In 1908 to 1912 great scarcity of houses prevailed. Real estate Jjoomed, houses changing owner- ship in some cases two or three times in a month at increasing prices. Tenants were obliged to pay $30 to $35 for houses formerly $18 to $20. They then sub-let rooms, etc., to make up their increased rent.. During the latter Jialf of 1913 financial depression caused a marked decline in the demand for houses, rents declining $5 or more on $30 houses. At the end of the year 200 to 300 houses were vacant, chiefly in the older part of the to'wn or on the outskirts. Six or seven years ago there were no apartment houses; there are now about 30 in the best sections of the city, with rents $40 to $60 for four to five-roomed suites. Two or three years ago. these apartment buildings were fully occupied; now nearly all have vacancies. Growth of city advanced price of central lots. Most houses built during the last five years are within a two to four-mile radius of the business section, all being of the better qlass, del^aehed on a lot of 30 to 60 feet frontage. Mechanics own their own homes to a considerable extent in Victoria. COST OF TATING IN CANADA 491 Chapter II. BENTS IN OTHER COUNTRIES. , 1900-1913. Official statistics of rents in other countries are limited. Some notes on recent conditions in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, and, in a briefer way, in France, Germany, Belgium and Norway, follow. Historically, the notes show that Australia, New. Zealand and South Africa have experienced more or less rapid advances, the rise since 1900 being set down at 40 per cent in the first-mentioned and at 20 per cent in the second — both considerably less than the Canadian advance. The United States has also seen a rise in rents, but a generalization is impossible. In Great Britain, on the other hand, conditions have been stationary, and in France only a slight rise has apparently taken place. As to the relative present level of rents, the comparative studies of the United Kingdom Board of Trade in 1905-1909 .showed that,, taking the United Kingdom as 100, the other countries stood as follows: France, 98; Germany, 123; Belgium, 74; and the United States, 209. More recently the South African Economic Commission pub- lished the following tables of comparison in this respect : — Index Numbers of Working Class Rents. Johannesburg . . . . South Africa United States of America *. Australia s New Zealand. . . . , Canada Germany England > France Belgium 100 80 47 46 46 45 28 23 22 17 THE UNITED KINGDOM. The special investigation of the United Kingdom JBoard of Trade in 1912,^ which covered 88 important localities, shows that between 1905 and 1912 rents were on the whole practically stationary. The simple average of* per cent changes in the eighty- eight towns shows an increase of IS per cent. If, instead of taking the simple mean of all the changes, due regard is had to the population of the towns, a decrease of 0-3 per cent is shown. An increase was recorded in fortyi-five towns, a decrease in twenty- six towns and no change in seventeen towns. The ex»treme changes were an advance of 18 per cent at Coventry and a decline of 10 pe"r cent at Burton-on-Trent. In London rents fell by about 4 per cent. London, however, is still much higher than any town in the United Kingdom as the following table shows : — MEAN OF PRBbOMINANT "WEEKLY RENTALS, UNITED KINGDOM, 1912. Number of Rooms. »7 Provincial Towns. Ijondon. • Excess of London Hents. Three rooms ... d. 4 44 U a 0" 7 4i s. d. 7 3 8 9 10 9 12 a p. K,. 06 I'onr rooms Five rooms Six rooms 71 79 69 ^Cost of Living of the Working Classes (Cd. 6955). The records of rentals were obtained from house agents. The change in each case is in the rent cljarged for the house. 492 BOABD OF INQUIRY INTO Outside of London, " of the dwellings most commonly occupied by the working classes one type is prevalent, with few exceptions, an all the towns of England and Wales. This is a small self-contained four or five-doomed cottage containing a front parlour, a kitchen, a scullery, and two or three bedrooms." In Scotland, the typical residence of the working class family is " a flat of tWo or fhree rooms in a stone-built tenement-block, two, three or four stories high." Ireland is in general similar to Eng- land, " the self-contained cottage, containing two, three four or five rooms, being the rule." An analysis of changes in the average assessment of London houses assessed at less than £40 per annum, by Mrs. Frances Wood, B.Sc.-' shows a slight upward move- ment. A most pronounced rise is shown in rates. The opinion is expressed that with a falling demand for houses of late, landlords have piobably had to bear the increase in rates themselves without making any corresponding 'increase in rents. On the whole rentals in London, according to Mrs. Wood's investigation, would appear to be firm or possibly slightly upward in tendency since 1900 — a Conclusion, it will be noted, which is at variance with that of the Board of Trade. THE UNITED STATES. Statistics for the whole of the United States 6ver a period of years are not avail- able. At least two States, however, Massachusetts and Minnesota, have instituted inquiries. The following is from the report of the Massachusetts Commission on The Cost of Living, 1910 : " The general fact that rents have increased in the last ten or fifteen years is readily determined. The average percentage of increase cannot De stated definitely. In the light of the information gathered in this investigation, the approximate extent of the increase in the case of working people's dwellings and tenements might perhaps be indicated as about 12 per cent. Opinions obtained from a large number of compe- tent observers of real estate conditions may be classified as follows;— Rent. Per cent. Higher, no per cent stated 53.23 5 to 10 per cent higher 3.23 10 to 15 per cent higher 4.83 20 to 25 per cent higher ^ . 8.06 33 per cent higher 3.23 About the same '.. .. 24.19 Lower ^ 3.23 " While it is unquestionably true that in some cases rents are practically the same as they were fifteen years ago, or even lower, the great preponderance of evidence shows that throughout the State there has, on the average, been a decided increase. A distinc- tion must be made, however, between new buildings and those built before the rise in prices. The rents in new buildings seem to a large de'gree to be based on the increased cost of construction. Bents in old buildings have increased somewhat, but not to the extent of those in more recent structures." ' The following is from the Biennial Report, 1909-10, of the Minnesota Bureau of Labour : — " The United Kingdom Board of Trade Investigation in the United States in 1909 contains the following: " ' Although the predominant type of working-class dwelling in both the United States and England and Wales is that accommodating the single family, the excep- tions to this prevailing rule are far more numerous in the former country, and the 1913, 1 "The Course of Wagea, 1'900'-1912." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Deoember, COST CF LIVING IN CANADA 493 scale upon which the tenement house provision in the greater part of the City of New York departs from the more conuTion practice is without counterpart in England and Wales " ' While the classes of dwellings in the occupation of the working classes in the United States are thus considerably more composite than in England and Wales, the difference in the material of which they are constructed is still greater, frame or timber houses being the more usual type in the former country '•' As regards the size of rooms, comparison has bepn found to be impossible, though the measurements ascertained by the investigators sfe'emed to indicate that except in New York, where rooms are, apt to be exceptionally srfiall, the more general dimensions of rooms in American towns were somewhat greater than those usual in English towns " ' In the following table the predominant rents .for dwellings of three, four, five and six rooms in the United States are set out in cpmparison with those for England and Wales : — PREDOMINANT RENTS OF WORKING-CLASS DWELLINGS IN ENGLAND AND WADES AND IN THE UNITED STATES. Predominant Range of Weekly Rents. Ratio of Mean Predom- inant Rent in the per Dwelliiig. England and Wales. United States. V. S. f o that in England and Wales taken as 100 , Three rooms 33. 9d. to 4s. 6 1. 4s. Cd. to 5s. 6d. 5i. 6J. to 6s. 6d. 68. 6d. to 7s. 9d. 6p. 9d. to 9s- 7d. 88. 6d. to 123. lis. 6d. to 146. lid. 13s ... to 17s. 4d. 198 207 220 213 rive rooms Six rooms Arithmetic Mean ^ '. 209 "'A further basis "of comparison of rents as betv;.een the two countries is afforded by taking the mean of the various predominant ranges and comparing the average rent per room for the whole series. By this method the weekly rent per room in the United States is found to be 2s. 7Jd., as compared with Is. 3d. in England and Wales, equiva- lent to a ratio of 210 :100. " ' An alternative comparison may be made by re-working all the index numbers for the rents of the American towns to the basis used for the towns of England and Wales, viz., rents in the Middle Zone of London, th^t is, a very extended area, the inner boundaries of which are about two miles from the centre of London and the outer limits about four miles from that centre. This has been done in the following table : — RENTS INDEX NUMBERS IN DESCENDING ORDER. London (Middle Zone) =100. Town. Index Number. Town. Index Number. Town. Index Number. New York IGO 159 151 150 145 136 132 130 128 Philadelphia ... .... Minneapolis-St. Paul. . Atlanta 127 123 122 115 Hi 114 113 108 - 106 Cleveland Paterson 102 St. Louis .... 99 Pittsburg . -, Memphis Providence Detroit Augusta Fall River . . 96 94 Cincinnati Savannah Chicago • 93 Brockton . . 90 Boston Baltimore 85 84 Newark Lawrence Muncie 71 494 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO " ' The mean index number on the above basis (of tbe rents of tbe Middle Zone of London) for all the towns investigated in England aiid Wales is 56-2* for the above American towns 116-6. The ratio of the American to the English mean is thus 207:100, about the same as the mean ratio of the predominant rents for each class of dwelling and as that obtained by comparing the general average per room as given above. " ' The explanation of the higher rentals in the Ai^erican towns investigated must be looked for in various directions, but principally in the higher cost of building as expressed by labour and materials, in the more generous allowance of ground space per dwelling, except in congested areas, in the more moilern character of a greater pro- portion of the fittings and conveniences of the dwelliAg, as illustrated by the more frequent provision of bathrooms, in a higher general level of material prosperity that is able efiectively to demand such increasing variety and completeness of accommoda- tion, and in the shorter life that is expected from the individual dwellings. ' " AUSTRALIA. Rents have advanced rapidly in Australia, where iSje disproportion between urban and rural population is marked. The following table ;shows the extent of the rise in the capital cities of each state since 1901.'^ COURSE OF HOUSE RENTS IN METROPOLITAN TOWNS, AUSTRALIA. (Rents 1901 equal 100.) Vear. 1901 1902 1903 1904, 1905. 1906, 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910, 1911 1912. Sydney. Mel- bourne. Brisbane. Adelaide , Perth. Hobart. 100 100 1000 100 100-0 100-0 100 101 4 100 6 1(S) 99 .S 100-2 100 3 101 9 103 6 IQOO 100 1 100-8 100 6 104 2 103 9 100 99 6 101-0 103 3 105 1 lOfi 1 111-5 92 3 101 8 103 S 106 6 107 2 12'0 8 89 3 102 7 106 109 6 117 7 128 9 85 5 ' 106 1 107 5 112 9 126 138-5 84 7 109 111 1 114 y 135 3 14^ 3 83 3 112-3 114 9 125 143 o 161-8 86 9 116 2 126 2 132 2 156 6 176-6 101 2 120-6 136 1 138 5 164 5 l»4-2 109 4 124-2 Weighted Average. (6 cities.) 100 100 101 101 103 105 108 111 114 121 132 140 Supplementary statistics for 1913 based on returns from thirty cities show that there has been a further advance amounting to about 4 per cent, being greatest at Victoria (over 5 per cent), while in South Australia a, decline of 4^ per cent has taken place.^ 1 Six classes of houses are represented in these statistics, namely, houses having under four rooms, four rooms, Ave rooms, six rooms, seven rooms and ov^r seven rooms. The index numbers are based on the " average " house rent in each of the cities, the average being obtained by multiplying the average predominant rent for each class of house by a number ("weight") representing the relative number of houses of that class in the particular town as sho-wn by the 1911 Australian census. The sum of the products thus oHtained divided by the sum of the weights gives the weighted average for all houses. The result is a generalization -which, of course, does not reveal the fact that the increase for some classes of houses has been greater than for others. — See Report No. 2 Labour and Industrial Branch, Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, Trade Unionism, Unemployment, -Wageg; Prices and Cost of Living in Australia, 1S91 to 1912, pages 51 and 52. 2 See Labour Bulletin, Labour and Industrial Branch, Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, February, 1914, page 253. lOOST CF LIVING IN CANADA 495 A table of predominate house rents in Australia follows : — CURRENT WEEKLY HOUSE RENTS IN METROPOLITAN^ CITIES, AUSTRALIA, 1912. Town. Sydney Melbourne Briiibane Adelaide Perth Hobart Weighted Average of above and 24 other cities.. . . Average Predominant Weekly Rents for Houses having. Under 4 Rooms. .. d. 11 7 8 11 6 1 9 7 4 Rooms. 15 11 8 14- 11 9 1 7 10 9 6 5 Rooms. 18 14 10 18 14 12 12 6 Rooms. 21 18 13 22 17 14 :d. 9 2 9 1 4 ,5 14 10 7 Rooms. ». d. 26 2 21 6 Ifl 10 25 8 ,21 17 18 Over 7 Rooms. 31 11 25 8 22 10 29 5 27 4 20 8 23 8 Weighted Average for all Houses. 8. d. 19 7 15 10 12 7 18 1 13 9 12' n 12 5 NEW ZEALAND. The commission of 1912 on the Cost of Living estimated that there has been an advance of 20 per cent in working class rents during the past fifteen years.^ In Auckland, where the most rapid increase in populatio'n has taken place, rents have increased 45 per 'cent. Increased ground values are held responsible for 25 per cent of the advance, and for the rest, the increased cost of building, the more exacting require- mentsof local authorities, increased rates, increased cost" of new roads, and the general demand for more conveniences. An important witness before the Commission said that at Auckland in 1902 workmen's cottages of four rooms were let at 9s. per week, of six rooms at 14s. or 15s. per week, but that such houses are. scarce now and about 20 to 25 per cent dearer than t^n years ago. A table of predominant rentals from the New Zealand Official Tear Book for 19132 follows: PREDOMINANT WEEKLY RENTALS, NEW ZEALAND, 1912. City. Pop. Four Rooms. Six Rooms. Eight Rooms. Auckland Christchurch Dunedin 1 Wellington 47,783 55,098 48,988 66,338 £ s. d. 10 0-9% 10 5-97 10 601 14 4.26 £ .=. d. 16 280 15 5-22 15 11-21 1 11-58 £ s. d. 1 2 4 08 1 8-82 ] 4 22 1 9 3-96 SOUTH AFRICA. From the Eeport of the Economic Commission, Jaijuary, 1914, the following table of average monthly rents of different working class dwellings in South Africa is taken, no historical data being available : 1 Report of Commission on the GERMANY. In 1908 predominant rents in Germany were as follows:^ PREDOMINANT RANGE OF RENTS, GERMANY. " For Two Rooms. For Three Rooms. s. d. s. d, ■5 to C 2 8 to 3 6 s. d. s. d. 7 to 9 3 ' Other German Towns 3 G to 4 9 As to the character of housing in Germany, the -United Kingdom Board of Trade states : — ■ " The prevalent type of working-class dwelling in Germany is a flat in a large . house containing a minimum of six or seven tenements. This may fairly be described as the common type of housing accommodation for all classes in Germany, and it is a characteristic feature of German tovms that, whilst there are purely working-class districts, yet the working classes are generally scattered throughout the whole of a town, occupying either the upper floors of houses whose lower floors may be occupied by middle-class tenants, or else housed in building? which lie concealed behind the better-class houses visible from the street. There are some exceptions, but as a general rule the large house with a considerable number of tenements is becoming more and more predominant." BELGIUM. From the United Kingdom Board of Trade investigation published in 1910 are taken the following : — PREDOMINANT RENTS OF WORKING-CLASS 'DWELLING IN BELGIUM. Number of Rooms per Dwelling Number of Towns to which the figures relate. Predominant Riinge of Weekly Rents. Two Rooms. . Three Robms Four Rooms 12 11 12 Is. 9d. to2s. 3d. 2s. 2d. to 28. lOd. 2s. 8d. to 3s. 6d. " The types of housing found in the Belgian towns investigated present on the whole great uniformity and approximate somewhat closely to those which prevail in English industrial towns ; that is to say, the small house occupied by one or two families is the predominant type, whilst tenement houses play pnly a very small part, and even where they exist are rarely of large size. Tenement houses appear to be of importance only in Antwerp, where there are a number which are considerable in size, in some parts of Greater Brussels, in the centre of Liege, to a small extent at Charleroi, at Tournai, and particularly at Verviers." NORWAY. Statistics relating to Christiania show a rise of five per cent in rentals between 1901 and 1912. The house rent paid almually by a typical working-class family in 1912 is placed at lYS.OO. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 499 APPENDIX No. 7. Exhibit contribuied by Department of Labour, Canada, through Mr. B. H. Goats: WAGES AND HOTIES OF LABOUR, CANADA, 1900-1913. Recent tendencies in wages and hours of labour -require careful examination in an inquiry into" the cost of living. If wages and prices advance or recede pari passu, the situation is fundamentally unchanged. Again, dvjring the past decade, the rise in wages which labour has been able to obtain, accompanied in many instances by decreases in working hours, has been cited as a primary cause of the general enhance' ment of commodity prices, labour costs being an omnipresent and most important ele- ment in expenses of production.^ I. RATES OF WAGES — " NOMINAL'" WAGES. Since 1900, publication has been regularly made in the Labour Gazette of various wages statistics, including large numbers of fair wages schedules currently prepared for insertion in government contracts (relating almost wholly to the building trades), as well as the results of more extended investigations into current rates in the more important industries and trades. For the present purposes the most useful data are contained in (1) a quarterly record of changes in wages and hours maintained by the department, and (2) the results, as yet unpublished, of a comprehensive investigation into tendencies in wages and hours in representative"occupations throughout Canada since 1900. lOn wages statistics in general, Scott Nearing, — (Wages in the United States, p. 5) says: "There are at least three directions in which a study (into rates of wages) if carefully made would be of supreme importance, — first, in the discussion of wage theories ; second, in the discus- sion of the cost of living ; and, finally, in the problems arising out of the standard of living. The aggregate necessity of the three problems makes the presentation of statistics of wages ultiiflately imperative." Sir Louis Mallet before the Gold and Silver Commission ot 1888 (Third Report, p. 420) discusses the .significance of wages changes in relation to prices: "It is a question of great importance, whether low prices are caused by an increased production of commodities relatively to the standard of value, or by a decreased supply of the standard of value relatively to com- modities ... "Fortunetely there is a test, by the application of which. we may be enabled to decide as to which of these two causes, a fall of prices is attributable. " In both cases the quantity of labour may be assumed ^o be the same, for we have assumed that there has been no sudden addition to the supply of labour corresponding with the increased supply of commodities. If then the fall in prices has been due to what is commonly, but loosely, called over-production of commodities, and not to a scarcity of the standard motal, it cannot affect wages. These will remain the same, and the working- or wage earning class will have its full share in the increased abundance. But if, on the other hand, a fall of prices is due to a diminished supply of the standard metal the price of labour will be affected, as the price of everything else is affected, and wages will inevitably fall. The condition of the working classes will not be worse, for all that they consume will be proportionately cheaper, but it wil be in no way improved. Cheapness in money value and cheapness in labour value may coincide, but they have no necessary connexion. Things may be cheap merely because gold is dear, not because there is an abundant supply, of them, but in this case labour will be cheap too. If the.price of labour falls at a time when gen- eral prices are falling, it may be inferred that the cause Js an appreciated currency. If low prices are the result of an increased return to labour owing to improvements in production, or increased facilities of communication and exchange, the value of labour and the wages of laboilr (its quantity remaining the same) will relatively rise. "The truth seems to be this: when prices are rising there is a constant effort on the part of the producing classes to increase production and reap the ga"n to create a new supply, to meet the new demand. When prices are falling there is a cqnstant tendency on the part of the same classes to diminish their production, so as to avoid the risk of loss, to diminish the supply in order to meet the diminished demand." 82696—8-24 600 BOASD OF lyQUIST lyTO (1) DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR RECORD OF iCHA>'GES D," WAGKS. The record of current clianges in wages and hoii}« of labour is published quarterlj- in the Labour Gazette. The record was begun in 190*2 but was not finally systematized until January, 1903, since when it has aimed to include detailed statistics with r^ard to every change in wages and hours affecting work-people throughout Canada,^ The accompanying series of tables gives the facts of the record in condensed form. It shows for each year the total number of workpeople affected by changes in wages and hours and the estimated total increase or decrease in the weekly wages bill and Working time result- ing, the figures being classified according to industries and groups of trades. At the close of the series two summary tables will be found; the first reassembling the aggre- gate annual results of the preceding, and the second showing the numbers of changes affecting in each case a specific group of workpeople which occnrred in each year of the period. A general summary of the information contained in the series of articles upon which the tables are based is as follows : — 1902. — The upward movement was noted as an 'important feature early in 1902. Even at that dat« the advancing cost of living was Jo some extent made the basis of demands, though the prosperity of trade and industry, and the increasing competition among employers for labour were factors more frequently cited. The advance was particularly pronounced in building trades, but by the close of the year there were few localities or classes of labour which had not felt its -influence. 190S. — These conditions were continued and intensified in 1903. A new feature was the increasing friction between employers and employed. Especially was this the case in the building trades, where strikes to enforce higher wages retarded operations both east and west. Difficulties also occurred among transportation employee. Increases to both skilled and unskilled factory labour were on the whole easily obtained on account of the pronounced shortage of hands, which finally became the cause of Grovemment consideration in Ontario. The feature of the year was the widespread, almost omnipresent, nature of the upward movement, especially during the sununer months. lOOJf. — The winter began with serious interruption of transportation, through abnormal weather conditions affecting all classes of .trade and industry, particularly in Eastern Canada. Later on, however, there was a continuance of the wages advance in the building trades, but the mining and lumberipg industries saw reductions for comparatively large bodies of less skilled men. In the final summing up the increases of the year did not gieatly overlap the decreases. A widespread moTemeut for earlier closing and a weekly half -holiday b^an to appear, many factories and large departmental stores making concessions, whilst the trades generally secured permanent gains in the way of reduction of working hours. In the paper and pulp-making indus- tries, however, hours were increased. 1905. — The predominating tendency was upward, though not so generally as in 1902 and 1903. Advances to the buUding groups were again conspicuous, but only to about one-third the extent of 1903, both as regards number of workmen and amount of increase. The most important change of the year, so far as numbers were concerned, was probably in farm labourers wages, both in Ontario and in the wheat growing provinces of the West, where harvesting was delayed Jby lack of labour. With r^ard to hours, Provincial Legislation (as in the British Columbia enactment re hours of imderground miners), and civic by-laws (as in Mcftitreal and other cities, limiting hours of retail clerks) brought about material reductipns to large bodies of employees. 1 Doubtless there are changes which escape notice, and the record does not include those far-reaching mo%'ements affecting individuals, which are frequently in the aggregate an important consideration ,i.e., only such changes as involve a group of employees are taken. The record, however, enables a fairly definite idea to be obtained of the current wages movement among the larger aggregations of workpeople. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 501 1906.— In this year the upward movement in wages was again in full progress, having regained the widespread range and buoyancy characteristic of 1902 and 1903. Even the high record of the latter year was exceeded, the amount of the increases recorded being double, with two and one-half times the number of work-people partici- pating, amongst them being large bodies of employees in the railway service, the mining industry, textile manufacturing, and unskilled labour engaged in railway con- struction and harvesting. 1907.— Wages continued to rise throughout the fiist half of 1907 which was a period of great activity for aU classes of labour. The increases (nearly aU of which occurred during the earlier months of the year) affected fully 100,000 men, of whom the transportation service contributed a large proporlaon, with lumbering and mining employees coming next in order. The building trades, though out-classed in numbers and amoimt of increase, profited to more than double the extent of the previous good year, with one-third more men participating. A sharjJ recession in the autumn, how- ever, which reflected the financial crisis and the short crop, wiped out by about one- third the advance made during the earlier portion of the year, the wages of unskilled labour, more particularly in the lumbering industry being immediately affected. This class, together with the less skilled and imperfectly organized trades suffered the most heavily during the winter of 190Y-8; those working under agreement being for a time able to hold their gains. 1908. — ^As the effects of the depression were naore fully felt, decreases in wages were made in factories, and in the building and other trades, and at the close of 1908, every trade and industry of which the department had information, except the print- ing trade, showed a more or less heavy preponderance of decreases, the final results giv- ing an adverse balance — ^the only year in which this occurred during the decade under consideration. 1909. — Although some signs of strength in the situation were ^scernible towards the close of 1908, wages did not again tend upward until well towards the summer of 1909, except in the West where the recovery was more rapid, owing to the strong upward movement of real estate and the large amount of railway construction under way. With returning confidence came a better demand for labour, and at the time, owing to the increasing cost of living a general and vigorous mbvement for higher wages, which met with sufficient response to show a net increase in the annual summing up. A feature was the suddenness with which the upward ' movement, once begun again, attained large proportions. 1910'191S. — During 1910 the upward tendency increased, a condition which became more accentuated during 1911 and 1912, and reached its culmination in the early sum- mer of 1913, making a third period of great general prosperity and advancement, in which all classes of labour, but particularly the printing, building, transportation, and unskilled classes, shared very largely. The cessation of the advance in the latter part of 1913, resulting from the check to business administered by the increasing tightness of money, affected the final results for the year to an -appreciable extent, the situation being in some degree parallel to that of 1907, though the reaction was much less sudden.' On the other hand, the advance movement during the later period did not reach the rapidity of 1906-7. The depression was felt earlier and with greater severity in the West than elsewhere, thus in another aspect reversing the conditions of 1907-8. The increasing cost of living, both East and West, aU through the quadrennium 1910-13, formed the prevailing plea for advancement in salaries and wages. The records of changes in hours show that the movement for shorter hours kept pace on the whole fairly equally vsdth that for increases in wages, being perhaps more pronounced in the last three years, the aggregate reduction for 1911-12 and 1913 being far in excess of any similar period during the decade. No single year, however, came up to the record of 1903, although 1913 came very clo'se. Altogether, of 1670 changes 502 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO in wages and hours recorded since January l^t, 1903, some 320 were of the nature of decreases in hours, while thirteen only involved inoreases. Increases in hours were therefore, practically a negligible quantity, .1904 heing the ■ only year in which any appreciable lengthening of hours occurred, (apart from seasonal changes in certain trades) , and the largest portion of this was a temporary requirement in railway and other machine shops, caused by the abnormal demand for repairs, etc., owing to dam- age and destruction of rolling stock. ' ■ ■ A brief recapitulation of the above by industries and trades follows ;— ^ Building trade. — The very material gains of 1903 were not again approached until 1911, and were only surpassed in 1912, the highest year in the third cycle of advances. ' The Metal and Engineering trades, show about the same records in amount of increase and number participating in 1903, 190Y, and 1910 with advanced aggregates in 1911 and 1912, the latter being their highest year in the decade. The W oodworking- trades reached their highest aggregate increase in 1913. The records show that the advances of 1903-1907 were practically wiped out by the adverse balance in 1908.' A considerable recovery occurred during 1910, followed by a sta- tionary period until 1913. Returns for these trades are meagre. .,, In the Printing trades, while the numbers benefited did not. bulk largely against the trades with more numerous followings, progress during the decade, has been remark- ably steady, not having been interrupted even in the J'ear 1908. In the Clothing trades, the outstanding years are 1903 and 1913. In the former, the number benefited was the greater, but the amount gained was larger in the latter, Statistics in this trade in the intervening years are npt satisfactory, and the same may he said of the Food and Tohacco Preparation Classes where the years 1903, 1907, 1912 and to a less extent 1910 and 1913 are the only periods in which returns of any impor- tance were received. The high years were 1907 and 1912. The year of most rapid advance for Municipal fend other public employees was 1911. In Lumbering the year of highest increase was 1907, but against this the decreases of 1908 were almost as great. Statistics for this class are approximations. In the Transportation service, 1907 showed 40,000 employees participating in an advance estimated at $50,000 per week, the record being more than double that of any other year, with 1906, 1910, 1911 and 1913 approaching each other very closely in amount of weekly increase ($22,000— $25,000). In the Textile industry the first statistics relate to 1906. Apart from that year the only records of note are those of 1907 and 1908, where an increase of $68,000 in the former year, affecting 95,000 work people (many of whom were women and children) was practically all lost during the reverse of 1908. 1912 saw an advance to some 6,000 workers. This class has profited permanently through the reduction of working time by legislation. The advance movement in the Mining industry apparently began in 1905, showing a decided improvement in the next year, both as regards men and amount, and a very marked upward trend in 1907, when advances affecting 13,000 miners, both coal and metalliferous, were recorded. These gains did not succumb to the drop of 1908, though there was little movement in 1909 and 1910. 1911 and 1912 were more active. Unskilled Labour. — The difficulty of obtaining anything like accurate or con- tinuous statistics has been very great. ' The statistics in 1903 took cognizance only of comparatively small bodies of men, but undoubtedly large numbers received a perman- ent addition to scale. After that year it may be said in a general way that unskilled labour lost some ground during 1905, profited largely during 1906, but lost again during the 1907-8 period of depression. The years 19.09 and 1910 saw a recovery and 1912 a decidedly upward tendency. A recession has since occurred. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 503 •^t*- CD Total increase hours emplojimi a' i u- « . 1— 1 . ® ■5 aS i^l 3 ^i^-- ! i^® » s-sl OlOOrHOQ .lOlO • CO ® •^ a g i£ liil M'Tpr-TrHfo" :« « 1 ■*- "B Tf< 05 1-t c^ o o "X* in ■(K e in ^ 1^1 i£i c=> oo lo :o to -f-H^H (N in '^ ;^ . S5"| * d . s OIOO : : :o ■ 'in ^ 1^ Total crease i: weekly arnings. OCOJO • - .in • ■ op (M u OCOQO , . . rM . " t^ (N 1 ON ^. • • -N • - iH CO T-\ ,H ■* t-^ i 9© -"-T"" « CD cS ■c g t*-. ® o t-os . 1 !in ■ ■ r^ *n M P umber o rk-peop' .ffected. OWiH • cq fe i-T »• 1 »r ■ « 1.0 »ft »rt o o o o — id o o" o o o o Total increase i: weekly earnings. cDiot-.amioooo oooo c^ « a (^eqoDtOOOiOOO^D .^-*rHO- CO rf l>,-^:CDO t- Ci s s e» £ CJ -^ ® a:(N(Nt-t^"T, : : : ',' ? b 4^ CO p :g : '^ .'-w . ■ \:y ' ■ C t-H s • ^^ ^ tD :S. : : o ^ •E r :8 1 Street Gener t- r It ;« .§a 1 Mt5P!jolai±t:Sa. ^ 1 1 t: 'fc > ' 504 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO 2 § .SS oo S5 • o o • ■o o ■ •o o ■ ■lO « : is s i l>. §8SS SS OO Wi-I Ob- >> IJ 8g ■si lO OiOCD 50 Ob- 8S S n I ^ !*»S I I OiOO.lOiOQQ O O lOiOlOWCOOO O © , OCDb-COCOOO t- la rHiattSlQ^JWN O CO H tm .s :H a . a :-« . a -1* OCT r-i SOOS o CO oce i-HioiO'^ ;d ob>iHai O 00 t-t ec O '^«D O (Q CQ t^ 5ffi l>t-w«, C5 00 ffi 5 -r 1-1 ;3; -CQ 99 ;0 iC9 CO O C^ lO o tH lO n M5 bcc3 isO a bo i:: :sfi §:iii Sl-El^-ollHlS COST OF Lirmo in ganada 505 s s 4* s s ■I 3 a J3 d 60 9 a ■fi ^1 3 O ^1 Iggiggg g g g €© CO 55 ^ .-I »o i>- t- ift ec IP'O S t« US ff4 CO §ggs S88S8 8 iiii gSS5g O «'rH"rtTl<" N n" ^ O O t-J CO Q lO lO «.0 iO t» CQ CO lO CO rf T-i ^ CS -8S : S8 OO ^QOOitOOiOOiOOOtOOOOO OTOOeOlOOOOJlOrHCCOOitHlOOO '*MQt*»QOrr'Se?ffooospmgooo gtg^COi-'iOtCleQDCOOO^^'-'NwOi -ro CO ff^^--H tOi-IC^rHr-*ODTrOCOt- t^^CQ CO SjS?; s o« fNC^ ss SJSS^S ^ ^*s as"="° Q.t-CT. (Mp0i0-N(MOO-+0 l^ O O eoi-H^ij^coNcot^Oiooascooiioo: oc) .s i 1 3 3 u 41 S ?^ 5 = CoTZ ■° £ S " r- U J. ^1 b o .. Si i; ^Oi^OD -O X 00 lO O O 00 ?o b-~ t- >? S e©:Drrco ■ rt-^ « (N ■«■ i-i "* N TjJ-pirH ■ s -"»"s' s" I-H - rl fe-d X) qj O (M O ■ iC cc o eqio o oo - 1:: -T 8 ^ 5 CO o.-<^o — tHCOOCOCQO Cfl « '.r-^ o" O M ^ OrH I-" »c I-T 1-4 « lO Oj-XJ ' j2 ai iM ' OO lOO '-^oco l>- l-^ -T O O i-t C t^OO'i'COO c t- s| COOi t— 1 C3 (MOO t-OCO^ 1-iOOlMCSO IC » o iH CO o ■ t- -J -^ 1—1 OS^W I- t-OOiOiONI- ec 1-N .^ i-T rn' i-^ Q0r4" r- ■ §• i> . .Sj iT' ■ ? ■ c J 1« • ' .£ ! .r ^ • ? t; 2 « cc * . ci ■ • Z o o ■ ■ ■ a. "? ; • . Z '. t c: ■ — 5 di ' a H iiR and Engineering - ■ o : :&H ■ ■ c ■ c ■ OJ '5 ; C QJ qj t; a» p; : :5?Ke ■ ■ 5 1 CD • to : c ■ a- • (U ; C c S : ■ c - 3 X a- o 1^ bi portation — Steam Street 1— T c 1 c ■els 11 's § i I ID "+3 'C P^ o .2 c II J3 s CE COST OF L[TI^■G IN CANADA 507 ^S ^ «5 sS is^a" o ^ lo «eoo5 -T-cooo r-coo go 05 tN in Oi ■" N ic CO cc lo (N r^ t- 5Q - in L- bD d •a s "s -— >• & • ^- o Sc S i o^ i c^ a c ■x> ■ eS 508 BOARD OF INQUIRY ISTO :3 < a 3 1 a, o O -a e A ^ e o 2 s H ;^i!> t 11 ::!!■:::: s • ?5 ' ^1 iSs i§ is : i i i i .£ iS |i lii^Siiii:;^ 1 iig ^- ?c II ' P :- ;s M : ; ; 1 so s ^1 2§S : ; : . : i • i o ^ 513 : : : ; : : IS i H V s ^ ?55S =£9 — 93 ti ^1 rf -rf n" — l^-* if cc ^' ^^ — ox«t--^xm-w -^ m' rT --" O* Tl" -^ s" s - = c3 C*, 5c:5 i—'x* : o o :r 2 3 o X : l£gS t-~.— 5q:r*0"—:r ^ — oc:rx« t-.(--« t-i c^ : r^ — X n.- t- t^ T^ iS c: ^ : -^ X Cl t- -^ ^ Si b- C O ti: M ?^ ; ^ — li tC O Tfl S OSS !:--?■ X — — «*^S«g:i^:ii 5? ¥5 ^•5 -3 t: "B "?5 ^' ^ "« .- 5*^ « = ~ .a c J! X ■ . — ^ J C c >= ■;1 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 509 T3 d C 3 O C :9 feO so c so c J3 «* »3X -^ is aj-o ■ ^«ti : : ; : R^ ;oort . : ; : = >2 3 » -n- ir: t* o — X X L^ X o ic — Q0^»O3i (Ncst-co«r5«oooo?ec£> - i o— trix^s-i-r^acoor: ^^ ^^ ,_;^-cr c^'eo^" i-H &i * go S .» ^ 1-ICO ^"g « o X K -^ cc cq !M c^i oi o t>- ire :3 X X T^ -^ -^ X c: t— OXlCX — r-;SX— iC.r^ ^~= ss^ 05 05 C^ C-. =; ~. C; - » " _ ■ ». D 3 S c-3 O 3 C o -a S a o o II 510 BOASD OF INQVIBT Il^TO (2) SPECIAL INVESTIGATION OF WAGES TENIJENCIES^ 1900-1913. The above gives only partial information as to the wages movement. More valu- able data for the present purpose may be gathered froin an investigation begun by the department in 1912 into rates of wages in the leading industries and trades since 1900. The collection of materials in this connection (including the collating of all previously gathered data) is not yet completed, but several thdusands of authentic records of representative classes in the chief centres have been assembled and are available for reference. The large table published at the end of the chapter is made up of selections from these records, and a word of explanation as to the method in which it has been prepared, as well as its purpose and significance is called for. The aim of the table is to present a series of continuous statistics of actual wages and hours which may be regarded as fairly typical of the wages situation since 1900. The departmental investigation covers the leading occupations in each of the chief industries and groups of trades in the larger towns and cities. From each of these groups a limited number of returns were for the present purpose taken, the classes and localities being selected with the object of making the table representative of such features as geographical distribution, sex of employees, proportion of highly skilled to low-grade workers, proportion as between large and small centres of population, etc., etc. For example, the department's investigation in the building trades embraces four^ teen classes of labour in the ninety-two localities throughout Canada having a popula- tion of -5,000 or over (about thirteen hundred series in all), whereas the table herewith quotes six classes in thirteen scattered localities (i.e., seventy-eight series of quota- tions). Inevitably certain features are more satisfactorily covered in a limited survey like this than others. In- order to show the general significance of the table, index numbers have been worked out for each group of trades and for the entire list with the year 1900 as a basis, /rhis will be found in the table beginning on the following page. In construct- ing these numbers the statistics of wages have been. reduced to a weekly basis so as to make allowance for current change in hours and thus to reflect net earning capacity. Extent of the rise in wages, 1900-191S. — It would appear from this estimate that wages in Canada since 1900 have shown a continuous and at times (as in the past three years) rapid advance. The following table of aggregate index numbers .with the chart on the following page will show how this haff proceeded from year to year : — 1900 , 100.0 1901 , 102.0 1902 104.3 1903 j^ 106.1 1904 108. S 1905 111.6 1906 114.5 1907 119.2 1908 121.1 1909 , 125.4 1910 » .. .. 129.7 1911.. _ 133.1 1912 1393 1913 142.9 Altogether the rise between 1900 and 1913 is shown at approximately 43 per cent. By occupations, the chief rise would appear to have been in domestic service, namely, over 70 per cent. In agriculture, the rise is 50 per cent. Skilled and well organized trades (printing, clothing and building) art about the same. Electric rail- way employees have ^one up even f ajster, this being a reaction from a low rate ten years ago. In most of the other branches the advances lie between 30 and 40 per cent. In presenting these results it must be remembered that the scope of the return is restricted, considering the vastness of the field, and that it includes a liberal representa- COST OF LIVING IN CANADA §11 WAGES, CANADA, 1900-19,13. (Wag-es 19*0 = 100). 512 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO tion of the more skilled and highly organized branches in the larger centres, and of branches, like agriculture and domestic service, in which conditions as between supply and demand have been abnormal.^ Needless to add, as will be pointed out in detail further on, the figures do not reflect such important factors as employment or the growth in the division of labour. It may be said for the return, however, that it exhibits a series of about 1,000 continuous and reliable records back to 1900 picked over the available field with the sole purpose of rendering the final result as representative as possible. It will enable certain salient features of the wages movement by branches of trade to be seen in outline, and it permits the generalization that rates of wages have advanced by anything from 2S to 50 per cent, according to class, between 1900 and 1913. A system of "weighting" the averages would partly meet the objection arising out of the paucity of returns, but as alreay pointed *out satisfactory statistics for this purpose are lacking. From Census Bulletin No. 1, of the Census of 1911, "Wage Earners by Occupations," corrected by Bulletin No. 1, of the Qensus of 1911, " Manu- factures of Canada," a series of groups weights were devised and, the following aggre- gate index numbers obtained: 1900, 100; 1901, 101 •^; 1902, 103-8; 1903, 106-5; 1904, 109-3; 1905, 113-1; 1906. 116-5; 1907, 122-6; 1908, 124-8; 1909, 129-0; 1910, 134.0- 1911, 137-9; 1912, 145-0; 1913, 148-9. This shows a higher rise than the unweighted average; the weights, however, are so arbitrary, that it is doubtful if importance is to be attached to the result. The weights follow : ' Agriculture, 20 ; Fishing, 2 ; Lumbering, 5; Mining, 5; Building, 14; Metal, 8; Woodworking,- 4; Printing, 2; Clothing, 7; Tex- tile, 3 ; Leather, 1 ; Brewing and Distilling, i ; Transportation, 8 ; Municipal, J ; Domes- tic Service, 20. 1 One indication of this lies in the fact that the numbers shew little effect of the reduction which, as hewn by the record of changes above, took place in 1908 and 1913, but which were largely confined to unskilled and " floating " workmen. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 513 WSCOt^O M tH CO N N O«Dt>;CC0OW r-< -^ 00 iM bs M « "^ lO Ci d -^ i-na m (N 4Q lO © rH r-nH rH iH t-h ri iH i-i r OTC^eo r-i pin « OO'^'Xi fX> rl to C^ CC) O W CO =0 O ■V OJ tOi-l CO t^lb lOiH eN N CO i-" M Tt* CO CO(M CQ- in -^ ■<*' Tt* rH <5 OS Q> CO 05 lO CO?Ot-ai ooOQuOiio eoeocc w iOr-li— iN(N C*3C^W05;D050 "^QiCit-- >-10^lO COOO)0)COt»0 0)l--00> 1ft CO CO 00 weo.0 ■I c3 "x: (M ^ © OS iHOeOO W^OCTO «3 -^ t^ 00 O « CO COTfCO^ COODOIOW IM OD t^ © rH :D CO CO CO-CO N C^JWIMi-iC^ (N.-HCqrHIMCO(N U-( t-t-O-^ 05 6 o a 6 m Or--NlO lOlOCOINl.'S 0-CO OrHW-f O!C0i-lt- iOT-H^DCOeOOit'. Nosoeo t-ooioco McoeOi-Hto eoOi-HOiO»o«o eooiTjio eow*© (cosc-icooit- cowoit- MOOCOCO OSWCOiHCO CCt-r-100COi-l r-iCO-^CO tOi-i^Oi C05^W.-ia>0«0 iHWMCO ■^t-rtOO iOI^-OOi-iTH OO t>> <0 O C4 03 lO to OO ■* © -^ ^ Tt< t>- 05 00 W OS t- CO © ieooao .-I O .-I rH .-I ^ T-H © O .-( © N i-( W 03D©<0 OCN|©r-«i -H05Cq©IM005 OCTtOOTp COi-HttOS l>iOtMOJTP(>j<© i-tC^TT© ©cocoio t-co©»Oi:o eo©c;©5^©t- »HcqoO'-( -^imosio oiTrwsscciOi-i rococo© o o © © o © <: co- ©©©©■* i-HCOC^© O •-( © © © o©oo ©o©o© t-©© CMm<£> QOijqOcO t-COt-© ©©©© ©o5q Oi lO W Oi cc -^ 00 00©'^© ©o©© ©c©©© ©©o© oo©© ©©©o©o© ©©©o ©©© ■©© o 8S88 88888 8SS iS88 8888 Sisl SSSi i5 « OTOcoco -^ cff TT -^ 30 o gs JO ?D c> •* »o incooaos "TrHoo C3 icnj: oi 1ft -t; ^ ocgcgo 13 'U bo tS ill ^^ II ■a a l_ to h o !■? 8 a » 3 - |1 I -a & <8 • S 00 (D s - >^ 15 603 00 S - g* ■ -3 C m S-g 1)3 S3 Jog §I.S^ >» 0'^2" cT'C' fern M M X 82696—33 514 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO S c3 1—1 f-H O o en a o ^ A p a Q !5 N eocat-b- QC ., r- rHO- 1 ^^ ;£■ r-* (--C' COCilN — - (M s — . .— 1 T-* T— 1 ^ CO ■ OD i-H O t— CO Oi t- ^ Tj- 1 n ec OlOCOCfl Cs .-< Tf* n- <:c as (MTf coco«: rH i-H iH i-H <-( r- ■^ ffl eDi-iio.- iNOTiOQO X rH »2 CO crs e^ ^ i-( i-< -^ ^ « CDNOCC CONOVtCO- 1 ^- s Tt*i-(5o»o r-aa-rfiaoi \ oi 1 03 l-l W I-l cs rr (MCDO- (N iM '^ I'- ■* Tf iH ^ STj Oi »OQC Ciira w(M(N lO "" r-^ r-i r-l.- 1-1 i-H .-I 1-1 r- . OC -5*©M«C Oi X CI C"- 1-H g OSCOIOCC QO f-H C5 T-H -T i-H WWi-'r- .-l«^C- b-(MCOt> tH OiH^fHr- fl I-( 1— ' l-( ^ iH ^ ocoeooc CO !M r^ QC ■^ QD g " iHi-H r-M- I-- eoo«'<» o lOeo^OM ^ § « CD S booc o^ooc O l-^ o oswoe*- iO!«rHNM eo s g IN'»t f-H ^ c oooc O OOO O o g 8 Sg§i g§§88 s i-H ■-.^.-Ir-lrH 1 F 5C t-Olfl^ ^ :© in « (C ■* ^°l (Mr-ICCt- .-H W*«D ° 13 « - 1 .a i^. 1 '? 5 D S S 0) 1 i ^ 1 1 1 s S a". ft 1^ l"1 < ^•^S-o '^ M b^"- > >^ X X M 1 COST OF LIVING IN OAJfADA 515 Hours of Labour, 1900-191S.— On the kindred stbject of hours of labour, some equally interesting results are shown. The large talfle of wages and hours contains altogether 712 series of returns showing hours of labour from 1900 to 1913. Of these ,461 show no change, while 239 show a decreasing tendency and only two an increase. The moat important changes in hours in the table include 65 changes from 60 to 54 hours per week, 52 from 54 to 48, 21 from 60 to 48, 17 from 60 to 55, 13 from 52 to 49, 9 from 52 to 49, and 19 involving the 44 hour week. The table would appear to bear out the Departmental record of changes in "indicating that the tendency was strongest between 1903 nad 1907 and again during the past three years. While the statistics in this connection are subject to the limi'tations pointed out above in the case of wages they offer strong evidence of a considerable tendency towards a lessening of the duration of the working day. This conclusion is in line with common knowledge. A prominent insta^ce is the movement which the Typographical Union conducted in 1906 for an eight-hour day throughout the continent. In the building trades also *the tendency has been strongly towards a shortening of hours, several classes having now obtained the eight-hour day over considerable areas, while several important localities have adopted either the nine- hour day or the eight-hour day in all branches of these trades. The movement has been ^s^ially pr9n(iunced in the western cities and in Ttfl-onto and a few other eastern centres. In Canada as a whole the instances in which more than ten hours a day con- stitute a day's work are exceptional. The tendency illustrated by the above specific facts has been reflected in legisla- tion, the provinces being the authority within whose^ jurisdiction the matter chiefly rests. Since 1900, four provinces have enacted factory legislation restricting the hours of employment for women, young girls and children. British Columbia has strengthened its legislation restricting hours in mines, and has enforced the eigh,t-hour day in smelters. Alberta has adopted the eight-hour day in coal mines and Ontario in metal mines. Hours in bakery shops have been regulated in Ontario. Nova Scotia and Ontario have each legislated to regulate the hours of motormen and conductors, and in Quebec the hours of women and children in textile factories have been restricted. -It is significant that within the decade a Eoyal Com- mission in Nova Scotia and a Select Committee of the "Dominion House of Commons have taken evidence in connection with proposed ena,ctments for an "eight-hour day, though without legislative action following. " Fair Wage " policies have been adopted 'by the Dominion Government, by the Governments M eight provinces, and by over forty municipalities since 1900 in public works. 'Anc^wafiiTrcrmses'by'l'nvinces. — TheT^etum is insufficiently broad to serve as the ba'sis of an analysis of tendencies in each of the trades by provinces. The follow- ing, however, shows the number of series of quotatiohs contained in the large table for each province and the average rate of increase shown in each in 1913 compared with 1900:— Nova Scotia Prince.Edward Island New Brunswick ...... Qnebec ..; ' . .. Untiirio . Manitoba Saskatol Alberta British Oolumbia J Number of serjcB of quotations. 131 42 SO 202 49 49 51 104 Index number 1913 (1900=100), .141-6 158-7 137-4 148-3 145.7 W2-0 149 -B 139.0 1276 — 33i 516 BOAJtt) OF INQUIRY INTO Disregarding the high level shown for Prince Edward Island and Manitoba, (the result of a preponderance of agricultural and domestic labour in the returns) the rise has apparently been least in British Columbia, an indication of the fact that the "spread" between wages in British Columbia and Eastern Canada has tended to lessen during recent years. Actual present wages statistics may be compared in the large table, where it will be seen that on the whole the level is lowest in rural (Quebec and in the Maritime Prov- inces and highest west of the great lakes, culminating in British Columbia. Similarly in the matter of hours, the eight-hour day may be said to be the prevalent working day in British Columbia: outside of that province, howel^er, it is restricted to localities or branches of trade : printers, for instance (members of typographical unions), have the eight-hour day throughout Canada, and the building trades have it throughout the West. In the East, however, only Toronto, Hamilton and a few other localities are prominent in this regard, the nine-hour and ten-hour day being commonly in force. As in the case of Prices, it is important to note the level of the year (1900) since when the above advances have taken effect. No comprehensive data for earlier years exist, but there is reason to believe that wages did not decline as rapidly during the nineties as did prices.^ Such, at any rate, was the experience in the United States wliere wages rates sagged only slightly between 1890 and 1900.* In Great Britain, wages fell in the seventies, rose in the eighties, remained steady until 1895, after which they rose.^ In Germany, likewi-se, wages did not fall with the decline in prices of 1872-1888.* This, of course, makes the rapidity oi the recent Canadian ,ri8e the more remarkable. WAGES AND COST OF LIVING— EAENINGS AND " KEAL " WAGES. Has there been a rise in " real " wages in Canada since 1900 ? In other words, have the earnings of the average workman increased in greater proportion than the cost of living?' Unemployment. — On one point absolutely necessary, as already remarked, for an answer, namely, unemployment, statistics are lacking. In a general way it is known that, except during intervals in 1903-1904 and 1907-1908, and the past year, employ- ment has been uniformly very active, and that unemployment long continued or on any 1 Records In the Department of Labour show several increases in skilled trades during the 'nineties. 2 See p. 531. 3 See p. 527. 4 See Report of Roj'al Commission on Gold and Silver — evidence of Professors Nasse and Lexis. ^ " When comparisons are made between the economic conditions of ^oups of different countries, districts, trades, or periods, it is useless to regard simply the nominal wages. This is most evident when a g^eat interval of time is talcen; thus a hind's annual (nominal) earnings in the 13th century were valued at 35s. 8d. (Thorold Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages, p. 170) i now those of an agricultural labourer may be taken as about £40 ; and it is difficult to suppose that this ratio, 1.22, in any way measures their relative well-being. Hence, comparison of nominal wages is, at any rate in extreme cases, futile." Dictionary of Political Economy Art Wages. " According to Walker " real wages are the remuneration of the hired labourer as reduced to the necessaries, comforts, or luxuries of life," and they differ from nominal by reason of (I) variations in the purchase power of money; (II) variations in form of payment; (III) opportun- ities for extra earnings; (IV) greater or less regularity of employment; (V) longer or f'*"'? durationof the labour power." On this definition see Marshall, Principles of Econonnes, ea. 1895, pp. 629-635. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 517 extensive scale lias been practically noneexistent. No statistical measurement) how- ever, of tliese conditions from year to year is possible.* Division of Labour. — Another factbr is the tendency more or less constant to greater division of labour. In the larger manufacturing establishments (the growth in the number of which has been marked during the past decade)' a relatively greater proportiDu of low skilled or merely dexterous workmen is noticable. No accurate inca?urciiient of the drift in this direction is available.* 1 Hxce;\t indirectly by means of tiie statistics of productiori, construction, etc., which appear in Volume II. litseussing the question of unernployment as normally affecting wages In the United States, Scott N- taring (.Wages in the United States, p. 199) says: BN)r the unionized trades of New York State, for the coal Industry of the United States, and Dy inference for the other industries of the United States, we may draw these conclusions, — A. Unemployment is always a factor in modern industry. B. The average miner can work, from year to year, about two-thirds of the time. C. In other industries, the average unemploypiient from year to year is almost one-fifth. D. In some years the unemployment is E,everal times fnore severe than ift others." The causes of unemployment he classifies thus (Chap. X) :-^ " (1) Personal causes, — " a. Malnutrition, " 6. Sickness, " 0. Accident, " d. Inefficiency, " (2) Industrial causes, — " o. Seasonal trades, " b. Industrial crises, " 0. Labour troubles, " d. Lack of stock or transportation facilities, " e. Casual trades." The comparatively severe winter season in Candida increases to a considerable degree the amount of idleness in out-door occupations during four months of the year. It may be interesting to add that a recent New York investigation (.Standard of Living among Worhingmens' Families in New York City, by Robert C. Chapin, 1909) concludes with the statement that a man, wife and three children under fourteen cannot live and maintain efficiency on Manhattan Island for less than nin^ hundred dollars per year. This is considered a fair average for the great cities east of the Mississippi and north of Virginia. With regard to Canada, note budgets, p. 9. , 2In 1900 the number of manufacturing establishments; In Canada was 14,650 and the number of employees 339,173, an average of 23 ; in 1910 the number of establishments was 19,218 and the number of employees 615,203, an average of 27. 3 Scott Nearing (Wages in the United States, Chap. IX) has analyzed existing statistics in the United States in order to ascertain how far this " stratif5cation " of labour has gone. He concludes that less than ten per cent of adult male wage earnerjs in the United States receive over $1,000 annually, fory per cent from |600 to $1,000, and fifty per cent (unskilled) less than $600 a year, After an exhaustive survey of the more recent wage statistics of the United States, — Prank Hatch StreightofE, M.A. (The Distribution of Incomes in the United States) concludes that "it is reasonable to believe that in 1904, something over sixty per cent of the males at least sixteen years of age, employed in manufacturing, mining, trade, transportation, and a few other ooou- pations associated with industrial life, were earning less than '$626 per annum, about thirty per cent were receiving $626 but under $1,044, and perhaps ten per cent enjoyed labour incomes of at least $1,000. If to these the agriculturists are added, sixty-five per cent fall in the lowest earnings group, twenty-seven in the medium, and eight in the Ijigh. Suppose all the men engaged in gainful occupations in 1904, but unaccounted for in this estimate, to have been paid $12 per week or more. This is manifestly impossible, yet. even upon such an assumption, fully one-half of the adult males engaged In remunerative labour were rewarded in that year with less than $626" (p. 139). Mr, Bowley commenting on this (Economic Journal, XXIII, 426) says; "Put otherwise, the median wage in 1904 in U.S.A. was less than $12 per week; against this we may say with more definite evidence that the median weekly wage at the same date in the United Kingdom was rather below il." 518 BOARD OF IXQVIRT /VTO Earnings. — On the subject of " earnings," coinpreliensive statistics which would sum up the effects of the above-mentioned and other factors are lacking.^ The Census office issued in 190Y a bulletin on " Wage Earners "by Occupation " which gave the average earnings of male and female wage earners by occupations as disclosed by the Census of 1901. As the similar compilation based on the 1911 Census is not yet avail- able no light is thrown from this source on conditiens in recent years. The census of manufacturers for 1900 set down the total number of employees at 339,173. and. their^totaL .wages _at-$113^49,350.. Tier.similar census ioi.1910 gave the number of employees at 515,203 and their wages as $241,008,467. This represents a growth in average earnings from $333 to $420 during the decade or 40 per cent. The annual reports of the Comptroller of Railway Statistics give since 1907 the " average daily compensation " of employees, the figures to date being as follows :— Eii'ployees. General officers Othfr officers Generitl office clerks Station agents Other stationmen . . : . .... Enginemen Firemen Conductors, .s Other trainmen .... . . ...... Machinists Carpenters . . Other shopmen Section foremen Other trackmen Telegraph operators EuipIoyee.s-fluating equipment All other employees Average Index number (1907=100). 1907. % cts. 11 74 4 11 1 70 1 91. 1 56 .3 89 2 42 3 20 1 92 2 41 2 99 2 83 100 1!»9. $ cts. 11 59 4 63 1 81 2 04 1 71 4 53 250 3 30 2 06 2 68 2 19 2 16 2 25 1 57 2 07 1 10 1 87 2 94 103-8 1909 $ cts. 11 73 4 59 1 Sl- 2 09 1 65 4 13 2 62 3 31 2 13 2 39 2 23 •2 33 2 15 ,1 59 2 09 1 26 1 95 ,2 97 104 6 1910. S cts. 10 72- 4 73 94 16 65 12 53 30 12 98 1 2 1 4 2 3 2 2 2 52 2 19 2 18 1 58 2 20 2 19 1 95 3 00 105-9 1911. $ cts. 11 72 4 84 1 98 2 28 1 73 4 40 2 78 3 62 2 44 3 14 2 44 2 22 2 32 1 66 2 28 1 11 . 187 3 10 109-5 1912. $ CCS. 12 17 4 92 1-99 2 39 1 77 4 64 2 84 3 69 2 f4 3 34 2 58 2 33 2 38 1 77 2 28 1 22 1 H 3 23 114 1913. 8 eta. 12 96 5 00 2 OS 260 1 90 48& 3 02 3 85 2 66 3 51 2 76 2 42 2 50 1 83 2 51 1 2(i 182 3 ?& 1190 The best that is possible by way of illustrating the course of real wages, is to chart, the lines of prices, rentals and rates of wages in juxtaposition, as in the accompanying diagram where the heavy line shows the course of wages, the light line that of retail prices and the dotted line that of rentals. As they stand, the wages of the classes covered in the present review — ^which it should again be pointed out are rather pre- ponderatingly composed of skilled or abnormally affected classes — have gone up some- what faster than retail prices of food and fuel, but not so fast as rentals of dwellings, j'he line of " real " wages would be on this showing practically horizontal ;" if unem- 1 Average earnings are, of course, of limited interest from the standpoint of the individual. As Sidgewick remarks (Principles Bk., H, Chap. IX) : "In examining how the remuneration of labour taken In the aggregate tends to be determined, we have been inevitably let to take note of the differences which normally subsist, even where competition. is. legally quite- open, between the wages of different branches of industry. As has already been observed, it is this latter question which is most interesting to any particular labourer: the variations in an average found by dividing the aggregate of workers' remuneration among the aggregate of workers do not practically concern him, except so far as he may infer from them the variations in the wages that he may himself expect. It might be added that even the average rate of earnings in liis own industry only concerns him indirectly, unless he is conscious of being an average worker. There is hardly any branch of industry in which a labourer stronger, more industrious, more skilful, or more careful than his fellows is not likely in one way or another to obtain more tiian the average rate of remuneration. 2 Regarding rent as constituting twenty per cent of the family budget, the index numbers for rent and prices combined would be: 1900, 100; 1905, 110.0; 1909, 125.0; 1910, 129.9; 1911' 133.8 ; 1912, 140-9 ; 1913, 142.9 ; which are almost identical iwitji those of nominal wagfs. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 519 WAGES, RETAIL PRICES AND RENTS, 'JANADA, 1900-1913, /62 /60 520 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO ployment were reckoned in, however, there would be a sagging tendency in 1908 and a drop, just how pronounced it is impossible to say, in 1913-14. In certain instances, labour has clearly maintained its place in the prevailing rise; in others, including low- grade factory help, this is by no means certain.^ WAGES AND COST OF PEODUCTION— WAGES AND PEICES. 9 Associated with the question of real wages, or wages from the standpoint of labour, is the question of wages from the standpoint of capital as aiiecting cost of production, and from the standpoint of the general consumer as affecting prices through cost of production. As already remarked, the assertion is frequent that the rise in prices is largely to be accounted for by the rise in wages. The manner in which wages aSect prices is usually explained as follows: Labour, having by organization increased its strength, compels, by means of a strike or a threatened strike, an advance in wages. This enables the workingman to advance his standard of living and thus increase the general demand for goods. At the same time, the employer who conceded the demand recoups himself by a rise in the price of his product. If this has occurred on a general scale, labour as a consumer feels the eiTect on cost of living and the rise becomes the basis for a further demand for increased wages, and so on, wages and prices pursuing each other in an ascending spiral. In examining this it will be of interest to present, first, the facts with regard to the growth of trades unionism in recent years and the prevalence of strikes in Canada : Labour Organizations and Strikes. — The growth in trade unionism in Canada has been made the subject of statistical measurement only since 1911 when the first annual report of the Department of Labour on the question'was issued. The record is as fol- lows : — Year. Number of Unions. Total members. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1,711 1,883 2,017 133,1.32 160,120 175,799 The earlier progress of the movement, however, may be illustrated by the record of the Trades and Labour Congress. Organized labour in Canada is for the most part afiiliated with the similar movement in the United States, the " International " unions in Canada numbering 1,Y93 with a membership of 149,577, of a total of 2,017 with a membersship of 175,799. The " Trades and Labour Congress " is the chief central international labour body in Canada, and though its growth reflects an increase in its representative character within the international movement itself as well as the gen- eral progress, the following statistics since 1900 are noteworthy: — 1 The subject of real wages is further dealt with below (pp. 520-52fi) and under the heading " Tendencies in Wages and Hours in Other Countries (pp. &27-544). Real wages would appear to have remained about the same in Australia, but to have d&lined in England. COST OF LtTING IN CANADA PROGRESS OF THE TRADES AND LABOUR CONGRESS, 1901-1913. 521 Year. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1004. 1905. 1906 1907. 1908. 1909 1910 1911. I9l2. 1813. Meiiibersiilp. 8,381 13,465 16,108 22,01t) 22,004 27,676 32,395 40,728 36,071 51,000 57,259 66,128 80.801 tleceipts. $ cts. 1,009 88 2,342 41 3,858 34 3,747 96 4,700 29 5,7 17 40 7,474 79 8,904 44 7,899 17 9,482 34 12,454 33 16,699 79 19,871 49 Expenditures. $ cts. 908 00 1,795 57 3,363 38 3,346 29 4,001 36 3,970 08 6,570 26 7,442 09 6.667 74 7,103 56 9,139 64 10,219 82 10,475 44 The Aiherican Federation of Labour wMch is the supreme federal head of the internatibnal movement on the continent has shown the following growth: — PROGRESS OP THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOUR. Year. Membership. Year. Membership. Year. Membership. 1901 , 1902 , 787,537 1,024,399 1,365,800 1,676,200 1,494,300 1906 1907 ... 1908 1909 1,454,200 1,538,970 1,586,885 1,482,872 1910 1911 1,562,112 1,761,835 1,841,268 1,996,004 1903 1904 1912 1913 1995 The record of strikes and lock-outs follows : Year. Disputes, Number. Number Establishments conqerned. Number Employees Affected. Approximate time Losses in workinpf days. 1901 104 121 146 99 89 141 149 68 69 84 99 150 113 273 420 927 575 437 1,015 825 175 397 1,335 475 989 1,015 28,086 12,264 50,041 16,482 16,223 26,050 36,224 25,293 17,332 21,280 30,094 40,511 39,536 632,311 1902 120,940 1903 1904 ., , l,22i;,500 265,004 1905 217,244 1906 1907 19'8....' 3.9,797 621,962 708,28.'i 1909 871,845 - i910 1911 1912 718,635 2,046,650 1,099,208 1913 ;■.; ;;.':;.;; 1,287,678 Total 1,43S 8,858 359,416 10,176,059 It will be seen that direct relationship between the strength of unionism, the pre- valence of strikes and the general movement of wages is difficult to establish. 522 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Wages and Cost of Production. — The only comprehensive data for Canada on the relation of wages to cost of production are those of the 'Census of Manufactures showing capital invested in manufacturing plants, number of employees, their total wages, the value of raw and partly manufactured materials entering into production and the value of the finished product : Year. Cap'tal (value of plants). Number of employees. Wages. Value of raw and partly manu- factured articles. Value of Products. 1900 1905 1910 446,916,487 846,.'i85,023 1,247,583,009 339,173 392,530 515,203 113,240,350 105,100,011 241,008,418 266,527,858 001,509', ois" 481,053,375 718,.352.603 1,165,975,739 According to the above, average earnings in manufacturing establishments advanced from $333 in 1900 to $420 in 1905 and to $467 in 1910, a rise in the decade of forty per cent. Proportionately, however, to the value of the finished product, the wages bill has been decreasing. In 1900 it was 23-5 per cent; in 1905, 22-9 per cent; and in 1910 only 20-6 per cent. The similar ratio of raw materials to finished product also has declined, from 55-4 per cent in 1900 to 51-6 per cent in 1910. It would appear that, notwithstanding the higher wages paid to the average workman and the higher costs of raw material, the relative " spread " between total costs of production (wages and raw materials) and the value of the finished pr.oduct has been increasing. In 1900 the "spread" was 21-1 per cent of the product; in 1910 it was 27-4 per cent. Confirmation of this is obtained by working out the relation of these margins to actual capital. In 1900 the margin was 22-8 per cent; this had grown to 25-9 per cent in 1910. These figures, of course, do not include such cQsts as rent of land, insurance, etc. From the wages statistics of the present review it is impossible to trace the con- nection of the rise in wages and the rise in prices. Thus the wages of farm labour have gone up fifty per cent since 1900 but the pjices of products of the farm are up considerably more. Lumbermen's wages have advnaced about 30 per cent while the price of lumber has gone up 56 per cent. On thp other hand, furniture factory employees have secured raises amounting to 48 per cent while the price of furniture has advanced only about half that much. The entire rise in wages in the manufac- turing industry, 40 per cent, compared with a rise of ;about 30 per cent in the prices of manufactured products. The insufficiency of such statements, however, is shown by the fact that in many cases the same labour produces commodities whose prices have fluctuated in an entirely different manner. Thus the recent great rise in meats has taken place concurrently with a drop in grains though both are the product of farm labour. Flour has advanced very moderately cpmpared with bran and shorts, though both are made in the same establishment. The comparatively low rise of fur- niture prices possibly reflects improvement in manufacturing processes. The connec- tion between labour organization and advancing wages does not account for the rise in domestic service and farm labour, the least organized and the least class-conscious groups of the list. .But the deductive refutation of the suggestion that wages are the cause of prices is perhaps more Idling: First, it has been pointed out that the same argument can be made by starting at almost any point on the circle. This has been illustrated^ by the example of a monopoly raising prices: " Under the protection of a tariff a number of the trusts are formed which raise the price of their products above the level in the open market ; the rise of prices raises the cost of living, produces unrest among the working flasscs, and eventually a rise of 1 Layton, " Introduction to the Study of Prices," p. 129. COST OF LIYIXa IX CAXADA 523 wages; the increase in the wages-bill cuts into anticipated profits of the trusts, which on the score of increased costs of production attempt 'to raise prices still further, and probably demand n higher tariff. If this is secured the whole process begins again, and, just as when the rise started in wages, seems to inVohe an indefinite upward move- ment of prices." In general, it is the experience that wages follow rather than load prices upward in times of buoyancy and expansion, and similarly that they tend to remain up in times of trade depression when prices are falling. The low curve of prices in 1896-7 was not paralleled by wages, and from observation of the general industrial situation in the opening years of the present century it would -appear that the trade boom was well under way before labour was able materially to better its position. It is possible to trace in the Labour Gazette a gradual change fromithe plea of "good times" to one of " cost of living " as the basi| of demands for higher wages, though the two were intermingled from the outset by the fact that the lead in the price rise was taken by the common foods. Thus, as pointed out above, the great rise of 1903 was a rise essen- tially among unorganized small groups, while the other great rise, that of 1907, was exactly the reverse. It is an assertion frequently made, in fact, that the large profits of good times depend on the assumption that wages move more slowly than prices and thus enable a profit to be reaped in the early stages and that it is the higher prices that enable the advance in wages to be granted.^ i"That wages go up more slowly than prices is one of the best attested facts in economic history. It is mainly due to the force of custom. ... Of the" (act tliere can be no question ; when prices rise, the wages of hired workers do not rise as fas^. . . . It is familiar experience that those business men gain most in periods of rising prices whose operations involve in largest degree the payment of wages, . . . The manufacturer who buys fen- materials and whose expenses are chiefly in the direct purchase of labour, profits most of all" — (Taussig, "Principles of Economics," Vol. 1, p. 304). " Wages rise less rapidly than prices of commodities. From tliis cause rising prices favour employers' profits. As employers, more generally than wage-earners, are accumulators, the growth of capital is thus favoured. The growth of capital jn its turn favours extended trade, increases the dcnu.nd for labour, and raises wages within profitable limits." (Prideaux Selby, Letter to Gold and Silver Commission, Third Report, p. 438). See also Toolce, "History of Prices," HI, p. 52; Layton, "Introduction to the Study of Prices," pp. 10-12; etc. Price, however, ( " iloney and its Relation to Prices," i Chap, ii) points out one source of advantage to the labourer in rising prices : " It may be plausibly contended that in the case of a rise, although his wages may not respond at once to changes in prices, and for the time he may lose, yet the general air of prosperity, which accompanied the rise, and the encouragement, which it affords tg the employer, are not unlikely to enable the workman to insist more easily on better terms, and to make the employer more ready to ijespond to a demand for an advance in wages; and that with more rapidity than in the opposite 'case of a fall ot prices the readjust- ment will be effected. In short, the accompanying friction and irritation are likely, it may be argued, to be less protracted and extensive in the case of a j-ise than in that of h fall of prices." But see Cairnes, " Essays," p. 6 and pp. 147-9. Professor Mitchell may be quoted ("Business Cycles," p. 4G5-0) as an observer writing '.ith the present situation immediately in view ; " Both the American and the British statistics confirm the prevailing opinion that in times of business revival the prices of labour rise less than the prices of commodities at wholesale Less wefl known is the tact that the advance often begins sooner in the labour than in the commodity markets. Yet both in the United States and in Great Britain wages began to rise after the depression of the middle 'nineties before wholesale prices had touchtd their lowest point...... The crisis of l9ii3-04 was not sufficiently severe in America to cause a reduction of wages In Eng'.and the crisis of 1900 was followed by wage-reductions, and in the later revival wholesale prices advanced not only farther but also earlier than the prices of labour. " The reason why wages rise less than wholesale prices is found principally in the unlike organization of the labour and commodity markets. Where trade unions are non-existent or weak the individual labourers have neither the prompt knoMedge of changes in business con- ditions necessary to determine what employers can afford to pay for labour, nor the power to enforce S;uch demands as are not readily conceded But many unions seek to malte wage- contracts running for a considerable time and binding the men not to ask for fresh advances until the contracts have expired. Most important of all, tlte individual working-man, the trade union and the employer are much more under the dominioni of the idea of a just price than are the business men dealing in commodities. This survival from the relatively stable economic life of the middle ages has almost ceased to influence the prices men offer or accept for cotton, wheat, or iron ; — such commodities ' are worth what they will bring.' But there still persists in the minds of all the parties in the labour market certain notions of what is a proper wage for a day's labour. When the employer offers much less than the customary price, he arouses stub- born resistance which is reinforced by the whole community's common sense that the work is 524 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO It is. probably true that labour in many countries is, as a result of the rapid increase in wealth gradually obtaining a larger share of products not only absolutely but relatively.^ Capital regards this tendency on the whole not so much as the sign of high cost of production as a sign of increased productive power.* In a rapidly expanding country like Canada, at a time when the demand for labour is veiy great, the accentuation of this process is to be expected, especially while the existence of free land enables the employee to force a minimum wage equal to what he can produce from the soil. worth more, or that a man cannot support his family decently on such a sum. On the other hand, when working-men ask much more than the customliry prices, their pretensions strike others as absurd. Of course, such feelings impede the free jvorking of supply and demand in the labour market — or rather constitute an Important feature of both supply-price and demand- price — and tend to keep wages more stable than are prices in markets where pecuniary motives have unrestricted sway It must also be said that the jecoi-.oinic pressure which drives tlie great mass of wage-earners to sustain their arduous struggles for higher wages relaxes just at MONEY WAGES, REAL WAGES, RETAIL PRICES, AND UNEMPLOYMENT (G. H. Wood ) 1850 the time when rapid increases might be wrung from employers. The relatively moderate rate at which retail prices rise in the earlier stages of revival prevents the cost of living from going up fast. On the other hand, the economic position of working-raen is being improved by the greater regularity of employment and the abolition of " short. time." Even without any increase in their rates of pay the wage-earning class is better off. They hesitate to demand an increase of their customary wages until the feeling of this relative prosperity is dulled by familiarity, until the cost of living has advanced seriously, and until personal savings or trade-union accum- ulations hajre put them in position to flght with vigour." 1 " The broaxl tendency or progress in the modern world inclines to an alteration in the distribution of wealth in favour of the workmen, and to an advance of wages." (L. Price, "Money in Relation to Prices," Chap. VI.) Sir Robert Giffen in 18S3 estimated the progress of the working-class as fifty per cent in the preceding fifty yeai-s . ("Essays in Finance," Second .Series, p. 365.) Giften's investigations have been superseded by Mr. Rowley's in 1904 and Mr. G. H. Wood's in 1909 . Mr. Wood's.chart (Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, March, 1909) Is reproduced on the following page. ' NOTE ON THE THEORY OF WAGES. The bearing of particular phases of the wages and hours problem is more easily grasped with the general theory of wages and its development in view Before Adam Smith the subject of wages was hardly touched : as a rule wages were held to depend on the price of food. Adam Smith, ftoticing that with the division of labour the relations of productive effort and its reward 'ihad become Indirect and prolonged in time, laid it down that wages are paid out of capital a^d tend to a minimum. Malthus COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 525 added littl« to this doctrine, but by fastening attention on the standard or living as de- termined by population, emphasized the dependence of wages on capital. After passing through the hands of Rlcardo and James Mill, the so-called " wage fund " theory became for fifty years the accepted doctrine of economists, receiving its final and orthodox form from John Stuart Mill. Wages according to Mill were amatter of the division among the existing number of labourers of a certain fund whose magnitude is fixed. In other words, they depended on the ratio between population and capital. The most extreme statement of this theory is, perhaps, that of Lasalle that "by an iron and Inexorable law under the domination of supply and demand, the average wages of labour remain always reduced to the bare subsistence which according to the 'standard of living of a nation is necessary for maintenance and reproduction." To the prevalence of this doctrine may be attributed the unpopularity of political economy with the worlting classes ot 1820-70. For, as was pointed out (Die. Polit. Econ, art. Wages), "if the teaching of political economy on the subject of wages were true, any attempt that the working class might make to gain better terms was foredoomed to failure, or if successful would but benefit one parti- cular section at the expense of the rest." In point of fekct, however, the final promulga- tion of the theory by Mill was the precursor of its overthrow. The rigidity of the wages fund was almost immediately assailed by Longe and Thornton, to whom Mill himself surrendered, and later by Sidgewick and Walker, who denied that wages bear any rela- tionship to capital, but are paid out of current production. Walker added the theory that of the four main destinations for the products of industry — namely, rent, profits, Interest and wages — the first three are fixed by economic constqerations independent of produc- tion, while labour Is " the residual claimant to the products of industry." At the present time It may be said that the untenableness of the wage-fund theory is admitted, but that no equally clear-cut doctrine bas taken its place. The relation of popula- tion to capital is regarded as only one factor in the fixing of wages. Walker's " residuum " theory has been challenged, and instead wages are held C > S 33 C (3 p« d :=-^ « g fe H ■31 90 ■•SI 96 ■CO 94 ■56 94 •18 94 •75 94 •18 94 ■19 94 ■61 98 ■00 100 ■29 100 ■ ■29 100' ■93 100 ■ ■93 100 ■ ■05 102 ■ 83 106 ■ ■00 108 ■t,8 108- ■32 107- 03 107 ■ ■26 107- ■24 110 • •89 •00 •97 •97 ■97 97 ■97 ■97 ■22 00 ■00 ■00 ■00 ■00 ■67 ■22 89 ■89 ■11 ■11 11 ■67 ^ J S to 93.22 93 22 92 66 92 66 92 06 9J66 93 79 95 48 96 61 100 00 101 13 101 13 10113 101 13 101 41 101 139 101-69 102 26 102 26 102 82 103 11 105 08 Unweighted Mean of PrecRding Groups of Trades. Including Agriculture. 91 54 90 06 00 13 89 49 89-11 89-92 90 80 93 20 96 .37 100 00 99 07 97^78 97 20 96 67 97 03 98-42 10177 101 23 99^98 100 ■32 100-46 102-98 Excluding Agriculture . 89 88 88 89 90 92 95 100 98 96 96 95 95 97 101 100 99 99 99 102 -13 -27 -SO 69 •23 •24 05 •64 06 00 56 •96 ■21 •56 •94 60 •79 ■97 41 70 ■83 ■46 * Base year. 628 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO A summary of tlie Department's record of changes in wages and hours of labour follows : — CHANGES IN WAGES CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIES.* (Compiled from the Annual Reports of the Board of Trade on Changes In Wages and Hours of Labour.) Number of changes. Number of separate individuals affected. Amount of change in weekly wages. Year. By Increase. Decrease. Total. . Increase. Decrease. Net Increase ( + ) or Decrease!—) 1900 1,413 966 ■ 470 443 412 383 794 825 686 435 521 1,138 1,963 1,109,284 429,715 91,812 21.327 16,054 319,304 1,097,984 1,243,534 119,327 18,371 391,183 007,207 1,804,844 23,010 4^9,318 789,891 874,721 784,604 249,586 5,140 2,930 464,216 1,131,505 137,469 399,362 46 1,132,386 928,926 887,206. 896,598 800,658 688,889 1,115,160 1,246,464 963,333 1,154,796 548,938 916, 366 1,816,640 £ 211,412 40,790 5,326 1,542 1,202 16,333 58,409 201, lf)2 7,260 986 16,413 46,247 139,210 £ 2,822 117,377 77,921 39, 869 40,432 18,502 512 240 66,431 69,908 1,879 11,669 6 £ + 208,590 1901 - 76,587 1902 1903 - 72,595 - 38,327 1904 1905 1906 1907 - 39,230 - 2,169 + 57,897 + 200,912 1908 : 1909 - 59,171 - 68,322 1610 + 14,534 1911 1912 + 34,578 + 139,204 * These statistics are necessarily incomplete. Thev do not include changes in the rates of agricultural labouiers, seamen and railway servants, while many changes in other trades, especially those which are unorganized, escape notice. Changes affecting less than five persons have been omitted. The special inquiry made by the Department in 1912 into the cost of living and wages in leading cities of the United Kingdom in continuation of a similar inquiry in 1905, contains the following analysis of wages increases between 1905 and 1912 : — RATE OF WAGES : MEAN PERCENTAGE INCREASE BETWEEN OCTOBER, 1905, AND OCTOBER, 1912, BY GEOGRAPHICAL, GROUPS, Number of Towns included. ]$Iean percentage increase. Geographical Group. Building. Engineering. Printing. Skilled Men. Labou- rers. Skilled Men, Labo]u- rers. Composi- tors. 1 9 10 17 14 7 10 4 10 6 1 1 20 2 6 2 2 0-3 9 0-8 30 0.5 Nil. f-7 21 2-6 3 6 11 •1-6 *-8 -11 •5-3 3 50 51* 4'8* 5-9» 9 50* 13* -t Nil. Northern Counties and Cleveland Yorkshire (exceptCleveland) : Lancashire and Cheshire Midlands Eastern and Bast Midland Counties Southern Counties 23 re* 2-9' 4-8 4-5* 3-9* Wales & Monmouth .'. Scotland Ireland . . . . ; 10-5' 6-9 3-2' * The number of towns used in calculating this percentage is less than the total number included in the geographical group. t The number of towns for which comparable information is available for October, 1905, and October, 1912, is insufficient to justify the calculation of a mean percentage lor the group. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 529 On the tendency in wages in the United Kingdom between 1905 and 1912 as shown by the inquiry the report gtates : " Although in many cases rates of wages were at the same level at the dates of the two inquiries, and in a few instances in the building trajies were slightly lower in 1912 than in 1905, on the whole there was a distinct upward movement between the two dates in each of the five groups (skilled men and labourers in the building and engineering trades and skilled men in the printing trade). The rise -was least marked in the build- ing trades, in which only 26 of the 88 towns showed increases exceeding two per cent for skilled men, and 45 out of the 88 towns showed no change or a slight decrease for labourers. The group with the greatest rise in wages is that of skilled men in the engineering trade, 54 out of the 5Y tovsms for which information is available having had increases of from 2 to 10 per cent; rather less advance was shown in the rates for engineering labourers. For compositors in the printing trade 24 towns showed no change in wages; the remaining 54 towns for which* particulars are available had advances ranging from 3 to 15 per cent. The n^ean percentage increases in rates of wages in all the towns are: building trade — skilled men'j 1-9, labourers, 2-6; engineer- ing trade— skilled men, 5-5, labourers, 3-9; printing trade — compositors, 4-1." A valuable article on the course of real wages in London since the beginning of the century by Mrs. Frances Wood was published in the Journal of the Eoyal Statis- tical Society for December, 1913. The retail food and -{vages statistics were obtained by private investigation, the former including the principal articles of food and rentals and the latter representing the nine trades which it is estimated include about one-half of the manual workers of London. The conclusions of this very thorough inquiry may be seen from the following table of index numbers :^- (Average 1900-1912 equals 100.) Yoar. Retail food prices. (London) Cost of living. (London) Wages. • (London) " Real " Wages. (Londpn) Consumption pet head. (United Kingdom 1900 1901 1902 1903 1804 1905 1900 1907 1908 1909. ... 1910 1911. . , 1912 100 09 100 100 102 103 102 102 104 105 IOC 1IJ6 108 9 9 9 1 5 2 5 5 1 8 5 100-0 100; 3 101 101-2 101 -.« 102-6 102 3 102-1 104-1 104-8 105-2 105-8 107 100 100-4 98-8 97-6 95-0 94 9 96-5 96-3 91-2 91-3 95-1 99-8 100.9 100-0 100 97-9 96-4 93-3 92 5 94-4 94 4 87-6 87-2 90-4 94-4 94 4 100 99 98 96 98 97 98 98 96 98 96 97 98 7 9 5 8 5 3 3 2 6 8 • Including changes in the amount of employment. The writer adds: "According to the present investigation between JSOO and 1912 retail prices in London increased by about 8 per cent. The Board of Trade, on the other hand, esti- mate the increase at about 15 per cent "During this period wages have not kept pace vsfith the prices, even when the increase which took place in 1912 is included. While the cost of living increased by 7 per cent, wages, when changes in the amount of emploj'ment are taken into considera- tion, only increased by about one per cenj;. In other words, taking the period as a whole, ' real wages ' in London show a marked decrease. Between 1900 and 1909 they dropped by about 13 per cent, and betweenvl909 and 191? rose by about 8 per cent, with the net result that for the whole period they actually dropped by about 6 per cent 6—34 530 BOARD OF INQUIRY fNTO " The purpose of this inquiry was to discover to what extent the prosperity of the working classes in London had changed during recent -years. The results obtained show that there has been a substantial increase in the Cost of living which has not been accompanied by a correspondingly large increase in'wages. If the Board's figures for the change in retail prices are taken in preference to those obtained during the present investigation, the discrepancy between increase in the cost of living and the increase in wages is still more marked." Commenting on this tendency, Mr. J. A, Hobson ("Gold, Prices and "Wages," p. 122) says: " The rise of prices has been the signal for the stoppage of the rise of real wages which had been taking place, with a few slight breaks, during the previous generation. During the op~ening decade of this century a positive decline of real wages has taken place in Great Britain. In various degrees the same is true of the real wages of the working classes in the United States and Canada, in France, Germany and Italy. In WAGES AND COST OF LIVING, LONDON, 1900-1912. 5 5)^OjCjO^CiO^O^O)-0^0^(J) some eases the loss of real wages has been considerable, in others trifling, but this cen- tury has seen a weakening of the economic standard of life throughout the developed sections of the industrial world. .. .There has been 'a. considerable enlargement of the national dividend, but labour has been getting a relatively smaller share. If anyone is disposed to cavil at the adequacy of this cumulative evidence that capital is getting a relatively larger, labour a relatively smaller, share, there remains the clinching testi- mony of the rise of interest The hire price of capital has risen at least equiva-l lently to the rise in prices ; the hire price of labout has either fallen or not risen at' all Trade unionism, the newly- won representation of labour by workingmen in Parliament seems to avail nothing against this insidious attack upon their stan- dard wages by the rise in prices." Mr. Hobson accounts for the more favourable wages situation in new countries by the inflow of foreign capital, capital being greater in mobility than labour: "If 008T OF LIVING IN CAJfADA 531 reliable statistics for South ' America were available, we should almost certainly dis- cover that a' rise of real wages for a rapidly increasing number of workmen has been taking place." THE UNITED STATES. Yearly statistics of wages are collected by the Uniied States Bureau of Labour Statistics, and by several of the States, notably Massachusetts, New Jersey and Kansas. 1890-1907. — The Federal Bureau conducted in 1901 an extensive investigation into wages, the resTilts of which were presented in the Nineteenth Annual Eeport of the Commissioner of Labour, 1904. The investigation went back to 1890 and was designed to show the trend of wages and hours of labour in the distinctive occupations in the leading industries throughout the country. It was foun3 necessary to omit transporta- tion, mining and agriculture, but the ms^nuf acturing and mechanical industries were well represented, 3,475 establishments being visited and 519 occupations covered. The statistics were brought up to date from year to year thereafter until 1907, when they vera discontinued. The final report of the series (Bulletin of the Bureau of Labour, ^0. 77, July, 1908), contained the following table of in^ex numbers: — rlELATrVE EMPLOYEES, HOURS PER WEEK, WAGES PIJr HOUR, PUL.L TIME WEEKLY MARNINGS PER EMPLOYEE, RETAIL PRICES OF POOD, AND PURCHASING POWER OP HOURLY WAGES AND OF FULL TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS PER EMPLOYEE, MEASURED BY RETAIL PRICES OP FOOD, 1890-1907. (Relative -numbers computed on basis of average for 1900 = 100.) Purchasing Power Retail prices measured by retail prices ^ Full-time ,of ftiod of food, of Hours per Wages per Weeklv weighted Year. Employees. week. hour. earnmg per aceorJing to ■Pnll-timA employee. family consumption Hourly wages., 93-8 ' weekly earnings per employee.' , .890 ■ 820 102 951 97-1 101-3 95-7 .891 84 2 101 8 951 96 9 102 7 92-5 94 3 ,81)2 85 8 101 8 95-6 97-3 100-8 94-7 . 96-5 .893 86 101 fi 95-7 97-3 103 3 92-5 94-1 18 94-4 95-3 95 2 99-1 100 1808 92 n 101 95 95 9 97-0 97-2 98-3 1399' 97 100 5 96-7 97-3 98-4 98-2 98-8 1900 100 100 100 100 100-0 100-0 100 1901 103 99 4 102-4 101-8 104 98-4 97-8 190i 106 9 98 6 106 4 104-9 109-7 96-9 95-6 1803. . . 109 4 97 9 110-3 107 9 109 -1 90-1 98-8 1904.... 108 7 97 1 110 9 107-8 110-5 100 3 97-5 1905 .. ll.^i e, 97 1 112-7 100 6 111-2 101.4 «8-5 1906 123 6 96 6 117 -r 113-9 114 4 102-8 99-4 1907 125 96-2 122-1 117-6 119-3 102-3 98-6 The report adds : "Referring to the foregoing table it is seen, that the lowest point '"ed was in 1894 From 1894 the movement was upward for two years; 2fi96— 34J ^ i ;, 1 ,;. i , 532 BOARD OF INQVIR7 INTO in 1897 there was a slight decline. From 1897 there was an a'>ni- mum in 1907." In W. S. Mitchell's "Business Cycles" a table based on the Bureau of Labour Statistics is given in which the tendencies in selected manufacturing industries are •shown. Commenting on this, he says : " On examining the figures for separate indus- i;ries, one finds that there is less variety of fluctuation than in commodity markets But still considerable differences appear between, say, cotton mills and foundries, oi rbuilding trades and shoe factories. However, no industry escaped a reduction of wages .after 1893, and none failed to register a large advance between 1894 and 1907." Pl-ofessor Mitchell has also analysed the BureauV returns according to sexes. '" Female wage-earners are shown to have received, a greater relative increase of pay than any group of men represented by the table. This result may be due to the fact that nearly a quarter of the women represented by the data were employed in the cotton industry, where advance of wages has been specially rapid; or the hapid advance of wages in the cotton industry may be due to the fact that higher rates have been demanded by women and girls. Among men, the highest priced workers have secured the most rapid increases in pay, and the lowest priced the least rapid. Perhaps these differences are connected with differences in the scope and efficiency of trade union organization amonfe wage-earners on the higher and lower planes." A final comparison by Professor Mitchell of tendencies in England and the United States may be quoted : " When the English and American index numbers of wages are compared, they are found to reflect the differences in the course of business cycles In the depression of 1901-04 the English wage-earners lost much of the gains they had scored in the prosperous years 1896-1900. American wages, on the contrary, received no set-back in the short-lived -depression of 1903-1904. It is for this reason that in 1907 the American table shows much heavier gains than the English table over the level of 1890. But when only the ^rst decade is examined, the com- parison comes out the other way. Depression was more severe on this side of the Atlantic, and the relative prices of labour in 1900 were materially lower here than in England." ' ' ■ i 1907-1912. — For some time after 1907 no wages statistics were compiled by the Washington Bureau. In 1913, however, a bulletin .was issued, showing the union scale of wages and hours of labour, 1907-1912, for more than forty trades in thirty-nine impottant industrial centres throughout the United States, including one-fifth of the total number of people. in the country. JSTo general index number for the seversf years, 1907 to 1912, was given, but the following table shows the per cent of cliange in hours' of labour and rates of wages in 1912 compared with 1907 : — COST OF LiriNG JW CANADA 533- >- ,4 -a © C '^ be a e 11) !»>_§ J •Sh ' ■3 w U _ n &• 0^ 1-0113 m 2 ''9 - -^ -P o C IB 53 d S 0) ^ tt >>bo S » S fl ca ^ o ^tl &c g e.S § t. a ' l|| M H a. 1 £ =S ^i 2 2-^:S E o ao =* » e8 C5 d CI O g g S ° S SO P O bo t^ S ■? ^ , ^-3'"- ^ ^H^ R '''^ 1 8 a „ d n=J ^i.' Sat a .Si &H5 Ph u 00 o incot^cizoo-j-^ r^l W 1^ W M N ^ CI ^^ ee ^ 10 o a 3 ■SM 3 s a D S £ )^ u R wo as O i-3 §» ^ J) .ill ^|§ 3 ■ "2 .0 ^ Tl C - tS . O F^ 03 . ■ O 0' □ fC .5,gi:s ■ g,SiPQpR g"^ OT3-S s a; fr 5 1^ i5 2 0* 03 O J3 .s a &Ph a c CD 03 aa iPhCM-C fl3aiaiQ^Q,tefeooffl. S.-E.S 0) 03 c rt ftO. »Siip,p.gg>i^ fl & B"t? "S «> ™ 5 03 ■S§ol=ia££SS Oh o ^ .-^xi S Q H ^ *■ A .^ *> 3 O •- fc. ,■ PI" S:S ass 10 10iHt^iMlCi-(01-^t--^trOWt»Cir-ltH0D.-l iCeO'-HibcDr-ciiOih'-iio^iioooc-^cokbibr-^ ■■2 " w Cx: •03 a ..-*2 el's ,& of oT m £>||^ i§p:imM 03 . S -tS SiP^-SSl !s h ^ 0> 0) "•^•S S I .^ M ^ tf W ■^MPQDO pq a aS § 03 xtc " S S ai-S 01 03 MiP DOOM a s 03' 03 s & g* a s « o ^j n ^H hm ~-i _c -ij -m -u 43 gPyP^OiPLiajcOcCMCO I^S-i s p S I Q 01 t» !xi§S ^ - p ^_gg '•si 5 'g 534 BOARD OF INQUIRY MTO cS +-» > o ei XI o o a> X! a m o (D ^ 1 S' o ■■ t f* ^ o o ;=J •>=s . f^ ^ '■^ 6-. « -^ 4^3 3 !rt 4J W (1) t.^ n' J= cd L- s rt tS OJ l> a> -a •qoCpu-Bsiooq 'sdoqg ^ipnnoj •SJ9>[Bg ■sapBjq, J^uipxma; ■Snip^mq -j^O ■ara^iujnj ■ilJOM ||IJ\[ •aaqmn^ •spooic) tjtng; oiCic;050:C5000i— I'-'rHT— icqiTacqwcoc^ ieoco^T-iO(Mco^Jsoo(M:Dt^oii-(iot>-oo.— icolO iOr-iX-t-i— lOCOX.^DOOOCC^'MCOCOlMOsVoCN CC'co"" aiasOOClC105CiOlOiOOO—'^J^-i— '^•I'MCntNCOCO ,-, rH ^ ^ ^ r-l i-l rH -^ ,-H rH ^ .H f-H F-l COTtCSCTS050105000i— li— li— (i— Ir-KMCKMCqtM 0>CSCSOiCi0505030i(XOOOiH"- .-^t>-Oi— (Tt* c;a:cr^oo:0500ici030000o.-^w--ir-ir-<(N{NC^ t-t--^t-OS-^fflGC;DQDOOQOCOCCCS100:OCJi0^y3 •saoqg pu-B I CQt-MCCnOi-'CTt-OCOt-OlMTfr-.OOmaiCOCO'-HO •spooo Jins ■^c^-^o:(M5D^(Mooc>Oiocs;cy?i--"i-ioc'XOt--c:> ■spoo^ •spooj^ UOl^OQ COt-OOTct3iC'rHL-^rO-^0-^':pu:2rHt2(N«©C>CQtCir; rHiMrHi— (rHi-«r-(i— ir-'i-'i— 1-^1— i SJl!52^3!iGSS£r9505e>^Nco-*iritbfc-Q0050i-"-IO:0«O00C0r-(aD.-.{MOai':HIN'*ejDCD'*COCDr-(100 -9U01g pWB •SJa^t-Bg; 00— 't— ;D^QOTrc^c:;0-rraios:c'irsi>ri!^0'j'acoQO fOiC"*'C-)"*OOjC^t-T— 'OTOOrHCOtOG^OJ^ rtiojj ^ -^ ■sapBJX Suipiuvg H CD P3 o o >^ •Suipiinq auQ c^t-(M'30t^iO'^tDTj'ir-oc<)t>iTjHaiiCiO:ciOr-iOico»-H 1— I jO ^ t^ O CC "^/j - 'liMt—iO'— 'T-*c:i-iTPa3iOL--.tn;)rocoi>. ■^au^ioan^ ':iiaoMHij\[ r>c^i^c^(^(^c^r^ -n -.Ti 'T^ Oi rr-^ a^ .-r^ oi eriL Oi'rL^ en Oi OOOOOOOOOO^CntC :C}C.'GiC^0)O9S% Cii>.i>.inia-rf^r-H"i«ococ^so50i-Hr-(s:rHOOOT' •jsqinnrj ■spoof) (^rag; 000005C: asooooc; o r:>050505ai05JiCiC5Ci •B80t{g puts 9!}oog OCOOl>-t~l-t~iO-*COOCCiHt--t-100t-;0'*OOOCO •spooO ^I!S •SpOOf) — --roo 03 rH 0SQ0i:£5a0Trc-(MI>-iOlMCTiO00i-H CQ & (M-t~OiO»nNOfc^*-«-*'o rH • OrHrHCC'^C. «NOO^^t-— 1^ N o©o.-iocrjoooo_oco p / 05 oooooooooo^ooo o o oooooooooooooo o 1-H ri (MCOi— (-^f-KM,— (CD'^CCt^CO'-O-rt* NCOiOOOatnCftXt^QOcfTr cDCa osmoooojoiooaioiaocoocioa ai iH tH i-H ■^iQiCirHQooQoco.-HceQic:ieoco o o SSSSSSSSSfefeiSSS aa rH rH lU's t^rHTncOiOtMN-rHOOOiTfqOt^C t- CD b- i-lO^ CD s o-^s-g ^^ -a -. i ' ; : : ! o . 3J t ! s . . o « 9 8. • • s 1 1 -1 let •ill 11 ii«« a 1 illliiUlillli - . . 1— J l_H - ? 1— 4 -^ {>■ .l-H ^ > ;>> K. K^ rS k _, bo "3 •So ■a o a 0) I- a-s O n £| (3 O O bo ? a «.3 o •-1 0) a t"" 1^ fl C08T OF Lima IN CANADA 539 The comment of the report on the above table is as follows: — " It may be seen that the index numbers increase during the whole period under review except in 1896, when there was a fall. The wage index number increased from 100 in 1891 to 117-9 in 1911, and 123-9 in 1912. It viiW be observed that the increase from 1891 to 1911 was relatively greatest in Classes XIII. (Domestic, Hotels, etc.). rV. (Clothing, Hats, Boots, etc.), and III. (Food, Drink, Tobacco, etc.), and it is probably in the industries and occupations included in these groups that " sweating " was most prevalent. The relative increase is least in JUlass VIII. (Mining, Quarries, etc.), the index number for that group having increased only from 106-3 in 1891 to 112-0 in 1911 and 114-0 in 1912." In addition the Australian Bureau Jias computed statistics of effective wages, i.e., nominal rates of wages corrected so as to take account of (a) variations in the cost of living, and (6) loss of time through unemployment. The index numbers follow: — UNEMPLOYMENT. COST OF LIVING AND NOMTNAL AND EFFECTIVE WAGE INDEX NUMBERS, 1891 TO 1912. Year. 1891. Ws6. 1901 1906. 1907. .908. 1909. 1910 1911. 1912 Nominal wages, Index numl-ers. 100 96 2 100 102 10,T 106 108 112 117 123 Percentage Unemployed. 140 164 lO'O 101 87 .90 87 •85 70 84 Cobt of living Effective Index wages, Index numbers. numbers. 110 5 87-8 93 5 98 2 100 100 102 5 99 5 101 9 104 3 108 98 S 107 7 101 9 110 2 103 113 6 105 8. 12B 1 100 1 Based on Sydney prices only ; exclusive of house rent. The accompanying chart shows this eflFeotively. 1 i 5 s 1 § i 5 5 5 5 s? s? /06/ 006/ 668/ s 5 1 1' I'i ^ ^ ^ § ^ ^ //o J09 ! /on / I07_ M/fecfcl/e, Vfaj^p.'; - , I0& 1 105 ~ 1 1 D/njy /04-- — - — 1 1 103 1 /02 1 1 101 \l /CO 1 y3 A 98 A '// \ 97. I\ i/l \ S6 \ / \ f^i' 1 \ 95 \ / Y // / \ U '' __,^__— \ 93 .'v ■ / 9Z \ / ■ ; / 9/ \ / , . ,. / 90 / ' • .-'- / / 89 \ / -'"'■ /" S8 / ,— - ' / fi7 / ,,' • . / Sb / ,'' 65 / ,-' _ — ft?-~ / ^ '' ^^^^^ 83/ -^ \ ^ ^--^ Bit "~~~*-^--~^ '"' ^^^^ — ' 81.. 540 BOARD OF INQVIRT INTO PRESKNT WAGE LEVELS COlfPARED. Statistics of changes in wages offer no final evjdence as to actual wage rates in the several countries compared with each other, ©n this point, perhaps, the most comprehensive infornid,tion is to he gathered from the series of studies made by the United Kingdom Board of Trade between 1905 and 1909, to which reference has been made in preceding chapters.^ The investigations of the Board of Trade covered only the building, engineering and printing trades, selected as representative of the more highly organized and skilled classes of labour. The average rates shown for the several countries in the several reports follow : — 1 See page 528. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 541 05 W iz; H c « a? Ah S ■I p & •a be S t3 p Ph ■ S t-- t- C^ O t^C QD OiO sD Cf iC »0 I I I I I I oooo N ■* ■^ -^ Oi OS «D 00 00 OS "Tfi tT »0 •* ■* ■»*< ISO 43 ffrio Ph ^O iO O t-^ lO tH -* I I : I I iXi CD -CD CD ■^ to to »o ^6 *3 ■^ w kj C gs?^ss-]g tt^ -i -^ « t^ t- CD CO t-- b- ;:: CD 1 1 1 1 M CO 00 ■* Xi :d o I-" 1— 1 CO l-- ^- l-^ C£ -^-f 3SS O lO O 'O IC o KO a o rt "^ e"^ 03 ? f^ ■§§3g ^5 'S «; i* t. "O SJiS o Pj lO •*JI TP I I I ooo urj se ?D •*« CO CO I I CD en t—CD CO in ic "i^ -t^ CO I I I.I I I (M as C4 M O O O; in Oi 00 L- rH •^ ■* -^ ^ -f CO O -f ** j-i ft -t" b- (s_ b- t-- IC MM! IM -^HqO rHCO V CO CD CD "^ t- CO t- 1-- 1- -* I I I J, I I CD :D CD tP :- O 1-H t- •C I.-' to ;D ', ■ CO 0--D CO ?4 I I oo I I t-00 l^O II I I o oo o O O O CO ooo cr CD CD .— 1-1 rH I I I ooo ooo 3(M IMCN) H t-t r-i .-J OS t-- t-^ W O i-H i-i r-i IN N i-H I I I I I I O O O 'f QO O lo og (M ca GO o t^ CO 00 V in N o.cs 0-. X I I o OS CD CO CD I I I I t>-io »r. m ■ill OO oo GC w: iO I I.I I I b- L-- t-- CO Tji lli|illi|lp •a P *3 L- rJ- 03 S 2 ..J SB'S 2 a S22 S Sc.-S5.13s^ II ■go Rh -0.2 "1 -HI tjfe la bo a a . e CO tn I i H JO- SS ,'■ 3 fRP5 V o .3 S Sal a)^^c« > c S g s * si 542 BOARD OF ISQDIRT INTO The investigation of the Board of Trade was extepded also to hours. Expressing rates in the United Kingdom as 100, the following table of index numbers of comparative wages and hours has been c|)lleeted from the reports : — , United Kingdom. United States. France. Germany. Belgium. i o EC 1 § 1 P 1 o » ^ ^ 2 Building (9 classes) 100 100 100 100 100 100 243 213 217 80 106* 93 1 75 69 85 120- 114 113 77 90 83 no 112 103 59 66 69 128 114 Printing (stand compositors) 114 All 100 100 230 96* 81 117 83 111 63 12l' To these may be added the following statistics for Australia^ and New Zealand.". AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES IN THE CAPITAL, CITIES OF EACH STATE, AUSTRALIA, WEIGHTED, PAYABLE TO JOUftNETMEN OR ADtIl,T MALE WORKERS FOR A FULL WEEK'S WORK, 1913. I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV Industrial Groups. Wood Furniture, etc Kngineering, A Fetal Works, etc. Food, Drink, etc Clothing, Boots, etc ; Books, Printing, etc Othpr Manufacturiug Building. Mining, Quarries, etc Railway Services, etc Other Land Transport 'Shipping, etc 'Agricultural, etc Hotels, etc , Miscellaneous tAll Groups. No. of Rates included. 124 235 206 40 121 341 139 125 115 12 82 1,569 Weighted A' erage Weekly W.age (for full week's work) 58 56 54 51 65 55 62 60 55 47 42 52 U 1 6 6 3 10 10 11 3 10 * Insufficient data available for the satisfactory computation of an average, t Weighted Average, exclusive of Groups XI and XII. 1 Census Report No. 2, "Trade Unionism, Wages, ©tc' page 42. 2 Prom the official Year-Book of New Zealand, r913. C08T OF LIVING IN CANADA 543 UI^GE OF AVEEIAGE RATES OP WAGES IN THE PROVINCIAL DISTRICT OP AUCK- LAND, NEW ZEALAND, DURING THE TEAR, 1912 Desnription of Labour. igrioultural Labour- Farm labourers, with board, per week Harvesters, with board, per wepk Female farm servants, with board, per week. . . irtisan Labour, per day, without board — Masons PlastRrers Bricklayers Cabjnetnjakers Carpenters Boilermakers '. Blacksmiths , . . . Plumbers Painters Shoemakers Coopers Servants- Cooks, with board, per week General house .-iervants, with board, per week . Housemaids, with board, per week Miscellaneous— _ " General labourers, without board, per day*. . . Tailors, without board, per day Bakers, without board, per week ." ; Compositors, without board, per week Sawmill hands, without board, per week Provincial District of Auckland. 20 to 30 30 to 40 10 to 15 12 to 16 12 to 1.1 11 4 to 1.3 10 jO to 12 10 8 to 12 11 to 12 10 to 11 10 to 12 10 to 12 8 to 11 00 10 to 00 20 to 40 15 to 20 15 to 20 8 to 10 8 4 to 12 50 to 65 50 to 65 50 to 72 The figures for the United States are based on aveyages for twenty-eight cities^ east of the Mississippi. They are, it will be seen, slightly higher on the whole than Canadian rates. Apparently it would be safe to say that wages in these trades in Canada are double those paid in Great Britain, nearly but not quite treble those paid in i'rance and Germany and at least three and a half times those obtaining in Belgium. The Economic Commission of South, Africa" arrives at the following conclusions as to the comparative money wages of skilled artisans ill the several countries at the present time (Johannesburg wages equal 100) : — 1, Wage.!). , Hours. Real WaKes. South Africa . . 80 31 23 26 20 72 70 60 58 104 109 127 121 132 104 105 100 92-101 ■|ngland and Wales 63 43 Germany 46 Belgium 44 United , States Canada .... 101 100 Australia NewZtaland - 98 102 1 New York, Boston, Brockton, Pall River, Lawrence, tx/well. Providence, Baltimore, Newark, Paterson, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Louisville, Mimcie, Pittsburg, Chicago, Uuluth, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, St. Paul, St. Louis, Atlanta, Augusta, Birmingham, Memphis, New Orleans and Savannah. [. 2H0port, p. 23. 544 BOARD OF INQUIRY 'INTO Note. — The " Abstract of Foreign Labour Statistics " published by the Labour Department of the Board of Trade of the United Kingdom, contains typical wages statistics for the following countries : — Russia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Holland, Belgium, France, Italy, Austria-Hungary and Japan. An interesting study in comparative railway wages is contained in Bulletin No. 34 of the Bureau of Railway Economics, Washington, D.C., in which wages in the United States, the United Kingdom and the principal countries of Continental Europe are analysed. For an analysis of recent wages statfstics of the United States see Scott Nearing, " Wages in the United States," 1911. I.— AGRICULTURE;. Note. — For the purpose of the inquiry .agriculture is divided into two main branches, (I)^ grain, stock, dairy and mixed farming, and (II), fruit farming. Under the first heading the employees are dividedi into (1), experienced and (2), inexperienced; and the wages for each are set forth according as the terms of the engagement is (a), for the whole year; (b), from spring to fall; and (o), by thb day for short periods during the harvesting season. In the case of fruit farming, the wages of skilled orchardmen and pickers are given, the latter being divided into pickers of tree fruits and pickers of small fruits. Jn the case of general farm hands, the statistics are from two sources, (1), Experimental Farms and Agricultural Colleges, and (2), Correspondents to the Labour Gazette. The returns relating to fruit farming are from individual growers. Grain, Stock, Dairy and Mixed Panning. (a) Data from Experimental Farms and Agricultural Colleges. EXPERIENCED HELP WHEN ENGAGED BY JHE YEAR, WITH BOARD. Locality. Nova Scotia: Nappan Prince Edward Isle.: Charlottetown Quebec: La Trappe MacDonald College Ontario: Guelph Manitoba: Winnipeg Saskatchewan: Rosthern Indian Head Alberta: Lacomhe ........ Lethbridge Unit 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 S $ S $ $ $ 1$ S s $ $ S $ Year. . 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 325 325 \ Month 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 13 15 17 18 18 Day. , Year.. 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.10 1.10 r.2o 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.35 575 45 1.40 .575 45 1.40 625 45 Month 40 40 40 40 40 40 V 40 45 45 Year..' 200 200 200 200 200 250 250 250 250 300 300 300 325 Month Month 55 28 60 30 65 30 65- 70 30 25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 28 year. . 100 31 100 34 500 34 550 36 575 36 600 36 Month 26 26 26 26 26 31 1.50 45 325 500- 600 36 . COST OF LlVma in OAlf^DA 545 EXPERIENCED HELP WHEN ENGAGED FROM SPRING TO FALL SEASON, WITH BOARD. Locality. JVouo SeotiA: Nappan Princt Edward Isle. Charlottetown. .. . Quibec: LaTrappe MacDonald College Ontario: Guelph Manitoba: Winnipeg Saskatchewan: Indian Head Alberta: I^thbridge Unit. Year Month Day. Day. Day. . Month Month Month 1900 i 150 1.20 30 i 160 12 1..50 32 30 150 12 1.20 1.50 25 32 30 1903 $ 150 25 35 1904 S 150 35 1905 S 150 12 1,30 1.75 1.50 30 35 30 1900 i 150 13 1.40 1.75 1.50 30 37 35 1907 i l50 1.50 1.75 30 So- 37 35 1908 i 150 16 1.50 1.75 30 30- 37 35- 40 1909 150 18 1.50 1.75 1.75 35 35- 37 35- 40 1910 S 160 19 1.00 1.75 35- 37 40 1911 i 200 20 1,76 1.75 1.7; 35- 37 40 i 200 20 2.00 1.75 1.75 40 2.00 1.75 1.92 2,35 40 37- 40 EXPERIENCED HELP WHEN ENGAGED DDRING HARVESTING SEASON. LOPAUTT. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Nova Scotia: \ t $ i i t S S S S S t S i i Day. . 1 25 1 25 1.50 Prince Edward Isle.: Charlottetown Day. . 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 9,75 ,1.00 1.00 1,00 1,25 1.25 1.76 Quebec: LaTrappe MscDonald College Day. . Day. . 1,20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.30 1.30 1,75 1.40 1.75 1.50 U.75 1.50 1.75 1.60 1.75 1,60 1,75 1,76 1,75 1,75 1.76 2.00 Orttario: Guclph Day. . 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1,50 1 50 '1 50 1 75 1 7'-. 1 75 1 76 1 75 1 75 Manitoba: Winnipeg Month 35 35 35 35 35 40 40 !40 40 45 45 45 50 50 Sathatchewan; 2.50- Indian Head Day. . 1,50 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.00 2.00 2,00 <2.00 2.00 2.25 2,50 2.50 2.50 3,00 2,35- Roethern 2.50 Alberta: Lacombe, , , . Month Day. . '35 .1.75 32 2.00 35 2,00 40 2.50 42 2,50 45 2,50 40- Lethbridge 1.50 1.50 1.50 1,50 1.50 1 75 45 2.60 2.75 2.76 2.75 2.75 2.75 2,75 2.75 3.00 3,00 3,00 3.00 3.00 3.00 82696—35 546 BOARD OF INQUTRT INTO INEXPERIENCED HELP WHEN ENGAGED BY THE YEAR, WITH BOARD. LoCALiTT. Unit 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Nova Scotia: Nappan Prince Edward Isle Charlottetown. , , Quebec: La Trappe Ontario: Guelph Manitoba: Winnipeg SaskatcheV!an: Indian Head'. . . . Alberta: Lacombe Year . . Month Day. . Month Year . . Month 175 8 0.50 10- 15 22 3 175 10- 15 22 3 175 8 0.50 22 3 175 0.60 100 22 3 175 8 0.60 100 22 $ 175 0.60 10- 15 22 3 175 0.70 10- 15 24 3 175 0.70 10- 15 24 3 175 0.76 10- 15 125 24 3 175 9 0.76 160 24 3 175 10 0.80 150 25 3 200 0.90 10- IS 150 25 400 3 200 13 1.00 10- 15 460 15 1.00 150 INEXPERIENCED HELP WHEN ENGAGED FROM SPRING TO FALL SEASON, WITH BOARD. LOCAilTT. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Nova Scotia: Nappan. . Prince Eduoard Isle, Charlottetown Quehec:- La Trappe MacDonfild College Ontario: Guelph Year. . Month Day. Day. 3 100 10 0.60 3 100 10 0.60 $ 100 10 3 100 10 3 100 Manittiha: Winnipeg. Saskatchewan: Indian Head . Rosthern . . . . Month Month Month Day.. 12- 18 15 25 12- 18 15 15 12- 18 15 12- 18 15 26 3 100 10 0.70 1.7S 20 26 3 100 0.80 1.7S 20 28 S 100 0.80 1.76 20 28 3 100 0.86 1,50 20 .28 Alberta: Lacombe . . . Lethbridge. Month 15 15 16- 20 3 100 11 0.86 1.50 12- 18 25 28 1,87 S 100 12 0.90 1.75 12- 18 25 30 1.92 3 120 13 0.90 1.75 30 1.92 30 15- 30 % 120 1.00 1.75 12- 18 25 30 2.10 1.10 25 30 30- 35 15- 30 COST OF LIVING IN CAN'A:DA INEXPERIENCED HELP WHEN ENGAGED DURING HARVESTING SEASON. 547 LOCALITT. Nam Scotia: Nappan . . . Prince Edw. Jeland: Chailottetown Quebec: La Trappe MacDonald College Ontario', Guelph.., Manitoba: Winnipeg. Saskatchewan: Indian Head . Eosthern . . . Alberta: Lacombe , Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 i907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Day. . Day. . Day. Day. Day. Month Day. . Day. . Month 0.80 0.50 0.00 1.00 1,25 1.35 0.80 0.50 1.00 1.25 1.50 S 0,80 0.50 1.00 1,25 1.50 0.80 0.50 0.70 1.00 1,25 1,50 S 0.80 0.50 0.70 1.00 1,25 1.75 S 0.80 0.50 0.70 1.75 1,00 1,25 1.75 0.80 0.60 0.80 1.75 1.00 1.25 1.80 S 0.80 0.60 0.80 1,76 1.00 1.25 30 '1.80 30 $ 0.8(1 0.75 . 85 1 (JO 1.00 1,25 s o:, fit) 0.7C 0.R5 1.00 1 ()0 1 . 25 2.25 1.92 S 0.80 0.85 0.90 i.eo 1.00 1.25 35 2.45 2.10 1,00 0.85 0,90 1.75 1.00 1,26 2.50 2.25 i 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.75 1.00 1.26 2.50 2.35 38 1.50 1.10 1.00 1.25 2.50 (b) Data from Correspondents to the Labour Gazette. EXPERIENCED HELP WHEN ENGAGED BY THE* YEAR, WITH BOARD. Locality. Unit 1900 1901 1902 1903 1604 1905 1906 W07 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 S « S «• S S S $ S s •s $ i i Nota Scotia: Halifax Month 15- 15- IS- 15- IS- , IS- 18- 18- 18- 18- IS- 18- 18- 18- ■■ 18 18 IS, 18 IS IS 25 :25 26 26 25 30 25 30- 35 22 26 30- 35 24 26 30- Sydney. . . 20 15 20 15 20 15 20 10 20 16 20 17 20 17 .20 18 25 IS 25 20 35 Weatville,. 25 Prince Edward Isle.: Charlottetown " 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 26 26 New Brunswick: Frederioton " 18 18 18 19 19 10 20 *21 22 23 2-1 25 27 27 Moncton " 18 18 20 20 20 20 20 •20 21 24 L>4 24 24 26 Newcastle Year. . 400 400 400 400 400 , 500 500 500 600 ,500 500 500 600 600 Quebec: Montreal Month 20 22 22 22 25 25 28 "28 28 SO 30 30 40 40 Sherbrooke 12 12 12 la 12 12 12 14 15 10 17 18 19 20 Sorel.... " 20 20 20 35 35 35 35 .35 35 35 36 36 30- 35 30- 36 Ontario: Chatham Year.. 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 275 ,3(10 oOO 350 350 360 350 Ottawa., Month 15 15- 15 16- 15 15- 15 16- 15 1,5- 15 20- 15 20- 15 20- 1.K 20- 20 20- 20 20- 25 20- 30 20- 3(1 Stratford 25- 18 18 18 18 18 30 30 30 30 M) 30 30 30 30 Manitoba: Brandon . Year. . 266 265 265 265 280 280 280 250- 300 280 260- 300 275 250- 300 275 250- 300 274 250- 300 275 300- 350 300 300- 400 250 Winnipeg. . . , 300- 200 200 200 200 200 200 400 Satkalehewan: Moose Jaw Month 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 30 26- 30 Prince Albert Year.. 200 200 200 200 225 225 240 250 275 275 300 300 320 330 82696-^5^ 548 BOARD OF lyQUIRY l^TO EXPERIENCED HELP ENGAGED FROM SPRING TO FALL SEASON, WITH BOARD. Locality. Unit 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Nova Scotia: Halifax Sydney Weatville Prince Edward Isle.: Charlotte town. New Brunswick: Fredericton. . . MoDcton Newcastle Quebec: Montreal Sherbrooke. . . . Sorel Ontario: Chatham Ottawa Stratford Manitoba: Brandon Winnipeg Saskatcheiean: Mooae Jaw. . . . Prince Albert. . Month Day. Month Day. . Month. Si:K Months Month 23 22 1.00 1,00 18- 20 18- 25 200 26 20- 25 30 40 15- 20 24 15 15 23 22 1.00 1.50 18- 20 18- 25 200 25 30 15- 20 24 15 IS 23 24 1.00 22 18 30 1.50 18- 20 18- 25 200 25 30 16 24 24 1.00 22 18 30 1.50 18- 20 18- 25 200 25 30 30 40 16 24 24 1.00 1.50 18- 20 18- 25 210 25 30 15- 20 24 17 17 24 24 1.25 1,50 18- 20 30- 35 220 25 30- 35 30 40 20- 30 24 17 17 26 24 1.2S 25 18 . 32 1.50 18- 20 30- 35 260 25-' 30 30- 35 ' 30 40 • 20 26 24 1.25 1.50 18- 20 30- 35 245 25- 30 30- 35 30 40 20- 30 so- ls 22 27 26 1.25 1.50 20 225 25- 30 30- 35 30 40 20- 30 30 20 22 28 26 1.25 1.50 25 30- 35 240 25- 30 30- 35 30 40 20- 30 30 22 22 29 26 1.25 1,50 25 30- 33 290 25- 30 35- 40 35 45 20- 30 30 22 24 30 26 1.25 1.50 30 30- 40 230 35- 40 40- 24 32 26 1.50 40 29 30- 32 1.75 35 35- 40 250 35- 45 45- 25 32 30 1.50 45 30 40- 50 1.75 35 35- 40 200 36- 45 40- COST OF LITIxa IN CANADA EXPERIENCED HELP WHEN ENGAGED DURING HARVESTING SEASON. 549 LocAUTr. iVoua Scotia; Halifax ' Sydney Vestville Prince Edw. Island. Charlottetown . . . ^eut Brunswick: Fredericton Moncton Newcastle Quebec! Montreal Sherbrooke Sorel Ontario: Chatham Ottawa Stratford Manitoba: Brandon: Winnipeg Saskatchewan: Moose Jaw Prince Albert. , . . . Saskatoon Alberta: Edmonton Lethbridge Unit. Day. Month Day Month Day. Day. Day. Day. Month Month Day. Day. Month Month Day Day. . Month Day. . Day. Day. 1.25 16 0.60 1.15 1.00 1.50 28 30 2.00 1.75- 2.00 25- 40 30 2.00 2.00 26 1901 1.25 16 0.60 20 1.15 1.00 1.25 1.60 28 30 2.00 1.75- 2.00 25- 40 30 2.00 2.00 26 1902 1.25 16 0.60 20 1.1 1.25 1.25 1.60 28 30 2.00 1.75- 2.00 23- 40 30 2.00 2.00 25 1.26 16 0.65 20 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.60 28 30 2.00 1.75. 2.00 25- 40 40 2.00 2.00 30 1904 1.25 16 0.65 20 1.20 1.25 1,25 1.80 28 30 2.00 1.75- 2.00 25- 40 40 2.00 2.00 30 1905 1.26 16 0.65 20 1.20 1.25 1.50 1.80 28 32 2.00 1.75- 2.00 40- 60 40 2.00 2.00 35 1906 1.35 16 0.70 21 1.25 1.26 1.50 1.80 28 32 2.00 1.75. 2.00 40- 60 60 2.00- 2.50 2.00 35 1907 •1.36 16 p. 70 1.25 1.25 1.60 2.00 44 32 2.00 1.75- (2.00 40- •60 50 2.0O 2.50 2.25 36 1908 1.36 20 0.75 1.30 1.50 1.50 2.00 45 32 2.00 1.00 40 2.00- 2.50 2.25 35 1909 1.35 20 0.80 1.40 1.60 2.00 46 32 2.00 1.26 40- 60 40 2.00- 2.60 2.25 40 2.00- 2.50 1910 S 1.35 20 1,00 1.60 1.50 2.00 47 32 2.00 1.50 60 2.00- 2.50 2.50 40 !.00- 3.00 2.00 1.35 20 1.00 1.50 1.60 1.60 2.00 48 32 2.00 1.75 50 2.50- 3.00 2.50 45 2.60 3.50 2.50 2.50- 3.50 1912 $ 1.25 1.76 20 1.25 1.75 3.00 2.00 2.00 55 2.50. 3.00 2.75 45 1.50 3.50 2.50 3.60- 3.60 1913 I 1.25- 1.75 20 1.25 25 1.75- 1.50- 1.76 1.75. 3.00- 3.50 60 40- 50 2.00 2.00- 2.50 40- 60 45 2.50- 3.00 2.60 40 2.50 1.50- 3.50 550 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO ' INEXPERIENCED HELP WHEN ENGAGED DURING HARVESTING SEASON. Locality. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 190^ 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Nota ScoHq,: Wcatville New Brunswick: Fredericton Newcastle Moncton Quebec: Montreal Sherbrodke Sorel. Day. . Day. . Day.. Day!.. . Day. . Month Month Day. . Day. . Month Day. . Month Month $ 0,50 0.75 1.00 0.80 1.10 15 23 1,50 1.75 12- 15 2.00 16- 20 S 0.50 0,75 1.00 0.80 1.25 15 24 1.50 1.76 12- 15 2.00 16- 20 t 0.50 0.76 1.00 1.00 1.25 15 24 1.50 1.75 12- 15 2.00 15- 20 3 0.55 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.25 15 24 1.50 1.75 12- 15 2.00 15- 20 0.55 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.40 15 24 1.50 1.75 12- 15 2.00 15- 20 0.60 0.75 1.25 1.00 1.40 15 24 1.50 1.76 12- 20 2.00 16- 20 i 0.60 0.80 1.25 1.00 1.50 16 25 1.50 1.75 12- 20 2.06 15^. 20 $ 0.65 0.80 1.25 1.00 1.50 22 25 1.50 1.75 12- 20 2.25 16- 20 i 0.65 0.85 1.26 1.25 1.75 22 25 2.00 1.75 12- 20 2.25 15- 20 t 0.70 0.90 1.25 1.25 1.75 22.50 25 2.00 1.75 12- 20 2.25 15- 20 1.50- 2.00 1.75 S 0.90 0.95 1.25 1.25 1.75 23 25 2.00 1.75 12- 20 2.25 15- 25 1.50- 2.00 1.76 S 0.90 1.00 1.25 1.26 1.75 23.50 25 2.00 1.75 12- 25 2.50 15- 25 1.50- 2.50 2.00 2.25 2.75 t 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.25 2.50 24 23- 25 1.50- 2.00 1.76 18- 25 2.75 15- 25 2.50 S 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.25- 1.50 2.75- 3.00 26 25- 35 1.50- 1.75 1.75 25- 30 2.50 15- Ontario: Chatham Ottawa Stratford Saskatchewan: Moose Jaw Prince Albert 1.75 Alberta: 2.00 2.25 2.75 2 GO Day. . 2.25 2.75 (2) Fruit Farming. EMPLOYEES WITH SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE OF SPICAYING, PACKING, PEUNINO, AND GENERAL FARM MANAGEMENT. Locality. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1906 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1913 1913 Nova Scotia: $ $ % $ S S i . S S % $ » % S Annapolis. . . . Day 1.50 1.50 1.50 1,50 1.50 1.50 1.50- 1.50- 1.50- 1 50- 1.50- 1.50- 1.50- 1.5U- 1.75 1.76 1.75 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.U0 Wolfville Day 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50- 2.00 1.50- 2.00 Prince Edwmd Island: Day Georgetown. . (Including board.) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.O0 2.00 2.25 2.25 2.50 2.50 ,2.50 2.60 New Brunswick: Day Fredericton* . (Including 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.76 1.75 1.75 1.76 1.75 1.78 2.00 2.00 2.00 Board) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.50 2.50 2.50 Quebec: « Hemmingford Day Year 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 t 1.50 t 1.50 1.50 1.50 2.00 2.50 2.50 220 2.bU 230 Montreal. . . . (Including Board) 240 240 240 240 240 180 180 200 200 200 200 220 230 250 Ontario: Day Burlington. . . (Including Board.) 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.75 1-75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.00 2.26 2.50 Grimsby Day Month 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.75 1.75 1.V5 2.0U St. Thomas. . (Including Board.) 30 35 35 35 40 40 40 45 45 45 45 45 45 4i. British Columbia Month g Kelowna (Including 25 25 30 35 40 40 45 45 45 50 6b Board.) Victoria Day 1.75- 1.75- 1.75- 2.00- 2.00- 2.00- 2.00- 2.25- 2.25- 2.25- 2.50- 2.60- 2.S0- 2.60- 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.26 2.25 2.26 2.28 2.50 2.50 2.50 3.00 3.00 3,00 3.00 '''Board is aupplied only in a few oases. t Immigrant Labour, COST OF LiriXG IN CA:NADA PICKERS OF TREE FRUITS. (Except Cherries.) 551 Locality. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Nom Scotia: Annapolis Prince Edward Island: Georgetown. . JVeu) Brunswick: Frederioton ; . Hemmingford Montreal . . Ontario: Burlington. Grimsby. . . St. Thomas . . British Columbia Kclowna... Victoria . . . « Day. Day. Day (Including Board) Day. Day. Day. Day. Day. Day. Day. 1.25- 1.50 0.60 1.00 0.75 0.76 1.00 1.35 1.25 1.50 1.40 1.25- 1.50 1.25 1.50 0.60 1,00 0.75 0.75 1.00 1.35 1.50 1.75 1.50 1.50 1.25- 1.60 1.25 1.50 0.60 1.00 0.75 0.75 1.00 1.35 1.50 1.75 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.50 1.25- 1.50 0.60 1.00 0.75 0.76 1.25 1.35 1.50 1.76 1.50 1.50 1.25- 1.60 1.26- 1.60 0.60 1.00 1.00 0.75 1.26 1.35 1.50 1.78 1.75 1.75 1.50- 1.75 1.25 1.60 0.75 1.10 1.00 0.75 1.60 1.50 1.50 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.50- 1.76 1.25- 1.50 0.7,5 1.10 1.00 0.75 1.50 1.60 l.SO 1.75 1.75 1.7.5, 1.5ff- 1-rp 1.25 1.60 0.75 1.20 1.00 0.76 1.60 1.50 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.00 1.50- 1.75 1.25- 1.60 0.75 1.30 1.25 0.75 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.26- 1.50 0.80 1.40 1.25 0.75 1.50 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.25- 1.50 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.50 1.75 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.25 2.00 1.25- 1.50 1.00 1.60 1.50 1.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.25 2.00 1.25 1.50 1.00 2.00 1.76- 2.00 1.75 2.00- 375* 2.00 2.50 2.50 1.25- 1.50 1.00 2.0- 1.750 2.00 2.00 2.00- 400* 2.00 2.25 2.25 *Wages per year including house. PICKERS OF SMALL FRUITS AND CHERRIES. (Women ^nd Girls, except in British Columbia.) Locality. Unit. IDOO 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 % s i $ i i s S S s $ S S S Nsvi Brunswick : Quart Box. Fredericton . . (Straw- berries.) (Rasp- ■om -OlM -OlM .om OlM .OlM .OlM Ml'A ,01^ M!^ .02 .02 .02 .02 berries.) .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 ,02K .02K .02>4 ,021^ Quebec Montreal Day 0.60 0.60 0.60 0,60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.75 0.75 0.75 1,00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1,25 Ontario: Quart Box Cherries, Grimsby Straw- berries and Currants. Quart Box .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 *0.15 *0.51 Cherries .OIH .OIH .OlHi .OIH .OIH OIJ^ .011^ ■om ■om .OIJ^ .01^4 ■um to. 20 to. 20 Quart Box Rasp- .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 ,02 ,02 ,02 ,02 berries St. Thomas . . Day 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.50 1.60 1.50 .1.75 1.75 1.75 1,75 1,76 1.76 1,75 British Cahmbia Victoria Day 1.25 1.28 1.25 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 2.00 2.00 2.00 2,00 2.00 2,00 *11 Quart Basket of Currants. til Quart Basket of Cherries. 552 BOARD OF ISQUIRY INTO n.— FISHING. (1) Lobster Canneries. FISHERMEN (boats, gear and bait supplied.) Locality. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 ft03 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. A'fir Bnmsurick: New Mills... P. E. Island: Cliarlottefn*. Per month Per 100 lbs .In % 35 .80 - . . - i 35 .90 $ 35 .90 $ 38 1.00 38 1 00 S 38 1.25 *Not included in index number SEALEItS. Nova Scotia: Halifax... . X^eiv Brunswick. New Mills. . . F. E. Island: Char lot tetown Per month (with board 30 30 30 30 30 35 35 ,, 3.'^ 3S 38 38 40 40 40 ■■ 3S 35 . . - . 35. 35 40 40 40 PACKERS (Girla.) Nota Scotia: Halifax. . . Neic Brunswick: New Mills . . . P. E. Island: Chariottetown Per day . . . .40 .40 40. .40 .40 .45 .45 •■ .60 .60 - 60, ■60 .60 .60 .60 Per nionth with board 9 .... 9 10 10 11 11 12 GENERAL EMPLOYEES. (Men). Nova Scotia: Halifax 4>. . New Brunswick: New Mills. . . P, E. Island: Chariottetown Per day . . . 1.00 1.00 1.00 i:oo 1.00 1.00 1.00 1 26 1.25 1 26 1-25 1.25 1 25 1.25 Per Month with board 18 20 20 20 20 25 25 (2) Wholesale Fish Establishments. CURE as. Niiva Scotia: Digby .... Canso. . c c c c " Plt hour.. . 12-15 12-15 12-15 12-15 14-16 14-16 14-16 S { $ t 1 S i Per Month 35 35 35 35 40 40 COST OF UVmO IK CANADA II.— FISHING. (1) Lobster Canneries. FISHERMEN (Boats, gear and bait supplied J— Con(inueci 553 Locality. Unit. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1011 1912 19l;i Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrt. Wageg Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. New Brunswick: New Mills... P. E. Itland: Charlottet'n*. Per month . Per 100 lb .« 38 1.50 38 1.50 S 40 1.75 * 40 * 2.00 t 40 2.50 « 40 , 3 50 40 3.75 ♦Not included in index number. SEALERS.— Coridnwed. Nova Scotia: Halifax. . . New Brunswick: New Mills . . . P. E. Island: Charlotte town Per month with board 35 35 35 40 40 40 45 ■' 40 40 45 45 45 45 45 •■ 45 45 .... 50 50 50 60 60 PACKERS (Girls)— Con(mu4i. Nota Scotia: Halifax. . . New Brunsieick: New Mills . . . P. E. Island: Charlottetown Per day . . . .45 .50 .50 .65° .75 .75 .80 ■• .70 .70 .70 .70 .70 75. .75 Per month with board 12 14 15 18. . 10 18 20 GENERAL EMPLOYEES (Men.)— Canlinued. Nova Scotia: Halifax..., New Brunamck: New Mills . . . P. E. Island: Charlottetown Per day . . . 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.25 1.25 1.25 " 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.50 1.50 Per Month with board 25 ^ 26 26 26 26 35 38. (2) Wholesale Fish Establishments. CURERS.— Cmrtnued. A'om Scotia: Digby Canso c c c c c c Per hour. . . 14-18 14-18 14-18 17-18 .... 17-18 17-20 17-20 i $ $ » s S i Per Month 40 40 .... 40 45 45 45 45 554 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO (3) Salmon Fishermen, B.C.* Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1901 1905 1906 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. British Columbia Fraser River . Perfislit... 25- 25 c 12K- 10 20- 12 J4 c 15- 14 c 20- 20 c 12M- 10 25- 20 *Not included in Index number. tFirst figure, July price; second, August price. (4) Salmon Canneries. FOREMEN; British Columbia Fraser River Skeena River Rivers Inlet . . Per season. (of 6 or S Months) Per Month $ 1,000 1,000 1,030 s 1,003 s 1,000 1,000 s 1,030 145 135 Per Month CLERKS AND BOOK-KEEBERS* British Columbia Fraser River . Per Month 70 to 100 70 to 100 70 to 100 70 to 100 70 ' to 100 70 to 100 70 to 100 60-95 60-95 fin Rivers Inlet. fin ♦Lower figures: clerks; higher; book-keepers. CLEANERS AND WASHERS (Indiana-female) British Columbia Fraser River. . Skeena River . Per hour... c 16 c 16 c 16 c 16 e 16 c 16 c 20 15 15 H .... M PACKERS (Indians-female). British Columbia Skeena River, 25 27 ■ COST OF LIVING IN CANADA (3) Salmon Fishermen, B.C.* £55 Locality. Unit . 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1CI3 Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wagrl TS. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Britiih Columbia Fraaer River . Perflsht.. 25- 20 Per wk. c 25- 25 Per wk. c 12 H- 10 Per wk. c 25- ' 25 Per wk. c 35- 36 Per wk. 35- 35 Per wk. c 15- 15 Per wk. ♦Not included in index number. •f-First figure, July price; aeconi, August price. (4) Salmon Canneries". FOREMEN.— Continued. British Columbia Fraser Kiver Skeena River. Rivers Inlet . . S S S S $ « t Per season . (of 6 or S 1,050 1,100 1,100 1,100. 1,100 1,100 a, 100 Months) Per Month 145 60 145 60 145 60 150 60 150 60 150 60 150 Per Month 135 60 135 60 135 60 135 °, 60 150 60 160 60 150 CLERKS AND BOOK-KEEPERS.*— Con(in««d. British Columbia 70 70 70 70 ' 70 70 70 Fraaer River . Per Month to 100 to 100 to 100 to * 100 , to 100 to 100 to 100 Skeena River . " 60-95 60 60-95 60 70-105 60 70-105 60 70-105 69 70-105 60 70-106 60 Rivers Inlet.. 60-96 60 60-95 60 70-105 60 70-105 60 70-105 60 70-105 60 70-105 60 ♦Lower figures: clerks; higher: book-keepers. CLEANERS AND WASHERS. (Indians-female.)— CoTiimued. c c c c c c c Britith Columbia > Fraser River. . Per hour. . . 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 Skeena River. " 15 .M 15 .M 15 54 20 .54 20 54 20 54 20 54 Rivers Inlet, . 15 54 15 54 15 54 20 54 20 54 20 54 20 64 PACKERS (Indiana-female) . — Co^inued. Briliih Columbia \ Skeena River . Per hour... 25 54 25 54 25 54 30 * 54 30 54 30 54 30 54 Rivers Inlet.. 27 54 27 54 27 54 30 1 54 30 54 30 54 30 54 &56 BOARD OF INQVIRT INTO in.— LUMBERING. (1) In Logging Camps. CHOPPERS (Fallers in B.C.) LOCAUTT. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hre. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages His. Wages Hrs. Nova Scotia: Bridgewater. . New Brunswick: St. John River Valley Quebec: Metapedia River Valley St. Maurice R. Valley Ontario: Georgian Bay Districti .... « Per wk. $ Per wk. $ Per wk. S Per wk. $ 1.25 27 22-28 18-20 26-30 30 Per wk. 60 60 60 60 00 60 S 1.25 28 22-28 20 26-32 30 Per wk. 60 60 60 60 60 * 1.25 30 22-28 20 26-32 30 28 2.25- 2.75 Per wk. Per Month Per Month Per Month or per day . 25 20-26 18 60 60 26 20-26 18 60 60 26 20-26 18-20 24-28 30 60 60 60 60 27 22-28 1&-20 26-30 30 60 60 60 60 60 60 Rn Rainy River District Saskatchewan: Prince Albert 30 60 30 60 60 fin British Columbia 35 35 60 2. "25 60 2.25- 2. SO 35^40 «0 fin trict.. SAWYERS (Buckers in B. p.) Nova Scotia: Bridgewater. . New Brunswick: St. John River Valley 1.25 60 1.25 60 1 25 60 Per Month 25 60 26 60 26 60 27 60 27 60 28 60 30 60 Quebec: Metapedia River Valley St. Maurice River Valley " 20-26 18-20 60 * 20-26 18-20 60 * 20-26 18-20 60 * 20^26 18-20 60 ♦ 22-28 18-20 60 * 22-28 18-20 60 22-28 20 60 Ontario: Georgian Bay •■ 24-28 30 60 60 26-30 30 60 60 26-30 30 60 60 26-32 30 60 60 26-32 30- 60 Rainy River District. . , . 30 60 30 60 60 Saskatchewan: Prince Albert 26 60. British Columbia Mountain Dis- trict •Daylight to dark. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA III.— LUMBERING. (1) In Logging Camps. CHOPPERS (Fallers iu B.C.)— Continued. 557 LOCAUTT. Unit. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913- Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs . Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Nova Scotia: Bridge-water. . Per day . . . * 1.40 Per wk. 60 S 1.25 Per wk. 60 1,40 Per wk. 60 $ 1 1.40 Per wk. 60 * 1.40 Per wk. 60 S 1.40 Per wk. 60 1.40 Per wk. 60 New Brunswick: t. St. John River U, Valley Per Month 30 60 32 60 33 60 1 33 . 60 35 60 35 60 35 60 Quebec: MetapediaRiver Valley St. Maurice R. Valley •• 22-28 20 60 26-30 20-22 60 26-30 20-22 60 20-24 60 26-30 20-24 60 28-30 20-24 60 28-30 25-26 60 Ontario: Georgian Bay District Rainy River District. . . . •■ 24-28 35 60 60 26-32 35 60 60 28-35 35 60 60 30-35 35 60 60 30-35 35 60 60 30-35 35 80 60 30-35 30 60 60 Saskatchewan: Prince Albert District . . . Per Month 30 60 35 60 35 60 35 60 35 60 45 60 45 60 Britiah Columbia Mountain Dis- trict Per Month or per day. 2.50- 3.00 60 2.10- 3.00 60 2.00- 3.00 60 2.50- 3.00, 60 2.50- 3.00 60 40 60 40 60 SAWYERS (Buckers in B. C.) — Continued Nota Scotia: Bridgewater. . Per day . . . 1.40 60 1.26 60 1.40 60 1.40 60 1.40 60 1.40 60 1.40 60 New Brunswick: St. John River Valley Per Month 30 60 32 60 33 80 33 ; 60 35 60 35 60 35 60 Quebec: MetapediaRiver Valley St. Maurice River Valley " 22-28 20 60 * 26-30 20-22 60 * 26-30 20-22 60 ♦ 26-30 20-22 60 * 26-30 22 60 « 28-30 22 60 28-30 25-26 60 Ontario: Georgian Bay District. . . . Rainy River District ■■ 24-28 35 60 60 26-32 35 60 60 26-32 35 60 60 28-36 35 60 60 30-35 35 60 60 30-35 35 60 60 30-35 28 60 60 Saskatchewan: Prince Albert District 28 2.60- 2.75 60 60 30 2.10- 2.75 60 60 35 2.00- 3.00 60 60 35 2.25 3.00 60 60 35 2.25- 3.50 60 60 40 35 60 60 40 35 nn British Columbia Mountain Dis- 60 trict *Dayl!glit to dark. 558 BOARD OF ISQIIRY ISTO EOAB CUTTERS (Swampers in B.C.) I.rOCAUTT. K(, ^-; 60 I 2,50 t CHAIN'ERS OR ROLLERS (Hook Xen^enr ia B.C) y^ra Scctia: Bridgewater. . Xeic Brunfteick: St John River Ontario: GeorgiaiL Bay District.. Rainy River District. - SoBkalehewan: ' Prince Alburn:' Disrtrict. . . . ^ British CobirrJAa 2vIo'iiita.in Di.%-' trict. . . Ppt Hay 1.25 60 1.25 60 Per Month 25 60 26 60 26 60 27 60 27 60 2S 60 Per Moath 24-28 20 60 60 26^30 26 8 60 60 26-30 60 2^.-32 26 60 26 60 26 60 26 60 60 Pt-T liny %.50 60 2.10 60 2..5'H fiO 2.7-5 ■ l-25i «0 30 (SO I 28-32' 60 28 i 60 60 -2 -Ji COST OF LIVING IN CANADA ROAD CUTTERS (Swampers in B. C.)— Confmued. 559 , tOOAUTT. . Unit 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. WagoB krs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Per Per Per * Per Per Per Per $ wk. S wk. $ wk. % , wk. S wk. S wk $ ^k. Nova Scotia: Bridgewater. . Per day . . . 1.40 60 1.25 60 1.40 60 1.4(5 60 1.40 60 1.40 60 1.40 60 ffew Brunswick: St John River Valley Per Month 26 60 28 60 30 60 32 ; 60 32 60 32 60 32 60 Queiiw.- Metapedia R. Valley " 20-26 60 20-26 60 20-26 60 20-26 60 20-26 .60 25-27 fiO 25-27 60 St. Maurice R Valley " 18 18 20 20 * 20 22 22-26 Ontario: Georgian Bay District. . . . " 22-26 60 24-30 60 24-30 60 26-30 60 28-32 fiO 30-35 60 30-35 60 Rainy River District.... " 30 60 30 60 30 60 30 60 30 60 30 60 26 60 Saskatchewan: Prince Albert District.. Per Mpnth 26 60 28 60 30 60 30 60 30 60 40 60 40 60 hritish Columbia • Mountain Dis- Per Month 2.50- 60 1.75 60 2.00- 60 2.25- •60 2.25- fiO 40 60 40 no trict & per day . 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75^ 3.00 CHAINERS OR ROLLERS (Hook Tenders in^ B. C.)— Continued. Nova Scotia: Bridge-water. . New Brunswick: St John River Valley.... Ontario: _. Georgian Bay District. Rainy River District;, . . Saskatchewan: Prince Albert District. . . . I i Britiah Columbia .'t; MountainDis- ./ trict ri Per day. . . 1.40 60 1.25 Per Month 30 60 32 Per Month 24-28 60 26-32 " 30 60 30 ' 28 60 35 Per day... 2.25- 3.00 60 2.00- 3.00 60 1.40 60 33 60 26-32 00 30 00 60 35 2.00- 3.00 60 1.40 60 1.40 60 33 60 35 60 28-35 60 32-35 60 30 60 30 60 35 .60 35 60 2.25- 3.00 60 2,50 3.25 60 60 60 1.40 60 1.40 35 60 35 30-36 60 30-35 30 60 26 40 60 40 60 60 60 60 60 560 BOARD OF INQUIRY I-NTO COOKS. Locality, Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs Wa^es Hrs, Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs Wages Hrs. Nova Scotia: Bridgewater. . New Brunswick: St. John River Valley Quebec: Metapedia R. Valley St. Maurice R Valley '"Ontario: Georgian Bay District. . S Per wk. X Per wk. S Per wk. S Per wk. S 1.55 36 40 30-36 55-60 60 Per wk. 60 84 i 1.55 38 40 35 60-66 60 Per wk. 60 84 1,55 40 40 35 60-66 60 75 6^80 Per wk. Per Month 30 40 30-35 60 84 30 40 30-35 60 84 32 40 30-35 55-60 60 60 84 35 40 30-35 55-80 60 60 84 60 84 Rainy River District. . . . Saskat^^hewan: Prince Albert 55 55 Britiith Columbia Mountain Dis- 60 60 60-75 60-80 (2) River Drivers. Nona Scotia: Bridgewaterf. New Brunswick: St John River Valley 1.60 72 1.50 72 1.60 72 1.75 60 1.75 60 1.80 60 1J80 60 2.00 60 2.00 60 2.00 60 Quebec: Metapedia R Valley St Maurice R. Valley „ ,. 1.00- 1.40 1.00- 1.40 1.00- 1.60 1.00- 1.40 1.00- 1.60 1.00- 1.40 1.00- l.SO 1.00- 1.60 1.00- 1.50 1.00 1.50 1.25- 1.75 1.00- 1.50 t. . . 1.25- 1.75 1.00- 1.50 Ontario: Georgian Bay Per Month 35-45 40 72 35t45 40 72 40-45 40 72 40-45 40 72 40-45 40 Rainy River District 40 72 40 72 73 Saskatchewan: prince Albert District. . . . British Columbia Mountain Dis- Per Month ■ ■ ■ s • ■ 2.00- 2.50b 60 3.50 60 ^ lb) Including board. COST OF LITINO IN CANADA COOKS .—Continued. 561 LOOAUTT. Unit. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1913 1918 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Nova Scotia; Bridgewater. . Per day. . . S 1.75 Per wk. t 1.55 Per wk. S 1.75 Per wk. t 1.75 Per wk. S 1.75 Per wk. S 1.75 Per wk. « 1.75 Per wk. Nm Brunswick: St. John River Valley Per montli 42 60 45 60 50 60 55 60 60 60 60 60 60 CO Quebec: Metapedia R. Valley St. Maurice R Valley.... - " 40 35 84 40 35 84 50 35 84 50 35 84 50 35 84 50 40 84 60 45 84 Ontario; Georgian Bay District. . . . Rainy River District. . . . " 60-65 65 60-70 65 65-70 65 70-75 65 .... 70-80 65 70-85 65 70-85 60 Satkatchewan: Prince Albert District .... .. 80 90 85 85 80 85 85 Britiih Columbia Mountain Dis- trict " 65-80 60-80 65-85 65-115 65-115 125 125 (2) River Drivers. Nova Scotia: Bridgewater. . Per day . . . 1.75 72 1.75 72 1.75 72 2.00 72 2.00 72 2.00 72 2.00 72 Nm Brunswick: St John River Valley .. 2.00 60 2.25 60 2.25 60 2.50 60 2.50 60 2.50 60 2.50 60 Quibec: Metapedia R Valley St. Maurice R Valley " 1.25- 1.75 1.25- 1.75 1.25- 1.75 1.50- 2.00 1.25- 1.75 1.50- 2.00 1.25- 1.75 @. . . . 1.50- 2.00 1.60- 2.00 1.50- 2.00 1.50- 2.00 1.50- 2.00 1.50- 2.00 60 Ontario: Georgian Bay District.,.. Rainy River District. . . . Per month 35-45 45 72 40^5 45 72 40-^5 45 72 40-50 45 * 72 40-50 45 72 40-50 45 72 40-50 46 72 Saskatchewan: Prince Albert District Per day. .. 2.50 72 2.50 72 2.75 72 2.iS 72 2.>i W, 2.75 72 75* 60 BriHih Columbia Mountain Dis- trict. Per month 2.50- 3.75b 60 2.50- 3.76b 60 3.50- 3.75t 60 3.75- 4.00 60 3.75 4.00 - 60 75* S 50 9 1.40r 1.66 3.50 9 1.40- 1.65 3.50 9 1.40- 1.65 3.50 9 1 40- 1.65 3.50 10 10 *Chine3e Labour. 568 BOARD OF INQVIRT INTO SURFACE EMPLOYEES.— (d) BLACKSMITHS. Locality. Unit. 1900 1901 ' 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Waiges Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs Nova Scotia: Sydney Dist. . Spring Hill... Saskatchewan: Souris District Day Day Day $ 1,50 1.50 2.00 io i 1.75 1.83 2.44 10 S 2.00 1,83 2.44 10 S 2.00 1.83 2.44 10 $ 2.25 1.83 2.44 io' S 2.25 1.83 2.44 io i 2.40 1.83 2.44 3,00 2.80 3.50 3.25 10 10 Alberta: Belly River Dist Day 2.75 2,75 3.00 3°. 25 a 10 8 2.75 3.00 3.25 10 8 2.75 3.50 3.25 10 8 CrowsNeatPass andSouthWest- ern Alberta Dist Day 10 British Columbia Vancouver Id. Day 3.25 8 3.25 8 3.25 8 8 SURFACE EMPLOYEES.— (e) CARPENTERS, Nova Scotia: Sydney Dist.. Spring Hill.. . Saskatchewan: Souris District Day Day Day 1.25 1.40 2,00 10 1.50 1.77 2,32 10 1.50 1,77 2.32 10 1,65 1,77 2.32 10 1.65 1,77 2,32 10 1.65 1.77 2.32 io 1.70 1.77 2.32 2.60 2.75 2.50 3.50 3.00 3,60 io' in Alberta: Belly River Dist CrowsNestPass andSouthWest- 2,60 10 2.50 3^.00 3.00 3.50 10 10 9 1 2.50 3.00 3.00- -3.50 10 10 8- 9 2.50 3.60 3.00 3.50 10 10 8- 10 10 British Columbia Vancouver Id. Day 3.00 3.50 8- 9 3.00 3,50 8- 9 . 3,00 3,50 8- 9 8- 9 SURFACE EMPLOYEES.— (f) M4CHI1>kSTS. Nova Scotia: Sydney Dist, . Spring Hill... Saskatchewan: Souria District Day Day 1.60 1.50 1.76 . . . . 10 1.75 1.71 2.19 io 1.80 2.19 10 1,80 1.71 2.19 10 1.90 1.17 2.19 io' 1.90 1.71 2.19 io 1,90 1.71 2.19 2.60 3.25 3.25 io 10 Dav Alberta: Belly River Dist 3.25 10 10 T^.y CrowsNestPass andSouthWest- ern Alberta Dist British Colv-f?- Vanco. "" ^'^■ Day 3.25 8 3.25 8 3.26 8 3.25 8 3.25 8 3.25 8 3.26 8 O'OST OF LIVING IN CANADA SURFACE EMPLOYEES.— (d) BLACKSMITHS.— Con(mu«d. 569 Unit. 1907 1908 1009 19 lO 1911 1912 1913 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Horn Scotia: Sydney Dist. . Spring Hill. . . Satkatchewan: Souris District Alberta: Belly River Dist CrowsNestPass sndSouthWeat- ern Alberta Diet Britiah Columbia Vancouver Id. Day Day Day Day Day Day i 2.40 1.83 2.44 3.00 3.50 3.67M 3.57 10 10 10 8 t 2.50 1.83 2.44 3.00 3.50 3.67J4 3.57 ib' 10 10 8 t 2.57 1.83 2.44 3.00 3.67H 3.67H 3.57 io 10 10 8 * 2.57 1.83 2.44 3.06 3.671^ 3.67)4 3.57 io 10 10 8 S 2.57 1,83 2.75 3.00 3.67)i 3.85 3.57 4.00 lo' 10 10 8 it 2.57 1.83 2.75 3.00 3.85 3.85 3.57 4.00 io 10 ■/ ' ' 10 8 S 2.57 1.83 2.75 3.25 3.85 3.85 3.57 4.00 io 10 10 8 SURFACE EMPLOYEES.— (a) CARPENTERS.— Condnuei. Nova Scotia: , Sydney Dist., Spring Hill.. . Sa$katchewan: Souris District Alberta: Belly River Diat CrowsNestPass andSouthWeat- em Alberta Dist British Columbia Vancouver Id Day. Day. Day. Day. Day. Day. 1.90 1.77 2.32 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.67)4 3.30 4.00 1.90 10 1.77 2.32 10 10 2.50 2.75 10 10 3.00 10 10 3.67M 10 8- 3.30 8- 9 4.00 9 1.90 1.77 2.32 2.50 2.75 3.67K 3.67"^ 3.30 4.00 10 10 1.90 1.77 2.32 2.75 3.00 3.67)^ 3.67)^ 3.& 4,00 10 10 1.90 1.77 2.75 2.75 3.00 3.67H 3,85 3.30 4.00 10 10 1.90 1.77 2.76 2.75 3.00 3.86 3.85 3.30 4.00 10 2.12 1.77 2.76 3.00 3.85 3.30 4.00 10 10 SURFACE EMPLOYEES,— (f) MACHINISTS.— Conhnued. Nona Seotia; Sydney Dist., Spring Hill,,, Day... Day 2,00 1,71 2,19 10 2,00 1.71 2.19 10 2.00 1.71 2.19 10 2. to 1.7.1 2.19 lo' 2.10 1.60 3.00 io 2.10 1.60 3.00 io 2,23 1,60 3.00 io Sukalchewan: Souris District Day 2,60 3.25 10 2.50 3.25 10 2.50 3.25 10 2.60 3.25 10 2.60 3.50 10 2.50 3.75 10 2.50 3.75 10 Alberla: Belly River Dist Day , Day 3.50 10 3.50 10 3.15 3.67)^ 3.16 10 10 8 3.1*5 3.67)4 3.15 10 10 3.15 3.67)4 3.40 10 10 3.40 3.86 3,40 10 10 3.40 3.86 3.40 10 CrowsNestPass •ndSouthWest- «ra Alberta Dist 3,16 10 3.15 10 10 Brih'ii Columbia Vancouver Id, Day 3,57 8 3.57 8 3,57 8 3.57 8 3.67 8 3,57 8 3.57 8 570 BOARD OF INQVIRT INTO s, UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES.— (a) HAND PICK MEN. LOCAMTV. Unit 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hrs. Wagea Hrs. Wflget Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages, Hrs. Nova Scotia: Sydney Dist. . Spring Hill. . . New Brunswick: Day Day Day $ 2.25 2.27 8 $ 2.25 2.51 8 S 2.45 2.63 8 i 2.45 2.*88 8 S 2.45 2.98 8 2.50 2.97 2.00 2.50 8 t 2.66 3.18 2.00 2.50 8 Saskatchewan: Day Alberta: Belly River Dist CrowsNestPass andSouthWest- Day Day 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 3.00 3<,00 8 2.80 3.00 3.00 8 2.80 3.00 3.00 8 2.80 3.00 3.00 British Columbia Vancouver Id. Day 3.00 8 3.00 8 3.00 8 8 UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES*— (b) MACHINE MINERS. Nova Scotia: Sydney Dist. . . . Saskatchewan: Day Day 2.85 3.00 3.15 3.16 3.25 3.25 3.50 Day Alberta: Belly River Dist CrowsNestPass andSouthWest- 2.80 10 2.80 10 2.80 10 2.80 10 2.80 10 2.80 10 2.80 10 British Columbia Day 3.00 3.50 8 3.50 8 *Nonfe employed before 1905 UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES— (c) DRIVERS. Nova Scotiar Sydney Dist. . Spring Hill... Saskatchewan: Day Day Day 1.25 0.60 1.26 10 1.45 0.73 1.52 10 1.45 0.73 1.52 10 l,i5 0.73 1.52 10 1.45 0.73 1.52 16 1.45 0.73 1.52 10 1.4S 0.73 1.52 2.00 2 80 2.50 2.60 10 10 Alberta: Belly River Dist CrowsNestPass andSouthWest- Day Day 2.80 10 2.80 10 2.80 10 2?S0 2:50 2f50 10 8 8 2.80 2.50 2.50 10 8 8 2.80 2.50 2.60 10 8 g 10 8 British Columbia Vancouver Id. Day 2.50 8 2.50 8 2.60 8 8 Note on Hours in N.S. — No 8 hour law.but miners and underground employees usually work 8 hours. COST OF LlVmO IN CANADA UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES,— (a) HAND PICK MEN.^CoTilinued. 571 LoCArlTT. Unit. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs . 8 8 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs, Nova Scolia: Sydney Dist. . Spring Hill... Nrw Brunswick: Grand Lake.. Saskatchewan: Souris District Albcria: Belly River Dist CrowsNestPass andSoutljWest- ern Alberta Dist British Columbia Vancouver Id. Day Day Day Day Day Day Day S 3 05 3.14 2.00 2.50 2 50 3,00 3.00 3.30 S S S 3.05 3.00 2.00 2.50 L'..5U 3.00 3.00 3.30 K .... S X 3.20 3.04 2.00 2.50 . 2.50 3 00 3 00 3.30 8 8 S 3.26 * g 2.OO 2. So 2. SO 3.00 3.f0 3.36 8 8 S 3,20 2.40 3.00 2.00 2.50 2.50 3 00 3.30 3.30 S 3.40 2.41 3,25 2.00 2.50 2.50 3.30 3.30 3.30 8 8 S 3,-40 2,34 3,31 2,00 2.50 2.50 3.30 3.30 3.30 8 8 UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES*— (b) MACHINE MOVERS.— Continued. Nova Scotia: Sydney Dist. . . Saskatchewan: Souris District Albertxi: Belly River Dist CrowsNestPass andSouthWest- ern Alberta Dist British Columbia Vancouver Id, Day. . Dayt. Day . . Day. . Day.. 3.00 3.57 3.85 5.30 9.61 3.00 3.57 3.85 5.30 9.61 3.50 3.57 3.85 4.00 5.30 9. 61 3.50 3.50 3.57 3.85 4.15 5,30 9,61 3 .50 3,57 3,85 5,30 9,61 3,75 3,30 3,85 *None employed before 1905 fSeason short ; earnings exceptionally high. UNDEBGRODND EMPLOYEES— (c) DRIVERS.— Con(in«e<;. Nota Scotia: Sydney Dist. . Spring Hill.. . Saskatchewan: Souria District Alberta: Belly River Diat CrowsNestPass MdSouthWest^ ern Alberta Dibt British Columbia Vancouver Id. Day, Day, Day, Day. Day. Day. 1.50 0.73 1.S2 10 1.50 0.73 1.52 10 1,50 0,73 1,52 10 i.5Q 0.73 1.52 10 1.55 1.62 1,65 10 1.60 1.52 1.65 10 1.70 1,52 1,65 2.00 10 2.00 10 2,00 10 2.00 10 2,00 10 2.25 10 2,25 2.75 8 2.75 8 2.75 8 2,75 8 2.75 8 3.03 8 3,03 2.76 8 2.75 8 2.75 8 2.75 8 3.03 8 3 03 8 3,03 2.86 8 2.86 8 2.86 8 2.86- 3.02 8 2.86- 3.02 8 2.86- 3.02 8 2,86- 3,02 Note re Houra in N.S. — No 8 hour law, but miners and underground employees usually work 8 hours. 572 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES.— (d) BRATTICEMEN. Locality. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs, Nova Scotia: Sydney Dist. . Spring Hill. .. Day Day Day S l.SO 1.35 lo' i 1.50 1.52 1.64 io S 1.65 1.52 1.64 2.80 io 10 i l!65 l!52 i:64 2,80 3160 3t00 io' 10 8 8 * 1.65 1.52 1.64 2.80 3.00 3.00 'io' 10 8 8 S 1.65 1.52 1.64 2.80 3.00 3.00 io 10 8 8 1.66 1,52 1.64 2.80 3.00 3.00 '.io' Alherta: Belly River Dist in CrowsNestPass andSouthWest- 8 British Columbia Vancouver Is. Day 3.00 8 3.00 8 3.00 8 8 UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES.— (e) TIMBERMEN. Nova Scotia: Sydney Dist.. Spring Hill., . Day Day 1.50 1.35 1.75 io 1.50 1.77 io .1.65 1.77 io 1.65 1.77 10 1.65 1.77 io' 1,65 1,77 io 1.65 1.77 io Saskatchewan: 2.50 2.80 3.00 3.00 10 Alberta: Belly River Dist CrowsNestPass and Southwest Day Day 2.80 10 2.80 10 2.80 10 2*. SO 3.00 3". 00 10 8 8 2.80 3.00 3.00 10 8 8 2.80 3.00 3.00 10 8 8 10 8 British Columbia Vancouver Is. Day 3.00 8 3.00 8 3.00 8 8 UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES,— (f) LABOURERS. Nova Scotia: Sydney Dist. . Spring;Hill... Day Day 1.25 1.25 10 1,40 1.40 1,52 10 1.40 1.40 1.52 10 V40 K52 10 1.40 1.40 1,52 io 1.60 1.40 1.52 io 1,60 1,40 1.52 2.00 io Saskatchewan: 10 Alberta: Belly River Dist CrowsNestPass andSouthWest- Day 2,^0 l.=50- 2,75 8 8 2.50 1,50- 2.75 8 8 2,50 1,50- 2,75 8 8 2,50 1,50 2,75 8 British Columbia Vancouver Is. Day •1.00- **2,75 8 1.50- 2.75 8 1.50- 2.75 8 1 8 *0hine8e Labour. •*White Labour. COST OF LIViNO IN CANADA UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES— (d) BRATTICEMEN,— ConlinuecJ. 573 Unit. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 ■Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs, Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. fftma Scotia: Sydney Dist. . Spring Hill... Alberta: Belly River Diet CrowsNestPass andSouthWeat- ern Alberta Dist British Columbia Vancouver Is Day Day Day Day Day $ 1.75 1.52 1.64 3.00 3.00 3.30 io' 8 8 8 S 1.75 1.52 1,64 3.00 3.00 3.30 10 8 8 8 $ . 1.75 1.52 1.64 3.oq 3.00 3.30 io 8 8 8 S 1.75 1.52 1.64 3.00 3.00 3.30 io' 8 8 8 S 1.80 1.75 2.00 3.00 3.30 3.30 io 8 8 8 S 1.85 1,76 2.00 3.30 3.30 3,30 io 8 8 8 S 1.88 1,76 2,00 3,30 3,30 3.30 io' 8 8 8 UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES,— (e) TIMBERMEN.— Continued. Nova Scotia: Sydney Dist. . Spring Hill... Day. Day. Satkatchewan. Souris District Alberta: Belly River Dist CrowsNestPass and Southwest ern Alberta Dist Britiah Columbia Vancouver Is, Day. Day. Day. Day. 1.75 1.75 > 1.75 1.7S 1.80 1.85 2.00 1.77 10 1.77 10 1.77 10 1.77 10 1.52 1.80 2.50 10 10 1.52 1.80 2.50 10 10 1.52 1.80 2.60 2.50 10 2.50 10 2.50 10 2.56 10 3.00 8 3.00 8 3.00 8 3.00 8 3.00 8 3.30 8 3.30 3.00 S 3.00 8 3.00 8 3.09 8 3.30 8 .3.30 8 3.30 3.30 8 3.30 8 3.30 8 3.3P 8 3.30 8' 3.30 8 3.30 UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES.— (f) LABOURERS.— Confinued. Nova Scotia:- Sydney Dist.. Spring Hill... SoBkatchewan: Souris District Alberta: Belly River Dist CrowsNestPass andSouthWcst- eta Alberta Dist Britiah Columbia Vancouver Is. Day. Day. Day. Day. Day. Day. 1.60 1.40 1.52 2.00 2.50 *1.75- **3.30 10 10 1.60 1.40 1.52 2.00 2.50 1.75- 3.30 10 10 1.70 1.40 1.52 2.00 2.50 2.50 1.75- 3.30 10 10 1.70 1.40" 1.52 2.00 2. So 2.50 1.7S- 3.30 10 1.75 1.52 2.00 2.50 2.75 1.75- 3.30 10 10 1.75 1.52 2.25 2.75 2.75 1.75- 3,30 10 10 1,75 1.52 2.25 2.75 2.75 1.75- 3.30 10 10 'Chinese Labour. **White Labour. 574 BOARD OF INQVIBT INTO (2) Metal Mines. SURFACE EMPLOYEES.— (a) COMPRESSOR MEN. Locality. Unit. 190 3 190 1 190 2 1903 1904 ( 1905 1906 Wages Hrs. Wagos Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wa«es Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs Nova Siotia: Day t S t * S " i Qitebec: Eustis pist... Ontario: 1.3S 10 1 , 35 10 1.35 10 ItoO 10 2.00 10 2.00 2. SO 2.85 4.00 3.50 10 10 12 8 8 2.00 2.50 2.85 4.00 3.50 10 Cobalt Dist. 2.85 4^00 12 8 2.83 4.00 12 8 12 British Columbia Kossland Dist. 4.00 8 4.00 8 4.00 8 8 8 SURFACE EMPLOYEES.— (b) BLACKSMITHS. Nova Scotia: Guysboro Dist. Quebec: Eustis Dist... Ontario: Sudbury Dist. Day 2 00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 2.26 2.50- 3.00 4.00 4.00 10 10 10 9 9 2.00 2.25 2.50- 3.00 4.00 4.00 10 in Cobalt Dist. 2.50- 3.00 4.00 4.00 10 9 9 2.50- 3.00 4.00 4.00 10 9 9 in British Columbia Rossland Dist. Coast Dist. . . 4.00 3.50 9 9 4.00 3.60 9 9 4.00 3.60 9 9 9 9 SURFACE EMPLOYEES.— (o) MACHINISTS. Nova Scotia: Guysboro Dist. Quebec: Eustis Dist... Ontario: Sudbury Dist. 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2-00 10 2.00 10 2.00 2.76 2.50 4.00 4.00 10 10 10 9 9 2.00 2.75 2.50 4.00 4.00 10 10 Cobalt Dist.. . " 2.50 4,00 4^00 10 9 9 2.50 4.00 4.00 10 9 9 10 British Columbia Rossland Dist. Coast Dist. . . 4.00 3.50 9 9 4.00 3.60 9 9 4.00 3.50 9 9 9 9 COiiT OF LIYiya /A' CANADA (2) Metal Mines. SURFACE EMPLOYEES.— (a) COMPRESSOR MEIS— Continued. 575 . Locality. Unit 1907 190S 1009 1910 1011 1912 1913 Wagps Hra. Wages Urs. WageF Hrs. t 1.80 i 2.0& Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wagi'.v Hrs. Wages Hrs. Nova Scolia: Guysboro Dist. Day S . X 9 10 S 1 fi.-, 2.00 9 10 1,65 2.00 2.0.0 10 9 10 2.00 g 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 Quebec: EuBtis Dist, . . 2.25 10 Chilario: Sudbury Dist. Cobalt Dist. . .. 3.00 3 60 12 '12 3.00 3.60 12 12 3.00 3.60 12 12 3.30 3.60 12 12 2.70 3.60 12 12 3.25 3,60 8 12 3.00 3,60 12 12 British Columbia Rosaland Dist. , Coast Dist. . . ■■ 4.25 3.50 8 8 4.00 3.50 8 8 4.00 3.60 8 8 4.00 3.50 8 8 4.00 3.50 8 8 4,00 3.75 8 8 4.00 3.75 8 8 SURFACE EMPLOYEES.— (b) BLACKSMITHS.— Condnued. Nova Scotia: Guyaboro.Dist. Quebec: Eustia Dist. . . 2,00 10 2.25 10 2.35 10 Ontario; Sudbury Dist. Cobalt Dist.. ■* 2,75 3,25- 3.75 10 10 2.75 3.25- 3.75 10 10 2.75 3 25- 3.75 10 10- British Columbia RoBbland Dist Coast Dist., . ■* 4-4,25 4,00 9 9 4.00 4.00 9 9 4.00 4.00 9 9 2.10- 1.85 9 1.85 9 2.00 2.50' 10 2.50 10 2.50 3.00- 10 3.00 10 3.00 3,25- 3.25- 3,25- 3,75 10 3.75 10 3,75 4.0Q 9 4.00 9 4.00 4.00 9 4.00 9 4.00 3.33 3.26- 3,75 4 00 4.00 SURFACE EMPLOYEES.— (c) MACHINISTS.— C'oiiiiiiueii. Worn Scotia: 2,25 2,^0 9 10 2.25 2.50 9 10 2.00- 2,50 2,50 10 9 10 2.50 2.75 Quebec: Eustis Dist . , .... 65 p m 10 2.50 10 2.50 10 Ontario: Sudbury Dist. Cobalt Dist . , ,, 2.75 3.25 10 10 2.75 3.25 10 10 3.00 3.25 10 10 3,00 3,25 10 10 3.25 3.25 10 10 3,50 3.26 10 10 3.69 3.25 British Columbia Roasland Dist. Coast Dist, . , •■ 4-4.25 4.00 9 9 4.00 4.00 9 9 4.00 4.00 9 9 4,90 4,00 9 9 4.00 4.00 9 9 4.00 4.00 9 9 4.00 4,00 10 i65.00 per month. 576 BOARD OF INQUIRY WTO SURFACE EMPLOYEES.— (d) CARPENTERS. Unit 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905- 1906 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wag^s Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hn. Nova Scotia: "Guyaboro Dist. Day « $ $ 9- « ^ J Quebec; Euatis Diat.. . Ontttrio: Sudbury Diat. Cobalt Dist.. , 1.75 10 1.75 10 1.75 10 l.=75 10 1.75 10 1.75 2.50 2.50 3.50 4.00 10 10 10 9 9 1.75 2.50 2.50 3.50 4.00 10 10 10 9 9 2. '50 3. '50 3.00 10 9 9 2.50 3.50 4.00 10 9 9 British Columbia Rossland Dtst, Coast Dist.... 3.60 3,50 9 9 3.50 3.50 9 9 3.50 3.50 9 9 SURFACE EMPLOYEES.— (c) GENERAL SURFACE LABOUR. Nova Scotia: Guyaboro Dist? Quebec: Eustis Dist.. . Ontario: Sudbury Dist. Cobalt Dirt... British Columbia Koasland Dist. Coast Dist. . . Day. 2.50 2.60 2.50 2 50 2.50 2.50 l.fO 2.50 ».o6 10 1.25- 1.40 1.50 2.50 3.00 10 10 1.50 1.50 2.50- 2.75 3.00 10 1.35 1.50 2.26 2.75- 3.00 3.00 10 UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES.- -(a) IVfACHINE MEN Nova Scotia: Guysboro Dist. Quebec: Eustis Dist.. . Ontario: Day ,, 1.50 10 1.50 10 l.SO 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.75 2.60 2.50 3.50 3.50 10 10 10 8 8 1.75 2.60 2.50 3.50 3.60 10 in Cobalt Dist.. . 2.l0 3.§0 3. SO 10 s 8 2.50 3.50 3.50 10 8 8 in British Columbia Rossland Dist. Coast Dist. . . 3.50 3.50 8 8 3.50 3.50 8 8 3.50 3.50 8 8 8 8 1903 to 1906 board included. UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES.— (b) HAND STEEL MINERS. Nova Scotia: Day Quebec: Eustis Dist... Ontario: Sudbury Dist. 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.75 1.75 2.50 3.50 3.50 10 10 10 8 8 1.75 1.75 2.50 3.50 3.50 10 10 Cobalt Dist... 2.50 3.50 3. do 10 8 8 2.50 3.50 3.50 10 8 8 10 British Columbia Rossland Dist. Coast Dist. . . 3,50 3.00 8 8 3.50 3.00 8 8 3.50 3.00 8 8 8 8 COST OF LIVIVO IN CAN ABA SURFACE EMPLOYEES.— (d) CARPENTERS.— C(m^ 2.25 10 2.25 10 2.25 10 2.26 3.00 9 3.00 9 3.00 9 3.00 3.00 9 3,00 9 3,00 9 3.00 ^ UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES,— (a) MACHINE MF,N— Continued Nota Scotia: Guysboro Dist. Day . . . ^ 1.75 1.75 10 10 Quebec: Eustis Dist. , , 1.76 10 1,75 10 1,76 10 1.76 10 1.76 10 1.75 10 Ontario: Sudbury Dist, Cobalt Dist, , ,, 2.75 3,25 10 10 2.75 3.25 10- 10 2,75 3,25 20 10 2.75 3.25 11 2,75 3,25 10 10 3,00 3,25 8 10 3.00 3.25 8 9 British Columbia Koasland Dist. Coast Dist.... " 4,00* 3.50 8 8 3.50 3,50 8 8 3,60 3. SO 8 8 3.50 3.60 "8 8 3.50 3.50 8 8 3,75 3.50 8 8 3.50 3.50 8 8 •July to November. UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES— (b) HAND STEEL MINERS.— Confinued 'foM Scotia: Guysboro Dist. Day 1.50 1.75 40 ao 1.60 1.76 10 10 1.65 1.76 10 10 1.75 1.75 10 Quebec; Eustis Dipt... . 1.75 10 1.75 10 1.76 10 10 Ontario; Sudbury Dist. Cobalt Dist.. " 2.10 3.25 10 10 2.10 3.25 10 10 2.10 3.25 10 10 2.10 3.26 40 10 2.25 3.25 10 10 2.50 3.26 8 10 2.56 3.25 8 9 BtitishColumbia Roasland Dist. Coast Dist... .'.' 4.00* 3.50 8 8 3.50 3.50 8 8 3.50 3.50 8 8 3.50 3.50 8 -8 3.60 3. SO 8 8 3.75 3.60 8 8 3.50 3.50 8 8 •July to November. B— 37 578 BOARD OF INQVIRT MTO UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES— (c) MUCKERS AND SHOVELLERS. Locality. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wage's Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Nova Scotia: Guysboro Diat. Quebec: Euatis Diat. . . 3 S S 4 n S 1.25 10 1.25 10 1.25 10 1.35 10 1.35 10 1 35 10 1.40 10 Ontario: Sudbury Dist. Cobalt Dist. . " 1.75 1.75 10 in 1.75 1.75 rn 1.76 10 1 75 10 in British Columbia Rossland Dist. 2.50 8 2.50 8 2.50 8 2.^0 8 2.50 8 2.75 8 3.00 8 Coast Dist. .. 2.50 8 2.50 8 2.50 8 2.50 8 3.00 8 3.00 8 3.00 8 UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES.— (d) TIMDERMEX Nova Scotia: Guysboro Diet. Quebec: Eustis Dist. . . Ontario: Sudbury Dist. Day 1.75 10 1.75 10 1.75 10 1.75 10 1.75 10 1.75 2.60 2.50 3.50 10 10 10 8 1.76 2.75 2.50 3.50 10 10 2. ,60 3.50 10 8 2.50 3.50 10 8 10 British Culumbia Rossland Dist. 3.50 8 3.50 8 3.50 8 8 1903 to 1906 boafd iaoluded. (3) Stone Quarries. DRILLERS. Nova Scotia: Pictou Day 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.i)0 10 2.25 10 2.25 10 2.25 New Brunswick: Sackville.^ . . . " 1.40 10 1.40 10 1.50 10 1.,^ 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.60 Quebec: Hull ,... •■ 1.26 11 1.25 11 1.25 11 l.Ef5 11 1.35 ■11 1.50 10 1.75 Ontario: Toronto* " 1.76 2.50 Manitoba: Winnipeg .... 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.25 10 2!25 10 2.25 10 2.25 10 British Columbia Vancouver . .' . 2.50 10 2.50 10 2.50 10' s'.'bo 10 3.00 ' 9 3.00 9 3.00 *Eight hours on Saturday. COST OP LIVING IN CANADA UNDER.OROUND EMPLOYEES.— (c) MUCKERS AND SHOVELLERS.— Cond'nucd. 579 Locality. Unit. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Nom Scotia: Guysboro Dist. Qutbec: Eusti.s Dist . . Day $ $ i S 1 40 10 3 1 40 10 1 50 10 1.50 1.60 10 10 1.40 10 1.40 10 i.'so 10 1.50 W 1 . 50 10 1.60 10 Ontario: Sudbury Dist. Cobalt Dist . . •• 2.10 2.50 10 10 2.10 2.50 10 10 2.10 2 50 10 10 2.10 2.50 ip- 10 2.26 2,50 10 10 2.25 2.50 8 10 2.25 2.50 8 9 Brilinh Columbia Rossland Dist. Coast Dist . . . " 2.75-3 3.25* 3.00 8 S 3.00 3.00 8 .s 3.00 3.00 8 8 3.00 3.00 •8 8 3.00 3.00 s 8 3.25 3.00 8 8 3.00 3.00 8 8 ♦July to November. UNDERGROUND EMPLOYEES —(d) TIMBERMEN —Continued Xoia Scotia: Day . ... 2.00 10 Quebec: Eustis Dist..". 1.75 10 1.75 10 1.75 10 1.75 10 1.75 10 1 75 10 1.75 10 Ontario: Sudbury Dist,, Cobalt Dis. . ■■ 2.75 3.25 10 10 2 75 3.25 10 10 2.76 3.25 10 10 2.75 3.25 1,0 10 3 . OU 3 . 25 10 10 3,00 3.25 9 10 3.00 3.35 8 9 British Columbia Roasland Dist. Coast Dist. ■• 4.00* 8 3.50 8 3.50 8 3.50 8 3.50 8 3.50 3.50 8 8 3.50 3.60 8 *July till November. (3) Stone Quarries. DRILLERS. — Continued. Nam Scotia: Plotou . Day 2.00 10 2.50 10 2.25 10 2.25 10 2.25 10 2.00 10 2 00 10 Urn Brunswick: Sackville 1.70 10 1.70 10 1.70 10 1.75 10 1.80 10 1.80- 2.00 10 1,80- 2,00 10 Quebec: Hull ;, 1.75 10 1.90 10 1.90 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.10 10 2.26 10 Ontario; Toronto* .... 1.90 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 iO 2,00 10 ■2 , 40 10 2.50 10 Manitoba: Winnipeg . . . " 2.50 10 2.50 10 2.50 10 2 50 10 2.75 10 2.76 10 2.50 10 British Columbia Vanoouver. . . IC 3.00 9' 3.00 8 3.50 8 3.50 .8 3.50 8 3. SO 8 3.75 8 Eight hours on Saturday. 1—374 580 BOARD OF INQVIRT IlfTO DERRICKMEN. Locality. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 i 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Nova Scotia: Pictou New Brunswick: Sackville Quebec: Hull Ontario: Toronto* Day S 1.60 1.20 1.25 10 10 11 S 1.50 1.20 1.25 10 10 11 $ 1,50 1.26 1.25 10 10 11 $ 1.50 1.30 1.35 10 10 11 S 1.50 1.40 1.35 10 10 10 S 1.50 1.40 1.50 10 10 10 i 1.60 1.40 1.75 1.75 2.60 3.00 10 10 10 10 Manitoba: Winnipeg British Columbia Vancouver . . . ft 2.25 2.50 10 10 2.25 2.50 10 10 2.60 2.50 10 10 2.50 3.00 10 9 2.50 3.00 10 9 2.50 3.00 10 9 10 9 *8 hours Saturday. ORDINARY LABOURERS. Nova Scotia: Pictou Day 1.60 .... 1.50 1.60 i.So 1.50 1.46 1.50 New Brunswick: Saclnville 1.00 10 1.00 10 1.10 10 1.20 10 1.20 10 1.30 10 1.30 10 Quebec: Hull •• 1.20 11 1.20 11 1.20 11 1.26 11 1.26 10 1.26 10 1.30 10 Ontario: ■■ 1.50 2.25 in Manitoba: Winnipeg 1.76 10 1.75 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 lO 10 British Columbia Vancouver. . . " 2.50 10 2.50 10 2.50 10 3.00 9 3.00 9 3.00 9 3.00 9 (4) Smelters. CHARGERS. Ontario: Sault Ste. Hour .^H 12 .27}^ 3.00 12 12 .27H 3.00 13 Sudbury Dist. Day 12 British Columbia ♦Greenwood, (copper) . . . Trail It .... . . • t ___ *See p. 582 and S83. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA DERRICKMEN.— Con«7it«e(J. 581 Locality. Unit. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hra. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. ^oiiij Scotia: Piotou Day S 1.50 1.60 10 10 i 1.50 1.60 10 10 S 1.50 1.60 10 10 « * 1.50 1.60 10 10 1.60 1.60 10 10 t 1.50 1.60- 1.80 10 10 i New Bnintwick: Sackville 1.60- 1.70 10 Quebec- Hull " , 1-75 10 1.90 10 1.90 10 2.00 10 2.10 10 2.10 10 2.25 10 Ontario: Toronto* •■ 1.90 10 1.90 10 1.90 10 2.00 10 2.10 10 2.00 10 2.75 10 Manitoba: Winnipeg. . . . (( 2. SO 10 2.50 10 2.50 10 2.60 10 2.50 10 2.50 10 3.25 10 British Columbia Vancouver. . . u 3.00 9 3.00 9 3.50 8 3.50 8 3.50 8 3.50 8 3.75 8 ORDINARY LABOURERS.— Continued. l^fova Scotia: Pictou New Brunavnck. Sackville Quebec: Hull Ontario: Toronto Manitoba: Winnipeg .... British Columbia Vancouver . . Day. 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50- 1.60 10 1.50- 1.60 1.40 10 1.40 10 1.40 10 1.4P 10 1.50 10 1.50- 1.70 10 1.60 1.35 10 1.36 10 1.45 10 1.45 10 1.50 10 1.75 10 2.00 1.75 10 1.60 10 1.60 10 1.60 10 1,70 10 1.70 10 1.90 2.25 10 2.25 10 2.25 10 2.25 10 2.25 10 2.25 10 Z.25 3.00 9 3.00 9 3.00 9 3.0*0 8 3.00 8 3.00 8 3.25 10 (4) Smelters. CHARGERS.— CoK(!TO«d. Ontario: Sault Ste. Marie (iron) Sudbury Dist. (copper) . . . Britith Columbia •Greenwood, (copper) . . . Trail... Hour Day .27>^ 3.60 12 12 .27H 3.60 12 12 .27H 3.60 12 12 < .27?^ 12 12 .27K 3.60 12 12 .27J^ 3.60 4.00 3.25- 4.00 12 12 8 8 .27H 3.60 4.00 3.25- 4.00 12 12 t 8 2— ♦See p 582 and 583. 582 BOARD OF INQUIRY l)fTO CASTERS OR MOULDERS. Unit. 190 ) 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrg. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Ontario: S a u 1 t S t e. S $ $ S S .15 .17K 1.98 12 12 S .15 .17J^ 1.98 12 12 .15 .17H 1.98 12 12 Sudbury_Dibt. (copper) , . . British Columbia Trail Day ORDINARY LABOURERS. Ontario: S a u It S t &. .15 10 .15 1.80 10 12 .15 1.80 10 Sudbury Dist. (copper) . . British Columbia *Greenwopd, (copper) . . . Trail 2.50 10 *Rates at Greenwood for 1912-13 were those in force September 1st. — 25 cents per day over the basic scale, the increased scale being given when price of copper is above 16 cents. v.— BUILDING. STONECUTTERS, (Lime and sandstone.) LOCiLITI. 1900 1001 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages perhr Hours per wk Wages perhr Hours per wk Wours per hr Hours per wk Wages per hr Hours per wk Wages per hr Hours per wk Wages perhr Hours per wk Wages perhr Hours perwk Prince Edward Island: — Charlottetown Norn Scotia: — Halifax c 25 30 60 60 c 25 30 60 60 c 25 36 60 60 c 25 36 60 ,60 c 25 36 60 60 26. 36 39 35 30 40 43 48 37,^ 60 50 55 55 62H 60 54 64 59 54 48 48 44 54 53 54 54 48 44 c 2S 36 39 36 35 40 43 48 37H 60 60 60 55 62H 60 54 New Brunswick: St. John 54 Quebec: — Sherbrooke Quebec Montreal Ontario: — 25 20 30 33i 43 35 50 69 60 60 50 U 60 53 30 20 30 334 43 35 50 59 60 60 50 44 80 53 30 22i 33)-^ 36 43 62H 59 54 54 50 44 54 53 30 22J 35 36 45 iTA 55 : 59 54 54 50 , 44 54 53 30 30 40 43 48 37M 55 59 54 48 48 44 54 53 59 48 48 48 Toronto Owen Sound 44 54 Manitoba: — 53 Saekatchewan: — Regina, 54 Alberta:- EdTnontoti- 66 40 55 45 45 55 55 50 54 60 44 48 Calgary.. 40 45 50 45 60 44 48 British Columbia: Vancouver 44 008T OF LIVING IN CANADA CASTERS OR MOULDEUS.-»Con(mu'2 54 54 54 48 48 40 ■ 45 40 40 45 54 54 48 48 48 40 55 44H \ 54 New Brunsmck: St. John.,. 54 Quiba:— Sherbrooke (Juehec... 64 48 Montreal 44 Ohtarw:- Ottawa.. 44 60 46 60 48 44 54 48 44 50 45 60 48 44 64 48 44 50 45 60 48 44 54 48 44 60 45 60 .48 44 "54 48 44 50 45 60 44 44 54 43 44 52^^ 45 65 44 44 54 48 50 55 46 65 44 ToroDto..,, Owen Sound 44 54 Mmiloba:— Winnipeg.. 44 Stukatckman:— Eegina..,., 60 54 60 54 60 54 60 '54 60 54 65 48 66 48 Afterto,-- ,, Edmonton Oolgary.... 60 60 62H 48 4S 44 60 60 62M 48 44 44 62H 621^ i2'A 48 44 44 62M 62H 48 44 44 62H 65 62H 48 44 44 65 66 62M 44 44 44 65 65 62H 44 44 BrUiih CohmUa: Vancouver 44 584 BOARD OF INQUIBT IWTO BHIOKLAYEHH. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages per hr Hours per wk Wages perhr Hours per wk Wages per hr Hours per wk Wages perhr Hours per wk Wages perhr Hours per wk Wages per hr Hours per wk Wages perhr Hours perwk Prince Jldward Island: — Charlottetown Nova Scotia:— Halifax. c 25 36 60 64 c 25 36 33J 35 3D 30 36 33J 50 60 54 54 59 60 60 60 48 60 53 e 25 36 33i 35 33i 35 36 42 37}^ 50 60 S4 54 59 60 54 50 48 54 60 c 25 36 33i 35 33i 40 40 45 37K 55 60 54 54 59 80 54 50 44 54 53 c 25 36 33J 40 33i 40 42 45 37M 55 60 54 54 50 60 54 50 44 54 53 c 25 36 33i 45 33i 45 45 47 37H 55 50 60 54 54 54 60 54 50 44 54 53 60 54 48 44 c 25 40 40 45 44 45 45 60 40 55 60 60 62M 60 54 54 New Brunswick: St. John... Quehen:— 30 30 30 59 60 60 Quebec. Montreal OrUario: 54 S4 Toronto Owen Sound 50 48 60 53 Manitoba: — Wirinipeg Saakatckewan: 63 60 Alberta:— Edmonton 50 59 50 40 50 59 60 4S 50 40 50 59 60 48 55 45 50 54 54 44 55 50 50 54 54 44 55 55 561 48 48 Britiih Cdumhia:— 44 EODGH CARPENTERS. Prince Edward Uland:- CharlottetowD Noia Scotia:- Halifax..., New B'uTimick- St. John Quebec: — Sherbrooke... Quebec Montreal Ontario: — Ottawa Toronto Owen Sound. Manitoba:-^ Winnipeg. — SaslMrhewan; — Regina Aibrrta-— Fdmonton., Calgary Briliih Columbia. Vancouver , 12H 18 22J 10 17H 22i 25 20 25 30H 60 60 12H 22 221 15 20 17K 22i 25 20 25 25 27M 60 SO 15 22 22i 221 30 20 25 25 27} 33i 60 54 54 59 60 60 54 48 60 59 54 50 15 22 22J 21} 20 22M 22i 30 20 35 30 35 40 60 54 54 59 60 60 50 44 60 53 54 54 15 22 22i 21 20 23H 22J 30 20 35 60 54 54 SO 60 54 50 44 60 53 54 54 44 15 25 221 221 20 27H 221 32H 20 35 35 35 40 COST OF LiriNO IN ^CANADA BRICKLAYERS— ConhniMif. 585 LocALirr. Wages Hours per hr per wk Prince Edmrd laland: CharlottetowD if DM Scotia:— Ealifsi StiD Bruninsick: St. John 8herbrooke Quebec Montreal Ontorio: Ottawa Toronto Owen Sound Manitoba: — Winnipeg Saskatohewan: Regina ,. Alberta:— Edmonton Calgary.., Britieh Columbia: — Vancouver.'; 1907 29 40 40 55 55 60 62H 62).^ 60 S4 54 54 54 54 SO 44 54 48 48 44 1903 WagoE per nr Hours per wk 60 55 60 62H 62}/^ per hr 60 54 54 54 54 54 50 44 54 48 48 44 1909 Hours per wk 60 55 60 62H 65 Wages Hours per hr per wk 60 54 64 54 54 54 60 44 54 53 54 48 48 44 1910 30 40 45 60 60 60 621^ 68J Wages per hr 54 .54 48 48 ■44 1911 Hours per wk 52 521^ 45 67ii 60 60 67M 75 60 43 64 1912 32H 40 45 52 52^ 45 70 67)^ Hours per wk 1913 Wages Hours per hr per wk ROUGH CARPENTERS.— Coni.huerf. Prime Edward Itland:— Char!ottetQ.wn 15 60 nVi 60 17K 60 ITA 60 17H 60 18J 60 20 60 ffoM Scotia:— Halifax 25 27} 25 22H 27K 54 54 59 60 54 25 27} 25 25 27K2 64 54 59 60 54 27 271 2S 25 30 64 54 59 60 54 30 27} 25 25 30 S4 54 59 60 S4 30 33i 30 25 35 54 54 59 64 54 32 33i 30 30 40 54 54 54 54 54 35 37i 30 30 42K 54 New Brunsioick: — St. John. 54 Sherhrooke Quebec... 54 54 Montreal: 54 Ontario.— Ottawa.. . 26 33 25 35 60 44 60 53 25 33 25 35 50 44 60 S3 30 33 25 45 SO 44 60 63 30 35 25 45 60 44 60 53 30 37 25 45 50 44 60 50 35 40 30 45 50 44 60 SO 35 45 30 45 50 Toronto Owen Sound 44 64 Manitoba:— Winnipeg, 60 Sathilchewan:- Regina 35 60 35 60 35 60 40 69 40 59 40 53 40 53 Edmonton Calgary 42 41 43i 48 54 44 42 41 43! 48 54 44 42 45 SO 48 54 44 43} 50 50 48 54 4< 43} 50 50 48 64 44 40 55 50 44 50 44 40 55 631 44 48 Brtlii* Columbia: Vancouver 44 586 BOARD OF INQVIRT li^TO PAINTERS AND GLAZIERS. 1900 1901 1902 1^03 1904 1905 1906 Wages perbr Hours per wk Wages per hr Hours per wk Wages per hr Hours per wk Wages per hr Hours per wk Wages per hr Hours per wk Wages per hr Hours perwk Wages perhr Hours perwk Prince Edward Uiand:— Charlottetown Norn Scotia:— Halifax 15 16 60 54 c 15 60 54 c 15 im 19 17 17H 22} 30 20 25 60 54 54 59 60 60 54 44 60 60 c 15 20J mi 17H 22H 22} 30 20 30 60 '54 54 59 60 60 50 44 "60 53 c 15 20i 22} 22M 22".^ 22} 30 20 30 60 64 54 59 60 54 50 44 60 53 c 15 22} 22} 22H 17H 221/2 25 30 20 30 25 36 30 iVA 60 54 54 69 60 54 50 44 60 53 60 54 54 48 ' c 15 22} 25 22H 22)^ 25 30 22^ 30 25 40 35 40 60 New Brunswick: — St. John Quebec:— Sherbrooke Quebec Montreal Ontario: — Ottawa 15 15 22} 22J^ 17 25 59 60 60 54 50 60 60 17 15 17"^ 22J 25 17 25 59 60 60 54 50 60 60 59 60 54 50 Toronto Owen Sound 44 60 Manitoba: — 53 Saskatchwean:— 60 Alberta:— Edmonton 25 59 25 59 25 59 30 54 35 25 37!^ 54 60 4S 48 34 British Columbia.— 33i 54 33i 54 37H 48 48 PLUMBERS. Prince Edward hland:- Charlottetown Nova Scotia:- Halifax. . . New Brunswick:- St. John Quebec: — Sherbrooke.. Quebec Montreal Ontario: — Ottawa Toronto Owen Sound. Maniloha: — : Winnipeg Saakatehetoan: — Regina.. ...*;. ... AlberUi: — Edmonton.. Calgary British Columbia:- Vancouver 20 20 18H 20 22} 20 20 20 18H 22 273^ 20 60 20 20 25 30 20 39 54 44 60 20 22} 20 25 32A 20 40 39 32H 51 54 59 60 60 50 44 60 48 54 60 20 22} 22} 20 20 25 27^ 321.^ 20 40 39 37}^ 60 51 59 60 50 44 60 48 54 60 20 22} 22} COST OF LIVING IN .CANADA PAINTERS AND GLAZIERS.-Conliraerf. 587 Locality. Prince Edward Island: Charlottetown ftw Scotia:— Halifax New Bmnav/ick: — St. John Quebec: — Sherbrooke Quebec Montreal Ontario: — Ottawa Toronto... Owen Sound ilfomWo.'— Winnipeg Saskatchwedh: — Rcgina AVmta:— Edmonton Calgary Britieh Columbia: — Vancouver Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown iVoto Sootia:— Halifax ^fiw Brunxwick. — St. John Quefiec; — Sherbrooke Quebec Montreal Ontario.' — Ottawa Toronto Owen Sound ^arntoha: — Winnipeg, ^aakakhman: — Regina Edmonton Calgary '. BriKrt Columbia:— Vancouver 1907 Wages Hours per hr per wk 15 27} 22H 22K 25 26 30 22J^ 40 40 60 54 54 59 60 54 50 44 60 53 60 48 54 1908 Wages Hours per hr per wk 17H 25 27^ 25 23 25 25 30 22H 30 30 45 40 60 54 54 59 60 54 50 44 60 63 60 48 54 1909 Wages per hr 17^ 273 Hours per wk 60 64 54 59 60 64 27H, 50 30 44 22H| 60 30 30 45 40 50 60 1910 Wages ['Hours per nr rper wk 25 27} 27H 26 27i'-2 36 22H 45 45 50 .60 64 64 59 64 -54 60 44 60 53 60 1911 Wages per hr 17K 25 273 27H 25 30 30 35 22H 40 35 Hours per wk 1912 Wages per nr 20 30 33J 27^2 25 32} •56i Hours per wk 44 per hr Hours per wk 20 36 37H 27H 30 35 33 36 26 40 60 60 56J 60 44 60 44 49M 44 PLUMBERS.— Conitnuai. 20 26 22i 22M 22J^ 32 32 37H 60 40 50 60 64 64 69 60 64 60 44 60 48 54 48 60 44 20 26 22J 22M 22M 32 3TA 22H 60 46 661 64 60 60 64 54 59 60 54 50 44 60 48 64 20 25 25 22H 22H 32)^ 40 22M 80 50 56J 55 50 69 60 64 60 44 60 48 54 48 64 20 30 25 25 35 39 40 22).. 50 60 66J 55 62>^ 20 60 25 30 50 35 28 54 35! 27H 27"^ 35 59 54 54 27M 30 37H 39 40 22;-^ 60 44 60 39 40 25 50 48 65 50 64 . 65 60 57M 48 48 60 60 62; 2 44 62^2 44 30 36 37M 30 30 40 44 40 30 56 65 62M 60 62H 59 54 54 4S 44 60 44 60 588 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO BUILDERS' LABOURERS. LOCAUTT. 1900 Wages per hr Hours per wk Wages per hr leoi Hours per wk 1002 Wages per hr Hours per wk 1003 Wages per hr Hours per wk 1004 Wages per hr Hours per wk 1905 Wages per hr Hours per wk Prince Edward hland:- Charlottetown Nova Scotia: — Halifax. . New BrujiBwick:- St. John Qiiebec — Sherbrooke... Quebec Montreal Ontario: — Ottawa Toronto Owen Sound . Manitoba; — Winnipeg Saskaichewan:" Regina Alberta:— Edmonton.. Calgary British Columbia:- Vancouver 12H m 169 10 12M IS 16« 22 16 20 60 54 54 50 eo 54 44 60 60 12)4 14 163 10 12M 15 16S 23 15 60 54 54 59 60 60 54 44 60 15 12 15 17)4 19 23 15 54 44 12H 15 17J IS 17)4 60 54 60 60 30 54 34}^ 44 12H 13i 15 20 20 34H 60 44 12)4 m m 25 25-30 34J^ c 12H 60 m M m 54 15 59 60 60 22 25 25 SO 44 54 25 54 20 60 25 30-35 48 48 VI.— METAL. BLACKSMITHS. Locality. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages. Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wagjes Hrs. Wages. Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Nova Scotia: — Dartmouth. . NewGlasgow New Brunswick: Fredericton. . Sussex. ..... Quebec: — Per Week. Hour. . Hour. . Hour. . Week. Hour.. Week. Hour. . Hour. . Hour. . Hour. . Hour. . Day. . Hour. . Hour. . Hour. . Hour. . Week. Day, . Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk S 8.00 .18H .20 S4 60 $ 8.00 .20 .20 * 9.00 64 57M 60 60 S 8.00 .20 .22 .15 9.00 64 57Ji 60 60 60 $ 9.00 .22)4 .22 .15 9.00 54 57?i 60 60 60 $ 10.00 .22)4 .23 .15 9.00 54 57?i 60 60 60 i 10. DO 22. )4 .24 .16 9.00 54 573-4 60 60 60 S 10.00 .25 .25 .16 9.00 .22H 10.00 .19 20.8 20-27 .25 .21 2.26 .20 .30 S4 57?i 54 60 60 Wk 55 St. Hyacinthe Ontario: — Brantford . . . Dundas Gait Hamilton.. . . London. . . . . Wk 9.00 .17 19.5 16-26 .22)4 .18)4 2.00 .17)4 * 60 60 55 66 55 68 10 60 9.00 .17 20.5 17)426 .22M .19 2.00 .17K ♦ 60 60 65 65 55 58 10 60 10. po .18 19.7 2022I4 .24 2.00 ■17>4 ■ 271^ 60 60 55 56 55 58 10 60 60 10.00 .18}^ 20.4 2023)4 .24 .19 2.26 .17)4 .30 60 65 55 65 10 60 60 10.00 .18 20.4 20-25 .26 .19)4 2.25 .20 .30 60 60 55 55 55 55 10 69 60 60 Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk. Dy . Wk. Wk. Wk .17 19.5 16-25 .22)4 .18)4 60 65 65 55 88 60 55 55 55 55 10 Stratford Manitoba: — Winnipeg Saskatchewan. Regina British Columbia Nelson Vancouver. . . .17)4 60 59 60 Wk. Wk. Wk .40 16.50 60 55 .40 16.60 60 66 .40 17.90 60 65 .40 18.00 60 60 .40 18.00 60 60 .40 18.00 3.50 60 SO 54 .40 18.00 3.50 60 50 54 .. . *No recorda. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA BUILDERS' LABOURERS.— Continued. 589 LOCALITT. Wages per hr Hours per wk Wages per or 1908 Hours per wk ig09 Wages per tr Hours per wk 1910 Wages per nr Hours per wk 1911 Wages per nr Hours per wk 1012 Wages per hr Hours per wk Wages per nr Print* Edward Iiland:- Cb&rlottetown Jfow Scotia:- Halifax.... Itsw Brungwich: — St. John Que&AV — Sherbrooke... Quebec Montreal Ontario: — Ottawa Toronto Owen Sound. Mamtolja: — Winnipeg SaihUchewan: — Regina Albtria:— Edmonton*.. Calgary Briiith Colum^x- Vancouver m 17.H 20 20 2S 32J^ IS 19^ 178 17>^ 20 22i £4 60 48 15 19H 20 17H 20 22J 25 25 23 15 19K. 20 17M 20 22i 16 19^ 22i 20 20 25 28 28 25 27M 20 28 43i >44 43i 22i 22i 20 25 28 30 28 27S 27M 30 35 35 43} 60 54 64 64 64 64 44 44 64 54 60 44 48 VI.— METAL. BLACKSM ITKS.— Continued. Locality. Unit. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs, Wages Hrs. J^^OBQ Scotia: — s S $ S S g S Dartmouth . . Week. Wk. 10.00 54 12,00 54 12.00 54 14.00 54 14.00 54 14,00 54 14.00 54 New Glasgow Hour. . Wk. .25 575i .25 575i .25 57?i 25 57H .25 57^ ,27M 57M .27-^2 57M New Brunswick: Fredericton. . Hour. . Wk. .25 R4 .26 54 .26H 54 .28 54 .30 54 .30 54 ,30 64 Sussex Hour. . Wk. .16 60 .16 60 .16 60 .16 60 .18 60 .18M 60 .20 60 Qvtbec:— COwanaville. . Week. WW 9.00 fiO 9.00 fiO 9.00 60 10.50 60 10,50 10 12.00 60 12.00 60 Montreal Hour.. Wk. .22H 5a .24 55 .24 65 .25 55 .25 55 .26 66 .26 65 St. Hyaointhe Week. Wk. 10.00 60 10.00 60 12.00 60 12.00 60 12.00 60 12.00 60 12.00 60 Ontario.— Btaatford , . . Hour.. Wk ,20 60 .20 fiO .20 60 .22 60 .23 60 .23 56 .23 56 Dundas Hour. . Wk 23.9 .w 24.5 55 25.6 65 25.7 55 .25 55 26.3 55 27,3 66 Gait Hour. . Wk 20-27 S.S 20-27 55 20-27 65 20-^8 65 20-29 66 20-29 66 20-30 55 Hamilton Wk .25 .55 .25 .55 .26 55 .26 65 .26 65 .27J/3 55 .30 66 London Hour. . Wk .23M .55 .24 .55 .24>^ 66 .25 55 .25 55 .25 66 .26 66 Ottawa Day. . ny 2.50 10 2.60 10 2.75 10 2.76 10 3.00 10 3.00 10 3.00 « Stratford. . . , Hour. . Wk. .20 59 .22 59 .22 59 .22H 59 .221^ &U .22J.^ 69 .22M 69 iloniiobo;— Winnipeg Hour. . Wk. • 32H 60 .32H 60 .35 60 .36 60 .37K 55 .37H 65 .40 66 Sukaichcwan: Regina Hour. . Wk .32M 60, .32H 60 .35 60 , .35 60 .40 60 .40 60 Britith Columbia NeUon Wk .45 54 .45 54 .45 .64 .45 54 .45 64 .45 64 .45 64 Vancouver. . . Week. Wk 20.00 ■W 20.00 50 20.00 50 20. go 50 20.80 60 20.80 60 20.80 50 Victoria Day. . Dy. 3.50 54 3.50 54 3.50 64 3.76 6* 3.75 64 3.75 64 3.75 64 590 BOARD OF INQUIRY MTO IRON MOULDERS. Log Unit Wage-' Hrs 1900 WagH^ Hrc 190) Waget. Hrs 1902 WaKes Hrt W03 Wages Hrs Wages Hrs 1905 Wages Hrs Nova Scotia:- Amherst. . Halifax. . . New Glasgow Xeir Brunswick' Fredericton. . St. Jolin Sussex Quebec: Cowansviile. . Montreal. . . . St. Hyacinthe Ontario: — Brantford . . . Carleton PI. . Dundas Gait Ottawa Guelph London Stratford .... Manitoba: — Winnipeg. , . . British Columbia Nelson Grand Forks Vancouver. . Per Day. . Day. . Hour. . Hour . Week. Hour.. Week. Hour. . Week. Hour.. Hour. , Hour. . Hour., Day. . Hour. Hour. Hour. Hour. Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk. 2.50 1.75 2.00 19 2.00 .20 11-18 9.00 .20 60 54 57% Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk. Dy Wk, Wk, Wk. .21 .22M .22J^ .181^ .25H S 2.50 2.00 2,25 20 2,25 .20 11-18 9.00 .2214 12.00 .21 .22M .23 .19 .25H 2.00 .22H .19 .20 uta 2.60 2.00 2.25 .20 2.25 .20 11-18 .15 9.00 ,24 12.00 .24 .22K ,2512 .19H .27H 2.00 .22H .20 .20 60 54 573^ Hour . . Day. . Week. Wk, Wk, Wk, .40 19.25 2.50 2.00 2.25 2.25 .20 11-W 9.00 24 12.00 .23 .22H .26 .21" .27K 2.00 .25 ■ V. .30 .40 19.45 60 54 575i 2.75 2.00 2.25 .22H 2.25 20 U-IS .15 10.50 12.00 .23M .26M .26 .21J^ .29 2.00 .25 ■ 2VA .20 .30 .40 19.45 60 54 57H 2.75 2.00 2.25 .20 2.25 .20 11-18 .16H 10.50 .2514 12.00 .26 .26H .26 ■ 21'A .29 2.25 .25 .22 .22}.^ .30 .40 19.45 60 54 57Ji *No records. COREMAKERS. Nova Scotia: — Amherst Halifax New Glasgow Varmoutli. . . New Brunswick: Fredericton. . Quebec: — Cowansyille. . Montreal,. . . Ontario: — Brantford . . . Carleton PI. . Dundas Gait Hamilton Ottawa Toronto Manitoba:-^ Winnipeg. . . . Alberta: — Lethbridge. . . British Columbia Vancouver. . . Day . . Day. . Hour. . Day. . Wk. Wk. Wk. 1.50 1.50 17; 2 60 54 57M 1.50 1.50 .17J^ 60 54 57Ji 1.50 1.50 .17H 1.75 60 S4 575^ 1.50 1.50 .17J^ 1.75 60 54 o7M 1,50 1.50 . 17,l2 2.00 60 54 S7M 1.75 1.50 .17H 2.00 60 34 57?i 1.75 1.50 .17H 2.00 Hour.. Wk. .10 60 .10 60 .10 60 .10 60 .10 60 .12 60 13 8-9 Day. . Hour. , Wk 3.00 -ITA 60 60 3.00 .20 60 60 3. '00 W 60 60 3.00 .25 60 60 3.00 .24 60 60 3.00 .24 Wk, , 17,'-2 60 Hour., Hour.. Hour. , Hour, Hoar.. Day. . Hour. . Wk. Wk. Wk, Wk, Wk .07 .20 .15 ■ I2i2 21}, 60 60 55 55 .09 .20 .15 .12}^ .21H 60 60 55 06 .10 .20 .16 ,14 ,2m 60 60 55 55 ."12 . 22,1,2 ,17 -35 ■ 22'. 2 60 60 55 65 .12 .22.1 2 .17 .14 .22M 60 60 55 55 .12 22>i . 15 5 14 .22H 27-30 1.76 21.75 60 60 55 55 55 10 55 .12 .30 .15.7 .15 .25 27-32 2.00 22.25 Dy Wk 1.60 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.50 21. Sp 27 10 55 1.75 21.75 10 55 Hour.. Wk 60 27K .35 60 27 I2 fiO .30 Hour.. Wk. 54 35 54 ,36 Week . Wk 19 25 .. 19.45 50 19.45 50 19,46 .-_ O^OST OF LIVING IN CANADA IRON MOULDERS— Conimued. 591 LOCAUTY. Nom Scotia:- Amherst, . Halifax... New Glasgow New Brunswick: Fredericton. . St. John Sussex Day. Day . Hour. . Week. Hour.. Quebec; Cowansville. Montreal . . . St. Hyacinthe Ontario: — Brantford . Carleton PI Dundaa . . . Gait . Ottawa. . . . Guelph London . . . Stratford. . Manitoba: — Winnipejr. . British Columbia Nelson. .... Grand Forks. Vancouver. Unit Wage.s Hrs Week Hour. Week Hour. Hour. Hour. Hour. Day. Hour. Hour. Hour. Hour. Day. Week Wk Wk Wk Wk, Wk. Wk, Wk, Wk Wk, Wk Wk Wk Wk Dy Wk Wk Wk Wk Wk Wk 1007 Wages Hr S 2. 75 2.25 2 :i.rj 20 .226, 11-18 .18 12.00 .25H 13.50 .26y2 .26K .28.3 .25 .30 2.25 .25 .23H .22H .45 3.50 20.80 60 57J, 19U8 2,75 2,25 2 35 ,22? 11-18 .18 12.00 .27.m 13.60 ■27 .27K .28 2 .24 .30 2 60 .25 .24K .22 .32,'^ 3.75 20.80 .575 45 54 2.75 2.25 2 . 35 .22 22§ 11-18 .18 15.00 ■ 27 'A 16.00 .27 30 .28.5 .25 .30 2.75 .25 .25 .22yt .45 3.75 22.20 60 54 57 Ji 1910 WiiKe,« Hrs 3,00 2.25 2.50 .22>| .22? 11-18 .30 15.00 .27H 16.00 30 29 2.75 .27,1,2^ .22J^ .36 .4, 4.00 22.20 57 ^ Wages Hrs 3.00 2.25 2 50 .22>s ,225 11-18 ,20 15,00 ,30 15.00 29 32!2 .28.4 27 .31H 3.00 ■ 27'A .27 .26 .60 4.00 22.20 60 54 57M Wageft Hrs 22S. 11-18 .20 15.00 .30 15.00 ,30 .32)^ .30.9 .28 ,34 3,00 ,30 ,28H ,25 ,60 4,00 22 20 60 64 54 54 58K 60 60 60 50 60 56 56 10 54 55 59 55 64 54 60 COUEUAKERS.— Continued. Nova Scotia: — Amherst. . . . Halifax New Glasgow Yarmouth. New Brunswick: Fredeiicton. . Quebec: — Cpwansville. . Montreal. . , . Ontario: — Brantford . . . Carleton PI.. Dnndas Gait Hamilton Ottawa Toronto Manitoba: — Winnipeg. . . . Alherta: — Lethbridge. . . British Columbia Vancouver. . . Day. Day. Hour. Day. Hour. Day. Hour. Hour. Hour. Hour. Hour. Hour. Day. Hour. Hour. Hour. Week. Wk. 1.75 Wk. 2.00 Wk. .17H 2,00 Wk. 13 8-9 Wk, 3.00 Wk, .24 Wk, .14 Wk„ .30 Wk, .18.3 Wk, .15 .26 Wk, 27-32 Dy, 2.00 Wk. 21.92 Wk. .30 Wk. ..35 Wk. 20.80 60 64 57M 60 54 1.75 60 2.00 60 2.25 51 2.25 64 .17H 57=4 .17M 57H 2.00 2.25 13 8-9 64 13 S-0 64 3.0C 60 3 00 60 .24 60 .24 60 .12 60 .15 BO 30 fiO .30 60 .22.2 55 .22.1 55 .15 55 .16 55 .28 .25 27-35 56 28-35 55 2.40 10 2.40 10 22.45 55 20,82 55 .30 60 32M, 60 .35 34 .35 64 20.80 60 22,20 50 2,00 2,26 ITA 2,25 3,00 ,34 .15 .32% .21./ .fs .25 28-37 2.40 21.79 .32M .36 22.20 60 54 67J< 60 2.26 2.36 .17^^ 2.25 13 8-9 3.00 27,1,2 .16 .32K .20.6 .15 .25 2S-38 2.40 24.31 32 'i .35 22.20 60 54 57J4 80 2.25 2.35 .ny2 2.25 3.00 .30 .17 .321^ .23,3 ,16 .26 30-40 2.40 23.69 ,35 ,35 22.20 60 54 57H 60 60 55 55 55 55 64 50 592 BOARD OF INQVIRT itTO BOILEHMAKERS. LOCAUTT. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wagea Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages, Hrs. Wages Hra, Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Nova Scotia: — Dartmouth . . New Glasgow Per Week. Hour. . Day. . Hour. . Week. Day. . Hour. . Hour. . Hour.. Hour.. Week. Day. . Wk. Wk. Wk ( 10-12 .17K 84 57H t 10-12 .17K 54 57H S 10-12 .17K 64 $ 13! 50 54 57H t 15.00 18. J^ 1.75 54 575i t 15.00 2.00 54 57Ji t 15,00 18H 2.00 .24 12.00 1.85 22H- ■ 27H .16 .23 26,00 19.46 3.50 54 57M Quebec: — WV 55 St. Hyacinthe Ontario: — Brantf ord . . . Gait Guelph , . . Wk. Wk. Wk. WV 10.50 1.48 17-20 60 55 55 10.50 1.52 18- 22H 60 55 55 10.50 1.60 21-25 60 55 55 10.50 i:70 .22- .27H 60 55 55 10.50 1.74 .22'A .27H 60 55 55 12.00 1.75 23- ■ 27ii 54 55 55 64 55 55 59 London Wk. Wk .20 58 .20 58 .21 58 :22 23! 75 1S|.00 58 55 50 .22 24.25 18.00 55 55 55 23. 25.00 19.45 3.50 55 55 50 54 55 British Co umbia Vancouver. . . Wk. Wk. 19.25 55 19.25 55 19.25 65 60 MACHINISTS. Nova Scotia: — Dartmouth . New Glasgow Ncto Brunswick: Su.'^aex Qvebec: — Cowans ville. Montreal. . . St. Hyacinthe Ontario: — - Dundas . , , Gait Guelph. . . . Hamilton . . London. , . Ottawa.. . . Stratford. . Manitoba: — Brandon . . Winnipeg . . Britiah Columbia Nelaon. . . . Vancouver Victoria. . . Week. Hour.. Hour.. Week, Hour. . Week, Hour. . Hour.. Hour. . Hour. . Hour. . Day. . Hour. , Hour, . Hour, . Hour.. Week, Day. . Wk • 16 22.00 .20 10.50 .22M 12.00 23.1 19 - .31M ,30 ,25 .23 2.25 ,23 ,25 .30 .36 18.00 3.26 Wk. Wk. .22H 57 .22J^ 57M .221^ .16 9.00 57J4 60 60 .22K .16 9.00 57M 60 60 .22^ .16 9.00 57M 60 60 .22}^ .20 10.50 57M 60 60 Wk. 9.00 60 Wk. Wk 10.50 17.2 16-25 .25 .22M .20 2.00 ,20 .25 60 55 55 59 65 58 10 60 60 10.50 18.5 16-25 .25 .22H .21 2 00 .20 .25 60 55 55 59 55 58 10 60 60 12.00 20:7 17H- .27H .25 .22H .21 2:00 ,21 ,26 .27J^ .35 18.00 60 55 55 59 65 58 10 60 60 60 60 50 12.00 21.4 17K- 29 .25 .26 .22 2.25 .22M ,25 .30 .35 18.00 60 55 55 59 55 55 10 60 60 60 60 50 12.00 21.5 17H- 29 .30 .25 .22 2.25 .22H 25 .30 .35 18.00 3.25 60 55 55 59 65 55 10 59 60 60 60 50 54 Wk. Wk. Wk 16.5 16-25 65 55 Wk. Wk, Dy. Wk .22J^ .20 55 58 Wk. Wk .25 60 Wk. Wk, Wk .35 16.60 60 55 .35 16.50 60 55 .35 17.80 60 55 COST OF LIVlXa 1\' CAMAD.i BOILERMAKERS.— Confmueii. 593 Locality. Unit 1907 1908 1909 ig'io 1911 1912 1013 VST ages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs, Wages $ Hrs. Per s $ i $ S t Nom Scotia: — Dartmouth . . Week. Wk. 15.00 54 15.00 54 15.00 54 15.00 54 15,00 54 16.00 54 16.00 54 New Glasgow Hour. . Wk. 2(1 57 = 4 .20 57H' .20 57»-4 .20 57», .21J^ r>7i, .22y, 57'4 .24 57'.,' Yarmouth , . . Day. . Wk. 2. on 2.00 2.25 2,26 2.26 2.25 2 26 Quebec:— ^ Montreal Hour.. Wk. .24 t>b .26 bb 28 56 .28 il5 .30 55 .30 55 .30 56 St. Hyacinthe Week. Wk. 12.00 54 13.50 54 13.50 54 15.00 54 15.00 64 16.00 54 15.00 54 Ontario: — Brantford, . . Day. . Wk. 1.98 55 2.32 55 2.03 55 2.20 56 2.27 65 2.26 65 2.43 56 Gait Hour.. Wk. .22J^ .271/2 55 .26 .27'A 55 .26 .27H 0.J .22H .28H 5:5 .26H .30 55 .26 .32M 55 .25 .35 55 Guelph* Hour, , Wk. .18 59 .20 59 .22H 59 .25 59 .27!/, 59 .27y, 59 .27H 59 London Hour.. Wk. .23H 65 .24H 55 ■ Z-t'A 65 .20 55 .27 55 .28 55 .29 55 Toronto Hour. . Wk. 28.00 55 25.86 55 27.89 55 27.98 65 30.76 55 30.00 55 29.07 56 British Columbia Vancouver. . . Week. Wk. 20.80 50 20.80 50 20. 8C 50 20.80 50 20,80 50 20.80 50 20.80 50 Victoria. . . . Day. , Wk. 3.50 54 3 50 54 3.50 64 3.75 54 3,75 64 3.75 54 3.75 54 M.4.CHIN1STS.— Continaei. Nom Scotia: — Dartmouth. . New Glasgow Xew Brynswick: Sussex Quebec: — Cowansville Montreal. , . St. Hyacinthe Ontario: — Dundas Gait Guelph Hamilton .... London ..... Ottawa Stratford Manitoba: — Brandon .... Winnijjeg... . BriiinkColumMa Nelson . Vancouver... Victoria Week Hour. Hour. Week Hour. Week Hour. Hour. Hour. Hour. Hour. Day. Hour. Hour. Hour. Hour. Week. Day. , Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk, Wk, Wk. Wk. Wk, Wk. Wk. Wk. Dy . Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk. 15.00 .23 10. .50 .24 12.00 23 7 .19 - ■ SVA .30 .25 .23H 2.50 .23 .25 .45 20.00 3.25 54 57« 60 15.00 .26 10.60 .2, 13 50 22.8 20 - .31H .30 25 .24H 2.50 .23 .30 .32M .45 20.00 3 26 64 57iJj 16.00 .26 12.00 .25 13.50 23. 20 - .30 .26 .26 2.75 .23 .30 .38 .45 20.00 3.50 54 57J, 60 15.00 .25 12.00 .28 15.00 24.1 21 - 33 .35 .26 - 26 2.75 ,2: .45 20.00 3.60 Si 15.00 .54 18.00 64 18.00 57.fe .26 573,1 27H 57H .27M 60 22 60 .23 60 .23 60 12.00 60 13.50 60 13.50 55 .30 55 .30 55 .30 60 15.00 60 15.00 60 15.00 55 25.2 65 24.8 56 26. 55 .22H 55 ZiVi- 55 24 - 33 36 36 59 .35 69 .35 59 .35 55 .271^ 55 .273^ 55 .29 .V* 26 55 .28 55 .30 10 3.00 10 3.00 10 3.00 59 .25 59 .25 59 .25 60 .32 60 .34 60 .34 6t0 .373^ 55 .37M 55 .40 4 .45 54 ,45 54 .54 60 20.00 60 20.00 50 20.00 5.4 3.50 54 3 60 54 4.00 54 57M 60 60 55 60 82696—38 594 BOARD OF INQVIRT'iyTO BRASS MOULDERS. Locality. Uni 1900 * 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs Nova Scotia: — Yarmouth . . . Per Day. . Hour.. Hour.. Hour. . Hour. , Day. . Wk. Wk .17K 59 S 17. M 59 i .22H 59 60 59 60 S S 2.00 .20 .25 30-^0 3.00 59 60 55 55 64 S 2.00 .20 .26 30-40 .22H 3.00 Ontario: — Belleville 20 -23M 59 60 59 60 55 55 54 Hamilton. . . . WV Peterborough British Columbia Victoria Wk. Wk. .20 3.00 35 60 .20 3.00 55 60 .20 3.00 55 60 3.t)0 .55 54 .221^ 3.00 55 54 SHEET METAL WORKERS. Nova Scotia: — Halifax NeiD Brunswick: Fredericton. . Sackville .... St. John, Ontario: — Gait London Manitoba: — Winnipeg. . . . British Columbia Vancouver. Day. . Wk. 1.60 54 1.30 54 l.fiO 54 175 34 1.75 54 1.75 34 1 75 Hour. . Day. . Weet. Wk. Wk 13 8-9 60 13 8-fl 60 13 8-9 60 13 8-9 1.50 12-15 60 60 54 13 8-9 1.50 12-15 60 60 54 15.00 1.50 12-16 60 60 64 15.00 1.50 12-15 Wk. 12-15 54 12-15 64 12-15 54 Hour. . Hour. . Wk. Wk .14- .20 55 .14- .21 55 . 14l2 21 55 22H 55 .16- .24 .20 55 60 .17- .26 .20 55 fin .18- .27 .20 Wk .26 60 • 27H 15.00 60 .27>^ 15.00 60 .30 Week. Wk. 13.76 1 56 13.75 55 ... . 14.25 55 15.00 55 50 50 16.60 COST OF LIVING IN .CANADA BRASS MOUr,T)EES. — Continued. 595 LOCALITT. Unit. Wages Hrs 1907 Wages Hrs 1908 Wages Hrs 1909 Wages Hrs 1910 Wages Hrs Wagefis Hrs Wages Hrs 1913 Wages Hrs iVowt Scotia: — Tarmouth. . . Ontm-io: — BellevLle Brantford . . . Hairiilton .... Peterborough British Columbia Tictoria. . Per Day. Hour. Hour. Hour. Hour. Day. Wk Wk Wk Wk Wk 2.00 ,20 .25 30-4: .22H 3.00 54 .20 .27 30-44 .22J^ 3.00 .20 .26 33-45 .221^ 3.00 .22}^ .26M 33-45 .2, 3.00 54 2.25 .22H .27H 33-46 .25 .00 2.25 .22M .27H 33-47 .26 50 ■ 22H .27Hi 33-47 .26 4.00 69' 60i 56 55. 50 SHEET METAL -WORKERS— Continued. Nota ScMa:— Halifax Day. . Wk. 2.0(1 54 2.25 54 20-25 54 ** 20-25 54 22-28 54 25-30 54 ** 30-35 64 New Brunaimck: iVedericton... Sackville .... St. John Hour. . Day. . Week. Wk. Wk. Wk. .15 1.65 12-15 54 60 54 .15 1.65 12-15 54 60 54 .15 1 75 12-1.'! 54 60 54 .15 1.75 12-15 54 hi .15 . 1.75 12-16 54 59 54 16H 2.00 12-15 54 59 54 16H 2.2a 12-15 54 59 54 ChUarit:— Gait LoadoD ..... Hour.. Hour. . Wk. Wk. .18- .27 .21 55 60 .18- .29 .21 S'j 60 .18K .29 .21 55 eo .19- .2VA 55 60 .19- .22J^ '55 60 .19- .33 ,25 55 60 .20- .33 .2654 65 60 Mmitoba: — Winnipeg Hour.. Wk. .30 60 .30 60 .321,$ 60 .32K 60 .32K 55 ,35 55 .37H 55 British Columbia Vancouver.. . Week. Wk. 16.60 •80 16.60 50 16.60 SO 16.60 50 16,60 50 16,60 50 16.60 50 ♦•Per Hour -38i 596 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO PATTERNMAKERS. TjOCALITT. Uni 1900 190 I 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Waees Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs, Wages Hrs. Wages- Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs, Nova Scotia: — Amherst Dartmouth . . Per Day. . Week. Day. . Houi . . Day. . Hour. , Week. Week. Day. . Hour. . Hour. . Hour. Hour. . Hour. , Day. . Week. Hour. . Hour, . Week. Day. . Wk. Wk Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk $ 2.00 60 $ 2.00 12,00 2,25 ,21 1.60 .26 60 54 54 5734 60 60 S 2.00 12,00 2,00 2 50 .22.'^ 1,60 ,25 60 . 54 54 57?i 60 60 S 2,90 is; 50 2"00 2.50 .22M 1.75 .25 60 54 54 57H 60 60 S 2 00 15.00 2.00 2.50 .22 1,75 25 60 54 54 57H 60 60 S 2.25 15,00 2,00 2,50 ,22 1,75 ,25 60 54 54 57M 60 60 S 2.26 15.00 2,00 2.50 .22 2.00 27 7-9 60 64 Halifax New Glasgow New Brunswick: Sackville. . . . Fredericton . . Quebec: — 2.00 .20 1.60 .25 54 60 60 54 57?-,' 60 54 St. Hyacinthe Wk 12.00 60 12.00 2, CO ,16 ,20 .19 .173-2 .23M 00 60 60 60 65 55 12.00 2500 *16 "20 .2J.9 ■ ISM ■ 23,4 60 60 60 60 56 55 12.00 2,25 ,17 ,20 .22 1 .18K .23H 60 60 60 60 66 55 12.00 2.25 .17 .20 .21.3 .21K .261^ 27-30 2.75 29.90 .30 .40 20.80 3.26 60 60 60 60 55 55 55 10 55 60 60 55 54 12.00 2.4C .18 .25 .22.0 .24- .29 28-.-i0 2.7.^ 31,00 .30 .40 20,80 3,25 fin Ontario: — Bracebridge. . Brantfold . . . Carlefon PL . Dimdas Gait Wlr fin Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk Wk ,15 ,20 ,18 ,16- .J9H 60 60 55 S5 .15 .20 .18.3 .16- .21 60 60 55 55 60 60 65 55 .IS Ottawa Toronto. . , . Dy. Wk, Wk, Wk. Wk. Wk. 2,2S 10 2 25 10 2.60 10 2.50 23.75 .30 .40 20 ISO 3.25 10 55 60 60 50 60 2.75 29.50 .30 .40 20.80 3.25 10 55 60 60 50 54 10 55 Manitoba: — Winnipeg, , . , 60 British Columbia ,40 16.50 3,26 60 65 60 .40 19 25 3.25 60 58 60 60 Vancouver. . . Victoria 16.50 3,25 55 60 SO 54 MAClII.MSIti, Nova Scotia: — Week. Week. Hour. . Hour. . Hour.. Day. . Hour. . Day. . Wk 15.00 12.00 54 60 15.00 12 00 .22M .23 .30 2.26 ,36 3,25 54 Quebec: — St. Hyacinthe Wk. 10.50 60 10.50 60 12»00 00 12,60 60 60 Wk 55 Ontario: — Stratford Wk .20 .25 2.00 .35 6(! 59 10 60 .20 .26 2.00 .35 60 59 10 60 ,21 ,25 2,00 J 35 60 59 10 60 22M .25 2.25 .35 60 59 Id 60 .22H .30 2.25 .35 3.25 59 59 10 60 54 59 Ouelph Wk 69 Ottawa. Dy. Wk. Wk lU British Columbia Nelson. Victoria. .... .35 60 60 54 * ■ COST OF LIVING IN CANAdA PATTERNMAKERS— Confinued. 597 Locality. Nova Scotia: — Amherst — Dartmouth . Halifax New Glasgow I ffiui Brunstcick: Sackville .... Fredericton. . Quebec* — - Montreal .... St. Hyacinthe Ontario: — Bracebridge. . Brantford . . . Carleton PI . Duudas Gait Hamilton". . . . Ottawa Toronto Manitoba: — Winnipeg". . . . British Columbia 'Nelson. . ; . . . Vancouver. . . Victoria Ullit. Wageb Hrs Per Day.. VS'pek. Day, , Hour.. Day. Hour Week. Week . Day.. Hour. , Hour.. Hour. . Hour. . Hour. . nay.-. Week, Hour. Hour, . Week . Day. . Wk, Wk Wk Wk. Wk, Wk, Wk. Wk. Wk, Wk. Wk, Wk. Wk, Wk, Dy . Wk. Wk Wk, Wk, Wk, 1907 Wages Hra 2,10 27 7-9 16,50 12,00 2,40 .19 .25 .25.8 .24- .29 28-30 2.75 32.63 ■32'A .50 22.20 3.25 60 54 64 57M 60 60 Wages 1908 Hra 2.26 15,00 2,00 2.60 ,22 2,10 27 7-9 17. 87 12.00 2.50 ,18K ,25 .28.7 •22K .29 29-32 3.00 31.86 .321^ .50 22.20 3.25 60 54 64 575a 1909 Wages Hrs 2.26 15.00 * .30 ..'iG .22 2.25 ,30 19.25 16.00 2.50 ■ IS'A .25 .28 .24- .29 29-32 3.00 30.46 .60 22.20 3.25 1910 1? WagdSi S 2,50 15.00 * .30 .36 •2? 2.60 .30 19.25 15.00 2.60 .20 .26 .27.2 .22}^ .29 29-3^ 3.00 32.04 .6} 22.20 3.26 Hrs 60 64 54 57% 60 1911 Wagot Hrs 2.60 15.00 * .30 ,36 .22'A 2.60 .30 20.62 15.00 2.75 .23 .26 .26.2 .25- .29 30-34 3.25 33.84 .37> .50 22.20 3.26 60 1912 Wages Hra 3.00 15.00 * .30 .36 •22H 22 15.00 2.76 .25 .26 .26.4 ,24- .32J^ 30-36 3.50 34,41 .371^ .50 22,20 4.25 60 54 54 57?i 1913 *Per hour. MACHINISTS —Continued. JVowt Scotia: — Dartmouth. . Quebec: — St, Hyacinthe Montreal .... On(ar{o; — Stratford Guelph Ottawa British Columbia Nelson Victoria Week. Week. Hour. , Hour. . Hour. . Day, , Hour. Day. Wk, Wk, Wk, Wk. Dy Wk. Wk. 15.00 12.00 .24 ,23 ,30 2.50 .45 3.25 54 15.00 54 15.00 6J 15.00 54 15.00 13.50 60 13.50 60 15.00 60 15.00 .25 65 .25 66 28 65 .30 .23 69 .23 69 .26 69 .26 .30 59 .30 69 .36 59 .35 2.50 10 2.75 10 2.75 10 3.00 .45 64 .46 54 .45 54 .45 3.25 64 3.60 54 3.50 54 3.60 15.00 ,30 .■26 .35 3.00 598 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO IRON MOULDERS. LoqAljTT, Unit 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 190S Wages Hr». Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages S 12.00 .20 .25 2.00 .40 Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages EBre. St. Hyacinthe Per Week. Hour. . Hour, . Day. . Hour. . Day. . Wk $ ( 12.00 .20 .221^ 2.00 40. 60 60 59 10 60 60 60 69. 10 60 i 12.00 -20 .26 2. '00 ;40 60 60 69 10 60 * 12.00 .20 .26 2.00 .40 60 60 69 10 60 t 12.00 .22K .25 2,26 .40 60 59 59 10 60 i 12.00 ,22K ,25 2.25 .40 60 Ontario: — Stratford Giielph Ottawa Wk. Wk. Dy. Wk ■ - .20 .22M 60 59 59 54 in British Columl^a (tn Grand Forkb . Wk. LABOURERS. 'Nova: Scotia: — Dartmouth , , Hour.. Week. Wk !,12K- 64 s .14 7.50 M Quebec: — 60 60 60 60 60 60 7,60 60 7,50 60 m Ontario:— Guelph Saskatchewan: Regina British Columbia Nelson Hour, , Day, . Hour.. Day. . Wk .12H 69 .12H 59 ,15 59 .15 89 .16 59 .15 .I7K 59 WIr Wk. Wk ' ,26 60 ,30 60 .30 60 530 60 .30 60 .30 2.25 60 54 .30 2.25 60 VII.— WOODWORKING. (1) Planing Mills. PLANER HANDS. LoCTAItlTT. Unit. 190 5 1901 1902 1903 190 1 1905 19C 6 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs, Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs, Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs, New Brunswick: — St, Stephen Ontario: — Brockville Collingwood . . Marmora British Columbia: — Victoria. . . $ Week. Day, , Hour, . Day. . Hour, , 9,00 1.50 ,15 1.65 .30 60 59 59 60 59 i 9.00 1.50 .16 2,00 ,30 60 59 69 60 59 i 9,00 1.50 2.00 ,30 60 59 59 60 50 s 9,00 1-75 £20 1.50 ;30 60 59 59 60 59 $ 9.00 1.76 .20 2.00 ,30 60 59 59 60 59 t 10,00 1.75 .22H 2,00 ,30 60 59 69 60 59 S lO.CO 1,76 .22H 2.00 .30 60 59 69 60 69 COST OF LITINO IN VANADA IRON MOVhDERH.— Continued. 599 LocAUTr. Unit. 1907 1908 1909 , 1910 1911 1912 1913 Wagea Hra. Wages Hre. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Waget Hrs. Quebec:— St. Hyacinthe Ontario: — Stratford. . . . Guelph Ottawa British Columbia Nelson Grand Forks . Per Week. Hour.. Hour. . Day. . Hour. . Day. . Wk. Wk. Wk. Dy Wk. Wk. i 13.50 ■22y2 .25 2.25 .45 3.50 60 59 54 10 54 54 S 13.50 .22H .26 2.50 .45 3.75 60 59 54 10 54 54 $ 15.00 .22>^ .26 2.75 .45 3.75 60 59 54 Id 54 54 15.00 .22K .27J^ 2.75 .46 4.00 60 59 64 10 54 54 15.00 .25 ■ 27 H 3.00 .50 4.00 60 £9 54 10 54 54 $ 16.00 .25 .30 3.00 .50 4.00 60 59 54 10 64 54 S 15.00 .25 .30 3.00 ..to 4.00 60 59 64 10 64 54 LABOURERS.— Coii'inued. Nova Scotia: — -, Dartmouth . , Quebec; — Cowansville. , Thetford Ontario: — Guelph.. Saskatchewan: Regina Britieh Columbia Nelson Victoria. . , . ; Hour. Week, Hour. . Day. Hour. . Day. . Wk. Wk. Wk. Wk. ■8.00 .173- ■ 33J^ 2.26 60 59 .1.' • 173''. .33^ 2.2,0 59 9.00 .1714 .33M 2.25 60 9.00 1.76 .25 .33H 2.25 10.00 1.75 .X7H .25 2.75 33M 2.50 60 10.50 1.75 .17Ji .25 3.00 .333^ 54 10.50 1.75 .17M .25 .3.5M 60 60 60 54 VII.— WOODWORKING. (1) Planing Mills. PLANER Ti\NT>8.— Continued. LOCAUTY. Unit. 1907 1908- 1909 1910 191 1 1912 ' 1913 Wages Hrs. Wuges Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages A%. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs Wages Hrs. Xm Brunamicli:— St. Stephen Ontario: — Brockville CoUingwood Marmora t ^rUish. Columbia:— Kctoria. $ Week. Day.. Hour. , Day. . Hour. . % 10.00 1.76 .22M 2.00 .30 60 59 59 59 69 10.50 1.75 .22M 2.00 .33K 60 59 59 59 59 s 10.50 1.75 .231^ 2.00 .33M 60 59 59 59 59 10.50 1.76 .23}^ 2.00 .37H \ 60 59 .69 59 «9 % 12.00 2.00 .24 2.00 .37M 60 59 59 59 59 $ 12,00 2.00 .25 2.26 .3734 60 69 59 69 59 % 12.00 2.00 .20H 2.40 .37M 60 59 59 59 69 _ 600 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO (2) Sash and Door Factories. DOOR MAKERS. LOCAT.ITT. Unit. 1900 Wages Hrs 1901 Wages Hra 1902 Wages Hrs 1903 Wages Hrs, Wages Hrs 1905 Wages Hrs 1906 Wages Hrs. 59 Xova Scotia: — Yarmouth . . . . Quebec: — Lachiae Ontario: — Bracebridge . . . British Columbia, Victoria Nova Scotia: — Yarmouth . . . . Quebec: — ' Lachine.", Ontario: — Bracebridge. . . British Columbia: Victoria Nova Scotia: — Yarmouth . . . . Quebec: — Lachine British Columbia: Victoria $ Week Week, Week, Hour. $ 10.00 12.00 59 $ 10.00 12.00 .30 s 10.00 12.00 11.10 .30 s 10.00 12.00 11.10 .30 10.00 12.00 11.10 .30 $ 10.00 13.00 s 10.00 13.00 12.00 .30 MOULDING M.4CHINE OPERATORS. Week. 10.00 80 19.00 60 10.00 60 12.00 60 12.00 60 12.00 60 12.00 Week. U.OO 60 14.09 60 14.90 58 14. DO 58 14.99 58 15.00 55 15.00 Week. 10.50 60 10.50 00 10.60 00 10.. 50 60 10.50 60 10.50 60 12.00 Hour. . .35 59 ' .35 59 .35 59 .36 59 .35 59 .35 69 .35 60 60 GLAZIERS. Week. r 10.00 60 10.00 60 10 00 60 10.00 60 10.00 00 10.00 60 10.00 Week. 11.00 60 11.00 60 12 00 58 12.00 5S 12.00 58 13.00 55 13.00 Hour. . .30 59 .30 59 .30 69 .30 59 .30 59 .30 59 .30 55 (3) Furniture Factories. RIP SAWYER. Quebec: — Cowans ville.. Ontario: — Berlin Southampton Sttatford . . . . Day. . 1.25 10 1.25 10 1.60 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.50 Day. . 1.75 10 1.75 10 1.76 10 1.90 10 1.90 10 1.90 10 1.90 Day. . 1.25 10 1,25 10 1.25 10 1.25 10 1.25 10 1.25 10 1.26 Day, . 1.40 10 1.40 10 1.40 10 l.SO 10 1.60 10 1.70 10 1.80 COST OF LIYING IN GAN'ADA (2) Sash and Door Factories. DOOR MAKEnS— Continued. 601 Locality. Nova Scotia!" — Yarmouth ... Quebec: — Lnchine Ontario: — ■ Bracehridge . . , British Columbia. Victoria Nova Scotia:— Yarmouth . . . . Quebec: — Lachine.. Ontario: — Bracehridge . . . British Columbia: Victoria Nova Scotia: — Yarmouth . . . . Quebec: — Lachine Briiiah Columbia: Victoria Unit. 1907 1908 1909 19*10 1911 1912 191 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages $ $ % S . » . $ « $ Week. 10.00 60 1100. 60 11.00 54 11.00 54 11.00 S4 11.00 54 11.00 Week. 13.00 55 14 00 55 14.00 55 14.00 55 15.00 5.5 15. CO 55 15. (Kl Week . 13.50 60 15 00 CO 15.00 60 15.00 60 1.5.00 60 15.00 60 15.00 Hour.. .30 69 .30 59 .30 59 .35 59 .35 59 .35 59 ,35 Hrs. 60 MOULDING MACHINE OPERATORS.— Coiidnuerf. Week. 12.00 60 12.00 60 12.00 54 12.00 54 12.00 54 15.00 54 15.00 Week . 15.00 55 16.00 55 16.00 55 16. OQ 55 10.50 55 16.50 55 16.50 Week. 12.00 60 13.50 60 13.50 60 13.50 60 13.50 60 13.50 60 13.50 Hour. . .35 59 .35 59 .35 59 .35* 59 .35 59 .40 59 .40 54 59 GLAZIERS. — Continued. Week. 10.00 80 10.00 60 10.00 60 13.00 ,54 12.00 54 12.00 54 12.00 Week. 13.00 55 14.00 55 14.00 55 14.00 55 15.00 55 15.00 65 15.00 Hour. . .36 59 .36 59 .36 59 ■ 59 .37M 59 .40 59 .40 (3) Furniture Factories. RIP SAWY^'R.— Continued. Quebec: — Cowanaville , , Ontario: — Berlin Southampton 'Stratford.... Day. . 1.76 10 1.75 10 1.75 10 1.75 10 1.75 10 2.00 10 2.00 Day. . 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.10 10 2.25 Day. . 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.60 10 1.50 10 1.75 10 1.75 10 2.00 Day. . 1.90 10 1.90 10 1.90 10 2.00 ■i 10 2.15 10 2.25 10 2.40 602 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO STICKER HAND. . Locality. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hrs, Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs Qv4bec:~ Cowansville Ontario: — Day. , Day.. Day. . Day. . $ 1.25 2.00 2.00 1.80 10 10 10 10 $ 1.25 2.00 2.00 1.90 10 10 10 10 S 1.60 2.00 2.00 2.00 10 10 10 10 S 1.60 2.15 2.p0 2.10 10 10 10 10 $ i.50 2.15 2.00 2.10 10 10 10 10 i 1.60 2.15 2.00 2.20 10 10 10 10 $, l.SO 2.16 2. CO 2.30 10 10 Southampton Stratford 10 10 CABINET MAKERS. Quebec; — - Cowansville. . Ontario: — ■ Berlin Southampton Stratford . . . . Day. . 1.50 10 1.50 10 l.SO 10 1.60 10 1.60 10 1.60 10 1.70 Day . . 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.15 10 2.15 10 2.15 10 2.16 Day. . 1.76 10 1.75 10 1.85 10 1.85 10 1.85 10 1.85 10 1.86 Day. . 1.60 10 1.70 10 1.80 10 2.p0 10 2.26 10 2.25 10 2.35 FINISHERS' HELPERS. Quebec: ^ Cowansville. . Ontario: — Berlin Southampton, Stratford . . . . Day. . 1 1,.00 10 1.00 10 l.CO 10 l.'OO .10 1.25 10 1.25 10 1.25 Day. . 1.00 10 1.00 10 1.00 10 i.'fo 10 1.10 10 1.10 10 1.10 Day. . 1.25 10 1.26 10 1.26 10 1.26 10 1.25 10 1.25 10 1.26 Day. . 1.00 10 1.25 10 1.30 10 1..40 10 1.40 10 1,60 10 1.50 (4) Carriage and Wagon Factories. FOREMEN. Quebec:— Granby* Day, . Week, 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2,<00 14 10 60 2.00 15 10 60 2.00 15 10 60 2.25 15 in m OntaTio: Mount Forest .... Day. . 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.25 10 2.50 10 2.50 10 2.50 10 2.50 10 WOODWORKERS. Quebec:— Granby Montreal .... Ontario: — ,Plattsville. . . Mount Forest Day, , 1.50 10 1,60 10 1.60 10 1.65 10 1.65 10 1,75 10 1.83 Week, 12 fin 12 fiO 12 60 13 Day, , 1,50 10 1.50 10 1.60 10 1.60 10 1,65 10 1.65 10 1,70 Day. l.,50 10 1.50 10 1,50 10 1 .75 10 1,75 10 1.T5 10 1,76 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA STICKER. liAND.— Continued, 603 Locality. Unit. 190 7 1908 1909 191,0 1911 1912 1913 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wageii Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Cowansville Ontario: — Day. . Duy . . Day. . Day. . S 1.76 2.25 2.25 2.40 10 10 10 10 $ 1.75 2.25 2.25 2.40 10 10 10 10 1.76 2.25 2. 26 2.40 10 10 10 10 $ 1.74 2.25 2.2& 2.5Cf 10 10 10 10 S 1.7.0 2.26 2.50 2.60 10 10 10 10 i 2.00 2.26 2.50 2.76 10 10 10 10 i 2.00 2.60 2.60 3.00 10 in Southampton Stratford 10 .10 CABINET MAKERS.— Continued. Quebec: — Cowansville. . Ontario: — Berlin Southampton Stratford. . . . Day. . 1.70 10 1.70 10 1.75 10 1.75 10 1.76 10 2.00 10 2.00 Day.. 2.25 10 2.26 10 2.25 10 2.23 10 2.25 10 2.30 10 2.40 Dav. . 2 00 10 . 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2. 25 10 2.26 10 2.40 Day. . 2.35 10 2.35 10 2.35 10 2.50 10 2.60 10 2.60 10 2.75 FINISHEHS' HELPERS.— Confmwed. Quebec: — Cowansville . . Ontario: — Berlin Southampton, Stratford. . . . Day. . 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.60 10 1.76 10 1.76 10 1.75 10 1.76 Day.. 1.15 10 1.16 10 1.15 10 1.15 10 1.15 10 1.26 10 1.60 Day. . 1.36 10 1.35 10 1.36 10 1.36 10 1.50 10 1.60 10 1.65 Day. . 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.60 10 1.60 10 1.60 (4) Carriage and Wagon Factories. FOREMEN. — Continued. Quebec: — Granby Day. . Week. 2.26 16.00 10 60 2.25 16.00 10 60 2.25 16.00 10 60 2.43 16.00 10 60 2.43 18.00 10 60 2.50 19.00 10 60 2.50 21.00 10 Montreal Ontario: Plattflvillp 60 Mount Forest .... Day. . 2.75 10 2.76 10 2.76 10 2.7S 10 2.76 10 3.00 10 3.00 10 WOODWORKERS. — Continued. Queftec.-— Granby Day. . 1.83 10 7 S," IX) 1.90 10 1.90 10 2.00 10 2.26 10 2.50 10 Montreal •Week. 14 00 60 14.00 60 14.00 60 14.00 60 14.00 GO 15.00 60 16.00 60 Ontario: — , 'Plattsville Day. . 1.7E 10 1.85 10 1.85 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 ' Mount Fore.5t .... Day. . 1.90 10 1.90 10 1.90 10 1.90 10 1.90 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 604 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO BODY MAKERS. ' Locality. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wag«s Hrs. Quebec: — Day. . Week S 1.40 10 S 1.40 10 $ 1..50 10 S 1.50 1^.00 i.50 2.00 10 60 10 10 S 1.66 12.00 1.50 2.00 10 60 10 10 S 1.66 13.00 1.60 2.00 10 60 10 10 S 1.66 13.00 1.65 2.00 10 Montreal 60 Ontario: — Plattsville Mount Forest Day. . Day. . 1,50 1.75 10 10 1.50 1.75 10 10 l.SO 1.75 10 10 10 10 BLACKSMITHS. Quebec:— Granby Montreal .... Ontario:^— Piattsville. . . Mount Forest Day. . 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 Week. 12.00 1.50 60 10 12.00 1.50 60 10 13.00 1.60 60 10 13.00 1.60 Day. . 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 Day. . 1.75 10 1.75 10 1.75 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 LABOURERS. Quebec: — Montreal. . Ontario: — Plattsville Mount Forest . Week. 9!00 1.30 60 10 9.00 1.30 60 10 9.00 1.30 60 10 9.00 1.35 Day. . 1.25 10 1.25 10 1.25 10 Day. . 1,00 10 1.00 10 1.25 10 1.25 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 l.SO 60 COST OF Lima ix c lvI/j.i BODY MAKERS— C'.ixftgnnrf. , 605 Locality. Dnit. 1907 1908 1909 It ■ -■ i9io 1911 1912 1913 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hr.^. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. guebec— Day. . Week. Day. . Day. . S 1.66 14 1.75 2.26 10 60 10 10 1 75 14 l.SO 2.25 10 60 10 10 1.75 14 1.85 2. 25 10 60 10 10 $ 1.76 14 , l.SS 2.25 10 60 10 10 i 2.00 15 2.00 2.25 10 60 10 10 S 2.00 16 2,00 2.50 10 60 10 10 S 2.00 17 2.00 2.50 10 60 10 10 Montreal Ontario:— Plaltsvillc Mount Forest BLACKSMITHS.— Continued^ Quebec: — Granby 'Montreal .... Ontario: — Plattsvnlle . . . Mount Forest Day. . 2.10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 Week. 14.00 50 14.00 60 14.00 60 15. OO 60 16.00 60 16.00 60 19.00 Day. . 1.60 10 1.6c 10 1.65 10 1.70 10 1.7S 10 1.75 10 1.76 Day. . 2.26 10 2.26 10 2.25 10 2.26 10 2.26 10 2.60 10 2.60 LABOURERS.— C'ondrewerf. Quebec.* — V Week. 9.00 60 9.00 60 9.00 60 9.00 60 9.00 60 10.00 60 11.00 fin Ontario: — Plattsville Day. . 1.35 10 1.40 10 1.40 10 1.40 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 Mount Forest .... Day. . 1.60 10 1.60 10 1.60 10 l.CO 10 1.60 10 1.75 10 1.75 10 606 BOARD OF INQUIRY :iNTO Vni.— PRINTING. FLOORMEN. LoCALrPT. Nova Scotia: — Halifax Westviile Prince Edward Islands Charlattetown New Brunswick: — St. JoEn Fredericton ....... * Quebec: — Quebec Three Rivera Montreal Ontario: — Peterborough Toronto Hamilton London Chatham Manitoba: — Winnipeg Saskatchewan: — Regina Prince Albert Alberta: — Medicine Hat Edmonton British Columbia: — ■ Nelson Victoria 1900 Wages Per week 10 7-9 7.50 12 11.50 10 9-12 14 14 14-16 21 21 Hrs. 54 48 Wages Hra, Per week S 10 7- 9 8 8 10 7.50 13 11.50 10 9-12 14 14 14-16 54 48 Wages His Per week S 10 7-9 10 10-12 9 9.00 13.25 11.50 10 9 18 9-12 14 15 14-16 21 21 54 ;ft03 W^ges Hrs Per week 's 11 8-10 i6 10-12 9 9 9 12.50 9.00 13.25 12.50 10 9-»12 14 15 14-^16 21 21 54 1904 Wages Per week $ 11 8-10 10 10-12 10 10.50 9 12.50 10 14.50 12.50 12 18 16 15-18 21 21 Hrs 1905 Wages Per week t 11 8-10 10 10-12 10 10.50 9 13 10 14.60 12.50 12 9 18 12 16 17 15-18 21 21 Hrs 54 48 1906 Wages Per week I 11 8-11 10 12-14 10 12.00 10 13 11 14.50 14,50 12 18 54 COST OF LIVING li! OANIDJL 607 Vni.— PRINTING. FLOORMEN.— Condnued. Locality'. 1907 190S 1909 1910 1911 1912 191 3 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. WagoB Hrs. Waggs Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wagea Hra. iVoia Scotia: — Halifax " Per week $ 11 8-11 15 12-14 10 12.00 10 14 11.50 15 16 12 9 20 15 16 18 18 24 24 48 52 54 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 54 48 48 54 54 48 45 48 Per week S 11 8-11 15 12-14 10 12 10 14 11.50 15 16 13 9 20 18 13 18 IS 1 24 24 48 52 54 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 54 48 48 54 54 48 45 48 Per week % 11 8-12 15 12-14 la 12 10 15 12 16 16 14 10 20 IS 18 19 18 24 24 48 52 64 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 54 48 48 54 48 48 45 48 Per week % 11 9-12 15 14-16 12 13.60 12 15 13.50 16 16 SO 14 " 10 22 19 18 19 19 27 24 48 52 54 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 54 48 48 45 48 Per week S 14 9-12 15 14-16 12 13.50 15 16 14 00 17 17 16 10 24 20 19 19 20 27 27 48 52 54 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 54 48 48 45 48 Per week % 14 9-12 15 14-16 12 15 18 20 14 18.50 19 16 12 25 . 22 20 20 21 28.50 27 48 52 54 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 54 48 48 45 48 Per week S 16 9-12 15 16 14 15' 18 20 15 18.50 19.50 17 15 26 22 20 21 23 30 30 48 Weatville 52 Prince Edward Island: — 54 New Brunswick: — 48 48 Quebec: — 48 48 48 Ontario: — 48 48 48 48 Chatham Manitoba: — 48 48 Saskatchewan: — 48 48 Alberta:— 48 48 British Columbia: — Nelson. . 45 608 BOARD OF ISOriRY IMO LINOTYPE OPERATOES, : Wa^p^ Hrs ,\ oTii Srrjli/j:- Halifax. . , Ac/' Brunswick:- -•t. John Quebec: — Quebtc . . . Montreal . Onifirio: — Toronto*. . HamiltoTi . London:, . Chatham . ManiUjha: — Winnipfig . SoMkalxkewan: — Regina Prince Albert . Alberta: — Medicino Hat . ^Edmonton. . . . Brilieii f.''jlurr:hla:- N'eLson Victoria Per week 10 1 o4 1901 Wage« 10 13 14 IS. 50 13 H 19 Per week s 10 Hrs 60 10 12 15 1902 Wage* Per week s 13 Hr.i 1Q03 Wage.'^ Per waejt t Hr3 54 14 54 4S v.i.r/i 4S 48 1.3 48 59 11 54 48 19 * 48 48 24 * * 48 IC 1904 Wage. Per week S 16 Hrs 13 50 13 12 24 48 21 4S . 27 54 I 21 54 48 12 ! rA I 12 12.501 48 12. af) 15 ! •>4 ! 16 v; i -ji I ic i 13. EO 48 Vi.rjih 13 . 4H 14 12 JJ 12 13 i 4S 19 24 ' iS 27 j4% 21 54 18 '24 18 27 21 54 48 48 54 Wage- Per week S 16 Hrs 12 .% 4? 16 '•■ 'A 1906 WagM Per week S 16 a 10-1« b 15 16 I r,i v; 13. sol 48 14.2.5 14 4S IS 13 I 54 I 13 19 j 48 : 20 » 1 IS 24 19 22 27 21 18 24 Hri. 22 I 45 27 5. -J 21 I 54 i&) Monciine. (b) Piece work, 8-lOe. per 1,000 ema. Xo machines used, PEESSMEX.— FLAT (Job Offices.) Noza Scotia: — Haliiax." W.?,i.ville Frir.re Bihiard Itl'in Cij.'irlottetowri. . . Throt Riv .\Ioi.trr.-il . O'it/irlo: — Toronto Haifiiiton. . , - LoL.'lOrj Chatham . . , . ManUohfiT- — Winriijitg. . Sa8katchetj:>an: — ■ Kegina .„, Prince -MVrrt Alh^trta: — .\l'-di'i.-.£ Hat , 10 8-12 13.50 10 10 8 10 ( 8-12 10 8-12 59 52 54 I 9 4% 8 60 9 14.25 54 14.. yj 10 54 10 10 .5.5 : 10 8 ' .54 8 10 .'A 16 14 14 11 5,5 9-12 ,52 9 54 9 ,54 9 48 9 * 54 14. io .54 11 9-1. 10 10 'A I 4k j 60 U : 14.30 .54 I 16 .54 10 ; .>( 12 5.5 ! 10 55 10 54 I 8 I *4 I 8 12 9 1; 10 10 9 10 55 1 12 52 9(13 ' H 10 10 I 48 10 41 11 ; 54 16.50 48 16. .501 48 14 I 54 12 ■ 51 S.5I1 'A TA 12 -4 0.5 12 51 54 8 rA> 54 BrUifK *''','umfn/t:- N'iL^ori Victoria .■5 , 48 I 15 20 49 I 21 48 49 15 21 16 14 14 16 16 It, 1§ l6 1.00 1.76 5.50 6.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 7-ao '14 .76 1.00 6.00 64 Saakatchevtan:— 60 .'i3 Alberta:— Medicine Hat BrUi$h Columbia: — Nelson...' 1.75 54 54 1.75 13 64 1.76 13 54 1.75 13 54 1.76 13 64 1.75 13 54 2.00 14 54 M (0) VESTMAKERS. Nova Scotia:: — Halifax Westville . Prince Edward hlartd;- Charlottetown New Bruntwick: — St. John Fredericton . . . . Quebec: — Quebec Three Rivers Montreal Oniario: — Peterborouglj . Hamilton". London . . Chatham . Saikatckeimn: — Hegina Prince Albert . Alberla: — Medicine Hat . . . . Brilith Columbia: — Nelson Victoria .70 1.00 .60 .75 .75 .35 1.00 1.25 1.15 .75 1.00 6 25 10 12 11 5.50 fi.OO 6.00 6.00 7-10 .70 1.00 .60 .35 1.00 1.26 1.15 .76 1.00 2.00 1.76 6.25 10 12 11 6.50 6.00 6.00 6.00 7-10 54 .70 1.00 .75 .75 .75 .35 1.10 1.25 .76 1.00 2.00 1.75 6.25 10 12 11 6.60 6.00 6.00 8.00 10 7-10 .87 1.25 .70 .75 .35 1.10 1.25 1.16 .76 1.00 1.76 6.?5 10 12 11 6.60 6.00 6.00 8.00 10 7-IO 54 .87 1.25 .70 .75 .45 1.10 1.25 1.15 .76 1.00 1.75 4.00 6.25 10 12 11 5.60 6.00 6.00 8.00 10 7-10 .87 1.26 .70 .45 4.00 7.50 1.25 1.35 10 12 1.15 11 7.00 .76 1.00 2.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 10 10-12 2.00 54 GO .87 1.26 .70 60 .75 54 .75 .75 'iioo 54 55 54 .45 'i!35 ■7:56 54 78 54 54 54 1.00 10 12 , 11 7.00 5.00 6.00 60 53 8.00 10 10-12 64 2.00 2.50 2.00 14 54 COST OF LIYma IN CANADA (b) PANTMAKERfl.-Con/ma«(i. 617 LocALnr. Horn Scotia:— H»lif»i Weetville Prinee Edward Island:- Charlottetown Nm Bnntwick: — SI. John. Fredericton Quebee:- T hree Riyera . Montreal . . . . Onto™;— Feterboroush . HimiltoQ . London . . Chatham . Satkat^iewan:- Prinsf, Albert . ittnta.-— Medicine Hat . . BriKsh ColuvMa;- Nelflon Victoria, ..,.,, 1907 Piece Per work week .70 , .70 .60 .750 1 1.50 1.40 .75 1.00 2.00 2.60 2.00 4.00 10 12 12 7.00 5.00 6.00 10-11 10-12 1908 Wages. Piece work .95 .70 .60 1.45 1.75 1.40 .75 1.00 2.50 2.50 2.00 Per week 4.00 7.50 10 12 12 7.00 5.00 54 6.00 10-11 10-13 1909 Piece work .95 .70 75 .90 1.45 1,75 1.40 i!56 2.50 2.25 Per week 4.00 7.50 10 12 12 7.00 7.50 8.00 11-12 10-12 64 1910 Wagea. ; *| Piece work .70 .70 1.55 1.75 1.50 2.75 3.00 2.25 Per" week^ 10 ! 12 13 8.15.- 7.50 54 8.00 60 1911 Wages. Piece work H-12 10-12 .70 .70 1.66 1.75 1.50 iiso 2.75 3.00 2.25 Per week 1912 Wagea. ^ Piece Per n work week 60 6.00 7.60 10 12 13 8.15 7.50 8.00 11-12 10-12 .70 .90 1.00 1.76 2.00 1.50 2.75 3.00 2.50 5.00 7.60 10 15 13 8.15 7.50 54 8.00 60 1913 Wages. Piece work 11-13 10-12 1-00 1.00 .70 1.00 .70 1.75 2.00 1.50 Per week 14.00 5.00 7.50 1.60 l.* 2.25 2.76 3.00 2 12 15 13 8.15 J 7.50 64 8.00 60 64 12-15 10-12 16.80 (o) VESTMAKEES.— CoiKinuei. Halifax .87 1.25 .70 .75 .75 .90 .50 '4!66 ■i'io 10 12 11 7.00 5.00 6.00 10-U 10-12 ii" 64 60 60 64 64 56 54 54 78 54 64 54 60 63 64 64 54 .87 1.25 .70 .75 .75 .90 .50 'i.'io 1.45 IAS ■ ■ .75 1.00 2.25 2.50 2.00 '4!66 '7:56 10 12 11 7.00 5.00 6.00 10-11 10-12 ii " 64 60 60 64 54 55 54 54 78 54 54 64 60 53 54 64 64 87. 1.25 .n .76 .75 .90 .60 i'.ib 1.65 iiis i'.si) 2.25 2.60 2.25 i'.iio 10 12 11 7.00 7.60 8.00 11-12 10-12 is" 54 60 60 64 54 55 54 64 78 54 64 54 60 53 54 54 54 .87 1.25 .85 .76 .75 .90 .60 i'.io 1.65 1 30 ilio 2.25 2.75 2.25 'i'M r'.m 10 12 12 8.15 7.50 8.00 11-12 10-12 i5 " 54 64 60 54 64 55 54 64 78 54 54 54 60 63 64 54 64 .87 1.25 .85 .76 .80 .00 .60 1:56 1.65 i'.ib i^so 2.75 2.75 2,25 '5!66 54 64 60 54 54 66 54 54 78 64 64 64 60 63 64 64 64 .87 1.25 .85 .76 .80 1.00 .60 ilso 1.75 'i'.ib i'.sb 2.76 2.76 2.50 's.m 'i'ib 10 15 13 8.15 7.50 8.00 11-13 10-12 ie-" 54 64 60 54 54 55 54 54 78 64 54 5 54 63 54 54 54 .87 1.25 1.00 .76 'i!66 .60 ilso 1.75 'i'.io i'.m 1.85 2.26 2.75 2.75 2.70 14.00 'i'.ob V.io 11 15 12 8.15 7.60 8.00 12-15 10-12 i6!26 II Westville Priiwi Edward Idand:— Charlottetown Km Brwiiwick:— St. John. ... 54 60 Fredericton Quibu:- 54 ThreeEireiB'.'!!;"" 7.50 10 12 12 8.16 7.60 8.00 11-12 10-12 is" 66 Montreal Ontario..- 1.35 1.45 64 64 Hamilton. 'ij5 78 54 London . . . 54 Chatham Sakatehman:— .75 1.00 54 54 Prince Albert 63 itmh:- Medicine Hat Nelson 2.26 2.50 2.00 54 64 Victoria. . 64 , 618 BOARD OF ISQVIKY ilNTO (d) LADIES' COATMAKERS. LOCAUTT. Nova Scoiia;- Halifax . . . WestviUe . Prince Edward Idand:- CharlottetowQ Nevt Brunivnck:- St. Join . ; . . . Fredericton. . . Qutlea— Quebec Three Rivera . Montreal . . . . Ontario: — Peterborough . Hamilton . London . . Chatham . Saskatchewan: — Regina Prince Albert . Atberla:— Medicine Hat . . . . 1900 Wages. Piece work 3.00 3.50 7.00 1.20 1.30 8.00 Per week 6.00 8.00 4.50 12.00 9,00 6.29 16.00 6.00 8.00 13.50 10 UO 54 65 1901 Piece work 3.00 4.00 8.00 1.60 1.75 Per week 5.00 8.00 4.50 12.00 lU.OO 6.26 16.00 00 00 13.50 64 1902 Wages. Piece work 3.00 4.00 8.00 1.60 1.75 ).00 Per week 5.00 S.OO 4.50 12.00 10.00 1903 Wages. 6.25 16.00 6.00 51 8.00,78 13.50 54 10.00 64 Piece work 3.00 4 00 8.00 1.60 1.75 Fer w^k 5.00 9-.00 4.50 13 00 lOiOO 1904 Wages. Piece work Per week 3.00 4 00 8.00 2.25 2.50 i-.2o 55 18.0054 10.00 6800 54 8.00 78 13.50 54 10-00 54 6.00 9.00 4.50 13.00 10.00 25 18.00 1906 Piece Per work week 6.00 54 8.00i78 13.50 54 10,00 54 .00 4.00 8.00 2.25 2.50 10.00 6.00 9,00 6.00 13 00 .Oil 1906 Piece Per work week 7.60 55 18.00 54 6,0054 8,00,78 13.50 54 13,00 54 4 00 8.00 2.25 2.50 6.00 9.00 6.00 13.00 1U.09 7.60 02.00 54 6.Wo4 8.00 78 13.50 54 13 00 54 Britieh Coliimbia.'- Victoria 16-20 7.60 10 16-20 7.50 10 16-20 8.00 8.00 10 16-20 56 64 20 54 .9. . 16-20 1.00 20-27 J. 00 20-27 I 9.00 10 (e) LADIES' SKIRTMAKERS. Nova Scotia: — Halifax . . . WestviUe - Prince Edward leland: — Charlottetown . ... New BruTitwick:^ St. John Fredericton .... Quebec: — Quebec Three Rivera . Montreal . . . . Ontario: — Peterborough . Hamilton . London . . . Chatham . Saekatchewan: — Prince Albert . Alberta: — Medicine Hat . British Columbia:- Victoria 1.25 1.00 3.00 3.00 3.50 S 4.60 50 6.00 3.00 6.00 9.00 6.26 17 6.00 8.00 8.00 5.50 8-12 12.00 54 1.25 1.60 4.00 .90 1.10 3.00 t 4.50I5O 6.00 3.00 6.00 10 6.25 17 6,00 8.00178 8.00 54 5.50 54 8-12 12.00 1.25 1.50 4.00 .90 1.10 3.60 3.50 $ 4.50 6.00 3.00 6.00 10 6.25 17 6.00 8.00 8.00 6.60 8-12 12.00 1.25 1.50 4.00 1.00 1.25 3.50 $ 4,50 5:00 3.00 6. -00 10 6.25 18 6.00 S.OO S.OO 6.50 8-12 3.k 12.00 1.25 1.50 4.00 1.00 1.25 3.50 3.50 6.0060 6.00 60 3.00 8.00 10 6.25 18 6.00 8.00 8.00 5,50 54 1.25 1,50 4.00 .100 1.25 3.60 3.50 t 5.00 6,00 3.50 8.00 10 7.50 18 6.00 8.00 8,00 7.00 10-14 12.00 1.25 1.50 4.00 1.00 1.25 3.50 3.50 i 6.00 6.00 7.50 20 6.00 8,78 8,00 7.00 12.00 COST OF LIYING /A' OANABA (d) LADIES' COATMAKERS.— C(m«nu«ii. 619 LocAirrr, Piece work Sm SaHa:— Hslifai WeatTllle : Prina Edward Idand:- Charlottetown .■ ffetp Brunswidc:^ St. John Fredericton Quibeo— Quebec Three Eivere . Montreal . . . . Oldario: — Peterborough . Hamilton .... London . . Chatham . Sagkatehewan: — " Resina ; , Prince Albert . Atberta:— Medicine Bat . Briluh ColumUa:- Victoria 1007 1.25 Per 6.00 9.00 1.00 54 16.00 4.00 10.00 8.00 2.75 3.00 11.00 7.50 M.OO 6.00 8.00 13.50 is.'uo 20-27 9.00 10.00:20.00 Piece Per work week 1908 3.25 Piece work 6.00 50 9.00,60 6.00 54 16 no 4.00 10.00 54 8.00 2.75 3.00 11.00 9.00 10.00 7.60 55 20.00 54 6.00 54 8.00 78 13.50 54 16.20 13.0U54 20-27 54 54 20.00 , 1909 Per week 7-8 9.00 Piece work 6.00 54 16.00 4.00 12.00 54 8.00 2.75 3.00 12.00 54 54 7.60 65 22.00,54 6.00 54 8.00 78 13.50 54 16.20 13.00 *7-9 20-27 ,10 no 20.00 1910 Waeca. 3.25 4.00 8.00 2.75 3.00 12.00 10.00 12.00 Per week Piece work 50. 9.60 54 ,00 64 16.00 12.00 7.60 22.00 6.00 5i 8.00 78 13.50 54 16.20 15.0i)54 7-9 54 20-27 24.00 1911 Wages. 3.25 4.00 8.00 2.75 3.00 12.00 10.00 12.00 Per week 7-8 9.50 1.00 16.00 15.00 7.50 22.00 SO 64 6.00 8.00 78 13.50 54 16.20 15. Ou 7-9 14.00 60 25-30 64 54 24.00 54 1912 Wages. Piece work Per week 3.25 5.00 10 3.00 3.60 13.00 10.00 12.00 7-8 9.50 i.OO 16.00 15.00 7.50 55 24.0U54 8.00 10. »■ 13.50 16.20 16.00 7-9 15.00 25-30 1913 Wages. Piece work 3.25 Per week 7-8 10.00 1.00 16.00 5.00 15.00 10 3 00 3.50 13.00 7.50 24.00 10.00 12. Oil 13.50 16.20 15,l)( 7-9 10.00 12.00 54 54 64 15. CO. 54 26-30 54 20.00 'Dressmakers. (e) LADIES' SKIRTMAZERS.— ConJinuei. Una Scotia:— Halifai . . , Westvilie . f rina Edward htand:- Charlottetown V«iJ Bmmmck: — St. John ■Fredericton Quebec. Three Rivers . Montreal . . . . (hhrio:— Peterborough -. Hamilton London . Chatham Sutkakhemn: — Prime Albert . . AWerla:— Medicine Hat . BrjIiA ColumUa:- victoria 1.50 4.00 1.25 1.50 i.50 3.50 S 5.00 6.00 3.50 00 10 7.50 20 6.00 8.00 8.00 7.00 54 1.25 1.50 4.00 1.25 1.50 3.50 3.50 5.00 6.00 3.50 8.00 10 7.50 20 6.00 8.00 9.00 7.00 10-14 I 1200. 1.25 1.50 4.00 1.25 1.50 3.50 3.50 t 6.00 6.00 60 7.50 22 6.00 8.00 9.00 7,00 ■5-7 12.00 1.25 1.50 4.00 1.25 1.50 4.00 4.50 6.00.50 7.00 54 3.50 7.50 22 6.00 8.00 9.00 8.15 5-7 10-14 16.00 53 1.50 4.00 1 25 1.60 4.00 4.50 i 6.00 7.00 3.50 00 15 7.50 6.00 54 8,00 78 10 54 8.15 54 5-7 54 16.00 2.00 5.00 1.60 2.20 4.00 4.50 S 6.00 7.00 3.50 ,00 I5' 7.50 23 8.00 10 10 8.16 5-7 16.00 2.00 5.00 1.60 2.20 4.00 4.50 t 6.00 7.50 3.50 00 15 54 7.50 23 10.00 12. n, lO 01 8.15 5-7 16.00 *DresBmaker8. 620 BOARD OP INQVIRT INTO (2) Beady-made Clothing. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 I 1905 19( W Wages Hrs. Wages. Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Ctttters: — Montreal Per week * Per week t Per week $ Per wetk i Per week t week * Per week 1 12 00 12.00 13.00 49 52 59 12.00 12.00 13.00 49 52 59 15.00 14.00 15.00 44 49 58 Dundas- ^ . . . , 12.00 14.00 52 59 12.00 14.-00 49 5S 13.00 14.00 49 5S 13.00 15.00 49 58 Prbssebs: — Montreal Toronto 9 00 11-12 9.00 49 52 59 9.00 11-12 9.00 49 52 59 15 12-14 10.00 44 Duudas Clinton Machiite Operatobs: — Montreal 11-12 9.00 52 59 11-12 9s50 49 59 12-14 9.50 49 59 12-14 10.00 58 49 58 Toronto 12 10-12 49 52 12 10-12 49 52 .15 13-14 "i2!a6 44 49 Dundas Trimmeks: — 11-12 52 1H2 49 12-13 49 12-13 49 Dundas Fitter's Up:— 9.00 52 9.00 52 10.00 52 10^00 49 11.00 49 11.00 49 49 Toronto- 6.00 10.00 49 52 6.00 10.00 49 52 7.00 12-13 44 10-11 52 11-12 49 12-13 49 12-13 49 49 Sbbqees: — 5.00 5.00 49 52 5 00 5.00 49 52 12 7.00 Dundaa. Basters: — 5.00 52 6.00 49 6.00 49 6.00 49 49 Toronto' 9.00 4.50 10.00 49 52 9.00 4.50 10.00 49 52 12 5.50 12.00 44 Under Basters: — 4 50 10.00 52 5.00 11.00 49 5.00 11.00 49 5.50 11.00 49 49 Toronto .- . . 9.00 5.00 49 52 9.00 5.00 49 52 12 7.00 44 Dundaa** Fellers :^- 5.50 52 5.5P 49 6.00 49 6.00 49 49 5.00 4.00 49 52 5.00 4.00 49 52 7.00 6.00 44 Dundas BnTTON-HoLB MAlfERS: — 4.50 52 4. -50 49 5.00 49 5.00 49 49 Toronto . . .■ 8.00 11.00 49 52 8.00 11.00 49 52 S.OO 13.00 44 12.00 52 li.flO 49 12.00 49 13.00 49 49 BnTTON-SEWERa: — Toronto 4.00 3.50 49 52 4.00 4.00 49 52 6.00 5.00 44 Dundas General Hand Sewers:- Montreal 4.00 52 4:50 49 4.50 49 5.00 49 49 4.00 4.50 49 52 4.00 4 50 49 52 . 7.00 6.00 44 Dundas 5.00 52 5.*00 49 5.50 49 5.50 49 49 **Gir|s. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA (2) Ready-made Clothibig- 621 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Wages S 10-15 15.00 14.00 16.00 16-18 15.00 13-15 10.00 14-18 15.00 13-14 8-10 13.00 12-14 7.00 13-14 5.00 12.00 7.00 10-12 12.00 6-12 10-12 12.00 7,00 5-7 7.00 6.00 14.00 8.00 14.00 4.50 6.00 5.50 5-7 7.00 6.50 Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Wagc% lira. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Cutters:— 53 44 49 58 53 44 49 58 S3 44 49 53 49 63 44 49 53 44 49 53 44 49 53 44 49 53 44 49 53 44 49 53 44 49 53 44 49 S 10-15 53 $ 10-15 53 12-18 53 * 16-18 53 S 16-22 20.00 17.00 17.00 22-30 17.00 15-18 12.00 16-24 17.00 17-20 12-15 16.00 16-20 13.00 15-16 8.00 14.00 9.00 16-18 16.00 9-14 12-14 15.00 10.00 7-10 9.00 8.00 20.00 10.00 17.00 7.50 8.00 7.00 7-10 9.00 9.00 49 44 49 50 49 44 49 50 49 44 49 49 49 tl 49 49 44 49 49 44 49 49 44 49 49 44 49 49 44 49 49 44 49 49 44 49 i 18-25 20.00 18.00 49 44 15.00 16.00 16-18 49 68 53 16.00 16.00 16-18 49 58 53 16. OQ 17.00 18-20 49 58 53 17.00 17.00 20-25 49 50 53 pHESSEne: — 22-30 17.00 15-18 49 44 13-15 11.00 14-18 49 58 53 13-15 11.00 14-18 49 58 53 14-16 12,00 16-2(3 49 58 53 14-16 12.00 16-22 49 50 53 49 Clinton Machine OpERATona: — 10-24 17.00 18-22 15.00 17.00 16-20 13.00 15-16 8.00 14.00 9.00 16-20 18.00 10-16 12-14 15.00 10.00 9-14 9.00 8-9 23.00 10.00 18-19 8.00 8.00 7.50 8-12 9.00 9-10 49 Toronto 44 14-15 8-10 13.00 12-14 49 53 49 63 15-16 8-12 14.00 12-14 49 53 49 53 16-18 8-12 14.00 14-16 49 63 49 53 16-18 12-14 15,00 16-20 49 53 49 53 49 Trimmers ; — 49 49 Fiiter's Up: — 49 44 13-14 6.00 49 63 13-14 6.00 49 63 14-15 6.og 49 S3 14-15 8.00 49 53 49 Sergers: — Montreal* 49 44 Dundas 7.50 10-12 49 53 7.50 10-12 49 83 8.09 12-14 49 63 8.00 12-14 49 53 49 B asters: — Montreal 49 44 7-12 10-12 49 63 7-13 10-12 49 63 8-lS 10-4 49 53 8-13 12-14 49 53 49 Montreal 49 44 Dunda& 8.00 5-7 49 63 8.00 6-7 49 53 9.00 6-8. 49 53 9.00 6-8 49 53 49 Fellers :—r Montreal*, 49 44 Dundas. Montrealf 6.00 14.00 49 53 7.00 14.00 49 53 7.00 16.00 49 63 8.00 18.00 49 53 49 49 44 Dundas .* 14.00 5.40 49 53 15.00 4.50 49 53 16.00 5.00 49 53 16.00 6.00 49 53 49 Bctton-Sewers: — 49 44 Genebal Hand Sewers:- Montreal** 6, SO 5-7 49 53 6.00 5-7 49 53 6,09 6-8 49 53 6.50 7-10 49 53 49 49 44 7.00 49 7.50 49 8.00 49 8.50 49 49 *Girls and boya. tMachine operators. 522 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO (3) Whitewear. 1900 1901 1902 fto 3 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hr&. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs,. Wages Hra. Fohemen: — Montreal Forewomen: — S 20 12 50 50 $ 25 13.50 50 50 i 25 13.50 50 50 s : 25 13.50 50 50 i 25 13.50 50 50 t 25 13.50 50 50 S 27 14 10 33.00 20 7.00 7.50 6-15 6.50 5-10 7.00 7.00 15.00 50 50 Winnipeg 49 Designers: — 27.50 16.50 6.00 7.00 50 50 50 50 30.00 18.50 6.50 7.50 50 50 50 SO 30.00 18.50 6.50 7.50 50 50 50 50 30.00 18.60 6.50 7.50 50 50 50 50 30.00 18. 5Q 6.50 7.50 50 60 50 50 30.00 18.50 6.50 7.50 50 50 50 50 Men CtJTTEBs: — W Trimmers: — ■in Operators: — 50 44 Examiners; — 5.00 50 6.00 50 6.00 50 6.00 50 6.00 50 6.00 50 RO 41 Pbessers: — 6.25 50 6.50 60 6. SO 50 6.5p 50 6.50 50 6:60 50 50 49 Stock Clerks, Etc.: — 12.50 50 14.00 50 14.00 50 14.00 50 14.00 50 14.00 50 50 (4) Shirts. Stock-Room Staff: — Montreal Cutters: — Montreal Button-hole Sewehs; — Montreal Boxing-Room Men: — Montreal laoNERs: — Montreal Washers-; — Montreal Pressers & Folders: — Montreal Examiners: — ■ Montreal Shippers: — Montreal 13.50 8.50 12.50 12 50 52K 52H 50 o2'A 52H 62J^ 52'A 5214 10.50 13.50 0.50 50 52 > 2 12.50 6.00 52;^ 52,1.2 5:^'.'.! 62K 52J^ 10.50 50 13.50 523^ 6.50 52 M 8.50 50 8.50 52'A 12.50 52M (i.(ll) .52 Vj 6.00 52M 12 52H 10 .-50 8.50 6.0U 50 52)4 52}4 50 52,*2 52 'i rt'J } ; 52).; 32)4 13.50 8.50 50 52)i 52)4 50 52>i 52)ii 32 ,V^ B2'A 52>2 13.50 6.50 8.50 S.50 12.50 6.00 6.60 12 50 52yj 52)^ 50 )2.' i 52)^ 52 S2y, 52'A 10.50 13.50 6.50 ,x.50 8.60 12.50 6.00 6.60 12 50 52 55 52)^ 50 52)4 52)4 52K 52)3 52'A COST or UTiya ix ciyAox (3) Whitewear. 623 Foremen: — Montreal Forewomen: — Montreal Winnipeg Debignerb: — Montreal Meh Cutters: — Montreal Trimmers: — Montreal Ofebatobs: — Montreal Winnipeg Examiners: — Montreal Winnipeg Presbehb:^- Montreal Winnipeg Stock Clerks, Etc.:- Montreal 1907 Wages Hra, 27 14 10 33.00 7.50 6-16 6.50 5-10 7.00 7.00 50 1908 Wages 27 14 10 33.00 20 7.50 7.50 0-16 6.50 5-10 7.00 7.00 15.00 Hrs. 1909 Wages 27 14 12 33.00 20 7.50 7.50 6-15 6.50 5-10 7.00 7.00 Hrs 50 50 50 1910 Wages 27.50 15.33 12 35.00 23. 2§ 7.50 7.80 7-18 7.00 5-10 7.00 7.00 16.50 isyi *8h 49 48K 48H 48}^ 48M 49 49 48M 49 48J^ Wages S 27.. 50 15.33 13 35.00 23.25 7.50 7.80 7-18 7.00 6-10 7.00 8.00 16.50 Hrs 4SM 481^ 49 48K 48H 48M 48^ 49 48M 49 49 48M 1912 Wages S 27.50 15.33 13.50 35.00 23.25 7.50 7.80 .7-18 7.00 6-10 7.00 8.00 16.50 Hrs. 48J^ 48> 49 48H 18K 49 i&yi 49 48}^ 49 48M 1913 Wages S 27.50 15.33 15 35.00 23.25 7.50 7.80 7-18 7.00 6-10 7.00 8.00 16.50 Hrs. 48 J^ 48)^ 49 48"^ 48}^ 48H 48H 48 J^ 49 48 J4 49 48H (4) Shirts. Stock-Room Staff: — 10.50 15.00 6.50 8.50 8.50 12.50 6.00 6.60 12.00 50 52M 52J^ 50 52J^ 52M 52>.i 52M 52H 11.00 16.50 7.00 8.50 9.00 13.50 6.00 6.60 12.50 50 52K 52M 50 52}^ 52H 52 J^ S2H 52>i 11.50 18.00 7.50 8.50 9.50 13.50 6.50 6.60 13.50 50 52H 52M 50 52M 52M S2M 52!^ 52K 11.56 20.06 8.00 9.00 10.50 14.00 7.00 6.60 14.00 60 52M B2H 50 52M 52M 152K 52M 52K 13.00 20.00 8.50 9.00 11.00 14.00 7.50 7.25 14.00 50 52H 52M SO 52M 52J^ 52}^ 52H 52}^ 13.00 21.00 9.00 9.50 12.00 15.00 8.00 7.25 15. CO 46Ji 49M 49H 49K 49M 49H 49M 49^ 13.00 22.00 9.00 10.00 12.00 15.00 8.00 7.25 15.00 46H Cutters: — 49 M Bditon-Hole Sewers:— Montreal 49V.i BoxiNG-EooM Men:— 46?i iRONERs: — 49H Washers; — Montreal Phessers & Folders:— Montreal 49« 49}^ Examiners:-^ Montreal . . i9% Shippers: — Montreal iSH 624 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO (5) Furs. • 1900 1901 1902 ;903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs, Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hr IJfiSlQNERS: — t 25.00 25.00 16.00 14.00 11.50 8.00 5.00 3.50 7.50 6.60 5.50 6.00 7.00 5.20 6.00 54 46J4 54 52 46J^ 54 52 54 52 46H 54 52 46J^ 52 t 25.00 27.00 16.00 15.00 11.70 8,00 6.00 4.00 7.50 6,80 6,00 6.00 7.50 S.SO 6.00 54 461^ 54 52 46H 54 52 46H 54 52 46H 54 52 46J^ 52 S 25.00 30.00 16.00 15.00 12.00 8.00 6.00 5.00 7.50 7.00 6,45 6,00 7,50 5,70 6,50 54 46K 54 52 46K 54 52 mi 54 62 46K 54 52 52 i 30,00 35,00 16.60 15, 'oo 12,00 s:50 6,00 6,00 7.50 7:oo 7?do 7:00 7)50 6:40 7^00 54 46H 54 52 46K 54 52 46H 54 52 46H 54 52 46}^ 52 * 30.00 35.00 16.50 16.00 12.00 8.50 6.50 6.50 7.50 7.50 7.65 7.50 7.60 7.00 7.00 54 46J4 54 52 46M 54 62 i6H 64 52 ioy, 54 52 52 S 30.00 40.00 16.50 16.00 12.00 9.00 6.50 6.50 8.00 7.50 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.40 7.00 54 54 62 46J^ 54 52 46M 54 52 46H 54 52 46M 52 i 35.00 40.00 17.00 16.50 12.80 9.50 6.50 7,00 8,60 7.50 8.70 8.00 8.00 8.20 7.00 M 46J Cvjtterb:* — 59 Toronto 4«t Hl-OCKERS: — 54 S? 4fl( FiNISHEBS: — 64 Montreal flS 461 Machine Operators: — M Montreal ... S? 4fiV Trimmers; — .12 (6) Boots and Shoes. Cuttbrb: — m 60-a 13.85 9.00 10 11 13 5S 8.00 \ 9,00 I 10 10 60 60 8,00 9,00 10 10 60 60 8,00 9,00 10 12 60 60 9.00 10 11 13,50 60 60 9.00 10 11 13.60 60 60 9.00 10 11 13.50 60 60 6(1 6(1 L asters:* — ' 13,50 60 a ' ■ ■ it' ■ 13.60 9.00 10 11 6! Three Rivers 8,00 9,00 [10 60 8,00 9,00 10 60 8,00 9.00 10 60 9.00 10 11 60 9.00 10 11 60 9.00 10 ,11 60 60 "Stitchers: — Quebec-. 18 11 12 13 55 Three Rivers. 10 { 11 I 12 60 10 11 12 60 10 11 12 60 10 11 12 60 10 11 12 60 11 12 13 60 60 Torontp Tbeehs a Dressers: — Fredericton . . 11 60a 20.26 8.00 9.00 10 5S Three Rivers. . [6,00 \ 7.00 [8,00 60 7,00 8,00 9.00 60 7.00 8.00 9.00 60 7.00 8.00 9.00 60 7,00 8.00 9.00 60 7.6b 8.00 9.00 60 «C Montreal Toronto „ L_l (ii) Gradual inen^iiM,-, 1!)00-19I2. OOST OF LIYINQ IN OAN'ADA (5) Furs. 625 DB8IGNERB: — Quebec Toronto Cdtteks; — Quebeo Montreal Toronto Blockerb:-^ Quebeo Montreal Toronto FlNISHEBS; — Quebec Montreal Toronto Machine Opebatohs:- Quebec Montreal Toronto TRiMUEBa: — Montreal". 1907 Wages Hra 35.00 45.00 17.00 16.50 13.70 9.50 7.00 7.20 8.50 8.00 9,50 8.50 8.00 9.00 8.00 54 46H 54 52 46H 54 62 46H 54 52 46H 54 52 46}^ 52 1908 Waffeb Hra, 35.00 50.00 17.00 16.60 15.25 10.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 8.00 10.60 8.50 8.00 10.00 8.00 54 46M 54 62 46H 54 62 46K 54 52 46K 54 52 46J^ 52 1909 Wages Hrs, 35.00 60.00 17.50 17.00 16.75 10.00 8.00 8.66 9.50 8.00 11.60 9.00 9.00 11.05 S.SO 54 461^ 54 62 46H 54 62 46>^ 54 52 46J4 54 52 46H WIO Wages, Hrb, 40.00 60.00 18.50 17.00 16.76 10.00 8.00 8.66 9.5Q 9.00 11.60 9.50 9.00 11.05 9.00 64 i6H 54 52 46K 54 52 46M 54 52 46M 64 62 46M 1911 Wagefa Hrs, 40.00 60.00 19.00 17.00 18.20 10.50 8.00 9.35 10.00 9.00 12.60 9.60 9.00 12.00 9,00 64 46)^ 54 52 46H 54 62 i6H 54 52 46H 54 52 461^ 1912 Wages Hrb, 40.00 60.00 19.50 18.00 18.20 11.10 9.00 9.36 10.00 10.00 12.60 10.00 10.00 12.00 64 463^ 64 62 46^ 64 52 46K 54 52 46K 54 52 46H 52 1813 (6) Boots and Shoes. COTTEBS: — 16.50 17. 10 15 16-18 16 18.00 IS. SO 10 14 12-33 15 19.80 11 12 15 18-26 8.00 15 30.50 8.00 9.00 11 13-18 12 Quebec 14.60 10 11 1.12 12-13 65 60 60 16.35 10 11 12 13-14 16 55 60 60 62 16.20 10 11 12 13-15 16 65 60 59 52 16.20 10 11 12 13-16 16 65 60 59 62 16.50 10 11 12 13-16 16 56 60 59 52 17 10 15 16-18 16 55 60 59 52 55 Three Rivers 60 Montreal ,,..,.,,...... 59 Toronto. . 62 59 Labtehs;^ Quebec 15.30 ■i 9.00 10 111 55 60 15.30 10 11 12 55 60 16.25 10 11 12 55 60 16.65 10 11 12 55 60 16.66 10 11 12 * 12-27 15 18 11 12 15 *18-26 8.00 65 60 59 52 55 60 59 62 17.40 10 14 12-27 15 19.80 11 12 15 18-26 8.00 55 60 69 52 55 60 59 62 65 Three Rivers 60 Montreal 69 Toronto cl5 18 11 12 13 52 55 60 15 18 11 12 15 52 55 60 15 18 11 12 15 62 55 60 62 Stitchers: — Quebec. 18 11 12 1 13 55 60 •iS Three Rivera 60 Montreal 59 Toronto c8 52 8.00 52 8.00 52 5? 'reess&Dbessebs:— Prederioton 69 Quebeo 26.50 8.00 9.00 10 56 60 26.50 8.00 9.00 10 55 60 26.50 8.00 9.00 10 55 60 28.50 8.00 9.00 10 55 60 28.50 8.00 9.00 10 tl3-16 12 55 60 59 52 30.50 8.00 9.00 11 13-60 12 55 60 59 62 65 Three Rivers 60 Montreal , . 69 Toronto 12 52 12 52 12 52 52 * About same as in previous years, t About f 15.00 per week previously. 82696—40 626 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO (6) Boots and Shoea.^( Continued.) 190 1901 190 2 1003 1904 190S 19 Wages 56 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs Wages Hrs. Wages- Hrs. Wages Hre. Hrs Edge Trimmers: — Fredericton S 15-16 ao a S »^ S S 9 S Quebec: 16,26 10.00 11.00 12.00 S5 60 Three River.s Montreal [9.00 10 I 11 60 10.00 11.00 12.00 60 10.00 11.00 12.00 60 10.00 11.00 12.00 60 10.00 11.00 12.00 60 10.00 11.00 12.00 60 Toronto Welteks: — 15.00 f 10 11 [12 60 a 60 Three Rivers 10.00 11.00 12.00 60 10.00 11.00 12.00 60 10.00 11.00 12.00 60 10.00 11.00 12.00 60 11.00 12.00 12.00 00 11.00 12.00 13.00 60 Montreal Toronto Edge Setters:^ Fredericton 13.50 60 a Quebec 17 11.00 12.00 13.00 55 Three Rivers.,, Montreal 1" 60 60 10.00 11.00 12.00 60 60 10.00 11.00 12.00 60 10.00 11. bo 12.00 60 10.00 11.00 12.00 60 11.00 12.00 13.00 60 60 1 Machine Operators: — Fredericton 6-12 80 a Quebec 20 9.00 10.00 11.00 55 Three Rivers 8.00 9.00 .10 60 8.00 9.00 10.00 60 8.00 9.00 10.00 60 8.00 9.00 lO.tJO 60 9.00 10.00 10.60 60 9.00 10.00 11.00 60 Montreal Toronto Finishers: — 11-12 60a 22^50 9.00 10.00 11.00 Quebec . 1') Three Rivera '8.00 ■ 9.00 10 8-12 60 60 b 8.00 9.00 10.00 60 9.00 10.00 11,00 60 9:00 1*. 00 11! 00 60 9.00 10.00 11.00 60 9.00 10.00 11.00 60 60 (a) Gradual increase 1900 to 1912. (b) Gradual increase 1900 to 1911. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA (6) Boots and Shoes. — fConlivucd.) 627 1907 190 8 1909 u 1910 191 1 191 2 1913 Wages Hrs Wages Hrs. Wages I-Tr», Wages ijrs. Wages Hrs, Waget Hrs. Wages Hrs. Edoe Tiii.viiERa: — S $ •55' 60 S IK , .50 10.00 15.00 $ $ S i 18-21 25.00 10.00 16.00 18.36 18.00 21.00 12 00 15.00 18-37 18.00 18.00 26.00 11.00 16.00 18-35 20.00 9-18 32.00 9.00 13.00 16-30 18.00 15.00 30.00 9.00 15.00 15-18 18.00 59 Quebec 18.50 jio 55 60 18.50 10.00 14.00 55 60 22.60 10 , 00 15,00 56 00 22. no 10.00 15.00 * 18-27 IK, 00 55 60 59 52 23.00 10.00 16 00 18.33 l.K.OO 55 60 69 52 60 59 52 55 60 59 I'^.OO 52 IS, 00 -,■2 IS. 00 -.52 52 Welters:— 29 1 11 12 113 60 11.00 12 0(1 13.00 l.S 00 60 ,)2 11.00 12,00 13.00 60 11.00 12.00 13.00 *60 11.00 12.00 13.00 * 18-33 18.00 60 69 62 12 00 15.00 18-33 I'i 00 00 69 18.00 52 18.00 .52 62 Edoe Seti-erb: — Fredericton 59 17 f 11 12 [l3 55 60 17.60 11.00 12.00 13.00 66 60 17.60 11.00 12,00 13.00 .>.5 60 20.50 11.00 12.00 13.00 5.'> 60 20.60 11.00 12 00 14.00 * 18-30 20,00 56 flO 59 62 2.j,00 11,00 16 00 18-32 20.00 65 60 59 62 56 60 59 Toronto Machine Oberators: — C20.00 62 20.00 52 20.00 •^2 52 69 23.60 f 9.00 10 111 55 60 23.60 9.00 12.00 55 60 23.60 9.00 12.00 55 60 26.00 9.00 12.00 65 60 26.00 9.00 12,00 * 15-30 15.00 65 60 59 62 30.00 9.00 13.00 15-30 15.00 66 60 59 52 66 Three Rivers 60 69 15 00 S2 15.00 52 15.00 52 52 Finishers: — 69 Quebec Three Rivera 22.50 fg.oo 10 I 11 55 60 22 , -,0 9.00 10.00 11.00 55 60 22.50 9.00 12.00 65 60 23.00 9.00 12.00 65 60 23.00 9.00 12.00 12-16 18.00 65 \ 60 59 62 28.00 9.00 12.00 15-18 18.00 66 60 59 62 5S 60 59 Toronto 18.00 62 18.00 52 18.00 52 52 (a) Gradual iacrease 1900 to 1911, since then greater. *About same price paid in previous years. '6— 40J 628 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO X.— TEXTILE. (1) Cotton Factories. VALLEYPIELD, QUE. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages His. Wages HiB. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra, Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Carders (male) . Ring spumers, (female) Winders (female).'.... Weavers (male and female).. Loom - fixers (male) Per Week. " wk.. $ 8.81 v. IS 6.60 8.12 11.73 60 60 60 60 60 $ 8.81 7.15 6.60 8.12 11.73 60 60 60 60 60 i 8.81 7.15 6.60 8.12 11.73 60 60 60 60 60 » ' 8.8} 7.15 6.60 8.12 11.73 60 60 60 60 60 S 8.81 7.15 6.60 8.12 11.73 60 60 60 60 60 t 8.81 7.15 6.60 8.12 11.73 60 60 60 60 60 t 8.81 7. IS 6.60 8.12 11.73 60 60 60 60 60 HAMILTON, ONT. Carders (male) . Ring spinners (female) , . . . Winder (female) Weavers (male and female) , . Loom fixers- (male) Week. wk.. 5.60 60 5.50 60 5.85 60 7.20 60 7.40 60 6.90 60 7.40 ■■ " 4.00 60 4.35 60 4.35 60 5.4o 60 5.40 60 5.40 60 5.50 '• " 5.20 60 4.00 60 4.80 60 5.65 60 7.10 60 5.70 60 6.76 " " 7.45 60 7.85 60 7.65 60 8.50 60 8.50 60 8.40 60 8.65 " " 11.70 60 11.60 60 11.60 60 12.30 60 13.05 60 11.80 60 12.05 OOST OF LiriNa IN CANADA 629 X.— TEXTILE. (1) Cotton Factories. VALLEYFIELD, QVE— Continued. CLASa. Unit. 1907 1908 1909 19 fO 1911 1912 1913 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages HiB. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Catders (male) . Ring spinneni, (female) Winders (female) Weavers (male and female).. Loom - fixers (male) Per Week. wk.. $ 10.13 8.22 7.60 9.33 13.48 60 60 60 60 60 t 9.12 7.40 6.84 8.40 12.15 60 60 60 60 60 S 9.12 7.40 6.84 8,40 12.16 60 60 60 60 60 $ 9.12 7.40 6.84 8.40 12.15 60 '60 60 60 ,60 t 9.12 7.40 6.84 8.40 12.15 58 58 68 58 58 t 9,80 7.95 7.35 9.00 13.06 58 58 58 58 68 S 9.80 7.95 7.35 9.00 13.05 55 55 55 55 55 HAMILTON, ONT— Continued. Carders (male) . Week. wk.. 7.00 57 7.00 57 7.15 57 7.25 57 7.25 57 8.00 57 10 Ring spinners . (female) " " 6.60 57 6.30 57 6.60 57 6.35 57 6.66 57 7.15 bV 7.40 Winders (female) " " 6.35 57 8.00 57 7.30 57 5.95 57 6.50 57 7.35 57 7.60 Weavers (male and female) . . " " 8.80 57 8.25 57 8.40 67 8.O0 57 8.15 57 8.60 67 8.50 Loom fixers- , (male) " " 12.60 60 12.05 57 13.20 57 12.65 67 13.15 57 13.95 57 14.70 630 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO (2) Woollen Mills. WOOL SORTERS. Locality. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Per i S i $ t S i Sherbrooke, Que. . . . Day. . 1.10- 1.15- 1.25- 1.35 GO 1.15- 1.25- 1.36 60 1.15- 1.2S- 1.35 60 1.15- 1.25^ 1.40 60 1.15- 1.25- 1.40 60 1.25- 1.40- 2.00 60 1.25- 1.40- 2.00 60 Brantford, Ont Day. . 1.00- 1.25 CO 1.00- 1.25 60 1.00- 1.25 60 l.OD- 1.25 60 1.25- 60 1.25- 60 1.25- 57M Preston, Out Hour. . 0.12- 0.16- 0.28 68 0.12- 0.16- 0.28 68 0.12- 0.16- 0.28 58 0.1*3- 0.17- 0.28 58 0.14- 0.18- 0.28 68 0.14- 0.18- 0.28 68 0.14- 0.18- 0.28 88 MALE SPINNERS. Sherbrooke, Que. Brantford, Ont. . Preston, Ont .... Day. Hour 1.75- 2.00 0.12- 0.16- 0.26 1.76^ 60 2.00 0.12- 0.16- 0.26 58 1.75- 2.00 0.13- 0.17- 0.26 68 1.75- 2.00 1.25 1.5p 0.13- 0.17- 0.26 fiO 60 58 1.76- 2.00 1.26 1.40 0.14- 0.18- 0.26 60 60 58 1.75- 2.00 1.25- 1.40 0.14- 0.18- 0.26 60 60 58 WEAVERS. Sherbrooke, Que. ' Brantford, Ont. . Preston, Ont . Day. . 1.00 60 1.00 60 1.15 60 1.20 60 1.25 60 1.35 60 1.35 Day. . 0.75^ 1.00 60 1.00 1.25 60 0.75- 1.25 60 0.75- 1.25 Hour.. 0.12 58 0.12 58 0.12 58 0.12 68 0.12 58 0.12 58 0.12 OYERS. Sherbrooke, Que, Brantford, Ont. , Preaton, Ont. . . . 1.00- 1.00- 1.00- 1.00- 1.10- 1 10- 1.25- Day. . 1.10- 60 1.10- 60 1.10- 60 1.10- 60 1.25- 60 1.25- 60 1.35- 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.40 Day. . 1.15- fiO 1.15 60 1.25- 60 1.25 1.26: 1.25 1.35 Hour. . 0.12- 58 0.12- 58 0.13- 58 0.13- 58 0.14- 58 0.14- 58 0.14- 0.16- 0.16 0.17- 0.17- 0.18 0.18- 0.18- 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 COST OF LIYINO IN GANAbA 631 (2) Woollen Mills. WOOL SORTERS.— CarUinueil. Unit. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Mrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs Wage," Hra, Sherbrooke. Que. . . . Brantford, Ont Preston, Ont Per Day.. Day. . Hour. . t 2.00 1.00- 1.25 0.16- 0.20- 0.32 60 57H 56 i 2.00 1.00- 1,25 0.16- 0.20- 0.32 57 65 56 t 2.00 1.00- 1.25 0.17- 0.20- 0.32 57 55 56 i 2.00 1.00- 1.25 0.17- 0.20- 0.32 67 55 56 S 2 00 1.00- 1.40 0.17- 0.20- 0.32 57 55 56 2.00 1.50- 1.75 0.17'A 0.22- 0.30- 0.35 57 55 56 i 2.00 1.50- 1.80 0.17H 0,22- 0.30- 0.36 65 55 56 MALE SPINNERS.— Continued. Sherbrooke, Que. . . . Brantford, Ont Preston, Ont Day. , Hour . 1.50- 1.75 0.16- 0.20- 0.27 60 57H 2.00 1.50- 1.75 0.16- 0.20- 0.27 57 55 2.00 1.50- 1.75 0.17- 0.20- 0.32 57 56 2.00 1.60- 1.75 0.17- 0.20- 0.32 65 56 1.50- 2.00 0.17K 0.23- 0.32 55 56 2.00- 2.25 1.75- 2.25 ■ irva 0,23- 0.35 57 1.85- 2.00- 2.25 1.90 2.25 0.23- 0.35 57 ■55 WEAVERS.— C'on.(inuerf. Sherbrooke, Que Day. . 1.35 60 1.40 57 1.40 57 1.50 57 1.50 57 1.50 57 1.60 55 Brantford, Ont... . . Day. . 0.75- 1.25 &7H 0.75- 1.25 55 0.75- 1.25 55 0.75- 1.25 55 0.75- 1 25 55 1.00- 1.25 55 1.00- 1.60 55 Preston, Ont Hour. . 0.13 56 0.13 56 0.14 56 0.14 56 0.15 56 ♦8.00- 10 56 *8.00- 10 56 *Wagea per week. DYERS.— ConlinueH. Sherbrooke, Que Day. Brantford, Ont,. ..... Day . Pteston, Ont Hour. 1.25- 1.25- 1 25- 1.26- 1.25- 1.25- 1 30- 1.30- 60 l.SO- 57 1.30- 57 1.30- 57 1.30- 57 1,50- 57 1.50- 1.45 1.45- 1.50 1.45- 1.50 1.45- 1.60 1.45- 1.60 1.60- 1.75 1.60- 1.75 1.25- 57 H 1.25- 55 1.25- 55 1.25- 55 1.25- 55 1.50- 55 1.50- 1.35 1.35 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.75 0.16- 56 0.16- 56 0.17- 56 0.17- 56 0.17- 56 .17>^ 56 0-17H 0.20- 0.20- 0.20- 0.20- 0.20- 0.20- 0.20- 0.27 0.27 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.35 0.35 57 56 632 BOARD OF INQUIRY MTO (3) Knitting Mills. KNITTEES. LOCALITT. Unit. 19C 1901 1902 lS03 1904 1905 1908 Wages Hrs. Wages Hre. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hre. Wages Hrs. Gait, Ont Per Day. . Week. Day. . S 1.00 4.50- 7.00 1.25- 1.50 lb 52 60 S 1.00 4.50- 7.00 1.25- l.SO 10 52 60 i 1.00 4.50- 7.00 1.25- 1.50 10 52 60 < i.ob 4.50- 7.00 1.2S- 1.60* 10 SO 60 t 1.00 5.00- 8.00 1.25- 1.50 10 50 60 S 1.00 5.00- 8.00 1.25- 1.60 10 50 60 i 1.00 5.00- 8.00 1.26- 1.50 Guelph, Ont Glen Williams, Ont. . 50 60 XI.— LEATHER. (1) Tanneries. FLESHEES. St. Hyacinthe, Quef Hamilton, Ont.*. . . . Oshawa, Ont** Day. . 1.25 10 1.25 1.25 2.00 10, 10 10 1.25 1.25 2.00 10 10 10 1.25 1.25 2.00 10 10 10 1.25 1.33 2.00 10 10 10 1.30 1.33 2.00 10 10 10 1.40 1.33 2.00 Day. . 2.00 10 fWagea for overtime aame as day rate. Saturday labour 9 hours with full day's pay. *Wagea for overtime same as day rates. Saturday labour 9 houra with full day's pay. **Wages for overtime 10 per cent advance on day work. Saturday labour 9 hours with full day'a pay. LIQUORMEN. St. Hyacinthe, Que. . Hamilton, Ont Day. . Day. 1.00 10 1.00 1.25 1.60 10 10 10 1.00 1.25 1.50 10 10 10 1.00 1.25 1.6P 10 10 10 1.00 1.33 1.50 10 10 10 I.2S 1.33 1.50 10 10 10 1.25 1.33 1.50 10 in pshawa, Ont Day. . 1.50 10 10 SORTERS. St. Hyacinthe, Que. . Oahawa, Ont Day. . Day. . 1.25 2.00 10 10 1.25 2.00 10 10 1.25 2.00 10 10 1.25 2.00 10 10 1.25 2.00 10 10 1.50 2.00 10 10 1.50 2.00 10 10 IRONERS. St. Hyaciiithe, Que. . Day. . Day. . 1.25 10 1.25 1.60 1.75 10 10 10 1.25 1.60 1.75 10 10 10 1.2^ 1.66 1.75 10 10 10 1.25 1.66 1.75 10 10 10 1.25 1.66 1.75 10 10 10 1.25 1.66 1.75 10 10 Oshawa, Ont Day. . 1.76 10 10 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA (3) Knitting Mills. KNITTERS.— Conl.niicrf. 633 Unit. 1007 190 5 1909 ~B 1910 1911 1912 1913 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Gait Ont Per Day. . Week. Day. . S 1.00 5.00- 8.00 1.25- 1.60 10 60 60 $ 1.00 5.00- 8.00 1.25- 1.50 10 56 60 $ 1.00 5.00- 8.00 1.25- 1.50 10 60 60 t 1.00! fi.OO- 9.00t 1.2St 1.50" 10 60 60 $ 1.25 6.00- 9.00 1.25- 1.50 10 50 60 $ 1.25 6.00- 9.00 1.25- 1.50 10 50 60 i 1.25 6.00- 9.00 1.25- 1.76 10 50 60 Guelph, Out Glen Williams, Ont.. XI.— LEATHER. (1) Tanneries. FLESHERS.— Coniinued. St. Hyaointhe, Quet Day. . 1.40 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.50' 10 1.67 10 1.67 10 1.67 10 Hamilton, Ont.* Day. . 1.33 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.66 10 1.66 10 1.75 10 1.75 10 Oahawa, Ont** Day. . 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.80 10 2.60 10 2.60 10 2.60 10 fWages for overtime same aa day rate. Saturday labour 9 houra with full day's pay. •Wages for overtime same as day rates. Saturday labour 9 hours with full day's pay. ♦♦Wages for overtime 10 per cent advance on day work. Saturday labour 9 hours with full day's pay. LIQXJORMEN.— Continued. St. Hyacinthe, Que. . Day. . 1.25 10 1.25 10 1.50 10 5 1.50 10 1.60 10 1.80 10 1.50 10 Hamilton, Ont Day.. 1.33 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.66 10 1.66 10 1.75 10 1.75 10 Oahawa, Ont Day. . 1.50 10 1.60 10 1.50 10 2.00". 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 SORTERS.— Conhnued. St. Hyaointhe, Que. . Oehawa, Ont Day. . 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.67' 10 1.67 10 1.67 10 1.67 Day. . 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.oo; 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 IRONERS. — Continued. St. Hyacinthe, Que.. Day. . 1.25 10 1.50 10 1.50 10 1.50' 10 1.67 10 1.67 10 1.67 10 HMDilton, Ont Day. . 1.66 10 1.66 10 1.75 IP 1.76i 10 1.76 10 1.83 10 1.83 10 OsWa, Oat Day. . 2.00 10 1.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 2.00 10 634 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO (2) Leather Manufacturing (Qorse Goods). HARNESS MAKERS. LOCAUTT. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hrs. Wages Hre. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Sackville N B Per Day S S « $ $ t 1.25 9.00- 10.00 10.00 10 58 10 % 1.25 9. co- ll. 00 10.00 10 Week. Week. • 8. so- lo. 00 10.00 59 10 St. Catharines, Ont. 9.00 10 9.00 10 9.00 10 9.0*0 10 10 XII.— BREWING AND DISTILLING, (a) Brewing. BOTTLERS. (Machine operatpra.) HaUfai. N.S Week. 7.00 60 7.00 60 7.00 60 8.00 60 S.OO 60 8.00 60 8.00 60 St. John, N.B Week. 7.00- 8.00 60 7.00- 8.00 60 7.00- 8.00 60 7.0?)- 8.0b" 60 7.00 8.00 60- 7.00- 8.00 60 7.00- 8.00 60 Sudbury, Ont Week St. Catharines, Ont. . Week. Month and Week Week 7.00 54 7.00 54 7.00 54 7.ob 54 7.00 54 8.00 40.00 54 60 8.00 40.00 54 fiO Lethbridge, Alta Day. . 3.75 3.7.5 3.75 9 3.7p 9 3.75 9 3.00 9 3.00 9 DRIVERS, (of two horses.). Halifax. N.S St. John. X.B Guelph, Ont Sudbury, Ont St. Catharines, Ont. . Winnipeg, Man Week. Week. Month Month Week Week and Month Week. Month Month 10 IS 49 60 60 10 15 40 60 60 10 15 45 60 60 10 15 43 60 60 10 15 45 60 60 10 15 45 60 60 10 15 45 60 60 60 7 60 7 60 7 60 7 60 8 60 60 60 8 60 60 60 . . . .... Lethbridge, Alta 80 10 80 10 80 10 80 10 85 10 85 10 Femie B C . . . ' COST OF LIVING IN CANADA (2) Leather Manufacturing (Horse Goods). - HARNESS MAKERS. —Continued. 635 Ldcalitt. Unit. 190 7 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Wagea Hrs. Wagea Hrs. Wages Hra. Wagejt lira. Wages Hra. Wagea Hra. Wages Hra. Saokville, N.B Smith's Falls, Ont. . . St. Catharinea, Out . Per Day.. Week. Week. $ 1.25 9. so- il 10.00 10 59 10 S 1.50 9.00- 11.00 10.00 10 59 10 S 1.50 11.00- 12.00 10.00 10 59 10 i , 1.67 : 11.00.- 12.00 10.00, 10 59 10 S 1.67 11.00- 13.00 11.00 10 59 10 i 1.07 11.00- 16.00 12.00 10 59 10 t 1.67 11.00 15.00 13.00 10 59 10 XII.— BREWING AND DISTILLING, (a) Brewing. BOTTLERS. (Machine Operatora V-Con(inued. Halifai, N.Sr Week. 8.00 60 8.00 60 8.00 60 9.00 60 9.00 60 9.00 60 9.00 60 St. John, N.B Week. 7.00 8.00 60 7.00- 8.00 60 7.00- 8.00 55 S.OOj- 9.00. 56 8.00- 9.00 55 8.00- 9.00 55 9.00- 10.00 53 Sudburv, Ont Week. 10-50 S.OO 60 .'14 10.60 9.00 60 54 11.10 9. so' 60 ,t4 11.10 9.60 60 ,64 12.00 11.00 60 54 12.00 11.00 60 St. Catharinea, Ont. . Week. 8.00 ,■14 54 Month .f^ Winnipeg, Man and Week 40 60 40 60 40 60 45 . 60 15 60 15.00 53 16.00 S3 Saakatoon, Saak .... Week. is- le. 50 60 IS- 16.50 60 is- le. 50 60 15.00- 18.00; 60 16.50 IS. 00 60 16.50 18.00 60 15.00- 18.00 60 Lethbridge, Alta Day. . 3.-00 9 3.00 9 3.25 8 3.251 8 3.26 8 3.25 8 3.25 8 Fernie, B.C . . . Day 3. 26 8 3.25 8 3.50 8 3.60 8 3.75 R DRIVERS, (of two horsea.)— Ctfnd'nued. HaUfai, N.S Week. 10 60 10 60 10 60 10 60 10 60 10 60 10.60 60 St. John, N.B Week. IS 60 15 60 15 60 15 56 15 56 15 56 15 56 Guelph, Ont Sudbury, Ont . Month Month Week. Week and Month 46 45 55 8 60 60 60 CO 45 60 9 75 60 60 60 45 • 60 . 10 15- * 18 60 60 60 50 60 10 15- 20 60 60 60 60 66 12 16- 20 .... 60- 60 53 50 65 12 17- 20 60 St. Catharines, Ont. . Winnipeg, Mail 8 60 60 60 60 53 Saskatoon, Saak .... Week. 15.00 60 15.00 60 16.00 16.60 60 16.50^ 18.00 60 16.,50- 18.00 60 18 00 60 18.00 60 Lcthbridge, Alta Month 85 10 85 9 90 9 90 9 90 9 90 9 90 9 Fernie, B C SO 80 80 85 85 \ 636 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO KETTLEMEN. LOOALITT. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hra. Wagea Hra. Wages Hra. Wages Hre. Guelph, Ont Sudbury, Ont St. Catharines, Ont . Winnipeg, Man.*. . . Per Week. 10 60 t 10 60 $ 10 60 S 10 60 $ 10 60 i 10 60 S 10 60 Week. Month and week Week 7.00 54 7.00 64 7.00 54 7«00 54 7.00 54 8.00 45 54 60 8.00 45 64 nn Lethbridge, Alta Day. . 3.25 9 3.25 9 3.25 9 3. '25 9 3.25 9 3.50 9 3.50 9 ♦Prom 1905 to 1910 wages per month; from 1911 to 1913 wagea per week. CELLARMEN. HaUfax, N.S St. John, N.B... Guelph, Ont Sudbury, Ont St. Catharines, Ont Winnipeg, Man Week. Week. Week. Week 8.00 8.00 10 60 60 60 8.00 8.00 10 60 60 60 8.00 8.00 10 60 60 60 8.00 8^00 10 60 60 60 8.00 8.00 10 60 60 60 9.00 8.00 10 60 60 60 9.00 8.00 10 60 60 60 Week. Month and week. . Week 7.00 64 7.00 54 7.00 64 7.00 54 7.00 54 8.00 40 45 54 60 8.00 40 50 54 60 Lethbridge, Alta Femie B C Day. . Dav 3.50 9 3.50 9 3.60 9 3.50 9 3.50 9 3.75 9 3.75 e (b) Distilleries. Millers : — Berthierville, Que. Toronto, Ont Spirit Runners: — Berthierville, Que. Toronto, Ont Stillmen: — Berthierville, Que. Toronto, Ont Bottlers (machine) Berthierville, Que. Toronto, Ont Warehousemen:; Toronto, Ont Day. . Week. 1.00 9.00 Day. . Week. 1.20 9.00 Day. . Week 1.35 9.00 Day. . Week. 0.95 6.00 Week. 10.00 1.00 10.00 1.20 9.00 1.35 9.00 0.95 6.00 10.00 1.00 10.00 1.20 9.00 1.35 9.00 0.95 6.00 10.00 56 1.00 11.00 i..io 10.00 1.35 10 0.95 7.00 11.00 55 1.10 11.00 1.20 10.00 1.35 10 0.95 7.50 11.00 1.10 12.00 1.20 11.00 1.35 11 0.96 7.50 12.00 .65 1.10 12.00 1.20 12.00 1.35 11 0.95 8.00 12.00 55 OOST OF LIVING IN OAN~ADA KETTLEMEN.— Continued. 637 LOOAUTT. Unit. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hr.. Guelph, Ont Sudbury, Oht St. Catharines, Ont . Winnipeg, Man.*. . . Saskatoon, Sask Per Week. Week. S 10 60 t 10 13 8.00 45 18- 20.50 3.50 60 60 54 60 60 9 » 10 13.50 9.00 45 18- 20.50 3.75 4.00 60 60 64 60 60 8 8 12 13.50 9.60 50 19.60- 20.50* 3.75 4.00 60 60 54 60 60 8 8 S 12 14.60 9.50 16 20.60- 22.50 3.75 4.00 60 60 64 60 60 S 8 12 15 11 18 60 60 54 53 ( 12.00 15.00 11.00 20 22.60- 25.00 3.75 4.00 60 60 54 63 60 Week. Month and week Week. Day, . Day. . 8.00 45 18- 19.50 3.50 54 60 60 9 Lethbridge, Alta.... 3.75 4.00 8 8 8 8 *From 1905 to 1910 wages per month; from 1911 to 1913 wages per freek. CELLARMEN.— Con/inued. Halifaj, N.S St. John, N.B Guelph, Ont Sudbury, Ont St. Catharines, Ont Winnipeg, Man... . Saskatoon, Sask. . Lethbridge, Alta. Fernie, B.C Week. 9.00 60 9.00 60 10 60 10 60 10 60 10 60 10 Week. 8.00 60 8.00 60 8.66 60 9.00 56 9.00 55 9-. 00 55 10 Week. 10 60 10 60 10 60 12 60 12 60 12 60 12 Week. 12 8.00 60 64 12 9.00 60 54 12 9.50 60 54 12 9.60 60 54 12 11 60 54 18 11 Week. 8.00 54 Month and 40 60 40 60 40 60 60 60 16 60 16 53 16 week.. 50 55 60 70 17 18 20 Week. 15- 18 60 15- 18 60 15- 18 60 18- 19.60 60 19.50- 22.50 60 20.50 60 20.50 22.60 Day. . 3.76 9 3.75 9 4.00 8 4.00 8 4.00 8 4.00 8 4.00 Day, . 4.00 8 4.00 8 4.00 8 4.00 8 4.00 (b) Distilleries. Millers; — Berthierrille, Que. Toronto, Ont Smmt RnNNEBs: — Berthierville, Que. Toronto, Ont Btillmi!17: — Berthierville, Que. Toronto, Ont BortMBa (machine) .Berthierville, Que. Toronto, Ont,.,.. WiBEHonsEMEif:; Toronto, Ont Day. . Week. Day.. Week. Day. . Week. Day. . Week, Week. 1.15 12.00 1.40 12.00 1.40 12.00 1.00 8.50 12.00 60 55 1.15 12.00 60 55 1.15 12.00 60 55 70 45 1.40 12.00 70 43 1.40 12.00 70 45 65 50 1.40 12.00 66 50 1.40 12.00 65 50 60 55 1.00 9.00 60 55 1.00 10.00 60 55 55 12.00 65 12.00 55 1.15 12.00 1.40 12.00 1. 12.* 1.00 10.00 12.00 35 1.25 13.00 1.40 12.00 1.40 12.00 1.00 10.60 13.00 60 55 55 1.25 13.00 1.50 12.00 1.50 12.00 1.00 10.50 13.00 65 1.30 15.00 1.50 14.00 1.50 14.00 1.00 11.00 14.00 70 45 65 50 60 55 35 638 BOARD OF INQUIRY INFO XIII.— TRANSPORTATION. (a) Steam Railway Service. *COXDUCTORS (passenger.l Locality. Tnit. lOUO 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Wages ^^'uges Wages Wages Wages Wages Per $ S $ $ s s $ Toronto-Sarnia Month . - 95 05 95 100 100 100 100 Month. . 100 100 100 105 105 110 ' 110 Toronto-North Bay-Midland Month. . hL' ,SL' S2 So 85 95 95 Toronto-Sarnia Montreal to Toronto Toronto-North Bay-Midland. ■^BAGGAGE^TEN" (passenger.) Month . . 60 60 60 65 65 65 Month . . 65 65 65 68 68 70 Month. . 59 59 59 60 60 65 65 70 65 *BRAKEMEX (passenger.) Toronto-Sarnia Montreal-Toronto Toronto-North Bay-Midland . Month . . 50 50 50 52 52 54 Month- . S5 55 65 57 57 60 Month. . 56 56 he 56 56 58 54 60 58 ♦Trainmen up to 1912 employed on monthly basis; after that date on mileage basis. To make 1912-1913 rates comparable with earlier years the new mileage rate was multiplied by the average mileage per man per month. ENGINEERS (passenger.) Toronto-Sarnia Montreal-Toronto Toronto-North Bay-Midland *All classes of engines. 100 miles ♦2.80 *2.80 *2.85 *2 85 *2.85 *2.S5 100 miles *2.80 *2.80 *2.S5 •2.85 •2.85 »2.S5 100 miles *2.70 *2.70 •2.80 •2.80 •2.80 •2.80 ♦3.00 *3.00 ♦3.00 FIREMEN (paascnger.S Toronto-Sarnia Montreal-Toronto Toronto-North Bay-Midland 100 miles •1.60 *1 60 ♦1.62 ♦1.62 ♦1.62 •1.62 100 miles •1.60 •1.60 •1.62 •1.62 ♦1.62 ♦1.62 IBU mile.- ♦1.54 ♦1.54 •1.60 *1.60 ♦1.60 ♦1.60 ♦1.73 •1.73 •1.73 ♦All classes of engines. COST OF LIVING IN CAN^ADA XIII.— TRANSPORTATION. (a) Steam Railway Service. •CONDUCTORS (passengor.)— C'ori^t/iUMi, 639 Locality. Unit. 1907 190S ii69 1910 1911 1912 1913 Wages W.-,gPs Wages Wagps Wages Wacc's Toronto-Sarnia Per Month . Month . . Month S 100 110 95 $ 100 no 9.5 lOU no 93 S 130 140 no ILO 140 no $ 138.43 155.57 130.13 s 138.43 165.57 130.13 Toronto-North Bay-Midland Toronto-Sarnia Montreal to Toronto Toronto-North Bay-Midland. *BAGGAGEMEN (passenger.)— Continued. Month . . 65 85 65 75 75 80 Month. . 70 70 70 85 85 89.98 Month. . 65 05 65 75 76 75,26 80 89.98 75.28 ♦BRAICEMEN (passenger.) — Continued, Toronto-Safnia Month . . 54 ,54 54 70 70 77.43 77.43 Montreal-Toronto Month . . 60 60- 60 80 80 87.08 87.08 Toronto-North Bay-Midland Month. . 58 58 58 65 65 • 72.83 72 83 *Trainmen up to 1912 employed on monthly basis; after that date on mileage basis. To make 1912-1913 rates comparablo with earlier years the new mileage rate was multiplied by the average mileage per man per month. ENGINEERS (paHaenger.)— fo/t^nuef/. Toronto-Sarnia. . 100 miles 100 miles 100 miles ♦3.25 *3.25 *3.25 ♦3.25 *3.25 *3.26 *3.25 *3.25 *3.25 t3.55 t3.55 t3.'55 t3 55 t3.55 t3.55 t3.76 t3.75 t3.75 t3.75 Montreal-Toronto t3.75 Toronto-North Bay-Midland t3.75 ♦All classes of engines. .Toronto-Sarnia Montreal-Toronto Toronto-North Bay-Midland . tl8 inch cylinder and under. FIREMEN (passenger.) — Oontinued. 100 miles *1.85 •1.85 *1.85 12.00 t2.00 t2.15 100 miles •1.85 •1.86 tls.85 t2.00 t2.00 t2.15 100 miles •1.85 *1.86 *1:86 t2.00 t2.00 t2.15 t2.15 2.15 t2.15 All classes of engines. tl8 inch cylinder and under. 640 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO YARD HELPERS. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Wages Wages Wages Wages Wages Wages Per Day Day Day Day S 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.60 t 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.70 $ 1.70 1.75 1.70 1.70 $ 1.90 1.86 1.90 1.80 S 1.90 2.00 1.90 2.00 $ 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 S 2.10 2.10 2.10 2 00 Allandale MAINTENANCE-OF-WAY EMPLOYEES (other than in yards). St. John-McAdam MontrealTTororito Toronto-fiarnla Toronto-I^orth Bay-Midland Cartier-Winnipeg Broadview-Calgary Eamloopa-Vancouver Day 1.30 1.35 1.35 Is 35 Day 1.10 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.30 1»30 Day 1.10 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.30 1.30 Day .... 1.10 1.10 1,20 1,30 1.30 1.30 Day. . . . 1.40 1.45 1.45 1.45 Day 1.40 1.45 1.45 1.45 Day 1.2S 1.35 1.35 1.45 1.45 1.45 FREIGHT CARPENTERS. London. . , Montreal . . Winnipeg. Vancouver Hour., . . - i;- u. v. U. .18 .18H .22M- ,24H .26 U. .18 .18^ .22M- .25H .26H- .27 H Hour.. . . Hour. . . . Hour. . . . .20- .22 .22- .24 .21- .23 ,22- .24 -221^- .24M .22- !24 .22H- .24H .26 MACHINISTS. St. John Hour. . . .23 .27"^ ■27H ■ 32K .34^ i6-2:i' .25 .26 .27 .30 :27M •27H .27 .30 .27 .27H .34 .35 .30 .30 .34 .35 .29 .29 Hour Hour 25-27 28-30 .37^ ■ 38M 008T OF LIVING IN CANADA YARD HELPERS.— Coniinuni. 641 Unit. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Wages Wages Wages Wages Wages Wagea Wages Per Day Day Day Day S 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.2S S 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.25 t 2.40 2.40 2,40 2.^6 t 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.90 S 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.90 S 3.40 3.40 3.40 3.30 S 3.40 3.40 3.40 3,30 MAINTENANCE-OF-WAY EMPLOYEES (other thanlin yards.)— Coniinued. t. John-McAdam [ofltreal-Torouto 'oronto-Sarnia oroLto-North Bay-Midland artier-Winnipeg roadview-Calgary !amloop3- Vancouver Day. Day. Day. Day. Day. Day. Day. 1.55 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.65 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.55 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.70 l.TO 1.70 1.55 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.60 1.90 1.90 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 FREIGHT CARPENTERS.— CTn«nu«d. lOndon Hour. . . . Hour Hour Hour.. . . c. .19 .20H .28H ■ 29H- .30H c .20 .20M .28H .29^- .30H c. .20 20.}^ .28)^ .29^- .30H .20 .20M .28H .29}^ .30H V. .20 .20M .31H .32K u .22 .22 .32J^ V. .22 Jontreal .22 ?itmipeg • 31H 'ttcouver .... ■ 32}i MACHINISTS.— Continued. it. John foronto Montreal f^iiuapeg 'ttflouver 82696—41 Hour, , , 26-30 .30 .30 .30 .33 .33 Hour. , . .29 .30 .30 .30 .30 .32 Hour .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 Hour .42M A2H .42}^ A2H .45H .46H Hour.. . , .43H .43K .43ji .43K ABH A6H 642 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO TELEGRAPHERS. Locality. Dnit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Wages Wages Wages Wages Wages Wagei Atlantic Division Per Month. . t t S 45 '40 .55 60 t 45 40 55 60 45 40 55 60 t 45 42.50 55 60 i 45 42. 5( 55 60 Ontario Division. .' Month . . 38 38 Month (b) Street and Electric Railway Employees. MOTORMEN AND CONDUCTORS. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Locality. Unit.* Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hre. Wages Hi c. c. c. c. c. c. c. Halifai, N.S... 1 Hour.. .12J^ 10 .12H 10 ■13H 10 • 15M 10 .14H 10 ■ 14!^ 10 ■ 15H 10 2 .13 .13 14 14 .15 .15 .16 3- .14 .14 15 15 .16 .16 .17 4 .15 .15 16 16 .17 .17 .18 . 5 .16 .16 17 17 Quebec, Que.. . . 1 Hour.. 2 3' 4 .12K .13 .15 10 .12H .13M .16 10 12,>i 13}i 16 10 12M 13H 16 10 .12M .13H .16 10 ■rl2)^ ■13^ .16 10 .13 .14K ■ W'4 10 Montreal, Que, . 1 Ottawa, Ont. , . 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 Hour. . .14 .15 .15 10 .14 .15 .15 10 .14 .15 .15 10 .15H .16K .16H 10 .15M .18H .16M 10 .1.-1^ 16 "2 10 .16H .18}^ 10 Toronto, Ont. . . 1 Hour $40. 9V, $40. 9V, $40. 9V, ■ 16Ji 9H .16H 9H .16H 9H .164 9> (Surburban 2 and R a il.>va y ) 3 Month Niagara, St. 4 Catharines, n Toronto. .17 .17 .19 .19 .21 Winnipeg, Man 1 Hour.. .17 9 .17 9 .18 9 .18 9 .20 9 .20 9 .22 9 2 .17 .17 .19 .19 21 .21 .23 3-^ .19 .19 .20 .20 .21 .24 .26 4 .19 .19 .21 .21 .24 .24 .26 5 I .19 .19 .21 .21 .24 .24 .26 .. Regina, Sa< . . . 1 [Hour.. ... Edmonton; Alta 2 3 1 I ft Vancouver, 2 3 4 1 Hour. . .20 9 .20 10 .20 10 .20 .20 9 .20 9 .20 9 Victoria, 2 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .21 .21 and New West 3 .21 .21 .22 .22 .22 .22 .22 minster, B.C. 4 6 . .22 .22 .22 .23 .2*2 .28 .22 .23 .23 .24 .23 .24 *Tbe figures hereuuder indicato the year of a^rvica. G08T OF LIvmB IV CAVAtA TELEGRAPHERS.— Condnucrf. 643 Unit. 1907 1908 1909 8 1910 1911 1912 1913 Wages Wages Wages • Wages Wagcy Wages Wages itlantj: Division .'. . )ntario Division tlanitobfl Division Jritish Columbia Division Moutli . . Month . . Month . . Month.-. % 51.30 42.50 Ii2 . 70 68.00 X 51.30 46.76 62.70 68.00 51 30 46.7a 62.70 68.09 $ 53.00 So. 00 65.00 68,00 S 53.00 50.00 05.00 68.00 $ 60.00 60.00 7.i.00 78.00 S 60.00 60.00 73.00 78.00 (b) Street and Electric Railway iSmployees. MOTORMEN AND CONDUCTORS.— Cm/iftwed. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Locality. Unit.* Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs Wages Hrs. c. c. 0. c. c. c. c. Balifax, N.S.... 1 2 3 4 5 1 Hour. . .IS"^ .16 ,17 .18 10 .16M .17 .18 .19 10 •16M .17 .18 .19 10 •163^ .17 .18 .19 ;o .17K .18 19 .20 10 ■ 18K .19 ,20 .21 10 • 20H .21H .23!^ 10 Quebec, Que — Hour. . .14H 10 .16 10 .16 10 .16 fo .16 10 .16 10 AlH 10 2 .16 .17 .17 .17 .17 .17 .18H 3 .18 .19 .19 .19 ,19 .19 .20H 4 .211/^ .22H 1 2 .20 .20 10 ,20 .20 10 .20 .20 10 .20 .21 10 .24 .24 10 3 .20 .20 .20 .22 .24 4 .20 .20 .20 .22 .24 5 I .20 .20 .20 .22 24 Ottawa, Ont . . . 1 Hour.. .17M 10 .18J^ 10 .18M 10 .19 M .19 10 .20 10 .21M 10 ^{ ISJ^ .IBH .19J^ .20 .20 .21 22?. 2 3l .19M .20Ji2 .20>>^ ,22 .22 .23 .2,5 Toronto, Ont. . . 1 Hour .15 9'.^ .15 9H .15 9\i .16 9}^ .18 9K .18 91.; .25 9!^ (Surburban 2 and .15 .15 .15 .15 .20 .20 .26 Railway) 3 Montli .15 .l.T .15 .15 .20 20 .27 Niagara, St. 4 .18 .18 .18 .18 .22 .22 .28 Citliarines, 5 .20 .20 .20 ,20 .22 .24 Toronto. .21 .21 .21 .21 .23 .24 Winnipeg, Man 1 2 3 4 Hour. . .22 .23 .26 .26 9 .22 .23 26 .26 9 .22 .23 .26 .26 9 ,23 .24 .26^^ .27 .9 .25 .26 .28H .29 9 26 27 .29K .32 9 .28 .27 .28 .31 9 5 .26 .26 .26 .27 a .29 .32 31 .26 .26 .27J^ He^ina, Sask 1 2' Hour .27J-2 .30 9 .28 .30 9 .30 .35 9 3 I .32 .37K Edmonton, Alta 1 2 .21 .23 9 to .21 .23 9 to .25 .27M (9 to .26 .27K 9M. ..25 .27}^ 9H .271^ .30 9^ 3 4 .25 10 .25 10 .30 10 .30 .30 .35 .37>i; Vancouver, 1 Hour., .20 9 .23 9 .23 9 .23 9 .26 9 .27 9 .27 9 Victoria , 2 .21 .25K .25M .25 .27 .29 .29 and New West 3' .22 .2(,V, .26»^ .2634 .29 .31 .31 mmBter, B.C. 4 6 .23 .24 .27J^ • 28H .27J^ .2?H .27K .28}^ .31 ;33- .33 .36 ,33 .35 ' The figures hereunder indicate the year of service. 82696-41J 644 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO LINEMEN. LoCAliTT. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 190S 1 1908 Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Bn. Halifax., N.S Quebec, Que Hour and Day Hour.. Hour. . S 1.50 2.50 .13 10 10 t 1.50 2.50 .13 10 10 t 1.50 2.50 .14 10 10 i 1.50 2.50 .14 10 10 i .16H .20 .14H 10 10 $ ■ iryi .20 .14^ 10 10 S .17H .21 10 10 Ottawa, Ont Niagara, St. Catha- Hour.. Hour. .16 10 .16 10 .16 10 .16 .17 Iff •ISH .17 10, ■ 15H .17J^ .15 10 10 .17K .15 .17}^ 10 10 rines, Toronto, Ont Winnipeg, Man Hour.. Vanco.uver, Victoria, New Westminster. Hour.. .20 9 .25 9 .25 9 ■27H 8 .37H 8 .37M 8 .37H 8 (c) Longshoremen. CHECKERS.. LOOAIJTT. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Halifax, N.S Charlottetown, P.E.I St. John, N.B Quebec, Que Three Rivers, Que. .. Hamilton, Ont Owen Sound, Ont. . . Vancouver, B.C Hour. . Day. . Hour.. Hour. . Hour.. Week. Month Hour.. $ 0.20 2.00 0.20 0.37J^ 0.15 11 40 0.25 t 0.20 2.00 0.20 0.37H 0.15 11 40 0.25 0.20 0.25 2.50 0.20 0.37M 0.15 11 40 0.25 0.20 0.25 2.50 0.20 0.37}i 0.15 11 40 0.25 0.20 0.25 2.50 0.20 0.37K 0.20 40 0.25 0.20 0.25 2.50 0.20 0.37H 0.20 11 13 40 0.25 0.20 0.25 2.50 0.20 0.37H 0.20 11 13 40 0.25 Wages for day labour, night " Wages for day labour. " night " COST OF LIVINQ IN CANADA LINEMEN.— Co7.(i7i««rf. 645 Unit. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Wages Hrs, Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wagee Hta. Halifax., N.S Quebec, Que Hour and Day Hour. . 0. .17H .22^ .15 10 10 0. ■ 17)^ .2214 .16 10 10 0. ■ 18K .22H .16 .25 .19 .21H .20 .30 .40 10 10 10 10 .10 9 c. .18H .23^ ,17 .25 ■ 19k .20 .32K .42M 10 10 10 10 10 9 0. .20 .23H .18 .30 .20 .20 .32J^ .42H .35 .30 .50 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 9 8 .18;^ .23>i .18 .30 .22 .20 .32H .45 .35 .35 .50 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 9 8 0. .22 .31>i .21 .25 .25 .23Ji .20 .26 .35 .40 .35 .35 .54M 10 10 10 10 10 8 Ottawa, but Niagara, St. Catha- rines, Toronto, Ont Winnipeg, Maa Hour. . Hour.. Hour.. 1.7M .20 .15 .20 .30 .37M 10 10 9 .17K .20 .18 .22H .30 .40 10 .10 9 Edmonton, Aita . . . , Hour. , .25 .43 9 8 .25 .43 9 8 .27M .43- 9 8 g Vancouver, Victoria, New Weatminster. Hour.. .43 8 8 (c) Longshoremen. CHECKERS..— Continued'. LOCAUTY. Unit. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 S $ * S « $ S Halifax, N.S Hour.. 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.26 0.30 0.28 0,35 Wages for day labour. " night " 1 Charlottetown, P.E.I Day. . 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.60 2.50 StJohn,N.B Hour.. 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Quebec, Que Hour.. Hour.. Weeli. 13 0.37K 0.25 11 13 0.37H 0.25 11 13 0.37M 0.25 11 13 0.37H 0.25 11 13 0.37)^ 0.25 11 13 0.37H 0.25 13 15 0.37H 0.26 13 15 Three Rivers, Que Hamilton, Ont Wages for day labour. night " Owen Sound, Ont Month Hour. . 40 0.30 50 0.30 50 0.30 50 0.30 50 0.30 50 0.38 SO 0.33 j Vancouver, B.C ,646 BOARD OF INQUIRY JNTO GRAIN TRIMMERS. LoC.iUTT. Unil. 1900 1901 1902 190S 1904 1905 1906 S S « t __ S $ S Hour. . 20 0.20 0.20- 0.20^ 0.20- 0.20- 0.20- 0.25 0.25 25 0.25 0.25 Day. . 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 Hour.. 0.35 0.35 0.35 ■ 0.40 0.40 0.40 30-40 Hour. . 0.37H 0.37M 0.37H 37,1 2 0.37M 0.37>i 0.371^ Hour. . 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 Hour.. 0.21 0.21- 0.21- 0.21- 0.21- 0.21- 0.21- 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 Halifax, N.S Charlottetown, P.E.I St John, N.B Quebec, Que ColUngwood, Out. . . . Owen Sound, Ont . . . for day laboui night " Waaes for day labour night " COAL SHOVELLERS. Halifax, N.S Hour. . 0.20- 0.20- 0.20- 0.25 0.20- 0.25* 0.20- 0.25 0.20- 0.25 .1.20- 0.25 Wages for day labour night " Charlottetown, P.E.I Day. . 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 St, John, N'.B Hour.. 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 Quebec, Que Three Rivers, Que Hour. . Hour. . 0.37J^ 0.20 0.37M 0.20 0.37H 0.20 0.37?* 0.20 0.371^ 0.20 0.371-i 0.20 0.37K 0.25 Hamilton, Ont Owen Sound, Ontario Hour. . Hour. . 0.22J4 0.25 0.21 0.22 0.22H 0.25 0.21 0.22 0,22,1-2 0.25 0.21 0.22 22ij 0.25 0.21 ■ 0.22 fl.22ii 0.25 0.21 0.22 0,22J2 0.25 0.21 0.22 1.30 o!2i" .1.22 Wages for day labour. night " Wages for day labour '* night " Vancouver, B.C Hour.. 0.49 0.50 0.40 0.56 0.40 0..50 0.40 0..50 0.40 0.50 0.40 0.50 3.40 0.50 Wages for day labour, night " " GENERAL LABOUR. Halifax, N.S.. Charlottetown, P.E.I St. John, N.B Three Rivers, Que. . . Hamilton,- Ont Collingwbod, Ont. . . . Owen Sound, Ont. . . Day. . Day.. Day. Hour.. Hour. . Hour.. Hour.. 1.25 1.50 1 75 0.15 0.14 0.25 1.35 1.56 1.75 0.15 0.14 0.25 1.35 1.50 1.75 0.15 0.14 0.25 1.35 1.50 1.75 0.15 0.14 0.25 3.15 1.35 1..W 1.75 15 0.14 0.25 0.15 1.35 1.50 1.75 nio 0.18 0.25 3.15 1.35- 1.50 1.50 1.80 0.15 0.18 3.25 0.15 OOST OF LITINO IN CANADA GRAIN TRIMMERS— Continuel 647 Locality. Unit. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 S i $ i t 3 i Hour.. 0.25- 0.25- 0.25- 0.25- 0.25- 0.25- 0.28- 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.'30 0.30 0.35 Day. . 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2,00 2.00 Hour. . 0.42H 0.42H 0.42H 0.42J^ 0.*2J^ 0.421^ 0.42H Hour.. D.37H 0.37H 0.37>i 0.37}^ O.WH 0.37)^ 0.37>^ Hour. . 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0. so- 0.30 Hour.. 0.21- 0.23- 0.23- 0.23- 0.'23- il. 23- 0.23- 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.'23 0.23 0.23 [alifax, N.S Ihdriottetown, P.E.I t. John, N.B juebec, Que !ollingwood, Out. . . . )wen Sound, Ont . . . Wages fo» day labour, night " Wages for day labour. " night " COAL SHOVELLERS.— Continued. laUfax, N.S Hour.. 0.25- 0.30 0.25- 0.30 0.25- 0.30 0.25- 0.30 0.25- o.-sp 0.25- 0.30 0.28- 0.35 Wages for day labour night " lariottetown, P.E.I Day. . 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.60 2. '50 2.60 3.50 It. John, N.B Hour. . Hour. . Hour. . 0.35 0.37H 0.26 0.35 I..37,ii 0.25 0.35 0.37H 0.25 0.35 0.37H 0.25 0.:3S 0.371^ 0.26 40^6 0.37H 0.30 0.37M 0.30 Three Rivers, Que larailton, Ont Hour. . 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 Wages for day labour. )wen Sound, Ontario Hour. . 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.*25 0.25 0.25 Wagea for day labour, night " tocouver, B.C Hour. . 0.40 0.50 0.40 0.50 0.40 O.SO 0.40 0.50 0.40 0.50 0.40 0.50 0.40 0.50 Wages for day labour night " GENERAL LABOUR.— CondViued. ffalifax, N.S Charlottetown, P.E.I, 3t. John, N.B Three Rivers, Que . . . Hamilton, Ont Collingwood, Ont Owen Sound, Ont . . . Day. . Day. . Day. . Hour. . Hour. . Hour. . Hour.. 1.35- 1.50 2.00 1.80 0.20 0.18 0.25 0.16 1.35- 1.50 2.00 1.80 0.20 0.18 0.25 0.16 1.35- 1.80 2.00 1.80 0.20 ,0.18 0.25 0.17 1.35- 1.80 2.00 1.80 0.25 0.18 0.25 0.17 1 ."35- l.;80 2. '00 l-*80 0.»25 0."18 0.25 0,17 l.S.'i- 1.80 2.00 1.80 o.:o 0.22 0.25 0.25 1.35- 1.80 2.00 2,00 0.30 0.22 0.25 0.2,') 648 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO XIV.— MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES, (a) Police Department. CONSTABLES. PATROLMEN OR PRIVATES. LOCAUTT. Unit.* Halifax. X.S Ciarlottetown, P.E.I. . St. John, N'B Montreal,. Que. London, Ont. Ottawa, Ont Toronto, Out Winnipeg, Man . , Moose Jaw. Sask. Edmonton, Alta. Vancouver, B.C. . Year. Day. Week. Day. 7f ■| 4 { MoDth! 3 400 500 450 1.60 11. 2& 10.15 9.10 .90 400 .550 1902 400 550 450 450 400 550 450 11.20 10.15 9.10 1.90 1.90 1.55| 1.55 1.40 1.40 Year.. 730 730 638.751638.75 .547-50 547.50 3 I Month 2 1 1.. Month 2 j Month ^ 50 45 40 35 60 55 50 45 40 35 65 60 S5 SO 75 50 Month 65 60 55 50 75 60 11.20 10.15 9.20 1.90 1.55 1.40 60 55 50 45 40 35 730 638.75 547.50 70 60 50 SO 75 60 1903 1904 400 550 '4.=0 450 1905 400 550 1.60 1 1,75: 12.20 12.50 11.20 11.50 10.20 10.50 2.10 2.10 1 75 1.75 1.50 l.SO 62.50 62.50 57.50 57.50 52 SO 52.50 47.50 47 50' 45 45 40 40 35 35 1906 400 5.50 450 12.50 11.50 10.50 2,10 1.75 1.50 1.75 12.50 11.50 10.50 2.10 1 75 l.SO I 62.50| 62.50 57.50 57 50 52.50 47 50 45 40 35 781. 10:7^1. ir 521.25 682. -j,' ■5^2 rjij 7.30 584, .i^ 615, 70 I 77 77 65 i 71 ; 71 60 66 66 50 75 65 75 60 65 75 52.50 47.50 45 40 .35 900 800 700 77 71 75 65 75 65 70 75 70 80 ♦The figuTea hersunder indicate the year of service. COST OF LIYING IN CANADA. 649 XIV.— MUNICIPAL EMPLtJYEES. (a) Police Department. CONSTABLES, PATROLMEN OR PRIVATES.— Conlinued. Locality. Unit.* 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 i S % t % 3 i HaUfax,N.S 1 f 2' Year.. 3 I 400 600 500 600 650 500 600 650 500 600 650 500 600 650 500 600 660 535 635 685 Yfiar 450 450 450 450 1,75 2.00 2.25 500 1.75 2,00 2,26 St. John, N.B 1 2 3 Day.. 2.00 2,00 2.00 2.00 2,00 1 2 3 Year .. 700 660 600 750 650 600 750 650 600 760 650 600 773 650 600 900 800 700 950 860 750 London, Ont 3 2-^ Day.. 1 [ 2.10 1.76 1.61 2.45 .2.09 1.92 2.45 2.09 1.92 2.45 2.09 1.92 2.61 2.29 2.13 2,61 2.29 2,13 2,74 2.47 2.19 Ottawa, Ont . 7 6 5 4i 3 2 1 Month 70 65 60 57.50 55 52.50 50 70 65 .60 57.60 .55 '52.50 50 75 70 65 60 57.50 55 .52.50 50 75 70 65 60 67,60 55 52.60 50 82.50 77.50 72.50 67,50 65 62,50 60 57.50 82.60 77.60 72,60 67,50 65 62,50 60 57.60 82.50 77.50 72.50 67,50 65 62.50 60 67.60 Toronto, Ont , 3f 2 \ Year. . 1 [ 900 SOO 700 900 800 700 900 800 700 900 800 700 1,000 875 775 1,000 875 775 1,050 900 800 i [ 3 ] Month 2) 1 t 80 70 60 80 70 60 80 70 60 92 80 69 92 80 69 100 95 '85 75, 100 95 85 75 . Month 75 60 65 70 75' 7S 65 70 75 80 75 65 70 75 SO 75 65 70 75 80 75 65 70 76 80 75 75 80 86 90 80 1 2 1 75 80 3] * [ 85 90 Vancouver, B.C 1 2 Month 70 80 70 75 "90 70 75 90 75 80 90 100 75 80 90 100 80 85 95 105 80 85 3^ 4 95 105 *The figures hereunder indicate the year of aervice. 650 BOARD OF INQVIB7 INTO (b) Fire Department Employees. FIREMEN. Locality. Unit. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 s ~ S t S $ S t If 521 32 1 521 521 521 547 547 Halifax, N.S.^ 2-^ Year.. 468 468 468 468 468 494 494 3l 416 416 416 416 416 442 442 Quebec, Que Year 425 500 500 500 500 500 500 1 f 420 420 420 450 450 450 450 2 480 480 480 500 500 500 500 Ottawa, Ont ; . . ..-.'. : 3 Year. . 510 510 510 560 650 660 550 4 540 540 540 600 600 600 600 5l 650 650 650 650 1 400 400 400 450 450 450 450 2 500 500 500 550 550 550 550 Toronto, Ont 3 Year. . 560 550 550 625 625 660 650 4 000 600 600 700 700 750 750 & 650 650 650 750 750 850 850 1 45 45 50 53 65 55 60 2 48 48 53 60 60 60 65 Winnipeg, Man 3j Month 61 51 56 65 65 65 70 4I 54 54 59 70 70 70 75 5 57 57 62 6 60 60 65 Moose Jaw, Saak 1 f Month 1 f 2\ Month 60 Edmonton,Alta ■ 31 f Victoria, B.C ; , I COST OF LIVING IN CAN4DA 651 (b) Fire Department Employees. FIREMEN— Continued. Locality. Unit. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 S S % % S $ $ 1 573 599 599 6119 625 650 650 Halifax, N.S 2 Year.. 520 546 546 546 572 597 597 ;j 468 494 494 494 520 546 646 Quebec, Que Yeur, . . , 500 BQO 600 600 600 BOO 650 600 650 1 525 6^5 525 525 000 600 600 2 600 600 600 600 650 650 680 Ottawa, Ont •i\ Year.. 625 625 625 025 700 700 730 4 625 625 625 625 750 750 780 ,n 700 7Q0 700 700 750 750 830 1 2 460 500 500 500 600 600 700 5,50 600 600 600 700 700 800 Toronto, Ont 3-j Year.. 4 650 700 700 700 800 800 , 900 750 800 800 800 900 900 i.oob ' 5 , 850 900 900 900 1,000 1,000 1,100 1 60 60 70 70 70 70 70 2 65 65 75 75 75 75 80 Winnipeg. Man , ?t Month 70 70 SO 80 80 80 90 100 4 75 7*5 85 85 85 85 5 6 I 97.75 97.75 110 Moose Jaw, Sask 1 Month 2 \ 50 65 55 70 65 SO 65 80 1 f 60 6=0 60 60 65 75 75-80 Edmonton, Alta 2.^ Month 65 65 65 65 75 75 85 3 \ 70 70 70 go 80 90 1 660 780 840 900 900 2 720 840 900 960 960 Victoria. B.C 3 780 900 960 1,020 1,020 4 840 960 1,020 1,080 1,080 5 I 900 652 BOARD OF INQDIBT INTO (c) General. UNSKILLED LABOUR Locality. Unit. 190 3 1901 190 2 1903 1904 1905 1906 Wages Hra. Wages Hra. Wages Hrs. Wages Hrs. Wagef Hrs. Wages Hrs Wages Hrs. t S S 9 S S « Halifai, N.S Hour.. 0.10- 0.18 54 0.10- 0.18 54 0.10- 0.18 54 0.13- O.lflJ^ 54 0.13- 0,16M 54 0.13- o.wyi 54 0.13- o.ieji 54 CharlottetowD.P.E.I. Day. . 1.00 60 1.00 60 1.00 60 1.25 60 1.25 60 1.25 60 1.25 60 Fredericton, N.B Day. . 1.00- 1.25 60 1.00- 1.25 60 1.00- 1.25 60 1.00!- 1.25 60 1 25 1.60 54 1.25- 1.60 54 1.25- 1.60 54 Montreal, Que Hour.. 0.20 60 0,20 60 0.20 60 0.20 60 0.20 60 0.20 60 0.20 60' Ottawa, Ont Toronto, Ont Day. . Hour. . 1.40 0.18 60 54 1.40 0.18 60 54 1.50 0.J8 60 54 1.50 0.20 60 54 1.65 0.20 60 54 1.65 0.20 54 54 1.65 0.22S 54 54 Winnipeg, Man Day. . 1.25 1,50 1.60 1.75 54 1.25 1.50 1.60 1.75 54 1.50 1.7S 2.00 54 1.50 1.75 2.00= 54 1.50 1.75 2.00 54 1.50 1.75 2.00 54 1.50 1.75 2.00 54 Moose Jaw, Sask Day.. 2.00 60 2.00 60 2.00 60 2.00 60 2.00 60. 2.00 60 2.00 60 Edmonton, Alta Hour. . 0.15 60 0.15 60 0.15 60 0.15 60 0.15 60 0.20 60 0.20 60 Victoria, B.C Day. . 2.00 48 2.00 48 2.00 48 2.00 48 2.25 48 2.25 48 2.50 48 STREET FOREMEN. Halifax, N.S Cliarlottetown, PEL. Fredericton, N.B Montreal, Que Ottawa, Ont Toronto, Ont Winnipeg, Man Edmonton, Alta. . . . Victoria, B.C Hour.. 0.20- 0.30 54 0.20- 0.30 54 0.20- 0.30 54 0.20*- 0.28 54 0.20- 0.28 84 0.20- 0.28 54 0.20- 0.28 Day. . 1.40 600.00 60 64 1.40 600.00 60 54 1.40 600.00 Year.. 500.00 60 500.00 60 5.0000 60 500.00 60 Hour.. 0.25- 0.30 60 0.25- 0.30 60 0.25- 0.30 60 0,25^ 0.30 60 0.25- 0,30 60 0.25- 0.30 60 0.25- 0.30 Day. . 1.92J^ 2.75- ♦ 00 54 54 2.00 3.00- 4.00 Day. . 2.60- 3.50 54 2.50- 3.50 54 2.50- 3.50 54 2.70- 3.60 54 2.70- 4 00 54 Day. . 2.75- 3.00 54 2.75- 3.00 54 3.00- 54 3.0O- 54 3.00- 54 3.00- 54 3.00 Day. . 2.00 60 2.00 60 2.00 60 2.00 60 2.00 60 2.60 84 2.50 Day. . 2.0O 48 2.00 48 2.0O 48 2.00 48 2.25 48 2.25 48 2 50 008T OF LIVING IN CANADA (c) General. UNSKILLED LABOUR— Con ■p 9 31.9 Manitoba. 1 < ^•1 -.5 £ All. Baptist Church of England . . Methodi&t 27.5 16.6 20.6 20.8 22.6 41.8 27.0' 33.3 30.7 35.5 29. o- .S0.7 Presbyterian. . . 27.5 9.8 22.6 67.7 45.6 34.0- All 22.6 20.6 18.8 30.4 33.0 67.7 45.6 30.a 1 Government employees are a third ,but as their salanies are fixed by law, they move only at long intervals and abruptly. * Omitting all decrea.se8 and all increases of over 100 per cent as due to abnormal circmnstaaces. COST OF LITIXC IX CAXADA 659 PER CENT INCREASE IN SALARIES OF PUBLIC SCHOOL, TEACHERS 1912-1913 COMPARED WITH 1900. i 1 p ■8 ^■d O O d x- « ^; c« ■^ c & ^ 0) c ■S'pS 02 > 83 01 jj 'i 1 a O 5 ' pa3 All. Z CM 49.0 88.8 61.8 1 D Miilo 36.1 36.2 30.5 33.2 54.3 4C.0 Female 27.4 36-1 67.1 106.2 72.9 38.2 32.5 36.8 49.1 Unclassified . . . 23.1 43.9' 38.3 37.0 Ai: 33.0 30.1 40.3 07.6 67.8 43.9 34.3 33.9 42.4 46.7 As above pointed out, the salaries of these classes respond to broad changes in the community as well as to changes in the cost of living; when the former changes have been material, the salaries are, strictly speaking, on a chaAging basis from year to year. Thus the rapid rise in the salaries of Presbyterian ministers west of the Great Lakes is doubtless largely an index of the growth in the size of congregations. Even when all increases of over 100 per cent are omitted it shows markedly in the above analysis. The figures for the eastern provinces where conditions have been more stable are accordingly a better index as to the extent to which salaries of ministers and clergy have responded to the rise in the cost of living alone. The same remark holds to a certain extent in the matter of teachers' salaries. The high rate of increase in the "West reflects general developlnent as well as cost of living conditions. The pronounced rise shown by Quebec is a reaction from the abnormally low salaries which prevailed a few years ago. 82896— 42. i 660 BOARD OF INQUIRY JNTO Table I. — Salaries of Ministers and Clergy, Canada, 1900-1913. THE BAPTIST CHURCH. Nova Scotia — Halifaic (First) ., (North). u Tabernade) . . Dartmouth (First) . . . Windsor. Wolfville Middleton Digby Yarmouth (First) . . . . » (Temple) . Liverpool liuueuburg Truroil irst) ir (Emmanuel).... Aiiiherst , New Glassrow Ssduey (Pitt street) . II (Bethany) . . Berwick Pcince Edward Island- Ciarlottetown SiimmerBide Montague New Brunswick — St. John (Germain street) ; . , . . (Main street) (Leinster) (Brussels street) (Victoria street) (Charlotte street) Fredericton (Brunswick street). It (George afceet) Woodstock _ Sfc Stephen Bloncton (First) II (Highfield street) Sussex fMain street) If (Church avenue) Newcastle Oampbellton SackviUe Hampton QMisc— Quebec Sterbrooke Montreal (First) (Olivet) II (Westmont) II (Point St. Charles) . Oiltario— Ottawa (First) (MoPhail) II ( Fourth Ave Brookville Kingston (First) II (Union at ) Belleville Peterborough (Murray at.). . (Park St.) OHnia 1903. 1,100 400 2,227 2,625 455 1.100 il,800 1,200 650 1,275 800 600 1,000 1,100 600 700 1905. 2,415 2.620 1,600 1,200 2,000 1,240 6.50 1,360 800 6.50 1,000 1,000 712 1903. 1,800 1,200 1,200 800 1,000 1,200 800 700 1,100 900 650 HOC 1,000 1,000 1,600 700 700 700 700 1,000 700 600 1,600 1.600 1,100 1,100 1,000 900 1,300 800 900 1,000 1,700 900 1,000 800 800 900 900 700 1910. 1,100 2,500 2,500 2,100 1,200 2,000 1,600 1.500 1,400 900 507 1.000 1,500 869 811 19U. 2,000 1,600 1,250 900 1,000 1,500 1,000 900 1,200 1,000 800 700 1,200 1,200 1,500 800 900 800 1,000 1,000 800 800 1,800 1.800 1,200 1,200 1,000 1,200 1,400 900 1,240 1,100 1,800 1,000 1,200 850 800 1,100 900 800 1912. 1,200 600 2,500 2,750 2,100 1.400 1,666 1,600 1,600 1,300 900 600 1,100 1,800 1,140 891 1913. $ 2,000 1,800 1,400 1,000 1,200 1,800 1,200 1,000 1,300 1,000 800 700 1,200 1,200 1,800 800 1,000 900 1,000 l.ono 900 800 1,800 1,800 1,250 1,300 1,100 1,200 1,700 1,000 1,250 1,100 1,900 1,000 1,400 1,000 800 1,200 1,000 1,000 1913. 600 2,500 3,000 ' 1,400 1,500 1,800 1,333 1,200 POO 600 1,200 1,800 1,000 900 COST OF LIYING IN CANADA 661 Table I. — Salaries of Ministers and Clergy, Canada, 1900-1918 — Continued. THE BAPTIST CKV RGB.— Continued. \ 1903. 1905. 1910. 1912. 1913. Per Cent Increase 1913 over 1903. Ontario— Co««»™«e(J. Toronto (Jarvis st.) ,1 (WaUnarroad) 1 4,343 2,880 2,230 1,199 1,200 1,000 1,200 1,460 1,100 800 1,705 4,175 3,872 2,500 975 1,206 1,180 1,200 2,040 1,200 910 2,024 $ $ 6,000 4,000 3^000 % 6,562 4.000 3,000 51-1 3,300 2,600 1,000 2,400 1,800 1,400 2,300 1,800 1,200 1,200 38 9 345 II (Memorial) II (Dovercourt road ) ,1 (First Ave.) II (ImTnantiel) 2,400 2,000 1,4D0 2,600 1,800 1,200 1,400 2,000 2,000 2^600 667 10(- 25' It (College) 1, (Western) 1, (Parliament St.) St. Catharines (yueen st. ) 11 (Lyman st.) Niagara Falls (First) . ... - It (South) 78-1 63'6 50- 1,500 -12-. 608 527 1,085 4,872 1,200 1,400 1,200 750 800 805 400 679 886 1,547 4,435 1,300 1,430 1,300 900 800 734 475 900 676 1,000 2,000 1,400 1,795 1,300 1,200 832 900 842 1,1D0 2,609 1,800 1,984 1,2UD 900 1,600 925 1,025 -2^500 2,000 2,000 1,200 900 1,600 .52 1 945 Hamilton (Wentworth st. ) II (James st. ) Brantford (First) (Park) It (Calvary) 1-4 497 66-7 42-8 20' Guelph (First) (Trinity) 100- Berlin (King St.) 950 1,000 1,054 900 1,500 900 1,j500 2,000 l,70D 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,600 1,300 ],i46 1,200 900 1,500 900 1,500 2.000 1,700 826 1,000 1,000 1,600 1,345 1,300 1,500 1^400 186 :.5 Gait Woodstock (First) 800 1,200 668 1,100 1,900 1,000 105 470 800 1,200 1,000 1,000 450 577 800 1,200 721 1,107 1,580 1,737 343 550 800 1,426 1,000 1,938 1,467 1,135 i,666' 800 1,200 2,000 1,500 900 900 1,000 1,107 '1,300 12;o 25 '0 (Oxford St.) Stratford 34-7 36-4 London (Talbot St.) II (Adelaide St.) II (Egerton St.) .". . . II (Maitland st. ) II (South Wortliey) St. Tho«ia,S 5-3 70-0 686-7 112-8 250 330 34t5 Sault Ste Marie 30 •-Ot Port Arthur I'ort William 1,278 1,300 1,500 f^ 233-3. 142; 6; ; 6.62 BOARD OF IXQUIRY I'XTO d •n m u cS ^ O -i! ^ J >, r>i CJJ ^ _o K U fe 'xi O td ■■' o /J .M m D tS in o 02 pu « c; o r; -H CO o c«5ir:t— co-f-cocc -:0 OOOOtOOOOoOOOO^I^idOc^O OO -^t^OOOOCrOOOOOOO: OO ■aoOC30'-~'000»-'".r-(0DOCCiO oor;co:r!Mooo»oo lO O CC iQ O O 1— I t- lO -O (M O wC^OOh-OL^CO^COOCSO OO o o -o c o o o ■ o -co cN CM in ~ ~ ooococoo O O w o to tO o o Tt^ I— I o ^ CO cc -r — II ; CO era ■"" T-H .— > O o o o o o c c: < (MOoot-'-ioot-T-'O: ;cioo(MiH(ncoo: 02 O O -(MiCO OO •<«? t-O iOOOiOOOOQOO'b'Q CJ -jD C^ O O O O »ri O O » " OlOOCMi— iCOOCC'-^t^fM 1^ -OO^tMOOC. OCO-Ti-iCOOOPCMt-W i-IOX.^-OlCOCCi-'OOCDOGi-^i— iCCOCC O-tJ'Tl OOOOOOQDlOOlftlClQClOOOOOOOC:^^ 0»0"^OOir2ot^o(M'N»cooooo — (MtQirjir:'— ' oocot^c 0DiD.-ic^oc:i3O3t,Tri— I'c^oc^t^— tM OOOOOOOOOiO'Oi-iOCOOQO ■ OO IQiO^OOt-Ot-OCgCTGOOOOO^O -OO OC:ODL-~Ci^-OOi— iOOC3000'^'-'CC~. b- ■ TTfeO OOOOOOOiOOtO(NOOC'0 lOJ3-t--rC=llOt-t^OC^COT-iO ~0 Oo;;^-. L^C50D;Si— iOOC»r-Hw". CJr- O O O O O O lO O Jf. in (M O O O o o i^ = <=) i:^ m t^ o C] .:^J r- o — o OaOao;^CicccorHOOcriCso;CJi— 1 'S p o o o o -.;-/: i;^:^;;^ a -t; _ - o s ^ ; ^!/: t.,m '5 is CLPh r ? G^OST OF LIVING /A' CANADA 663 Service 20 years and longer. r-Tr-Tr-i O IB o ID m SS38S o lO CQ o o i-i a& in o lo o o r-T— T SI §32 o ITS o -S fl ID o 3 2 t^. OrH ^ >- -# IC t- to O -J O O O O O OS 1-1 -f Ci •** -f ~ o o HH 1, T-4 X tH lb C' CO -■ CI ^ c. o -JD ^ o m CO ^ CO o o B 5 c^ :d I-" I— I4C-1 X' o o lO c 1 oa iH to (M (M CO CO to j-< r-1 r-" r-( i-H -P M 73 S,H Pm 2 w -+'7^i-iCXD-T'COOt,'«i-(MrH TPOCJOO'^ 'tM-^ i-( COlMf-" ■»*' (M (M (N rH 1-1 ' rH i-( i-' iH rH i-- ! r-i .-H CM gS^S»'SgS?gSg8g3S888r:S8 o ©^ ■^TOTi^otMcoio-roO':/; 'rcMOOOciioc-io r-J CO'OJ"^ •*(M'"wc4',-riH i-''.-rr-rrH7-rrH r-T T^T^ ^' KFi8Sfegg8Sl58gS888§SSg c: && iOCOOcOiO<;C3QOOOOGOrtiOQOOO.-HTt^rHO 1— I CO-ffir-T eO^C-frHC^frHi-T^i-r i-Ti-h'^W^'' r-T^ o aS??£S|::8gl288S8888S8S8 S V. cc-— '3-jv:i03t>-t~-Ot:^OOD(Mc::>G500t-l-T'ODrH r- 1 COOl W(M.-I01 i-lrHi-'rH.-ii-li-irH r-i o O'-OOiO^lMOOOOOOOOOOOCOOO O to O CO^Oi (MOOOOOOOOOOTTODOO -X' CO 1-- CCJ CO^CM OC-::^iJO'y:>(MC3OOr7)T-(l0a0i-l ^ CO'rH ^,f:^i:^r^C:^ ^r^r^r^r^^r^^ ^ ooiod:!Oi>Joo ooooooocr. C-. oo 55 O C-] C-1 I— 1 'J2 CO O O cooooo-oco-r-oo s 0& I— '-ft'-CC'— i-l'H. i-frHi-f rH r-l t-* V :i; — -^:00C3 -OOOOO^i— i.-i— O i/^ j^' -■ .o o iQ c - ■ .o o c 00 o .-1 -t^ ■-:; o o o m .-:OOXCOt--CO-t^ ■ -t-OOCCOCCC:-fX'0 ^ JMt-vi— 1 [r3>' rH .iHiHi-1 r-* i— 1 iH fXiiO'^'-riOcOiHO -lOOOOi^CiOTl-fOO M c3l-0'^]0'^^c^o (Niooocoo-^-HiDocr o •f^ PiVl03S0W«)N -ffgi-~oo:cot~c:-fC0O CT l>ff-~ir~i NtH r^ . — I^T-i r-i T-1 r-< oiOOi-ioooo r-l o 00 o I-- 1- tn - o^m cc c_^ C5 i-< C-fr-Tr-T CsTf-Ti-TrH ' fH i-H r-T i-" gsgi^gggi oocoomtjO^a^-'OO d OC:'OC'CDOi-'"*'i-lOO o ^J^ lO CO O b~ O lO 0_fN wmi-iat^cooooDOTfooo ^' Csfr-Tr-T (M'(M"rHT-^ MrJ' --'' r-r I: o ^ "f. o o 1 J ■ ^~ 1—1 71 C »^, lO ^ t— CC c O r-i 01 cc ^J- L": --T ^SSc »- -" 664 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO i as si 1=1 O o H oj ta rrt S3 m "tr! •3 a W f ) C3 I Per cent increase 1913 over 1902. 000 • la r* t- W r-l -^ 1-1 CQ WO •O'^DeDTroaQo't-' in J 1 rH 00 TP rr t- -^ m OS iOOOiHCOOOOOTPOOSOSC C.-T'D-tOOODOinM'«r»-faD ^■^i-iOTi-HONi-IOOOi-ib-OcO QCOO=^aDI^(MCDOiOiaCSI-«?'jO ,— «c:>io-fm3CaaooO'*'?Oii:soo f-ICD.->COOOC^OOCOf-lt--asCO 40i0iOi-HC0iCC0OOi-.t-C'"KO 00 to CO r- C50 ^10 00 c >ft t^ t^ Oi O O -^ C to "* O MMCOt— -^OOCfM-— o C>)C0iOCClO"<*»00»OM(0?0 fl o ©Ot-T-iOOOitDOS Soooooooo ooooooioir:) OOQOOOQCO S ^ « ^ O ^l> t>. t^ S20000 0C OOOOOOCDOO OOOOOOCtOO OOOTfOOO^OD ■^ONQOOOOlOCOlO Soooooooo OOT-OOOtTfT OOONOOOOO OOOlOOO^tOC^ ccO(Mt-cooo»o:cio OOOIMOOOOO OOOiOOiO-^-^O COOiMt^COGOiOtri^ o 50 C OOOO O so^cooasTfi > N t* 00 com io lO p ^, c 03 i M o Jl d O St Si §"* a" a- CO g g _,^ 666 BOARD OF INQUIRY IJfTO Table I.— Salaries of Ministers and Clergy, Canada, 1900-1913— Oontinued. THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. Nova Scotia. Halifax, (St. Matthews). (St. Andrews), . ( Fort Massey (Park St.) (St. .John's) (Grove St.) ., 1900. 2,000 2,000 2,500 ] , 200 1,200 1,000 1904. 2,000 1,800 2,500 1,200 l,30a 1,000' 1906. 2,000 2,000 2,500 1,400 1,400 1,000 1910. 2,500 2,000 3,000 1,800 1,(00 1,200 1913. 2, .500 2,000 3,000 2,000 i,fion 1,200 Per cent increase 19 13 over 1900. N'E^Y Beunsvviuk. St. .John, (St. John's).. .. (St. Andrews) (St. Stephens (St. David's),' 1,500 1,100 1,200 1 , 200 1,400 2,2.50 1,500 1,.500 2,000 2,. 500 1,G25 ] , 703 . 1,230 2,02,", 2,025 2,000 l,01ij 2,000 2,200 2,200 Quebec. Quebec, (St. Andrew's), M (Chalmers), . . . Sherbrooke, Montreal, (Calvin) ,, (Erskine) (Knox) II (Stanley) (St. Matthews). 1 , .soo 2, 000 2,000' l,S6fl 2. onn 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,200 2,000 1 , 100 1,14.7 1,414 1,300 1,500 1,500 4,000 3,000 2 200 1,200 4,00Q 3,000 ],.500 4,000 3, too l,fiOO 4,450 :i,000 2 , 201 1 2 , 001 1 2,000 0,000 2, oOll 2,500 2,000 1,1100 OXTARIO. Ottawx (St. Paul's) II (St. Andrew's) (Knox) (Glebe) I, (Krskine). . , . . II (Bank St. and Chalmers. I. (Stewarion) Kingston (St. Andrews n (Chalniers) II (.Cooke's) (Zior) Belleville (St. Andrews) II (.John St, I Peterborough (St, Paul's) II (St. Andrew's) Toronto (College) II (Bonar) (Queen St. E.) (West) II Westminster) (Bloor) ir (Krskine) II (St. James' Sq. ) (Knox) (Purkdale) 1,800 4,500 2,300 1,1.50 1,22* 2,400 1,100 1,800 2,000 833 1,500 1,400 1,600 1,200 2,000 1,200 1,200 2,000 2,200 3,000 2.000 X,500 4,000 2.250 1,800 4,500 2, .500 1,250 1,255 2,000 1,113 1,800 2,000 1,000 ilOO 1,331 1,400 1,600 1.200 2,000 1,500 1,200 2,000 2,500 3,000 2,400 3,500 2,100 2,!500 1,S00 4,500 -2,500 •1,500 1,500 2,000 1,500 1,800 2,000 1,200 ' 900 1,223 1,400 1,600 1,400 2,500 1,650 1,200 2,000 3,000 3,300 2,600 3,600 5,212 3,250 2,000 5,500 2,800 2,000 2,000 2,800 2,000 2,000 2,250 1,400 900 1,150 1,600 2,500 1,400 3,800 2,000 1,500 2,250 4,500 4,167 2,800 3,500 6,000 3,500 2,400 5,500 2,*;00 2,200 2,000 *2,800 2,600 2,000 2,250 1,400 900 1,300 1,600 2,500 1,600 4,500 2,000 2,000 2,970 5,000 6,000 2,800 3,N00 7,330 3,750 * Bank St, Church demolished and new Church " Chalmers'' erected. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 667 Table I.— Salaries of Ministers and Clergy, Canada, WOO-1913—OonUnued. THE PRESBYTERIAN GKURCH-Covlintial. Ontario— Continual. Toronto (Cooke's) M (Oha,lmers) (St. Paul's) Port Arthur (St. Paul's) Fort William (St. Andrew's). Niagara Falls (St. Andrews). St. Oatharines (Knox) (First) Hamilton (McNab St.) (Central) II (St. John's) II (Erskine) II (Knox) 11 (St. Andrews). .... (So. Paul's) Brantford (Zion) ■I (St. Andrews) II (Alexandra) Gait (Knox) II (Central) Guelph (Chalmers) (Knox) (St. Andrew's) Berlin (St. Andrew's) Woodstock (Knox) II (Chalmers) London (First) II (Knox) ti (>St. James') I. (St. Andrew's) St. Thomas (Knox) Stratford (St. Andrew's) (Knox).. Owen Sound (Division St.) . . (Knox) ;... 1900. •■J 1,829 1,700 1,000 1,200 1,000 1,000 1,500 1,200 2,400 4,000 1,800 1,100 3,000 2,700 2,430 1,200 3,000 1,800 2,100 1,600 1,600 1,400 1,500 1,200 2,400 ],S00 1,600 2,800 2,000 1,200 2,000 1,400 1,400 1904. s 2,150 2,000 1,200 1,400 1,200 1,000 1,500 1,200 2,400 4,000 1,800 1,700 2,500 1,700 2,775 2,49(i 1,246 900 1,800 1,700 1,800 1,400 1,500 1,200 2,700 1,600 1,800 2,679 2,000 1,200 2,000 1,600 1,600 1906. ^.S.iO 2,400 1„500 1,400 1,400 1,000 1,600 1,200 1,800 4,000 •1,800 X700 1,900 1,500 3,000 «,495 1,500 1,000 1,800 1,800 1,420 1,000 1,.500 1.315 ' 2,700 1,700 . !,.589 3,000 \ 2,000 1.200 : 2,500 1,800 1,800 1910. 3,000 2,000 2,000 1,600 1,800 1,065 1,600 1,200 2,200 3,300 2,000 2,000 2,700 1,900 3.300 3,050 1,500 1,204 3,000 1,800 2,000 1,800 2,000 1,600 1,800 1,400 2,500 1,700 2,000 3,000 2,500 1,200 2,500 1,800 1,800 1913. 5,700 3,000 2,200 2,500 2,040 1,500 1,800 1,400 2,400 ,3,000 2,200 2,200 2,492 2,000 3,800 3,000 1,500 1,400 3,S50 1,800 2,500 2,763 2,500 2,000 2,200 1,600 2,500 1,700 2,200 4,200 2,300 1,200 2,500 2,500 2,100 Per cent inc, 1913 over 1900. 211 76 120 108 104 50 20 16 25 22 57 -16 17 40 23 25 ts 11 19 72 56 42 4H 33 4 13 .37' 50 15 25 78 50 Manitoba. Winnipeg. (Augustine) (Kncx) (Pt. Douglas). . (St. Giles) (St. Paul's) (St. Stephens). (Westminster).. 3,500 1,000 1,000 1,800 2,500 2,0i 4,085 1,500 1,000 1,000 2,500 2,205 2,500 4,333 1,500 1,500 1,500 2,500 3,000 3,440 5,300 1,665 1,800 2,000 3.000 4,000 5,882, 194 5,900 68 1,745 74 2,600 160 3,475 274 4.800 166 4,000 60- Saskatchewan. Regina (Knox) Moosejaw (St. Andrew's.. Sasfcatoou ( „ Prince Albert (St. Paul's) . 1,.500 1,16.5 7.53 1,800 1,428 600 2, .578 1,810 'i,ii8' 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,500 3,000 5,000 3,300 2,500 loOO 329 450-0 232 Albketa. , u -„ (Knox) Medicine Hat (St. John's) l*thbridge(Kn6x) ... . Maoleod Edmonton (First) 1,500 800 1,200 650 1,200 1,800 1,065 1,250 964 1,500 1,800 1,060 1,200 956 1,800 2,900 1,500 1,200 1,200 3,7.50 4,800 220' 2,000 150- 2,400 wo- 1,800 rn' 4,533 277- 668 BOARD OF INQVIRT INFO Table I. — Salaries of Ministers and Clergy, Canada, 1900-1913 — Oontinued. THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH - Cmdinued. Bbitish Columbia. Manitoba. 1900. 1904. 1906. 1910. 1913. Per Cent Ino. 1913 over 1900. Nelson (St. Paul's) New Westminster (St. Andrew's) Vancouver (First) $ 1,440 1,200 1,500 1,000 2,500 2,500 2,000 $ 1,500 1,200 1,715 1,200 3,037 795 1,50Q 1,200 2,25Q i 1,200 = 3,350 1,200 S 1,500 1,600 2,500 2,500' 3,440 2,000 3,000 2,000 2,000 1,843 3,000 3,600 5,975 2,500 3,500 3,000 389 53-6 100 (Mt. Pleasant) n (St. Andrew's) II (Chalmers) Victoria (St. Andrew's) II (First) 260 139 114-5 400 500 Table II. — Average annual salaries of teachers in Public Schools, Canada, 1900-1913. NOVA SCOTIA. Year Ended Class "A" Class "B" Class "C" Class "D" July 31. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. 1900 r 1901 732' 55 763-41 798 16 809 -04 897-79 867-22 887-45 897-72 923-97 1007-22 969-63 1054-35 867 -00 918-33 422-62 432-87 429-42 456-77 533-56 '520-22 541 08 537 07 598-48 629 70 636 58 652 35 491-89 501-31 391 384 393 43H 456 468 484 521 8S 34 82 36 39 12 79 -14 293 293 293 292 308 312 322 334 343 346 358 3ti0 368 373 25 92 72 81 73 36 41 42 54 44 42 12 89 99 272 11 257-61 262-36 253 08 278-32 281 47 304-95 358 23 "348-48 358-47 342-15 335-86 359 59 385-29 230-87 233-62 229-78 230-28 242 -3z 245-26 • 249 00 249-90 261-61 274-20 279-09 285-48 290-39 298-89 189-88 192 68 166-35 165-41 1902 186 188 196 205 199 214 218 210 222 235 236 249 63 44 56 36 53 20 93 46 15 34 18 70 168 31 1903 166-81 1'904 177-17 1905 1906 1907 178-05 185-90 182-96 1908 1909, 520 36 631 47 562-45 569-42 572 49 610 60 194-36 195-f9 1910 198-85 1911 1912 1913 207-59 215-18 222 94 Per cent inc. 1913 over 1900 25 4 18-6 55-8 27-5 41-6 29-5 31-5 34-0 008T OF LITING IN CAN-ADA 669 Table II. — Average annual salaries of teachers in* Public Schools, Canada — Con. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Year ended June SO. Male. Female. Ist Class. 2nd Class. 3rd class. 1st Class. 2nd ClasB. brd Class. 1900 1901 1902 . . . . 286-37 325-81 318-79 343.31 339 55 372-00 362-58 372 12 388-82 425 81 459 04 CO-3 233-19 236-44 243-73 245-82 246-84 245-17 251.42 251-11 253-61 255-98 258.32 290 18 185-89 187-87 • 193-06 • 193-41 ' 196-35 195-68 201 78 187-80 202-25 200-25 • 203 67 224.. 39 196 196 212 227 226 231 239 241 244 250 277 305 66 28 65 74 54 93 87 32 70 12 93 36 183 191 187 195 196 200 203 2l>4 205 200 208 238 50 70 48 56 70 98 94 61 16 25 35 78 146-61 144 ■ 30 1903 1904 1906 1906 ,.. .. 1907 147-96 155-70 153-66 160 - 78 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 157 -06 157-43 155-77 189-06 157.22 180-36 Per Cent inc. 1913 over earliest years 27-7 20-7 ■ 55-2 30-0 23.0 670 BOARD OF INQVIRY IXTO s CD a O 02 °^ r^ ^ V !■/; a ;? G o O ^^ o ■a O i M u c5 fO — o :c '-■■ ■H* cc •- I- X I - ao -»■ * O Xi--CCXC:0iC:O — ^WtMffOr: e/> ,-rt^^r-l^^r-l(MCq(MC»3N(MCl CO ■/. rf xti^-Mh-oy^ir. -fccx^—oo. Z^ (M C^ 7-1 N Tl C^ C-i CI (N C-1 C^i C-J CO cc . — X X cr. c. o i-H — tH c --c -J — . Tf o oi -^ in -^ - -/: t- -■ 5 ~ '-' r. Oi X c: o — I - -^ cic 1 - :o .-1 I c; iM-ftoco^^co-f-r-r-^-tifi-.::: loi _^ o o t - -r o c/:' 01 T-i 0-1 T- -f rr -ji' — " TO (-co '' ^-T' I- IT r: T-H — to (■: - :": ^ X C; r-H C O •— ' >— — TO CI '" TO 01 c^ ' ~ '^ ^ ::J " tr' ■= ~^ ::r' ~ ^ r"^^ M'^' ■ r-i I-' r-^ 1^ r^ ^ ^ :N Cl C^ Ci Ci C] | O ■ in m >o c c c: o o o c -r ■-■ cr [- ■ O rH 1— « .C m — O O -+ n' C O TO I ■ CM 1.-: -f lo I.-- -Tt- ^ CO c^ CO <© L-- -r i c:' j- rHCOO0C0^1-f"T-f"^-ffJCTftO ; o cq « i:;- ~ -t" TO C' t^ c:p C c o : -7- o --c X' a I- TO ci c: o 1 f i~ :.— 'Oil— 'CJTo-rco-r-ro-r-rTr o S 3/ "^ n <; 6 C a d r5 ■O iC-COOQOOIO^rHC^'^ClO ■ ■^".■ DO CO CO CO ^ -r '^ o -^f lO to t- o CO 0-' • tccooTooo»-ioo»oc5oc:cn ■TOtM-r-ilOTfiOOOOi-IC^I-TCM ■ C0c0c0?oc0c0«0c0 iTji-p-Tir: IQ ■^ o t^ o -r ;r 00 x o t-^ — o t- ir. ^ co -; coToO^Ci't-c^Cicr. c^cojn^zi— I ■ 2 I— ir-i— n-i-rii— (t-(i— l<— (.— i(MCnC]<0-1 CO a^ h- CO -/-^ (M TO ~. JiO- TO CT^ to lO .-H o -r r3 (X o X o o xi tH L.O r-. lO O". — oj TO I ■ ^ -^ CO 'O « CO cr L~ L-- t-^ t- t-- cc L- y.' o W CO .H~ ;5 o ■^ S O a S Cf 'd I^-C "I -'T rV r/- I— ' i-H T— r-. z- CO fe ^ 05 CD ^3 1 COfMCacOCft-JCClMb- CD ,-i^t^CC <0 lOiOOir-l COCOMMT-*-* -3 (NOlCT5TH-1i00J?CT. CM lO a: !-< IC 00 (M OD CO*|t>. O S lOlO CO CO f- l>. L- 1-^ CO lb 1— 1 cc _aj 'eS oiioir-b-i^TfcqeDeob-'Ncboico o s O.-'»H(M-*TPQ0O(MC0t^0Si-ll0 W3C0CiC0C0C0C0'*'^TfTH'a*tCiO o; OJ t- (i) 6 •*C:sb»QOIi:5*-OWOI>-(MCOCOI>-CT CO a [N-*i:Dt-OTf?DOCOI>.COCDr>,(N ^^^^L-.t^[^OOODQOOiO)CSO 50 - % ^ 1-j" CO t-c - .rt -^-f^-^-^lOlOia^O^DlSt-b- 05 O <5 cs iQ lD^o.HCOma>^«lO'f"*mo« la ,SSSI^SSSJ3A^^^„g^.5???,. 'eS ^ s o 1 OOOW^OQOOlOCgOJCCQDIOiri OS & cq^«S??«c§rr ^^ ^ o io fe cq n • 05 » PL f^ P Sf^ lb rj'^coiQiOTjir^«;'!j«0^t-cooD -^ r-H ocSTOcDCO»-EZjffO rf ■*Tti-TTj<-^lOOiOcO«5t-b-b-cr) r- > < s s oooooooooooooo CO o»r)Oooooooooooo ^^ intOICCDCO'Xit-OSOO.-'^J'MCC M i-Tr-ri-ri-rr-rT-Ti-r^cQ (M t?f c^"(M"csf iCi bO * ^ •J2 fS ^ ffi w o 2 > o CO en ■ t^ I-l CU ID J3 fH o ;;;*;;;' .s . . 4^ . . ...... ...::: tt 0) pm |ggg3§gj.-g§S32S r-^ 05 05 1-1 r-( CT> OT OS iH 3)OS05 j; oio: T-l i-H r-1 T-H i-i rH Hi 1— < .jj ^ n c B •f, •;3 03 £ 1 SB 3 yi J2 -P tsD O a ;£4 T-l « OS COST OF LITI'SQ IN CA:^ADA 673 Table II. — Average annual salaries of teachers in Public Schools, Canada — Con. MANITOBA. Year ended June 30. Highest Salary in Province. Average Salary for Province. A-verage Salary for Cities and Tow,ns. Highest Salary Rural Schools. Average Salary Rural Schools. 1900 1800 1800 1800 1800 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 2700 2700 2800 3500 3500 449-37 457 52 464-54 488-11 641-28 614-34 642-38 581-36 587-97 620-90 628-25 668-75 782 75 782-75 584-13 §76-41 570-29 598-18 629-85 666-55 663 -15 701-26 667-74 Z36-52 749-44 775 -59 852-09 852-99 700 700 700 700 800 800 850 725 800 800 800 900 900 ' 900 406 435 442 451 466 459 491 515 520 551 544 58G 544 544 78 1901 15 1902 24 1903 1904 39 13 1905 98 1906 93 1907 32 1908 91 1009 1910 1911 : 1912.,. 1913 61 22 52 68 68 Per cent Jno. 1913 over 1900. 94-4 51-9 t45-9 28 6 33-9 82696—43 674 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO s g s a o o u .g 3 cS CD a- oo • '■iO<=>^ lOiO 94 or- - • Tf Xj t-- 'JO rji " ^ --=> x> •-=■ t-^ (M 1 '> 4- S?8 : ifeSSIS^* 00 TTin ■ ■ » CO t- » t^ 1 HO AO QJ '^ »■• 'rf 8i3 ss CO S lom ■ • CD CO b- t^ t- CD O- rSO CO ^ fM 02 -s S ^29 • -^MCOt^Ci 00 'o h ^ -^Ci ■ -co - .-lO^qc J v""'-^ toirj • cc i^ i> t^ t^ 1— 1 f^O (M 03 "? ii 1 ■<:£' ■ :0 O t^ iTj o CO 1 1 -jX ■ O C-. -^ -M -^ • -C ^ L- t - t- t^ 2 'P M •o ■ GC o ■/: ic -^ CO S - c/: ^ 71 r- W 1 -c ,-3 ■CO t-i:--t- tr- CS HO w H t3 . (D C tn ^S io t-- -H in o 00 >— ( 8| • t.- -M c^ - C-. oj <:oo ■ l^ t— L^ t- t^ - S <^^ ' C-1 05 -/J (MO ■CO t^CO O !M CO S (3 CO O .(M-rptDW(M r^— ' ; i>-t- • r^ b- 1^ c?: 00 CM fHQ 1 .2§ O^ ■ X .-H C' o o o l>.t- ■ CO tr: ic a: O ■Tj- iO :;: c- -^ C3 P- C5 p-i'« -r «■ [^ ■> S ■B» :., ■ CO CO >o O X Ci ^ '■S.S ■ta r^ .-H WC: (M ia ■ 'u:- 1^ i>- CO i>. 1— 1 HO 1 ! CO ^ §1 OCD '■ >a> c^ CO io cfi CD ri -rpm • -^ CO O O TtH s O —1 iOiO ■ O CD O-OD t>. i^^ CO ,5 -1-3 ffl 1 1 -r c^ i in o CI o cc CO ! '^5 c. CO - ^ ir, r;. i^ t^-- b- ^O , -'^ : co 1) '. • CO ■ • . '— ' o : .9 • ^>r^ og X^ CIO .-I'M CO o o c c O w^^^ r— I cr. c~. c O c: C- s a T-H COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 675 Table II. — Average annual salaries of tcacliei's in Public Schools, Canada — Con. ALBERTA. Schools Open the Whole Year. Male Teachers. Female Teachers. First Class. Second Class. Third Class. Permit only. First Class. Second Class. Third Cla.SH. P:ermit. 1905 190G , 1907 $ ' ots. 741 08 807 10 910 05 973 £5 1,021 98 1,092 40 1,096 74 1,204 39 1,250 29 S cts. 620 90 ^ 640 50 674 40 700 00 736 81 748 00 771 32 788 69 927 23 ■S cts. "654' 66 690 83 706 91 708 76 765 60 .* cts. 580 00 595 90 610 80 674 (<0 634 05 647 87 636 44 695 50 7iS 63 $ cts. 615 63 610 01 652 55 702 00 717 42 749 78 741 m 824 64 859 42 ,$ cts. 572 10 585 07 674 4(1 641 10 649 28 084 84 697 05 744 13 769 86 $ cts. 570 00 586 66 725 00 600 00 620 66 658 15 661 11 696 68 730 17 '$ cts. 505 47 554 87 591 00 1908., . 1909 611 00 610 92 1910 1911 1912 1913 637 89 637 40 (i92 19 708 04 Per cent increase 1913 over 1905 . 68-7 49'3 169 :28'2 39-6 34-6 28'1 40 1 ' Schools Open Part of Year. Male Teachers. Female Teachers. First Class. Second Class. $ ots. 607 00 622 10 623 30 649 37 666 10 695 79 712 53 706 19 761 08 Third Class. Permit. First Class Second Class. Third Class. Permit. 1905 -.. .S cts. 612 00 615 00 624 25 644 62 691 88 706 70 725 40 716 91 769 00 $ cts, 660 00 "653 33 677 07 702 85 689 09 751 56 $^ cts-. 540 00 600 00 613 10 621 83 .632 85 664 61 682 79 6g9 53 741 13 S ots. 540 00 600 00 608 30 653 69 654 61 632 14 717 89 702 47 765 43 $ cts. 578 70 .586 05 630 80 637 CO 649 0? 678 13 699 76 688 17 745 Ofi 28-8 ,? cts. 655 00 600 00 600 00 6,30 00 626 87 666 93 6?6 56 673 92 729 34 314 1$ ots. 600 00 533 00 1907 1908 1909 694 90 614 68 598 64 1911 1912 6?S 91 666 07 631 25 1913 721 37 Per cent increase 1913 over 1905. 25-6 23-4 13 9 :o7-2 41-7 20-2 / ToWn Schools. Male Teachers. Female ^ ^eachers. First Class. Second Class. Third Class. Permit. Fiist Class . Second Class. Third Class. Pcrmit- 1905.,.. S cts. 941 92 1,042 70 1,080 GO 1,235 32 1,152 42 1,268 15 1,230 31 1,528 52 1,525 28 $ ots. 685 00 845 00 839 60 1,029 41 972 59 932 14 987 18 987 33 1,088 42 ■S cts. $ eta. $ cts. 629 05 608 28 671 90 732 27 741 93 739 90 745 05 745 79 962 15 $ cts. .591 00 582 18 547 10 661 00 669 52 678 75 701 06 693 35 788 52 33-4 ■S ots. 540 00 "sso'oo 700 00 660 00 658 75 695 33 691 17 756 17 40'0 •S cts. 500 00 1906 700 00 500 00 1907., 583 30 1908. 1909. . . 1910... ■ 1911..., 1912,. •" ' 750 ' 00 776 00 833 33 778 66 895 00 825 00 660 00 650 00 480 00 780 00 840 00 1913 '.' ..".'".\'.\ 735 00 Per cent increase 1313 over 1905. 61-9 58-9 19-3 52 -9 47-0 82696— 43i 676 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Table TI. — Average annual salaries of teachers in Public Schools, Canada — Con. AIjBERT A— Concluded. Village Schools Male Teachers. Female Teachers. First Class. Second Class. Third Class . Permit. ( First Class. Second Cla-s. Third Class. Permit. 1905 $ cts. 685 55 753 00 767 00 778 2H 801 42 829 52 894 40 831 76 982 91 $ cts. 670 41 698 12 734 60 733 86 811 33 812 52 843 00 815 57 872 20 $ cts. $ cts. $ cts. 678 57 611 25 675 55 782 85 743 84 760 00 771 35 791 09 800 64 S cts. 590 93 602 25 620 50 662 35 677 55 688 56 735 84 701 16 774 i5 S cts. 600 00 "665 06 690 00 671 87 689 78 742 77 S cts. 1906 1907 1908 ; 1909 1310 "76606 710 00 718 14 693 12 804 00 6sr. 00 600 00 C73 33 810 00 760 00 780 00 too 00 700 00 600 00 680 00 608 57 1911 1912 .1913 , 615 00 69115 713 33 Per cent increase 1913 over 1905. 43-4 30 1 14-8 2-2 18-0 310 23-8 1-9 Yearly Kural Schools. Male Teachers. Female Teachers. ' First Class. Second Class. Third Class. Permit. First Class. Second Class. Third Class. Permit. 1905 $ cts. 613 97 624 32 616 30 666 53 666 47 690 20 749 32 6S9 17 784 40 $ cts- 602 69 610 50 598 80 621 81 656 42 681 13 709 91 687 73 778 16 $ cts. "639 ie 668 71 700 81 675 40 770 09 20-5 5 cts. m> 00 592 25 596 00 db5 23 efeo 58 631 72 602 72 6641 75 744 83 $ cts. 586 00 583 42 603 65 640 58 624 11 666 83 718 47 676 83 768 53 $ cts. 562 36 588 92 ■596 25 612 45 624 71 661 12 684 08 669 23 730 90 ^S cts. 570 00 586 e6 600 00 600 00 612 00 647 24 654 05 659 29 728 45 S cts. 506 05 1906 557 76 1907 .. . . 574 25 1908 19U9 1910 1911 608 00 604 15 625 19 635 18 1912 1S13 635 97 707 60 Per cent increase 1913 over 1905. 27-7 29-1 28-4 311 30 27-8 39-8 In all S 3hools. Male Teachers. Female Teachers. First Class. Second Class. Third Class. Pemiit. First Class. Second Class. Third Class. S cts. 562 50 590 00 662 50 620 00 623 87 6f.9 98 673 47 669 97 729 84 Permit. 1905 1906 ; 1007 1908 $ cts. 732 09 789 23 854 40 899 82 938 91 992 31 1,028 54 1,013 46 1,172 60 $ cts. 619 80 638 25 656 55 676 64 708 94 726 15 747,92 776 49 991 06 $ cts. 660 00 "65407 682 92 704 82 676 76 759 10 $ cts. 570 00 596 83 612 45 635 00 6^3 18 659 72 675 24 663 35 727 29 S cts. 613 67 609 90 649 65 696 00 706 53 707 84 738 19 739 13 845 79 $ eta. 572 48 585 05 591 15 831 00 649 23 683 35 697 77 697 27 764 87 3 cts. 520 60 550 50 594 15 62S85 1909 602 38 1910 632 02 1911 657 95 1912 1913 635 19 715 06 Per cent increase 1913 over 1905. 60-2 599 150 27-6 380 33-6 29-7 37-3 The table below shows the average annual salary paid to all teachers employed in the province of Alberta from 1905 to 1913. 1905 $599 29 1910 »704 97 " 614 13 1911..;. "9 93 629 45 1912. . , 769 89 657 39 1913.. *^^ c 8 676 10 Increase per cent "'^ 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. COST OF LIVING IN CAMADA 677 K SS;5S8SSfe§gSSSK ,C p2 CC "rt Ot-'CMMTPcoiot^o:!C^i-,^fM »0 13 s to»cnoo*oiOioioiO':D'X)i>.t- -T s 01 ' S PR ^ oor-irooccrH^oiooio '3 .a ^ C^oO'y^i-ioaiOT^CQcpt^eDSs iO "5 g c: oci»m-tDc^xi--cOiC'XiO O t* lft«5«StO«5«>t-^t^L-QOOO^O s .pu ^ ■ CC CJ c^ (M o I>- l- ■ CO m :o t- o -f I— 1 a i M» ] : ■ ■ ■ CO Tf h- Cr: .O Tf 00 t~^ ■ in lO lo lo *^ t- «5 K CD 0! J3 i H q5 :^§gSS^8 t^ e^ «« . ; ! 1 ■ CO in O (M .H Ci O t- 1 s • to to t^ L- IT- JT: ^^ in o 'S p 11 ■ :c oo 1^- o in o to s ■ -*■ CO CO o in o -^ o ■S'o «© : . : : eo -t^ t^ ^ « -c CO CO 1 ■» fi - in in o ^ ?o lo ^ ^ 5X _ t- w in ^ «5 vt » : . : : ■ o CO t- rq lO 00 o Ol s L-- t* r^ CO 00 en o Tf s ti Flh ■ . it'-tC'OOOCOOCOOOt- Ol . . . O t^ O O TtiOCOOSiCiO CO (4 s «©■ • • ■C^r-l«CO'*in-HCOC:-M CO • ■ ■ lO K3 iO *o iO in « o -^ I- CO i .c H - oioect-osoiotoooi e t" £ ■ a:cc<-HcococQ{NWcot^ i-( o e(» • " ■i--b-iooiOf-Hr-oiooo CD o o S ■ .O JO lO in CD ID CO tr* t» b- CO a2 "2 II '• OOQO(MCOOO OCOt-CO B t^ iCi i-H TT O O CO L-- iXi I* OS P3 •11 €© - '.OQUO00':00000 iD ■ -00*Cn-O : : :eSSS3:5SS!5§gS3 00 ■^ g «& ' • -c^icNcONr--^ OO C^i-H N H • - ■ t~ 00 qrj 3i C: tr. O .-1 rH -i^o^in»n — N - . . Oi 3; a; OS O rH (M (M CO CO •* , 'r* » ■ ■ *-4 r-i i-l 1-1 r-l rH £ h- SSP i°s iHNCO-^iOCo'b-COClOi-iC^CO , PQQOO<=>OOOf-H,-lT-'rH fe ly CO ■23 s" 678 liOAnn OF TXQVIRT ISTO APPENDIX No. 8, THE COLD STOEAGE INDUSTEY IN CANADA. To the Honourable The Minister of Agriculture. Sir, — I have the honour to submit the following'! memorandum, with recommenda- tions, on the Cold Storage Industry. jrr:jiORAXDUJi. The first cold storage warehouse in Canada to be equipped in the modern manner with " mechanical " refrigerating machinery was established in Montreal in 1894. A number of small warehouses, cooled with ice only, were in use previous to that year. There are at present in operation some 46 public, cold storages, with a total refrig- erated space approximating 10'000,000 cubic feet. Of this number 27 have received, or are receiving, a subsidy from the Grovernment according to the provisions of the Cold Storage Act. (See list attached.) In addition to the public cold stores, there are upwards of 50 private establish- ments with a total capacity of about 8,000,000 cubic feet (partly estimated), controlled by abattoirs, packers ahd produce dealers, like E. Burns & Co., Calgary, with depots all over Alberta and British Columbia ; The Swift Canadian Co., with establishments in Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, Edmonton, Calgary and other places; Guuns, Limited; Wm. Davies Co. ; Matthews-Lainsi' Co. ; Gordon, Tronsides & Fares, and others. Included under this head are several cold stores in the ^Maritime Provinces and on the Pacific Coast designed for the handling of fish only,. Goods are not stored for, the public in these places. Many of the larger meat markets (butcher shcjps), dairies, provision and fruit stores are also equipped with refrigerating machines, but as a rule the storage space is small and only intended to serve the current needs of the business. Complete figures are not available but a careful estimate of the refrigerated space used for the storage of food products in Canada, fixes the total at nearly 20,000,000 cubic feet. A single company in Boston, Maf^s., advertises that it controls 10,000,000 cubic feet of refrigerated space in that city alone. KINDS OF GOODS PLACED IN rOT.f) STORAGE. A complete enumeration of all the different kinds of goods placed in cold storage in this country would rpake a very lengthy list. Thie chief articles are: butter, eggs, poultry, fish, meats, lard, fruit, vegetables, nuts, beer, furs, nursery stock, bulbs' eider, etc. Cheese is also an important item in the cold storage industry, but the object of storing cheese is mainly to control the ripening process. SEASON OF STORA(iE. Nearly all goods placed in cold storage are of seasonal production. Egs- "re stored chiefly during the months of April and May and only to a limited extent during the summer months. Hot weather eggs are not in demand for cold storage purposes. Butter is chiefly stored during the months of June, Jj.ily and August. Apples are cold stored during the harvest season and are held during the winter months, but the bulk of the apples stored in Canada are still held in what are known as frost-proof ware- COST OF LlViyO IN GAyADA 679 houses, which are not artificially refrigerated. Cold storage is beginning to replace these frost-proof warehouses, which are not artificially refrigerated. Cold storage is beginning to replace these frost-proof warehouses on account of greater efficiency. Citrus fruits and bananas are stored during their season of full supply. Fish are stored largely during the summer and autumn months depending on the locality. Meats are stored at all seasons. PROPORTION" OF TOTAL PRODUCTION PLACED IN COLD STORAGE. There are no accurate statistics bearing upon thjs point, but in the Government and Legislative investigations which have been held i>n the United States, it has been shown that the volume of all perishable food products -placed in cold storage does not represent more than 10 per cent of the total production of those same products. With a general knowledge of the conditions in both countries rather than with any specific information upon the subject, I would say that the percentage of the total production of food products cold stored in Canada is rather less* than it is in the United States. THE REGULATION OF THE COLD STORAGE INDUSTRY. During the past two or three years there has been considerable agitation over the question of cold storage in the United States with the result that demands have been made fox the regulation of the industry by state and federal legislation. So far there has been no federal legislation although two Bills have been introduced in Congress (The Ileyburn Bill, Senate, 1911 and the McKellar iBill, House 1913) with that end in view. I believe there is some doubt in the United States whether federal legislation could be applied to the industry except as it enters into interstate commerce. Attached is a tabulated statement showing the main features of the cold storage laws in the different states. The attacks on the cold storage industry have been directed along two lines: First, that the holding of foods in cold storage for lengthy periods is detrimental to the public health and, second, that the control of large quantities of food products in the hands of cold storage men has enabled them to exact unreasonably high prices from the consumers. These two points of attack have not be'en kept very distinct and there is a good deal of confusion of thought in connection with the whole subject. There is also, it seems to me, a considerable misconception and lack of distinction between cold storage as such, and cold storage as an instrument used by the middleman to unduly increase his profits in the handling of produce. Many of the public cold storage warehouses, and especially the larger ones, have no connection with the trading in food products. Thfet is to say, the goods stored are not controlled by the owners of the warehouses. There are a number of small cold storage warehouses in country districts where the public business alone is not sufficient to support a warehouse. In these cases the only way in which a cold storage can be successfully operated is for the owners to engage in the produce trade and thus utilize the space which is not filled by the public. « COLD STORAGE AND ITS EFFECT I )X PRICES. There is a widespread belief that cold storage is responsible to some extent, at least, for the present high cost of certain food products. This point is the subject of much discussion and controversy. No definite proof has ever been adduced in support of the contention. The whole question is very much involved. The same arguments do not apply to foods of seasonal production like butter, egg^, fish, etc., as may be applied to meats which are more regular in supply, and are handted by a relatively small number of establishments. The large abattoir companies and^ packers, seem to be able to con- trol .the trade by driving out the small butcher or dgaler, to an extent that does not seem possible with other produce. The ^'spread " between the price which the farmer 680 BOARD OF INQUIRY IfTO receives for his animals and the price which the consumer pays for meats, is probably greater than in the case of any other staple food product. It may be pertinent to remark also that the large packers and meat companies are notoriously wealthy, while it is a well known fact cold storage as a business hefs not been unduly profitable, nor is there much evidence to show that the ordinary produce dealer has been taking more than a reasonable toll for the goods which pass through his hands. If there is any menace to the consuming public, even indirectly through cold storage, the operations of these large packers and meat companies would seem to be the most likely place to find it. Publicity as to quantities in store would be a useful check against any unfair dealing on their part, and any regulations which failed to take full cognizance of the packers as an element in the distribution of food products would fail to meet the situation. Most of the packers deal in butter, eggs and poultry in addition to meats, both fresh and cured, and by getting control of the meat trade in a locality they are able to handle the other articles to good advantage. The packers claim to sell meat practically at cost and to make their profits out of ihe offal, which the small butcher allowed to go to waste. Their methods of distribution, are, however, much more expen- sive than the system which they have to a large extent supplanted, and they are able to make the consumer pay this increased cost by mon'opolizing the trade more or less. The mere preservation of foods in cold storage does not appear to be different in principle to the storage of grain in elevators, to the preservation of food in tins, to the holding of apples in frost-proof warehouses, or to any other method of carrying the surplus of food supply from the period of seasonal production for consumption during the non-producing month. The broad fact must be admitted that the cold storage warehouse provides a market at certain seasons for the surplus of eggs, butter, fruits, fish and other provisions which could not otjierwise be disposed of. Without the cold storage warehouse the farmer would produce onliy what he could market during the season of fiush production at a remunerative price, and production would be curtailed to that extent. On general principles the cold storage warehouse, by increasing the supply, should have a tendency to lower the prices. The fixing of the time limit beyond which certain goods may not be held in cold storage and which is a feature of most of the United .States laws> was intended partly as check against unfair prices, but chiefly, as a concpssion to the popular clamour for some such action. If a time limit is made so short that goods cannotibe carried from the season of flush production to the time when they are needed on afifount of the scarcity of current receipts, there would seem to be no doubt but the prices would be raised rather than lowered, because production would be discouraged. "No person holding goods in cold storage desires to carry them from one season into another except under very unusual circumstances. In most cases the cost of storage makes it prohibitive. In 1912 the quantity of eggs in cold storage in Canada was in excess of the demand during the winter months. The result was the prices.fell to a point where the dealer.= are said to have lost money on a large portion of the eggs which were stored. It would seem clear that if there were no supply of cold storage eggs, butter or other produce to draw upon at this season of the year that prices must necessarily be higher than they are. The price of eggs is very high to-day because of an actual scarcity. ' The Commission to investigate the question of the cold storage of foods appointed by the Legislature of Massachusetts, reported in January, 1912. This report is generally conceded to be the best general work on the subject so far available. On the question of the influence of cold storage on prices the report reads as follows : — " With respect to the influence of cold storage on prices, the Coromission finds that the effect is to make prices lower and steadier. It is clear that any factor that helps, as does cold storage, to extend the market for certain commodities, by enabling pro- ducers and dealers to dispose of their stocks throughout the entire year, instead of being confined to a limited period, must have the effect of encouraging a larger volume of COST OF LJVIXO IN CANADsi 681 production. And it is an elementary commonplace of political economy that an increase of supply, other things being equal, leads to reduction of prices. It is equally clear that any agency that operates, as does cold storage, to take goods out of the niarket in the season of abundance, when prices are low, and to hold them for sale in the season of scarcity, when prices are high, tends, other things being equal, to bring about a greater uniformity of prices, preventing them from alternately falling so low and rising so high as would otherwise be the case." The policy of the Dominion Government in giving subsidies to cold storage ware- houses under certain conditions has had the effect of encouraging the erection of small local warehouses at country points in which food products are stored by a large number of people, and are thiis prevented from being accumulated in a few hands in the larger tentres. COLD STORAGE AND THE PUBLIC 'kEALTH. The cold storage industry is a comparatively new^one and many of the first ware- houses erected were poorly constructed and were operated by men without any experience of their own or experience of others to draw upon. Insufficient care to see that goods ^¥e^e in proper condition when received and improper methods of handling in store, not infrequently resulted in food products coming out of cold storage in bad condition. This gave rise to more or less prejudice against cold-storage goods as such, although it hks been the common practice in this country since early days for householders to procure a stock of meats, poultry, etc., in the autumn and keep it in a frozen condition throughout the winter, utilizing -exactly the same pieans for preservation as are employed in the cold storage warehouse. No question was ever raised as to the palat- abUity, or wholesomeness of goods so handled. Great improvements had been made in the cold 'storage industry and criticisms •which were justified in years gone by are not warranted to anything like the same extent at the present time. But the prejudice still exists in many minds, and it is quite a common thing to charge any inferiority found in food to cold storage, although it may never have been near a cold storage warehouse. There is not very much scientific data on which to base a conclusion with 'respect to the effect of cold storage on the wholesomeness of ^different foods. Something has been learned by practical experience, and with regard to eggs and poultry the work done at the Food Research Laboratory of the United States Department of Agricul- ture, at Philadelphia, is accepted as the best along that line. Dr. Mary E. Penning- ton, Chief of the Laboratory, in her evidence before lijhe United States Senate Com- mittee on the Heyburn Bill, by which it was proposed to regulate the cold storage industry, said, that poultry may be kept in cold storage for nine to twelve months without developing any condition injurious to the health of the person who eats it, but that ^fter twelve months changes appear to accelerate and that it is not advisable to keep it longer. With rspect to eggs. Dr. Pennington 'gives nine or ten months as the limit during which eggs can be kept without deterioration. Dr. W. A. Evans, Health Oommissioner, Chicago, 111., giving evidence before the same committee said: — " I believe that so far as the cold storage proposition is concerned that it is a question of commerce and economy rather than a question of health. I do not believe that the food that is in cold storage and that is put in cold storage in good condition, when it is taken out of cold storage is unwholesome except in rare instances and, there- fore, I believe that the proposition is largely a proposition of economy rather than a proposition of health.'" The Massachusetts report, already referred to, contains the following paragraph on this point : — "With respect to the influence of cold storage on health, the Commission finds that in the niiain it is beneficial. While abuses have arisen, through the holding of 682 SOARD OF INQUIRY INTO food products in cold storage for unduly long periods and through the handling of goods by improper methods before and after, as well ag during, refrigeration, the bene- fits that have come from the salvage of food through cold storage far outweigh any evils that have developed in this field. Cold storage -has brought ab6ut an expansion and diversification of the food supply of the population, making certain kinds of food more abundant and more accessible. It thus makes for the conservation of the vital resources of the people. The gain from this source is universal and permanent; the injuries are occasional and temporary,, and can be riiminated by proper regulation." (Page 192.) There does not appear to be any greater need 'on grounds of public health for regulations covering foods in cold storage, than there is for regulations to deal with these same foods when not in cold storage. The general effect of cold, storage is pre- servation and conservation. THE TIME LIMIT. A limitation of the storage period has been suggested on the grounds of public health as well as for economical reasons. There is no scientific basis for iixing a time limit. The length of time that goods are in store is bne of the least important factors affecting- their condition when taken out of cold storage. Eggs which are stored during the cool months of April and May are in better condition in December and January than eggs which are stored in August or September. Cold Storage men almost invariably release the later stored eggs first on that account. Butter which is stored during the month of June may easily be in better condition in February than butter which is stored in October or November for the reason that the earlier stored butter has much the better keeping quality. Food which is delayed before being placed in cold storage may have reached a more advanced stage of deterioration than other food of the same kind, after six months storage. Dr. Pennington before t-he' Senate Committee on the Heyburn Bill asserted that °a chicken would deteriorate more m twenty-four hours at a temperature of 70 degrees than it would in twelve months in cold storage. THE " TAGGING " OR DATING OF GOODS. The "tagging" of goods in cold storage or the ^marking of same with the dates of receipt and withdrawal, falls short of the object aimed at unless such marking is carried to the actual consumer. To do so is impracti'eable with many foods which are ■retailed in smaller quantities than the storage unit. Further, a large proportion of cold storage foods are consumed in hotels, restaurants and boarding houses. In any case the information which such a provision is intended to convey might easily be mis- leading for the reason that the time in storage is not a true indication of the condition' of any goods. Moreover it would be cumbrous and expensive a'nd therefore add to the cost of cold storage goods. Consumers have a right to know whether the goods they are purchasing have been in cold storage or not, and some provision to inform the public on this point would meet with general approval. The poor qualities of over- held " fresh " food products are very often unfairly attributed to cold storage. There- fore, a similar provision to prevent "fresh" foods from being sold as "cold stored" ■would be in the interest of all concerned. There are many points in this memorandum which might luue been elaborated at much greater length, but I have deemd it best to^P as brief as possible. RECOMMENDATION. I have the honour to recommend legislation that .would give power to the Govern- ment to make regulations providing for: — (1) a definition of the terms " culd storage" and "cold storage warehouse"; (2) a general inspection of all cold storage warehouses; (3) the making of returns at C08T OF LITlxa 7A' OAAUflA 683 regular intervals by owners of eold storage warehouses of all classes showiim ilie quantities of certain specified goods in storage, the Rgircs to be published only iirtutiil by cities or districts, and (4) the licensing of all cold storage warehouses if coM.si(lcu*Ml necessary to secure the enforcement of the laws. I have the honour to be, sir, Your obedient servant. Ottawa, December :>-2. 1913. J. .A. EUDDICK, Dairy and'JJold Storage Uomminaionci PUBLIC COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSES IN CANADA. ^ Name. The New Brunswick Cold Storage Co., St. John, N.B Scott & Hogg, Peterborough, Ont The Halifax Cold Storage Co., Port Hawkesbury, ,l\f.s Cold Storage, Ltd., Woodstock, N.B The J. D. Moore Co., St. Mary's, Ont Lemon Bros., Owen Sound, Ont , The Chatham Fruit Growers' Association, Chatham, Ont The Palmerston Cold Storage Co., Palmerston, Oijt Davis & Fraser, Charlottetown, P.E.I The B. Wilson Co., Victoria, B.C . . '. The Trenton Cooperage Mills, Ltd., Trenton, Ont The Dominion Pish and Fruit Co., Quebec, P.Q The Lockport Cold Storage Co., Lockport, N.S. ...» St. Lawrence Produce Co., Brockville, Ont s Flavelles, Ltd., Lindsay, Ont , . . '. Gunns, Ltd., Harriston, Ont Campbell & Hamilton, Calgary, Alta „ The St. Thomas Cold Storage Co., St. Thomas, Oht The Brandon Creamery and Supply Co., Brandon, Man O'Keefe & Drew Abattoir Co., Chatham, Ont -. TI.e Canadian Fish & Cold Storage Co., Prince Rupert, B.C Moosejaw Cold Storage Co., Moosejaw, Sask ? J. H. Sansregret, Joliette, Que City Cold Storage Co., Regina, Sask The Brantford Cold Storage Co., Brantford, Ont The White Packing Co., Mitchell, Ont Algoma Produce Co., Sault Ste. Marie, Ont s. Ottawa Cold Stores, Ottawa, Ont Manning Cold Storage Co., Toronto, Ont The London Cold Storage & Warehousing Co., Ltd., London, Ont. Canso Cold Storage Co., Ltd., Canso, N.S The Halifax Cold Storage Co., Ltd., Halifax, N.S J. B. Jackson, Simcoe, Ont St. Catharines Cold Storage Co., St. Catharines, Ont \ McDougal Bros., Owen Sound, Ont '. Pacific Cold Storage, Dawson, Y.T *. The Gould Cold Storage Co., Montreal, Que » Canada Cold Storage Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que. . . .*. A. A.' Ayer & Co., Ltd., Montreal, Quo •. Gunn, Langlois & Co., Montreal, Que Lovell & Christmas, Montreal, Que ,• • - ; Manitoba Cold Storage Co., Winnipeg, Man '..... ! Vancouver Ice & Cold Storage Co., Vancouver, B.C The British Columbia Cold Storage Co., Victoria, *B.C \ Alex. Ames & Sons, Sherbrooke, Que Total Refrigerated Space. 744,000 90,000 7.5,000 37,161 105,000 33,600 50,000 169,984 150,000 64,000 166,446 225,000 59,940 106,000 131,510 57,069 111,050 174,141 27,500 144,400 781,000 189,764 23,394 100,672 36,000 30,600 ,'i5,S06 94,000 290,038 322,000 40,000 75,000 36,000 28,000 66,400 45,000 7-50,000 762,307 700,000 '405,000 473,000 800,000 700,000 35,000 110, .^o."; 9,672,977 684 BOARD OF INQUIRY ItfTO SUMMARY OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO COLD STORAGE. {California.) Date and Scope of Act. Time Limit. Marking. Reports. Includes fresh meat and fresh meat products; fish, game, poultry., eggs and butter. 12 months. May be ex- tended by State Board of Health. Food 01* container to be marksd with date of receipt and with- drawal. Quarterly to State Board of Health, qr more frequently if Board of Health re- quires. {Delaware. ) Effective April 19, 1911. In- cludes fruits and fish ex- cepted. months. May be ex- tended to 8 months by State or local Board of Health. Food or package con- taining it to be marked with day, month of year of receipt . Quarterly to State Board of Health. {Imiiana.) March 2, 1911. All food pro ducts. Warehouse defined as "one employing refriger- ating or ice machinery for the purpose of refrigeration whether for public or pri- vate use." months; also all food products now in cold storage to be removed and placed on market within 9 months from passage of Act. Product .itself or original package to be marked with date when placed in storage and date when removed; sale of products coming from outside State pro- hibited, unless pre- viously marked as provided in Act. Records of receipts and withdrawals to be kept but reports not required. (Iowa.) Effective July 4, 1913. In- cludes fresh meat and fresh meat products, fresh fruit, fish, game, poultry, eggs, butter and other food pro- ducts. 12 months. May be ex- tended by State Dairy and Food Commis- sioner if foods are still in good condition. Food or Container to be markecf with date of receipt and with- drawal. Quarterly to State Dairy and Food Commis- sioner or more fre- quently if Commis- ioner requires it. {Louisiana.) Effective July I, 1913. In- cludes fresh meat and fresh meat products, fish, game, poultry, eggs and butter. 12 months. May be ex- tended by State Food Commissioner if foods still in good con- dition. Food or container to be marked with date of receipt and with- drawal. Quarterly to State Board of Health or more frequently if State Food Com- missioner requires. {Massachusetts.) Approved May 27, effective Sept. 1, 1912. Includes fresh meat and fresh meat products, fresh fish, poultry eggs and butter. 12 months. May be ex- tended by State Board of Health, if foods still in good condition. Articles of food except fish, or, container, to be marked with date of receipt. Quarterly to State Board of Health, or more frequently if Board requires. COST OF Liriwa in Canada 685 SUMMARY OF'STATE LAWS RELATING TO -GOLD BTORAGB— Continued, (Nebraska.) Date and Scope of Act. Time Limit. Marking. Reports. Effective July 1, 1913. In- cludes all articles used for food, drink, confection or coAdiment whether simple mixed or compound . 12 months. May be ex- tended by Food, Drug and Dairy Com- missioner if foods still in good condition. Food i^aced in storage must be packed in con- tainers marked with serial lot number. When •food is with- drawn, the container must JJe marked with date of entry and with- drawal. Goods with- drawn for shipment outside State need not be so marked. Quarterly to Food, Drug and Dairy Com- missioner, or more fre- quently if Com- missioner requires. {New Jersey.) Effective April 21, 1911. All articles used for food, ex- cept liquid food. 10 months. May be ex- tended by State Board of Health. Food (jr package con- taining it to be marked with day, month and year pf receipt. Re- ceipt '(rf goods kept in cold .storage outside Stateprohibited unless previously marked as provifled in Act, ex- cept with consent of State Board of Health. Quarterly to Stata Board of Health . (Xew York.) Approved June 15, 1911. Amended by 1913 Legisla- ture to take effect Oct. 1, 1913- Includes all articles of food except nuts, fruit, cheese or vegetables. 10 months. 12 months for butter Food or container to be marked with date of receipt and with- drawal. Three reports .annually to State' Department of health. [North Dakota.) Approved March 12, 1913. In- cludes fresh meat and fresh meat products, fresh fish, , game, poultry, eggs and butter. 12 months. May be ex- tended by Food Com- missioner. Food or container to be marked with date of receipt & withdrawal. Quarterly to Food Com- missioner, or more fre- quently if required. iPennsylmnia.) Approved May 16, 1913. Effective 90 days from passage. Fresh meats, fowl fish, eggs and butter Beef, 4 months. Pork, sheep, lamb, 6 months. Veal, 3 months. Fowl, drawn, 5 months; un- drawn 10 months. Eggs, 8 months. Butter £ months. Fish 9 months. Food 0^ container to be marked with date of receip't, and withdraw- al. Sale of food kept in cold storage outside of State_ prohibited it held 'for more than time ' limit or unless markejl as required, Quarterly to Dairy and Food Commissioner or more frequently if re- quired by such officer. 686 BOARD OF INQVIRT mO APPENDIX No. 9. MEMOEANDUM OX COLD STOEAGE. ±5y W. E. Ingram, of the Swift Canadian Co., Winnipeg. The use of cold storage in the preservation of 'various kinds of food products, which has been developed greatly in recent years, has been connected in the popular mind with the recent advance in prices. The business has been subjected to violent abuse in many quarters, and has been made a scapegoat for the public excitement aroused by the increased cost of living. Some States have made drastic regulations for the prohibition of cold storage, except along certaiil lines, and numerous Bills have been presented from time to time, some having been very radical and others are fair to the industry. . Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture of President Taft's cabinet, made a statement, " that cold storage is a great blessing to humanity. It is a great blessing to be able to put meats, vegetables, fruits, et(!., in cold storage where they are kept." He also stated, " that if we had no cold storage and could not keep meat at all that way, it would tend'to raise the price because there would be no way pf doing it except keep- ing the animals alive." It is only a sane and feasible proposition that since cattle are at their best from the slaughtering standpoint in the fall months of the year, after having been on grass all summer, that that is the time to kill them, and not hold them to grow thin again preparatory to refattcn them later in the winter and in the early spring by use of grains. This is a very expensive proposition. The time to slaugliter cattle is when they are ripe, and those that have come from the ranges and from grass are always ripe ill the fall of the year They are slaughtered and put in cold storage, losing very little by shrinkage and are in prime condition as cold storage product to be sold to the trade up until the time when grass-cfattle begin to come again. The cold storage process is simply the application on a large scale of the principle of food preservation, as used in the cellar of the farm, or the ice chest at home. ilr. C. II. Utley, President of the Quincy Cold Storage Company, made the- following statement before the Senate Committee. " It simply means that the storage covers the best means known at the present time for preserving perishable foods from the time of their great abundance to their time of scarcity. That principle seems to me to be so plainly desirable that it is hardly open to contradiction or the need of any argument. It is the same principle that enters into the nature of the squirrel in storing up a Jittle horde of nuts from the time he has an opportunity of getting them to the time of scarcity. It is the same principle that the farmer uses in putting his hay into his barn and feeding it out to his cattle when it is scarce, and grain also. There is nothing difierent in the fundamental prin- ciple of cold storage from the fundamental principlfe involved in the- storage of any article. That is, warehouses are built with the best facilities for the storage of cotton, for grain, for wool, for groceries, and other articles, and a cold storage house is simply built in the best way possible for the preservation of the perishable articles. " Before cold storage facilities were available, during the time of plenty prices, "were extremely low for the producer. Conversely, during the season of scarcity, prices rose rapidly and were extremely high to the consumer. ]\Iany classes of perishable products were not procurable even at the extreme prices. The cold storage warehouse CO.Sr OF LIVIXG IN CANABA. 687 aets as a balance. It insures that a fair supply of the products of plenty, produced in their seasons, shall be available throughout the year. It mutorially lessens the extreme between the fornu-r minimum and maximum selling prices, which is a decided advantage to both producer and consumer." Also, Frank G. Urner, cold storage c.xpfert, reported before the same committee as follows: — " It is evident that if there are no means of preservation of a commodity beyond the limited period of its production, so that all the product must be consumed within that period, the production of that commodity will, 'so far as inevitable variations permit, be limited to the amount that can be so disposed of at a pi^ice high enough to yield an average profit to the producer and to n^cesscfry distributing agencies. It is equally evident that if means of preservation of surplus are available, so that the commodity may be sold to satisfy an effectual demand during a longer period, a larger quantity may be profitably produced, thus adding to the total food supply. Under natural conditions of trade the tendency is therefore "to increase production to the limit of quantity that can be profitably sold, not only during the season of over-pro- duction — or greatest production — but during the entire period of production and possible preservation. " If this season of practical preservation extends to the following season of flush production then it follows that the opportunity for profitable production has reached its maximum and the tendency will be to produce the maximum quantity that can be consumed during the period at tlie lowest average price that will induce production. Considering these facts, it is quite evident that after the scale of production of a perishable article has been built up to a volume requiring a full year for its consumption at profitable prices, because of the development of facilities for preservation during that period, any restriction of these facilities, by forcing the sale of the entire product during the shorter period, would first result in a lower price to producers during the season of flush production, arid a higher price or an entire lack of oflerings during the period of restriction; but second in a decrease of produc- tion to the quantity that could profltably be sold during the season of greatest produc- tion and restricted preservation." Dr. M. E. Pennington, Chief of Food Research Laboratory, Department of Agri- cidture, Washington, made the following statement, which is very interesting, parti- cularly in view of the fact that Miss Pennington ha*s spent a great many years in ■ making tests on cold storage products : " Cold-storage foods are sold as ' cold stored ' through every branch of the industry. The retailer- when the ultimate consumer is to be served, is apt to call all high-class goods 'strictly fresh,' regardless of past history; ordinary goods are 'fre.sh' and the low grade stuff is apt to be apologized for as ' cold storage,' though in a large percentage of cases it has never been in a cold-storage warehouse. 'Buch statements by the retailer have created an unfounded prejudice in the mind of the public — bad for the public, but good for the retailer's pocket-book. The public knows so. little about seasonal production that it is easily fooled. For example, the housewife insistently demands fresh broiling chickens when there are none on the market. Therefore, the retailer is more apt to give L^r very good storage stock and assure her that it, is fresh. If the stock is good he is ordinarily perfectly satisfied that he has told the truth. " Eggs follow the same rule. There are times during the year when only the small inner circle can be supplied with fresh eggs. The great majority of people who live on moderate or even more than moderate incomes will be. given high-grade storage eggs, because they are really the best that the market affords. But the popular prejudice against cold storage and ignorance in regard to seasonal food supply, is so great that the retailer falls back upon falsehood in order to suppll^ his trade with the goods they really want." 688 BOARD OF INQVIRT INTO In speaking about cold storage advancing the -^alue of articles, Mr. Carlton D. Prankard, of New York city. President of the New York Wholesale Pish Dealers' Association, made the following statement: — " No, I don't think that; I don't think there are any victims of cold storage; I do not think cold storage ever has enhanced the value o'f an article beyond the ordinary carrying charge. The merchants who put their goods in cold storage are satisfied with a very small return on their investment. There is absolutely no competition among the fish interests, and each man, each dealer, who puts his fish in does so as a matter of private speculation and to take care of the trade who look to him for a supply." Inspection. Clause 8 of the Meat and Canned Pood Act as amended May 4, 1910, reads as follows : — " The inspector may at any time reinspect a carcass or any portion or product thereof, in order to ascertain whether subsequently to the first inspection thereof, it has undergone decomposition, or has otherwise deteriorated, or has been tampered with or adulterated by the use of preservatives or othOTwise." Clause 9 of the same Act reads as follows : — " Every carcass, or portion or product thereof, found upon inspection or re-inspec- tion, to be unhealthy or unfit for food, or which contains such ingredients or preserva- tives as may render it Unfit for food, shall be marked T)y the inspector in such manner as is provided by the regulations, and shall thereupon be deemed to be condemned as unfit for food and shall be disposed of as provided by the regulations." By extending the jurisdiction of the Act to include cold storage warehouses as well as the regular inspected establishments there would be no discrimination. Meats killed locally and placed in cold storage plants which Ipear no regular inspection would then have to be passed upon by Government inspectors. A Dominion cold storage Act would only covet intra-state product, while the majority of the cold storage warehouses would be doing business strictly local to the provinces in which they were located. So far as Swift Canadian Company is concerned we do not object to Government inspection of our cold storage houses as to sanitary condition of the premises, or of the goods received and stored therein. We agree fully with the stand taken by Mr. Euddick of Ottawa, that : — " Suggestions to limit the period of storage ignore the fact that the condition of the goods when placed in storage is of infinitely greater importance than the length of the storage." Time Limit. Taking it for granted that the newspaper reports are truly outlining the new cold storage law for Canada, and that this' law will be patterned after the Pennsylvania Act:— In the first place the time limit is too short to benefit any one and is made merely of arbitrary provisions without having any merit except in one instance that it admits the keeping qualities of undrawn poultry as being better than drawn. Time, instead of being the all-important factor, is one of the least important in ' connection wtih the storage of food. Long before foodstuffs deteriorate, they are disposed of by economic necessity. It does not pay the owner or warehouseman to attempt to carry goods beyond the period of scarcity, which they were stored to provide for. There is nothing from a pathological standpoint which required a time limit on goods. There is, however, some economic reason for forbidding the storage of food- COST OF LIYIWO IN CANADA 689 stuffs longer than the next season of plenty ; that is, from season to season, usually one year, and one year is probably the correct time limit to place upon carcasses of beef' mutton, lamb, pork, eggs, butter and also fish, because they are all kept below the freez- ing point. The Department of Agriculture through their research department made numerous tests chemically and otherwise upon the time limit and the result of holding for one year was satisfactory. The Pennsylvania law was framed on theory, not facts. All tests made have proved conclusively the fact' that cold storage meats, etc., are free from deterioration at the end of twelve months. Cold storage should not be blamed for the result of inadequate local inspection of markets and retail places in general. The Cold ptorage Investigating Committee of the Chicago Chamber of Commerce, after one of the most thorough and complete investigations ever made on the subject recommended: — " This in our judgment should be one year on butter, poultry and fish and not to exceed ten months on eggs. At the expiration of th6 time limit, an inspection of the food products should be made by a Government of&cer; and if found wholesome, a permit might be issued allowing the articles to remain in storage for a further time. " m advised legislation based on prejudice and superficial information cannot but result in a crippling of the industry, which of itself must necessarily cause an increase in the price of those food products which are practically the necessities of life." The new cold storage law of Nebraska, which went into effect July 17, is being enforced by the Food, Drug, Dairy and Oil Commission. Among other things it pro- vides that "no person, firm or corporation, as owners .or having control, shall keep in cold storage any article of food for a longer period than twelve calendar months, except with the consent of the Food, Drug and Dairy Cornmissioners, except as hereinafter provided. The Commissioner may, upon application, grant permission to extend the period of storage beyond twelve months for a particular consignment of foods, if the foods in question are found, upon examination, to be in proper condition for further storage at the end of twelve months." The Pennsylvania law allows fish to be held in cold storage only nine months. It is a pity that the legislation of the various states is not more uniform. If the association now working for uniform food laws accom- plishes its purpose, a vast deal of good to the consumer will result, and a great amount of hardship to the handlers of food products will be removed. The Ice and Befrigeraiion, published by Nickerson & Collins Co., Chicago and New York, report in their paper of January, 1914, as follows ; — " A number of states have adopted the so-called model Bill prepared by the Asso- ciation of State and National Food and Dairy Departments. This is an excellent measure, if some legislation is inevitable. The chief objection to this proposal is that too much power is conferred upon the state officials in making regulations, which destroys the principle of uniformity and opens the door to dangerous requirements. This Bill defines cold storage in the usual way and imposes a limit of twelve months on meats, fish, game, poultry,, eggs and butter, with privilege of extension on particular consignments of goods. It provides for licensing, .dating in and out, supervisory inspection, quarterly reports, sale under proper sign and prohibits re-storagc after placing on sale to consumers. The great value of this measure is the fact that state and national officials, familiar with conditions recoinmend it rather than the more drastic legislation proposed. "Within the past few weeks and now as this report is being prepared, a new attack is being made on the cold storage industry, based on the prevailing high retail price of eggs. This renewed pgitation is another outbreak of an epidemic of popular prejudice and misunderstaiiding of the subject, baaed on absolute fallacy, fanned by the well-meaning but misguided activity of the housewives 82696—44 690 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO leagues, promoted by perverted and snap newspaper Opinion and exploited by politi- cians, who rush in. with legislative remedies regardless of established fact and scien- tific investigations. It is a source of 'great satisfaction that a mass of evidence and experimental knowledge has been acquired, especially by the United States Department of Agriculture and in the investigations of various commissions and public hearings, so that when the present storm of unreasoning criticidm has spent itself, the economic position and function of our business will be even more firmly established than ever. Any one familiar with the evidence available, will have no doubt of our ability to meet and convincingly satisfy any honest and thorough inquiry of the subject that may be instituted." Marking. The Fishing Gazette says in a recent issue: — " The wholesale fish merchants of Philadelphia are up in arms over the provisions of the new cold storage Bill which provides for the stamping by the retailers of each package of fish sold, be it large or small with the date Vhen placed in and taken out of cold storage. This would entail an endless amount of useless labour and expense, and is absurd on the face of it, and aptly illustrates the "idiotic measures introduced by up-state legislators about matters they are entirely unfamiliar with. We predict when the suit is brought to trial the court wiU speedily recognize the injustice of the Bill and its effects, and comply with the request for an injunction restraining the defend- ants from enforcing its objectionable provisions." One principal objection to marking or dating puoduct is the fact that it wiU immediately arouse suspicion of the purchaser. For "instance, when a consumer goes to a store and buys a piece of bacon which bears a date thirty days back and also gets a ham bearing a date sixty days back of that or ninety days altogether, there will be serious doubt in his mind. Mr. MorreU, of Ottumwa, la., in explaining the situation spoke as follows at the Senate investigation in 1910: — " We have two seasons of supply. Our cold storage facilities enable us to take in those hogs during the season of large supply and put away in cold storage. The season of heavy runs for hogs is not the same as active demand for the product. " Now take breakfast bacon — the season for greatest demand is September, October ■and November — ^the hog receipts are not in keeping wi^h the demand and consequently we have in our store the surplus we received during May and June." Statement of Jno. S. Munce of Indianapolis, before the same committee: — " Complete confusion would exist in the mind of the buyer. One man would say ' I won't eat meat that is over thirty days old ' and another would say ' I will not eat it unless it is ninety days old.' " Statement by Charles H. Utley of Boston, before the same committee: — " Presumably the object of labelling articles in cold storage is to give the consumer information as to the age of the article. Information as to the length of time the article has been in cold storage by no means gives this information, as considerabk time might elapse between the time of production and the time when goods went intc cold storage or considerable time between date of goin^g out of cold storage and into consumption." Victor H. Becker, of Chicago, a refrigerator engineer, went on record as follows;— "The best way to protect the consumer is by inspection of the retailers' stands." F. G. Umer, Vice-President of New York Mercantile Exchange in speaking before the Senate Committee said: — an unreasonable prejudice on the part of the public towards food products which have been in cold storage. This prejudice in many instances is unfounded; and in others, responsibility for such prejudice is traceable directly to the retailer who feells food products unfit for con- sumption, many of which have never been in cold storage. The consumer finding the product tainted and unfit for use readily denominates the article as a cold storage pro- duct. To cite a specific example, fish caught in the winter time are frequently allowed to drown in the nets, because of the inability of the fisherman by reason of ice and weather conditions, to empty his nets more than once or twice a week. These fish are sold in the market and deteriorate rapidly. The consumer blames cold storage, whereas, as a matter oi fact, a cold storage fish delivered in a frozen condition and properly thawed is perfectly wholsome and greatly superior to the so-called ' fresh ' fish." Mr. J. M. Bottemanne in his paper read at the fhird International Congress of Eefrigeration at Chicago in September, 1913, on investigations made in the Netherlands covering methods of preserving fish by artificial cold, "reports : — The work was divided into four sub-committees as follows: — Ist To make researches as to the effect of freezing and chilling various kinds of fish at different temperatures, especially as regards the conditions of the tissues, the nutritive value, the taste, the time that the fish keeps in good condition, and the commercial fitness for sale; they had to investigate how far these conditions were influenced by the condition of the fish (the degree hi fatness, the state of the rigor mortis, the bleeding, the gutting, the loss of scales, etc.). 2ni To investigate the best method of storing, freezing and also thawing. 3rd. To study other methods than ice of preserving fish. 4th. To investigate the fitness of frozen fish as Bait. The reports of sub-committees one and two are most interesting. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA^ 697 Professors J. Boeke and D. A. DeJong of tBe University of Leyde made numerous tests to find out at what time deterioration would begin to aet in. These tests were made beginning with October 1, 1912, and continued through until July 1, 1913. It was found that fish frozen immediately after being caught would hold up in splendid shape, and that upon being tested for eating, after being in storage from two to six weeks, that it was satisfactory in every respect. Eeport made by these gentlemen is very full and complete, some 35 or 40 pages, and goes jnto the question from strictly a scientific standpoint, and in not one place in the entire article is anything shown that fish being frozen in any way becomes poisonous I am inclined to think that Mr. Bradbury has eaten fish that has not been properly handled where the gall has become diffused through the intestines, which would natur- ally give the fish a bad taste. This will happen if the fish are not frozen immediately after being caught or within one-half a day or so. While this gives the meat a peculiar flavour, still at the same time, it is not poisonous. The bursting of the gall bladder is the cause of the turning yellow of the fish meat round the liver. It is interesting to note that these gentlemen in ^escribing good fish and bad fish do so as follows: — Oood Fish — Skin is shiny. Scales strongly adhere to the skin. Eyes transparent and bulging. Gills bright red. J!'lesh elastic and firm, finger impressions do not remain. Smell fresh also at the opened gills. Mouth and gills closed. Little or no slime on the skin. Muscular stiffness has set in in a greater or less degree, when the fish is taken in the hand it bends accordingly little or much. The fish sinks in water. After a short time a fishy smell and slime on the back appear. Bad Fish — The skin is covered with slime and is spotty, sunken eyes, cornea dull and untransparent, mouth usually open, gills ;open or easily opened. Gills lose their fresh colour and become yellqw grayish brown. Fingermarks in the flesh remain. Smell unpleasant, especially at the gills; held on hand the fish curves over. Sometimes the belly is swollen and bluish, then the fiah will float in water. In rotting these phenomena increase, in particular of course, the smell. These signs of good or bad fish must not be taken too absolutely. They do not need to be present all at once or in a particular degree to demonstrate the goodness or badness. Sometimes one peculiarity in a marked degree is enough to condemn the fish. In freezing of fish- it is recommended that they be frozen just as soon after being caught as possible ; the sooner the better. It is recommended that in freezing fish that same be immersed in water. In this way all the pores will be closed and the fish itself hermetically sealed, which would keep it from spoiling. Report on cold storage in Massachusetts, 1912, brought out a great deal of very interesting matter in regard to the handling of fish in cold storage. The season of fish 18 more limited than that of eggs and butter. Certain .fish, however, are caught in the greatest volume during the comparatively short peribd in each year, varying from two weeks to two months. This period is knovsoi in the trade " as the time when the run is on." The season of flush production and heavy freezing in the case of fish comes during the later spring and early summer months. The months of heaviest 698 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO production are April, May, June, July and part of August. The product stored during these months is put on the market in the winter and early spring months, December to April. In view of the numerous articles appearing in press, there seems to be a tendency on the part of a great many people to think that colH storage wairehouses are the real cause of the high cost of living. At the time when this investigation was made in Massachusetts, this question was gone into very thoroughly. Eisport reads as follows : — " The subject of cold storage naturally divides itself into two main branches of inquiry; first, the effects of cold storage on the health of the people; second, its effect on the cost of living. It has been charged against cold storage that it enables dealers to hold food pro- ducts for so long a time that they become unfit for consumption. Goods preserved by the refrigeration method are declared to be inferior to fresh food in quality, whole- someness and palatability. The consumption of fotid held for long periods in cold storage is said to produce various disorders. In short, cold storage is regarded in some quarters as a menace to public health. " It has been contended, furthermore, that cold storage enables speculators to with- draw food products from the market and thus force up prices to an artificial level. The working of the natural laws of demand and supply is said to have been obstructed by the speculative manipulation of food prices through the agency of cold storage, to the great injury of consumers. In short, cold storage is held to be an instrument of monoply and a cause of high prices. " The questions that arise in any inquiry into cold storage relate, therefore, first, to the effects on public health, and second, to the effects on food prices." Prof. William T. Sedgwick, of the Massachusefts Institute of Technology, who ranks among the foremost experts on questions affecting the health of the people, reports as follows:-^ " So far as I am aware, there is no evidence whatever that cold storage is in any way prejudicial to the public health. On the contrary, it is one of the greatest aids to public health, in that it makes food more accessible and more abundant, and thus enables people to keep up their strength and to avoid such diseases as scurvy, from which the human race formerly suffered so intolerably. Various allegations, of course, have been made touching the wholesomeness of cold storage materials, such as that deteri- oration takes place during cold storage, whereby people are poisoned, or otherwise badly affected, but I have yet to hear of a single insrtance bf carefully investigated and well authenticated food poisoning due to the effect of cold storage — to deterioration during proper cold storage. In fact, I am enthusiastic about cold storage, and what it is doing for mankind today, on land and on sea, in building up vital resistance and driving out the old disease of scurvy, making it possible to live in the woods, or the wilderness, or desert, or on shipboaird, for long ptriods without otherwise fresh food." Dr. H. D. Pease of the Lederle Laboratory, New York city, has made numerous investigations in regard to the length of time he figures advisable to attach as a limit to cold storage products and he declares there is nothing that would justify or require a limit shorter than twelve months. Dr; W. J. Gies of the Columbia University also testified in the Massachusetts hearing that thawed fish appears to be as good as ordinary fresh fish and briefly stated : — " Briefly stated, fish in cold storage for a year, — blue fish, for example, and fluke, when allowed to thaw in my office on an ordinary table at room temperature, afte: twenty-four hours (that is, after the flesh has softened), or after they had softened, appeared to be practically identical with fresh fish ot the same kind." COST OP LiriNQ IN CANADA 699 Mr. Jonathan F. Snow, director of the Provineetown Cold Storage Company, stated to the Commission that no change takes place-in fish, fresh caught and stored immediately, during a year's storage. Mr. E. F. Case, wholesale fish dealer of Cleveland, Ohio, told the United States Senate Committee on Manufactures that two years was the extreme period during which a fish could be kept in cold storage and remain palatable. Mr. C. M. Prankard, representing the New York -Wholesale Fish Dealers' Associ- ation, declared that a fish could be kept cold stored in a perfectly wholesome condition for at least one year. Mr. Kenneth Fowler, fish dealer of New York, stjited that up to eighteen months fish could be kept in storage as wholesome as when it went in. This was in the hearing before the Senate Conmiittee on Manufactures, 1911. " If you get a fish in that hermetically sealed pack'age, and keep the air conditions and the temperature right, you can keep that fish indefinitely, and there is no more reason why it should be destroyed at the end of a year :than there is why you should go out in the city of Washington and destroy valuable gobds of any kind." The Committee in referring to the " Influence of Health " gave their general eonelusions as follows: — "1. A progressive deterioration takes place in perishable food products kept in cold storage ; the changes naturally occurring are greatly retarded by refrigeration but are not absolutely suspended. Therefore, a good product that has been held in cold storage is never just as good as the perfectly fresh article, other conditions being equal. " 2. The deterioration taking place during cold storage first appears in a change in flavour, which may affect the palatability of the food, but does not necessarily affect its wholesomeness or nutritive value. " 3. The length of time during which an article of food held in cold storage can be kept wholesome and fit for consumption varies for different commodities. " 4. The period of proper preservation for any particular commodity depends largely on the methods of handling and preparing for cold storage. " 5. Scientific investigation in this field has not yet been carried far enough to enable one to fix normal time limits of cold storage ibr different commodities. " On the whole, prolongation of cold storage beyoft.d one year, even under correct conditions, apx)eaTs to be undesirable, and prejudicial to the public health." The report of the United States Secretary of Agriculture on Economic Eesults of Cold Storage reports in regard to fish as follows : — "With regard to fish, there seems to be no regularity in the heavy months; the three heaviest months in the year beginning with March, 1909, were August, Novem- ber and January, but in the following year the months were April, July and December. The kinds of fish that go into cold storage are seasonaBle, and the natural supply does not last throughout the year. There are also often two storages for fish. In the initial one the fish is received fresh at the place where caught and kept a length of time determined by circumstances. ' This place is not usually one of consumption, s5 that in that event the fish is transferred frozen to cold storage at a place where it is to be consumed. " In this investigation the two storages are added together in stating time of storage." Professor J. Gust. Eichert, President of the Swedish Cold Storage Association and member of the Koyal Swedish Academy of Sciences, has written a book entitled The Prigator System." He saw where fish were shipped in refrigerator cars from liulea to Paris, a distance of 3,000 km., requiring seven days time in transit, and to a great extent over the blistering hot plains of Central Europe; same arriving in excellent shape showing no bad affects from the trip. 700 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO This goes to show that freezing of fish and cold storing of fish would not have any poisonous efieets upon the meat. In report furnished by Dr. H. W. Wiley, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, United States Government, Washington, covering ish, he shows that after a great deal of experimental work that the freezing of fish would not cause it in any way to suffer in any ill effects. This is particularly interesting in view of the fact that at the time when investigation was made it was done to settle the question as to what the ill effects were on frozen product from the consumer's standpoint. Investi- gation was brought about owing to a great deal of agitation. The Health Department of the city of Washingtin stat that they never have had a case reported by any of their inspectcrs where fish had become poisonous on account of freezing: fish that are properly frozen. Dr. Wiley, in the investigation held by the Senate Committee on Manufactures in 1910, at Washington, stated that frozen fish are all right, but the greatest difficulty is to keep the retailers from misrepresenting the fish to the trade. For instance, he claims to have abundant evidence that the thawing of animals is for the purpose of deceiving — that is, fresh blood having been brought, and put on the gills of the fish after being thawed to make people believe that the fish are fresh |ind not cold storage. He recom- mends that frozen fish be sold in frozen shape from the health standpoint. The Fishing Gazette, published in New York in their issue of August 2, 1913, speak editorially: — " The Commonwealth of Penn.slyvania has recently written on its statute books a law which will undoubtedly greatly add to the high cost of living in that State — ^not through any desire on the part of the members of the State Legislature to wantonly increase the burden now carried by the public, but through sheer ignorance. We refer to the so-called cold storage law, which prohibits the housing of meats or fish products in cold storage or refrigeration plants for a longer period than three months. It has been repeatedly said by those who have carefully studied the question that foodstuffs invariably came out of the freezing plants in as good condition as when they go in. Under the circumstances it would seem that the Legislature should have aimed to provide for a rigid inspection of all foodstuffs before placing it in cold storage, instead of limiting the time that meats, etc., may be held there. " Under any circumstances the time limit should be such as to render the supply available at such times as there may be a scarcity, due to natural causes, of the product." This rigid inspection of foodstuffs before placingssame in cold storage is according to conversation with Mr. J. D. Euddick, Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner of Canada, the most important feature to watch. The Fishing Gazette recently went on record in regard to limiting the time fish should be held in cold storage, as follows: — " The idiotic biU now before Congress to limit -the time on cold storage for all foo'dstuffs to two months, would paralyze the fish business of the country, and ruin seventy-five per cent of the merchants engaged in the" business of producing fish, which is a perishable article and must be sold at o];ice after taking from cold storage if weather is mild, for it would not pay fishermen to catch fish if the catch could be kept in cold storage only two months. The fish merchants would not attempt to handle frozen fish if they could be held for only two months; the result would be a famine of fish and prices would be prohibitive, and instead of reducing the high cost of living, it would help to make it higher ; ' it can't be done.' The sooner this is realized the better for all concerned." The fishing season is in the summer and early .fall, and a short time limit will practically kill the industry from an economic standpoint as frozen fish are sold until COST OF LIVING IN OAN>A.DA 701 the opening of the next year, about 9 to 12 months. This is caused largely by the fact that the catching season varies. At the Third International Congress of Refrigeration held in Chicago, September, -1913, the city of Chicago gave a banquet to all visiting delegates. Fish was served at this banquet which had been in cold storage over a year. This does not indicate they cannot be held properly, and furthermore, it does indicate very strongly if cold storage had a tendency to make the fish poisonous they would not have been served. When proper attention is given to the handling of fish in cold storage, there cannot be any more chance of their spoiling than with any other edil^le products. The main thing is to see they are put away properly in the first place. The consumption of fish in Canada is increasing Very fast. Western Canada is a large consumer and the increased immigration of fish eaters from Latiu countries will add very much to the consumption. It is only a question of time when the Dominion will consume the greater part of her production. Fish are to a large extent taking the place of meats, especially where a family have only limited means of support. The limiting of the cold storage time or the discOlitinuance of allowing fish to go into cold storage will be practically speaking a calamity. 702 BOARD OF INQUIRY IN'TO APPENDIX No. 10. COLD STOEAGE— A DISCUSSION OF ITS UTILITY IN THE CONSEEVA- TION OF rOOD, AND OF THE QUALITY OF COLD STOEED PEODUCTS. By Frank G. Uener, Editor of New YbrJe Produce Review. FOREWORD. The writer of this pamphlet, Frank G. Urner, is Vice-president of the Umer-Barry Company, of New York, publishers of The Producers' Price-Current and New York Produce Review, of which latter he is editor. Mr. Urner has had an experience of over thirty years as a market reporter, a student of trade conditions in the produce markets, and a writer on trade economics. In presenting brief extracts of testimony from scientific investigators on the subject of the quality of cold stored products, Mr. Urner has not pretended to represent at all comprehensively the mass of fact and conclusion so developed, but only to set forth the clear evidence that cold stored products, when properly handled, are worthy of the entire confidence bf consumers ; and to indicate the fact thalt "quality " in perishable food products depends upon the method of manufac- ture or preparation and handling more than upon the length of time they are held, under proper conditions and within reasonable limits. COLD STOEAGE. The purpose of this pamphlet is to tell the truth about cold storage as it is applied to the preservation of some of the staple food products; to explain the motives which lead to the use of cold storage by dealers in perishable foods, and to consider the effect of such use upon production and prices. General Misinformation. — The general public, depending largely or wholly upon newspapers for information of such matters, has been misinformed in regard to the function and use of cold storage. Ever since the " high coat of living " has been a subject of public agitation the majority of newspaper allusions have been such as to create the erroneous impression that cold storage is a tool by which monopolistic com- binations of food dealers control and manipulate prices to their own advantage and the public injury. Grossly exaggerated statements have been printed as to the length of time food products are held in storage and a popular prejudice has been created against cold stored products which is not justified by the facts, and which would probably be dispelled if the facts were known and the real value of cold storage in the economy of food production and distribution is appreciated. " The widespread agitation of the subject of cold storage in connection with the " high cost of living " during the past three or four years has led to proposals of legislation restricting and regulating the industry, many of which have been based upon the misinformation and prejudice before mentioned. Some of the legislative con- sideration of the subject has doubtless been sincere and predicated upon a proper investi- gation of the facts — notably so in the case of the = elaborate and extensive hearings conducted by the Committee on Manufactures of the United States Senate, and by a commission appointed by the Massachusetts House of Eepresentativea to make exhaustive study of the facts as a basis for legislation. And it is not to be denied that the conduct of all dealings in food products should be subject to such restrictions and supervision as wiU protect the public health and we}|are. But many legislators have V08T OF LIVING IN CANADA 7Q3 seized upon the widespread agitation, and the prejudice against cold storage created by false and misleading statements, to attack the industry as an enemy to the publio interest; and these demagogues have added to the popular misunderstanding by unscrupulous or ignorant assertions, besides proposing 'the enactment of legal restraints some of which are unwise, unnnecessary and harmful. It is, however, not the purpose of this pamphlet to discuss the question of legislative restriction; the matter is mentioned only to emphasizethe fact that no such restriction should be imposed until the true relation of cold storage preservation to the public interest is understood and appreciated. It is rather the purpose here to set forth this relation in its true light and to aid in dispelling prejudice against a system that has grown up naturally in response to a public need and S^hich is now affording facilities of incalculable value to the public in the conservation of food. A Homely Illustration. — Picture a village depending for its water supply upon a mountain stream. When the winter snows are melting and the spring rains abundant the stream is flush to over-flowing with its life-giving burden and the people of that village are supplied with water far beyond their needs ; perhaps the stream carries away untouched and unneeded ten times as much water as the people of the village require. But when the summer droughts come the stream falls to a mere fraction of its springtime flush and gives to the people of the village no adequate supply. Without some means of conservation of the surplus in time of flush there may come even a famine for lack of water during the season of natural scarcity. But thfe people of the village are wise enough to understand the danger and guard against it. They select an appropriate place above the village and dam the stream to create a lake of reserve water which is filled to overflowing in the season of flush and from which an ample supply may be drawn when the stream itself becomes deficient. If they did not take this precaution they would be fools. Now this picture illustrates the general principle upon which is built up the pre- servation by cold storage of those foods whose production — or maximum production — is seasonable. But there is an important difference which must be taken into con- sideration. The streams of butter and eggs and poultry that flow into our cities from great distances throughout the producing territory are not filled as with manna from heaven, or as the stream of water from the free hand of nature. The volume of their flow varies seasonably according to the nature of the product, but these streams are filled by the labour of man in directing and controlling and making available the forces of nature. Nature alone fills our streams with water and dries them up again and no amount of human labour or ingenuity can vary the supply except by conservation of the waste. Nature also causes the cow to give milk, the fowl to lay eggs and reproduce their kind, but to make these supplies of food available and sufficient, and to direct them into the streams that nourish our people requires human intelligence and labour- and this, beyond satisfying the needs of the individual, can be induced only by am adequate payment. The sources of our streams of food are lodged in the mountains of human labour — in the business pursuits of those who choose such fields of endeavour as their means of support and profit. So that when th§ season of flush production comes we must not expect a volume of supply so great that after the people have had all they Want a great surplus can be thrown away and wasted — as is the case with the mountain stream of water. On the contrary we can expect a production even during the season of maximum, only equal to what can be disposed of St a price sufficient to encourage and justify that production. If you will imagine the mountain stream of water to be filled only by the labour of men, pumping the water into it from the ground, you will readily see that even in the spring, when the supply is naturally excessive, th'e pumpers would not pump any I'lore water into the stream than the consumers below would adequately pay for; and tte waste, instead of occurring in the stream would be found in the underground courses; and when the dam was built the people of the village would have to pay the pumpers a living wage to induce them to fill the rese3*voir for future needs. 704 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Now the cold storage warehouses are the dams by which we are enabled to increase the profitable production of many kinds of food beyond the momentary requirements in seasons of natural abundance. It is manifestly only by such increase of production beyond immediate needs that the supply of these foods can reach its possible maximum; and it is only by a proper preservation of such surplus that the supply of them can be made suiEcient during seasons when fresh production is naturally deficient. Taridbility of Production. — Some understanding of the variability of production is necessary to an appreciation of the utility of cold storage preservation. To those who live in the country and are familiar with the facts of farm life this explanation may seem trite; but many of our city people have little conception of the fact that animal products vary in their natural seasons of sui)p,ly in the same way if not to the same extent as do the supplies of vegetable products. Everybody knows that straw- berries, unless grown and ripened at great cost under glass, are obtainable from any one locality during a very few weeks only; and from all localities, by reason of different climatic conditions, during only a few months. During the rest of the year there are no strawberries to be had at all, except such as are preserved by canning. The same is true of other small fruits and berries, and of the tender vegetables. (Here in passing it is worth considering what would be the effect upon the production of these perish- able, short-seasoned small fruits and tender vegetables if there were no means of their preservation? Obviously a much smaller quantity would be raised and the total food supply greatly reduced.) Animal products vary in extent owing to a practical uni- formity in the season of natural reproduction. Cows give most milk after the calves are dropped and during the season of most abundant green food; and more calves are dropped in the spring than at any other season. There is a vast difference in the volume of milk production from season to season, reaching its maximum in May and June, thereafter gradually decreasing until a minimum is reached in the following winter. The production of butter and cheese vari^ even more than the milk flow because the demand for fresh milk is constant and imperative while butter and cheese, being less perishable, can be made in greatest quantity when the surplus of milk is great. The hatching season for all kinds of fowls is in the spring and early summer and at that season the production of eggs reaches its maximum. Egg production naturally decreases when extreme heat comes on, and falls off rapidly when the hens begin to moult--a process of shedding the feathers and replacing them with new. The moult begins in some sections as early as July, at others not until September or October, and is not usually finished until November. After the tmoult is finished and the fowls become fully fledged again, the spring pullets are usually old enough to lay eggs, so that in December the egg laying poultry is physically fit for free production; but hens will not lay much in extreme cold or when the ground is covered with snow unless they are very carefully housed and fed, and the rank and file'.of the farm poultry get no such care. Egg production as a whole begins to increase in February when the weather is moderate, becomes large in March, reaches its maximum usually in April and May, declines steadily during the summer, falls off rapidly in September and October and reaches a minimum usually in November and December. But in December, as well as in January and February, the production is extremely variable, depending upon the weather conditions. Since the natural hatching season in different sections of the country extends from April to July, reaching its maximum in May and June, it is evident that the natural season for poultry whose character depends upon age is also seasonable. Apart from variations caused by artificial incubation, which are not sufficient to have much influence upon the poultry supply as a whole, the yourig chickens are chiefly " broilers " from late May to August and chiefly " roasters " from September to December, though small breeds of young chickens, spring hatch, are mayketed fresh as broilers until the latter season. But when the young crop of chickens reaches maturity the cockerels COST OF LIVING IN 'OANADA 705 soon become coarse meated and tough and the pullets goon become fowls, so that after about December there is a great scarcity or entire aBsenee of live poultry having the superior characteristics of young chickens fit either for broiling or roasting. Fowls, also, though obtainable fresh killed at all seasons, are in far the best physical condition to serve as acceptable food when about twelve to sixteen months old. Turkeys, hatched in the spring during the normal season, are rarely big enough to market until October, and few attain full growth ui^til December. They are of the finest quality for food from late November to mid-January, after which the toms become coarse and staggy. There would be very few turkeys ^aten after mid-January if people had to depend upon freshly killed birds, owing to the unfavourable physical character of the meat during the late winter, spring and summer. Necessity of Preservation.— Now it will be obvious'to anyone who gives the matter any intelligent consideration that preservation of surplus is, in respect to many necessi- ties "of life, a prime essential. The storage of water has already been indicated as an instance. The storage of ice for use during the warm season is another. Every kind of vegetable food, save such as may be imported from the tropics or raised expensively under glass, must be preserved from the summer or fall harvest for use in the non- productive season, months later. Methods of preservation have therefore, always been essential to communities dwelling in northern latitudes and they have grown with the necessities of the people. Hard, dry, ripened grains "are easily preserved, requiring only a dry storehouse in which they may be kept in their original condition for months without regard to temperature. Certain staple vegetables and fruits, as potatoes, onions, other roots and tubers, apples, pears and other durable fruits, have always been preserved for months after their harvest by simply placing them in cool, dry rooms and protecting them from freezing. Other more perishable vegetables and fruits have, from time immemorial, been preserved by drying anH, for ages past, by cooking in sugar and hermetieal sealing. And in answer to the same need butter and cheese and eggs have been carried — long before the inception of cold storage — for months under conditions which though failing to preserve the quality acceptably were yet generally used because of the urgent need of relieving a natural seasonal scarcity of these foods. Modern cold storage is a direct result of the invention of mechanical refrigeration; and it has afforded the most perfect method of preserving many perishable foods in their original condition. Even those more durable fruits and vegetables formerly preservable for an extended period without it can now, by the possible control of temperature, be carried in much more perfect condition and with a minimum of waste for a longer period; butter can be carried frozen for many months without appreciable loss of quality; eggs can be carried for months with less effect upon their quality than would be given by a week's holding under unfavourable conditions of jtemperature and humidity ; the flesh foods that can in no other manner be preserved in their original, un-cooked con- dition, may, by freezing, be held for months with no change that can affect their wholesoiheness or palatability. Gold Storage a Boon. — It seems evident that such a development as this should prove a boon to mankind. For it is obvious that upon the ability to preserve surplus production depends the profitable opportunity for fullest production. If the people of our country can consume, at a price sufficient to induce production, say a million and a half cases of eggs a week there would be no inducement for the' production of three million cases a week during the montbs of greatest productivity; but if, with a productive capacity of three million cases a week in jApril and May the production naturally falls to a half million cases in November and- December, the greatest produc- tion is naturally encouraged by the ability to hold the surplus to the season of scarcity, thus in all foods, any method of preservation which etables us to carry surplus from a season of maximum production to a period of natural deficiency, permits an increase of production, adds to the total food supply, and must, of necessity, lead to a lower average price than would result from a diminution of the supply. 82696—45 706 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO This naturally leads us to a more detailed consideration of the effect of cold storage preservation upon price levels and to an analysis of the oft-made charges that dealers use the ability to carry goods in cold storage as a means of manipulating markets to their own advantage and the public injury. Economic Effects. — ^Before the facts of the case in this respect can be understood clearly there are some general conditions of production and distribution that must be known, and one or two fundamental economic laws that must be accepted as inevitable. In the first place it should be considered — as will bb obvious upon the most casual thought^^that the eggs and poultry and milk products which supply our millions of population are produced upon millions of farms covering most of the agricultural territory of the entire nation. In the case of our larger cities the supplies of these articles are drawn from innumerable primary points situated at more or less distances away — up to perhaps fifteen hundred miles — and at equally great distances from each other. Under such conditions it is impossible that the producers, as a whole, or in any considerable part, can deal directly with the consumer. As a matter of fact the distribution is effected by several classes of intermediate tradesmen. Some of these coUect the produce from farmers in their neighbourhood, or from country storekeepers, who receive it from farmers, usually in exchange for needed supplies of other kinds. By this means egg and poultry are aggregated at central points in quantity sufficient to permit proper and more or less uniform preparation for market and economical transportation over great distances. In the case of butter and cheese, creameries or factories are established art central points — either corporate enterprises or co-operative associations of farmers themselves — where milk and cream can be taken from a large surrounding territory and economically manufactured in large quantity. Prom such centers the product is shipped directly to consuming centers in all sections of the. country. And in all consuming centers there are various classes of distributors by whom the products are received from interior shippers, classified according to quality, and directed to appropriate retail ix)ints for final distribution to individual consumers. Thus the fact will appear evident that there are many thousands of tradesmen gather- ing up these farm products in comparatively small quantities and aggregating them for transportation; also that there are many thousands of dealers in the centers of consumption, scattered over the entire country. Now, as a matter of fact, there is no combination between these various classes of collectors and distributors by which any unanimity of action in regard to the prices to be paid or demanded for the produce is possible or attempted. The business field in every phase of the industry is open to any one who wishes to engage in it. And there is no attempt to combine the dealers in any unanimity of policy as to the storage of surplus or the vsrithdrawal of goods from storage. There are associations of shippers, ■ organized for the discussion of public matters of mutual interest and for the encouragement of advanced methods of handling the products; there are also associations of distributors in consuming centers organized for the collection and dissemination of trade facts which may be indispensible to a proper conduct of individual business. But these different and widely scattered associations inake no attempt to coerce or control the business activi- ties of their individual members or to dictate their business policy in any respect whatever. Another fact that should be clearly understood is that the cold storage warehouses as a rule are public institutions open to and soliciting the patronage of all. Their owners do not, in most cases, own any of the goods stored; they simply sell space and guarantee proper temperatures. The storers of food in cold warehouses are legion and disconnected and there is no uniformity in their policy. (The writer makes these assertions in respect to the general distributing trade in butter, cheese, eggs and dressed poultry, from a personal knowledge, based upon many years of observation and close connection with the trade as a student and reporter of market conditions and prevailing values. Bht they c'an readily be shown to be true by any intelligent investigation). cxtsT OF Lirmo in oanada 707 One or two fundamental trade laws must also bp considered before the economic effect of cold storage preservation can be understood and some of the fallacious state- ments in regard to it dispelled. These have to do with the general law of " supply and demand." One is that as a general rule the demand for a commodity increases as its price declines, and decreases as its price advances. Another is that the current value of any article is the highest price at which the quantity urgently offered can be sold. This is manifestly true of any form of property. We must regard the trade in food products in the light of our general social structure which is, so far, based upon individualism "§ind not socialism. Our govern- ment and law recognizes the individual right to legally acquired property and the main- spring of business activity in all directions is profit. A food dealer buys and sells food, not as a philanthropist, but as a means of profit and livelihood. He is, at the same time, entitled to a feeling of satisfaction that he is performing a public service. And it is true that Bo long as free and unrestricted competition &ists, he could not exact a profit on his dealings unless he did iwrform a useful service, for otherwise he would be crushed out of existence by those distributors who are essential. So also the incentive to the withdrawal of food to cold storage is solely the opportunity to sell the goods later at a higher price and make a profit. But it can be shown that the ability to make a profit by such holding is coincident with the performance of a public service and not dependent at all upon any imaginary ability to inflict a public injury. The general utility of cold storage as a means -of increasing the production of certain perishable foods has, perhaps, been sufficiently, demonstrated. There is now a general recognition of the fact that the ability to carry butter and eggs and poultry and fish from seasons of flush production throughout the succeeding months of natural scarcity does provide our people with more or less liberal supplies when there would otherwise be a great deficiency, and that the institution of cold storage preservation is therefore a public benefit. It remains to be considered how the benefit is gained and what problems the individual dealer has to face when he undertakes to supply this public need in consideration of the profit that he may reasonably expect as a recompense for his investment and risk. First it is frankly to be stated that the business Of carrying food products in cold storage, beyond the mere transient protection of goods iji course of current distribution, is speculative. It cannot be otherwise. Some dealers who have established trade requirements that can be closely estimated for a future period, buy in the flush season and store against these known or approximately known* needs; and these may claim that their purchases in advance of such requirements are not speculative. But as the out- put prices are always based upon current market values at the time of final output, and as these prices cannot be foretold, there is a strong 'speculative element in all such purchases. And the larger part of the stored goods is carried by wholesale merchants who depend upon the open general market for the final outlet, and whose operations are necessarily purely speculative. But no manner of conducting the business of carrying surplus production can be conceived which is not specidative. In the season of flush production there is no means of knowing how much of the excessive supply can safely be carried to the future markets or what price may safely be paid for it; for the extent of the future shortage is variable according to weather conditions and other circumstances that cannot be knovm, and the extent of future demand for any particular article of food is affected by the supply and cost of other foods. Furthermore the knowledge of quantity being stored from time to time is incomplete and the reports ~ obtainable from certain centers of storage are more er less unreliable, although they are gradually becoming more complete and trustworthy. The chief guide to individual merchants who store goods for a long hold is the experience of the last previous season's operations, modified, it may be, by general reports and evidences of the volume of current production. As a matter of fact the 82696—454 708 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO storage of these foods — butter, cheese, eggs and poultry — is not always profitable; sometimes large profits are made, but sometimes there are very serious losses, and if a term of years is taken the average result will be found to show only a very moderate profit. Uncertainty of Results. — The great variation in the financial results of carrying these goods in cold storage will be understood as inevitable when the conditions sur- rounding production are considered. But first it must be understood that there can be no reasonable expectation of pirofit in carrying any of thes'' commodities past the next following season of flush production, because #hile there may be some variation in the relatively low point to which' values fall in the flush season this difference is never great enough to compensate for the cost of long holding and the lessened value of year old goods as compared with fresh production. There have been occasional instances when butter and poultry have been held loilger than twelve months, but such cases are very exceptional and have usually resulted in losses to the original storer. Whenever the surplus carried in cold storage is foun.d to be more than can be sold out at a proflt during the succeeding period of scarcity it is the very general practice to force a clearance before the advent of the next flush season r^ardless of the losses that must be incurred by so doing— and this has always been the case, even before any legal restrictions were placed upon the length of time during which goods could be held iu storage. To appreciate, therefore, the conditions under which the public can realize the benefits of cold storage preservation of surplus production these facts must be clearly borne iii mind: that there is no combination of dealers tending to any uniformity of action or policy ; that the whole business of storing gQods in a season of relative abund- ance to be sold in a later season of relative scarcity is conducted individually by thousands of dealers, each according to his own views as to the probability of profit; that the total (quantity being stored or remaining in storage from time to time is not certainly known, but only indicated by partial information ; that all goods stored must, in. order to gain a profit, be put into consiunption before the next season of flushpro- duction. . Bearing these facts in mind the reader can put himself in the place of a dealer in these perishable foods with some appreciation of the. problems that confront him both in the storage of the products and in their later Withdrawal for sale. It is mani- fest that as the development of cold storage preservation has induced a production far beyond what would be profitable without it, there is nothing to stop the downward movement of prices in periods of maximum production save the demand for storage. But the views of dealers and speculative buyers as to the safe price to pay are always various and the decline is stopped normally at the point where enough buyers for storage will operate to bring the remaining supply to a parity with the consumptive demand at that price. But there is never any certainly that the price paid for storage is just such as to result in just the proper amount of withdrawal to supply later needs at just a reasonable amount of profit or at any profit at all, considering the proposition as a whole. The quantity withdrawn is never certainly known, the extent of future demand at any particular price level can only be estimated, and the extent of future current production is widely variable and unknowable. As the season advances and these unknown elements become gradually more clearly indicated the disposition to hold or force to sale the individual holdings varies according to individual interpreta- tion of the knowledge available. As a rule the first material reduction of fresh sup- plies sufficient to force a normal upward movement in prices to a point where stored goods can be sold at any profit at all — even a very slight profit — ^finds a good many dealers who own goods in storage ready to sell. Later, when the season of greatest natural scarcity is reached, holders of reserve stock are more or less free sellers accord- ing to their interpretation of the fuller knowledge of supply and demand then avail- able. Sometimes the conditions of fresh production in the season of natural scarcity become so unfavourable and the reserve is found to be working dftwn so rapidly, that COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 709 holders generally see a prospect for great shortage aaid withdraw stocks from sale for extreme prices; when the outcome proves to justify such expectations extreme prices aer realized and large profits may be made. But it is to be considered that when holders do realize extreme profits by holding a moderate quantity of stored goods to a season of exceptional scarcity, the scarcity would he still greater and pHces still higher if the reserve had not been so held. iSo that when it is understood that prices must rise and fall strictly according to sthe supply available and the demand at various "price levels, it will be appreciated that the very fact that a profit is made by holding and selling is proof of a public betiefit. But very often the con- ditions of fresh supply during the seasons of natural; scarcity — or the developments in respect to demand at a profitable relation to the price paid for stored goods — are unfavourable to holders of reserve and as the next season of increased production approaches more or less heavy losses must be incurred in order to force a clearance. So the occasional large profits realized must be considered in relation to the occasional disastrous losses; and if the results of a series of years* are analyzed it will be found that the average profit earned by carrying goods in storage is very moderate — certainly no greater than is reasonable in view of the' investment and risk involved. But of course some dealers and operators are more astute than others ; some, through a keener judgment of trade conditions, get more benett from the favourable seasons than loss from the bad seasons^and vice versa. But. there is manifestly no means by which this matter of cold, storage accumulation can be conducted with any certainty of making the accumulations exactly fit, at a minimum satisfactory profit, the later scarcity of fresh goods. Even if the whole business were organized as one, and conducted by the wisest heads in the nation, it wcwld still be impossible, because the storage must be undertaken in ignorance of the laler conditions. But the public is safe from injury in any event; Sor the season's yield must be sold before the next season of flush ; and if, by too free a storage, prices are sustained for a time above the proper level, they are sure to fall below the normal level when the excess is forced to sale ; and if a winter scarcity pr&ves so great as to force prices to an extreme point, absorbing at the same time all the deficient amount of reserve carried, it is equally true that, had more been carried ^prices would have been higher when the greater reserve was being accumulated. Sucli a condition is only evidence that through the natural inability to judge future conditions exactly, cold storage preservation has not fully performed its functions; and occasional conditions of extreme scarcity only serve to emphasize the violent fluctuations and extremes of prices for many articles that would be experienced if we had not adequate cold storage facilities. The True Effect of Preservation. — If all these facts are considered it will appear that cold storage cannot be used to raise prices to an abnormal level, considering the season as a whole. It is of course evident that after production has been increa&ed by the ability to store surplus a stoppage or serious restriction of cold storage would, in the flush seasons of products stored, result in a lower fall of prices; but this would make so large a production unprofitable and curtail the yield by driving producers out of that particular line of work until prices in the flush seasons were again restored to a profitable level; and when that occurred the seasons of scarcity would become seasons of practical dearth except for those who could pay extravagant prices; and some kinds of goods, such as broiling and roasting chickens and turkeys that are fit to eat, at some seasons could not be obtained at all. It is also to be considered that with the stimulus to production given by the ability to carry surplus, the yield increases to a point where, in the flush season, despite the withdrawal of large quanti- ties to storage, prices usually fall to about as low a point as possible and afford any fair margin of profit to producers. Further, it is to be considered that dealers cannot make money by holding these products off the market and paying the charges on them ; they can only realize by selling, and if they make a profit by selling it is 710 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO proof that the goods were needed; it is also evident that if the market were deprived of the stored goods when sold, the scarcity woul(J ibe greater and prices higher through the increased competition to secure the lessened and deficient quantity. If understood, these considerations should demonstraite the economic necessity of cold storage, and disprove the fallacious assertions that dealers can use the holding facilities to the public injury. It remains to consider the common popular prejudice against cold stored products — a prejudice which is, however, gradually falling away as the subject is becoming better understood. No one would he&itate to eat bread in the winter and spring because they knew the wheat from which it is made was grown and stored away six months or a year ago. No one would balk at a luscious apple harvested in September and placed on the table in the following May or June. Every one knows that cheese of the usual type is not fit to eat until it has been " ripened " by weeks of curing — a process that is simply delayed by longer holding in artificially corrected temperatures. Butter car- ried for months in a frozen condition at temperatures about zero changes in character and flavour to no appreciable degree and is practically as good to eat as the day it was made. Eggs deteriorate in quality more or less according to the conditions surround- ing them after laying. In hot, damp weather they hiay bec.ome rotten in a week or two; in cold, dry air they keep sweet and fresh flavoured for months. Doubtless a perfectly fresh egg, kept cool and dry, is better whefn under a week old than one so kept for SIX to ten months; yet cold stored eggs put away in the best season and then of fine quality are far better in every respect up to six months' proper cold storage than a large proportion of the eggs marketed as promptly as is usual from the western farms to the city consumer. And from October to January — and frequently to Feb- ruary inclusive — ^properly packed and carried cold storage eggs furnish an excellent and wholesome food when new eggs are so scarce as to be beyond the reach of nine consumers out of ten. Consumers are very likely to class all poor eggs as " cold storage," whereas at many seasons they are far more likely to have become poor because they were kept in less favourable surroundings. There is very rarely a time, even in the periods when fresh eggs are naturally very scarce, when good, sound, sweet flavoured, refrigerator eggs cannot be bought by New York consumers at 25 to 35 cents a dozen retail, according to the variable conditions of supply ; and up to the time when new eggs become plentiful — usually during February — the stored goods of the better grades are of a quality which should prove an entirely satisfactory substitute for fresh stock that may cost 50 to 60 per cent more. Frozen poultry, if frozen when fresh and in perfect condition and properly car- ried, suffers no appreciable deterioration for months and up to the usual limit of com- mercial holding cannot be distinguished from fresh killed stock by most people. Furthermore, at some seasons poultry of certain kinds cannot be had at all except from the refrigerators, owing to the nature of the birds, their seasonable hatching period and seasonable growth. EXPERT TESTIMONY. Bearing upon the wholesomeness of cold stored foods much scientific investigation has been .undertaken in recent years, the results of wliich have been widely published. The chief findings have been brought out very fully in the governmental investigations of the general subject of cold storage before alluded to, and we may fittingly conclude this pamphlet with a few extracts from such expert testimony, based upon careful scientific research. Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, formerly chief chemist of United States Department of Agriculture, in " Use of Cold Storage," Senate Document No. 486 (pp. 4 and 5) says : " Again, there are certain periods of the year at whi^h certain food products are pro- duced in greatest abundance and at these periods the- production is larger by far than the immediate demand. The application of cold in su^h cases may carry over a portion ■CX)ST OF LIVING IN CANADA 71 1 of these products in a perfectly legitimate way for the benefit of the consumer at those periods of the year -when the production of the article ceases altogether or is diminished. The exercise of cold storage in these cases seems to nfe justifiable, provided the period of detention is not so great as to cause appreciable deterioration." BKIEF EXTEACTS FEOM AN EXHAUSTIVE KEPOET OF THE COMMIS- SION TO INVESTIGATE THE SUBJECT OF THE COLD STOEAGE .OF FOOD. COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS, HOUSE DOCUMENT No. It33, 1912. " Cold storage is a highly important factor in the present system of distributing the food supply in this country. Indeed the services rendered by this agency are so great that cold storage must be regarded as practically indispensible to the general well-being." (Page 12.) "The value of cold storage in increasing the available supply of perishable food products throughout the entire year is recognized by every person who has given iatelligent study to this subject." (Page 17.) " The members of this commissiin inspected cold-storage plants in different cities to observe the manner in which they are conducted. In general, conditions were found to be very satisfactory. J% appears that scientific methods of refriger- ation are carefully followed. The larger plants are Of modern construction, most of them having been built within the last ten years. The sanitary conditions in these plants are excellent; the teraperatures are properly maintained, and the ventilation is adequate." (Page 28.) "Instead of being a menace to the public health,, cold storage has, in the main, exhibited itself as a great agency for the conservation of the vital resources of the population. It has enlarged, diversified, and enriched the food supply of the people. In the distribution of the food supply to the congested population of the great cities especially, cold storage is an indispensable factor. Without cold storage the crowded masses in the urban centres would be obliged to subsist on a dietary at once more nieagre and more costly than that enjoyed at the ipreaent time." (Page 32.) "Professor William T. Sedgwick, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who ranks among the foremost experts on questions affecting the health of the people, characterized cold storage, in his testimony before .this commission, as one of the most important and beneficial methods of food 'preservation. . . . Professor Sedgwick declared further : " So far as I am aware, * there is no evidence whatever that cold storage is in any way prejudicial to the public health. On the contrary, it is one of the greatest aids to public health, in that it makes food more accessible and more abundant, and thus enables people to keep up their strength and avoid such diseases as scurvy, from which the human race fotanerly suffered so intolerably." (Pages 32-33.) " The Hon. James Wilson, former Secretary of Agriculture, regards cold storage as a great benefit to humanity. ' It is is a great blessing,' he declares, ' to be able to put meat, vegetables and fruit into cold storage where they wiU keep. There is no doubt about that.' " (Page 32.) 712 BOARD OF INQUIRY lifTO EEIEF EXTRACTS FROM TESTIMONY AT THE HEARINGS BEFORE COMMITTEE ON MANUFACTURES, U. S. SENATE, .SIXTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1911. Dr. Mary E. Pennington, chief of Food Eesearcli Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, a seienti&t who has probably devoted more research than any other into the effects of cold storage ui)on the quality and condition of certain foods, notably poultry and eggs, gave exhaustive testimony. The follovying extracts from. Dr. Pennington's testimony bear directly upon the ppints discussed in this pamphlet: Vr. Pennington's Testimony. Mr. LlTTLEFlELD [Speaking of poultry] : How does the change that takes place at the end of 12 months of cold storage, 10 degrees F., compare with the change that takes place in the same product after 24 hours' exp'bsure under the same circum- stances before refrigeration? Dr. Pennington: * * * There would probably.be a greater change in 24 hours if the temperature was from 65 degs. to 75 degs; than if the temperature was 10 degrees F. for 12 months. Mr. LlTTLEFlELD : That is to say, the ordinary food product that is kept in .the house, without being kept in a refrigerator, under' ordinary circumstances would show more deterioration- than the same food product kept in cold storage for 12 months ? Dr. Pennington: If the atmospheric temperature should be over 60 degrees it would — ^that is in respect to chickens. * * We have at the expiration of 12 months [in storage at 10 degs. F.] a change which is fairly comparable with the change at the end of 15 days at 32 degrees F., and with the change at the end of 5i days in a good house refrigerator, and which is very much less than the change at the end of three days at a temperature of from 65 to 75 degrees. * * * Senator Cummins: As to meat kept hard frozen for 12i months; would a chicken so kept and eaten at the end of 12 months be injurious to the health of the person who lite it? Dr. Pennington : I have eaten many of them and found them very palatable. Senator Cummins : But scientifically, you know pf nothing, that is, you know of no change that has taken place that would result in injury to the person who ate it? Dr. Pennington : I have not been able to find any change which would with our present knowledge, be called injurious. * * * * Senator Cummins : So, as a whole, you think if we were eating altogether chickens that had been hard frozen for 16 months, we would be. eating better food than our fore- fathers and foremothers handled in the ordinary way; that is your conclusion, I take it? Dr. Pennington: If the poultry has been pro.perly handled before it is hard frozen, and our entire supply should consist of such poultry, I think it would be better poultry than we have been accustomed to heretofore, and better than most of what we have on our markets at the present time. * * * * Mr. LlTTLEFlELD : You have investigated also duiing this period with reference to the subject of eggs, have you not? Dr. Pennington : Yes, sir. Mr. LlTTLEFlELD : Will you be kind enough to say to the committee whether your results with reference to eggs are practically parallel with the results you have des- cribed in connection with poultry? Dr. Pennington : The investigation or study of eggs has been practically along the same lines as the study of poultry; Eggs are more difficult to handle if anything COST OF LIYINO IN CANADA 713 and keep in good condition than poultry. Nature haS set a limit on eggs herself. An egg ordinarily will not keep in good condition under refrigeration for more than ten months — ^between nine and ten months generally — and it must be an, extra good egg that will hold in good condition for ten months. Egg#that are to be kept under refrig- eration must be even more carefully selected than poultry which is to be kept hard frozen. The results of deterioration in eggs are more plainly detected by the consumer than are deterioration changes in poultry. By careful handling of eggs, just as by care- ful handling of poultry the quality [quantity] to the consumer can be enormously increased and the length of time during which eggs c'an be made available as food for the people can also be increased. FEOM THE TESTIMONY OF DE. WILLIAM J.'GIES, PEOFESSOE OF BIO- LOGICAL CHEMISTEY, COLUMBIA UNIVEESITY, Mr. LiTTLEFiELD : Have you had occasion to examine fish that have been the sub- ject of cold storage ? Dr. GlES: I have. Mr. Littlefield: Please state to the committee what your experiments in that line have been. Dr. GiES : Briefly stated, fish in cold storage for a- year, blue fish for example, and fluke— when allowed to thaw in my office on an ordinary table at room temperature after twenty-four hours (that is after the fish had softened) appeared to be practically identical with fresh fish of the same kind. EXTRACTS FEOM EEPOET OF 'SPECIAL COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY CHICAGO ASSOCIATION OF COMMERCE, TO INVESTIGATE ' THE COLD STOEAGE INDUSTRY. A special committee was appointed by the Chicago Association of Commerce to investigate the subject of cold storage of food products and the methods involved therein. The members of the Committee were Arthur E. Eeynolds, M.D., former com- missioner of health, Chicago; Marvin A. Farr, real estate; Edward ClifPord, of Horn- blower and Weeks, stock brokers; William S. Kies, attorney and general counsel, Chicago and Western Indiana Railway; C. D. Loper-, of Mullen and Co., woollens. After months of careful study and investigation the committee made an exhaus- tive report on May 31, 1912, from which the following brief extracts are taken : — "Your committee finds at the outset that there is an unreasonable prejudice on the part of the public towards food products which have been in cold storage. This prejudice in many instances is unfounded; and in others responsibility for such preju- dice is traceable directly to the retailer who sells foo4 products unfit for consumption, many of which have never been in cold storage. The consumer finding the products tainted and unfit for use readily denominates the articles as cold storage products." ' There is no more reason in our judgment for cpndemning cold storage because at some time bad products have come out of a cold storage warehouse, than to con- demn an orchard because at some time rotten apples have been found in shipments from it. Cold storage should not be blamed for the results of an inadequate local inspec- tion of markets and retail places in general." ' In reference to the charge that cold storage of food products causes a scarcity sad an inflation in prices the fact appears to be that only a small percentage of the annual production of perishable foodstuffs is stored in cold storage warehouses. The 714 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO storage of these foodstuffs, however, makes it possible to supply the people of the great metropolitan centres in time of scarce production with the surplus of the time of plentiful production." " Exhaustive examination of the statistics compiled under the direction of your committee, and a comparison of these statistics withjthe facts obtained by the Depart- ment of Agriculture, after exhaustive research deponstrate clearly that prices of butter, eggs, poultry and fish have been more uniform during the years since cold storage has become a factor in the case of food products than before that period. These statistics also show that taking an average for a period of years, prices on the whole have been lower than during the years when feold storage was unknown." " Whatever prejudice members of your committee may have had against cold storage products at the outset of this investigation has been effaced. We are satisfied that if the public were as familiar with the facts and conditions in the case as we are that instead of protesting against them, consumers "would in certain seasons demand cold storage products in preference to those supposedly fresh from the farm, but detained in delivery. There is piuch greater need of regulating the handling of perishable products by retailers wherever such profiucts may come from, than for legislation regulating cold storage." CONCLUSION. The foregoing considerations and evidence of scientific experts and distinguished investigators justify the conclusion that cold storagQ preservation of perishable foods is a most important public utility; that it permits and induces a large increase of production, adds to the total food supply, and must iesult in a lower average of prices than could occur without it. Also that cold stored products, when properly prepared and handled, are entirely wholesome and palatable, and worthy of the entire confi- dence of consumers. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 715 APPENDIX No. 11, SUMMARY OF COLD STORAGE CHARGES. Pbince Edward Island. Butter. ...y Rate per cwt. per month '. 15-20 eta Meats " 1001b. per " 25-50 " Nova Scotia. Butter. Rate per 100 lb. per month 25-50 eta Meats.. " " 12i-25-tO-50 eta. (lamb) Rate per carcasa per month 8-16 cts, Poultry. Fish. 100 lb. Butter Rate Meats " . 124-25-^0-50 Ota. . 121-2^40-50 " New Brunswick. perlOO lb . per month 12J-15 eta. . 12J-25 Poultry . Fish.... Apples . Evaporated Apples . Canned Apples brl. box 100 lb Quebec. " 25 ...-. m-25 . . . ., 5-10 3. 4 per month 12 J plua 5 eta. hand- ling charge on each car- caas. Butter Rate per 100 Meats '" 100 Poultry ' Fish Cheese. Apples tt Other Fruit. doz. case brl. box (( brl. Vegetables.. Butter Rate Meats.. Poultry. Fish.. Eggs.. Rabbits.. Lard Apples . Ib.per month. . ." 12^14-25 ots. Ib.per month 12f-25-50 cts. 100 lb. per month , 12|-2S-37J-50 ota. 100 lb. " 12|-25 cts. brl. " 30 " box " 3-5-6-7-10 Ota. . season 1 4^ cts. per month t i " 7-10 " season 40 " per month 10-12-15-40 eta. " . . , , 4 cts. ' " '.'.'.1'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.5-^10^12-18 cts. per month 10-12-15^0 " keg 10-15 cts. basket 3 " case 10-15 " bag per month 4r-7~S " sack, crate or bskt. per month 10 " brl. per month . . . •, 12 " Ontario. perlOO lb. per month 12J-14-18-20-25-50 eta. " aeason , 62J cts. tub per month 10-15 " pckge " 10 " 100 lb. " . . . i. 12^15-20-25-375-^0-75-$!. carcass " . . .". (beef), $1; (hogs), 50 cts.; (lamb), 7-12J-15-26. quarter piece month (beef ) 25 cts. 1001b. per month...., 12^25-37^-50 cts. pair " ._.... 10-15 cts. each (turkeys) per month 10 " 100 lb. per month ....t 12^25-50 cts. box " 3-5 ots. 100 lb. per month 12J cts. box " 2-3-4-5-6-7-S-lO cts. " aeason ^ 25 cts. case per season. , .*. 30—40—45 cts. " month s 5-10-12-15 cts. crate " ...i 10 cts. 1001b. " 12J-50 " case (2doz. tocase)pel'month. 10 cts. 1001b. per month....! 12f " 12^50 " brl. " 10-12-13-15-25 cts. 716 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO SUMMARY OF COLD STORAGE CKAUG'ES— Continued. Ontario — Continued. Apples Rate per brl. season 26-30-46 cts. " " box month 5 " " bus. " 2i " Other Fruit " box or c-s per month 10-15 " " basket " ' 21-3 " " 1001b. perseason 50 " 1001b. "month 6-12^50 cts. " bag " month 3-10 " , .... " crate " season 25 " bus. " " 5 1001b. " " 50 Evaporated Apples . Vegetables Honey. Butter Rate Meats " Poultry " Fish " Manitoba, perlOO lb per month 12^15 cts, 12J-25 Cheese. Eggs.... Lard. . . . Apples . Other Fruit. , Butter Rate Meats " Poultry " Fish " Cheese Lard. . . . Apples. Other Fruit., ft Vegetables... Canned Goods. box " 100 lb. " cheese " case " 100 lb. " box " brl. " 100 lb. " keg " 8 Saskatchewan. per 100 lb. per month 25-30 1001b. " 15-25 100 lb. " 25-50 1001b. " 25 box " 10 1001b. " 10 case " 15 " " season 75 cwt. " month 20 brl. " ...-. 15 box " 7-10 10 brl. " t 20 100 lb. bag per month 10 crate per month 25 sack " 10 cwt. " 10 case (24 to c|s.) per month... .. . 10 Alberta. .12f-16-25-33J cts. . 12i cts. . 5 . m " . 10 . 10 . 15 5 , 15 . 121 " cts. Butter Rate per cwt. Meats Poultry Fish Lari Apples Vegetables per month. 25-30 25-30 30 20-25 20-lb. pail per month 3 box per mouth 10 cwt. " 10 eta. Butter Rate per Meats " Pj)uUry " Fish Rabbits " Cheese " Eggs " BnrnsH Columbia. per month 20-25 100 lb. 1001b. 100 lb. Apples Other Fruit. Vegetables.. case doz. box tt 100 lb. doz. 100 lb. 15-20-25-331-^0 cts. 15-20-25-50 " 20-25-50-75 " 25 cts. 15-25 " 12-13-15 cts. 1-3 ct. 5-6-7-9 cts. 4r-7 " 25 1-3 " 25 Yukon Territory. Butter ^ Rate per 100 lbs $3.00 Meats " " 3 . 00 Poultry " " 3 00 Fish " "• 3.00 Lard " " 3.00 COST OF, LIVING IN CANADA 717 AEPENDIX No. 12. 4-5 OEORQE V. Chap. 22. an act to regulate cold storage warehouses. [Assented to 12th June, lOlk-l HIS Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as^ follows : — 1. This Act may be cited as The Cold Storage Warehouse Act. short title. 2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requites, — interpretation, (o) "Minister" means "the Minister of Agriculture"; (6) " cold storage " means the storage of articles of food at or below a temperature of forty degrees Fahrenheit, in a cold storage warehouse; (c) " cold storage warehouse " means an establishment in con- nection with which refrigerating machinery, ok ice and salt, is used for the purpose of maintaining 'a temperature of forty degrees Fahrenheit, or below, and in which articles of food are stored for periods exceeding twenty-one dajjs; id) "articles of food" Hmeans butter, eggs,, fish, poultry and meats, except meat in process of manufacture or curing, and such other foods a& may be designated by Order is Ouncil. 3. The Governor in Council may make such regulations as he Regulations, deems necessary or expedient, to provide for a supervision of all cold storage warehouses. 4. Such regulations may provide, — Subjects of (a) for the licensing of all cold storage warehouses; Q>) for the inspection of all cold storage warehouses; (c) for a system of periodic and other reports by owners of cold storage warehouses showing the quantities in storage of the several articles of food; id) for limiting the several periods of time during which the respective articles of food may be held in cold storage; (e) for the inspection of food products before they *are placed in cold storage warehouses, while they are in such warehouse and when they are removed therefrom, and regulation. 718 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Inspectors may be appointed. Wihen inspection can be made. Information required by inspecting officer. Exceptions. Penalty. Publication ot regulations. (/) for labelling or marking food products or packages of food products when placed in cold storage warehouse and when removed therefrom for sale. 5. The Minister may appoint inspectors and other oflSoers for carrying out the provisions of this Act and the regulations made thereunder. 6. Any inspector or other officer so appointed may enter any cold storage warehouse, for the purpose of making an insi>ectian or obtaining such information as may be necessary for the proper enforcement of the Act or the regulations made thereunder. And the owner, manager, superintendent storeman and other employees of every such cold storage warehouse shall give such inspector or other officer every assistance and facility for making such inspec- tion and shall give such full and correct information resjiecting the warehouse and its contents as may be required by the inspector or other officer. 1. The provisions of this Act shall not be construed as apply- ing to refrigerated rooms in conhection with hotels, restaurants, dining car services, retail shops, private houses, manufacturing establishments, other than packing houses, nor to refrigerator cars or steamships with refrigerated space. 8. Any person, firm or corporation who contravenes any pro- visions of this Act or any regulation made thereunder, shall be liable, upon summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding two hun- dred dollars or to imprisonment for a term of six months, or to both fine and imprisonment. 9. Every Order in Council and regulation made under this Act shall be published in The Canada Gazette and shall be laid by the Minister before Parliament within fifteen days after the com- mencement of the next session. a08T OF LIVING IN CANADA 719 APPENDIX No. 13. 9-10 EDWARD VII. CHAP. 9. An Act to provide for the investigation* of Combines, Monopolies, Trusts and MergeTrs. [Assented to 4ih May, 1910.] HIS Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows : — 1. This Act may be cited as The Combines Investigation Short title. Ad. INTERPRETATION. I 2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, — Definitions, (a) "application" means an application to a judge for an "Appii- order directing an investigation under the provisions of this nation." Act; (?)) "Board" means a Board of Investigation established "Board." under the provisions of this Act ; (c) "combine" means any contract, agreement, arrangement "Combine.'; or combination which has, or is designed to haVe, the effect of increasing or fixing the price or rental of any article of trade or commerce or the cost of the storage or transportation thereof, or of the restricting competition in or of controlling the pro- duction, manufacture, transportation, storage, sale or supply thereof, to the detriment of consumers or producers of such article of trade or commerce, and includes the acquisition, leasing or otherwise taking over, or obtaining by any person to the end aforesaid, of any control over or interest in the business, or any portion of the business, of any other person, and also includes what is known as a trust, monopoly or merger; (d) "Department" means the Department of La,bour; "Dep'art- (e) "judge" means, in the province of Ontario, any judge "J"^^^ „ of the High Court of Justice; in the province of Quebec, any judge of the Superior Court; in the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, British Columb a, Prince Edward Island, Sas- VOL. I — 9^ katchewan 720 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO katchewan and Alberta, any judge of the Supreme Court; in the province of Manitoba, any judge of the Court of King's Bench, and in the Yukon territory, any judge of the Terri- torial Court; (/) "Minister" means the Minis1;er of Labour; (g) "order" means an order of a judge under the provisions of this Act ; "Presoribed." (h) "prescribed" means prescribed by this Act, or by any rule or regulation made thereunder; (i) "Registrar" means the Registrar of Boards of Investiga- tion appointed under this Act. "Minister." "Order." "Registrar." ADMINISTRATION. Adminia- tratioD. 3. The Minister shall have the general administration of this Act. Registrar of 4. The Govcmor in Council shall appoint a Registrar of Boards. Boards of Investigation, who shall have the powers and per- form the duties prescribed. AppoinSnent 2. The ofRcc of Registrar may be held either separately or offit-e?''^"'^^ °' in conjunction with any other office in the public service, tuid in the latter case the Registrar may, if the Governor in Council ' thinks fit, be appointed by reference to such other office, whereupon the uerson who for the time being holds such office or pericfnis its duties shall, by virtue thereof and without thereby being entitled to any additional remuneration, be the Registrar. ORDER FOR INVESTIGATION. Order for 5. Where six or more persons, British subjects resident in mve?tiga ion Q^j^^^.^ g^j^j qJ f^jj g^gg^ ^j.g ^f opinion that a combine exists, and that prices have been enhanced or competition restricted by reason of such combine, to the detriment of consumers or producers, such persons may make an apphcation to a judge for an order directing an investigation into such alleged com- bine. 2. Such application shall be in writing addressed to the judge, and shall ask for an order directing an investigation into the alleged combine, and shall also ask the judge to fix a time and place for the hearing of the applicants or their representa- tive. 3. The application shall be accompanied by a statement setting forth, — (a) the nature of the alleged combine and the persons be- lieved to be concerned therein; (6) the manner in which the alfeged combine affects prices or restricts competition, and the extent to which the alleged com- bine is believed to operate to the detriment of consumers or producers; Application for order. Form of applif'ation COST OF LIVING IN OANAtiA 721 (c) the names and addresses of the parties making the appli- cation and the name and address of one of their number or of some other person whom they authorize to act -as their repre- sentative for the purposes of this Act and to receive communi- cations and conduct negotiations on their behalf. 4. The application shall also be accompanied by a statutory Declaration declaration from each apphcant declaring that the alleged com- °f aPP^'^ants. bine operates to the detriment of the declarant as a consumer or producer, and that to the best of his knowledge and belief the combine alleged in the statement exists and jfchat such com- bine is injurious to trade or has operated to the detriment of consumers or producers in the manner and to the extent de- scribed, and that it is in the pubUc interest that an investiga- tion should be had into such combine. 6. Within thirty days after the judge receives the applica- Hearing of tion he shall fix a time and place for hearing the -applicants and *??"'■»'■''">■ shall send due notice, by registered letter, to the representative authorized by the statement to receive communications on behalf of the applicants. At such hearing the applicants may appear in person or by their representative or by counsel. 7. If upon such hearing the judge is satisfied that there is Order for reasonable ground for believing that a combine exists which is i^-^estjgation injurious to trade or which has operated to the detriment of consumers or producers, and that it is in the public interest that an investigation should be held, the judge shall direct an investigation under the provisions of this Act ; or if not so satis- Adjoumment fied, and the judge is of opinion that in the circumstances an evWence?' adjournment should be ordered, the judge may adjourn such hearing until further evidence in support of the "application is given, or he may refuse to make an order for an investigation. 2. The judge shall have all the powers vested in the court of Powers of which he is a judge to summon before him and enforce the ^"^ ^^' attendance of witnesses, to administer oaths, »nd to require witnesses to give evidence on oath or on solemn- affirmation (if they are persons entitled to affirm in civil matters), and to pro- duce such books, papers or other documents or things as the judge deems requisite. 8. The order of the juc'ge directing an investigation shall be Transmission transmitted by him to the Registrar by registered letter, and "^jenra to*^ shall be accompanied by the apphcation, the statement, a certi- Registrar, fied copy of any evidence taken before the judge, ^nd the statu- tory declarations. The order shall state the itiatters to be investigated, the names of the persons alleged to be concerned in the combine, and the names and addresses of 'one or more of their number with whom, in the opinion of the judge, the Minister should communicate in order to obtain the recommend- ation for the appointment of a person as a ipember of the Board as hereinafter provided. 82696-46 722 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO APPOINTMENT OF BOARDS. Appomtment 9. Upon receipt by the Registrar of the order directing an of Board. investigation the Minister shall forthwith proceed to appoint a Board. Constitution of Board. lO. Every Board shall consist of three members, who shall be appointed by the Minister under his hand and seal of office. Members 6f Board. 11. Of the three members of thfe Board one shall be appointed on the recommendation of the persons upon whose application the order has been granted, one on the recommendation of the persons named in the order as bfeing concerned in the alleged combine, and the third on the ^recommendation of the two members so chosen. Recommend- ation of third member. Commxini- ■rations with representa- tives of parties. When Minister may select members. Recommend- ation and appointment of a judge as third member. Chajrman. Vacancies. 12. The persons upon whose application the order has been granted and the persons named in the order as being concerned in the alleged combine, within seven days after being requested so to do by the Registrar, may each respectively recommend the name of a person who is willing and ready to act as a member of the Board, and the Minister shall appoint such persons mem- bers of the Board. 2. For the purpose of obtaining the recommendations referred to in subsection 1 of this section it shall be sufficient, as respects the apphcants, for the Registrar to communicate with the representative mentioned in the statement as authorized to receive communications on their .behalf, and as respects the persons concerned in the alleged 'combine it shall be sufficient for the Registrar to communicate with the persons named in the order, as the persons with whom the Minister should communi- cate for this purpose. 3. If the parties, or either of them, fail or neglect to make any recommendation within the said period, or such extension thereof as the Minister, on cause, shown, grants, the Minister shall, as soon thereafter as possible, select and appoint a fit person or persons to be a member or members of the Board. 4. The two members so appointed may, within seven days after their appointment, recommend the name of a judge of any court of record in Canada who is .wilhng and ready to act as a third member of the Board, and the Minister shall appoint such judge as a member of the Board, and if they fail or neglect to make a recommendation within the said period, or such extension thereof as the Minister on cause shown grants, the Minister shall, as soon thereafter as possible, select and appoint a judge of any court of record in Canada to be the third member of the Board. 5. The third member of the Board shall be its chairman. 6. A vacancy in the membership of a Board shall be filled in the same manner as an original appointment is made. ;' COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 723 13i No person shall act as a niember of the Board who is one Persons dis- of the apphcants for the Board or who has any direct pecuniary m"mbere.^ interest in the alleged combine that is the subject of iiivestiga- tion by such Board, or who is not a British subject. 14. As soon as possible after all the members of the Board Notice of have been appointed by the Minister, the Registrar shall notify of ^^d! the parties of the names of the chairman and other members of the Board. 15. Before entering upon the exercise of the functions of Oath of office, their office the members of the Board shall takp the following oath : — I, , do solemnly swear, — That I will truly, faithfully and impartially perform my duties as a member of the Board appointed to investigate That I am a British subject. That I have no direct pecuniary interest in the alleged com- bine that is to be the subject of investigation. That 1 have not received nor will I accept either directly or indirectly any perquisite, gift, fee or gratuity from any person in any way interested in any matter or thing to be investigated by the Board. That I am not immediately connected in business with any of the parties applying for this investigation, and am not acting in collusion with any person herein. 16. The Department may provide the BoarS with a steno- clerical grapher and such clerical and other assistance as to the Minister go^jr*!""* *° appears necessary for the efficient carrying out of the provisions of this Act. The Department shall also repay any reasonable and proper disbvu-sements made or authorized and certified by oisburse- the judge who grants the order directing the investigation. ™^" ^' 17. Upon the appointment of the Board the Registrar shall Commence- forward to the chairman copies of the application, statement, Svestigation evidence, if any, taken before the judge, and order for investi- gation, and the Board shall forthwith proceed to deal with the matters referred to therein. INQUIKY AND REPORT. 18. The Board shall expedrtiously, fully and carefully inquiry, inquire into the matters referred to it and all matters affecting the merits thereof, including the question of whether or not the price or rental of any article concerned has been unreasonably enhanced, or competition in the supply thereof unduly restricted, in consequence of a combine, and shall make a full and detailed Report to report thereon to the Minister, which report shall set forth the ""'**'• various proceedings and steps taken by the Board for the purpose of fully and carefully ascertaining all the facts and circumstances 82696-46J 724 BOARD OF INQUIRY fyfTO Scope of investigation . circumstances connected with tlio alleged combine, including such findings and recommendations as, in the opinion of the Board, are in accordance mth the merits and requirements of the case. 2. In deciding any question that may affect the scope or extent of the investigation, the Board shall consider what is required to make the investigation as thorough and complete as the public interest demands. Report of Board. Minority iTeport. 19. The Board's report shall be in writing, and shall be signed by at least two of the members of the Board. The report shall be transmitted by the chairman to the Registrar, together with the evidence taken at such investigation certified by the chairman, and any documents and papers remaining in the custody of the Board. A minority report may be made and transmitted to the Registrar by any dissenting member of the Board. Publication of reports. Distribution of copies. Fee for certified copies. Reduction of Customs duties to secure reasonable competition. Revocat ion of patent in certain ca£cs. 20. Upon receipt of the Board's report and of the minority report, if any, a copy thereof shall.be sent free of charge to the parties and to the representative of any newspaper in Canada who apphes therefor, and the report and minority report, if any, shall also be published without delay in The Canada Gazette. The Minister may distribute copies of the report, and of any minority report, in such manner as to him seems most desirable, as a means of secm-ing a. compliance with the Board's recommendations. The Registrar ^hall, upon payment of such fees as may be prescribed, supply a certified copy of any report or minority report to any person appl3dng for it. 21- Whenever, from or as a result of an investigation under the provisions of this Act, or from or as a result of a judgment of the Supreme Court or Exchequer Court of Canada or of any superior court, or circuit, district or county court in Canada, it appears to the Satisfaction of the Governor in Council that with regard to any article there exists any combine to promote unduly the advantage of the maiiufacturers or dealers at the expense of the consumers, and if it appears to the Governor in Council that such disadvantage to the consumer is facihtated by the duties of customs injippsed on the article, or on any like article, the Governor in Council may direct either that such article be admitted into Canada free of duty- or that the duty thereon be reduced to such amount or rate as will, in the opinion of the Governor in Council, give the public the benefit of reasonable competition. 33. In case the owner or holder of any patent issued under The Patent Act has made use of the exclusive rights a,nd privileges which, as such owner or holder he controls, so as unduly, to limit - the facilities for transporting, producing, manufacturing, supply- ing, storing or dealing in any article which may be a subject of tfade COST OF LiriN& IN CANADA 725 trade or commerce, or so as to restrain or injure trade or cobmerce in relation to any such article, or unduly to prevent, limit or lessen the manufacture or production of any article or • unreasonably to enhance the price thereof, or unduly to prevent or lessen competition in the production, manufacture, purchase, barter, sale, transportation, storage or supply of any article, such patent shall be liable to be revoked. And, if a Board reports jurisdiction i that a patent has been so made use of, the Ministef tif Justice may of "Exchequer exhibit an information in the Exchequer Court of- Canada pray- °"'^*'' ing for a judgment revoking such patent, and the coiu-t shall thereupon have jurisdiction to hear and decide the matter and ifco give judgment revoking the patent or otherwise as the evid- ence before the court may require. 33. Any person reported by a Board to have Jaeen guilty of combines unduly limiting the facilities for transporting, pro|iucing, manu- m^ufarture facturing, supplying, storing , or dealing in any article which trade or may be a, subject of trade or commerce; or of restraining ^^pei't'""- or injuring .trade or commerce in relation to any such article; or of unduly preventing, limiting or lessening thfe manufacture or production of any such article; or of unreasonably enhancing the price thereof; or of unduly preventing or lessening competi- tion in the production, manufacture, purchase, barter, sale, transportation, storage or supply of any such article, and who thereafter continues so to offend, is guilty of an indictable offence and shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding one thous- Penalty, and dollars and costs for each day after the expiration of ten days, or such further extension of time as in the opinion of the Board may be necessary, 'from the date of the publication of the report of the Board in The Canada Gazette during which such person so continues to offend. SITTrNGS OF BOARD. 24. The sittings of the Board shall be held at such times Sintngs of and places as are fixed by the chairman, after consultation with "*'' " the other members of the Board, and the parties shall be noti- fied by the chairman as to the times and places at which sittings are to be held: Provided that, so far as practic£tble, the Board shall sit in the locality within which the subject-matter of the proceedings before it arose. 25. The proceedings of the Board shall be conducted in Proceedings, public, but the Board may order that any portion of the pro- ceedings shall be conducted in private. 26. The decision of any two of the members present at a Decisions sitting of the Board shall be the decision of the Board, 27. The presence of the chairman and at least one other yuomm. member of the Board shall be necessary to constitute a sitting of the Board. 726 BOARD OF INQUIRY J2fT0 Absence of 28. In casc of the absence of any one member from a mcct- mem er. ^^ ^^ ^-^^ Board the other two n.embers shall not proceed, unless it is shown that the absent member has been notified of the meeting in ample time to admit of his attendance. Appearance 29. Any party to an investig9,tiGn may appear before the of parties. Board in person or may be represented by any other person or persons, or, with the consent of the Board, may be represented by counsel. When counsel 30. Whenever in the opinion of the Minister the public STiSster^'^ '^'' interest so requires, the Minister fnay apply to the Minister of Justice to instruct counsel to conduct the investigation before a Board, and upon such application the Minister of Justice may Fees. instruct counsel accordingly. The fees and expenses allowed to such counsel by the Minister of Justice shall be paid out of such appropriations as are made by Parliament to provide for the cost of administering this Act. Contempt of 31. If, in any proceedings before the Board, any person oard. wilfully insults any member of the Board, or wilfully interrupts ,the proceedings, or without good cause refuses to give evidence, or is guilty in any other manner of any wilful contempt in the face of the Board, any officer of the Board or any constable may take the person offending into custody and remove him from the precincts of the Board, to be detained in custody until the Penalty. conclusion of that day's sitting of the Board, and the person so offending shall be liable, upon summary conviction, to a penalty not exceeding one hundred dollars. WITNESSES AND EVIDENCE. Witnesses 32. For the purposes of an investigation the Board shall an evi ence. fjg^yg g^jj powers wMch are vested in any court of record in civil cases for the following purposes, namely: the sunimoning of witnesses before it, and enforcing their attendance from any part of Canada, of administering oaths, and of requiring witnesses to give evidence on oath or on solemn affirmation (if they are persons entitled to affirm in civil matters) and to produce such books, papers or other documents or things as the Board deems requisite to the full investigation of the matters into which it is inquiring. Oath. 2. Any member of the Board may administer an oath. Signature of 3. Summonses to witnesses and all other orders, process and chairman. proceedings shall be signed by the chairman. Inspection of 33. All books, papers and other documents, or things pro- docuinents. ^uced before the Board, whether v.oluntarily or in pursuance of summons, may be inspected by the Board, and also by such parties as the Board allows. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 727 34. Any party to the proceedings shall be. competent and Parties as may be compelled to give evidence as a witness. witnesses. 35. Every person who is summoned and d\iy attends as a Expenses of witness shall be entitled to an allowance for attendance and '^"■i^^sea. travelling expenses according to the scale in forCe with respect lo witnesses in civil suits in the superior courts of the province in which the inquiry is being conducted. 36. If any person who has been duly served with a sum- Failure of mons and to whom at the time of service payment or tender ^tenTor'to has been made of his reasonable travelling exp'enses according produce to the aforesaid scale, faUs to attend or to produce any book, '^°<'"'"«'"^- paper or other document or thing as required by his summons, he shall, unless he shows that there was good and sufficient cause for such failure, be guilty of an offence and liable upon summary conviction to a penalty not exceeding one hundred Penalty, dollars. 37. The Board may, with the consent of the Minister, employ Experts, competent experts to examine books or official reports, and to advise it upon any technical or other matter material to the investigation, but the information obtained therefrom shall not, except in so far as the Board deems it expedient, be made public, and such parts of the books, papers or other documents as in the opinion of the Board are not material to the investigation may be sealed up. REMUNERATION AND EXPENSES OF BOARD. 38. The members of a Board shall be remunerated for their Remuner- • (. n ^ ation of services as follows : Board. (a) To the two members first appointed an allowance of five dollars each per day for a time not exceeding three days during which they may be actually engaged in selecting the third member of the Board. (b) To each member an allowance at the rate of twenty dollars for each day's sitting of the Board. 39. Each member of the Board shall be entitled to his actual ''''■^J^'g'^^s and necessary tra\-elling expenses and an allowance of ten dollars ®'^™^®^' per day for each day that he is engaged in travelling from or to his place of residence for the purpose of attending or after having attended a meeting of the Board. 40. No member of the Board shall accept in addition to his Acceptance of • travelling expenses and allowances as a member of the Board l^ohlbited. any perquisite, gift, fee or gratuity of any kind from any person in any way interested in any matter or thing that is being inves- tigated by the Board. The acceptance of any such perquisite, gift, 728 BOARD OF INQUIRY "INTO gift, fee or gratuity by any member of the Board shall be an offence, and shall render such member hab e upon summary Penalty. convlction to a fine not exceeding" one thousand do'lars, and ho shall thereafter be disqualified to act as a member of any Board. Vouchere^for expenses. Detailed statement of sittings. 41. All expenses of the Board, including expenses for trans- portation incurred by the members thereof or by persons undtii- its order in making investigatioils under this Act, salaries of employees and agents, and fees and travelling expenses of witnesses, shall be allowed and paid upon the presentation of itemized vouchers therefor, approved and certified by the chair- man of the Board, which vouchers shall be forwarded by the ( hiirman to the Registrar. The chairman shall also forward to tlie Registrar a certified and detailed statement of the sittings of the Board, and of the members present at each of such sitting.-;. MISCELLANEOUS. Technical _ 42. No proceedings under this Act shall be deemed invalid ureguiarities. ^^ rcason of any defect of form of any technical irregularity. Evidence of report. 43. Evidence of a report of a Board may be given in any court by the production of a copy (3f The Canada Gazette purport- ing to contain a copy of such report, or by the production of a co^jy of the report purporting to be certified by the Registrar to be a true copy. A Uowances determined by Minister. Reeula+ions by Governor in CouQcil. Publicat ion. To be laid before Parljamen:. 44. The Minister shall determine the allowance or amounts to be paid to all persons, other than the members of a Board, employed by the Government or any Board, including the secretaries, clerks, experts, stenographers or other persons per- forming any services under the provisions of this Act. 45. The Governor in Council may make such regulations, not inconsistent with this Act, as -to him seem necessary for carrying out the provisions of this Act and for the efficient administration thereof. 2. Such regulations shall be puljKshed in The Canada Gazette, and upon being so published they shall have the same force as if they formed part of this Act. ■ 3. The legulat.ons shall be laid before both Houses of Parlia- ment within fifteen days after such publication i Parliament is then fitting, and if Parliament is not then sitting then within fifteen days after the opening of the next session thereof. Annual 46. The Minister shall lay before Parliament, within the first ParUament. fifteen days of the then next session, an annual report of the proceedings under this Act. 1907, c. 11 amended. 47. is repealed Subsection 1 of section 12; of The Customs Tariff, 1907, COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 729 48. This Act shall not be construed to repeal, amend or in R.S., o. 125. any way affect The Trade Unions Act, chapter 125 of the Re- vised Statutes, 1906. SCHEDULE. Form 1. Application for Order Directing an Investigation, "The Combines Investigation Act." (Section 5.) Dated at -. this day of , 19 . . In the matter of an alleged combine [here state shortly thb nature of the combine]. To the Honourable [here insert the name of the judge], a Judge [or, Chief Justice as the case may he] of the [here insert the title of the court]. , The undersigned are of opinion that a cnratjine exists [here state shortly the nature of the alleged combine] and that prices have been enhanced [or, competition has been restricted by such combine, as the case may be] to the detriment of consumers [or, producers, as the case may be]. The undersigned therefore apply for an order under "The Combines Investigation Act" directing an investigation into such alleged combine. [Here state — (a) the nature of the alleged combine and the persons believed to be concerned therein; and, (b) the manner in which the alleged combine affects prices or restricts compelilion, and the extent to which the aljeged combine is believed to operate to the detriment of consumers' or producers, as the case may be.] statement accompanying application for order. Dated at this . ...day df , 19.. The undersigned hereby authorize «. of [give name and place of 'residence] to act as our representative for the purposes of "The Combines Inves- tigation Act," and to receive communications and conduct negotiations on our behalf. The 730 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO i The names and addresses of the persons applying for the aforesaid order are as follows. — Names. Addresses. STATUTORY DECLARATION ACCOMPANYING APPLICATION FOR ORDER:* Canada : 1 Province of , [ To Wit. J I, , of the . ot in the ; of do solemnly declare : — 1. That the alleged combine operates to my detriment as a consumer [or, producer, as the casemay he]. 2. That to the best of my knowledge and behef the combine alleged in the foregoing statement exists and that such combine is injurious to trade [or, has operated to the detriment of con- sumers, or, producers, as the case may he] in the manner and to the extent described. 3. That it is in the public interest that an investigation should be had into such combine. And I make this solemn declaration conscientiously believing it to be true, and knowing that it is of the same force and effect as if made under oath, and by virtue of The Canada Evidence Act. Declared before me at in the county of this day of 19. . Form 2. Order Directing Investigation. ■ " The Combines Investigation Act." (Section .7.) In the matter of the application of [here insert the names of applicants], dated the day of 19 . . *A declaration as above must be made by each applicant. for COST OF LIVIXG IN \OANADA 731 for au order directing an investigation under '*The Combines Investigation Act" into an alleged combine [here state shortly the nature of the combine]. I, the Honourable •. , a Judge [or, Chief Justice, as the case may he] of' ^here insert the name of court] after having read the application of [names of applicants], dated the day of 19. ., the statement and statutory declarations accompanying the same and the evidence produced by the said applicants, am satisfied that there is reasonable ground for bejigving that a combine exists [here describe nature of combine] wftich is injurious to trade [or, which has operated to the detriment of consumers, or, producers, as the case may be], and that it is in the public interest that an investigation should be held, and I do therefore direct that an investigation be held, under the provisions of the said Act into the following matters, that is to say : [here set out the matters to be investigated.] The names of the persons alleged to be concerned in the alleged combine are [here insert names and addresses] and I am of opinion that the Minister of Labour should communicate with [here insert the name or names with, in each case, the address] in order to obtain the recommendation for the appointment of a person as a member of the Board of Investigation on behalf of those concerned in the said alleged combine. Dated at this day of 19. . OTTAWA : Printed by Charles Henby Pakmelee, Law Printer to tlie King's most Excellent Majesty. 73? BOARD OF IVQVIRY IWO APPENDIX No. 14. MEMOEAISTDIIM BY ME. WAY. INLAND REVENUE CANAim. Weights 'and Measures Standards Branch. Chief Inspector's Office, Ottawa^ January 21, 1914. To the Commission on High Cost of Living. The Weighty and Measures Law of Canada 'and the Weights and Measures nspection Service are exclusively concerned with tlje accuracy and inspection of all weights, measures and weighing machines used in trade, and have no jurisdiction over the accuracy of the "weight" and "measure" delivered— or what may better ,be termed dishonest short weight and measure. The above is clearly apparent by reference to Section 30 of the Act, where a distinction is made between a measure and a container, vessel or package. The position taken in the past is that dishonest weight is common fraud, the public being entitled to protect themselves under the common law. The result is the Weights. and Measures Inspection Service affords no protection to the public other than to see that the apparatus used in trade pass a periodical biennial — in some eases, annual inspection. The apathy and reluctance of the public, and the dependence of the retailer upon the few wholesale supply houses, failing responsible Government supervision over quantitative weight, opens the door to many questionable practices that undoubtedly have some bearing xin the high cost of living. The chief factor contributing to the high cost as regards retail trade and weights and measures, is the increase of packed goods — in which regard the absence of the Government supervision is most apparent. Soda biscuits for instance are sold by the package — on which is printed " not sold by weight." A customer asks for one pound, and is given a package — the aforesaid labelling protecting the trader from ai] prosecution. Butter is sold by the pound, but never weighed, and the quantity delivered is not represented as being sold as one pound, the entry on the bill being '" 1 — Creamery — 35e." Consider the vast quantities of Prepared Brea:kfast Food, all of which is sold by the " package," without any reference to weight or protection therefrom. Your attention is drawn to extracts from American laws appended hereto that meet such conditions, and which according to articles in " The annals " have had a great bearing on the cost of living. An important contributory factor to high cost is the general introduction of automatic computing weighing machines. These machines indicate simultaneously with the weight, the cost of the article weighed — the result is money-weight j-or example a " roast " is called for, placed on the &cal|, and the Jiriee at once is called $1.35 — no weight is mentioned. The action is so ^wift that although the weight is indicated on all such machines on the public side, .the latter are unable to reckon the value. In this yea^r's Weights and Measures amendments provision is made for the inspection of these computing charts, but the la.ck of Government inspection of " weights delivered " again leaves a clear road to fraud, because the bill of sale reads " Beef Eoast — $1.35." If the meat is 22 cents a pound and the customer weighs the COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 733 inuat at home and finds an excess charge is made, action cannot be taken even under the common law because the " weight " is not given on the bill, and the " roast," not the " quantity," is sold and delivered for $1.35. With Government "weight" and "measure" inspection and supervision, a few test cases in a city, and one or two prosecutions, the* public would get what they pay for. In connection with the preceding and with the questionable practice, so preva- lent, of selling such large collective articles as potatoes, apples, etc., by measure, I strongly advocate an amendment to the "Weights and Measures Act, to the following effect: "All commodities, other than liquids, shall be sold hy weight." (This would also control packages.) I am unable to quote any law exacting same, the nearest being the New York State law, which only specifies certain commodities that must be so sold . Expenditure and Costs: — The expenditure for the '^'eights, and Measures,' Inspec- tion Service for thp last year was $131,344.1Y — of which $100,696.52 was collected in fees. This is for the present periodical duties of inspection and stamping. The introduction of Short Weight Inspection duties would necessarily greatly increase the number of ofBcers and expenditures, and become a Government obliga- tion. It is most desirable, in my opinion, to emphasize tljat the Weights and Measures Inspection Service should be administered as a protective service only — not in any way as revenue producing. Nevertheless, fees must be largely perpetuated to prevent indiscriminate and paralysing demands for inspection. Canada is of vast territory, and it would only seerQ necessary to have short weight supervision in the large cities, requiring hut a few additional officers, but of high qualifications. It might not be inadvisable to mention that this s&me question has been agitated iji England for several years, but the Imperial Government do not seem disposed to act, for in March, 1911, the President of the Board of Trade, replying to a question , in the House, said : " The whole question of short weight and measure has been under the consideration of the Board of Trade for somp time past, and inquiries were still being pursued. The question was by no means frfee from difficulty, and he was not at present able to say what the result of the inquiries would be " — and nothing has yet been done. Cheese Commission Report. — This report, in my opinion, has very little bearing on the cost of living — but will serve to emphasize the vital need of efficient weights and measures inspection — since the same is the fundamental of household economy, and is inseparably associated with the daily life of every man, woman and child. I would refer you to the paragraphs marked on pp. 8, 10, 14, 15. Milh Bottles. — The records of the Standards Branch show many tests on milk liottles — all of which were found short with the exception of some from Winnipeg which were found 3-3 per cent too large. The shortages reported are: — Bottles from Montreal, 1909— 1 quart-bottle — -8 J drams short — 1-25 per cent short. 2 1-pint bottles — 6 drams short — 2 per cent ('approximately). From Ottawa, 1909— Quart-bottles — J ounce short — 1-25 per cent short. Pint bottles — i ounce short — l-2i5 per cent short. Prom Toronto, 1910— 1 i-pint bottle, 5 per cent short. (One of 2-gross.) From Woodstock, 1911— 2 pint-bottles — 3 ounces short — 15 per cent short (wine measure). 734 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO From Toronto, 1912— 1 pint-bottle (sample) — 3i per cent short (This resulted in exportation of 16,000 bottles.) From the above it will be noted shortages average between 1^ and 3 per cent. The results of Inspection. — According to a letter on file from The Diamond Flint Glass Co., of Toronto, March, 1911, they evidently figure on there being 10 per cent of cuUs if bottles are inspected. This will raise the price per gross. If a fee of 50 cents per gross is charged for inspection — since it would be contrary to present weights and measures regulations to exempt them from an inspection fee — this would also advance prices. The Ottawa Dairy are on record as using Y50 gross per annum — which at above fee would mean an additional expenditure of $3'I5 per annum. Added to which the life of a bottle upon the statement of the same company is only about six months. Mr. Fyfe, my predecessor, gave this question Considerable attention in 1910 — amongst other things, there is a statement on file that the bottle manufacturers would have little cau&e for complaint if the toleration of error for pints and quarts were fixed at 14 and 20 drams. That is, such bottles should be allowed a toleration : Pints of 4^ per cent approx. ; quarts of 3 per cent approx. This would defeat inspection — whilst a more rigid accuracy would send up prices. Government inspection or supervision is, in my judgment, an obligation under the Weights and Measures Act — but there is a doubt whether the possible advance in the price "of milk to meet the charges of increased accuracy, would not outweigh the average shortage under the present non-inspeel^on system. Ooiicluding— the chief relation between weights and measures inspection and the cost of living is, that after an instrument has been inspected and stamped, a trader can deliver short weight or measure without hindrance from any Government official — upon packed and canned goods, there is no protection, and against dishonest pilfering in retail there is only ineffective recourse to common Jaw. Attached please find extracts from U.S.A. Lawssre packet goods, etc. Tours truly, (Signed) E. 0. WAT, Chief Inspector. Extracts from other Laws re Weights and Measures State of New Tork. Milk Bottles. — " Bottles and jars used for the sale of milk or cream shall have clearly blown (or moulded) or otherwise permanently marked, in the sides or bottom of the bottle, the name, initials, or trademark of the manufacturer and a designating number " (the latter being furnished by the S.tate Department). "Any manufacturer who sells milk and cream bqttles that do not comply as to size, marking, etc., with the provisions of shall suffer a penalty of $500." " Any dealer who knowingly uses for the purpose of selling milk or cream, jars or bottles that do not comply shall be deemed guilty of giving false or Insuffi- cient measure." Note: Practically the same provisions hold good in Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Detroit, and other states and cities. Packages, etc. — New Tork State. — " When commodities are sold or offered for sale in containers whose size is not otherwise provide'd for by statute, the net quantity of the contents or a statement that the specified weight includes the container, COST OP LIVING IN CANADA 735 the weight of which shall be marked, shall be plainly and conspicuously marked, branded or otherwise indicated on the outside, etc. . . . *•." " A ' Container ' shall include any carton, box, crate, barrel, half-barrel, hamper, keg, drum, jug, jar, crock, bottle, bag, basket, pail, can, wrapper, parcel or package." Method of Sale — New York State. — " All meat, meat products and butter, shall be sold or offered for sale by weight, all other commodities not in containers, shall be sold or offered for sale by standard weight, measure or numerical count, and such weight, measure or count shall be marked on a label or tag attached thereto; provided, how- ever, that vegetables may be sold by the head or bunch." Another important clause comes from the Massachusetts law. Short Weight. — "Whoever, himself or by his servant or agent gives or attempts to give fals{e or insufficient weight or measure shall for the first offence be punished, etc " This is necessarily a corollary to an inspection of weighing. Personally I am disposed to prefer the suggestion's of the Incorporated Society of Inspection of Weights and Measures of England in the matter of sales — the principal two being (1) AU goods offered for sale by retail in "packages which have previously been made up and set aside with a view to sale, shall be sold by weight and not by price only without any reference to weight. (2) That of all packages which are not equal in weight (net weight) to any one of the Board of Trade Standards of Avoirdupois, shall .have the represented net weight clearly marked on the outside. Note: Advocacy of this clause is based upon the possible saving in marking or printing all packages, wrappers or labels with weight values — any package not marked would be assumed by the inspecting officers to be a J-pound, i-pound, |-pound, ^ pound, etc. It would also assist in eliminating odd and irregular weights in net con- tents. A precedent to the above can be found in the Provincial Bread Act, administered by municipal officers. (Initialed) E. O. W. 736 BOARD OF INQUIRY MTO APPENDIX No. 15. MEMOEAN DTJM. — Adulteration and Inspection of Food Stuffs. Of the many directions in which existing laws seek to make selfishness impotent and to disject ignorance, my personal experience for thirty years past has been con- fined to that which deals with foods, drugs and agricultural fertilizers. Fraud in manufacture and sale is not peculiar to the classes of articles named; but, from the tact that food is in universal demand, its manufacture and sale ofEer tempting facility to fraud. To substitute, in whole or in part, an article of low value for one of high value is an irresistable temptation to the selfish manufacturer and vendor; and where the ignorance of the consumer makes it impossible for him to distinguish between the genuine and the surrogate, he is sure to become the prey of imposture. New discoveries in material and in processes of manufacture have made, and con- tinue to make, it more and more possible to imitate recognized and well known foods, and thus to defraud the unwary purchaser. Eecognizing this fact, Canada, in common with all other civilized countries, has enacted laws which are designed to protect the public in the matter described. Our Food Act is, known as the Adulteration Act, and, in its original form dates from 1876. Since first being placed in our statute book it has been considerably modified, conformably to experience gained. Eren as now \\ritten it is by no means perfect, although statistics in my posession prove beyond question that a great change for the better has take;i place in our foods since 1876. Perhaps the greatest difB.culty found in making the Act effective from the first was the vagueness attaching to the use of names of the various foods in ordinary use. Every one thinks he knows the meaning of such terms as flour, sugar, milk, cheese, etc., J)ut when a case involving the definition of thesg terms comes before the courts, it by no means follows that the matter is as simple as it looks. A large part of the work done under the Adulteration Act has consisted of studies made with a view to legally defining foods. In consequence of progress made in this direction we find it comparatively easy to declare adulteration where it exists, and to secure judgment. It by no means follows that some changes in definition may n'ot yet be justifiable. I might illustrate this in the case of butter. FoUotving English precedent, we have ruled that not more than 16 per cent of water may be present in legal butter. I am convinced that this limit is still too wide. Country butter of good quality seldom contains more than 9 or 10 -pex cent of water; and, we have ample records to prove that butter as known to our mothers seldom contained more than 10 per cent of water. It is sufficiently evident that, to buy water at the present price of butter ia a bad investment. Butter-making is now in the hands of factories, some of these being of very large capacity. It is to their manifest advantage to retain the largest amount of water in their product that the law allows. Hence we seldom find so-called creamery made butter with less than 15 or 16 per cent of water. It has been found possible to cause butter to retain as much as 30 per cent of water, and several samples recently in our hands actually contained this amount. Of course these cases will be prose- cuted; but their occurrence indicates how necessary -it is that the public should be protecteid by law. Perhaps the most important improvement in the food law now apparent ia such a change in the modus operandi as shall make it aK>ly to importations of foodstuffs into Canada. I have knowledge of shipments of adulterants for pepper and other spices having no food value, being delivered at Halifax. These adulterants we found in samples of pepper bought at retail in many widely separated towns in Canada; COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 737 and it goes without saying that the whole shipment found its way into commerce. Had we been able to stop this shipment at the port of entry and to refuse its admittance into the country, just so much money as was paid for it by defrauded consumers would have been saved to them. I am endeavouring to secure such a change in administration of the Act as shall meet cases of the kind. It is certain that the cost of living is increased unnecessarily by 'every case of fraud. The man who pays the price of legal butter for an article containing 30 per cent of water when the price of butter is 30 cents a pound is paying 5 cents too much on each pound he buys. Otherwise expressed this means that on the assumption that the butter he buys is needed for nutriment, then, in order to obtain necessary nutriment he must purchase 6 pounds in order to get the nourishment that should have been {oiind in 5 pounds of legal butter; and the cost of living, so far as this item is con- cerned, is increased 20 per cent. Articles which I have noted as particularly subject to adulteration of the kind referred to, and which might equally well have been used to illustrate the subject are: Baking powders, catsups and other sauces; coffee; con- densed milk; cream of tartar; flavouring extracts of many kinds; honey; ice cream; jams and jellies; lard; lime juice;' maple sugar and Syrup; milk; olive oil; vinegar. Cattle foods (bran, shorts, etc.) are necessarily ilispected from time to time, in order to check known tendencies to fraud in these articles. Fertilizers, insecticides and many drugs have been shown to lend themselves to sophistication, and to require frequent inspection. - (Signed) A. McGILL. Janury 30, 1914, '6—47 /38 HOARD OF INQVIBf INTO APPENDIX No. 1§. , M HAT INSPECTION IN CANADA. Memorandum for the Veterinary Director General — Prepared hy James Audley. SUMMARY. (1) Number of Establishments and totals of animals slaughtered each year from staTt of meat inspection. Per cent of increase over last year also shown. (2) Hog Killings of Canada, Denmark and Ireland. Irish live stock -exports. Sheep stock of Canada and New Zealand. (3) Condemnations on cattle and swine, jefir ending March, 1913, showing per cent for tuberculosis, also an estimate of monetary loss on hogs. (4) Live Stock "Receipts at Toronto, Montreal and Winnipeg, year ending Decem- ber, 1913. Note heavy calf receipts Montreal. (5) Provincial Killings and per cent of total slaughter eight months ending Nov- ember 30, 1913. I would draw your attention to the enormous export of cattle to the United States for the past eight months and which total up 185,2(!1. Toronto market is now about the highest on the continent, $9 being paid for cattle on that market in the past few days. The imports of sheep for immediate consumption being 162,422; besides this importation of live animals there is a lot of Australian and New Zealand mutton coming to British Columbia and western Canada and also beef from Australia. Owing to the heavy hog killings out west, eastern establishments are drawing a lot of hog products from as far west as Vancouver, and a lot of bacon, etc., is being shipped to the United States from western establishments. I might say that of total cattle slaughtered, calves represent about 23 per cent. JAMES AUDLEY. Janury, 1914. Live stock slaughtered in Canada at inspected establishments-: — Establish- ments. Cattle. Sheep. 7 months endiiig March 31, 1908 Year ending March 31, 1909 Year ending March 31, 1910 Year ending March 31, 1911 Year ending March 31, 1912 .- Year ending March 31, 1913 Year ending March 31, 1914 (estimated) April 1 to November 30, shows increase of over previous year 28 32 .30 .32 32 32 34 131,660 298,241 384,789 411,308 408,401 450,390 546,000 29-76% 86,049 191,792 257,049 329,017 376,437 455,647 491,000 9-00% 861,98* 1,632,796 1,261,496 1,452,237 1,852,997 1,607,741 1,646,000 3-75% €08T OF LIVINO IN CANADA 739 Irish and Danish hog killings compared with Canadian, elevent months ending Novemhei 30, 1913 :— ♦Ireland 1,099,091 •Denmark 2,011,350 Canada 1,405,582 •Almost all of which is exported to England in the shape of baccin. Ireland exported same period live animals : — Cattle 1,050,718 Sheep 637, 712 Swine 162,556 SHEEP. Canada compared with New Zealand : — Canada. New Zealand. Census, 1913 2,141,000 23,996,000 : i Year ending March, 1913, Canada imported 229,743 sheep from United States for slaughter. New Zealand exports yearly about 5,000,000 carcases of lamb arid mutton. Last Nevember Swift & Co., Chicago, were reported to be freezing 25,000 sheep to supply their Winnipeg trade. P. Bums, Calgary, states that 73 per cent of all sheep killed in his Calgary plant were from Montana, U.S.A. Condemnations on cattle and swine year ending Maych 31, 1913 : — CATTLE. Number of Carcases. Number of ^ Condemnations. Per cent Condemnations.- Killed carcases . . - . 450,930 Condemned for tuberculosis , II other causes 2,080 ' 1,700 65 pc. 45 p.c. Total condemnations 3,780 16,H91 91,256 100 p.c. 15.50 p.c. Portions- Condemned for tuberculosis 84.50 p.c. 107,947 100. p.c. SWINE. Number of Carcases. Number of Condemnations. Per cent Condemnations. 1,607,741 2^155' ' 938 ,y Condemned for tuberculosis II other causes 70 p.c. 30 p.c. 3,093 382,184 49,000 100 p.c. Portions— 88 p.c. 12 p.c. 431,184 100 p.c. 6—47* 740 BOARD OF IKQUIBT INTO <' The monetary loss on above is very difficult to arrive at. One house in Toronto showed their loss on hogs to be around 5 cents per hog killed. Another house situated in a district where the percentage of tubercular afieeted animals is very high gave their loss at 10 cents per Ijog killed. The losses in Western Canada while not as high'as Ontario and Quebec for tuber- cular affection, is high for other causes, and a conseiVative estimate would be, I think about 5 cents per hog killed, which would amount to febout $80,000. No statistics available of losses on cattle. Live stock receipts at sale yards in Toronto, Montreal and Winnipeg year ending December 31, 1913 :— TORONTO. Oattle. Sheep. Swine. Calves. 367,977 174,776 346,367 53,854 The calf receipts are equal to ]2| per cent of all Bovine animals or 1 to 7. MONTREAL.' Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Calves. 198,337 146,947 193,445 117,854 The calf receipts are equal to 37 per cent of all b6vine animals or 1 to liV. WINNIPEG. Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Calves. 78,228 53,748 173,640 6.310 The calf receipts are equal to 7i per cent of all bovine animals or 1 to 13. Tou will note the very heavy receipts of calves at Montreal almost equal to the cattle receipts but this does not begin to represent thfc thousands that are disposed of otherwise and goes a long way to help the shortage of the present and coming years. Provincial killings for April 1 to November 30, 1913, and percentage of total slaughter : — Cattle. Sheep. Swine. Ontari« i55,7'f4 128,472 594,966 37% 30i% 54% Quebec 164,085 138,466 214,711 39% 33% 20% Manitoba 46,102 43,782 110,080 119', 10% 10% Alberta 29,972 50,604 104,235 7%. 12% 9S% Saskatohewan 4,404 5,081 18,148 1% 1J% n% British Oolumbla 16,700 32,272 50,785 4% 8% 4J% Prince Edward Island and Maritime. . 1,474 20,478 8,466 0.30% 5% 0.75% Total • 418,511 419,155 1,101,391 Extract from the Nor- West Farmer, January 20, 19 IS. Cattle receipts at the Winnipeg stock yards for the past five years, with the aver- age estimated prices per year, are as follows:, In 1^12, 101,044; 1911, 102,726; 1910, 190,517; 1909, 169,458; 1908, 170,088; at $5,488^ $4.64^; $4.55|; $3.76J, and $3.53 per cwt., respectively. It is interesting to note that the highest prices each year have been in the month of July. It is also interesting to know that last year's average price is almost one dollar per cwt. higher than in 1911, aiid practically two dollars higher than in 1909. In spite of the falling off of 70,000 ..head since 1909, the total value of the cattle last year was $193,870 more than it was three years ago. Total value cattle for 1912 $7,517,670 Total value cattle for 1911 , 6,448,269 Total value cattle for 1910 9,568,611 Total value cattle for 1909 7,323,800 iCOST OF LITINO IN OAWADA 741 APPENDIX No. 17. Ottawa Journal, April 25, 19H. AVEEAGE FAMILY PATS $30 PER AKNUM AS EESULT OE EIEES IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.— FIRE WASTE, THROUGH INSUR- ANCE TOUCHES THE POCKET OF EVERY MAN, WOMAN AND CHILD IN THE NATION— GREATER CARE ADVOCATED. By E. Andrew. The following extracts from the stirring address of Mr. Franklin H. Wentworth, Secretary of the National Fire Protection Association, to the members of the Cana- dian Manufacturers' Association at Toronto, shows the great ravages of fire, how it effects every person in America and contains excellent suggestions for fire prevention and reducing fire hazard and insurance rates. The awakening of a people to any great econoinic fact concerning their public or private welfare is always a matter of profound iinportance. The recognition by the people of the economic significance of the fire waste has been retarded both in the United States and Canada by an attitude of mind, bred by residence- in a. country of apparently boundless natural resources. The Dominion of Canada has suffered frightfully in the matter of its standing timber. A perforated water-pipe has evolved the automatSc sprinkler, the best fire-fighting engine yet devised, and ten thousand reports of fiies on the National Association records fail to show where sprinkler systems have failed to hold the blaze in cheek or extinguish it, urJess there was something abnormal about the fire or some fault in the equipment or in the water supply. About eighty per cent of all these ten thou- sand fires on record occurring in properties equipped with automatic sprinklers were extinguished by the operation of ten sprinkler heads or less. As the automatic sprinkler came into use th^ insurance companies began to grant liberal reductions for their installation. It is obvious that insurance rates cannot be reduced irrespective of the loss ratio without forcing insurance companies who mean hon^tly to pay their losses, to retire. Capital invested in underwriting is not ho irrevocably ifijsed as capital invested in public service corporations using public property or rights^ of way. Such investments can be controlled easily by the State, but capital invested in underwriting can easily seek other channels and withdraw when undesirable burdens are placed upon the com- panies, thus leaving the business world without the I, desired indemnity. Every one pays. — Our waste of $3 per capita per annum means that erery man, TOnian and child in America pays three dollars per year for fire waste. That means that the man with the average f anally, his wife and three children, a family of five, pays $15 per year fire tax. The United States Government in its report adds to this fire waste the cost of maintenance of fire departments, which is as much more. This means thirty dollars per year Ibr the average family. Now, if <5n some blue Monday in every year a representative of .the Government ■fas to come around and ask each man for a cheque for $30 to pay his share of th« national carelessness, then he would realize what he is paying. Now we do not reaHzo it because the tax is indirect. The big manufacturers and merchants know that this fire expense is a tax. They ''luip their premises with automatic sprinklers. They put in protective apparatus.. 742 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Q'liey get the lowest insurance rate they can because it helps them to compete; but the man in the street, the ordinary man, does not know how this fire waste is paid, Take wool, for example. Wool in the warehouse is insured — that is a tax. It is insured in transportation, and there it pays a fire tax. It is insured in the textile factory where it is worked up into cloth. It is insured in the clothing, store, insured m the tailor shop, in the department store, and all the way along this fire tax is added to the cost, and when you buy a coat you pay it. Every stock of goods that is insured carries this tax, and it is passed along to the ultimate consumer. The masses do not know that they pay it. They do not realize that when they buy a hat, or a pair of shoes, or a suit of clothes, or anything which goes through the regular channels of industry, production, distribution and exchange, they pay a tax. Not realizing it they are indifferent to fire. They think fire does not affect them. Immense loss. — The fire loss in the United States and Canada for the last ten 5 ears has averaged $250,000,000 a year. What could you do with that? Tou could huild roads, build canals, improve your harbours, build battleships — if you have no less mediaeval use for your iron. You could do a great many things with $250,000,000 a year. What does that mean ? That means $30,000 an hour, $500 a minute ; it means that every ten minutes we are burning the equivalent of a comfortable $5,000 home. What country can stand a drain like that? Suppose we were to throw into the sea $250,000,000 in wheat or corn or cotton, or lose $250,000,000 out of our two national treasuries. Then we would realize that we were being impoverished by this waste. But we have lost the faculty of being moved by an ordinary fire. In Europe a $100,000 fire shocks the entire country. All the papers in Continental Europe comment on it, wanting to know how it occurred, who was responsible for it, whether the conditions in the city where it occurred rfan be found elsewhere so that such a fire might be duplicated. But here in America, if we take up the morning paper and do not find two or three $100,000 fires we think nothing has happened. We are the most careless people with matches on the face of the earth. In Europe, if you want matches you have to go where tley are kept. In America matches are everywhere; on our bureaus, in our desk drawers; on the mantle-piece, library tables; in all our old waistcoat pockets in the closet-; if we wake up in the middle of the night and reach out and cannot find a match we feel insulted. Every m^tch is a potential conflagration. There is no reason why "any man who loves his family should have any match in the house except the match which lights only on the box. These strike-anywhere matches, if they are dropped -on the floor and stepped on, wiU frequently ignite the skirts of women. This match is particidarly dangerous to the child. The child is an imitator. He sees his older brother or his father or mother light a match. That is a dramatic thing. It is go'ing to stick in his mind; he will remember it until he can get hold of one of these little fire sticks and see what he can do with it, amd perhaps bum his little body. Indirect taxation. — The fire waste touches the pocket of every man, woman and child in the nation; it strikes as surely but as quietly as indirect taxation; it merges with the cost of everything we eat and drink and wear. The profligate burning every year of $250,000,000 in the value of work of men's hands means the inevitable impoverishment of the people. This fearful loss spread over the' entire business world of America is Iseginning to manifest its impoverishing blight. The people feel it without yet being awake to its' cause. Th^r awakening is retarded by the prevalence of the foolish notion that the insurance, companies pay this colossal tax. But how could they, and remain solvent? They are mere collectors and distributors of that portion of this tax which is reipresented by their policies. Half of it they never touch; it falls upon the householder direct. San Francisco and Chelsea do not pay for themselves. The people of Canada and Massachussetts help pay for them. And next year San Francisco and Chelsea, jrisen from their ashes, may help COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 743 I0 pay for your cities and ours. There is, one way in which we can escape the periodical paying for one another, and that is for us both to hegin rational building construction and then protect what we have builded against fire. The, building of proper flues and chimneys is especially necessary in connection with residences. Then we must have a general revision throughout the country of our building codes. We must stop the building of k certain shoddy class of build- ings, and we must limit the height of buildings. In Boston we limit them to 125 feet. I learn that in Montreal the limit is 130 feet. It is too late for a limit to be established in New York. New York is no longer a city; New York is a disease. The late.st achievement in New York is a building of fifty-five stories. They have recently established a fire college in New York where firemen from different parts of the country go to study. A couple of firemen from Philadelphia attending this college last week were asked this question: What would you do with a water-tower if a fire broke out in the fifty-fifth story of a building? One of the Philadelphians looked at the other and said " We are out of our class ; we don't have to fight fire in Heaven in Philadelphia." A friend of mine in New York declares in all sobriety that on Manhattan Island a greater number of people travel greater dis- tances vertically every day than horizontally. If anything like the earthquake in San Francisco were to occur and the people in downtown New York were precipitated into the street they would pile up four deep. However, they declare they are in no danger. Placing Blame. — ^We must begin to place the responsibility upon the individual for fires. It is difficult to do that, I know, and yet it can be done. In France, if you have a fire and that fire damages your neighbour's property, you have to pay your neighbour's loss. That is very educative. It would be a very good thing if we had such a law in America. We can fix responsibility, however, and we can change our attitude of mind towards the man who has fires. When we look upon the man who has a fire as one who has done an unneighbourly thing; as one who is a public offender unless he can prove that he was in no way responsible "for that fire/; then we will have begun to make headway. We must have inquiry into the causes of all fires, not merely an inquiry into the fire which is suspected to be the work of some incendiary. Nearly every fire is the result of some carelessness, and the dareless man must be held up to public criticism as a man who has picked the pockets -of the rest of us because that is what it is in its last analysis. When we get fire marshals in every province who shall inquire into the causes of fires, I believe we will begin to correct our personal habits in respect to the things that cause fires. 744 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO APPENDIX No. 18. Memokanpum submitted through Ma^'or H. 0. Blair on the subject of Steam Trawlers and the Fishing Industry in the United Kingdom, by Mr. George S. F. Edwards, of Smiths Dock Company, Limited, South Banks near Middlesborough-on-Tees, England. My Dear Blair,— In further reply to your letter of the lYth February, I shall now proceed to answer the questions you ask me in this "letter. 1. How is the fresh fish transported to the inland towns in this country? When the fish is landed from the trawler at the fish market it is sorted according to class and quality on the floor of the market. The entire catch is then exposed to public auction, the bidders consisting of fish merchants who have customers in different towns throughout the country or who act as buyers for the large public institutions, such as workhouses, lunatic asylums, etc. 2. Transport of fish. Immediately the buyers have completed their purchase they proceed to pack the fish, either in wooden boxes or in kits, or barrels. ^ Most of the fish is gutted on the spot and is packed with intervening layers of crushed ice. The railway wagons are ranged up alongside the fish market, the floor of which is level with the floor of the railway wagons. We do not use refrigerated cars, as our distances do not necessitate this, what we use are specially constructed covered in fish trucks, the dimensions being 46 feet inside length, 7 feet 9 inches width, and 10 ;feet 10 inches height from ground to roof and 7 feet 3 inches height from the floor of the truck to the roof. At the prin- cipal fishing ports the railway companies run special express fish trains. Take Grimsby for instance, which is our fishing metropolis, indeed the fishing metropolis of the world. There are twenty-three fish trains despatched every day, seven of which are special express trains, these being drawn by specially constructed locomotives. These locomotives are of great boiler power, enabling a very high tractive effort to be mam- tained at high speeds. All other trafSc gives way -to these express fish trains except certain through passenger traffic on the main lines. 3. What is the margin of profit, showing whether the consumer has to pay a reason- able price or not. What benefits do the carriers rea'p, etc. The price of fish in this country is regulated by supply and demand. The buyer on the market, or more correctly speaking, thfc distributing merchant, looks to a profit of 5 per cent on his turnover after paying all expenses of packing, railway car- riage, etc., and it often happens, when there is a ghit of fish, he has to take less. The fishmonger, that is the man who supplies the public, looks to securing a profit of 10 per cent on his turnover, certainly not less. This, however, depends on the locality m which his business is conducted; fishmongers in London, for instance, whose customers consist of wealthy families in the West End, derive very large profits. It is common knowledge, however, that the fishmonger's price does not vary with the price received by the owner of the steam trawler, in other words when there is a glut of fish and it is sold by auction at ruinous prices, the price of fish to the consumer is not proportion- ately reduced. On the other hand it is only fair to "say when there is a scarcity of fish and prices rule high at the market the fishmonger's. price is not raised, but the former happens more frequently than the latter. Of late years a business has sprung up in our idensely populated towns which has bad a great eflfect on the fish trade in general; I allude to the business of the fish frier. These people have shops where certain kinds of fish are prepared and fried ready ioi COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 745 use in large quantities, and prove excellent and nutritious, as well as cheap, food for the working and poorer classes of the population. -This trade of the fish 'frier has developed enormously of late years, and has proved a veritable backbone to our fishing trade, as it absorbs a large quantity of the poorer classes of fish which other- wise would have been a dru^ in the market, and aftimes unsaleable. The difficulty to be contended with in a large and comparatively sparsely populated country like Canada, is that the towns are scattered over such a wide area, and in themselves do not represent a very large population, thus the cost of transit is a very serious consideration. On account of the long distances to be traversed, particularly in summer weather, it would hardly be possible to adopt the same principle of preserv- ing the fish for transit as is adopted in this country, namely by means of crushed ice, which is quite sufficient to keep the fish in a fresh condition for the period occupied by carrying over any distance of this small country of ours ; that being so I think it would be found necessary to introduce specially refrigerated fish trucks in yo\ir country. With regard to the rates for carrying fish in this country, we will take Grimsby as the base and I give you a list of some of the rates from that port : — Cost of Garriage pen Cwt. Prime. Coarse. Smoked. Birmingham Liverpool London Manchester. . Sheffield.... Plymouth... Dublin.. Edinburgh. . 2/3d 2/3d 2/3d 2/- 2/4d l/6d 2/- l/9d l/7d l/7d 3/6d 3/6d 4/9d 3/- 4/9d 3/- l/9d lAid 1/Sd l/8d l/7d 3/- 3/- 2/6d (Reduction of 3d to 6d for 3- ton lots) (Reduction for 3-ton lots.) Ton ask what became of the fishermen who operated the old sailing vessels; did they get employment on the steam trawlers? In reply to this question I may tell you that the success of Grimsby as a fishing port is due to the fact that previous to steam trawling being introduced in the early eighties there existed a fleet of something like fiftelop hundred sailing smacks work- ing out of the port of Grimsby, and as steam gradually displaced the sailing smack, it was,' found that the crews of the sailing smacks^were ideal men for working the steam trawlers, and when the evolution became rapid' there was no difficulty to be faced in regard to finding crews for the steam traiwlers, whereas in other ports which possess m.iny greater advantages than Grimsby, geographical and otherwise, the one great obstacle to success has been the difficulty in manning the steam trawlers, thus the development of these other ports has been both slow -and tedious. I will now proceed to give you some interesting information regarding the port of Grimsby: — There are 650 steam fishing vessels belonging to that port, and 50 new ones are expected to be put into commission during the present year.. The estimated quantity of fish landed by British vessels at Grimsby during 1913 was 179,226 tons, an increase over 1912 of 3,500 totfs. About 1,250,000 tons of coal are used annually toy the fleet of steam trawlers. 200,000 tons of ice are used aanually. The average number of vessels landing their fish at Grimsby market each day is 6'8, while on January 6, 1913, no less than 124 vessels laden with fish entered the fish dock, the largest number on record for any one day. 746 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO The total quantity of fish carried by the railway 'company in one year was 170,000 tons, added to which there was 26,000 tons exported by the railway company's steamers plying between Grimsby and the Continent, making a grand total of 196,000 tons. The fish trade of Grimsby requires 60,000 railway trucks annually. The largest quantity carried by rail in any one 'day was 1,400 tons. Of late years a new development has sprung up in the despatch of fish in small parcels direct to the consumer. Firms who are carrying on this business issue price lists of packages of various sizes and prices, composed of various kinds of prime fish, and a large number of consumers in this country derive their supplies direct from Grimsby. In one year 450,000 of these parcels, of an' average weight of twelve pounds, and paying an average charge of 8d. each to the railway company were carried. In addition to these, there were large numbers sent by parcels post, amounting to many Ihousaiids. The estimated number of packages of all sizes handled in one year by the rail- way company alone was 4,000,'000. The existing fish docks at Grimsby have a total water area of about 35 acres, which, however, is quite inadequate to cope with -the trade. An additional dock, however, is in course of construction which will have d water area of 28 acres. The covered-in fish markets where the fish is landed run to an area of 3,S16 square feet, and there are about 500 merchants engaged in buying and despatching tJie fish to all parts of the country. The capital invested in steam trawlers amounts to £3,500,000, and 6,000 men are employed directly in the fleet, -whilst 50 per cent of the town's population is dependent on the fishery industry. An enormous business is done at Grimsby in the salting and drying of cod, ling, ttc, hundreds of tons being dealt with and prepared in this manner. The railway dompany have provided special facilities, and the uvea, over which this class of fish is distributed is rapidly increasing. A large business is done in the manufacture of- cod liver oil, and all the offal is I'sed for the manufacture of fish meal and fish guano, which is a very profitable business. When you come to consider that the population of Canada scarcely exceeds that of London, and that the distance from London to our furthest away fishing port, namely Aberdeen, is inside of 500 miles, you will readily understand that in the present condition of the population in Canada the problem to be solved is a very difficult one. I mention London in particular, but our other large towns such as Birmingham, Nottingham, Leicester, Manchester, Leeds, and all the large towns in the cotton spinning area, the large colliery districts of this country are very large consumers of fish, but it is ohly within the last twenty years that fish has been recognized in this country as a cheap and nutritious diet for the working classes. Previous to that it was looked upon more as a luxury to be enjoyed by the wealthier classes of this country. Totirs sincerely, (Sgd.) GEO. S. F. EDWARDS. March, 14, 1914. COST OF Livma in cana da 7i7 APPENDIX No. 19. Statement No. 1, showing wholesale quotations for Spring Wheat Flour, Bakers' Grade (Second Patents) at Chicago, Montreal, Toronto, Ottawa, Liverpool and London during the months of November and December, 1909 : — Chicago, per barrel S 5 60 Montreal, per barrel 5 20 Toronto, per barrel ..'.,........ 5 10 Ottawa, per barrel : , 5 10 Liverpool, per barrel '...'..'..,.. 5 04 London, per barrel , '..'..'..... 5 20 Note.— The Montreal quotation includes delivery to buy6r; the Toronto and Ottawa quotations are f. o. b. cars. Statement No. 2, showing 'wholesale and retail prices of bread in the above-men- tioned cities during the months of November and December, 1909. (The wJiolesale price is given first ; the retail price second) : — Price of Loaf. Weight of Loaf. Chicago „ Cts. 4 5 6} 8 4 5 9 11 5 6 51 6J 28-57 35-71 32-5 40-0 25-0 31-25 28-12 34-37 15-62 18-75 17-18 20-31 Oz. 14 14 20 20 Toronto .-..'. 16 16 Ottawa 32 i{ . ' 32 32 it 32 32 ii 32 Price per'lOO ounces — Chicago . Montreal . . Toronto . . . ,..,.§ K Ottawa « It is difficult to make a fair comparison of prices of bread in different cities because of the fact that it is the weight of the loaf and not the price which is affected by its quality. All loaves are sold at the same figure but the better the quality the lighter the loaf. In the above table a considerable difference is shown in the price of bread in Montreal and Toronto. The Montreal loaf which is used in the table is supposed to weight 20 ounces but, as a matter of fact, loaves labelled with this weight frequently weigh more, the overrun sometimes amounting to 8 ounces. In Ottawa the actual Wight of the loaf usually corresponds with the stamped weight. Whether this is the oase in Chicago, Liverpool and London I do not know. 748 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO COST OF MATERIAL TO THE BAKER. In ordinary straight breadmaking tte cost of the ingredients, other than flour, used in baking one barrel of flour is about as follows : — li pounds yeast at 30o. per lb 45 cents. 3 " lard at 17c. per lb Bl 3 " sugar at 45c. per lb 14i " 23 '• salt at Ic. per lb 23 " $1 13 If we add to this amount the price of the flour- per barrel we get the cost of the materia! to the baker in each city as follows: — Chicago. . Montreal Toronto. . Ottawa . . Liverpool London . . ?5 6,0 + $1 13 z= $6 73 per barrel. 5 20 + 1 13 = 6 33 " 5 10 + 1 13 = 6 23 5 10 + 1 13 = 6 23 5 04 + 1 13 = 6 17 " 5 20 + 1 13 = 6 33 Note. — I have used the same estimate of coat of ingredients,' other than flour, tor all the cities men- tioned, but I think the cost of sugar, lard, yeast and salt would be from eight to ten cents less per barrel in Liverpool and London than in Canada or the United States. One barrel of flour (196 lbs.) will take up about 115 pounds of water and the lard, sugar, salt and yeast about 10 pounds more, making in all about 321 pounds of dough. Allowing 2 ounces per pound for evaporation during baking would leave about 280 pounds of bread per barrel, equal to 140 2-pound loaves. This quantity of bread at the wholesale prices quoted in the table in Statement No. 2 gives the following return per barrel of flour :^ Chicago 280 lbs. bread atSSi cts. pet .100 oz. =$12-76 Montreal 280 " Toronto 280 Ottawa 280 " Liverpool 280 " London 280 The baker's gross outlay for material and his grofes receipts from the sale of bread, per barrel of flour manufactured, stand, therefore, as follows: — 32J cts. =S14-56 25 cts. =J1L20 28 cts. =$12-54 15J cts. = 16-94 17 cts. = $7-61 City. Cost of material per brl. of flour baked. Receipts from bread per brl. of flour baked. Gross profit. { cts. 6 73 6 33 6 23 6 23 6 17 6 33 S cts. 12 76 14 56 11 20 12 54 6 94 7 61 S cts. 6 03 8 23 Toronto Ottawa.. r 4 97 6 31 •0 77 London. *1 28 'Should probably be 10 cents more for the reason stated in note given above. Out of the gross profit shown above the baker hafe to pay wages, rent, fuel, cost of delivery, interest, etc. If a better grade of flour is used than " Strong Bakers," which I have quoted throughout, then of course, the profit shown above would be lessened. That would hold good, however, with the Old Country baker as well as with the baker on this side of the water, and it is evident, therefore, -that the baker in England works COST OF LIVING IV :OANADA 749 on a mucli smaller margin than his confrere in Canada or the United States. The margin of the Liverpool baker appears to be so small as*to preclude any chance of profit, but it must be remembered that the volume of his business is very great. For instance, one firm of bakers in Liverpool have a capital of $500,000, own fifty-seven shops from which they sell bread wholesale and retail and also deliver from house to house by hand barrow. Another firm has seventy-five shops, anpther forty, and another thirty- five. Everything considered the gross profit shown fol" bakers in Chicago, Montreal, Ottawa, and Toronto seems excessive compared with the Liverpool figures, and it would appear as though the householder in this country would find it profitable to make bread at home. It would cost less and the bread would probably be more wholesome. (Signed) W. W. MOORE, Chief, Markets Division. Ottawa, January 20, 1910. 750 BOARD OF lyQVIRT IVTO APPENDIX No. 20. THE HIGH COST OF LIVING. A consumer's and a miller's views on the question. The two letters foUowing appeared in recent issues of the Standard (Montreal). They give two distinct views on the high cost of living problem as afEected by the milling industry. We invite- further discussion on the questions raised in these letters from our readers. SiH^ — Whatever transient distractions claim the "monetary regard, the one subject of permanent anxiety to our population, whether in Montreal or elsewhere, is the high cost of living. Eent, food, clothing, — the three economic essentials in urban centres which have been soaring for the last ten years, — show no ameliorative ssrmptoms, and thousands of families in Montreal and elsewhere, desiring decency of life and environment are compelled to resign themselves to untoward physical conditions which deny the faint- est intimation of beauty, and render virtue itself well nigh impossible. The Government was appealed to. Every politiciil economist knows that you can- not legislate against a tendency. Hon. Mr. R. Bordeii says, " you can have a conunis- sion ; but this Government does not promise solution." This special commission has been meeting in the-^eat centres of population, hold- ing their sessions in camera which, doubtless, was desirable, inviting confidential views from the leaders on commerce and making note of the general conditions in the communities they visited. The other day, Hon. W. T. White, the Minister of Finance, told a deputarton of the milling interests that the people of this country did not relish the idea of their charging them more for their domestic flour than they charged for the exported. That, perhaps, did not arrest the general attention; but an examination of the circumstances of the case stamps the remark with goeat significance. Many causes contribute to the high cost of living and these are, for the most part, recondite and elusive. Explanations have been many and ingenious, nor must we forget that it has been stated, that one of the causes of the high cost of living is that Mrs. Brown is too proud to go to Bonsecours market with her basket, or carry her fowls with their heads dangling on the sidewalk. The remark, however, of the Hon. Mr. White led the writer to make inquiries, with "the result that it can be shown unequivocably that the milling interests of this country are by their discrimination against our people, furnishing a most potent cause of the high cost of living. The answer of the milling interests to the charge of the Hon. Mr. White was two- fold; first, the Canadian people would not eat the inferior grades which they exported; second, the export business did not pay, was indeed «onducted at a loss. Both state- ments are untrue. The highest grades of flour are fexported to England and eold at from $1.50 per barrel less than the price charged .Canadians for a similar article. Second, The Ogilvy's, the Lake of the Woods, the Jnternational Milling Company have, according to their published record, made last year profits from 30 to 60 per cfint upon their capital. In respect to the character of the flour, here are the grades and prices : Top grade, $4.50 in Winnipeg; $5.10 in Montreal; $4.18 in London. Patent, $4.80 in Winnipeg; $4.90 in Montreal; $4.06 in ilondon. Baiters, $4 ih Winnipeg; $4.10 in Montreal; $3. GO in London. That is to say, Canadian flour produced at our door, so to say, is COST OF LIVING IN OAJfADA 75I carried across the continent, transported over the Atlantic and sold in London after paying all the freight charges, at $1.50 per barrel cheaper than a similar' brand i:* sold to the Canadian people themselves. This is surely an extraordinary state of affairs considering that the quality of civilizatiCin is bread rather than roots, and that flour is our greatest staple, the seriousness of the discrimination involved is at once appar- ent. It affects every family in the Dominion. It brings every workingman measur- ably nearer the ragged edge of poverty over which the implacable rigours of economic science have been holding him. It means to 7,000,000 people that owing to this dis- crimination they are penalized to suit a business of yhich the profits are* 60 per cent per annum. It is not pretended that this discrimination accounts, by itself, for the high cost of living, but it is a potent factor. It is a contributory cause and that not in ainy remote way, but directly, immediately, practically. If we consider to what an extent flour as a staple food enters into the living of every family in the Dominion, one can easily estimate the bearing of this discrim- ination upon the general conditions of living. We sometimes read in respect of liquor or tobacco, that innocent citizen Brown is credited wilji so many gallons or pounds per annum, as the case may be. That is illustrative, but Brown does not feel it. It is per capita calculation; but it does not mean that Brown in the concrete knows the taste of Scotch from Bovril. In this case, however, every family in the Donjinion is an immediate sufferer by the discrimination to the extent of every barrel of flour it uses in the year. Unques- tionably this, in its totality, would furnish one of the. causes contributing to the high cost of living. Oiie wonders if the Royal Commission has considered this matter. It calls for in-vestigation — the more so as the milling interests have denied the plain and incontrovertible facts in the connection. Even Professor Leacock, keen economist as he is, could not marshall aU the con- tributory causes of the present cost of living; but the simplest can understand that if you make the Canadian people pay $1.50 per barrel more for a necessity of life than you do other people three thousand miles away you are by that amount making living dearer to every person affected by the added charge. Here, then, is something plain and unmistakable, which the commission can grasp, without fear that it will elude the pursuit or dissolve in economic ambiguity. This is something which you can put handcuffs on — if necessary. CAITADIAN CONSUMER. THE millers' side OF THE CASE. Sir, — In your issue of April 4th you published a letter signed, ''' Canadian Con- sumer." That " Canadian Consumer " was neither competent nor truthful in his statement regarding the price of flour is shown by his own letter and to put it plainly, he was mistaken when he says that the statements made by the milling interests to the Hon. Mr. White "were untrue " and that " the highest grades of flour are exported to England and sold at $1.50 per barrel less than the priCe charged Canadians." His own letter proves that what the millers told .Mr. White was true, that the critics were comparing the price of top grade flour in Montreal with low grade flour in London, England; as he says: "Top grade, London, $4.18, Montreal, $5.10; Bakers', London, $3.60," which is the lowest grade he quotes aifd you will note is just $1.50 per barrel less than he claims top grade sells for in Montreal. In other words, he is com- paring in London the price of the lowest grade he quotes with the price of the highest grades he quotes in Montreal. " Canadian Consumer " No. 2, whose letter you publish in a subsequent issue, goes the " Canadian Consumer "' one better in uttering a libel on the Canadian Mill- 752 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO ing Industry wten lie says that the Canadian people are penalized " to the extent of $1.71, for that is the exact amount, per barrel, upon every barrel of flour they purchase in the year and that he can corroborate his statemenit from the official figures." That you, Mr. Editor, may place before -your readers the exact facts concerning this question, I give you herewith the actual averagp prices at which the flour of one of our largest milling concerns in Canada was sold during the month of January last just before the deputation of millers waited on the Hon. Mr. Borden : — " Top Patent," $5.18 Montreal freights; Great Britain, not a barrel. " 2nd Patent," $4.59 Montreal freights; Great Britain, $4.3'9. "Blended Spring Wheat Flour," $4.51 Montreal; Great Britain, $4.26. "1st Clears," $3.91 Montreal; Great Britain, $3.51. "2nd Clears," $3.19 Montreal; Great Britain, $3.51. Apparently the " 2nd Patent " of which only 19i per cent was exported to Great Britain, sold at 20 cents a barrel there less than in Canada, but, in fairness to the mill, 20 cents per barrel should be deducted from the above price on the flour sold in Canada, being the extra cost of selling in the domestic market over selling for export. A cable costing 50 cents or $1 sells anywhere from 200 to 20,000 sacks oi flour and the miUer eimply has to load his flour on the car or boat, attach his bill of lading to the draft and the transaction is complete without any additional expense or risk of loss. In selling in Canada, however, it is necessary to keep expensive travellers on the road all the time under heavy expense, the sales run from five bags upwards and the buyers often cancel the orders before the flour is shipped, or refuse the flour when it arrives, or more frequently still ask the miUer to hold it for a long time after date for shipment is passed; all of which means additional cost to the- miller in selling. But the above are not the worst items, because flour, being sold on time here, bad debts are not infre- quent and the miller sometimes has to take 25 cents, 50 cents, or 75 cents on the dollar and occasionally nothing at all, and may lose at timfes several thousands of dollars on one customer. More unbusiness-like still is the custom of some millers in selling their flour to guarantee the buyer against any drop in price which occurs before the flour is shipped, sometime in the future, and I have known millers to lose over $1 per barrel by this one-oi 12 82 cts. 71-2 1901 67-5 Barley (Central Parm, Ottawa). Cost of Production of Barley, Central Farm, Ottawa, Year. Area*. Yield per Acre. Cost per Acre. Cost per Bush. 1900 Acres. 5100 500 9-15 Bush. Lb. 40 04 36 03 63 27 $ cts. 13 04 12 16 13 44 Cts. 32 1901 33-7 1904 211 Mangels (Central Farm, Ottawa). Cost of Production of Mangels, Central Farm, Ottawa. Year. Area. Yield per Acre. , Cost per Acre. Cost per Tor. Cost per Bushel. 1900 Acres. 4J 6 6 Tons. Lb. 31 1,555 20 i,260 26 156 $ cts. 30 52 28 38 32 15 $ cts. 96 1 37 1 23 Cts. 2-9 1901 . . 44 1902 . 3-6 1903 1904 1905 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 21 1,622 27 543 20 642 18 1,225 13 1,750 26 200 17 -1,950 14 160 24 360 18 36 32 49 51 38 05 43 45 31 14 34 63 34 50 27 72 34 71 29 98 1 66 1 81 1 87 2 33 2 24 1 32 1 91 1 96 1 44 1 67 4-9 5-4 1906 1907 1908 1909 5-6 70 6-8 3-9 1910 5-7 1911 5-9 1912 , 4.3 1913 4-9 COST OF LIYING IN CANADA Turnips (('.entral Farm, Ottawa). Cost of Production of Turnips, Ottawa. 765 Are.i. Yield per Acre. Cost to Pkoduce. Per Acre. Per Ton. Per Bushel. 1900 1901 1902 Acres. 4 00 2 00 2 00 Tons. Lb. 17 1,500 17 1,985 18 340 $ cts. 28 63 26 42 27 42 $ cts. 1 63 1 47 1 51 Cts. 4-83 4.41 4*50 Corn for grain (Southwestern Ontario). The information here below given has been furnished by Mr. E. L. Shaw, Tilbury, Ontario, a successful corn grower who records carpfully the cost of operating his Jarm. The cost of fertilizer, not included in his esfimate, has been calculated at $6 per acre. Cost of Frodu-ction of Corn foi' Grain (E. L. Shaw). Year. Rent and Manure. Cultivation of land and seed. Harvesting, husking and use of machinery Total cost per Acre. 1906 $ cts. 8 25 8 25 8 50 8 75 8 75 9 00 9 50 10 00 $ ots. 6 65 6 65 6 95 7 55 8 00 , 7 95 9 00 9 00 $ cts. 4 25 4 25 4 75 5 05 4 65 5 50 5 75 6 25 $ cts. 19 15 1907 19 15 1908 1909 1910 20 20 21 35 21 40 1911 1912. . 22 45 24 25 1913 25 25 Flax (Brandon, Manitoba). The flax reported upon was grown on rather dirty land, and yields are not as high as might be expected under fair average conditions. It was grown in the following rotation : — First year, flax. Second year, oats. Third year, summer-fallow. Fourth year, wheat. Seeded to rye, red clover and alsike. Fifth year, hay. Sixth year, pasture. Cost of production of Flax, Brandon, Manitoba. Year. Area. Yield per Acre. Cost per Acre. Cost per Bushel. 1911 1912 ,- Acres, 4-5 4.5 Bush. Lbs. 14 37 8 50 S cts. 10 18 10 64 $ cts. 69 1 20 766 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Wheat (Brandon, Manitoba). V The rotation fallowed in producing the wheat, as reported below, was: — First year, wheat. Second year, wheat. Third year, oats or barley. Fourth year, summer fallow. The cost of the summer-fallow is charged equally against the two following wheat crops : — Year. Areafi. Yield per Acre. Cost per Acre. Cost per Bushel. 1911 ... Aore.s. 7-o6 700 7-00 Bush. Lb. 27 51 27 51 22 51 S ets. 12 34 12 66 11 49 Cts. 44? 1912 45-5 1913 50-3 Clover hay (Brandon, Man.) This clover hay has been grown in a five-year rotation : — First year, wheat. Second year, wheat. Third year, hoed crop. Fourth year, barley. Seeded down with 8 pounds fed clover, 3 pounds timothy and 5 pounds western rye grass per acre. Fifth year, clover hay. ■Cost of Production of Clover Hay, Bfandon, Man. Year. Area. Yield per Acre. Cost per Acre. Cost per Ton. 1912 1913 ..... . Acres. 800 8-00 Tons. Lb. .. 1,521 1 1,058 Sets. 6 68 10 57 $ cts. 8 78 6 91 Corn (Brandon, Man.). Corn was grown in following rotation:— First year, wheat. Second year, wheat. Third year, corn. Fourth year, barley. Fifth year, clover hay. Cost of Production of Corn, Brandon, Man. Year. Area. Yield per Acre. Cost per Acre. Cost per Ton. 1911 Acres. 800 8-00 8-50 Tons. Lb. 12 G 1,750 7 1,058 $ cts. 19 67 25 31 21 68 S cts. 1 64 1912 1913 3 68 2 89 COl^T OF LITIKG IN CANADA 76i Oats (Brandon, Man.). Oats were grown in following rotation : — First year, wheat. Second year, wheat. Third year, oats. Fourth year, summer-fallow. Cost of Production of Oats, Brandon, Man. Year. Area. Yield per acre. Cost, per Acre. Cost per Bushel. 1911 Afees. 3-5 :3.5 3-5 Bush. Lb. 37 24 59 14 38 30 $ cts. 8 84 9 87 8 37 Cts. 23 17 21-6 1912 1913 Barley (Brandon, Man.). The costs are for barley grown in following rotation: — First year, wheat. Second year, wheat. Third year, hoed crop. Fourth year, barley; seeded down. Fifth year, clover hay. Cost of production of Barley, Brandon, Man. ' Year. <•• Area. Yield Cost per Acre. Cost per Bushel. 1911 1912 Acfes. 8-0 80 = 8-5 Bush. Lb. 49 36 55 12 55 14 $ cts. 7 82 10-61 11 56 Cts. 16 19 1913 21 Wheai (Indian Head, Sask.). The cost of producing wheat as given below refers to Wheat grown in a three-yeai rotation : — First year,, summer-fallow. Second year, wheat. Third year, wheat. The total yield of the two wheat crops is taken, but the charges include costs oi operating the full three years of the rotation. This is only fair, as the summer-fallo-w should justly be charged against the two crops of -^heat following. Cost of Production of Wheat, Indian Head, Sash. Year. Area. Yield per Acre. Cost per Acre. Cost per Bushel. 1911 Acres. 100 100 1-00 Bush. 2^5 20-7 32-5 S cts. .13 22 12 19 13 52 Cts. 44-8 1912... 1913 ; 58-9 41-6 768 BOARD OF INQUIRY Of TO Oats (Indian Head, Sask.) The oats reported upon herewith have been grown on the seventh year of a nine- year rotation, as follows: — First year, summer-fallow. Second year, hoed crop. Third year, wheat. Fourth year, oats. Fifth year, summer-fallow. Sixth year, wheat. Seventh year, oats, seeded down with rye grass, red clover and alfalfa. Eight year, hay. Ninth year, pasture. Cost of Production of Oats, Indian Head, Sask. Year. Area. Yield per Acre. Cost per Acre. Cost per Bushel, 1911 1912 Acres. 5-52 5-5? 5-52 Bush. Lb. 51 26 44 19 39 09 -S cts. 14 69 11 60 11 87 Cts. 28 26 1913 30 EoA/ (Indian Head, Sask.). The costs below are for hay in the eighth year of the following rotation : — First year, summer-fallow. Second year, hoed crop. Third year, wheat. Fourth year^, oats. Fifth year, summer-fallow. Sixth year, wheat. Seventh year, oats. Seeded down to western ryg grass, red clover and alfalfa. Eighth year, hay. Ninth year, pasture. Cost of Production of Hay, Indian Head., Sask. Year. Aieh-. Yield per Acre. , Cost per Acre. Cost per Ton. 1911 . 5-52 5-52 Tons. Lb. .. 1,493 877 1 514 $ cts. 4 57 5 81 7 14 $ cts. 6 12 1912 1913 13 25 5 68 Wheat, Oats and Flax (Statistics Branch, Department of Agriculture, Sask.). The following figures have been supplied by the Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture. In regard thereto the Secretary, Statistics Branch, makes the following explanation : — " Wc have collected from our crop correspondents estimates of the cost of pro- ducing wheat, oats and flax. As, however, this was our first effort to collect inform- ation of this nature, and as many of the returns could not he regarded as relia(blie(, being somewhat arbitrarily made, it was decided not to make public the tables com- piled therefrom. If, however, the enclosed, which is the average of over a thousand returns from difi^erent parts of this province, are of any value to you, you are at liberty to make use of them." COST OF LIYiya IN CANADA 769 01 % 2 O M H O P Q P5 H M O DQ 8 SJ rt ol n Eh ^ n m K =< a * o 2 t. b 3 oj <1 <1 ►J o o H o p Q o o o o w o SCDCOM — 'CO i-H Ui CO 1-* C*3 lO OOOOOO oooooo o o tntc M MM (M CO M : T3T3 00 00 00 00 00 1~ .2 .2 00 000000:5^0 OOOWt-N o ot- ■^ 111 if5 -^ t- eo t-t t> eo OOOOOO ^ ^o a a — o ^ eo o ^^ "^ J5* rtOO -K S "O in to in °^ "^-jh 000000=3=30 ss as CO f-i »-( O t-< '-' '-' eooo« M CO CO N M Wi H d&o dwd& p cotcaJHU^ZZZ ^eqco-^ioob-oocs CfOST OF LIT ISO I^ CANADA Pall Wheat (Letbbridge, Alberta). 771 The reference in thisj case is to wheat grown in a two-year rotation, namely: First year, summer-falllow. Second year, fall wheat. The cost of the summer-fallow is charged against the crop of wheat. Cost of Production of Fall ^WheatJ LetKbridge, Alberta. Year. Area. Yield per Acre. Cost per Acre. Cost per Bush. 1911 1912 Acres. 1-57 1-57 1-57 Bush. Lb. 35 15 26 58 22 30 $ cts. 14 30 15 89 12 00 Cents. 40-5 59-0 53-3 1913 Oais (Lethhridge, Alberta). , These oats followed peas and oats for hay, which latter in turn had been pre- ceded by summer-fallow. Cost of Production of Oats, LetKbridge, Alberta. Year. Area. Yield per Acre. Cost per Acre. Cost . per Bush. 1912 1913 Acres. 1-25 1-^ Bush. Lb. 50 15 37 32 S cts. 10 35 10 08 Cents. 20-5 26-6 t^heaf Oats (Laeombe, Alberta). Cost of Production of Sheaf Oats, Laeombe, Alberta. Year. Area. Yield per Acre. Cost to Pkoduce. Per Acre. Per Ton. Per Bush. 1 1911.. Acres. 3-909 Tons. Lb. 4 670 S cts. 14 74 $ cts. 3 43 Cents. 1—49* 772 BOARD OF ISOIIRY INTO Barley (Lacombe, Alberta). Cost of Production of Barley, Lacombe, Alberta. Year. Area. Yield per Acre. Cost to Pboducb. Per Acre. Per Ton. Per Bush. 1911.... . . Acres. 3-909 3-909 3-909 Bush. Lb. 27 43 24 40 28 06 % cts. 9 72 9 40 10 44 $ cts. Cents. 34-8 1912. . . 37-8 1913 37-1 Spring Wheat (Lacombe, Alberta). Cost. of Production of Spring Wheat, Iiacomlbe, Alberta. 1911.. 1912. 1913., 3-909 3-909 3 909 18 20 38 02 30 27 11 74 10 99 10 17 64-0 28-8 33-4 Oats (Eacombe, Alberta). Cost of Production of Oats, Laconibe, Alberta. 1911. 3-909 38 10 10 23 26-7 Briti^li Columbia. No reliable data on the cost of production of field crops for this province are available. (Signed) 0. C. WHITE, Asst. Deminion Field Husbandman. COST OF LIVn-'G IN C.iyADA 773 APPENDIX No. 22. JOURNAL OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE .MARCH, 1913. .COST OF PRODUCTION IN AGRICULTURE. One of the objects to which the grant for agricultural research, recently placed at the disposal of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, will be devoted is the main- tenamce of an Institute for the study of Economics of Agriculture, a subject of which little has been heard in Great Britain hitherto. A marked feature of the progress in recent years in the technique of business management has been the prominence given to what are technically known as " costs." The majority of large manufacturing concerns have nowadays a cost department, one of whose functions it is to ascertain and record the cost of each operation that is required to convert the raw material into the finished article ready for the market. Thus, if the manufactured product is worth a sovereign, the costs department ascertains to the fraction of a penny the value ol the raw maiterial used, the cost of labour at each succesjsive stage of manufacture, and even such details as, say, the coat of the coal used in producing power for any necessary machinery, the fractional share of management charges properly debitable to the article in question, and so on, in as minute detail as may be considered desir- able. It is thus possible to institute comparisons and so check waste, to drop unprofit- able " lines " and develop profitable departments. So far, work of this kind has not been done in relation to agriculiture in Great Britain, but a beginning has been made in the United States by the Bureau of Statistics, and some interesting papers on the suKject will be found among the publications of -that department. The need for accurate information on the cost of agricultural operations may be illust^iated from the recent controversy in the daily press on the subject of the cost of growing sugar beet. No general agreement has been reached on this vital question —vital because on the answer to it, the useful employment of many thousand pounds of capital may depend — and estimates differing by 100 per cent from one another, have their advocates, each of whom produces an ostensibly convincing array of figures. A common feature of all these figures is tliat they are used on arbitrary assumptions as to the cost of such things as, for example, horse labour, a subject which gave rise to an animated and inconcliusive discussion of experts at a nieeting of the British Association two years ago. Another fruitful subject' of conflicting views arises from the question: What is the cost of producing beef or mutton? Some experts say that the profit is nil, others that corn-growing does not pay, but stock- keeping does. The controversy arises because there is no foundation of hard statis- tical fact on which to build. No one has come forward, for example, to say that he has collated figures from one hundred typical farms, and that the prevailing cost of keeping a horse is so much, and that on the average it 'works so many hours per diem, two figures which, if obtained, would go far to settling the question. As a rule, farming does pay, but the question as to what description of farming pays best under defined conditions, and why, cannot be answered. The method adopted by the United States Bureau of Statistics is to place quali- fied persons on the fairms to keep or obtain records of the times spent on each description of agricultural work, the exact weight, and, as far as possible, cost ot all materials produced or consumed on the farm. The particulars so obtained are care- folly abstracted and tabulated, the precise information as to costs is obtained. Ihe following are typical examples : 774 BOARD OF INQUIRT INTO AvKRAGE Annual Cost per Acre of Farm Machinery in Minnesota. DoUars_ Binders 0.181 TMlls 0.075 I^oughs , 1 0.335 Threehlns outfit , 0.335 These figures are based on averages for a large number of figures for (1) original cost of machines; (2) number of years in use; (3) depreciation;, (4) repairs; (5) acres operated on per year. Average Annual Cost of maintaining a Farm Horse in Minnesota. $ cts. Interest on investment 5 54 Depreciation of horse 5 56 Depreciation of harness 2 10 Shoeing 1 42 Food... 63 49 Jjabour ^ 11 88 iMlscellaneous '. 40 Total 90 40 Average number of hours worked per day, 2s. Cost per working hour 0-0935. It cannot be suggested that these figures are applicable to Great Britain. The point of interest is that they are based on the average of a large number of actual figures obtained over a series of years on many farms, and consequently represent fact, not opinion. It is necessary, however, to point out that the issues appear to be simpler in the United States, in so far as agriculture there seems more specialized, and conse- quently less complex from a book-keeping point of view. A farmer who confines himself to producing wheat or cotton has a much simpler problem of costs to solve than one who takes up mixed farming in this country, and has ,to combine grain- growing with beef or mutton production, and, jyerhaps, horse breeding as well. Then, again, intensive farming and its necessary accompaniment, an approved rotation of crops, present a more difficult problem. COST OF LIT I. \ a IN CANADA 775 APPENDIX No. 23. DAIKT PKODUCTION IN CANADA. By J. A. EuDDiCK, Dairy Commissioner. It seems to fall to my lot as a Dominion official to present an annual review of the dairying industry for this and other conventions of dairymen held throughout the year. I suppose it is quite appropriate that I should 'do this and I do it all the more readily because I believe that it is important for every person connected with the industry to be well informed on the general •trend of* dairying in Canada, both in its international and domestic aspects. The milk producers of the whole Dominion should never lose sight of what is going on in other parts of the world, now that butter and cheese have become articles of international commejce. There is every reason also why the dairy farmers in Ontario should be just as much interested in the development of the creamery industry of Alberta, for instance, as ihey are in any movement which is taking place within the limits of their own province. Until quite recently it was the practice to rely on the figures of the export trade as the index of progress and development, mainly, I suppose, because they were the only figures available. They were never a satisfactory basis even when the home con- sumption was fairly steady from year to year, for the reason that they failed to indi- cate in any respect the volume and extent of the whole industry, and now that home consumption is growing so rapidly, partly at the expense of the exports, information based on the export trade alone is decidedly misleadir^. I expect to prove, before I finish, that the opinion expressed by many when the exports began to decline, and which still prevails in fetjme quarters, namely, that the dairying industry has not made as much progress of Jate years as it did at one time is entirely erroneous. I also propose to show that the decrease in the number of cows in Eastern Canada is not an indication of any decrease in total production, because the number of cows is only one of the factors which has to do with the amount of milk produced. In order to get a correct perspective of .the whole situation, it will be necessary for us to go back at least to the census of 1901. These somewhat ancient figures are of no particular value in themselves and, of course, we have a greater interest in the future than we have in the past, but it ^ill he necessary to use them for the purpose of comparison in order to show the rate of progress, and thus get a line on what the future has in store for us. NUMBER OF COWS IN CANADA. t Let us turn for a moment, then, to consider the "cow population" of the Dominion, if I may use such an expression. In 1871 the number of milch cows in Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Iwas 1,251,209. The Census of 1901 shows that the number for all Canada had practically doubled during the inter- vening years. The total number of milch cows in Canada, according to the census of 1911, was 2,594,179, distributed as follows :^ 776 BOARD OF IffQUmr INTO Table I. Milch Cows in Canada. 1901. 1911. 1,065,763 767,825 111,084 138,817 56,437 141,481 24,535 56,634 46, 101 1,032,979 753, 134 New Brunswick . . - 108,532 Nova Scotia. 129,302 P E Island 52 109 155,337 33,953 Saskatchewan Alberta . 181,146 147,687 2,408,677 2,594,179 185,502 • This table shows a decrease in the number of cows in Eastern Canada and an increase in the western provinces with a net increase for the whole Dominion of 185,502. That is one aspect of the situation which is not as satisfactoix as it might be, because all will agree that there is plenty of room for a muoh greater increase. The number of cows in most counties in Ontario could be doubled without exceeding the number per acre in the counties of Oxford, Middlesex and one or two others. TOTAL PRODUCTION. Members of the association will recall the fact that at the last annual convention I estimated that the annual production of milk, butter and cheese in Canada then amounted to about $120,000,000 in value. It was thought by some that my estimate was rather high. I am glad to be able to show you that it was after all quite a con- servative estimate. The following table gives the value of dairy products by provinces in IQIJO as compared with 1900. The values as shown by the census are for the preceding year, but the number of cows given are for the year in which the census was taken. Table II. Value of Dairy Products in 1910 as compared with 1900. 1900. 1910. Increase. Ontario Quebec New Brunswick Nova Scotia P. E. Island Manitoba British Columbia Saskatchewan Alberta.. Totals for Canada 776,330 207,826 260,537 885,997 111,614 792, 606 159,993 729,574 546,476 66,470,953 ■S 43,332,047 31,663,220 3,998,742 4,618,108 1,607,672 6,077,982 2,620,495 7,566,007 7,855,751 555,717 456,394 738,205 732, 111 496,058 285,376 460,502 836,433 309,275 109,340,024 42,868,981 COST OF Lima ix c ax ad a 777 The increase in tlie number of cows during the decade was only 7 per cent, while the value of the total product, that is, milk used for direct consumption with what was used in the manufacture of cheese, butter, condensed milk, etc., shows an increase of 60 per cent. In Ontario with a decrease in the number of cows of 3 per cent the ralue of the product increased by 18 per cent. In other words, in 1900 the value of the total product was $27 per cow for the whole Dominion, while in 1910 it had risen to $42 per cow- Part of this increase must be attributed to higher prices in the latter year and to the fact that a larger proportion of the total product was sold as market milk. But even after these allowances are made, the showing is a very satisfactory one. Cheese and butter prices in 1900 were less than l6 per cent below those of 1910. GROWTH OF DAIRY PRODUCTION. . Nbw let us take a look at the matter from the pointof view of quantities, which is readily the fairest basis of comparison. I have had the total production worked out in terms 6i milk, that is to say, the butter, cheese, eondenspd milk, cream and ice cream have, been converted into their milk equivalents with the following results. Table III. Comparative statistics of the dairying industry expressed in terms of milk, show- ing production, exports, imports, and total and per capita consumption in the census years 1901 and 1911. Census. 1901. 1911. Per Cent of Increase or Decrease. Population of Canada Total production of milk Exports of dairy Products as milk. Imports of dairy Products as milk Per capita consumption as milk. . . Total consumption as milk Number Milch Cows in Canada. . . Average pounds Milk per Cow 5, 371, sis Lb. 6,866,834,0Q0 2,514,596,967 34,886,346 816-76 4,387, 123, 3J9 7,204,838 Lb. 9,871,178,103 2,236,663,687 39,871,207 106, 517 7,674,385,623 2,408,677 2,850 2,594,179 3,805 +34-13 +43-75 -11-05 +14-28 +30-41 +74-92 + 7-70 +33-50 Note. — As milk production was not included in the 1901 census the quantity shown in the 1901 column was arrived at as follows: The total" value of all dairy products in 1900 was $66,4Y0,953 which included the manufactured value of cheese and butter made in factories, and the average gross value of the 'milk supplied to factories was 96-8 cents per hundred pounds. Taking this figure as a basis the above total value repj-esents a total milk production of 6,866j834,000 pounds. If we take butter alone, both creamery and home-made, we find much the same re- sult. The percentage of increase in total production is exactly the same as for milk, tut both total conuumption and per capita consumption show a somewhat smaller gain. 778 . BOARD OF INQUIR7 INTO Table IV. Comparative statistics of the butter industry shdwing production, exports, imports, and total and per capita consumption in the census years 1901 and 1911. Census 1901. Census 1911. Per Cent of Increase or Decrease. Population of Canada Total production of butter Exports of butter Imports of butter Total consumption.. Per capita consumption . . . . 5,371,315 Lbs-.- 141,409,815 16,335,528 1,146,639 126,220,926 23-49 7,204,838 Lbs. 202,796,699 3,142,682 1,227,390 200,881,407 27-88 +34-13 +43-41 -80-76 + 704 +59-15 +18-68. INCREASE OF PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION. The increase in per capita consumption is a very striking fact in tables III and IV. It may be attributed partly to the great prosperity of the country, and consequent increase of purchasing power, and partly to the better quality of mUk and its products in recent years. It took about $17,000,000 worth of dairy products to supply the extra demand arising from the increased per capita consumption in 1910 as compared with 1900, and yet it was hardly thought of as an outlet of .any impprtanee. If. we had suc- ceeded by some special effort in expanding our foreign trade in dairy products to that ■extent during these 10 years, it would have been the talk of the country. Then there is the increase in consumption due to the growth ifi. jwpulation, which amounted to about $20,000,000 more during the same period. This shows that the total home con- sumption in 1910 exceeded that of 1900 by at least $37,000,000. The decrease in the value of the exports for the same period was less thaij $3,000,000. It will be understood, of course, that if the corrjparison was based on the last 10 .years (1903-1913) the figures in tables III and IV v\§ould be somewhat different. For instance, if the exports of 1913 were compared with :1903, in which year they reached the maximum, the decrease in that item would be larger, and both the total and per capita consumption would also be larger than what is given in the tables. Statistics for this period are not available, but those which are quoted will serve to show the trend of both production and consumption during the deCade between 1900 and 1910 and from these figures we can estimate very closely the present status of the industry in "this respect. If I may be allowed to make an estimate for 1913, I would say that the value of the total production was about $121,000,000 "and as the exjwrts for the year will be approximately $20,000,000 the home consumption must be around the -000,000 mark. The different products and the value of each in 1910 wiU also be of interest. Table V. Factory cheese % 21,587,124 Home ma4e cheese 153,036 Creamery butter 15,645,845 Home made butter 39,889,953 Condensed milk i 1,813,971 Milk and cream consumed and used for ice cream '. 30,250,005 Total '. . .. $109,339,934 I stated at the outset that I hoped to prove certain things. If these figures -which I have given prove anything, it is that there has been a greater growth in the COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 779 dairy industry since the exports began to decline than during any other similar period in its history. Before I finish I will tell why, at the risk of undue repetition, I have dwelt at some length on that point again this year. > INCREASE IN YIELD PEK COW. Now let me draw special attention to what I consider is, in some respects, the most important fact set forth in the preceding tables. I refer to the increase in the annual yield of milk per cow from 2,850 pounds in, 1900 to 3,805 pounds in 1910. Here is where we get our large increase in production with a comparatively small increase in the total number of cows, and it was lack' of complete information on this point which caused many to believe that there was a retrograde movement in some of the provinces. It would have required 3,463,571 coles at the average production of 1900 to have produced the quantity of milk shown in the census for 1910 — an increase of 1,054,'894 instead of the actual increase of 185,502. This increase in yield repre- sents,' at least $25,000,000 a year for the number of. cows milked in 1910, and it is safe to say that the sum would be larger if it were known for 1913. RESULTS OF cow, TESTING. Mr. President, it would be absurd to claim that this great improvement in Cana- dian herds is all due to the cow testing campaign which has been carried on by the Dairy Division at Ottawa for the past nine years; but a very large part of it certainly is due either directly or indirectly to that movement. It is a source of gratification to myself and to my assistants, Mr. Barr, Mr. Wliitley, Mr. Burgess and others, tri feel that the time and energy which we have spent on this work is now, after some oarly discouragements, showing tangible results. It -must also be satisfactory to the public at large to know that the few thousand dollars spent annually for this purpose is being returned to the farmers in millions. And the end is not yet. It will be ■ easier, now that the movement has acquired such momentum, to make another 1,000 pound increase in the average yield. Just think for a moment what that will mean to the industry. The added profit, and the increase 'is nearly all clear profit, will give an impetus to the production of milk in this country such as it has never received from any other source. We must not forget, however, that satisfactory as these big figurea and large iiverage increases are, the main thing for indivi^duals to consider is whether they are sharing in this improvement. If the average cow is producing 1,000 pounds of milk more than she did ten years ago, it follows that many cows are yielding less and, of course, others are exceeding that of the average. Are you as individual farmers still lagging behind in these matters? If so, why? There must be some reason. Is there any good reason why you should not be getting as good results as others? There is just one other fact set forth in the tables which I wish to call attention to, and that is the growth of the industry in Alberfa and Saskatchewan. The com- bined value of dairy production in the two provinces was only $1,276,050 in 1900, as against $15,421,758 in 1910. If my information is correct, that rate of increase has been accelerated in the last three years, and it requires no prophetic vision to see this immense territory as an important factor in the D6minion total production in the near future if the present tendency is continued. THE SEASON OP 1913. , Leaving this part of my subject, I pass' on to reTer briefly to the season of 1913. The year's operations do not present any very nota-ble features. There has been a further decline in the export of cheese which will prbbably amount to nearly 200,000 boxes, or 16,000,000 pounds for the season. This i^ partly due to the dry weather >Aich prevailed in Ontario and Quebec, and partly to the continued diversion of milk from the cheese factories to the creameries and condensories and to the increased shipment of milk and cream to our own cities as well as to the United States. 780 BOARD OF /.YOf77ifF fXTO THE EFFECT OF THE NEW U.S*. TARIFF. The removal of the United States duty on milk and cream, and the reduction of the duty on butter from 6 cents a pound to 2A cents, and on cheese from 6 cents a pound to 20 per cent ad valorem, and the renewed activity in the shipment of milk and cream across the border is a familiar story to every dairyman in this part of the country. Just vehat the development of this trade may be in the future is rather hard to determine. Milk and cream will prohably be -exported as long as the present tariff remains in force, especially at convenient shipping points, but there does not seem to he any immediate prospect of a large quantity of either cheese or butter being exported. In the present condition of the Canadian market a very small move- nient in that direction would boost prices to a prohibitive point. The circumstances are such that Xew Zealand and Australian butter is more likely to supply the demand than Canadian. Having a large surplus for export, both these countries must accept for their surplus the international value, which is lower than the ruling price promises to be in Canada. Heavy shipments of butter have already been made from ISTew Zealand to San Francisco since the new tariff ctaie in force on October 3rd last. The swarm of Yankee drovers which overran some parts of Ontario and Quebec when the duty on cattle entering the United States was removed, was not an unmixed evil from the standpoint of the dairy industry. They are welcome to the worn out aTid discredited cows which were picked up in rather large numbers. This is a better way for the progressive farmer to dispose of his unprofitable animals than to sell them to his own neighbours. The only regret we need have over this export of cattle from the dairy point of view is for the young', untried heifers which unprece- oented prices induced some farmers to part with, thinking perhaps it was too good a chance to lose. There need be no fear of lost opportunity in this matter. The price of cattle on this continent must rule high for some years to come if the law of supply and demand is to hold good. IMPORTS OF NEW ZEALAND BETTER. Shipments of both cheese and butter from Eastern Canada to points west of the Great Lakes have been less than they were in 1912. It is said that there was an over supply of New Zealand butter at Vancouver la^t winter, some of which had to be carried into the season of 1913, but it is signiiicant that while the demand for butter from the East has decreased, the direct shipments from New Zealand to Vancouver are expected to be 25 to 30 per cent larger than last year. The last Australian steamer iDrought 17,500 boxes of Xew Zealand butter to Van- couver, a few of which were intended for Seattle. The total imports at Vancouver for the fiscal year ended March 31 last amounted to 6,018,022 pounds. The relatively greater demand for New Zealand butter may possibly be due to the fact that the freshly made New Zealand article can be laid down for less money than stored butter from the East, but there is no doubt that this butter from the Antipodes competes very strongly with Canadian in the matter of quality, and the facts as stated, should give our buttermakers some food for thought. In conclusion, let me say that I have not taken the trouble to dig up all these figures simply for the sake of making an interesting statement. I desire rather to counteract the harm that has been done by the publication of superficial and erroneous views as to the lack of progress in the dairying industry of late years. Such state- ments tend to discourage rather than promote its growth. At the same time, I do not wish to give the impression that we should be satisfied with the results which I have Dutlined, and my chief object in placing these few facts and estimates before you is to stimulate a larger production of milk in this country. It seems absolutely clear to me that there has never been such a good outlook for* dairying in Canada as there is at the present time. The markets are assured and prices are bound to be higher than ihey have been in the past. (An Address delivered at the Dairymen's Convention at Cornwall, Ont., on_ Tanuary 8, 1914.) CO.ST OF Liri\(l I.\ CANADA 781 APPENDIX No. 24. Eeports prepared by W. A. Brown, B.S.A., of ^the Department of Agriculture on the " Canadian Egg Trade." " The Development of Co-operative Poultry Work in the Province of Prince Edward Island; " and on " The Eelation of the Preservation of Eggs by Cold Storage to the Development of the poultry Industry in the United Statas and Canada." CANADIAN EGG TRADE. ' The Live Stock Branch of the Dominion Department of Agriculture has been engaged for some months in an investigation of the Canadian egg trade. At this time when the subject of eggs is being discussed so freely by the press and public generally it may be of interest to cite some of the conclusions reached as a result of this investigation to date. THE CONSUMPTION OF EGGS IN CANADA. Canadians are large consumers of eggs, and the consumption per capita of eggs in Canada is steadily increasing. The following table will give some idea of' the rate at which consumption is expanding. ' Table I. Relation of Consumption to Production in the Canadian Egg Trade. Population of Canada Poultry population of Canada Total egg production. Exports of eggs Imports of eggs Total consumption Average consumption per capita . Census of 1891 4,833,239 12,69p,701 64,499,241 dz. 8,002,935 " 602,533 " 57,078,839 " ll'B " Census of 1901. 5,371,315 16, 562, 084 84,134,802 dz, 11,363,064 " . 951,746 " 73,723,483 " w 13-72 " Census of 1911. 7,204,838 29,548,723 123,002, 132dz. 92,164 " 2,378,640 " 125,288,608 " 17-39 " It, miay be noted that the iuerensed consumi)tion per capita between the years 1901 and 1911 amounts to nearly four dozen. This increase is not by any means confined to the cities. Farmers generally are eating more eggs than ever before." In many rural districts it is pra 'tical'y impoiifuHe to .---ecure f cc.-h meat at certain seasons of the year. At such times egcr-s are usually pleiitiful .":icl are used freely. In the cities with the steadily increasing price of meat, even though eggs may be high in proportion, the fact that eggs are such a wiiolesome and nourishing food, that they can be served in such a variety of ways and prepared with such little labour, keeps them in constant and ever-increasing demaqd. ■■ CANADA IMPORTS EGSgIS. Canada, an agricultural country, is obliged to import eggs for home consumption. Canada once exported eggs. Ten years ago between ten and twelve million dozen were exported to England, and previous to 1900 even greater quantitis were Shipped annually to the United States. The following table gives the exports and imports of eggs since 1900: — ^82 BOARD OF INQUIRY IN'^TO Table 2. Year. Exports. Imports. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 Doz. 10,187,906 11,363,064 11,635,064 7,404,100 5,780,316 3,601,427 2,921,725 2,591,205 1,365,890 552,850 160, 650 92,164 203,231 126,854 Doz. 709,829 951,745 772,572 559,236 972,242 306,567 462,669 661,104 1,149,986 1,136,120 884,073 2,378,640 7,577,826 13,240,111 1906 1907 ...,: 1908 1909 1910 1911 : 1912 1913 A few eggs are still exported, and even at times when the export was greatest a considerable quantity was imported. This is accounted for by the nature of the eoimtry. The Maritime Provinces still export a few e^gs, while British Columbia has always been an importing province. It is of interest to note that the imports have .practically doubled each year during the past four years. The following table shows 'the imports by provinces during the fiscal year ending March 31, 1913 : — TABLE 3. Imports of Eggs into Canada from the United States during the fiscal year ending March 31, 1913, by provin(tes. British Columbia Manitoba Alberta Ontario Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince Edward Island. Doz. 5,529,414 2,664,326 1,954,110' 1,724,629' 812,201 414,340 138,779' 1,996 316 a Total. 13,240,111 REASONS FOB THE PRESENT SHORTAGE. From the time that mixed farming became general in the Central States the United States' eggs crop has been able to keeip pace with the demand, and heretoforef when there was a shortage in Canada eggs have been available on the Chicago and sther western markets. This winter, however, increased consumption on the part of the Americans themselves, and' through a slightly s^^aiUer egg crop this year, the usual surplus is not available. In recent years the Cp,nadian storage crop was suffi- sient to meet the demand until the middle of December or a little later. After that American eggs were imported to supply the shortage. In actual receipts possibly the United States' crop was not much smaller than previous years, but, owing to the extremely mild weather, winter production was phenomenally ],arge with a corresponding falling oS in spring production. This meant a, short crop for storage, as storage eggs are what largely supply the demand during the winter months. This accounts for the fact that the price of eggs is higher in COST OF LIVIXG IX CAXADA 78? the United States, and that there is little or no surplus for export to Ciuiada. In fact, since the revision of the tariff, the United States' is actually importing, over 8,000 cases of foreign eggs having heen received in New York alone during the week ending November 29. It is expected that the availability of foreign eggs for both the United States and Canada will have the effect of averting a serious shortage and of reducing' materially the price to the consumer. THE QrALITY OF CAXADUN EGGS AS MARKETED. Another point, and one that should not be overlooked before dwelling upon the great opportunity that exists for the Canadian prodlieer at the present time, is the fact that Canadian eggs as marketed at the period of high production are far from being of the high quality that one would expect. From information in the possession of the Live Stbck Branch, it is estimated that in the summer time not over 33 'per cent of the eggs received in the large markets grade "select." About 40 per cent grade " stale," approximately 17 per cent " very stale,"' 5 per cent " dirty " and " broken," and 5 per cent " had." Some dealers state that as high as 10 to 12 per cent of their receipts prove, upo6 examination, to be wholly unfit for food. This latter is a feature that those who criticise the present high prices do not seem to have taken into consideration. In conclusion it is evident that the most salient feature of the whole question is the golden opportunity for the farmers and others to increase their poultry plants and take advantage of the high prices prevailing for poultry and poultry products. Every farmer should keep at least one hundreH hens. The amount of labour entailed is not great, and with reasonable success the revenue obtainable therefrom, in proportion to capital invested, is greater and more readily available than from any other branch of farm work. (Extract from an address delivered by W. A. Brown, B.S.A., at the Ontario Provincial Winter Fair, Guelph, December 8, 1913.) * Press Notice. An important part of the poultry work of the Live Stock Branch of the Depart- ment of Agriculture during the past year has been the organization of Co-operative ' Egg Circles. Ten circles in all have been organized under the auspices of the branch, working in conjunction with the Provincial Agricultural College authorities and the Poultry Producers Association of Canada. The preliminary work in connection witih a number of others has been done, and from present indications it is apparent that this phase of co-operative work is likely to have a rapid growth in the near future. Being primarily concerned with the improvement of the Canadian egg trade, the Live Stock Branch has encouraged the formation of these circles because the movement affords a means whereby the quality of eggs can be improved as they leave the farm, and the pernicious practice of holding eggs both on the farm and in the country store largely eliminated. Co-operative effort of this kind: also affords a medium whereby the eggs in any given community may be collected and marketed frequently and regu- larly, and insures to the consumer a new-laid egg "of uniform quality at no great increase in cost. At the time of joining the association the members agree to stamp each egg with a given number designated by the board of directors. This is done so that the eggs of each member may be identified when graded and payment made according to quality. A manager is appointed by the board of directofs whose business it is to collect, grade, sell the eggs and apjwrtion the returns among the members according to the quantity and quality received. In most circles the e|gs from each farm are collected 784 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO at stated intervals, but in others the members deliver the eggs to some central point such as a creamery, cheese factory, store or house, from which the manager makes the shipment. It i^ well known that at certain seasons of the year there is a wide difference between the price received for eggs by the farmer in the country store and the price paid by the consumer in the city. This difference is not nearly so marked in the spring of the year as it is in the late summer, fall and winter. In other words, as the quality of ordinary farm eggs becomes more uncertain the premium placed on new-laid circle eggs increases. While during the spring of the year prices received by circle members may not greatly exceed those paid in the local 'store, it is a fact that for the eggs produced in the month of December last year the majority of circles in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec received a price of from 45 to 50 cents a dozen. A limited number of circles will, no doubt, be able to take advantage of the rapidly growing select trade in the larger Canadian cities, but from the fact that the wholesale egg dealers in Ontario and Quebec have recently adopted a new system of buying on a basis of quality, it is likely that the product of tjie majority of circles will find its ■way to the consumer through the more recently established channels of trade. The live stock branch stands ready and willing to help on the Egg Circle move- ment in every possible way. Officers of this branch are now in the field, and there is available a quantity of literature-, including outlines of constitutions, by-laws, etc., dealing with the work, copies of which may be obtained upon request from the Live Stock Commissioner, Ottawa. Department of Agriculture, Live Stock Branch^ OttawAj March 7, 1914. THE development OF CO-OPERATIVE POULTRY WORK IN THE PROVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. The attention of the Live Stock Branch was first drawn to the possiHilities of co-operative poultry work in the province of Prince Edward Island in the summer of 1912, when at the request of the Provincial Department of Agriculture the writer addressed a series of special poultry meetings in different parts of the island. Not only were the people found to be particularly interested in the poultry indus- try, but also it was apparent that in some sections at least they were especially well informed as to the advantages accruing from co-operative marketing. Statistical information furnished by the Provincial Department of Agriculture also indicated that the exports of poultry products had assumed a foremost place among the various agricultural products exported. More careful investigation brought to light the fact, however, that while average farm flock was large and prices obtainable for dressed poultry fairly high, the export trade in eggs was largely in the hands of a few ■firms, and that the average yearly price obtained for eggs was low. Early spring and summer prices compared favourably with those in .Ontario, but little encouragement had evidently been offered by wholesale firms towards the production of winter eggs. Undoubtedly the difficulties of winter navigation and the uncertainty of transportation at that time had had its effect as well. At any rate the prices prevailing in the winter season were largely governed by the supply and demand for egg-s on the Charlottetown and Summerside markets. From the fact that the greatest returns accruing from co-operative marketing of eggs are mostly apparent in the winter months, it seemed in light of the circum- stances prevailing on the Island that it offered a particularly good opportunity for a thorough trial of co-operative marketing of poultry, products in Canada, especially in COST OF LIVING Of CANADA 735 light of the great interest already taken in poultry keeping by farmers generally. Then again the partial isolation of the island and the spirit of loyalty that eixists in that province tended to make the introduction of the movement comparatively easy. Steps were therefore immediately taken by the Live Stock Branch to secure a com- petent representative for the Branch in that province. Such a man was secured in the person of Mr. T. A. Benson at that time assistant district r^resentative in Ontario county. Mr. Benson was specially well fitted for this work, having not only a good general knowledge of poultry conditions, but Laving taken an active part in the development of co-operative work in Ontario county. He conunenced his work about the first of October, 1912, and during the late fall and early winter months thoroughly toured the province in the interest of the poultry industry. A number of egg circles were organized, but, owing to the scarcity of eggs and the relatively high prices prevailing in the early spring, the first shipment was not made until the month of May. In all ten circles were organized and commenced -shipping at intervals as organ- ized throughout the summer and fall. The following table will give some idea of the financial benefits derived from the operations of tlje circles during the last seven months of last year. THE AVERAGE ANNUAL EGG PRODUCTION PER HEN ON SPECIALIZED POULTRY PLANTS AS COMPARED WITH THAT OP THE AVERAOE FARM FLOCK. Unfortunately the census enumei^ators in taking the various census have made no attempt to differentiate between the number of hpna and the nimiber of chickens on farms. The two have been included in the one estimate, and it has been impossible therefore to estimate the average production per fowl from this source. Special investigation made by officers of the Poultry Division of the Live Stock Branch would indicate that on farms where the proprietors are making a specialty of poultry, the average annual egg production per hen ranges from 125 to 150. The average on one man's plant was 13Y. On two general farms where reasonably accurate records had been kept the pro- duction was 93 and 96 eggs per hen respectively. From this and other information at hand it is safe to say that the production per hen on the average farm is less than 100 eggs per year, and that with reasonable care and attention this could easily be increased by at least two dozen per year. Another important point is the fact that very few farm flocks lay in the winter months, and that further it is apparent from results obtained elsewhere it would require no great outlay of time, capital and labour to secure a considerable portion of this increase in the winter months. S2696— 30 786 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Date of Shipment. No. of Circles Shipping. Quantity Shipped. No. of Members shipping. Gross price to circle. Net price to Members Local store prices. Week ending May 10th 2 2 2 3 4 3 4 . 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 8 8 8 4 5 7 9 8 7 8 6 510 630 720 915 870 840 960 865 1,463 1,646 2,074 2,008 2,028 2,060 2,599 2,324i 2,631§ 2, 625 J 2,631 2,4881 2,670 2, 749 A 3,2071 2,653 l,848i 1,884 527^ 5351 618 839f 9321 '544 920i 6633^ 30 43 42 48 49 51 72 92 97 126 123 162 172 170 217 229 256 260 266 276 301 317 359 323 273 313 113 110 124 206 260 201 284 200 m 19J 19i 20 20 20i 21 22i 22i 22*- 22 22 22 23 23 23| 2i 241 i 28f 30 30i 311 33 341 37f 41 44i 45? 47 45 m 18i ISi 19 19 19§ 20 21! 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22i 23 234 24i 26 26i 271 28i 29i 301 311 331 36if 39^ 43| 44f 45| 16 " 17th .... 17 24th 17 Slst 18 18 14th . 18 21.?t 19 " 28th 19 July 5th .. . 19 " 12th 19th " 26th . . 1-9I 20 18J Aug. 2nd 191 " 9th 19* , 16th " 23rd 19|' 20 " 30th Sept. 6th 13th 20i " 20th 22} 27th 23t 24i 25 251 Oct. 4th 11th 18th " 25th 251 Nov. 1st 8th 15th 26i 274 " 22nd 29th Dec. 6th 27| 28| 30J " 16th 30? " 20th. . 31| 27th 324 Total number of dozen shipped Gross Value to circles S Amount distributed to members Value reckoned at prevailing store priced Gross profit to circles Net profit to niembers over and above local store price Cost of collection '. Average cost of collection per doz •. Greatest number of Circles shipping at one time Number of members participating varied from 36 to 359 according to num- ber of circles shipping — Total membership over 500 December Slst, 1913 Average gross price per doz. to Circles Average net price per doz. to Members « Average local store price per doz Net profit per doz. to members over local store price Highest average price received by members — December ' Lowest " " — May Highest average local store price Lowest " " ". Lowest average net profit per doz. to members — May and June Greatest " " — December In some parts of Canada, particularly in Vancpuver Island, and in Ontario and Dundas counties in the province of Ontario, longer 'established circles shipped larger quantities of eggs last year, but in no part of Canada has there been to date such a rapid development in the co-operative marketing of eggs as is indicated in the above ta.ble. The high prices obtained for eggs last November and December by the members of the egg circles has created a profound impression throughout the whole island, 14,190 11 13,561 42 11,881 06 2,302 05 1,673 36 628 69 •0115 9 26 -5 25 -3 22 18 3 12 45 18i 32 16 1 14 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 737 and it is evident that the movenfent has just commenced. Since the first of the year twelve additional circles have been formed and applicfition received for the organiza- tion of over fifty more. It is estimated that sixty-five circles properly located will cover the whole island, and it would appear as if with reasonable encouragement it would be possible to arrange within a comparatively short time for the co-operative marketing of a large part of the total poultry and eggs produced in the province of Prince Edward Island. From present indications it is altogether likely that at an early date a central association, known as the Federated Association of Prince Edward Island Egg Circles, will be formed. The Provincial Government 'is considering possible legisla- tion to incorporate the various local associations, and it appears as if ways and means will be devised whereby it will he possible for co-operative associations to definitely enter into business undertakings in something of the same manner as that followed by the Danish Co-operative Egg Exchange. THE RELATION OE THE PEESERVATION OF EGGS BY GOLD STORAGE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE POULTRY INDUSTRY IN UNITED STATES AND GANADA. Probably no single influence has been more directly accountable for the remark- able development of the poultry industry in the United States and Canada during the past ten years than the preservation of eggs by cold storage, There is a constant and fairly uniform demand for eggs throughout the entire jear. The rate of production, however, is far from constant. The preservation of eggs by cold storage has made possible, however, a imiform supply at all seasons of the year, and it is largely due to this fact that the consumption of eggs at the present time is so much greater than it was some years ago. Even with the comparatively small production previous to the advent of cold storage, there was a considerable portion of the annual egg crop wasted. The evidence of carelessness on the part of the producing public Eft that time is still apparent in the antiquated methods that prevail in the handling ^f eggs at many country points. Cold storage has been a great leveller of prices, not only to the producer but also to the consumer. Heretofore eggs produced in the season of high production were worth not more than one-half to one-third per dozen what they are to-day, and during the season of scarcity eggs at any price were simply not -available. To-day, as the result of preservation of eggs in storage, the price through the greater part of the season of high production has increased considerably but not out of propor- tion to the increase of prices of other food products. On the other hand, it is estimated that in the months of October to January inclusive, the season of low production, from 70 to 80 per cent of the eggs constimed by the general public- are eggs that have been preserved by cold storage. While the variation between the average price of the eggs in the season of high production, at the present time, and the price paid for strictly new-laid eggs in the season of low production is probably greater than ever before, the price paid by the Consumer for cold storage eggs in the season of low production is not greatly in advance of the prices that the same consumer has to pay for fresh gathered eggs at the time of high production. The following figures are given as approximately average prices for the last five years and will serve to bear out the above contention. Approximate average prices paid by wholesalers during last five years for the months of April and June inclu- sive: 18 to 22 cents. Approximate selling price of .same eggs held in cold storage November to January inclusive, 25 to 33 cents. Approximate average price by consumers same time, April to June inclusive, 25 *o 30 cents; November to January inclusive, 35 to 40 cents. 82696- -C-OJ 788 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Eggs are ordinarily held in cold storage about six months. However, owing to the great variation in quality of eggs received by the wholesale dealers, according to the season of the year, it is difficult and even impracticable to attempt to strike an average. Eggs produced in the months of March and April approximate the ideal which dealers would like to have for storage purposes. The weather is cool, eggs are plenti- ful, and the farm poultry houses have not become 'io unsanitary and contami;nated •with vermin as they are later and with a declining market, farmers, merchants, buyers and all concerned, tend to rush the eggs forward wi'th the greatest possible despatch. The result is, that the eggs received first are placed hi storage first and come out last, .•and owing to their higher quality, actually come out in better condition than those istored in the latter part of May and June. These eggs are taken out of storage from October to January inclusive. The eggs that went in in June, come out in October, a period of four months, and those that went in in March, may not come out till January, a period of nine or nine and a half months, and as stated above, invariably prove of better quality, providing storage conditions are good, than those that went in when the weather conditions were less favourable. Eggs are one of the most difficult of food products to hold satisfactorily in cold etoTBge. Cold storage operators have undoubtedly lost more money through the depre- ciation of eggs in badly managed, poorly regulated cold storage warehouses than they Ihave with any other single food product. The chief difficulties encountered have been "through the eggs becoming musty and spotted. Successful operators have learned that they must have specially constructed rooms for holding eggs and further, that precau- tions must be taken to prevent the air that has circulated through rooms containing fish, ■citrus fruits, and other strong smelling food products from entering the rooms in ■which the eggs are stored. A uniform temperature of approximately 29 degrees F., relative humidity of approximately Y2, clean fillers, new cases, and rooms that are as clean and sanitary as possible, are the essentials in the proper storage of eggs. The albumen of an egg forms a most excellent culture medium for the growth of mould spores and bacteria, and having in mind the great porosity of the egg shell on the one hand and the extremely unsanitary conditions to which eggs are so frequently • exposed on the other, it is not to be wondered at, that even after the most careful candling, a large part of the eggs in storage prove upon examination at the end of the storage period to be unfit for food, if the temperature and humidity have been allowed to run high and variable. Many operators even after taking the best possible pre- cautions in so far -as methods of operation are concerned, place pans holding calcium «hloride in the egg rooms in order to keep down the humidity. Unfortunately, either as a result of faulty construction or from other causes, quite ■a number of the cold storages in Canada are not at all well suited to the preservation 4)f eggs. COST OF LiriSG IN CANADA ' 789 APPENDIX No. 25. j6;morandum by Charles W. Peterson, Esq., in regard to the bearing of Australiaa mutton on the cost of living in Canada. Thoburn, B.C., March 23, 1914. The Secretary, Board of Inquiry into Cost of Living, Regal Building, Ottawa, Ont. Siu,— -With reference to your letter of the 8th 'of January last asking me to- submit a memorandum in regard to the bearing of the importation of Australian mutton upon the cost of living in Canada, I may say that I have given the matter considerable thought and do not think that I can do .better than to submit to you a copy of a memo, dated the 30th January last addressed to Mr. Arkell of the Live Stock Commissioner's Branch dealing with the general subject of Australian muttoa in the Canadian market. As regards the effect of these importations on the-cost of living in Canada, ther& can, of course, be only one conclusion, namely, that it should reduce the price of mutton to the consumer. Generally speaking, however, I received rather more for my muttbn fifteen years ago on the hoof than we do to-day, and I pay twice as much for it retail as I did then. The inference naturally is that the packer takes -a larger profit now than then. This, however, may not and probably does. not accoim.t*for more than a fraction of the difierence. My observations lead me to believe that the trouble laa-gely lies in the retail end. The retailer to-day, all over Canada, is certainly doing business on a much larger gross profit basis that he did some years ago. Probably from one to two hundred per cent higher. In the first place, he naturally desiYes and requires a larger net profit. Secondly, his expenses are enormously higher such as complicated delivery systems, higher rent, higher wages, etc., etc. He is merely a link in the endless chain. My theory is thait the price of no single commodity entering into the daily consumption' or use of society can be advanced without in turn, sooner or later, causing the read- justment of all other values, unless some economic development takes place that upsets the regular routine. This happened in the case of mutton when the improved freezing- facilities amd transportation became available which qnabled packers in Australia to land frozen mutton in America at a low price, which now controls the situation as far as the wholesale market is concerned. The retail tradfe, being governed by the condi- tions above set forth, is merely handling this and other mutton on its usual basis. Hence the increased retail prices. Our concern is interested in getting the highest possible wholesale price for our mutton. Granting that the cost of retail handling is more or less fixed, which 1 believe it is, the only way in which the Canadian consumer could get cheaper niutton would be through some action which would still further reduce the wholesale price of this commodity, which, in turn, would drive us out of business. We made a large loss on our operations last year, which would seem to indicate that we have reached-our limit as far as prices is concerned. In other words, if the consurner must have cheaiper mutton, the industry in Canada will have to be eliminated entirely and more Australian mutton substituted to take the place of what is now produced in Canada, Of. at least, in Western Canada. In Eastern Canada, of course, the breeder gets the 790 BOARD OF n'QVIB7 IXTO benefit of the long rail Laul, at least until the opening of the Panama canal when whole cargoes of frozen mutton will doubtless be landed in the original bottoms at Atlantic ports and at a very slight cost per hundred over the rate to Pacific ports. We will then be able to enlist the synjpathy of 6ur eastern friends in our line of business. I regret I cannot add anything of special value to the discussion, but I hope that the attached memo, and my somewhat rambling observations on the general situation may lead you to recommendations which wiU not, at least, do harm to us as producers. Our cross is heavy enough as it Is. Your obedient servant, (Signed) CHAS. "W. PETEESON. January 30, 1914. Memorandum : Replying to list of questions formulated by Mr..Arkell, Asst. Live Stock Commis- sioner. (1), (2), (3), and (4). The information asked for affects foreign imports into Canada. The complete statistics are, therefore, available in the records of the Depart- ment of Customs at Ottawa, and can be readily obtained by Mr. Arkell as a Govern- ment official. Any figures I might quote would be more or less guesswork and not to be relied upon. (5). There is exactly the same difference between 'Rew South Wales and other Australian mutton and that produced in New Zealand as there is between choice Shorthorn or Angus beef and inferior Jersey beef. The New Zealand sheep are reared under ideal conditions and generally on expensive land, with all that signifies. The mutton type is universal almost, although considerable attention is paid to the wool as well, but not at tjie expense of the former. The Western Canada breeder can easily hold his own against any sort of competition from New Zealand, as sheep are worth as much there as here or very nearly so. If the Canadian consumer at any time chooses to pay a premium for New Zealand mutton, which I am personally prepared to do, the Western breeder has no grievance. He must learn the lesson and improve his breeding and feeding, all of which will in the end be beneficial all around. Speaking for our own concern, I desire no special protection against New Zealand mutton. The case against New South Wales mutton is entirely different. I mention New South Wales specially as practically all importations into Canada come from this source, but in time no doubt Queensland, South Australia and other portions of Austra- lasia will also contribute; my remarks may, therefore, be taken to embrace the whole of the continent of Australia. In the first place, we are face to face with this situation, that the production of mutton is by way of being a by-product. The maita. product from the sheep industry being the wool. Comparatively only a few years a^o, the sheep were allowed to die a natural death on the plains and were then skinned and the carcases left for the dingoes to consume. The next step was, that boiling down stations were erected and the car- cases were boiled and the tallow extracted. This w*as then the only revenue from the carcase. The final development occurred during quite recent years when refrigerating facilities were provided on the steamships and a trade in frozen mutton inaugurated. The success of this has naturally led to a little moise attention being paid to the mut- ton qualities, but in no case at the expense of the wool. The introduction of the Ram- bouillet sire is about the limit of this development. The points to remember are (a) in -competition with New Zealand we are competing Iwith a legitimate industry against which we must hold our own or fail as the case may.be. It will depend on our ability to produce a superior article. This is a fair proposition, (b) Against Australia ws are competing purely and simply with a by-product and are, therefore, entitled to whatever protection we can obtain. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 79I (6). Freezing does not impair the flavour and quality of the mutton in any way. In fact, it has a tendency to ripen it. I know good judges of table delicacies in Eng- land and who can afford to indulge their preferences ^who invariably buy New Zealand mutton during the summer time when the home grown article frequently is not satis- factorily ripened. The important point to remember in connection with this item is, that the term " meat " should never be used in public documents dealing with the restriction, regu- lation or safeguarding the public interest regarding the importation of food products. Beef cannot be frozen without impairment of quality. Mutton can. Consequently what would fit the one case would be totally out of place or inadequate in the other. (7) Prices, of course, fluctuate from time to tipie. The average prices for last year may, however, be regarded as fairly representative : Victona. — Has 12 million sheep. Export IJ million. Some of the latter undoubt- edly originated in New South Wales. Values about tlie same. New South Wales. — 39J million sheep. Export Ubout 1 million. Value of sheep range from 9 to 14s. per head. Lambs 12 to 14s. per head. Wholesale price in London 4| to 5Jd. per pound wholesale. South Australia. — 5^ million sheep. Export 168*500 head. About same values as above. Queensland. — 20i million sheep. Export 394,000 carcases. Average price in Smithfield last year about S^Jd. per pound. Average weight of carcases sheep 40 pounds, lambs, 34 pounds. As throwing light on the above, it is interesting to note that the wholesale cost of Queensland mutton is made up as follows, according to a good authority: Adding to the price paid for the sheep all expenses of treatment, and deducting the value of the skin and offal, the cost of a carcase pf mutton at one of the southern works is 2d. per pound. Eailage to wharf 0-04d. per pound. Freight, insurance and selling charges in London l-125d. per pound. Total' cost 3-166d. per pound. As the average price in Smithfield was 3-25d. per pound, it would show a profit of 0-085d. per pound. Neiv Zealand.— 2Zl million sheep. 5^ million sheep aind lambs export to Great Britain. This is conceded to be the maximum export the country is capable of, and will doubtless decrease from time to time. The development of dairying as a better paying industry is largely responsible for this situation. Price of crossbred sheep 18s., lambs 15s. 6d. per head there. London prices vary frqm 3J to 4Jd. per pound for mut- ton and 5 to 6d. per pound for lamb wholesale. (8)' As nearly as I have been able to estimate, the cost of New South Wales mut- ton landed in Calgary is about as follows ; Cost of mutton, dressed, landed in Vancouver 6 J cents per pound Duty ., 14 II Kailway rate to Calgary 1 Total 9 (9) This is on record. (10) I do not know the wholesale price of mutton of this description. It varies, of course. (11) The retail price of New South Wales mutton is precisely the same as the homegrown. (12) It is always sold as homegrown. The consumer knows nothing whatever about the state of the meat market and meat production. Mutton to him or her is mutton. They only know the difference between good mutton and bad mutton, and labour imder the distinct impression that the mutton 'is getting more and more taste- ■ leas and tough and woolly. The cause they know notlfing about. 792 BOARD OF INQUIRY MTO (13) Consumers certainly never demand Australian mutton and would probably be exceedingly stocked if they ascertained that they were being fed on nothing else. (14) My impression is that the Australian mutton is now invading eyen the Mont- real market. It may therefore, be said to cover the whole of Canada. The market opened up in the United States for the high class mutton of Eastern Canada owing to removal of duty, will doubtless have the effect that the bulk of the Ontario mutton will be exported and the consimiers there gradually taugiht to rest satisfied with the Aus- tralian imitation of that article. (15) It is sold and may be sold in any quantity necessary. It will absolutely strangle the local sheep industry in time. No breeder in America can live against this class of competition, unless a public demand for high grade mutton can be stimulated and we can get our prices on the basis of quality. (16). My personal judgment is, that the packers would be particularly pleased if the whole Canadian sheep industry could be strangled in one grasp, thus leaving them a highly remunerative business in selling Australian mutton at the same price as homegrown mutton. Popularly speaking, they = now have a "soft snap." They do not wish to strangle sheep breeding altogether perhaps. It is possible that they are quite satisfied with the present position of affairs, which is, that there is only an infinitesimal quantity of mutton bred in the country, yet sufficient to create the impression that sheep breeding is an important industry, and still the volume of output to be bought at a higher price than the Australian stuff is not large enough to worry the packers, who, through one excuse and another, frequently refuse abso- lutely to buy on the pretext that they are fully supplied and who naturally have it in their power to discourage any development in Canadian breeding by making the proposition uncertain and consequently unattractive. An attitude entirely at variance with the anxiety exhibited before the Australian importation began, when, they would go to any length to induce people to go into sheep. (17). I would not venture to express any opinion, this being entirely a matter of statistics. The best information would be to estimate consumption on the basis of population, and then ascertain from the freight traffic department on the Canadian Pacific railway the quantity of mutton carried to distributing points in the West, check this with the Customs import statistics, and the remainder will be the local production, which is very small. The Provincial Departments of Agriculture could possibly supply the information. (18). It would be unreasonable for sheep breeders in Canada to ask for restric- tions in regard to the importation of foreign mutton. We must accept that phase of the situation as it is and bow to the maxim of " the greatest good to the greatest number." We are, however, entitled to ask for the same measure of consideration (I shall not call it "protection'") which is freely accorded the honest manufacturer and packer of other food products. As a food product, I cannot see the difference between a can of tomatoes and a carcase of mutton. In the one case the law steps in and says that the can must bear a label showing exactly what it contains. In the other case, the packer or butcher (in the West these terms mean the same thing, as the retail trade in meat is largely and, in most places, entirely in the hands of the wholesaler) may with impunity defraud the consumer and sell him the most inferior mutton the world produces, parading it, brazenly qr by inference, as home product. It may be argued that the consumer will know good mutton from bad and will refuse to purchase an inferior article. This does not by any means follow. It is only when an industry such as this becomes highly organized and the product is graded into a dozen different qualities, and cities become xlarge enough to support retailers catering to different tastes and purses, that it is possible for the consumer to pick and choose. In Western Canada he takes what mutton is given him, and if he does not like it, he either stops buying mutton or gradually forgets what good mutton tastes like and is happy in ignorance. There is no satisfaction in Calgary, for instance, of changing from one Pat Burns shop to another, or even to any other COST OF LIVING IN CANADA \ 93 butcher, knowing that the entire wholesale trade is supplied by one of the two or tbree large packers. Besides, if such were the case, ihere would be no necessity for many of the provisions of laws dealing with purity of food products or the marking of merchandise. This brings ma to the remedy, namely, that in some way, which I leave to the proper authorities to design, shops handling foreign mutton should be so designated or the mutton marked with the name of origin, or both. Or the cuts served the con- sumer might be wrapped in paper having printed oil it the origin. The principle sliould be laid down that the consumer is entitled to know what he is buying. I think that there is ample precedent for such a course, and, knowing how the Govern- ment dislike pioneering in legislation, I may mention that, if I am not very much mibtaken, the British Board of Agriculture imposed some such restriction in connec- tion with the retail sale of foreign meat some years ago at the instigation of home breeders. If I had time enough to give consideration and investigation to this matter, I think that I could draft a bill which would solve the situation and, at the same time, impose no unreasonable hardship on either packer or consumer. Respectfully subniitted, (Signed) CHAS. W. PETERSON. The following is a list of the questions referred to, formulated by Mr. Arkell, Asst. Live Stock Commissioner: — (1) Approximately how many carcasses of frozen mutton were received at B.C. ports last year? (2) How many for the three succeeding years ? (3) Do these come mostly from Australia or NewfZealand? (4) Is any mutton of this nature imported through the United States? (5) What is the quality of this mutton, especially compared wdth the home-grown western product? Can a difference be distinguished between the Australian and the New Zealand? (6) In your estimation does freezing impair the flavour and quality of the flesh? (7) What is the price per carcass in Australia or, New Zealand? (8) WTiat is the approximate cost per carcass of transportation to Canada? (9) What is the duty? In your estimation, should it be increased or lowered? (10) What is the wholesale price per carcass in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba? (11) What is the retail price? Kindly compare this' with the price of home- grown western mutton. (12) Is it ever sold under the guise of home-grown? (13) Do consumers ever especially demand it? If so, why? (14) How far east is it sold extensively? (15) Is it sold in suifieient quantities to injure domestic production of sheep in the west? (16) Is it imported in quantities merely to cope with consumption or do the packers show a preference for it and in so doing neglect purchasing as freely as they Could the home-grown in the west? (17) How much below the demand is the supplj of home-grown mutton in the western provinces ? (18) Do you think a restriction should be placed on the importation of frozen mutton? If so, how can you justify 6uch restriction and what remedy would you 794 BOARD OF INQUIBT INTO APPENDIX No. 26, By H. S. ArkelLj Assistant Live Stock Commissiqner, Department of Agriculture. In regard to the Shipments of Meat within the Provinces of Canada. ONTARIO TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. Date. Bacon and Pork. Beef. Mutton and Lamb. Miscel- laneous. Feb. 1 1913. Lb. Lb. 126,840 79,110 35,960 34,400 24,200 34,770 32,070 185,120 50,670 '89,810 32,060 Lb. 2,290 Lb. " 3...' " "6 . . " 12.... . .. 32,350 " 13 32,530 " 14 ■ "15 '. . . . 24,329 " 22 " 24 . "25... Total 725,010 2,290 89,209 ALBERTA TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. Feb. 1 Lb. Lb. 7,641 35,989 51,905 43,304 26,126 11,434 50,317 38,894 22,390 Lb. 545 1,235 2,686 221 39 Lb. " 2 5,271: 14,512 8,470 3,505 767 18,062 5,567 305 "3 . ...... "4 .... 1,273 "12 " 13 173 " 17 " 27 • 1,067 "28 . . . . Total 56, 154 288,000 4,726 2,818 QUEBEC TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. Feb. 1 Lb. 25,306 81,460 Lb. Lb. Lb. 7,250 Grand Total 1,013,010 7,016 99,277 Amount of meat shipped into British Columbia from Ontario, Alberta and Quebec 1 , 200, 763 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA Shipments of Meat within the Provinces 6i GanRda—Oontinued. ONTARIO TO ALBERfA. 795 Date. Bacon and Pork. Beef. Mutton and Lamb. Miscel- laneous. February 15 1913. Lb. Lb. 24,910 24,050 Lb. Lb. 25 Total 48,960 QUEBEC TO MANITOBA. February 1. 1913. Total. Lb. 25,000 25,000 MANITOBA TO SASKATCI^EWAN. 1913. Lb. Lb. 412 4,511 Lb. Lb. " 2 5,579 545 1,125 5,718 15,923 " 3 . . 2,676 " 4 " 5 180 " 6 229 5,044 337 255 2,. 354 250 104 4,629 - 736 1,191 3,838 968 5,569 50 119 " 7 5,556 2,100 2,182 " 8 529 " 10 1,930 " 11 • 520 300 4,914 "12 " 13 298 " 14 . 15,511 1,450 5,988 " 15 406 17 166 1,108 49 101 3,190 " 19 . 5,049 " 20 1,292 " 22 ii,942 210 3,654 " 24 "25 288 " 26 ' 895 991 3,457 274 217 7,664 212 78 1,064 880 " 27 , 1,304 28 1,109 Total 39,146 47,881 11,332 51,911 February 15. 21. Total. ONTARIO TO SASKATCHEWAN. Lb. Lb. 29,840 29,840 Lb. 796 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Shipments of Meat within the Provinces -of Canada — Continued. ALBERTA TO SASKATCHEWAN. Date. B|acon and Pork. Beef. Mutton and Lamb. Miscel- laneous. February 8 1913 Lb. 469 Lb. 218 Lb. Lb. Grand Total 39,615 77,937 11,332 114,177 Amovint of meat shipped to Saskatchewan from the Provinpes of Ontario, Manitoba, and Alberta 243,063ad ONTARIO TO NEW BRUNSWICK. 1912 •Lbs. 8,525 591 1,190 Lbs. 430 Lbs. Lbs. 8,104 3,261 9,349 263 3 5 1,130 " 4 6 3,270 5,025 506 680 41,926 2,766 7,815 25 7 1,678 " 9 10 11 2,440 18,515 6,940 2,631 12 " 13 3,000 10,494 1,096 14 2,946 16 2,049 730 17 18 3,496 32,555 19 385 850 550 21 8,647 6,785 12 77 23 6,505 " 24 .• 1,045 " 26 335 2,810 " 27 1,250 3,516 21,900 30,000 2,025 28 1,070 30 6,500 Total 18, 120 67,729 204,027 ONTARIO TO NOVA SCO*TlA. 1912 December 1 .' Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 1,760 2 2,971 530 25,870 3,190 5 27, 155 6 13,745 1,820 5,530 3,250 30,710 7 1,681 1,100 30,600 5,631 2,500 9 10 ' 5,690 11 244 12 e 31,690 330 30,880 " 13 " 14 795 555 7,495 31,666 16 '. 420 17 • 520 18 151 1,160 1,195 16,600 SO 46,245 " 19 5,340 21 391 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA Shipments of Meat within the Provinces of Canndn—GonUnued. ONTARIO TO NOVA SCOTIA— Continued. 797 Date. Bacon and Pork. Beef. Mutton and Lamb. Miscel- laneous. 1912 December 23 1,180 1,230 6,932 1,300 3,181 18,670 37,070 1,000 50 24 26 2,850 27 28 796 100 214 30 350 8,199 31 50,976 4,019 103,669 32,905 267 927 Sydney 271,900 Total 54,995 136,574 539,827 ONTARIO TO SYDNEY, NORTH SYDNEY AND SYDNEY MINES. 1912 December 2 .* Xbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 20 009 5 1 21 350 7 1,630 3,625 1,250 5,000 7,200 7,000 3,350 700 27 100 9 " 12 * 13 449 54,54» 30 140 16 21 630 33,435 23 24 8 25,200 30,ooe 26 27 29,870 28 1,310 4,780 266 . 4,019 32,905 271, 90t ONTARIO TO PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Date. Bacon and Pork Beef. Mutton and Lamb. Miscellaneous. 1912. December 5 660 lbs. 685 lbs. " 2 140 " 23 1,600 lbs. 31 323 lbs. ' se 983 lbs. 1,600 lbs. 825 lbs. - llotemervts oj Heat from Maritime Provinceg — West, 1912. December 3. — ^From Chailottetown, P.E.I., to HiiU, P.Q. : yrxmhet of packages, 131; weigitt, i,-tOO potinds dressed hogs. December 4. — ^From Charloxterovm, P.E.L, to Montreal, P.Q.: Xitmber of pack- iges 3; vreigiit, G&5 potmd? lambs and tongues. December 5, — From St. John, X.B., to Winnip^, Man,: ^N^mnber of packages, 557; Treigbt, 20,000 pounds frozen lamb and nratton, ( December 5. — From .? uomerside, P.E.L, to Lac an Saumoii, P.Q. : Xnmber of packages, 2 ; •weight, 700 pounds dressed hogs. TJecember-5. — From Charlottetown, P.E.L, to HnH, P.Q. : 2S"imb€:r of packages: 144; weight, 24,500 ponnds dresied hcg3. December 7. — From St. John, 2?.B., to ■Winnipeg, Man.: ^Tninber of packages, 5S0 carcases lamb and mntton, 4 barrels hearts, 1 barrel tongue; weight 20,000 pounds aH frozen. December 10. — ^From Sixssex, y.E., to Winjiipeg, Man.: 3'imber of packages, 577; '^^eight, 30,000 xwnnds lamb and mutton, December 11. — ^From CharlortetoTr^, P.E.L, to Montreal, P.Q. : Xasicrer of pa0 ■pcrjz.is. dressed hogs. December 19. — From ChaTlottetovrn, PJEJ., to Bfpll, P.Q.: 'S'^ZL'jeT of packages, 131; weight, 24,0*>0 pomids dressed hog=. Deoember 21. — From Charlottetown, PJE.L, to fi^ill, P.Q. : ZSTumber of pach-age-s, 129; weight, 24,300 pounds dressed 'hogs. Liecember 21. — YroTa Charlottetown, P.E.I., to S"abaion Lake, P.Q. : !> irrb^r of packages, 3; weight, '^'-\> pounds dresed hogs. December 24. — From Charlottetown, P.EX, to Hull, P.Q. : Xumber of packages, 156; weight, 24^000 pounds dressed hfigs. December 27. — ^From Charlottetown, P.EX, to Montreal, P.Q,: X-^mber of pack- ages. 1; weight, ;0 poinds pigs' hearts. December 27. — From Chariottetown, P.EX, to Hull, P.Q. : Xnmber of packaaes, 145; weight, 24,000 pounds dressed togs. December 2^. — From Chirlottetowii, P.E.L, to Calgary, Alta. : Xmnber of pack- ages, 22S; weight, 14,;20 jKyunds canned chicken. December 31. — ^From Charlottetown, P.E.L, to Montreal, P.Q. : Member cf pack- ages, 00 pounds dressed Iambs. Total for month of December, l&li, 254,5&5 pciids. Frc^w fA« Maritime Pratinca to Liverpool, England. December o. — From Charlottetown, PX.L, to Liverpool, England: X^imber of packages, 400; •sleight, 1&,200 p.,Tiiids canned muttom Jjeceiaber 6. — From Charlottetown, P.E.L, to LiTcrpool, Eng. : Number of pack- ages, 23S ; weight, 11,424 pounds canned beef. December 7. — From Charlottetown, P.E.L, to Liverxwol, Eng. : Camber of pack- ages, 300; weight, 14,40j pcuiids canned beef. Lecemter 12. — ^From Charlottetown, P.E.L, to LTverpool, Eng.: Is jn^ber cf jMck- ages, 43'-; weight, 30,6% poimds canned beef and mutton. COST OF Liriyo in ganada 799 London, England. December 14. — From Chiirlottetown, P.E.I., to London, Eng. : Xumber of pack- ages, 250; weight, 17,500 poimds canned mutton. Liverpool, England. December 10. — i^'rom Charlottetown, P.E.I., to Liverpool, Eng. : Xumber of pack- ages, 200; weight, 17,000 pounds canned mutton. December 16. — From Charlottetown, P.E.I., to Li^fe^pool, Eng. : Number of pack- ages, 200 ; weight, 14,000 pounds canned beef. December 21. — From Charlottetown, P.E.L, to LiJverpool, Eng. : Xumber of pack- ages, 217; weight, 8,416 pounds canned beef and mutttjn. December 24. — From Charlottetown, P.E.L, to Liverpool, Eng. : Xumber of pack- ages, 862; weight, 41,368 pounds canned mutton and beef. December 24. — From Charlottetown, P.E.L, to Liverpool, Eng. : ISTumber of pack- ages, 438; weight, 21,024 pounds canned mutton. December 26. — From Charlottetown, P.E.L, to Liverpool, Eng. : Number of pack- ages, 191; weight, 9,169 pounds canned beef and mutton. December 27. — From Charlottetown, P.E.L, to Liverpool, Eng. : Xumber of pack- ages, 270; weight, 18,900 pounds canned beef. December 31. — From Charlottetown, P.E.L, to Lwjerpool, Eng. : Xumber of pack- ages, 148; weight, 7,104 pounds canned beef and muttpn. Total for month of December 1912, 230,182 pounds. liUJ.KU Uf IfifJUlKI tnTU APPENDIX No. 27. COST OF BEEF PEODUCTION. CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM, OTTAWA. Year. Total No. of steers. No. days fed. Daily gain per steer Cost per cwt. Selling price per cwt. Cost of feed per steer. Profit per steer. Loss per steer. Cost of lib. gain. 1905-6 1907-8 96 51 32 32 38 15 26 177 259 169 425 188 259 356 2 03 206 1-98 1-59 1-76 1-31 1-54 $ cts. 3 88 4 68 3 70 5 06 5 40 6 62 6 17 S cts. 4 96 .5 03 4 89 6 16 6 90 8 06 7 75 $ cts. 17 03 21 57 20 13 30 70 21 87 40 56 42 42 S cts. 9 03 3 41 3 41 4 24 6 55 "4 ii S cts. ' 1 68 Cents. 519 5.52 1908-9 6-82 1909-10 1910-11... 1911-12 6-81 7-32 11-99 1912-13 7-69 NAPPAN, N.S. 1908-9.. 1909-10 1911-12 1912-13 50 165 1-80 4 49 5 55 13 10 3 50 64 165 1-46 4 32 5 65 23 92 3 87 64 121 1-64 4 65 6 50 26 40 9 58 65 lOS 2-04 4 70 6 56 19 97 14 50 7-83 9-90 9-74 9-44 BRANDON, MAN. 1909-10 1910-11... 36 40 21 19 155 154 167 167 1-2S 119 1-30 1-22 3 50 3 25 3 00 4 25 5 $0 4 97 6 30 6 75 23 90 17 81 19 57 23 51 6 09 5 35 23 50 13 20 13 13 10-58 1911-12 1912-13 8-9 11-7 LACOMBE, ALTA. 1909-10, 1910-11, 1911-12, 1912-13, 157 109 155 109 1-48 1-72 1-80 152 3 66 3 65 4 00 4 75 5 00 5 75 7 00 7 50 26 26 14 00 26 44 18 57 28 93 14 35 18 12 11 72 11-25 r-42 9-93 11 09 EXPLANATORY NOTES RE BEEF PRODUCTION. CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM, OTTAWA. 1905-6. — The total number of 96 steers were carried on in six experiments, eom- Dosed as follows : 25 steers into three lots, choice, medium and poor ; 20 steers into tw9 lot?, Hedv.v If. light feeding; l^steers, two lots, choice, vs. poor feeders; 15 siteers, two lot^, long vs. short keep ; 22 steers baiby beef, four lots, limited vs. full ration. 1907-8. — Fifty-one steers were divided into two experiments, as follows: — ^12 steers, bflby beef, limited r-t<. full ration ; the rest of ^he steers on a frozen whe&t test. COST OF LITING IN CANADA 801 1908-9.— Thiity-tv/o steers were divided into two experiments, namely, 11 steers for ibaiby beef, limited vs. f uU ration ; and 21 steers for the testing of corn, oil calte and gluten on short keep steers. 1909-10. — Thirty-two steers, ten of which were "on a long vs. short keep experi- ment and the remainder on baby beef experiment. 1910-11.— Thirtj-eight steers, all testing baby b^ef. 1911-12. — Fifteen steers, long vs. short keep. 1912-13. — Twenty-six steers, testing grades of four breeds in the feeding of year- ling steers. N.B. — In the selling price of all beef for all thetfarms there is 5 per cent shrink- age on above quoted figures. N.B. A. — In the column, " Cost to produce 1 lb. Gain," no account has been taken on labour, interest, depreciation, etc., but the above calculation made altogether on the cost price of the foodstuffs. COST OF PORK PRODUCTIOlSr. CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL F^UIM. Year. No. Head. Days fed. Daily gain pr. hd. Value at start cwt. Value sold cwt. Cost feed pr. hd. Profit pr. hd. Loss pr. hd. Cost pr. lib. gain. 1905-fi 16 70 150 120 75 64 85 56 23 39 56 69 •61 •86 1-31 •52 •65 1^06 3 19 2 14 1 16 2 31 1 74 3 99 5^9 1907-8.... ■ 4.4 1908-9 4^9 1909-10... 3<59 1911-12 4-7 1912-13 4^91 NAPPAN, N.S. 1912-13... 10 132 •92 * 6 73 6^4 BRANDON, MAN. 1910-11.... 28 8 86 60 •97 •69 3 24 2 50 375 1912-13... 5^83 EXPLANATORY NOTES RE PORI^ PRODUCTION. CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL fIRM. 1905-6. — The sixteen pigs on experiment were for the testing of mangels vs. sugar vs. meal vs. herbageum. In this year, as in all subsequent years, no valuation of the pigs was set at the commencement of experiment, nor were they sold in block immediateliy from the experiment. Consequently the above figures are all that are 1907-8. — The YO head of swine in the series of experiments for this year were for the testing of frozen wheat against the regular meal mixture. 1908-9. — The 150 head of swine used in experiment were carried over three experiments for the testing of different meal mixture3 against the standard. 82696—51 802 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO 1909-10. — The 120 heaxi of swine for this year ^were for the testing of different meal mixtures against the standard. 1911-12. — The 75 hogs for this year were divided into five lots, testing meal vs. meal and milk vs. turnips raw vs. turnips cooked vs. mangels raw. 1912-lS. — ISixty-four head of swine were divided .as follows: — 14 for summer feed- ing in the testing of green feed, and 50 for winter feeding in the testing of chop (barley and oats) vs. turnip vs. milk vs. middlings vs. feed flour. NAPPAN^ N.S. The only experiment worth reporting was that of 1912-13, when 10 pigs were divided so as to give one lot double the amount of skim milk which the other lot received. The most economic gains were made where six pounds of milk (the double lot) was fed. • BRANDON^ MAN. 1910-11. — Twenty-eight head were divided into "five lots for the testing of tank- age vs. mixture of pease, oats and barley, vs. chopped barley. 1912-13. — This was a test of barley vs. feed flour, both fed on the middlings foundation. AGASSK^ B.C. A very good experiment at Agassiz, carried on in 1912-13 was not reported in such detail as to be able to give all the above figures. This was a test of rice meal vs. the regular grain mixture. COST OF MUTTON PRODUCTION. CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM, OTTAWA. Year. No. Lambs No. days, fed. Daily gain per Lamb Cost per ewt. Selling price per,cwt. Cost feed pr. lb. Profit per Lamb. Loss per Lamb. Costpr. lib. gain. 1909-10 27 27 29 124 90 114 Lb. ■27 •23 •28 $ cts. 6 25 5 GO 5 75 1 cts. 7 50 7 25 7 25 $ cts. 2 60 2 09 2 53 $ cts. 1 22 1 58 1 38 i cts. Cents. 7^86 1910-11 9-09 1911-12. 7-75 Charlottetown, P.E.I. 1911-12., 1912-13., 30 83 90 88 •119 •074 4 50 4 50 5 66 6 25 1 30 1 44 0-28 0^48 14 05 2400 Nappan, N.S. 1912-13., 40 76 •28 5 75 7 50 1 99 1-43 9^14 Brandon, Man. 1911-12.. 112 126 •17 5 80 2 18 12^00 Lethbridge, Alta. 1911-12 250 . . .285 112 117 •262 •213 3 80 3 75 6 25 6 50 2 07 2 19 1^34 0-56 7-05 1912-13 92* COST OF LIVING IN CANADA EXPLANATOEY NOTES BE MUTTQN PRODUCTION. 803 The above figures pertain to lamb feeding experiments only, as no figures are available as to the cost of rearing lambs year after year. For the Central Experimental Farm, during the three years, Lot I in each case was fed on turnips as the basic succulent. Lot II on ensilage, and Lot III on a mixture of turnips and ensilage. At Oharlottetown, a series of tests comparing alfaJfa hay, timothy hay, corn 6tover, roots, in conjunction with grain, was carried on in 1912. Only the first three mentioned were carried on in the previous year. The figures quoted from Nappan represent a test of clover hay vs. timothy hay with and without roots. The test at Brandon was a comparison of feeding inside vs. outside, and included a test of alfalfa hay, timothy hay and straiw. The tests at Lethbridge include a comparison of alfalfa hay with other roughages and include also the value of roots, grain and elevator screenings. COSTS OF MILK PRODTJCTIOlSr (C. E. F., OTTAWA). Best S Cows of Breeds. Breed.. a . 'a j2 i 3 a o Year. Q Q 3 Ph o O O h Lbs. $ cts. Cents. Cents. $ cts. 228 300 6,404 4-6 33 73 51-9 9-9 41 71 1905 280 20-9 5,918 4-6 <6 71 78-9 14-5 30 14 1906 309 23-8 7,359 4-3 'A 92 61-8 12- 57 00 1908 Canadians 336 339 20-4 21-7 6,887 7,465 4-4 4.6 SO 78 63 42 75-5 84-6 14- 15-6 56 24 55 73 1909 1910 310 21-5 6,611 4-75 91 42 93-8 16-8 46 28 1911 298 25-2 7,508 4-60 49 90 66-8 13-1 71 50 1912 327 21-2 6,813 4-50 53 33 78-8 14-9 76 66 1913 Average.. 303 23- 1 6,871 4-54 50 53 74-0 13-9 54 41 287 28-7 8,942 3-75 44 17 49-2 111 47 47 1905 259 28-8 7,256 4-1 46 13 65-8 13- 1 41 73 1906 290 29- 1 8,466 3-86 42 39 49-9 10-9 63 31 1908 318 26-3 8,280 3-9 ^2 79 64- 13-8 62 31 1909 Ayrahires 307 279 28-8 28-9 8,801 8,091 3-8 3-98 ee 71 65 26 75.3 80-9 16-6 17-2 54 43 48 45 1910 1911 324 29-4 9,427 4-22 60 94 64-8 13- 1 87 53 1912 467 26-6 11.833 3-89 80 00 66-9 14-6 107 66 1913 Average 317 28-3 8,887 3-94 57 30 64-6 13-8 64 11 296 24-8 7,348 4-62 40 33 55-6 10-2 49-20 1905 288 22-8 6,716 4-9 45 30 67-9 11-8 49 37 1906 349 21 -1 6,504 4-9 42 80 69- 1 11-5 58 44 1908 Guernseys... . 307 249 13-9 250 4,498 5,288 506 4-7 39 14 50 82 87-4 93-3 14-5 16-8 42 52 35 63 1909 1910 322 15.8 5,045 5-21 57=23 115-3 18-8 32 48 1911 302 20-4 6,193 504 51 93 85-4 14-5 63 30 1912 462 18-1 7,741 501 67 91 87-0 14-3 85 32 1913 Average 322 20-2 6,167 4-93 49 43 82-6 14-1 52 03 82696— 61J 804 BOARD OF INQVIRY INTO COSTS or MILK PEODTTCTION (C. E. F., OTTAWA)— Oontinued. Best 3 Cows of Breeds — Coatinued. Breed. 75 — -1 •a>> CO s 5 ■- o o 'to > Shorthorns 259 291 305 307 320 319 Lb. 20-8 17-5 21-5 23-9 22-7 21-8 5,834 4,825 6,618 7,383 7,170 6,898 3-81 3-8 3-9 3-9 3-8 3-89 $ CtB. ^9 08 38 77 43 32 52 00 65 51 63 93 cents. 75- 76-6 68-6 73-3 91-3 94-9 cents. 16-5 16-8 15- 160 20-6 20-7 S cts. 16 54 20 63 39 38 47 82 31 77 28 21 " 1905 1906 1908 1909 1910 1911 Average.. 300 21-4 6,454 3-9 50 44 80- 17-6 .30 73 429 31-8 14,125 3-48 84 41 60-8 14-8 115 81 1913 261 348 287 325 319 319 25-8 211 22-2 19-8 22-8 19-4 6,676 7,316 6,413 6,297 7,185 6,060 331 51 5-0 4-5 4-5 5-32 37 96 60 60 41 95 46 10 65 47 63 70 36-7 68-1 67-9 76-6 87-6 102-2 13-5 10-9 11-5 14-4 17-0 16-3 27 00 58 11 56 66 47 60 47 73 48 15 1905 1906 1908 1909 1910 1911 Average 310 21-9 6,655 4-66 52 6-3 76-5 13-9 47 54 All Breeds. No. of cows, 33 50 38 50 65 54 : 36 40 46 Average 254 224 275 267 276 269 311 360 280 23-2 18-2 19-6, 17-6 19-1| 20 20-5 20-6 19-9 6,015 4,143 5,347 4,699 5,174 5,413 6,297 7,433 5,565 4-04 4-2 4-4 4-3 4-2 4-29 4-51 4-15 4-26 37 89 .34 78 38 61 39 98 54 03 53 37 51 27 58 02 631 91-8 78-7 90-7 109-6 99-3 84-9 78-0 45 99 87-0 13-5 18-4 15-5 18-0 21-9 19-9 16-7 15-9 17-5 27 72 17 98 .35 10 29 56 22 92 26 90 50 01 65 12 34 41 1905 1906 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 COST OF MILK PKODUGTION. CE>rTEAL EXPERIMENTAL FABM^ OTTAWA. The calculations of above table are based on the .cost of foodstuffs alone, labour, interest, depreciation, etc., not being considered. According to close calculations these other items, including cost of handling the milk until it is ready for the consumer, would about double the cost per hundred pounds as calculated on foodstuffs only. C08T OF LIYINO IN CANADA 805 APPENDIX No. 28. SUMMARY OF INFORMATION COMPILED FROM THE ANSWERS RECEIVED FROM MUNICIPAL OFFl'CIALS IN RESPECT OF PUBLIC MAEKETS IN I CANADA. NEW BRUNSWICK. Moncion (February 2, 1914). — There is one maiiket building in the city of Monc- ton, covering about 11,000 square feet. It is about a quarter-mile from the Inter- colonial depot and the street railway passes its doer. The market is used both by producers and traders; part being set aside for the use of producers and traders occupying tiire^ "Stalls. ' St. John (February 2, 1914).— St. John's market is 150 x 400 feet, the market building being entirely enclosed and occupying the full area of the land. It is situated a quarter-mile from railway station and 30 feet from street railway. It is used exclusively for the sale of meats, vegetables, fish and fowl. The annual rentals there- of from all sources are $16,201.34. The market building and lot are valued at $150,000. QUEBEC. Montreal (February 5, 1914). — There are in Montreal five markets, exclusively reserved for the sale of meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, provisions and farm products, which same are known as the Bonsecours, St. Antoine, St. Lawrence, St. James and St. Jean Baptiste markets, including one hay and two cattle markets. The area of land of each market and the size of buildings thereoh. are as follows, the Bonsecours market including the Central fish market and the following grounds adjacent, viz., Le Royer and Jacques Cartier squares : — Area of Land. Size of Buildings. Bonsecours Market 72,198 sq. ft. 35,002 sq. ft Central Fish Market.' 12,^30 Le Royer Square 13,801 Jacques Cartier Square 37,9*93 St. Lawrence Market 18,839 St. Antoine Market 60,022 St. James Market 22,493 St. Jean Baptiste 11,250 Hay Market 35,6^1 Eastern Cattle Market 3 apres. Western Cattle Market 6,034 Platforms. 17,268 sq. ft. 15,893 8,048 8,320 1,100 The Bonsecours market is situated in the centre of the city, fronting the river St. Lawrence, in proximity to market boats and Canadian Pacific Railway freight and passenger depots. The St. Antoine market is situated close to the Grand Trunk Rail- way freight and passenger depots. All the other markets are scattered throughout the city, with every facility of connection with tramway lines running in all directions. The five meat markets are exclusively reserved for farmers and gardeners coming to the city to bell their produce, " excepting butchers ■ and fruit merchants occupying sitalFs in said markets." There have been accommodated at the Bonsecours market, whicF is the most extensive, up to 1,500 gardeners and farmers' wagons in one market day, which is generally held every Friday, and tlie approximate value of produce contained in each wagon was estimated to be betweeq $35 and $40. No statistics are available as to the amount of business done at these markets. B06 BOARD OF INQUIRT itTO Sherhrooke (January 30, 1914). — In Sherbrooke 'there is one market, with the following buildings: One main building, 60 feet x 100 feet; one meat market building, 80 feet X 40 feet. The total land area of the market is 150,000 square feet. The market is located 300 feet from railway station and 30 feet from the street railway. The market is used for the sale of commodities both by producers and traders (traders about 10 per cent). Average weekly business done, $5;000. Three Rivers (April 9, 1914). — There are two markets in Three Eivers: a produce market, which has a land area of 200 x 200 and a building 130 x 150 feet; and a hay market, 370 x 100 feet, without any building. These markets are situated a mile from the railroad and are utilized by farmers who come in to sell their products. In the produce market there are two shops for butchers and hucksters, who can buy on the market only during certain hours. No statistics available as to the extent of business done. OMTARIO. Berlin (February 3, 1914). — There is one market in Berlin, with an area of 4 acres and a building 66 x 250 feet. The market is located about 3,000 feet from the railway station and on the street railway line. This is a producers' market only. There is one market a week in the winter time, being held on Saturday mornings ; in the summer there are two markets a week — on Wednesday and Saturday mornings. The extent of' the business done is between $3,500 and $4,000 weekly. Brantford (January 29, 1914). — In Brantford there is one market, about 60 feet square, located on the street car lines and quite close io the Grand Trunk railway and about half-a-mile from the T. H. & B. railway and H. and B. electric railway. The market is used for the sale of commodities both by producers and traders. ISTo statistics are available as to the amount of business done. Chatham (May 26, 1914). — There is one market in Chatham, located about an eighth of a mile from the Canadian Pacific railway fetation and three-quarters of a mile from Grand Trunk railway station, and fronts ^n the street railway. The area of the market grounds is about IJ acres, and there isJone market building, 350 feet x 40 feet. The market is open principally on Wednesdays and Saturdays, and is used for the sale of commodities by producers only. The market building is furnished with good lavatories and is heated and lighted when necessary. The market service is con- sidered satisfactory. Fort William (February 9, 1914). — There is no regular market building in Fort William, but instead during the summer months the skating rink building is used; this is admirably situated and adapted for the purpose of a summer market. This building is located only a few hundred yards from the three Transcontinental railroads, viz., the Canadian Pacific, Grand Trunk Pacific, and Canadian Northern rail- ways, and about 1,000 feet from the electric street railway line. Land has been pur- chased and it is the intention to erect a suitable market building in the near future. As to , the extent of business done at the summer market there are no statistics, but only a few farmers have taken advantage of it. Gait (May 26, 1914). — In Gait there is one market, of an area of about two acres, and it is located about a quarter-mile from the railroad and an eighth of a mile from the street railway. It is used for the sale of commodities to the extent of about ninety per cent. No statistics are available as to the amount of business done. Guelph (February 1'8, 1914). — ^There is one market in Guelph. Its location is adjacent to the Grand Trunk Railway station and the street railway. It is used for the sale of commodities both by producers and traders, but in what proportion cannot be stated, nor is there any information available as to the amount of business done- on this MMrfeet. 008T OF LIYINO IN CAN-ADA 807 Hamilton (February 14, 1914). — In Hamilton there are two markets, viz.. Central market, with a land area of 138,254 square feet, and John street market, with an' area of 41,625 square feet. The size and description of the buildings situated on the Central market place are as follows: — Butter, egg and poultry market building (for farmers, their wives and relatives), 44 x 02 feet — 1 storey, brick; wholesale butchers' pavilion, 43 x 268 feet — 1 storey, steel structure, e4uipped with overhead tracking lor carrying meat to scale house situated at one end; weigh scale building and office, at end of butchers' pavilion, 22 x 32 feet — 1 storey,^ bridv, equipped with platform .scales and 10-ton scale ; lavatory, 20 x 27 feet — 2 -storey brick building, for the sccommodation of those attending the market and the general public; Central market s-heds, situated at east end of market, containing 2 tiouble stalls, of 17 feet and 18 ffet fronts, by 12 feet deep, and 9 single stalls, with 8 feet and 9 feet fronts, by 12 feet deep; Central market hall, 300 feet long, 57 feet wide and 75 feet high, con- taining 72 single stalls, 16 feet deep and W feet high. The building at the John street market is an office and scale building for weighing hay, straw, etc., and coal, being of brick and 1 storey high, and equipped with two 10-ton platform scales. The Central market is located in the centre of the city, two-thirds <:f a mile from the Grand Trunk railway station, f.c!:ur city blocks from Canadian Pacific railway, Michigan Central railway, and Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo station, and four city blocks from terminal station of the Electric railway, while the city eiectric street railway runs along two sides of the market square. The location of the John street market is in the centre of the south portion of the city, being distant OTie mile from the Grand Trunk station, one block' from Toronto, Hamilton and . Buffalo station, four blocks from Electric Terminal station, and two blocks from street railway. The Central market is used — the open market by producers to the fxtent of 90 per cent, and by hucksters 10 per cent; the butter market, by producers only; the butchers' pavilion, by producers only; the Central market sheds and Central market hall, by retailers. The John street market is lused by producers only. At the Central market the extent of business done is from $5,000 to $25,000 on winter market days, and from $20,000 to $35,000 on summer market days, the market being held three days a week. At the John street market the business done amounts to about $1,000 daily. In 1913, the fees collected at the Central market amounted to $7,902.96, and at the John street market to $1,275.70. The value of the Central market hall is $30,000, and of the land on which it is situated, $60,000. The butter, egg and poultry market building is valued at $10,000, and the wholesale butchers' piivilion at $20,000, the value of the building on the John street market being $2,000. Kingston (February 12, 1914). — There are two ibarkets in Kingston, one a hay market and the other a general commodity market, thrfee-eighths of an acre in extent, luth a covered building 52 x 62 feet. The uncovered portion of this market is used for selling farm produce of all kinds, and the covered portion mainly for a market for the islands (Wolfe, Howe and Amherst), the prgduce from which is brought to market by boat in summer and by sleigh in winter. The market is situated a few yards from the railway station, and is used for exchange .between producer and con- sumer. No statistics are available as to the amount :of business done. London (February 12, 1914).— There is a city nlarket in London, covering an area of 12,000 square yards, and accommodating COO waggons in the open market, 200 women in the butter and egg pavilion, and 40 waggons in the butcher pavilion. The egg and butter pavilion is a frame structure having a floor area of 3,080 square feet. This building is 140 feet long, and has seats along the inside for 200 women who come with baskets of butter, fruit, etc., for sale. *The butcher pavilion is an iron structure, shed type, open at sides and ends, having a floor area of 3,900 square feet, and is capable of taking 40 waggons, backed in along the sides, a 10-foot wide walk limning down the centre. The main market building is of brick. With ground floor and basement, having a floor area of 14,870 square feet. The ground floor has 18 808 BOARD OF INQDIRT INTO stalls, which are rented to the retail butchers for $15 per month each; the basement hab' 20 stalls, rented to the butter and egg dealers for $Y per month each. The weigh scale building is of brick, with a floor area of 1,000 square feet, and forms housing for three sets of scales, one for waggons, one for bags of grain, and one for small articles. The new comfort station is a brick and cement building of substantial design, with ground floor and basement well fitted up. The floor area is 1,760 square feet. The ground floor is set aside for women and the basement for men. This build- ing was opened thisyear; the other buildings have been up several years. The total cost of buildings on the market square approximates $25,700. The city owned the greater part of the area now used, but portions were given by private owners, con- ditionally that the land was used for market purposes only, for all time. There is no record of any payment. The cost of operation and maintenance amounted to $2,375, including repairs, etc., last year, and will cost about $4,000 next year on account of the new comfort station with its attendants. The market clerk's salary is $750 per year, and the weigh scales clerk's salary is $800 per year. Last year (1912) the revenue amounted to $6,530, made up as follows, viz. : Rent of stalls, $4,920 ; fees from weigh scales, $1,130; rent of spaces, $480. The- market is central to the business area, and half a block from the main thoroughfare. Ottawa (February 6, 1914). — There is only one public market in Ottawa. The niarket square, with the streets used for market purposes, cover an area of 3'8,69il square yards. On this ground there is one building, 60 feet x 200 feet, which is ocdupiedi by butchers; one building, 55 feet x 150 feet, in which there is a public office, public weigh scales, with the balance of the ground floor rented to butchers and fish dealers. Over this there is a large public hall. Adjoining this building there is a modern lavatory, 10 feet x 40 feet, and six small buildings, 2(5 feet by 25 feet each, used for the sale of dairy produce, poultry and fruit. The market is centrally located, being 1,100 feet from the Grand Trunk central passenger depot and 500 feet . from the Gtand Trunk railway freight shed. Street cars pass three sides of the market. The market is used exclusively for the sale of farm produce and fish. About one-fourth of those doing business on the market are hucksters and traders, the balance being farmers and gardeners. Figures relating to the amount of business done on the market are not available, but the market inspector estimates that there is a greater quantity of produce sold on this market direct from the producer to the consumer than on any other market in Canada. Owen Sound (February 2, 1914). — There is one open market in Owen Sound and it is located about the centre of the town, a quarter of a mile from the railway stations. The market is used by producers only. J^o statistics are available as to the amount of business done in this market. Peterborough (February 12, 1914). — In Peterborough there is one public market. The area of land used for the open market is about "290 x 150 feet, besides the land occupied by the market building, which is approximately 125x 60 feet, with an exten- sion of about 45 x 30 feet. The market is centrally located, being about 500 yards from one railway station and about 350 from the other. The street railway runs past it. The market is used almost entirely by producers. No statistics are available as to the amount of business done. 8ault Ste. Marie (May 26, 1914).— There is in Sault Ste. Marie one market, with a market hall, on King street, being located a quarter mile from railway station. The market is used for the sale of commodities by producers. Everything is sold out on market day. St. Catharines (June 3, 1914). — In St. Catharines, there is one market, the ground area of which is 320 x 400 feet, with one building 30 x 40 feet, situate on King and COST OF LIVING IN €ANADA S09 Church streets, about fifty yards from the street railway. The market is used by producers only; about 400 wagons attending each week. No other figures are available as to the amount of business done. Toronto (January 31, 1914). — The city operates one produce market, viz., St. Lawrence, which is divided into two sections, being approximately 1,500 feet x 300 feet over all. The market is located on Front street, half a mile from railway station, but directly on street car line. The large proportion of produce offered for sale is by farmers, who express 'goods to the market, coming on same train to dispose of them. The market is well heated and equipped with baskets for the convenience of selling. The space occupied by farmers is absolutely free; notwithstanding this, Saturday is about the only day they take advantage of this privilege. The goods sold in this section of the market consist chiefly of butter, eggs, poult^', etc. The other portion of the premises is occupied by those within easy access who make it a practice to drive in with produce, which they sell from their wagons. The year 1913 was the best numeri- cally in the history of the market, but no statistics -are available as to the amount of business done. MANiTOBA. Brandon (February 10, 1914). — In Brandon there is one market, consisting of one building 135 x 75 feet and an open area in the rear 100 x 120 feet. The market is located 2,500 fqet from the Canadian Pacific Railway, depot, 3,000 feet from the Great Northern depot and 7,500 feet from the Canadian Northern depot, while the street rail- way runs past the building. The market is used for commodities both by producers and traders' in about equal proportions. The extent of business done is about $5,500 monthly. Winnipeg (February 16, 1914). — There are five public markets in Winnipeg under the jurisdiction of the city, four of these being used mostly by farmers for the sale of hay, straw, wood, etc. The area of these four markets is as follows, respectively ; Ward 1, 25,437 square feet; Ward 4, 30,330 square feet; Ward 5, 20,890 square feet; Ward 7, 25,440 square feet. There are no buildings on these four markets other than the weighmaster's buildings, containing weigh scales and office accommodation. They are located about one mile from a railway station and tire very conveniently situated in regard to street cars. The Central market, the fifth, is situated at the rear of the city hall, being 31,383 square feet in extent. The size of the building thereon is 60 by 162 feet and it contains 18 stalls, which aire rerited by the city to retail butchers and produce merchants. Farmers and market gardeners can also sell, wholesale or retail, their produce at the curb of the sidewalk surrounding the market. No vege- tables are sold outside the market building during the winter season but frozen meat and fish are sold thereon. No statistics are available as to the amount of business done. Calgary (February 19, 1914). — Calgary has two. retail markets, viz., the hay and grain market and the public market. The area of the hay and grain market ia approx- imately IJ acres. The inside dimensions of the market building are 70 by 2.25 feet. The public market, which has only been in operaticfn about one year, is located on the corner of Third' avenue and Fourth street east, about equal distance between the new Grand Trunk Railway station and the Canadian ffacific Railway station (about six blocks from each). This market is used jointly by dealers and producers; at the present time about 65 per cent of the business being handled by the dealers. 810 BaARD OF INQUIRY INTO Edmonton (April 21, 1914). — There are three markets in Edmonton, as follows: Rice Street market, covering an area of about three "acres ; First Street market, cover- ing an area of about three acres; South Side General Produce market, covering an area of one acre. These markets are all centrally loeat-ed and are close to the railway stations and the street railway — one has direct street car service, the other two being within two minutes of the street cars. The Eice Street market is the principal one and is used extensively by farmers, producers and others. The bulk of the produce is sold through commission men, who have consignments shipped to them from the agricul- tural towns of the district. The producer is charged a toll of ten cents per day while the trader is charged one dollar per day. Practically all local producers make use of the market. There are no permanent buildings yet connected with these markets but there is under construction a large market building which will cost in the neighbour- hood of $50,000. The front portion of this building, with full basement, will be three stories high, 64 feet wide and 34 feet deep, with a one-storey attachment with full basement which will be 48 feet wide by 104 feet long. This building is located on the First Street market, is served by the street railway and is within a quarter of a mile of a railway station. It is estimated that fully $20,000 per week is turned over on these markets. SASKATCHEWAN. Regina (February 2, 1914). — Regina possesses one market, the land area of which consists of a quarter of a block, the market building being approxiinately 200 x 60 feet. The market is situated some four blocks from and on the same avenue as the post office, the street cars stopping at the corner an which the market is located. Ample accommodation has been provided for stalls, tables, etc., for the sale of commo- dities of producers and traders. Weigh scales have also been installed for the weigh- ing of coal, firewood, hay and straw. No statistics are available as to the amount of business done on this market. Saskatoon (February 5, 1914). — For the past three or four years a market has been in operation in Saskatoon, but with very little attendant benefit to either the producer or consumer. It is with the object of having the market put on a better basis that at present an investigation is being held by a special committee of the council which is going thoroughly into all matters affecting the marketing of farm produce in Saskatoon. The market building is situated on a site of an area of about two acres. The location is close to the centre of population and is on the street rail- way, being distant from the Canadian Pacific railway station about three blocks. BRITISH COLUMBIA. New Westminster (February 9, 1914). — In the city of New Westminster there is one market, situated on the water front on the banks of the Fraser river and almost in the centre of the town. The main building is 80 feet wide by 360 feet long, with a wharf 15 feet wide the full length of the building on one side. The market is situ- ated about four blocks from the transportation depots of the Canadian Pacific, the Great Northern, the B. C. Electric, Interurban and the Canadian Northern rail- ways, although their lines pass alongside. There is in connection with the market free stabling accommodation for the hona fide farmer; the building used for this purpose being 40 x 200 feet, divided into stalls for horses and cattle ; and this together with the driving and stock yards occupies in the neighbourhood of an acre of ground. The street railway line is about 150 feet from the market. The market is used exclusively for the sale of agricultural commodities by the producer direct to the COST OP LIVING IN CANADA 811 consumer. The market charges are purely nominal and are figured out simply to carry the cost of maintenance. The estimated amount of the business transacted on the market during 1913 is $250,000. Vancouver (February 6, 1914). — There is one market in the city of Vancouver, the area of the land being 400 feet by 420 feet, and -the size of the building 180 feet by 150 feet. The market is located on Main street, three-quarters of a mile from railway .-station, while the street railway passes the market. The market is used for the sale of .all products of the farm. Producers consign their produce to the market manager, and the produce is sold by him on a ten per cent cdmmissioii direct to the consumer. Ten stalls are rented to traders. As to the extent' of business done, commissions for 1913 on produce sold for farmers amounted to $6,994.02, rents of stalls to dealers to ;$741.65; the number of packages sold by the market manager being 50,647 of a net ■value of $66,706.26. Victoria (February 4, 1914). — There is no public market in Victoria at the present time. However, there is a private market, recently established for the sale of the usual commodities, principally foodstuffs, such as butter, eggs, meat, bacon, etc. No statistics are available as to the amount of business- done on this private market. 812 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO APPENDIX No. 29. REPORT BY ME. R. H. COATS, EDITOR OP THE LABOUR GAZETTE. Ottawa^ March 13, 1914. Memorandum for Mr. McDougald, Chairman of tlte Cost of Living Commission. I Re Cattle Loaning Companies. Following your suggestion, I paid a visit while 'in Minneapolis to the South St. Paul stock yards for the purpose of obtaining further information as to the opera- tions of cattle loaning associations. Mr. Briggs, whose name had been suggested by Mr. Sanford Evans, was out of the city, but I spent some time with Mr. Flanigan, who is closely associated with Mr. Briggs, both being officers of the "Stock Yards National Bank of South St. Paul," which does a large cattle loaning business, and also of the " St. Paul Cattle Loan Company," whose business, as its name implies, is confined to lending money on cattle as security. While in St. Paul, I learned that the Swift Coippany in the previous year had eent their solicitor and Mr. Briggs to Toronto for the purpose of interviewing the managers of the leading Canadian banks and securing their help in the establish- ment of cattle loaning companies in Western Canada. The Swift Company are keenly interested in this form of enterprise, as they believe it to be the best means of encouraging the raising of stock by farmers. Mr. Flanagan gave me a letter to Mr. Carton, treasurer of the Swift Company, whom I duly called upon in Chicago, and who in turn gave me a letter to the firm's solicitotr, with full instruction to the Lntter to supply all information at his disposal. The method of the cattle loaning company is as follows : A farmer applies for a loan to enable him to purchase stockers and feeders. The company looks into his affairs — including his business reputation, general financial standing, buildings, fodder supplies, etc. If these are found satisfactory, sufficient money is advanced to enable him to purchase cattle — not exceeding the number which, in the company's opinion, he is best able to handle. The company secures itself by a chattel mortgage on the cattle, which are branded and handed over to the farmer, the mortgage being registered in the county registry office. As a rule, loans are not made on cattle on the range, but only on farms. The security is considered excellent, even to the full \alue of the cattle at the time of purchase, seeing that the animals improve rapidly in value from that moment, and are not as a rule subject to epidemic disease. High rates of interest are therefore possible. The loaning company having made its loan, disposes of the paper either directly through a bank or through a bill broker. I found that the American banks regard this paper very favourably. I met several indepen(|ent bankers who assured me of this, notably Mr. Van Wechten, who is vice-president of the Continental and Com- njereial National Bank of Chicago, the second largest bank in the United States. Minnesota cattle paper is traded in at points as far away as New York, and is as universally sought as " gilt-edge." The reason is that the paper represents the judgment of specialists, the loaning companies having a staff of cattle experts who examine the cattle, appraise their value, visit the farms, etc On account of the need for this expert knowledge, only a comparatively few of the banks themselves COST OF LIVING IN CAN^ADA 813 engage directly in cattle loaning. The "iStock Yards National Bank of South St. Paul " above mentioned, is an instance to the contrary, the location of the bank and the nature of its general business qualifying it to safely engage in cattle loaning. I found both the banks and the packing companies of St. Paul and Chicago very critical of the lack of facilities under our law for carrying on a similar business in Canada. Every one I saw attributed to this machinery the rapidity with which the farmers of the American Northwest have been able to turn to mixed farming. T do not think the Swifts have any other interest in the matter except that as packers they are anxious to maintain production, and are alarmed at the present outlook in the Canadian West. The Canadian Bank Act does not allow the banks to lend money on a chattel mortgage except in the case of standing timher, *and threshed grain and ships (Statutes 1913, chapter 9, section 76, subsection 2 and sections 84, 85, and 88). They may take a lien on goods in warehouses, but this aoes not apply to goods in the hands of the producer. Accordingly, our banks are estopped from loaning to farmers on cattle as security either directly or indirectly. It piay further be pointed out that they are not engaged in the practice common among banks of the United States of dealing in miscellaneous paper. Mr.. Carton, the solicitor of the Swift Company ,„ stated that he saw no way out of the difficulty except by an amendment of the Bank Act which would place cattle in the same category as standing timber and ships. A letter from him suggesting such amendment is appended hereto. A second letter of Mr. Carton of a more general nature is also appended. Mr. Carton's amendment would not apply to Quebec, where, Under the Civil Code, chattels cannot be mortgaged. On this whole question, &ee Proceedings and Evidence before Banking Committee on the Bank Act ' of 1913, especially evidence of Mr. Fargon. I might add that while in Toronto I called on Mr. Richardson, general manager of the Bank of Nova Scotia, which was one of the banks interviewed by Mr. Carton in 1912. Mr. Kichardson is interested in the matter, but is not sanguine as to the feasibility of an amendment to the Bank Act. He -stated that if a cattle loaning company were started in the West, the Bank of Nova Scotia would be glad to have its business. Such a company, however, would not obtain from the bank the same degree of support that similar concerns obtain in the United States. The St. Paul Cattle Loan Company, for instance, with a capital of $100,000 and a reserve of $100,000, issues loans exceeding $1,500,000. They are able to do this by the ready acceptance of their paper by the banks. Such would pot be possible in Canada. Yet the business is universally admitted to be perfectly sound, so much so that Mr. Van Wechten, whose experience as a country and city banker extends over twenty-five years, told me that in all that time, in handling millions of dollars worth of cattle paper from all over the country, he had never lost a single dollar. I enclose sample copy of forms used by the St. Paul Cattle Loan Company and the Stock Yards National Bank of St. Paul in making loans in the states of Minne- sota, North Dakota, and Montana. 814 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO ADDENDUM I, FORMS USED BY CATTLE LOAN COMPANIES. South St. Paul, llinn.. .19. after date (without grace) we jointly and severally promise to pay to ; or order Dollars' for Value received at THE STOCK TAEDS XATIOXAL BANK, SOUTH ST, PAUL, ]\ITNX. with interest at the rate of per cent per annum fr(?m until paid P.O No Due The endorsers hereof hereby severally waive presentment, demand, protest, and notice of non-payment of, and each hereby agrees that any holder may extend the time of payment for any or all the makers or endorsers hereof. St. Paul Cattle LoanCo. LnE Stock Bxchaxge BuiLDOfCj South S.t. Paul, iliNN County. Register of Deeds. Dear Sir: We are desirous of receiving an abstract of all chattel mortgages filed on record in your office against which have not been released. The form given below will divulge the information sought. Will you kindly fill out the same, returning this sheet at the earliest x>ossible moment. If no mortgages are now in force against the party in question, please write " NONE " below. Assuring you that your prompt attention wiU be greatly appreciated, and that we will remit your fee for trouble upon advice of amount, I am, Eespectfully, W. E. BKIGGS, Secretary. Mortgage Dated. When Filed. When Due. Amount. To Whom Given. Description of Property Covered. Location of Property. Eemarks: No -other than above listed this day of (SEAL) Signed. 191 X.B. — We would appreciate and hold in confidence any information given under " Remarks," in what would be of interest or value in assisting tis to ascertain his reputation both morally and financially. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 815 CHATTEL MORTGAO*E. This Mortgage, made the day of in the year 191. ., by of the County of State of Montana, and whose post office address is Montana, to the St. Paul Cattle Loan Company, of South St. Paul, Minnesota, a corporation. Witnesseth : That the said hereby mortgages to the said St. Paul Cattle Loan Company the following described personal property, to-wit : It being the intention of the mortgagor herein to hereby mortgage and convey unto the mortgagee herein, all of by h. . . . owned, of every kind, nature, sex and brand, and the foregoing description shall b6«eonstrued as describing all of said livestock even though the numbers thereof be greater than herein set forth, with the same force and effect as if each of said animals were herein specifically set forth and described, together with the wool growing or to be grown upon said described sheep, during the life of this mortgage. Also all property of like kind, hereafter and during the life of this mortgage, acquired by the said mortgagor, by either increase, purchase, or by exchange or substi- tution for property herein described. The property specifically described above is now in the possession of the mortgagor. . . .in the County of and State of Montana, and at the following described location : This mortgage is given as security to the St. Paul Cattle Loan Company, or its assigns, for ' the payment of Dollars according to the terms of promissory note bearing even date here- with, payable to the order of the mortgagee, and described as follows : One note for Dollars, payable after date. One note for Dollars, payable after date. One note for Dollars, payable after date. One note for Dollars, payable. after date. the said note bear interest from date at the rate of. per cent per annum until paid. The makers and endorsers and guarantors agree to pay a reasonable attorney fee if the note not paid at maturity and if placed in the hands of an attorney for collection. Said mortgage is also given as security for such further and additional sums of money as may hereafter, from time to time, and during the life of this instrument, be advanced and loaned by said mortgagee to said mortgagor. . . ., or which may be paid out by the mortgagee to preserve or protect the lien of this mortgage or the property described herein, together with interest thereon at the rate of per cent per annum, which said future advances or payments when made are to be evidenced by OIO BOAtSD OF INQUIKY INTO notes executed and delivered by the said mortgagor. .. .to the said mortgagee; and are to be as fully secured hereby as though the same were specifically described and set forth herein. And this mortgage shall be void if such payment be made. But in case default be made in the payment of the principle or interest as provided in said promissory note , then the said mortgagee, its agent, attorney, successors or assigns are, or the Sheriff of any County in which the above described property or any part thereof may be, is hereby empowered and authorized to sell the said goods and chattels, with all and every of the appurtenances, or any part thereof in the manner prescribed by law; and out of the money arising from such sale to retain the principal and interest, together with the costs of taking and caring for said property and the costs and charges of making such sale and reasonable attorney's fees, and fhe overplus, if any there be, shall be paid by the party making such sale, on demand, to the said mortgagor, heirs or assigns. In case the said power of sale be executed by a Sheriff as above authorized, then such sale sh^U be advertised by such Sheriff, by posting notices in three public places in said County at least five days prior to such sale, and such sale may be either public or private. It is further provided, That the said mortgagor , heirs or assigns, shall have the right to remain in possession of the above described property until default be made herein by the said mortgagor(s), but the said mortgagor shall not have the right to sell or otherwise dispose of the same without the written consent of the mortgagee; provided expressly, however, that if default be made in the payment of the principal or interest, as provided in said promisso:t^ note , or if prior to the maturity of said indebtedness, said described property, or any part thereof, shall be attached, seized or levied upon by or at the instance of any creditor or creditors of the said mortgagor .... or be claimed by any other person or persons, or if the said mort- gagor. . . .shall place or suffer any other person or persons to procure a lien thereon, or 'f said mortgagor. . . .or any other person or persons shall remove, or attempt to remove, said property, or any part thereof, from the said County of State of Montana, or shall conceal, make away with, sell, or in any manner dispose of said described property, or any part thereof, or shall attempt .to do so without the written consent of the mortgagee, or if the said mortgagee shall at any time consider the possession of said property, or any part thereof, essential to the security of the pay- ment of said promissory note. ., then and in such event, or in either of such events, the said mortgagee, its agent or attorney, successors or assigns, or such Sheriff, shall have the right to the immediate possession of said described property and the whole or any part thereof, and shall have the right at its 'option to take and recover such possession from any person or persons having or claiming the same, vdth or without suit or process, and for that purpose may enter upon any premises where said property, or any part thereof, may be found, and may at its option, regard the debt secured by this mortgage due and payable and may thereon proceed to sell such property as above provided, and apply the proceeds of sale to the satisfaction of said debt as above pro- vided. The exhibition of this mortgage, or a copy 'thereof, shall be sufScient proof that any person claiming to act for the mortagee is duly made, constituted and appointed agent or attorney, as the case may be, to do whatsoever is herein authorized to be done by or on behalf of the mortagee, its agent, attorney; successors or assigns. It is further agreed that the lien of this mortgage shall extend to the proceeds derived from the sale of the mortgaged chattels or to any property substituted or exchanged for said chattels, and that in the event of a- sale thereof by the mortgagor. .. or by the mortgagee under the provisions of this paragraph, the purchaser thereof is authorized to pay to the mortgagee the purchase prjce, and the presentation of this mortgage, or a true copy thereof, will be sufficient evidence of the authority of the said mortgagee to receive the same, and that until such property is so sold and disposed of by said mortgagor. . . .or mortgagee or their respective, assigns, the lien of this mortgage upon said property, wherever the same may be, shall continue and remain in full force COST OF LIVIXG IN CANADA 817 and effect, it being understood that any moneys received by said mortagee, or its assigns, upon the sale of said property, less the amounts secured by these presents, shall be returned to the said mortgagor heirs or assigns. The niortgagor(s) hereby declareCs) and represent(s) to the mortgagee that the mortgagor(s) own(s) said property, and possess. .. .lawful right and authority to sell, mortgage and dispose of the same, and that the same is free and clear of all liens and incumbrances, and the loan secured by this mortgage is obtained by virtue of these representations IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the said raortgagoi- liereunto affix signa- ture and seal, the day and year in this instrument first above written. (Seal) (Seal) (Seal) STATE OF MONTANA, ] Iss County of J ' On this day of *in the year 191. . . ., before me, , a Notary Public for the State of Montana, personally appeared known to me to be the same person. . . .whose name subscribed to the within instrument, and acknowledged to 'me that. . . .he >.. .executed the same. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have her.eunto set my hand and affixed my official seal the day and year in this certificate first abDye written. Notary Public for the State of Montana ; My commission expires 191.. Residing at Montana. V STATE OF MONTANA Vss County of J the mortgagor. . . .in the foregoing mortgage of personal property, being severally sworn, say, ... : That the said mortgage is miade in good faith, to secure the anjount named therein, and without any design to hinder, delay or defraud creditors. Subscribed and sworn to before me this <. day of 191. Notary Public for the State of Montana My commission expires 191. . Residing at Montana. STATE OF MINNESOTA, | County of J ! being first duly sworn deposes and . says : That he is an officer and managing agent of the ST. PAUL CATTLE LOAN COMPANY, the corporation named in the foregoing mortgage as mortgagee,, and maizes this affidavit for and on behalf of said corporation. That the said mortgage is made in good faith to' secure the amount named therein, and without any dejsign to hinder, delay or defraud creditors. Subscribed and sworn to before me this day of 191. . Notary Public for the State of Minnesota ; My commission expires 191. . Residing at South St. Paul, Minnesota. 82696—52 818 BOARD OF INQVIRT mTO CHATTEL MORTGAGE. TO SAINT PAUL. CATTLE LOAN CO. STATE OE MONTANA, I Us County of J Filed on the day of , A. D. 191. , ".t o'clock M. County Recorder. Br Deputy Recorder. CHATTEL MORTGAGE. Kjtow all Men by These Presents : That of in the County of and State of North Dakota party of the first part, in consideration of the sum of Dollars in hand paid by party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, does hereby' grant. Bargain, sell, mortgage and convey unto the said party of the second part, its succesbors and assigns, the following described personal property, to- wit: and also all the natural increase thereof, and substitutes therefor, (no substitutes, how- ever, shall be made without the consent of the mortgagee thereto in writing previously had and obtained) which now are or hereafter, uhtil the indebtedness hereinafter mentioned shall be fully paid, may be on and about the premises herein described. The above described live stock is all of the kind now owned by the party of the first part, whether in excess of above numbers or not, and is in his .possession on COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 819 Section No in To\vnship No Eange No in the town of County of in the State of North Dakota. To Have and to Hold all and singular the said live stock, personal property and .■hattels unto the said mortgagee, party of the second "part herein, its successors and assigns forever. And the said first party hereby covenants to and with the said second party, its successors and assigns, that he now the lawful owner and in possession of said live stock and chattels and has full power to mortgage and convey the same and that they are free from all encumbrances, and said 'first party will warrant and defend the title to the same against all persons whomsoever. Provided, nevertheless, that if the said mortgagor, farty of the first part shall well and truly pay unto the said mortgagee, party of the second part, its successors or assigns, at the place designated in the notes secured hereby, the sum of Dollars, payable as follows: $ oh the day of 191.., $ ,.onthe day of 191- •, "with interest on ekdli of said sums at the rate of • -per cent per annum from until paid, which amounts are evidenced by notes of even date herewith, executed and delivered with this instrument, by the said mortgagor, payable to the order of said mortgagee, then these presents and everything herein .contained shall be void, other- wise to remain in full force and effect. It is mutually agreed that this mortgage and the lien thereof shall cover and secure said indebtedness until fully paid, and all extensions and renewals of the note or notes above described. And the said party of the first part hereby coveaiants and agrees that in case default shall be made in the payment of any of the not«s aforesaid, when they shall be due, or if the mortgagee herein, its successors or assigns, shall at any time in good faith deem themselves insecure, or in case the said mortgagor shall remove or attempt to remove from the said premises, or dispose of, or attempt to dispose of, the said property, or any part thereof, or reasonable and proper care be not taken thereof, or if any of the statements made herein by the said mortgagor shall prove false, in whole or in part, or if the said mortgagor shall fail to keep and perform any of the cove- nants or agreements herein contained then, and in either of such cases, all of said notes and said sums of money aforesaid, both princijial and interest, shall, at the option of the said mortgagee, its successors or assigns, without notice of said option to any one, become at once due and payable, and the sajd mortgagee, its successors or assigns, officers, agents or attorneys, or any of them, shall thereupon have the right to take immediate possession of said property, and for thatipurpose to enter upon the pre- mises of said mortgagor or any other place or places where said property or any of the same may be, and remove and sell the same at public auction in the manner provided by law, and at such sale the said mortgagee may become the purchaser, or at private sale, with or without notice, for cash or on credit, 33 the said mortgagee, its suc- cessors or assigns, may elect, and out of the moneys arising from such sale to retain all costb, charges and expenses for taking, removing, kdeping, feeding and caring for said livestock and personal property, including $50 attorney's fees, rendering to said first party the surplus money, if any. And the said 'party of the first part hereby authorizes the person conducting said sale to give bill df sale to the purchaser thereof, which shall be conclusive as to the regularity of all the proceedings connected herewith, and convey absolutely all the right and title of the said first party in and to said property, if any so sold, and if from any causes the 'proceeds of the sale of said property shall be insufficient to satisfy and pay said indebtedness, interest, costs, charges and attorney's fees, the said first party hereby covenants and agrees to pay any deficiency there may be. And the party of the first nirt hereby further covenants and agrees with the said party of the second part, that this mortgage is intended and shall stand as and for the 8269G— 52i 820 BOARD OF lyQUIRY I'xTO security of the party of the second part so long as it,may be in any manner interested in the payment of amy part of the notes and indebtedness above described, whether as payee, endorser, guarantor or otherwise, as well as .for the security of any assignee or endorsee of said notes, and in the absence of an express agreement between the said party of the second part and any such assignee or transferee of said indebtedness or notes to the contrary, the said party of the secqnd part, whether its liability as such endorser or guarantor shall have become fixed and absolute or not, and whether it has responded and paid upon such liability or not, shall have the same right to enforce the covenants and conditions of this mortgage and to exercise the power of sale contained in it after the assignment and transfer of such indebtedness, as Jt' would have had if no such assignment or transfer had been made, but such assignee or endorsee shall also have and be vested with the same right. In Witjvtess Whereof^ the part of the first part ha hereunto set hand and seal this. . .■ day of '. 191 . . . In presence of > [Seal] Coimty of , . On this day of A.U. 191. ., before me, a notary public, in and for said County, personally appeared.. , known to me to be the person described in and who; executed the within instrument and acknowledged the same to be free act and deed, and being duly and severally sworn by me did severally depose and aay .that each and all of the matters', facts and things set forth in said instrument are true. Notary Public. This is to certify that the party of the second part, named in the within instru- ment, has surrendered to me, the party of the first part named therein, at the time of the execution thereof, a correct copy of said original signed instrument with the signatures of the witnesses . and the certificate of acknowledgment thereto shown, thereon. In presence of Xo CHATTEL MORTGAGE. Office of Register of Deeds. State of North Dakota .1 Us. County of J I herby certify that the within instrument was filed in this office on the day of 191. ., at o'clock m., and was duly entered in Chattel Mortgage Book. Register of Deeds. By.. .. -. ■■ -• .Deputy. COHT OF LlViyO IX C AX AD A §21 Office of Register op Deeds. State of Nortli Dakota 1 IsS. County of J I hereby certify that I Imve' carefully compared the within instrument with the original instrument No now on file in "my office and that it is a full, true and corect copy of the same, and that the abo-Pe is a true copy of the filing endorsed thereon. Dated •. 191. . Rf.„ Town County. ..".., Date General Statement. Assets. Dollars. Cts. Liabilities. Chattel m6rtgages — upon what prop- erty given — when due. Dollars. Cts. Borrowed money, When due • Real Estate, title to which Acres, Cash value Are you surety on notes or bonds? Confidential and other debts not in- cluded in above. Total liabilities Total assets . , Total assets.. Komarks Tlie above statement, both printed and written, -has been carefully read by and is a full, true and correct statement of financial condition. Witnefes : Signed Subscribed and sworn to before me this day of My Commission expires , 191 . . . 191. N9tary Public in and for County . COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 825 CHATTEL MORTGAGE. Know All Men bv These Presents : That .*...; of _■ ■ ■ .in_ the Comity of and State of South Dakota party of the first part, in consideration of the sum of ' Dollars in hand paid by .« party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, does hereby grant, bargain, sell, mortgage and convey unto the said party of the second part, its successors and assigns, the following described personal property, to wit: and also all the natural increase thereof, and substitutes therefor (no substitutes however shall be made without the consent of the mortgagee, thereto in writing previ- ously had and obtained) which now are or hereafter until the indebtedness hereinafter mentioned shall be fully paid, may be on and about the .premises herein described. The above described live stock is all of the kind now owned by the party of the first part, whether in excess of above numbers or not, and is in his possession on Section No in Township No Range No in the town of County of in the State of South Dakota. To Ha\'e and to Hold all and singular the said live stock, personal property and chattels under the said mortgagee, party of the second part herein its successors and assigns forever. And the said party hereby covenants to and with the said second party, its successors and assigns, that. ...he now the lawful owner and in possession of said live stock and chattels and has full power to mortgage and convey the same and that they are free from a.11 encumbrances, and said first party will warrant and defend the title to the same against all persons whomsoever. Provided, nevertheless that if the said mortgagor, party of the first part shall well and truly pay unto the said mortgagee, party of the second part its successors or assigns, at the place designated in the notes secured hereby, the sum of Dollars, payable as follows : I on the day of 191. . . .$ on the day of 191. . . .with interest on "each of said sums at the rate of per cent per annum from until paid, which amounts are evidenced by notes of even date herewith, executed and delivered with this instrument, by the said mortgagor, payable to the ordep: of the said mortgagee, then these presents and everything herein contained shall be void, otherwise to remain in full force and effect. It is mutually agreed that this mortgage and the lien thereof sha,U cover and secure said indebtedness until fully paid, and all extensions and renewals of the note or notes above described. And the said party of the first part hereby covenants aind agrees that in case default shall be made in the payment of any of the notes aforesaid, when they shall be due, or if the mortgagee herein, its successors or assigns shall at any time in good faith deem themselves insecure, or in case the said mortgagor shall remove or attempt to remove, from the said premises or dispose of, or ultempt to dispose of, the said property, or any part thereof, or reasonable and proper care be not taken thereof, or if any of the statements made herein by the said mortgagor shall prove false, in whole or in part, or if the said mortgagor shall fail to keep and perform any of the covenants or agreements herein contained then, £iiid in either of ^uc|i cases, all of said notes and said sums, of money aforesaid, both principal and interest, shall, at the option of ^nd mortgagee, its successons or assigns, without notif-e of said option to any one, become at once due and payable, and the said mortgagee, its successors, or assigns, officers, agents or attorneys or any of them, shall therjeupon have the right to take 826 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO immediate possession of said property, and for that purpose to enter upon the premises of said mortgagor, or any other place or places where said property or any of the same may be, and remove and sell the same at public auction in the manner provided by law, and at such sale the said mortgagee may become the purchaser, or at private sale, with or without notice for cash or on credit, as the said mortgagee, its successors or assigns may elect, and out of the moneys arising from such sale to retain all costs, charges and expenses for taking, removing, keeping, feeding and caring for said live stock and personal property, including $50 attorney's fees, rendering to said first party the surplus money, if any. And the said party of the first part hereby author- izes the person conducting said sale to give bill of sale to the purchaser thereof, which sha/ll be conclusive as to the regularity of all the proceedings connected herewith,, and cofLvey absolutely all the right and title of th§ said first party in and to said property, if any so sold, and if from any causes the proceeds of the sale of said property shall be insufficient to satisfy and pay said indebtedness, interest, costs, charges and attorney's fees, the said first party hereby covenants and agrees to pay any deficiency there may be. And the party of the first part hereby further covenants and agrees with the said party of the second part, that this mortgage is intended and shall stand as and for- the security of the party of the second part so long as it may be in any manner interested in the payment of any part of the notes and indebtedness above described, whether as payee, endorser, guarantor or otherwise, as well as for the security of any assignee or endorsee of said notes, and in the absence of and express agreement between the said party of the second part and any such assigiiee or transferee of- said indebted- ness or notes to the contrary, the said party of the 'second part whether its liability as such endorser or guarantor shall haive become fixed and absolute or not, and whether it has responded and paid upon such liability or not, shall have the same right to enforce the covenants and conditions of this mortgage and to exercise the power of sale contained in it after the assignment and transfer of such indebtedness, as it would have had if no such assignment or transfer had been made but such assignee or endorsee shall also have and be vested with the same right. I hereby acknowledge receipt of a true and corject copy of the within and fore- going mortgage at the time of signing the same, without additional cost to me. In Witness Whereof, the part of the first part ha hereunto set hand and seal this day of 191. . . . In presence of (Seal) _ (Seal) No CHATTEL MOETGA^E. To Office of Register op Deeds. State of South Dakota) County of j ^* I hereby certify that the within instrument was "filed in this office on the day of 191. . . .at o'clock, . . .M., and was duly entered in Chattel Mortgage Book » , Register of Deeds. By ■ Deputy. COST OF LI7IN0 IN CA»1dA 827 OFFicji OF Register of Deeds. State of South Dakota] County of j I hereby certify that I have carefully compared the within instrument with the original instrument No now on file in my office .and that It is a full, true and e regarded' as authoritative. 82696— 53J 836 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO oi' a century. Mr. Desjardiiis states that he was forced to adopt that b.y.3tem as the people in Quebec would never have accepted the "unlimited liability nor even the limited liability of Luazatti. Mr. Desjardinsin the evidence he gave before the Committee appointed to inquire into the JBill before the House of Commons in 1907 has described his syitem.^ Put briefly, his banks aim at lending small sums to members on personal security and the honesty of the borrower is considered, not his holding in the bank. The banks work within aj very small area where everyone is known to all the shareholders and where every shareholder is interested in the repayment of the loans. The average rate of interest works out at about 6| per cent. The banks are never connected with any other Co-operative Society as, in M. Desjardins' view there is a great danger of the banks getting under the control of a few individuals, while control of the whole body through their nominees is, of course, the very essence of the system. Each association is carried on by three committees, the Council of Administra- tion with from five to nine members; the Credit Committee of three members; and the Supervisory Committee of three; all these committees are appointed by the vote of the shareholders and hold office for two years. The Council of Administration controls the admission of new members, transference or withdrawal of stock, and sees to the general running of the business. By them is chosen the manager — the only salaried official of the concern. The Credit Committee determine the credit to be allowed to each member and pass on all applications for loans, although the right of appeal to the Council of Admin- istration is granted to the applicant.''' The Committee of Supervision, elected by the shareholders, forms a permanent board of supervision and audit, and if necessary, they 'have the" right of suspending the operations of the association until the situation is' revised by a general meeting of shareholders. The capital of each association varies in amount ;and is raised by selling shares and by receiving deposits. The shares of $5 each may be paid for by small installments. Every applicant for membership must come before the Council of Administration, and in the words of the association's by-laws, every applicant, "must be honest, punctual in his payments, sober, of good habits, industrious and laborious." Bankruptcy or abuse of the privileges of the society renders a menlber liable to expulsion. Savings are received, and the general rate of savings bank interest is given. Twenty per cent of the net profits of each year, as well as ten cents on each share paid as an entrance fee, is pvit in the reserve fund, and each association has a Provi- dence Fund raised by means of a ten per cent assessment on the yearly profits, until the fund attains a maximum of one-half the yearly profits distributed on the paid-up stock. This fund is formed as an outer bulwark to the reserve, and is designed to meet the first onslaught of any disaster which might threaten the stability of the Credit Union. There are several exceedingly interesting and significant points to be noticed about the working of the Caisses Populaires. First, the success of the whole project has been brought about solely through the devotion and public spirit of M. Desjardins. It is not too much to say that without him they would never have existed at all. Just as Eaiffeisen and Schulze carried through their schemes almost unaided, and in the face of opposition, ^Ir. Desjardins by his own enthusiasm, faith, administrative ability and faculty for inspiring confidence has carried it through on his own shoulders. And it .would seem that this must always 1 Appendix to the Journals of the House of Commons, Vol. XLII, 1906-7. Part I, appendix 3. The evidence of Prof. Shortt is also most ^interesting, , as is also the €wdence of Mr. E, M. Trowern, Dominion Secretary to the Retail Merchants' Association of Canada, as showing the point of view of the retail storekeeper. / 2 The Board of Credit must be unanimous in granting any loan, and they are themselves precluded from borrowing. C08T OF LIVING IX CAXADA 837 be so. Where tlie great state-aided credit institutions of France went to ruin, the tiny spark lit by one man's faith in Germany has never bcien extinguished and has indeed revolutionized rural life in that country. It seems to be a natural law that such pro- jects flourish under private guidance, and languish and die under state patronage. Where all the r^jmedial measures of successive British Governments for forty-five years have failed to satisfy Ireland, the wonderful success qf Sir Horace Plunkett and the Irish Agricultural Organization Society has transformed many districts. Such a reflection is very pertinent when considering such a scheme as has been advocated in Saskatchewan. Second, the Banks work within a purposely constricted area, and among a veiy humble clientele, eighty per cent farmers and twenty |)er cent wage earners, the aver- age loan being between $40 and $100, although, of coui^se, larger loans are made. Third, the Banks are doing missionary work in tcA'ching the people the very rudi- ments of banking. Distrusting banks and banking, the French-Canadian kept his money in his stocking. The Caisses are rapidly changing that, and the people are begin- ning to deposit their little hoards in the bank. Instances are known where old people have brought in a thousand dollars in notes, the savings' of a life-time, to deposit in the bank, this experience being closely similar to that found in Germany. The comparison between such conditions and the widespread banking facilities and activities in the hoards in the western provinces is a striking one. It is interesting to note that M. Desjardins has never met any opposition from any of the chartered banks, but on the contrary help and sympathetic regard. Nor have the chartered banks lost ground, but instead have benefitted through the educative influenqe of the Caisses, breaking down prejudice against banking in general. Fourth, the Banks of the Caisses Populaires type have been of the greatest assist- ance to the fanning community. In the Levis district several long standing mortgages have been paid off by loatis from the Caisse, which loaxis bear a lower rate of interest than was formerly paid by the mortgagees. Fifth, it must not be forgotten that the stability' of the population is very great. Families live in the same village, often in the same house for generations, a very dif- ferent state of affairs to the fluid, shifting population 6i the provinces farther west. A significant point to notice is M. Desjardin's declaration that state assistance in any shape or form other than the protection the law -provides is utterly repugnant to his organization. To quote his own words, " I do not believe in state spoon-feeding ; there is nothing to be gained from such a weakening, regime, except that it tends to kill that all-powerful stimulus of self-help, so strong an educator in a young demo- cracy such as ours. The movement has never and will never receive, while I am living and enjoy any influence, one solitary cent of either direct or indirect help from any Government or public authority." And lastly may be mentioned a point which M. Desjardin,-, regards as a very satisfactory achievement, namely, that the Caisses Populaires have almost entirely broken up the easy payment system of buying goods,: and introduced an era of " spot cash" dealing with the stores.' Such are, very briefly, the main outlines of perhilps the most interesting and suc- cessful experiment in co-operation on the American fiontinent.^ State Government Loans in Australia.^ There can be no question that in every country t^is problem of agricultural credit is a pressing one, and each country must do what it Can to solve the riddle in its own let. Mr. W L. Smith's statement with regard to the *Grange co-operation. 2M. Deslardlns, unlike to many would-be-co-operators,, has preferred to expend his energies on ca-ganization instead of advertisement. Little has been written about it, tj^^ >.^* f' |"^" pamphlet by M. Desjardins himself, " La Caisse Populaire,-' published by 1 Ecole Sociale i-opu- laire, 1075 Hue Rachel, Montreal ; price 20 cents. ^icr;9t: 4i=n ronnrt »Cf. Official Tear Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1913 pp. "^-^f^- Also report of Canadian Trade Commissioner to Australia, Mr. D. H. Ross, published in No. 49 of the weekly Reports of the Dept. of Trade and Commerce. 838 BOARD OF IKQVIE7 INTO way: Australia and New Zealand tave done it by instituting a system of state loans to farmers — the very antithesis to the purely voluntary systems of self help and co- operation that have done so much good in other lands. ' The system is closely akin to the Credit Foncier of France. In a word, the state has gone into the mortgage and loan business, lending at a lower rate, than the mort- g'age companies and saving the borrower a* much as possible in fees and preliminary expenses. There is no form of co-operation or mutual liability, each farmer is liable for his own borrowing alone. While the details differ slightly in the different states of the Commonwealth, yet the broad outlines are sufficiently alike to warrant general statements being made. The funds for making the advances are raised by the different states generally issuing mortgage bonds at four per cent and this money is lent out at a uniform rate of five per cent to the farmers, the security for advances being from one-half to three- (luarters of the estimated value of the property offered as security. One of the most interesting and significant features of the scheme is the schedule of amortization of the loans. Payments of principal and interest are spread over periods ranging from 20 to 36i years in half-yearly in&talments.' In the majority of the states the borrowers must begin to pay off the principal five years after the loan has been made, but at the option of the borrower advances may be repaid at any time. The primary reason for the establishment of the system was, to quote Mr. Eoss, " the high rates of interest charged by companies and private lenders. In all the states the chief object was to enable applicants to pay off existing encumbrances on their properties, and to obviate the frequent renewal of iilortgages with coincident expend- iture."- The system came into operation in the state of Victoria in 1896, and in fifteen years the trustees of the Loan Fund (in this case the State Savings Bank) foreclosed on and sold twenty-eight farm properties. Out of these twenty-eight farms, only in one instance was "there a loss, and that a very small amount on the principal advanced by the state. In June, 1912, the total amount of mortgages to farmers in the State of Vic- toria was $14,Y73,000, and the amount repaid was $8,053,900. At that date only ten farmers were in arrears for a total sum of $468. When the land upon which a loan is asked is accessible by rail the inspection fee charged is $12.17, if situated further away a pro rata increase is made in the fee. The total additional charge to the borrower for the registration and preparation of the mortgage deed is $3.65, total expense $15.82. "The chief contributing factors to the success achieved," says ]\[r. Eoss, "have been the economical expenditure on management and the effective inspection of all properties upon which loans are made. Many applications for loans are rejected, after carefiil examination of the securities offered, : and the character and industry of the applicant are obviously important points towards influencing a loan being made." The most important point to be observed in this system is the entire lack of any form of co-operation. The state assumes the functions of a mortgage company, and asks no more than sufficient security from its borrowers giving them in return a long term and low interest charges. Could the ordinary mortgage companies do the same there would be nothing to choose between them. The same result might be very easily accomplished in Saskatchewan were the Provincial Government to enter the field and loan at six per cent. But how many would seriously advocate such a scheme under present political conditions? ■* The Saskatchewan Commis.sion states that the period is 42 years in South Australia. As far as I can ascertain it is 25 years. 2 With regard to this the evidence of a writer on New Zealand is of interest. G. H. Schole- field in "New Zealand in Evolution," p. 254. speaking of the introduction of the system into the colony, says: "The effect was instant. Hundreds of struggling men transferred their mort- gages to the easier conditions of the steute mortgages." COST OF LIVIXG IN CAN'ADA 839 RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE AGRICULTURAL OKEDIT COMMISSION. It will be superfluous to go into the recommondations of the Saskatchewan Commission in any great detail, since in their broad outlines they follow on the lines of the German Landschaft.^ The Commission proposes to organize under Govern- ment supervision an association to be known as the Sjiskatchewan Co-operative Farm Mortgage Association, subdivided into local associations: with an advisory board of 15 members, the members to be appointed " part by the Association acting through its annual general meeting and the remainder by such- organizations and institutions in the province as exist to promote agricultural betterment" which is a sufficiently loose and vague phrase to permit of any one being made a member, whether a member of the Mortgage Association or not." At the head of the whole association is to be placed a central commission of three members appointed by the Government, one to be a managing commissioner on a salary, who will devote his whole time to the business of the association, and is to be apparently the only paid expert in the whole organization. It wiU be wfeU to com- pare this proposal with the system of highly trained experts (Syndics) who manage the business of the German Landschaften. In Saskatchewan with no previous experi- ence, and under admittedly difficult circumstances, it would appear that the running of the local associations is to be left to the individulal members, while in Germany with all the traditions of nearly a century and a half behind them trained civil servants are still required to keep the associations off financial rocks. But it is when we come to the recommendations "with regard to the local associ- ations that the real difficulty arises. Local associatiqils are to be set up, the mem- bers of which are to be mutually approved by one another, each association to consist of at least ten members, all borrowers with a minimujn combined mortgage loan of $5,000, united on the basis of joint and several liability- The liability of the indi- vidual as member of a local association or of the central association is to be fixed at not more than 50 per cent greater than the amount of his loan. In considering these points the following objections may be raised: — 1. There is no coimterpart in the German Landsihaft system for this joint and several liability. In thait system the liability is collective for the whole association and the small groups of members in different localities are not liable for the debts of their immediate neighbours. 2. In the Landschaft system there is no mutual consent of other members neces- sary. Once having established that his land is worth so much the prospective borrower can claim a loaii. What need is there for mutual consent ? If the loans are going to be limited to 40 per cent of the estimated value of the land there can be no doubt as to the adequacy of the security. The commissioners have evidently been led away by their desire to invest the scheme with a co-operative character into introducing a form of mutual assent which is entirely unnecessary. 3. Will it be practicable to introduce such local associations? Who will become members and who will be kept out? It is quite possible that the, men who will be blackballed for membership will be the very men who ;are most in need of assistance. Those who have lived in a farming community know that personal feeling may sway such elections, to say nothing of political prejudices. 'What farmer, who has perhaps only just got his own head above water, will assume a liability for a loan to another farmer whom he may regar d as financially unsound, a poor farmer, and a probable failure ? The local associations will become hotbeds of intrigue ^ . — __ ^ — 1 It is curious to note Senator Duncan U. Fletcher has introduced a Bill into the United States Senate (No. 2909), to set up a system of "national rural banlcing" in the United States, his proposals following closely on the RaifEeisen system and rejecting the Landchaft. 2 The Commission suggests, such organizations as the Grain Growers' Association, the Con- vention of Agricultural Societies, the Union of Rural Municipalities, the Provincial Winter Fair Board and the University of Saskatchewan. 840 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO and jealousj-. One (taai easily imagine the state of local feeling when a certain farmer has been blackballed for membership and proceeds to'" kick" in consequence. Indeed this point as to co-operative action rais§§ a very serious question. Are farmers of the West ready and willing to undertake what are most im^doubtedly the very serious amd onerous Tesponsibilities of co-operUtion ? It may be said that co- operation is already flourishing, witness the Co-operative Elevators in Saskatchewan. But the Co-operative Elevator Company is scarcely more co-operative in character than any joint stock compainy, and the name " co-operative " is something of a mis- nomer, when scarcely twenty per cent of the paid-uj) capital has been subscribed by members, and eighty per cent put up by the Provincial Government. It is true that certain co-operative enterprises are afoot in the West. We hear of carloads of binder twine, coal, etc., being purcHased, but such aifairs are mere bagatelles when compared with such a great undertaking as is proposed here. Indeed this point opens up a very serious consideration as to the willingness of the Western Farmers to co-operate at all. In the evidence before the commission several witnesses ailluded to this and doubted whether the farmers would ever stand by the spirit of co-operation. The history of co-operation in Canada and the United States is not inspiring, in fact it is a record of failure. The History of Co-operation in the U.S.A., issued by the Johns Hopkin University, tells a tale of disaster, bad management, embezzlement, internal dissensions, and lack of business acumen, and the small pajnphlet on " Agricultural Co-Qi)eration in Ontario," by S. E. Todd, issued by the Ontario Department of Agriculture, in little .better.^ An investigation carried on by the United States Department of Agriculture in which oyer nine thousand replies were sent in by men in touch with agricultural matters, to the query as to whether the fairming class would be willing to try some form of co-operative action in obtaining loans, elicited a remarkable result. Thirty- two per cent of the replies stated that no farmer* would be willing to form such an organization, and the remainii:i^ correspondents reported that barely 40 per cent of the farmers stood ready to organize such co-ope]*ative associations. The sturdy independence of the farnier would seem to breed a certain lack of the gregarious instinct and without it co-oi)eration cannot exist. A great deal of missionary work would doubtless be necessary before the idea spread to any appreciable extent.^ First, the very freely and generally voiced fear Qi the organization becoming the object of party politics, the spectacle of candidates for the legislature outbidding each other in promises of large loans being a not too remote possibility. Second, the asserted lack of business acumen on the part of the farmers. An inter- esting comment on this was provided in the evidence. given at Wolseley where it was averred that the root of the trouble lay in the fact that in the past it was only too easy for farmers to obtain loans at high rates of interest " for expenditures which were quite unjustified in an economic sense." It was, however, ^reed that lower rates of interest and rigid supervision of expenditure would raise the level of business practice. But indeed the whole question of the practicability of introducing any form of co- operation in the west is a very serious one, and it may be well to cite a few more objec- tions that were raised against such a scheme by witnesses before the Commission. Third, the assertion that mixed farming would prove the salvation of agriculture 1 It is but fair to ad<3 that I was favoured by a letter from Mr. W. L. Smith, Editor of the Weekly Sun of Toronto, a leader in the " Grange " Movement in Ontario, in which he claimed that the co-operative activities of the Grange and Patrons of Industry having achieved their ob3eot m having broken down the bad system of long credits at the country stores, died down, their work finished. - " In Canada there Is no co-operative spirit. This eountry Is full of individualism, the farmer m Canada won't become security for his fellow." Evidence of Sir Edmund Walker before the Committee on Banking and Commerce, 1913. A similar statement by Mr. J. E. Bradshaw. M.P.P. for'Prince Albert in the Saskatchewan L,egislature, in the debate on the second reading of the Co-operative Mortgage Bill, Dec 15, 1913, was met by angry protests from all over the House, one member giving the Co-operative Elevator Company as an instance, which Mr. Bradshaw acknowledged. He would have done better to have stuck to his guns. 00-87' OF LITIS a IX CAKA'l) I 841 rather tlifin nny artificiiil, extraneous assistaiioe was freely and very generally expressed. Indeed, the reiteration of the importance of mixed farniJiig for the West is a most sig- nificant piece of evidence, showing that the efforts of the agricultural colh^^es to impress this fact on farmers are not fruitless. Fourth, the unhomogeneous character of the settlements and the migratory ten- dencies of the population. One farmer at Saskatoon ;declared that he had been for twenty-two years a settler of the Nutana district, that to-day he was the only man left in the settlement who had been resident there when he came in, and that ninety per cent of the people who are there now are anxious to leave. ' And lastly, as one witness at Melville said, the absence in the C'aiuidiau West of that sentiment of thrift which prevails elsewhere. It iapurious to note how this point is reiterated through, the evidence. More than one witness mentions trips back home as one reason for mortgages, others speak of farmers buying high-power automobiles, ■while several mention the most significant fact of all, namely, the raising of mortgages for real estate speculation. Let it be remembered that ;this is the evidence of farmers themselves and such evilence must be judged on its own merits. Only one more consideration remains to be mentioned on this point. It is common knowledge in the West that hundreds of farmers are wdrking more land than they can manage, buying more machinery than they can afford (and letting it rust to pieces in the winter to boot), and borrowing more money thaii they can repay. Would the proviso in the Committee's report that all applications for loans should be investigated and the, purpose for which they are required specified, be a popular one in Saskatche- wan? Perhaps there would be a little less real estate speculation. CONCLUSION. When there is poured into a land which, though mESrvellously fertile, yet demands great efforts, abstinence and risks, an unhomogeneous m&ss of all kinds and conditions rich and poor, experienced and ignorant, industrious and idle, there will assuredly be a period of stress, a tiiue of settling r.nd shaking down rnto place. That time the Prov- ince of Saskatchewan has reached. Strong in the faith, of her wonderful resources and tke richness of her soil, the province has freely discounted the future and credit has outrun production. And now the pinch is being felt. Money is scarce, and the imple- ment companies are pressing for payment. Some of the farms are not producing so many bushels to the acre as they they used to, machinfery has to be renewed and live- stock bought. How shall these problems be met? It is easy to preach mixed farming hut harder to put it into practice, and it is equally easy to clamour for cheaper credit and harder •to procure it. The commissioners in their report are a trifle dubious as to the mark- eting of the bonds of the prospective association, in fdet they admit the task of find- ing purchasers would be much simplified were the provinces of the Dominion admitted to the privileges of the British Trustee List, a contingeniCy which is somewhat remote.*^ What. then shall we say as to the probable success of this scheme? Except for a few things which are open to amendment it is modelled more or less on a system that has flourished for over a century. Wisely rejecting th^ "Eaiffeisen alternative as being impossible, and adopting the Landschaft type as being more in accord with local con- ditions and the character of the people, the Commissioiers are at the very least justified in recommending to their government proposals for a s.cheme which may very possibly prove to be effective. That the recommendations will be modified is certain; the mutual liability of members cannot hold, the genius of the people is against it. iSo difficult is the problem of raising money for the scheme, that Premier Scott, in the debate in the Saskatchewan Legislature on Dec. 15, 1913, announced that the Bill would be passed but not put into operation, being kept, as it were, in cold storage until a more favourable oppor- tunity arises for spiling the bonds in the foreign market., The Saskatchewan Government evidently does not anticipate that the bonds will sell in the Province. 842 BOARD OF INQUIRY TNTO The problem of agricultural credit has been solved by different countries in differ- ent ways, but it has been solved by every country tKat has faced it. To suppose that Western Canada is incapable of finding a way out ofthe difficulty is absurd, the only question is, will the recommendations of the Eoyal Commission prove the right ones? To this we must answer that the co-operative bank system of the Eaiffeisen and Des- jardins' type is utterly foreign to western ideals; 'that the Australian state loans system is impossible from political reasons; the Landschaft system, modified to suit the local conditions is the only thing left. To the province of Saskatchewan belongs the honour of making the attempt to inaugurate it in Western Canada. H. MiOHELL. cosj- OF r.ivixr! ii\ Canada 343 APPENDIX No. 31. OFFICIAL SYNOPSIS OF THE EEPORT OF THE AGRICULTITRAL CREDIT COMMISSION OF THE PROVINCE OF SASKATCHEWAN, 1913. The report is a unanimous one, being signed by. the three commissioners, J. H. Haslam, Chas. A. Dunning, and Dr. E. H. Oliver. It comprises 386 pages of type- written matter and several appendices. Printed copies of the full report will be available in a few weeks' time and may be had free of charge upon request addressed to the Department of Agriculture, Rcgina. Following a copy of the Royal Commission conje the acknowledgments of the eojiiinissioncrs to the persons and organizations that* have as&isted it in its labours. INTRODUCTION. An introduction sets forth the fact that "cheap money" so-called forms only one plinse of the whole great problem of reordering riiral life which European coun- tries have so successfully accomplished through thg medium of agricultural co- operation. It is pointed out that there, as with us, agriculture was the last industry to become organized and that the rural rebirth of Europe, carrying with it better and cheaper agricultural credit, dates from the organiza'tion of the farmers along co- operative lines. Through organization their agriculture has been profoundly affected on three sides, viz., as an industry, as ,a business and as a life. And the problem is no less broad in Saskatchewan. In the wo3-ds of Sir Horace Plunkett, the apostle of rural Ireland, "Into the industry you must introduce the teachings of modern science, as it has been introduced into every other important industry. Into the business must be imported methods of combination, simply because, under modern business conditions, transactions must be on a large ^ale to be economical. The life of the rural community must also be modernized by making it physically more com- fortable, mentally more satisfying and socially more enjoyable." Out of this grows a slogan for Saskatchewan farmers: " Better farming, laetter business, better living." The -legitimate place of credit facilities in agriculture i& also pointed out in the introduction. After outlining the procedure followed by the Commission in its inquiry, the report proceeds to a consideration of agricultural crfedit as it exists at the present time. Respecting mortgage credit this conclusion is reached : There is great need of cheaper credit, based on sound security spread ovqi" a considerable term of years, applied to assist mixed farming and. to improve the lot of the average farmer on a half section. The Commission concludes from the evidence it received that four- fifths of the patented farms of the province are mortgaged and at a rate of interest on the average in excess of 8 per cent. The rate of interest, too, tends to increase rather than to decrease. Owing to the smallness of tKe annual payments of principal Inquired and the general lack of insistence upon the payment even of these, there is found to exist in Saskatchewan under the guise of *hort term mortgages, a system in reality of long term loans on mortgage. After analyzing a great deal of information relating to mortgages prepared for it in the offices of the registrars of the Supreme Court and oi Land Titles through- out the province, the Commission sumftaarizes the data submitted in these words: 844 BOARD OF INQUIRY fXTO Sr^lMARY OF JIOETOAOE INFORM ATIOX. During the period of fifteen months ended August 15, 1913, there were no leas- than 1,723 sale and mortgage proceedings under mortgage in this province. It should be pointed out that the returns given above are not quite complete. Probably not less than 2 per cent of the farmers of Saskatchewan we're subjected to these proceedings under the conditions that obtained in this period. 'Of the mortgages in connection with these proceedings 150, or S.7 per cent, bore an interest rate less than 8 per cent. But 435, or over 25 per cent, bore an interest rate higher than 8 per cent ; 261, or over 15 per cent, a rate of 10 per cent or higher; :15 a rate of 13 per cent or higher; and 3 a rate of 15 per cent. And these mortgages were placed at these rates before the present upward trend in interest rates occurred. BUSINESS HABITS OP THE FARlIElR. The business habits of the farmer come in for some comment. It is made clear that the unavoidable uncertainties of farming and marketing frequently render prompt payment difficult if not impossible, but it i^ also stated that when delays do occur, many farmers fail to notify the company. The conclusion reached is that interest payments are usually met the year they fall due, payments on principal are seldom pressed for, and renewal of the mortgage is made easy. LONG TERM MORTGAGES. "In fact the present system of payments seems designed to render renewal necessary and debt perpetual. With the final payment so large the borrower can seldom xaeet it out of the current year's income. The mortgage is not only renewed ; the amount of the loan is very frequently increased. " These features of our mortgage system are reprehensible. The mortgage is not calculated to develop business habits nor promptness. It is a document that places the farmer, from the beginning, in an impossible situation. It holds out to him the prospect of confronting a payment which hS can never hope to meet. Under the guise of a short term mortgage there actually existy a system of long term mort- gages, but with this difference, that the farmer is compelled to renew every five years or lose his farm should he fail to meet the mortgage. The system of long terin mort- gages with repayment on the amortisation plan encourages promptness and does away with that spectre of the final payment which, like the sword of Damocles, hangs suspended over the farmer." "It is pointed out that the mortgages are numerous, rather than heavy. WHY LOANS ARE SECURED. The purposes for which loans on mortgage are granted may be enumerated: 1. To consolidate past debts. 2. For machinery. In this matter there has been considerable overstocking, due, as one farmer stated, to the " science of salesmanship." 3. (For stock. 4. For building and general equipment. 5. To provide working capital. (3. To buy more land. 7. To " finance trips East " or similar purposes. GRAIN GROWERS ASSOCIATION ON LEGITIMATE USE OP LOANS. A representative of the West Eagle Hills Grain Growers' Association placed before the commission the following statement of the legitimate uses to which long Icrm mortgage credit might be put: — COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 845 " The purchase of stock of all kinds necessary for scientific and correct farming together with adequate stable accommodation for the'.same; the digging or drilling of wells to secure a sufficient water supply, together with an equipment necessary, such as small gasoline engine and pump jack for pumping water where a large supply is necessary or a well is unusually deep; fencing for pasturage or corral; the pur- chase of seed grains that are of an earlier or more productive variety; to redeem notes of the large machinery companies that are harassing farmers so relentlessly at the present time; or for any other addition to the foregoing that would tend to save labour and put the keeping and raising of stock and the production of grain upon more sound, satisfactory and. scientific basis. It should be assumed that mortgages under this head should be limited to farms of one-half section in extent, which should have been resided upon and worked continuously during three years previous to the application for mortgage." THE PROVINCE AND THE BAIJkS. Eegarding personal credit, as distinct from mortgage credit, and which is fur- nished principally by merchants, dealers and banks, the report says in part : In appreciating the banking situation in this province it is fair to consider not only the complaints against the banks, but, as well,* 'the services which they have rendered : 1. Services rendered by the banks: (a) Until recently they have in general afforded an abundance of credit; (6) They have pushed out into the smaller places and granted credit facilities when the amount of business to be secured immediately did not yield a profit; (c) They have exerted an educative influence upon the business habits of the community and inculcated the virtue of promptness. 2. Complaints against the banks: (o) They have frequently sought to domiiuite the policy of those busi- nesses to which they have advanced credit; (6) They have sought rather to pay dividends and to support expensive edifices than to afford credit to customers at reasonable rates; (c) They are not controlled within the province and in a time of stress when credit facilities are most required, the banks withdraw them from the western provinces; (d) Their charges for transferring funds are unreasonably high; (e) The rate of interest on loans is unnecessarily large; (/) The interest allowed on deposits is too low; (g) Their sympathies lie rather with the commercial than with the agri- cultural class. The difficulty of securing bank credit in 1913 as epmpared with other years and rates of interest are then di.^eus^ed. The practices of charging a minimum rate of $1 on small loans, of deducting the interest from the loan when made and of charging interest for days of grace when the loan is repaid previously, come in for consideration and some criticism. INDEBTEDNESS OF SASKATCHEWAN 'FARMERS. ^ It is well nigh impossible to estimate with any degree of accuracy the amount of the indebtedness of the farmers of this province. The Commission gave every facility to implement companies, loan companies and banks doing business within the pro- vince to njake an analysis of the credit extended to the*farmer? nnd of their loans and deposits. 846 BOARD OF INQUIRY ISTO WHAT FARMERS OWE. There is no doubt tliat the largest factor in the indebtedness of Saskatchewan farmers is the amount which is due to mortgage companies. A conservative estimate would place this in the neighbourhood of $65,000,000. For the next largest amount implement companies are responsible. We are certa!in from evidence submitted con- fidentially to the commission by only a limited number of branch offices that the total indebtedness of farmers to merely six branch offices is $15,106,726.68. It is not improbable that at present between $35,000,000 and $40,000,000 is outstanding for machinery. The amount owing on agreements of sale for land is very considerable. To one company the farmers of this province owe $5,770,000 and to another $3,622,- 920.46. The amount due for pre-emptions, for horses, for store credit, lumber, bank credit and for miscellaneous debts, together with that due for the purchase of land is not less than $50,000,000. The farmers of Saskatchewan are paying interest on at least $150,000,000. If this is the case then their agricultural credit is costing them $12,000,000 annually. The saving of only 1 per cent ih interest would mean the saving to the farming industry of over $1,500,000 per year. If farmers could secure money at a rate as much as 2 per cent cheaper than at present they could, by making their payments on the amortisation plan, discharge theii: total indebtedness in about 24 years' time by simply continuing to pay what they are now paying for interest. And this would be abundantly worth while. THE DEBT PER ACRE. From the above estimate it can be clearly percer\'ed that the average indebtedness o± our farmers is, perhaps, $1,500. The average farm of the province consists of about 295 acres. Thus the indebtedness of the far|ner& is slightly in excess of five dollars per acre of land under occupation at the present time. The average farm has gathered about it assets in the shape of buildings, stock, implements and grain. When we remember that the province is in its iijfancy, that many of our people came here with no other resources than resourcefijlness, ^rong determinations and the willingness to work, and that they have met with energy and courage the problem of planting a home in a new land, wo can have no doubt that our farmers are solvent, that their assets compare favourably with their liabilities. But the thoughtful citizen will, nevertheless, regard the present situation as calling for serious attention. It is impossible in this synopsis to give any account of the methods which the commission found in existence elsewhere for facilitating agricultural credit. Under this heading all of the institutions for this purpose found in Germany, Italy, Htmgary, Austria, Denmark, France, Great Britain and Ireltfnd are described and discussed, and those existing in India, I^ew Zealand and Australia, which could not be visited by the Commission are also dealt with. The observations of the Commission from invcatigations in Europe are stated as follows : — ■ GENERAL OBSERVATIONS FROM INVESTIQ.\TIOXS I_\ EL'ROl-'E. 1. There is in all European countries a franli And universal recognition of the supreme importance of agriculture as an industry, as shown by: (a) Government co-operation in : 1. Education; 3. Facilitating credit; 3. Promoting co-operative institutions for production and c'istribution of products; 4. Supervision of processes; 5. Application of scientific knowledge. COST OF LiriNG IN CANADA 847 (6) Sympathetic attitude of urban communi'ties toward agriculture, (c) Active preparation in agricultural affairs on the part of public spirited citizens and national leaders. 2. Co-operation in everything that affects agriculture has advanced beyond the theoretical into the practical stage. BENEFITS OF CO-OPERATION. 3. Co-o,peration has conferred enormous benefits upon the rural communities of Europe by: (a) Stimulating production; (6) Increasing the area under production ; (c) Improving the price of products; (d) Opening up markets; (e) Cheapening the cost of farm necessities; (/) Eeducing the expenses of transportation*; (g) Finishing the products of the soil on the*f arm ; {h) Use of live stock in the utilisation of roiighages of the farni and the return to the soil of natural manures ; (i) Putting farming on a business basis : (1) By providing credit; (2) By systematising business organisation; (;') Stimulating scientific agriculture; (fc) Preventing frauds and deceptions in the purchase of raw materials; (l) Improving breeds of animals and plants; (1) By community breeding and cow tes'ting associations; (2) Seed selection and distribution. 4. By organisation farmers have been able to provide a security which has attracted loans at favourable rates. 5. Agricultural security has been based upon : (a) Mortgage upon the amortisation scheme .covering a considerable period of time and at reasonable rates; (b) Personal credit associated with (1) Collateral; (2) Indorsements. 6. By attracting local deposits to co-operative crMit associations the resources of local communities have been made available in the fif st instance for local purposes. 7. The securities based upon land credit have been;in the main less susceptible to the fluctuations of the money mairket than other securities. 8. Though in various places the nominal rate of interest is as low as 3 per cent, H per cent and 4 per cent, yet the market value of b@nds is such that the present borrower is forced to pay an actual rate considerably in: excess of this. 9. A system of registration of Land Titles similar to the Torrens System is of basic importance in securing agricultural credit. 10. Every effort is made to dispose of the bonds locally. 11. The face value of the bonds outstanding in no case exceeds the net value of the mortgages held and frequently withdrawal rights are inserted in the bonds. AUSTRALIA. The Government .Agricultural Banks of Australia, patterned largely after some European models, are describe.l iii a chapter, of whiqh the opening paragraphs are aa follows : — "Agricultural banks, established, owned and operated by governments are found to-day in various quarters of the world. It cannot be denied that they have rendered 848 BOARD OF INQUIRY I-NTO substantial service to the rural population of New Zealand and Australia. It is as yet too early to estimate the usefulness of the one recently established in the Philippine islands. " The Agricultural Banks of Western Australia, Queensland and Tasmania, the Government Saving's Bank of New South Wales, the State Savings Bank of Victoria, the State Bank of South Australia and the Stalje-Guaranteed Advances of New Zealand conform somewhat closely to one common type. The deviations are due in a ]|arge measure to differences in the wealth of the various communities and in the character of the land system. In each case an advaftce fund is raised by the issue of mortgage bonds or debentures guaranteed by the government and the administration of this fund devolves upon a small central board. The purposes for which advance^ are made are similar, though not identical. The security demanded is of the highest character, generally a first mortgage. In no instance is more than two-thirds or three- fifths of the value of the property offered as security granted, except only- in the case of South Australia, where a special advance may be made when the land is imder cultiva- tion as a vineyard' or an orchard. Provision is usually made for the proper expenditure of advances. When they are not applied for the purpose for which they have been granted, or are expended in a careless or extravagant manner, the central board is authorized to refuse to pay further instalments of proposed advances and to call in the whole amount already advanced. The repayments cover a considerable term of years, as great as 36J years in New Zealand and 42 years in South Australia and are made by equal half-yearly installments to cover principal and an interest rate of about 5 per cent. Unpaid instalments and other moneys "due under the mortgage may be recovered in a court of competent jurisdiction. The borrower is entitled to repay the balance or any portion of the principal money with accrued interest on any day appointed for a half-yearly payment." COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 349 CHAPTEE VII.— SUMMARY. There seem to be three ways of establishing agricultural credit in the province upon a basis to provide money at a reasonable rate : (a) Strictly co-operative, that is to say, a Co-operative, Credit Three methods. Association based upon: 1. Unlimited liability; or 2. Liability limited to a certain multiple of the share capital or certain percentage in excess of the obligations incurred. (h) Strictly Governmental, that is to say, ai proviftcial bank with land mortgage features or a provi'ncial mortgage institu- tion with banking features, (c) Go-operative Credit Association with an initial government guaipantee adequate, and a supervision suffioient, to estab- lish, within a term of years, the independent credit of the association. In case any one of the three suggested plans we.re adopted the. Commission is of the opinion that three principles ^should be laid down: 1. Loans should be provided to farmers only upon unquestioned security and for approved agricultural ^iroductive or improvement purposes only. 2. Provision should be made for repayment upon the amortisa- tion plan. 3. The aim should be to render a service to the borrower, and not to secure profit to the institution. WHAT IS INVOLVED IN EACH SCHEME. In case the strictly co-operative credit association were estab- (a) strictly lished, this would necessitate: co-operative. (a) A series 6i local associations composed p;£ individuals grouped together on the principle of unlimited, multiple or additional liability. (b) A federation of these local associations into b central organ- ization to serve as a clearing house for the locals, a super- visory body and represeiitative to the outside world. (c) The raising of money by : ' 1. Mortgage bonds to be sold upon their ovrai merits in the open markets of the world. 2. Deposits from members and non-members; 3. Share capital or fees from members. In case a strictly governmental scheme were established this ^^^ gtrictlr would necessitate: — goTernmental. (a) A central bank or mortgage institution. (&) Local branches established and controlled by the central 82696—54 850 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO (c) Oo-operative and govern- mental. (c) The raising of money by — 1. Foundation capital provided by the government; 2. Issue of mortgage bonds guaranteed by the government; 3. Deposits by: (o) Goverument; ' (&) Citizens. In case a co-operative credit association with at least an initial government guarantee aoid supervision were established, this would necessitate : — (a) A central commission for organization and management: 1. In the first instance to be appointed by the government ; 2. To be replaced graduallj'' and ultimately by representa- tives of local associations. (b) Local associations established on the principle of collective liability ; 1. Directly by central commission; 2. On local initiative, but with supervision and consent of central commission. (c) The raising of money by — 1. Bonds guaranteed by the government to be covered by the first loans issu-^Ki on mortgages; 2. Further issues of mortgage bonda guaranteed by the government till the credit of the association is estab- . lished; 3. Deposits. (a) strictly co-operative. (&) Strictly governmental. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. The advantages of the strictly co-operative credit association are: — (a) Self-government. (6) It would not impair the credit of the provincial govern- ment. (c) It would be absolutely free to promote other co-operative activities. The disadvamiages of the strictly co-operaitive credit association are: — (a) The difficulty of securing local organizations of sufficient size and number in our as yet sparsely settled province to establish the project upon an independent footing. (6) The time required: 1. To perfect the organization. 2. To secure funds to provide any considerable relief. (c) The difficulty of securing such a recognition in the markets of the world as would secure funds at a reasonable rate. The advantages of a strictly governmental scheme are: — (a) Its recognition in money markets both at home and abroad should ibe instant. (6) It could be launched on an adequate scale without unneces- sary delay. (c) It would give unquestioned security to attract deposits. COST OF LITIXG IN CANADA 851 (dy It would supplement the present banking macHinery of the province by the addition of banks which possessed primarily provincial sympathies. The disadvantages of a strictly governmental scheme are: — (a) The possibility of partisan political interference. (b) The continuous impairment of the credit of the provincial government. (c) It would fail to foster co-operative action between farmers. The advantages of a co-operative credit association with at least (c) Co-operativa an initial governmental guarantee and supervision are: — ^""^ govem- / s -T • • • mental, (a; Its recognition m money markets both at home and abroad should be instant. (6) It would be launched on an adequate scale without unneces- sary delay. (c) It would give unquestioned security to attract deposits ; (d) It would supplement the present banking machinery of the province iby the addition of banks which possessed primarily provincial sympajthies. (e) It would stimulate the spirit of co-oper£ition among farmers. The disadvantages are: — (a) The possibility of partisan political interference in the early years of the association. (by The impairment of the credit of the Provincial Government to a limited degree and for a limited time. Investigations both at hpme and abroad have convinced the Commission that a strictly independent co-operative credit associa- tion 13 not under present conditions feasible. The other two schemes both involve the necessity for the present at least: — (1) Of securing far the larger portion of the money required from sources outside the province; (2) Of active co-operaition on the part of the government of the province. This province needs both a mortgage business aqd a banking Linking busmess closely and intimately associated with the interests of its ^^o^ "a ^^"rtdit. people. The issue of mortgage bonds and the loahing ,of money on mortgages, i.e., ,a mortgage business, is a distinct type of business from the receiving of deposits and making short time loans, i.e. a banking business. But if the machinery of the mortgage business should be distinct and separate from that of the banking business, the general policy of both should be the same, to promote the interests of the borrower. In Germany the Landsehaften have overcome this difficulty by establishing as a daughter but separate institution a bank to transact the banking business for the Landsehaften, to receive deposits and to advance short time loans. The directors are the same, the general policy identical, but the machinery has in each ease been adapted to the needs of the different types of business. The difficulty, however, of launching two projects successfully at one and the same time, helpful and necessary as they may be, makes It advisable to establish the bank after the mortgage institution. 82696— 64J 852 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Provincial assistance required. At present provincial assistance would appear indispensable, if service is to be promptly or adequately rendered. The task of inaug- urating the whole scheme rightly devolves upon the provincial government. It should be prepared: — 1. To pay expenses of organization. 2. To provide certain guarantees for the mortgage association, 3. To render assistance in the i establishment of the bank at a later date. CHAPTEE Vni. EXISTING ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN SASKATCHEWAJSr. What Saiskatche- wan needs. Our dependance on transportation. The situation in Saskatchewan merits the most serious consider- aition. The conditions of our economic life, and particularly of our agricultural economic life, cannot longer pass unchallenged. In a large measure the springs of our material progress must arise within the borders of our own province. Hitherto our fortunes have depended too largely upon outsiders, who, naturally enough, have had their own interests to serve, it is eight years since we became a province and in that time we have accomplished much. We have laid the foundation of many provincial institutions. But much remains. We must at all hazards beget a provincial consciousness. We must promote the cohesiveness of rural life in our midst. We must in greater measure become masters of our faite and authors of our own policies. To accomplish this we need to co-operate and to apply ourselves to that type of .agriculture where co-operation counts most. More diversified farpiing and better organization for purchasing and distributing will lead us far towards the solution we are seeking. To continue selling , grain in the lowest market and buying supplies in the highest is only fatal. If the farmers unite, they can accomplish in other spheres what they have achieved in the elevator bijsiness — they can to a larger extent regulate the con- ditions of their own industry; and the result will not be simply economic. The benefits will extend to every department of our moral, social and political life. Up to the present wheat has been our chief product; and wheat is a world product, with the price fixed at Liverpool, where world forces operate. Every charge agaiiist this wheat from local shipping points to Liverpool, or whatever may be its ultimate destination, is not only subtracted from the farmer's income, but is levied at points and under conditions over which, except for the operations of the farmers' co-operative companies, the farmer has absolutely no control. Our geographical situation places Saskatchewan farmers at the mercy of those who profit by transporting the wheat the farmers have laboured to produce. We live in the heart of a great continent, far from water transportation, so far, in fact, that our competitors in world mao-kets have, without exception, a natural physical advan- tage which yields them a cash advantage per bushel of from 5 to 8 cents. It is not denied that we owe much, perhaps everything, to the building of railways. It is 'only contended that the cost of transportation adds enormously to the burdens that the farmers on the prairies must under present conditions bear. GOST OF LIYING IN CANADA 353 It is not our intention in this connection to exardine the merits Our relation to and defects of the Dominion tariff policy nor to investigate its "^^-^^riffi. suitability to the country as a whole. It is not even urged that a policy which is Dominion wide in its scope could possess the merit of special adaptation to the particular needs of this province. At present only one point is insisted upon — that tariff, as an actual fact, takes slight account of western agriculture; and the tariff will continue to impose its load upon the farmers, not becatise they desire it, but because our fortunes are determined by those who live outside our borders. , What is true of transportation and the tariff is true as well of Our credit manufacturing, finance and banking. It is with the I'attr r that we '"^^1^^}^"^^;, ^ TTT- 1 , . , controlled from are at present concerned. With the exception of two Or three finan- without. cial institutions only recently establi-bhed, and as yet too small to constitute an important exception, we have no financial institutions of our own. We do not furnish directors to the banks that operate in our midst. It is not in this connection alleged that the banks and loan companies have failed to provide credit facilities. It is not even suggested that they have encouraged speculation by a too indiscriminate granting of credit. It is only contended that we have had to depend upon the wisdom and sympathy of Winnipeg, Toronto and Montreal. The time may be far distant when this province will be independent of outside sources of ^ijpply for the funds necessary for its development and growth; but the time is already at hand to develop financial institutions with Ipcal provincial sympathies. We desire to supplement, not supplant, that which exists ; for it is easy in- a time of stress for the Corinthian columns of the metropolis to shut oiit from view the rude shacks of the prairie farmer. We have no need at this time to examine the whole economic Kelation of environment of Saskatchewan agriculture. Still it has not escaped g^ain markets us that in the solution of particular problems the task which con- fronts us is at once larger and more "complex thaji at)pears at first blush. In their essence the problems of out rural life are intimately interrelated. No solution can come to the question of agricultural , credits which has not, at the same time, arisen out of a serious study of general, and more particularly of market problems. For this reason it is important to point out that the Commissidn on Agricul- tural Qredit was associated with that on Grain Markets, and that in the vairious centres of the province the general proBIems of grain growing, nmxed farming and marketing were investigated at the same time as the question of Agricultural Credit. Before endeavouring to indicate what may be at least a partial Economic solution to the ecenomic difficulties that confront our rural popula- ^'"° ^™®' tion, it will be helpful briefly to enumerate the more pressing among them: 1. The dependence of our economic life upon outsiders. 2. Our location in relation to the export market for our principal farm products. 3. The lack of cohesiveness in our rural life. 4. The primitiveness of market arrangements for pro- ducts other than grain and dairy products. 5. The absence of concerted action in the salfe of products other than these. 854 SOAR!) OF IX QUIRT RTO 6. The lack of even collective action in the purchase of farm supplies. 7. Too exclusive devotion to grain growing. 8. A tendency towards extravagance, especially in the purchase of implements, land and expensive sources of power. 9. Relatively high rates of interest and short terms for mortgage and personal loans. 10. The large amount o^ credit associated with the pur- chase of agricultural implements and farm supplies. 11. The attractions in the past of real estate speculation in urban communities. 12. The lack of social atmosphere in rural districts. 13. The enforced idleness during winter months in locali- ties where only grain is grown. Our policy. -^"^ much of this we have no remedy. We cannot alter the facts of geography, nor amend those handicaps which arise from physical • conditions. It is not possible to bring this province nearer to the Great Lakes, though much may be .gained from the route to Hudson Bay and something from the Panama canaL The tariff, as sndi, is a matter for the whole Dominion. We cannot, so long as we remain comparatively undevelc^)ed, 'build up those great reserves of funds which come from thrift and which make cheap credit possible: but there is something that can be achieved. By concerted action and intelligent marketing we can ^minate at least some transporta- tion charges, and we can outHne a rjiral policy that will broaden and deei)en as the years pass by. That policy must be: While geehing to encourage in every way trade and markets with other provinces of the Dominion and countries of the' world, and to reduce to a mini- mum the costs of transportation ana other charges, before everything else to strive iy every effort to foster such economic relations within the province, as wUl promote greater cohesiveness of rural life, viild to the producer d larger share of the returns from the products of his farm, while at the same time hheapening the costs of such pro- ducts to the provincial consumer, and give to the people r,f this province a latrger control ovr the conditions of their own material progress. CHAPTER IX.— THE .SOLUTION' DC THE LIGHT OF EXISTIXG O^NDITIOXS. A new era. The province is at the beginning of a new era. We have come in and po^essed a goodly land — that has required enterprise and energy. Other virtues must henceforth be more largely called into play. Individual effort has been its reward and it ha? been abundant. Henceforth thrift and intelligent co-operation will play a great-vr role than hitherto. In view of the changing conditons of our economic life, the Commission believe that a solution of jur problems must be sought along two lines, which after all do not greatly '\-^'^-- 1. The spread of co-opetative effort, especially at present in the direction of selling and purchasing. 855 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 2. The fostering of financial institutions of our own, with syympathies for our own problems and control by our owia people. 1. — OO-OPERATION. The need of our agricultural life is closer organization. The Co-operation farmer should be a cell in a rural organism. As it is, in his relation needed, to every other industry he stands as an individual unit. He must accept low and give high prices because he acts only for himself and by himSelf. Between himself and his fellow farmers alone is there unrestricted competition, a competition from which he can expect only to suffer. But while agriculture is unorganized, every other industry is highly organized. Whereas tradesman and dealers invariably possess among themselves understandings *and a common policy, farmers have ever occupied too isolated a position and too detached a relation to invite or reward competition on the part of those who seek their trade. They do not act together sufficiently to induce sellers to lower, or buyers to raise,' prices to secure a large block of business; and in this province their too exclusive devotion to grain production has fostered this aloofness from each other.' The co-operative purchase of binder twine and the achievements of the Co-operative Elevator Company constitute splendid exceptions, co-operatiye But, with a larger measure of mixed fanning, and its attendant enterprises now greater compactness of settlement, the more uniform distribution of '^^'^ '"^^ labour throughout the year, the consequent development of markets within the province itself, ajid the disappearance of 'the instinct to stake the success of the whole farming industry on a single throw for which exclusive grain growing is responsible, the way would be clear for united action and for that success which the operation of oo-operative creameries so happily foreshadows. ^t present the urban Saskatchewan consumer buys butter from afar, and pays the cost of transportation, while at the same time some rural Saskatch- ewan producers (unnecessarily, in view of the government creamery policy) send as good or better butter outside the province and lose the cost of transportation. Co-operation in this matter and a dozen others would largely eliminate this double charge for transportation, would increase the proiits of the producer, decrease the cost to the consumer and tend to bind our papulation into an economic whole. Agricultural co-operation has produced a rural rebirth in important effect? Denmark, Germany, Italy, Ireland and other lands. -These countries '" Europe, have found the co-operative society rather than the joint stock com- pany suited to secure better prices for the sale of produce and the advantages of wholesale purchase of agricultural supplies. The reason is not far to seek. The profits of the latter belong to the shareholder who may or may not give his patronage to the company ; but the profits of the former belong to the purchaser according to the extent of his dealings, and furnish a constant incentive towards fostering the development of the co-operative society. The chief advantages of co-operation as applied to agriculture Advantages may be briefly summarized:— summarized. 1. Economies due to handling goods on a Jarge scale, both in buying and selling. 2. The elimination of. multitudes of nonproductive ' middlemen. - BOARD OF INQVIRT IWTO Geo. W. Russell on co-operation among farmers. 3. Protection against adulteration and inferior articles and implements. 4. A more intelligent study of market conditions and arrangements. 5. Co-operation develops iresponsibility in private and public life, makes for education in good citizenship, and trains men to act with prudence. 6. Co-operation produces a more cohesive rural social life. In a powerful plea for the establishment of the rural community, George W. Russell, Editor of the Irish Homestead, declared to the American Commission at the Plunkett House, Dublin, July 15, 1913 : " If this ideal of the organized rural community is accepted there will be difficulties, of course, and enemies to be encountered. The agricultural middleman is doubtless as powerful a person on the American continent as he is in liis little island. He will rage furiously — ^he will organize all his forces to keep the farmers in subjection, and to retain his peculiar functions of fleecing the farmsr tip producer and the general public as consumers. Unless you are determined to eliminate the middleman in agriculture, you will fail to effect anything worth while attempting. I would lay down certain fundamental propositions which, I think, should be accepted without reserve as a basis of reform. First, that the farmers must be organ- ized to have complete control over all the business connected with their industry. Dual control is intoferable. Agriculture will never be in a satisfactory conditon if the farmer is relegated to the posi- tion of a manual worker on his land j if he is denied the right of a manufacturer to buy the raw materials of his industry on trade terms; if other people are to deal with his raw materials, his milk, cream, fruit, vegetables, live stock, gfain and other produce; and if these capitalist middle agencies are to manufacture the farmers' raw material into butter, ba/con, or whatever else; are to do all the marketiijg and export, paying farmers what they please on the one hand and charging the public as much as they can on the other hand. The existence of these middle agencies is responsible for a large proportion of the increased cost of living, which is the most acute problem of modern industrial communities. They have too much power over the farmer and are .too expensive a luxury for the consumer. It would be very unbusinesslike for any country to con- template the permanence in national life of a class whose personal interests are always leading them to fleece both the producer and consumer alike. So the first fundamental idea for reformers to get into their minds is that farmers, through their own co-operative organizations, must control the entire business connected with agri- culture. There wiU not be so much objection to co-operative sale as to co-operative purchase by the farmers; but one is as necessary as the other. You must bear in' mind, what is too often forgotten, that farmers are manufacturers, and as such are entitled to buy the raiw materials for their industry at wholesale prices. Every other manu- facturer in the world gets trade terms when he buys. Those who buy, not to consume, but to manufacture and sell again, get their requirements at wholesale terms in efery country in the world. If a publisher of books is approached by a bookseller he gives that book- COST OF Lima in Canada 857 seller trade terms because he buys to sell again. If; you or I, as private individuals, waait one of those books we pay the full retail price. Even the cobbler, the carpenter, the solitary artist get trade terms. The farmer, who is as much a manufacturer as the ship- builder, or the factory proprietor, is as much entitled to trade terms when he buys the raw materials for his industry. His -seeds, fertil- izers, ploughs, implements, cake, feeding stuffs are the raw materials of his industry, which he uses to produce wheat, beef, mutton, pork, or whatever else, and, in my opinioh, there should be no differenti- ation between the farmer when he buys and any other manufacturer. Is it any wonder that agriculture decays in countries where the farmers are expected to buy at retail prices and sell at wholesale prices? You must not, to save a row, sell the rights of farmers. The second proposition I lay down is that this necessary organization work among the farmers must be carried on by an organizing body which is entirely controlled by those interested in {agriculture — farmers and their friends." 2. — THE POSTERING OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS OF OUR OWN. The following features are characteristic of financial institutions ^^.^t^i'^s of which at present exist within the province : institutions. 1. With two or three unimportant exceptions they are not controlled within the province. 2. Being associations of lenders whose primary object is to secure profits, their interests in the final analysis are dlilerent from those of the borrowers. 3. The extremely low rate of interest allowed on deposits does not afford an inducement for people to save or to invest. ' 4. The great bulk of the funds used within the province is derived from sources outside the province. 5. The same institutions do not furnish mortgage and personal credit. The following features should be characteristic of those finan- Features to b« cial institutions, the primary object of which is public Service : — sought. 1. They should be controlled within the province. 2. They should seek to serve both borrowers and lenders alike. Associations of borrowers grouped together to furnish the most ample security and who stand collectively liable, woidd have aa their first duty to keep the lenders safe and as their primary object to secure credit cheaply. 3. Profits should be reduced to a minimum, only sufficient to cover expenses of administration and to build up the necessary reserve fund. 4. They should allow sufficient interest on deposits to encourage thrift and to induce people to invest safely. 5. Though for a considerable time in the future the great bulk of the funds used within the province must be derived from sources outside the province, they should constantly aim to place the financial resources of our districts and our province, however meagre to begin with, primarily at the services of these districts and this province. BOARD OF INQUIRT INTO -Collective liability. Proposed plan •outlined. 6. Though different institutions furnish mortgage and personal credit they should operate harmoniously and sympa- thetically. To embody these principles in, an institution in this province is not impossible if regard be had to existing conditions and the laws of natural growth. In work of this nature we must hasten slowly, but we must hasten for even now debt is clinging like a millstone to the neck of many a homesteader and farmer on the prairie. Those who expect the touch of Midas will be disappointed. If we would build for the future -we must build wisely. In the world of finance the corner stone is ever the same — security. The first and greatest commandment must be to avoid risk. They greatly err, who, in their search for' cheap money, seek only London and the marts of the world. The world of finance is like the King- dom of Heaven. The begining is ^within and at home. The only basis for cheap credit is the security that cannot be questioned. Without that the farmers of this province cannot secure money at favourable rates ; with that they can challenge the money markets of the world. To begin at the bottom. It is .clear that the individuail farmer needs 'money to bring forth the productive qualities of his land, but he cannot of himself offer a security that will attract investors at home and abroad. He can, howevef, become the unit cell of a Vast system. He can go to his neighbours and say, "At present the lender is in a position to dictate terms to borrowers. This can be reversed if we only safeguard the rights of the lender and recognize that the interests of both borrower and lender a^re the same. Let us stand together in this matter — ^let us be responsible for each other. The property we pledge will be more than sufficient to discharge the obligations we incur. But we must remember that we are offering a commodity for sale — credit security, and to obtain what we desire we must offer a quality that is unquestioned. Should one of us fail, the rest must stand in the breach. The very acceptance of a loan means the acceptance of an obligation to meet the annual instalment of interest and principal promptly. If we accept a loan of say $1,000 we must be liable not only for that amount but also for an additional amount, say $500, to cover a contingent loss either through the default of a fellow member or through any other cause. Before this collective liability could operate to our individual dis- advantage, the assets of that member who was responsible for the loss must first be taken. But as a loan could be, say only 40 per cent of the valuation of his property pledged, the probability of calling on us individually would be very small. In any case we are safe- guarded in two ways. We shall admit to our group only those in whose integrity we can place the most ample confidence; and we shall approve of only those loans which we believe are for productive purposes and are calculated to leave the borrower in better shape after he received the loan than he was in before." Here is the nucleus of our system — a local group of members jointly and severally liable for each other's debt, and as a group, in due (Proportion with other similar groups responsible for the whole association. While those local grou|)s are springing into existence in various parts of the province a.nd are waiting to be approved and registered by a central commission, this commission should be COST OF LIVING IN CANADA at work organizing, directing and inspiring. ' Though in the mean- time appointed by the govemment, which, as we shall see, in the early stages of this enterprise, has much at stake, it should ultimately be entirely chosen by representatives of these local groups. As soon as adequate machinery has been devised and some measure of success attained, the government should proceed gradually to efface itself and to allow the institution to proceed upon practically an independ- ent career. The central commission should be the controlling force. It Commission. should not be too large, else it will be cumbersome. "It should repre- sent the locals but at the same time regulate their actions. As it must represent the institution before the outside world, and especially in the money markets, it should have the final voice in the acceptance of all loans, having the jwwer to veto those approved by the locals but not the power to approve those vetoed by the locals. To keep this central commission in close and intimate sympathy with the whole rural constituency, there should be brougb,t into existence another and larger body whose chief function should be advisory. Advisory Board. Of this advisory board a part should be chosen by the annual general meeting of tlie association and the remainder migfit represent the Grain Growers' Association, the Convention of Agricultural Societies, the Union of Eural Muncipalities, the Provincial Winteir Fair Board, the University of Saskaitchewan, and, perhaps, in the course of time, the agricultural co-operative societies of the province. Money should be raised by mortgage bonds, issued in small Features of denominations, payable to bearer and bearing intere'st. They should be, issued not against individual properties but against the total aggregate of properties pledged and to an amount not exceeding ihe - aggregate of the loans advanced. Loans should be granted only for approved agricultural productive or improvement purposes, and care should be taken either by recalling the loan or in some other way, that the borrower adheres to the purpose for which the loan is granted. It is, of course, to be expected that neighbours, who are responsible in the event of a fellow member's default, will keep a shaorp eye on his use of that for which they too are liable. The loans should cover a period of years, say from fifteen to thirty-five, and should be repaid in enual payments covering both interest and principal. Provision should, however, be made whereby a borrower might repay at an earlier date if he felt so inclined. The aim should be to render ciedit cheap, not to secure profits. The borrower should be required to meet all legitimate expenses and provide for the perpetuation of the association by the creation of a reserve fund. The reserve fund should increase indefinitely and serve as a guarantee' against loss. Individuals and locals should remember that promptness is the Promptness quickest way to establish a reputation for security. Locals should, therefore, see that all obligations are met at due dite. As we have already indicated, this is accomplished in Germany in a rather drastic manner. Better credit facilities can be provided. We de'sjre to place the emphasis upon the word " better," for it is better credit rather than more credit that the farmers of this province need. Investigation indicates this clearly and the evidence of the faitaiers themselves 85& 860 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Abundant security necessary. Safeguards behind proposed mont- gage bonds. Diffloulties discussed; confirms it strongly. But to secure that better credit it is not enough to assail existing institutions. A constructive policy is essential. The conviction of the Commission after ca,reful study is that the sober-minded farmers of this province realize thorougUy that the prime requisite in a progressive and constructive programme that will yield better credit is to provide security unquestioned and indisputable; security that is adequate, and, one might almost add, superfluous and unnecessary. But the thoughtful farmer who has addressed himself to these problenjs knows that in this matter no secrity should be xegarded by tlie borrower as superfluous and unnecessary. He understands that it is just that precise factor in his security which his neighbour styles " unnecessary," which will render his, mortgage bonds readily saleable at reasonable rates. It is in this way that from being a mendicant f<]r credit he becomes a merchant of security. The lender will seek him out, if the security he offers is, as Oassar's wife should be, above suspicion; and in the scheme which this Commission sijggests the security which the farmer will ofl^er will be beyond reproach. Every mortgage bond will be secured, even after the period of government guarantee has expired, by the following provisions r — 1. The aggregate of the -bonds issued may not exceed the total aimount of the mortgages placed. 3. Mortgages will not be granted beyond a certain propor- tion of the value of the land estimated with the utmost care. 3. The amount of debt will be constantly reduced by amortization. 4. The restriction of the loan to productive or improve- ment purposes will operate constantly to increase the value of the security. 5. The total amount of; a perpetually increasing reserve fund, and all the property of the association, will be liable for all claims. 6. In the final analysis th$ borrowers are collectively liable to an amount 50 per cent greater than the total amount of their loans to meet the clainds of bondholders. Arising out of this sketch of .our projected co-operative mort- gage association, some difficulties immediately present themselves: 1. Who is to bear the expense of organization? ■^he Provincial Government may reasonably be expected to bear the cost of initiall organization and, as well, the salary, during a period of say three years of that commissioner whom it designates managing commissioner. 2. What is likely to be the farmer's attitude towards the prin- ciple of collective liability? This principle was thorojughly explained to the farmers of the province at the meetings of the Commission and was almost invariably heartily indorsed. It is a much more favourable arrangement than the ordinary partnership or the present system of store and implement credit, under which the merchant or dealer has to collect from those who pay the debts of those who will fail to pay; and in the co-operative COST OF LiriNO IN CANADA , 861 purchase of binder twine it has already been tried with marked aucceas in many diatricta of the province. 3, Where is the money to be obtained? (a)i Sources within the Province. — In any scheme, that seeks to be permanent, provision should be made for an increasing use of locajl funds. By the sale of interest bearing bonds within the province, the resources of 6ur own people are made available in the first instance for our own local needs. A growing number will welcome the opportunity to invest in bonds that yield a higher rate 6f interest than savings deposits, and at the same time are easily negotiable within the province. It is exceedingly difficult to form an accurate estimate of the amounts that might be available for investment or even for deposit within the province. At the present time, as the following table indicates, only about one-third of 1 per cent of the balances in the Post Office Savings Barak of the Dominion comes from Saskaitchewan : Statement of Balances in Post Office Savings BanTc, Month hy Month, savings bank • deposits. 1911. Canada. Saskatchewan. September $43,259,218 $123,37'8 October 43,159,291 123,307 November 43,061,991 118,666 December .. 43,022,772 119,526 1912. January 42,962,553 ir8,409 February 42,769,594 * 116,397 March. 43,563,764 111,133 April 43,104,213 , 111,184 May 42,792,297 114,613 June 42,683,232 116,666 July. ., 42,696,793 121,366 August 42,726,347 -127,271 September 42,661,908 132,928 October , .... 42,40-6,934 130,914 November 42,174,667 122,666 December 42,034,988 117,879 191S. January 41,963,040 113,378 February . 41,751,241 112,020 March 42,728,941 113,964 April 42,189,244 116,170 May 41,938,210 120,321 June. . ; 41,885,265 124,763 July 42,027,632 127,519 August 42,125,880 131,152 Information as to amounts on deposit in Saskatchewan was supplied by the general managers of only two of the chartered banks doing business in the province, and is therefore too incomplete to be of any value. 862 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Government guarantee required. Trustee list. list. (6) Sources outside the Province. — For a considerable time to come the larger btilk of the funds required must inevitably come from source^ outside the province. Until the association has estaiblished its reputation it must oflfer a security that is known to the investing public. To begin with, it must be remembered, the association possesses prac- ticably no assets, and, so far as the investing public abroad is concerned, no financial standing. Large mortgage coporations ■which iloat mortgage bonds abroad possess both. To serve in their place the association must secure one or both of the two following privileges: — 1. The guarantee of the provincial government. This would be required 6nly temporarily, till the associa- tion had established its reputation. Should this be employed, as seems likely to be necessary, it is proper that the amoiint of the government guarante'ed bonds should be determined annually by agreement between the government and the associ- ation. 2. The inclusion of these mortgage bonds in the British trustee For the regulation of the investment of trust "funds the Lords Commissioners of the British Treasury have approved certain investments and laid- down certain conditions. The trustee list incjludes the securities of the overseas Dominions, India and certain Crown eolo'ijies. The following are the conditions: — 1. The colony shall provide by legislation for the payment out of the revenues of the "colony of any sums which may become payable to stockholders under any judgment, decree, rule or order of a court in the United Kingdom. 2. The colony shaiU satisfy the Treasury that adequate funds (as and when required) will be made available in the United Kingdom to meet any such judgment, decree, rule or order. 3. The colonial government shall place on record a formal expression of their opinion, that any colonial legisla- tion which appears to the Imperial Government to alter any of the provisions affecting the stock to the injury of the stock- holders, or to involve a departure from the original contract in regard to stock, would properly be disallowed. The securities of the Dominion of Canada have access to this list. So, also, have those of the various Australian States, Natal, the Cape of Good Hope, New Zealand, Newfoundland and India. The Australian States secured admission before they were constituted a commonwealth, while they were still i];idividually in the colonial xdlation to Great Britain. This privilege the Province of Saskatch- ewan never possessed. Nor under clause 3 can our securities qualify for admission, for our constitutiona], arrangements do not contem- plate bringing our provincial legislation directly under the purview of the Imperial Government. Yet the injustice of according our securities an inferior status to those of Hong Kong seems evident. So far representations have proved unavailing. COST OP LIVING IN CANADA 863 Mr. Henry Wolfi, the eminent authority on co-operative banking, writes : " Why should not colonial land bonds be gladly accepted as good investments in Great Britain? It all depends upon the system upon which they are issued, and the safeguards observed to make sure that they represent good value* * * Once lan4 bonds could be made to find a market in the old country — whjeli it is only reasonable to presume that they would — capital, which is, in the colonies, largely wanted for purposes of development, might be attracted in substantial sums from the United Kingdom." OTHER SOURCES. (a)i On the Continent. — The market for co-operative Montgage bonds mortgage bonds on the continent at present must be acknow- °" '^°^ '"''" ' ledged to be problematical. Such bonds frorri Denmark do find a ready market in Germany and are issue4 contemporan- eously in Hamburg and Copenhagen. Saxon bonds sell throughout the German Empire. But these are rather the exeeptions. In some cases the boast, in others 'the complaint, is that these bonds sell at home where the security is best known. It can reasonably be expected that ;the saile of a Saskatchewan co-operative mortgage bond on the continental market belongs rather to the future than to the. present. (&) In Canada. — Apart from direct investment in mort- Funds in gage bonds, which, it can be anticipated, if the rate of interest be sufficient, will take place on an increasing scale throughout the Dominion, it may be well to enumerate briefly the various funds, which, either themselves or those corresponding to them, are in other countries devoted to this purpose. 1. Post office savings funds. (August, 1913, $4^125,880.) 2. Proportion of profits accruing to banks as a result of their privilege of issue. 3. Annuities funds. 4. Direct grant from national government. 5. Government savings bank funds. 4, How is personal credit to be provided? Experience shows that mor|tgage business is different from banking business. But because the two branches of business are distinct is no reason why they should not be sympathetic. To secure this sympathy two features shpuld be embodied in their relationship: (a) Those who direct the policy of one should direct the policy of the other as well. The scheme of the interlocking directorates, which has operated to the disadvantage of the public, can be made to work for the public benefit. (&) That policy should be in the interests of the borrow- ing community. It is expedient, therefore, that the co-operative mprtgage associar Association tion, which is an association of borrowers, should itself establish a ®'^°"A^. t"? *^i, ... . , , ... , , , , , , . establish bank. Sister but independent institution to transact a fegular banking business. The majority stock of this bank should 'be held by the 864 BOARD OF IXQVIRY Il^TO Bank's relation to association. A nation-wide issue. mortgage association, and the balance sold to agriculturists within the province. The provincial government should at the same time of the establishment of this bank render such assistance as will enable the association to control the bank in the interests of the agricultural industry. The bank should open branches in such centres as from a bank- ing point of riew would be proper, and grant to locals of the mortgage association lines of credit for personal loans to its members. The officers of these locals should act as receiving agents for deposits for the bank, and, subject to the instructions of the bank, apply those deposits to personal loans up to "the limit of the line of credit granted to the local by the bank. In this way the funds of every community would be available in the first instance for the needs of that community and the expense of transmitting funds woxdd be reduced to a minimum. The various public and semi-public institu- tions of the province should be enfcouraged to transact their bank- ing business with this bank. The profi.ts might be devoted to two objects : (a) To spread the activities of the bank throughout the province. (i) After the bank is well established their proportion of the profits should be handed* over to the agriculturist share- holders. The portion paid to -the mortgage association might be devoted to: 1. The building up of a reserve fund. 2. The paying of amortization instalments of out- standing debts. Xor should it be forgotten that, no small part of the function of tliis bank should be to raise the rate of interest on deposits and thus to secure to those who have funds to deposit a more reasonable return for their money. 5. Is the solution offered adequate or final. The Commission would particularly insist that the solution which it offers is a solution in the light of existing conditions, one that is practicable and calculated to afford relief. The system pro- posed possesses within itself elements of permanence and a capacity for expansion and growth. But the Commission would be lacking in candour did it fail to reiterate a conviction to which it gave expression in the introduction to this report: "Agricultural Credit is a problem which cannot be solved by one borrower or one coru- munity and perhaps not even satisfactorily by one province." This is a nation-wide issue demanding a nation-wide policy. The adoption of Eaiffeisen or Schulze-Delitzsch 6j other neighbourhood societies may not be immediately practicable, but these societies contain the germ of a tremendous principle within their constitution, the prin- ciple of local cohesion. Through them, local resources are allowed to exert their fructifying influences. They stand upon a solid basis of security, the security of mutual confidence and ^control. In Europe these neighbourhood banks are through central organ- izations intimately associated with the banks of issue and serve for them as a species of gauge or financial thermometer. More signi- ficance is attached to the resources ^nd needs of the local communi- COST OF LI7ING IN CANADA 865 ties, the security at the base, than to the arbitrary, if honest policy of the director at the top. In Canada we pride ouTselves on our centralized system of banking. In the face of severest criticism it does not stand condemned. It has a function to perform, and, on the whole, it has performed it fairly well. But it is not suited to the Present banking producing agriculturist. It is not calculate tI to respond to local system , , , 1 ,1 . \ enaaequate. needs and local sympathies. In Quebec co-operative banks have been introduced. But condi- tions in Quebec are more like those in Europe than are conditions in any other part of the Dominion. It will be long before Saskatchewan resembles either Quebec or Europe, ^nd yet these neighbourhood banks established on co-operative principles are the ultimate goal. They furnish the farmer the open Recount. They place agriculture upon a business basis. But they are possible only under two conditions : 1. When the funds of the neighbourhood tend to be suffi- cient for the economic needs of that communitj^. 2. When the resources of the local community are supple- mented by resources put at the disposal of that community by some strong central body. In Europe this assistance comes from banks of issue, savings Dominion must banks or governmental sources. In our country this should come "■"*■ from postal savings, the profits on note issues or the Dominion Government. It is a nation-wide issue, to supplement, not to sup- plant our banking facilities in the interests of agriepltural credit. The solution offered by this commission is practiSable. It will endure. But it does not solve the whole question of rural finance. That is a problem for the whole Dominion. CHAPTER X.— RECOMMENDATIONS. 1. That, inasmuch as in the experience of older communities co-operation ■cheaper agricultural credit is invariably associated intimately with should be other phases of agricultural co-operation, such additional legislation ^°^^^^^ ■ be enacted by the legislature and information and guidance provided by the government as will further facilitate on the part of the farmers of the province the establishment upon a sojjnd basis of a system of local and central rural co-operative societies for purchasing and selling farm products and supplies. 2. That legislation be enacted to provide for the establishment of Mortgage a co-operative mortgage association for the raising of funds on g^ouia'be" mortgage bonds and the granting of loans to farmers on mortgage formed, security for approved agricultural productive or improvement pur- poses only; such legislation to embody the features hereinafter mentioned. 3. That the association be known aa the Saskatchewan Co- its constituent operative Farm Mortgage Association and consist of "a central com- Parts. Hussion, an advisoiy board, local associations, individual members and an annual general meeting. 4. That the central commission consist of at least -three members Central «lothed with the necessary authcfrity as the executive body of the commission, association ; 82690—55 866 BOARD OF INQVIBT INTO (a) At tlie outset the govemment to appoint all members ; (6) One of the members to devote bis whole time to the work of the association as managing commissioner and to be the only salaried member of the commission; (c) As the association acquires iinancial standing and is able to dispense with the provincial guarantee in the marketing of its securities, the selection of commissioners to be gradually transferred to the association acting through its annual general meeting. Advisory Board. 5. That an advisory board of fi|teen members be created to act in an advisory capacity in relation to the commission; the members to ibe appointed part by the association acting through its annual general meeting and the remainder by such organizations and insti- tutions in the province as exist tp promote agricultural betterment. 6. That the individual members be borrowers admitted by vote of the local association into its membership, approved mutually and by the central commission and who have paid the initial entrance fee of $10. Y. That each local association consist of at least ten members with a combined mortgage loan of at least $5,000, united on the basis of joint and several liability, formed by mutual consent and with each member approved by the central commission. 8. That the annual general meeting consist of representatives, one from each local association. 9. That the first general meeting be not summoned and loans to individuals be not made until at least twenty-five local associations have been formed as provided in section seven by the central com- mission. 10. That the liability of the individual member, whether as member of the local association or as member of the Saskatchewan Co-operative Farm Mortgage Association, in respect of any obliga- tion incurred or losses suffered or in any other respect whatever, be limited to an amount not more than fifty per cent greater than the amount of his loan. 11. That the liability of the several local associations to the Saskatchewan Co-operative Farm .Mortgage Association being the ratio of the aggregates of the mortgage loans of the members com- posing such associations. 12. That all mortgage loans be issued on an amortization basis to cover a period of not less than fifteen, and not more than thirty- five years, with the option reserved to the borrower, upon three months' notice being given or a boryis of three months' interest being paid, of paying the whole or any part of the balance due in excess of the stipulated payment on any r'ogular day of payment before the final ; always provided that payinents in excess of the regular payment shall not release the borrower from his obligation to meet promptly his subsequent consecutive annual payments imtil the amount of his indebtedness has been discharged. Securing fundB. 13. That the funds required by the association for loans to its members be raised on mortgage bohds issued by the association and fully guaranteed by the provincial government, the amount of such Conditions of membership. Local association — how formed. Annual general meeting. When eummoned. Members* liability. Liability of local association. Loans on amortization plan. COST OF LJTING IN CANADA 867 government guaranteed bonds to be determined annually by agree- ment between the provincial government and the association. 14. That the association advance its funds to the 'borrower at a Rate of rate of interest which will include only the cost to the, association of i^o^jt^* "** the money itself, the expenses of administration and provision for the creation of a reserve fund to provide such security and guarantee for the future issue of mortgage bonds as will in the course of time render government guarantees unnecessary and place the association upon a purely self-supporting basis. 15. That loans be limited to 40 per cent of the central commis- Limit of loans, sion's valuation of the property to be mortgaged. 16. That the provincial government make a grant of not less Government than $10,000 towards the expense of organizing the»Saskatchewan ^''^"*^°'' Co-operative Farm Mortgage Association and also pay the salary of the managing commissioner for at least three years. 17. That the Saskatchewan Co-operative Farm Mortgage Asso- Bank for ciation establish as soon after its foundation as is feasible a bank personal credit, with headquarters within the province to conduct a regular banking business both through branches of its own and, wherever possible, with and through the locals and oiEcers of the association: (a) Such assistance to be rendered by the provincial government at the time of the establishment of such bank as will enable the Saskatchewan Co-operative Farm Mortgage Association to control it in the interests of the agricultural industry;. 18. That the schedule of land titles fees be so revised that. Land titles feaa. while not yielding any less revenue to the provincial treasury or causing specific services to be performed at a loss, they shall bear less heavily upon the homesteader whose land is encumbered at the time of the issuance of the patent therefor. 19. That the representations which for some time past have been Trustee list made by the government be continued through the proper channels to the Lords Commissioners of the British Treasury to include the securities of the Province of Saskatchewan and securities guaranteed by the provincial government in the British trustee list. 20. That the provincial university be asked to furnish either by Training regular classes or through its extension department or otherwise such accountants, instruction as will provide a knowledge of accounting methods and disseminate throughout the province an adequate acqyaintance with co-operative principles. All of which is respectfully submitted. J. H. Haslam, Chairman. Chas. a. Dunning, Edmund H. Oliver. S2696— 5.5i 868 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO APPENDIX No. 32. CEEDIT. (Monthly Bulletin of Economic and Social Infeligence, Octoier, lOlJ/..) WORK OP THE SPECIAL AGRICULTURAL CREDIT INSTITUTES IN 1913. Sources: Banco Di Napoli, Cassa DI Eisparmlo, Credito Agrario. Eelazione sull'esercizio 1913. (Bank of Naples, Savings Bank, Eand Credit Department. Report ±'or the year 1913.) Naples, 1914. Banco di Sicilia, Rendiconto del Consiglio d'Amministrazione sulservizio del credito agrario e biiancio consuntivo, esercizio 1913. (Bank of Sicily, Report of the Board of Management on the Agricultural Credit Ser- vice and Balance Sheets for 1913.) Palermo, A. Giannitrapani, 1914. In this article we intend to give a short account of the work done in 1913 by the special Agricultural Credit Institutes, that is to say, by 'the institutes, for the most part regional in character, authorized by special laws for this class of credit work. The most important of these laws are those of Jtdy 7, 1901, authorizing the Savings Bank of the Bank of Naples to do agricultural credit business in the provinces of Southern Italy and the Island of Sardinia, and of March 29, 1906, insrtituting a department at the Bank of Sicily for the grant of agricultural credit.. We may also mention the laws of December 31, 1902, March 31, 1904, and June 25, 1906, respectively for credit in Latium, Basilicata, Calabria, etc. The fundamental principle of this legislation is the distribution of credit to farmers, not directly, but through local institutes, preferably through those of co-oper- ative form (rural and agricultural banks, agricultural consortiums, etc.), therefore styled intermediary organizations. k Exception is only made for those communes that have no local institutions or none inspiring confidence or activity working: in these, loans may be granted to the farmers directly. The agricultural credit institutes, consequently, carry on an active propaganda in favour of the foundation of intermediary organizations and strive to ensure their good working by means of the distribution of model rules, 'instruction in bookkeeping and inspections. Besides this, in order the better to attain t^iis end, the Department of Agriculture, in accordance with the above laws, every year opens prize competitions among the co-operative societies. The agricultural banks, large numbers of which have been lately founded in the south and in the Islands, of the same legal character and economic form as the rural banks, owe their origin to the special agricultural credit laws above referred to. 51. THE SAVINGS BANK OF THE BANK OK NAPLES AND THE AGRKULTl RAL CREniT DLPARTMEXT AT THE BANK OF SICILY. The agricultural credit business done by the two Southern Banks appreciably increased in 1913, as is seen from the following figures : Years. Baaik of Naples. Bank of Sicily. frs. frs. 1908 4,8^3,440 2,192,298 1909 5,390,203 4,061,269 1910 7,830,401 7,119,720 1911 9,6S4,213 9,137,972 1912 / '.. 9,353,833 12,039,391 1913 13,034,341 15,628.632 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 869 The advance is especially observable in the ease of the Bank of Sicily: Sicilian agriculture finds in this large increase of capital no inconsiderable assistance in its economic and technical development, which also stimulates the various forms of agri- cultural co-operation. Passing on to a more detailed consideration of the work done by the two banks in 1913, we find in the first place that the number of the intermediary institutes of the Bank of Kaples continues to increase; and indeed from 1,750 in 1911 they increased to 1,855 in 1912 and 1,963 in 1913; however, the number of these considered "good," which, that is to say, may be depended upon for credit, only increased in the above three years from 868 first to 938 and then to 1,044; the increase in 1913 was almost entirely among the agricultural banks; of the 1,044 good institutes, 133 (amongst them 124 people's banks) also are accredited to tl^e Bank for purposes of ordinary discount business. The good institutes are divided as follows: Agricultural and rural banks, 313; Sardinian monti frumentari, 288; people's banks, 160; agricultural consortiums', 126; agriculture)', loan banks, J15; leavings banks, 16; m'utual aid societies, 9; iniiti frumentari, 8 ; independent provincial agricultural credit banlcs, 6 ; agricultural credit societies, 3. But only some of the good institutes are entered on the agricultural register; at the end of 1913, 633 were so registered for an amount of 22,933,600 frs. (Amongst these 150 people's banks for 7,183,000 frs., 87 agricultural consortiums for 6,676,500 frs., and 199 agricultural and rural banks for 6,083,000 frs.) The operations conducted by the Bank of ITaples in 1913, not including renewals, amounted to 13,034,341 frs:. 5,857,S85 frs. provided out of its own funds, and 7,176,955' frs. out of the funds of the provincial banks. Altogether its rediscount transactions amounted to 10,347,107 frs.; it made direct loans to t}ie amount of 865,646 frs., and directly diseoimted bills to the amount of 1,821,588 frs. The total amount of the business done in the twelve years exceeds 60,000,000 frs., of which about 36,000,000 frs. was done through agricultural consortium^ and 12,000,- 000 frs. through agricultural banks. The total bills and acceptances at the end of 1913 amounted to 7,884,069 frs. Last year, both for its own business and for that of the provincial banks, the savings bank of the Bank of Naples maintained the rate of interest of 3J per cent on operations (for rediscounting and direct discounting) Tyith the intermediate institutes, and 4 per ceilt on loans granted directly to farmers ; the intermediary institutes, in their turn, lent at rates varying from 3J to 6 per cent, and for the most part at 5 and 5J per cent. According to the object of the loans, the credits In kind granted to the farmers by means of rediscount operations and direct loans were distributed as follows : 1. — Loans with Legal Preference. No. Frs. For hawest .. 616 366,771.60 " cultivation 6,281 2,272,524.39 " seeds 2,653 1,262,312.73 " manure 3,230 560,028.44 " anticryptogamic mat'l 2,424 325,790.19 " food for metayers 26 5,614.50' " various purposes -2,115 1.064,846.08 17,346 5,862,887.93 870 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO 2. — Loans without Preferejtce. No. Frs. For large livestock 3,339 1,096,351.98 . " smalllivestock 492 163,312.60 " machinery 479 167,933.48 " farm implements 214 26,463.07 " deadstock 97 31,051.80 *' various purposes 38 30,915.80 4,659 2,516,028.72 3. — Loans with Preference by Agreement. For large livestock 5 10,000.00 4. — Loans on Deposit of Agricultural Produce. On cereals 310 2,749,235.80 " wine 15 70,600.00 « oil 1 4,000.00 326 2,823,855.80 The loans with legal preference represent 52.29 per cent of the total credit granted to the farmers; those without preference, 23 .43* per cent; those with preference by agreement, 0-09 per cent; and those on deposit of .agricultural produce, 25-19 per cent. Of the loans, 13,409 for 5,421,851 frs. (48-35 per cent) were granted to proprietors working their own farms; 299 for 65,633 frs. (0-59 per cent) to tenants on long lease; 329 for 158,409 frs. (1-41 per cent) to metayers or tengnts paying rent partly in kind, and 8,298 for 55,566,860 frs. (49-65 per cent) to tenant farmers. The direct discount given was in 191 cases on 1,382,570 frs. for collective pur- chases; in 10 cases oh 332,280 frs. for collective sales, and in 33 cases on 106,738 frs. to make up the capital of the intermediaiy organizations; almost all on the proposal of agricultural consortiums and land banks. The total credit granted out of the funds of the Savings Bank of the Bank of Naples and the Provincial Banks was distributed 'as follows among the various provinces: — ■ Provinces. Amount — ^Pr3. Foggia 4,808,790.68 Aquila .' 1,676,977.78 Bari 1,152,495.11 Sassari 1,000,123.78 Caserta 866,144.85 Leece 655,240.99' Teramo 658,772.92 Eeggio 431,960.00 Catanzaro 302,090.00 Salerno - 283,871.07 Potenzai , 26J,738.43 Cagliari 258,006.05 Campobasso 246,751.34 Naples 196,706.26 Ohieti 108,335.51 Benevento 106,896.50 Cosenza 70,745.00 Avellino 48,694.35 Total. 13,034,340.62 COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 871 The intermediate organizations accredited to the Bank of Sicily increased in number in 1913 from 275 to 323.^ This large increase is due to the active propa- ganda of the Institute; the large majority (255) are societies of collective title; 303 institutes have the form of co-operative societies, and of these 130 are agricultural co-operative societies for production and labour. The entries in the agricultural register increased in 1913 from 14,882,000 frs. on Deceiflber 31, 1912, to 1Y,880,218 frs. on December 31 of the ensuing year. The work of the bank shows a new and magnificent advance: 48,712 operations were conducted for the amount of 15,628,632 francs ; ' with the increase of the inter- mediate organizations, the amount of the operations conducted with private individuals, once so important, has been reduced to an inconsiderable minimum (51 operations, for 8,475 francs) ; those conducted with intermediate institutes were 48,661 for an amount of 15,620,157 (rediscount operations to the amount of 13,374,781, and direct discount operations to that of 2,245,376 francs). The direct and indirect loans may be classified as follows in relation to their object : Number. Amount. Operations. Frs. I. For seeds, manure, anticryptogamic sub- stances, cultivation and harvesting.. .. ... 46,122 12,127,996 II. For live stock 2,175 1,212,305 " machinery 37 87,750 " farm implements ». . 1 3,000 " dead stock 5 1,625 III. For direct discount to the intermediate organ- izations, for distribution to members 144 720,871 For collective purchases 130 783,161 " payment of charges 71 582,280 " advances on produce 26 159,063 As regards the condition of the borrowers, the operation may be divided as fol- lows: — Operations Amount Number frs. Land holders 20,499 6,205,593 Tenants on long lease 1,123 328,293 Metayers 1.8'^6 433,796 Tenant farmers 24.843 6,415,571 1. The number of the members of the intermediate organizations of the Bank of Sicily on December 31, 1913, was 50,178; the capital of the members with unlimited liability was 223,145,847 frs., and the capital of the institutes themselves 3,707,158 frs. The various provinces shared as follows in the total amount of credit granted in 1913 :— Provinces. Amount, frs. Caltanissetta ^'^^H^lf. Palermo 2,800,822.71 Trapani 2,776,627.12 GiJenti 2,206,509.95 cSEneV.. 1>^S2,162.91 Syracuse 1,592,745.07 Catania ■ 956,710.54 Messina »68>800.96 - Total 15,628,631.^1 1 Rlccardo Bachi's Annual " L'ltalia Elconomica." 872 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO The interest charged on loans by the Agricultural Credit Department of the Barik of Sicily in 1913 was 4 per cent; that demanded frbm their members by the inter- mediary organizations was generally 6 per cent. 53. — OTHER SPECIAL AGRICULTURAL CREDIT INSTITUTES. The figures for the operations conducted in 1913 by the other special agricultural credit institutes working in Italy are shown in th^ following table.^ In order to make it more complete, we have included also those given allove for the Banks of Naples and Sicily. In 1913, therefore, the special agricultural credit "institutes lent the Italian farm- ers about 40,000,000 frs., 9,000,000 frs. more than in 1912. 1 Biccardo Bachi's Annual " L'ltalia Economica." COST OF- LITIXG IN GAXADA 873 i o H M H M M M H M Q M O O o n o 1^ s« f. ^ SI'S -2 V CO I c3 ffl § O00l> •-< M C* C*3 CQ 00 »nn>- GO N U3 « ,-( « --o> .0 WSift 50»Ccoiocqcot*^c^ CO »f3 o i— ' t- oo r- <£> « CO CO 1-1 00 N u^oa-*M'^^ooococ^o^ CscpoOWCOOeOOaNOO cooococoos oo»o<© M m fQ "S^ CO "^ o -."S a> dj m >--'^«s £ a 3 d P.!? S r"^ d d ci a gr^ U c3 ea d g S'-' "3 a a a-L! "-3 — 22 2'C"H.iS :i'u'u'u rt H s o o o o:3 S-2 E 5J raC than one thousand dollars or be entitled to more thati one vote." It provides that the- directors shall apportion the earnings, subject to revision by the association at any time, " by first paying dividends on the paid-up ca|)ital stock not exceeding six per centum per annum, then setting aside not less than ten per centum of the net profits- for a reserve fund until an amount has been accumulated in said reserve fund equal to thirty per centum of the paid-up stock, and five per cent thereafter for an educa- tional fund to be used in teaching co-operation, and the remainder of said net profits by uniform dividend uppn the amount of purchase of shareholders and upon the- wages and salaries of employees, and one-half of such uniform dividend to non- sharholders on the account of their purchases, which may be credited to the account of such non-shareholders on account of capital stock of the association; but in pro- ductive associations such as creameries, canneries, elevators, factories, and the like,, dividends shall be on raw material delivered instead of on goods purchased. In case the association is both a selling and a producing concern, the dividends may be- on both raw material delivered and on goods purchased by the patrons." The law COST OF LIYINO IN CIANIdA 877 provides that no corporation or association doing busiliess for profit shall be entitled to the use of the term " co-operative" as part of its corporate or business name unless it has complied with the provisions of the Act. FURTHER DIFFICULTIES IN THK STOCK CORPORATION FORM OF ORGANIZATION. One of the common difficulties in a so-called co-operative association formed as a stock corporation results from the payment of dividends on the paid-in capital above a fair interest for the use of the capital, especially where the capital con- tributed by the members is not proportional to their individual shipments. The tendency in such organizations is to pay high dividelids on the stock. The stock- holders generally demand an unusual earning on the capital contributed. They acquire the dividend habit. They deduct an amount from the proceeds from the product of all members, or from the earnings of the 'company, to pay the dividend, before returning the proceeds to the growers. In some fruit growers' organizations, dividends of 20, 30 or even 50 per cent have been paid on the capital stock. The difficulty over the payment of dividends usually arises with a member who is a small stockholder and at the same time a large shipper, or when a stockholder ceases to be an important shipper. A grower becomes dissatisfied when he realizes that the payment of a profit to capital, whether taken irom the proceeds of his fruit, or made as an earning on his purchases, are used to enrich a stockholder who has money invested in the corporation, but who has not contributed to its success except in the original investment. Another source of trouble in the stock corporation is that the grower becomes dissatisfied after receiving a liberal dividend on his stock, if the business condition of the organization does not warrant its continued payment. In the citrus industry these difficulties have usually been avoided by paying no dividends on the capital, or at least a dividend not in excess of the customary rate •of interest. A farmers' organization that has been organized paider the usual stock corpora- iion laws, is on an uncertain foundation, not alone from the lack of control of the membership, but also because of the conflict between the capital and the product of the members whenever the proceeds derived from the latter are reduced to pay an "unusual rate of interest on the capital contributed. There are many so-called co-operative organizations (shrewdly formed) that make an earning for the corporation on the product ©f the grower by retaining the •control of the facilities through which the growers' fruit is handled. The packing Iwuses may be controlled by the organizers and a large dividend paid out of the proceeds of the product on the capital invested. The .purchase of supplies may con- tribute a profit, low grade supplies may be sold at the, price of high grade material, -and profits may be made in many other indirect ways. An organization that pays a profit to capital from the growers' product, either froii the use of packing facilities ■or for any other service, is not co-operative. It is a stock corporation, operating for tie grower for profit on capital, while a co-operative prganiztion is operated by the producers wholly for their own. benefit, the benefits being pro-rated on the use which the member makes of the organization. A CO-OPERATIVE ORGANIZATION MUST SPRING PROM NECESSITY. A co-operative organization of fanners must be founded on economic necessity if it is to be permanently successful. The reason for its existence must lie in some vital service which it is expected to perform if it is to have strength enough to live in the face of the competition to which it will instantly be subjected. It must com- pete with existing organizations and this competition will be, directed towards ■ehninating it; it will be viciously attacked; every conceivable form of misrepresen- tation will be levelled against it; the officers will be a,ttacked by insidious rumours •concerning their ability or integrity; the banks, especially in the newer sections. 878 BOARD OF INQUIRY lN*k) may be controlled by competitors, and may refuse to furnisli the necessary credit;, and every weapon known to competition, either legitimate or disreputable, will be used to put it out of business. The average producer is not a business man, nor is he skilled in the arts of com- petitive business. He is naturally a strong individualist. He is slow to delegate authority over his affairs to any one, and when he is face to face with the skilful arguments of those who aim to break the organization and keep him working as an individual, he is likely to weaken and finally leave the organization unless he had felt the effect of hard times, a helplessness arising from a combination of those who buy or sell his products, excessive freight, or commission charges or other forms of oppression. It is an historical fact that the investment of the farmer must have been threatened by existing conditions before he has been able, in the past, to over- come his individualism sufficiently to work with his Neighbours in co-operative work. The country is strewn with the wrecks of co-operative organizations that were bom prematurely and which died by the wayside, because the farmer himself deserted in the first real conflict with the established agencies that have handled his business. Co-operation, to be successful, must be founded not only on economic necessity, but it must grow through gradual evolution. It must have a small beginning and grow in strength through experience step by step, rather tlian by leaps and bounds. The fundamental mistake that is being made in many localities is to form a farmers' organization all at once on the plan of an organization that has taken years to develop. The plan may be sound but a co-operative organization can only succeed when given the unflinching support of the members who through years of experi- ence have acquired an appreciation of the fundamentals that underlie a successful association of this kind. The success of any organization depends on its members, not on its form. THE MEMBERSHIP IN A 00-OPEErATlVE ORGANIZATION. The membership in a co-operative organization sl^uld be confined exclusively to those who are producers and who, as producers,' use its facilities. The members should be acquainted and have confidence in each other. It should never include those who contribute capital alone to it. Many organizations are formed by bankers, fruit dealers, or others who promote an organization for the purpose of making a profit from it. They may be formed in good faith by business men who realize the value of the co-operative movement and who are willing, as a service, and not for profit, to furnish the capital for its organization. The need for such an organization must spring from within, from the necessity of the industry, and not from a desire of a commission merchant, a broker, or of an ambitious manager who sees an oppor- tunity of capitalizing the co-operative movement for his personal benefit. There are many organizations of the latter type that masquerade under the to-operative banner, but which are formed, managed, 'and controlled either directly or indirectly by those who make a profit on the packing organizatibns, on the sale of fruit, on the purchase of supplies, on railroad claims or trade rebates, or in other indirect ways. Such organizations are always kept prominently before the growers as co-operative, a situation which, when it exists, is almost prima facie evidence that the co-operative features are for the benefit of a few, rather than for all the members. Membership in a co-operative organization should carry with it a responsibility on the part of the member strong enough to carry it through adversity of every kind. To feel this responsibility, the member must, of colirse, feel the necessity for the organization; he must feel he is a part of it; that the organization is his, developed and managed to promote and protect his interests. If "the association is formed by the members' to meet their economic needs, this feeling of responsibility pervades the membership, but if the association is formed to promote the welfare of the officers or any other class of people, or if fijianced by well-meaning people who really desire its success, an association cannot depend on the loyalty of its members in time of adversity. COST OF LiriNO IN OAJfADA 87a One of the problems that a co-operative asso6iation always has before it is keeping alive the interest of its members. They musj; be a vital part of the organiza- tion. They must take an active part in its development. They must keep posted on the details of the business; the business methods of the organization must be an open book to them. There can be nothing mysterious abo'ut the management of the busi- ness. Contracts, salaries, trade or other legitimate -rebates, railroad claims, profits, or earnings of every kind— these must be of such a! nature that every producer can know about them if a co-operative association is to:maintain the loyal support and confidence of its members. It must, of course, win that support by the results it accomplishes, and these results must be obtained by a business record that keeps free from suspicion regarding the integrity of its methods, and as free as possible from criticism regarding its business efficiency. Every defect of the organization wiU be kept before the members by its competitors and imaginary ' defects created by wilful misrepresentations by those whose, aim to break down the membership, will always be prominently featured. VOTING POWER OF MEMBERS. In a strictly co-operative organization a fundamental principle should be " one man, one vote." It should be a real industrial democracy in which the members trust each other and lean upon each other's judgment as men. In, such an organiza- tion neither the capital contributed, nor the volum6 of business transacted should be the basis of the responsibility or influence of liie individual member, because neither can co-operate or be made a basis for lasting' co-operation. In the European co-operative associations the " one man, one vote " principle is applied as a test to separate the true co-operative associations from thfe pseudo co-operative. Since co-operation is founded on man, not on capital nor on products, there is no funda- mental difference in principle where capital is eliminated and product is substituted as the basis of voting and control. The control of a co-operative association shoulA be founded on the equality of membership, whether ^he member contributed a large or a small volume of business. It is the members who, as men, co-operate in these organizations. The history of the co-operative rftovement in Europe and in Cali- fornia shows that this fundamental basis is sound. In the latter state, one organiza- tion, the California Fruit Growers' Exchange, which was formed as a stock corpora- tion, but which operates strictly on co-operative principles, handles a business of twenty million dollars, more or less, annually on the " one man, one vote " principle of voting. The directors each represent a business that varies widely in volume and in value, but the " one man, one vote " principal of representation has stood the test of business experience and has been one of the foundation stones on which the success of this organization has been built. The directors reserved the right when they organized to vote pro rata on the shipments represented by them, but this method of voting has never been used in twenty years of busirifess experience. The California statute governing the non-profit corporations withp*ut capital stock permits the- voting power of members to be equal or unequal. In many of these organizations the voting power and property rights of the membeps is proportional to the contri- bution which each makes to the investment necessary for operation, the by-laws in some citrus fruit organizations providing that " members will contribute to the- investment necessary for operation in true proportion to the number of bearing acres of citrus orchard owned or controlled by each member respectively bears to the whole number of bearing acres for which citrus fruits are delivered or engaged to be delivered to the association any time during the year such memberships are issued." Even with such a provision in the by-laws, the " ohe man, one vote " principle is- generally used in voting on the business operations of 'the organization. There is a strong sentiment against the "one man one vote" principle of voting: ■when first presented to the average producer. The |arge producer fears control by smaller interests; the small landholders, domination by their larger neighbours.. 880 BOARD OF INQurRT ikj'O The history of the co-operative movement, both in Europe and in the United States, shows clearly that this adverse sentiment is a prejudice rather than an actual weak- ness in practical operation. Equality of membership strengthens the desire to co-operate, and men work together in business harniony just as they do now in the eo.ual control of churches, schools and in gvernmental responsibilities. MEMBERSHIP AGEEEJIEXT. A co-operative organization to be successful must be held together by a mem- bership agreement or contract hol.iing the members together for business purposes. In no other way can an association attain that degree of stability that is necessary in a business undertaking. The association must krfow definitely what it is expected to do, the volume of business to be handled, the expenses to be incurred and the preparation necessary to transact its afiairs in an orderly, economical manner. Voluntary membership is usually suicidal in a co-operative association. In the last analysis the association can only succeed when the average member believes that the co-operative principal is sound; and that conviction must be strong enough to hold the members together when their opponents attack them insidiously and persist- ently. This faith must be founded on the sound business results of the organiza- tion, as well as on its larger influence on the development of the industry as a whole. Unless the benefits of the organization are large etiough to keep the organization iutact, the members cannot be held together indefinitely by any form of contract; but the human nature of the average farmer has not evolved to that ideal point when f). temporary advantage ofiiered him by his opponent may not blind him to the perman- ent advantages of the association to which he belongs.' A membership agreement h: a steadying influence on a grower who might be ted astray by misrepresentation or by temporary dissatisfaction. Then, too, there , ar e large numbers of farmers who are opportunists. They have no interest in the industry as a whole. They are interested only in their own immediate success. In handling their crops they are rampant speculators. They allow a sharp-shooting mlarketing policy, trying to hit the liigh spots presented by an association, a buyer, or a commission merchant, and giving but lukewarm allegiance to any individual or association. The opponents of the co-operative system understand this psychological trait perfectly, and unless the producer has formally bound himself to his association by a definite contract to tandle all his produce through it for a given p^iod of time they draw heavily from the membership by promising a larger return, or by playing upon his • prejudices in other ways. It is an historical fact Ihat a large proportion of tlip troubles and failures in the co-operative movement b^ve been due to the irresponii- bility of the membership whenever an association has been subjected to fire; and no one not experienced in the movement can have any conception of the degree to which misrepresentation, insinuation and other modes of creating disaffection are persist- ently kept before the co-operative producers by those who make an abnormal profit when the farmers' product is handled individually. The same kind of misrepresent- ation is used in building up one aasociation as against another when those who handle the business of a co-operative association are interested in profits, or derive their compensation from the volume of business handled. THE MANAGEMENT OF A CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION. The success of a co-operative organization depends primarily on the loyalty and stability of the membership; it depends further on efficiency in management. Efficiency in management cannot exist without' stability of membership; nor can it be developed unless the members appreciate the necessity of providing an efficient managernent. The difficulty in most co-operative otganizations is the lack of appre- ciation of the need of a high order of organizing aijd business ability on the part of the employees of the association. The common failure of co-operative associations OOST OF LIVING IN CANADA 881 is usually_ attributed to inefficient management; as a matter of fact, it is due to the membership itself, which has fallen short in securing skilful employees. The indi- vidual producer is likely to gauge tlie requirement of management by the size of his own business. He falls short in his estimate when he acts on a board of directors and is charged with the responsibility of providing a management to handle success- fully a collective busineM. Inefficient management is a measure of the degree of lusiness efficiency of those who are charged with the direction of the affair8''of the association; and unless' the membership will sustain -a board of directors in employ- ing men of a high order of ability a co-operative association is short lived. The management of a co-operative organization -is more difficult than that of an ordinary corporation. The stockholders, not being experts in the affairs of the latter, do not often take an active interest in its details. The producer, on the other hand, is vitally interested in his own business and h^ is likely to take an active iJart, at least in giving advice concerning the conduct of the business. This is one of the most valuable assets in a co-operative organization if the manager is big enough to utilize it. Through the knowledge of the producer in the affairs of his association his interest and sympathy can be kept vital. If the management becomes autocratic, the interest of the member dies; if it is not big enough to work out a broad, pro- gressive business policy, using such suggestions as. are made by the .producers in addition to its own knowledge and experience, it in turn loses its connection with the association. A management must possess tact, constructive ability, foresightedness, fearlessness in the conduct of the business and a clear conception of the real under- lying purpose of the organization, if it is to succeed,. The integrity of the manage- ment must be beyond reproach; it must be free from entangling business alliances; it must be free from the participation in any secret profits arising ' directly or indi- TPctly from handling the business of the organization; in short, the dealings of the management with the organization must be an open book, free from questionable business practices of every kind. The influence of the management, next to the loyalty of the members, exceeds all other influences, and the success of a co-operative association depends on its working out in mutual .confidence an efficient business system that is able to meet successfully all conditions^ as they arise. A CO-OPERATIVE OEGANIZATIOST SHOULD BE FOUNDED ON A SPECIAL OROP. A co-operative organization should be founded on a special crop and the locality in which it handles the product should be comparatively restricted. Special indus- tries involve common problems to be solved by the -producers, similar difficulties to overcome, similar trade practices, and similar trade connections. The members of nn organization that is formed to handle fruit, vegetables, poultry and general farm firops have no common ground on which to stand, 'and these general associations have not been successful up to the present time beciause the membership cannot be held together. The citrus fruit growers of California are all interested in increasing tonsumption, in extending markets, in reducing the cost of distribution and market- ing, in securing reasonable transportation costs, and "in the same public policy ques- tions that affect the industry. They have, therefore, developed a vitality in their organizations that have been attained in no other agricultural industry in America. An organization founded on different crops, on the other hand, has a series of totally different problems to meet at one time, different business connections to form and oinerent classes rather than one class of opponents to meet. A CO-OPERATIVE OKGANIZATION MUST DEVELOP THE INDIVIDUALITY OF EACH LOCALITY. To be successful a co-operative association must sustain and develop the indi- viduality and initiative of the different localities in which it operates. The unit of the organization must, therefore, be a locality in vrhich the soils, the climate and other conditions produqe a similar grade of product. If the products vary widely in 82696—56 882 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO colour, texture, form or in other character, on account of the conditions under which they are grown, the producers cannot be held together because the grades cannot be made similar. The attempt to have a single organization over a wide territory is, therefore, likely to fail. No amalgamation of the farmers of different localities in a common organization has ever been successful. On the other hand, the orange growers of one locality, or of similar parts of a locality which produce similar grades of fruit, may organize to prepare their product for market under distinct local brands. Those of another may do the same thing, -and a large number of local units may be formed as long as the unit embraces a product of similar grade and character. Then as a matter of economy and efficiency these Toeal units may federate and create a central agency through which they handle their common problems. But each local unit preserves its local character and develops its local pride and reputation by selling its product under a brand that is the exclusive property of the local association. In addition to its local brand it may also add a brand of the central agency in order to give it greater selling power in all parts of the coiyitry; but no local unit should use the brand of a central agency exclusively, without using its own brand at the same time. HANDLING, GRADING, AND PACKING. The outcome of a co-operative organization formed to handle the growers' product will succeed or fail on the skill and int^rity with which the product is harvested, handled, graded, and packed. The limits of this discussion wiU not permit this part of the subject to be handled in detail. A few fundamental principles, however, can be stated: 1. In the average association the individual grower does not possess sufficient skill to harvest, handle, grade or pack his products carefully, uniformly or attractively enough to permit the association to establish a standard of quality and therefore acquire a reputation for its brands or grades. A ufiifonn standard of quality in the brands shipped by an association is fundamental to success. This seems like an axiom, but the fact is that this is the rock on which many co-operative organizations! have been dashed to destruction. Poor handling in harvesting, improper handling in pre- paring the product for sale, careless or dishonest p-ading, or lack of skill and know- ledge in grading and packing — these are common rather than unusual conditions in the conduct of many co-operative associations where the handling of the product is controlled by the individual members. The output of an association, therefore, acquires no stable merchandizing value. The bran'cls are not a guarantee of quality. 2. A reputation for uniformity in grading and packing can only be acquired when the product of all of the members is handled under uniform conditions. The standardization of a product can result only from standardizing its handling, grading, and packing. 3. A uniform product can be established by having the product of the individual members handled by the members, under the supervision of the association, or for members by the association. The former method >is employed successfully in some deciduous fruit associations ; the latter is the usual .method in the citrus fruit associa- tions.. The conditions which lead to either method are local as well as those of the industry in question. In the citrus industry the crop is harvested over a long period of time and is comparatively non-perishable. It is possible therefore to systematize the methods of handling, to assemble the product in a central packing house, and to grade and pack it under standard rules. Without this standardization of handling, grading, and packing no co-operative association Can acquire an asset in the repu- ■^tion of its brands. With standardization it can •acquire a reputation which makes its output sought after and for which the trade will=pay a premium. A practical diffi- culty in handling a co-operative association lies in the fact that every member thinks that he produces a product that is the equal or superior to that of every other member. The handling of this condition is one that tests the tact of the most successful mana- ger. It is a practical condition, however, and not a theory, that must be met with firmness, with justice and with patience by every co-operative association. COST OF LIVINK} IN CANADA 883 APPENDIX No. 34. (Monthly Bulletin of Economic and Social Inielligence, April, 191S.) FKANOE. AGRICULTURE CO-OPERATION IN FRANCE — GENERAL INTRODUCTION. Agricultural co-operation of late years has made such rapid pr-ogreas that econo- mists in every country have endeavoured to define with precision the nature and signifi- cance of a social movement which, before their own e^es, we may say, has effected a rapid and radical change in the organization of rural Ufa The International Institute of Agriculture has been well advised in taking into consideration this problem, the solution of which demands methodical and careful study of the co-operative movement in agriculture. We must recognize the value of the economic distinction adopted by the Institute which separates co-operative societies (that is those societies whose object is provision for the economic needs of their mem- bers through the creation of common funds of capita}; and labour, or through some system of mutual obligation) from other forms of organization. In France, however, this distinction alone does not seem sufficient to enable us to give a clear definition of agricultural co-operation as it is found spread over the whole country. On a closer analysis it becomes evident that 'the distinction has been baaed only on the professional position of those co-operating. Thus an essential elenaent has been neglected in not taking into account the special aim of all agricultural co-opera- tive societies, which, directly or indirectly, must always be the promotion of agricul- tural production. Neglect of this must inevitably create confusion between agricul- tural co-operative societies and the other groups which, though like them composed exclusively of agriculturalists and even adopting a co-operative form, cannot be con- sidered as purely agricultural. These societies work in ,the interest of their own mem- bers, not so much as agriciolturists, but as consumers and in other characters apart from their professional one. Certain societies, those for instance for the purchase on advantageous terms of food, clothing and other supplies for their members, might, without acting contrary to the purpose of their operations, include many who are not agriculturists. Widening our view by taking into consideration this underlying aim of agricul- tural production and noting the important principle of solidarity which in greater or lesser degree unites the members of an agricultural co-operative society in mutual liability, a clear definition of the conception and role of agricultural co-operative societies has been attempted in France. These societies, notwithstanding the differ- ences in form and the varying d^rees in which they present their essential character- istics, it seems possible to divide into four principal categories : Ist. Co-operative purchasing societies, generally called syndicates; 2nd. Co-operative insurance societies; 3rd. Co-operative credit societies; 4th. Co-oi)erative societies for production, adaptation, preservation and sale. If we begin our study of the agricultural co-operative movement in France with the consideration of the fourth class, we shall find a new factor of great importance to its development and more generally to the whole of French co-operation. This fa.ctor is the law of October 29, 1906, supplemented by the administrative order of August 26, 1907, which for the first time in French legislation^ determined the characteristics 82696— 56i 884 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO of co-operative agricultural societies. Although thus recent, this law is in full force, and we may expect a continuation of the good resiilts of its action during the few years of its existence. What these results are, we shall here try to show. A. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES FOR PRODUCTION, ADAPTATION, PRESERVATION AND SALE. Agricultural co-operation originated in France at an early period; it is said that even in the 12th century, there were fruit-growing ^nd cheese-producing co-operative societies. In agriculture, as in other trades, co-operation has long existed with very different objects. But in the French law, there is no' special statute to regulate socie- ties called co-oi)erative or to frame their organization. A bill on the subject passed the Chamber of Deputies but the Senate suspended the discussion in 1896 and it was never resumed. At present co-operative agricultural societies are subject to the common law regarding societies. They are regulated either by articles 1,832 to 1,8Y3 of the Civil Code, or by the Commercial Code and the Laws of>July 34, 1867 and of August 1, 1893. They vajy as to their legal form, the prevailing forms being that of civil societies and that of limited liability companies, with variable capital. The first of these has the advantage of requiring few formalities for the constitution of the society and of leaving to its members the greatest amount of liberty for drawing up its rules and organizing its administration. On the other hand, every member is responsible to the extent of his property for the obligations of the society and from this nothing can absolve him except a thirty years limitation. Limited liability com- panies with variable capital are, on the contrary, subject to exact and minute regula- tions as regards their constitution and administration. It is necessary to protect the rights of the third party, for the members are respo'nsible for the debts of the com- pany only up to the amount of their shares. Under the common law, peasants have constituted many co-operative societies for the adaptation and sale of their produce. They must adjust themselves to the new conditions of modem cultivation and small cultivators must perfect their methods of working to meet the scarcity of labour and to find markets for their crops, if necessary even at long distances. Under these circumstances agriculturists can no longer stand alone but must seek in association the most efieetive .means of overcoming their diffi- culties. At present the number of co-operative agricultural societies for production, pres- ervation, adaptation and sale may be calculated approiximately at more than 2,600, including about 1,800 societies for the sale of fruit, 500 dairies, 80 societies for the manufacture or sale of wine and for distilling, 20 oil factories, 40 starch factories, threshing societies, etc. These societies, being freely (constituted by private initiative, it is not easy to obtain precise information as to their modes of working arid the advantages they offer to their members, but their number at least indicates the spread of the co-operative idea in the rural world. So important a movement could not but attract the attention of the public author- ities, and a law for its protection and guidance was passed on December 29, 1908. This law purports to be a mere addition to the law of March 31, 1899, which estab- lished the Regional Agricultural Co-operative Credit Banks, and enabled them to obtain, by way of advances free of interest the advance of 40 million francs and the annual dues paid into the treasury by the Bank of France in virtue of the law of November lY, 1897. By the law of December 29, 1906, the government may " deduct from the annual dues and forward gratuitously to theRegional Banks special advances intended for the co-operative agricultural societies ^and repayable within 25 years." These advances must not exceed one-third of the dues paid annually by the Bank oi France. By article 3 of this law, " The Regional Banks shall receive from the co-oper- ative agricultural societies on the advances made through them, an interest fixed by them and approved by the Government after infoi?nation received from the Com- COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 886 mission referred to in Art. 5." According to Article 4, " only those co-operative agri- cultural societies which are composed of the -whole or a part of the members of one or more professional agricultural syndicates may receive advances, whatever may be their legal form. Such advances must be made with "a view to effect or to facilitate transactions concerning the production, adaptation, preservation, or sale of agricul- tural produce coming exclusively from fao-ms belonging- to members or concerning the carrying out of agricultural works for the general gdod, but the aim of the society Inust not be commercial advantage." Another article ^determines the composition of the Consultative Committee for the division of the funds advanced and Article 6 fixes the maximum of these advances at double the amount of the paid-up capital of the co-operative societies which contract the loan. These are the provisions of the law of 1906, tie construction of which is very simple, so that it is easy to ascertain the essential [principles which have inspired the legislature. Of these the first is that the societies desiring to benefit by the law must be strictly professional in character, and must be exclusively recruited from among members of agricultural syndicates. Another is the granting of assistance and encouragement to private initiative while stimulating it to further effort. The law grants advances to be repaid by a certain date, and not gratuitous assistance. To furnish capital at a low rate to co-operators is to supply them with the means of carrying on genuine undertakings. But they must not forget that the feociety can only carry on reasonable and profitable undertakings which result in lasting work for the benefit of the members and permit of the due repayment to the state of the sum borrowed in order that it may serve for a new enterprise. This feature of the law is emphasized by the provision which fixes the ratio of the amount advanced to that of the capital paid by the members, that is to say, to the personal effort that they have made. But the legislature, while appropriating to professional groups sums belonging to the community was not encouraging collective self-seeking, nor injuring legitimate interests It showed clearly that the co-operative societies which borrow should not do so for gain nor should they accept any produce except that sent from farms belonging to members It has especially indicated the spirit of the law by stipulating that those benefited must make it their object to facilitate the produc- tion, adaptation, preservation, and sale of agriculture produce, or the carrying out of works, of general utility. It thus encourages a branch of national industry, increases agricultural production, and contributes to the prosperity of the country. Finally, this law leaves to agricultural co-operative locieties that apply for a loan the right of choosing as hitherto their legal form, thus providing safeguards for private initiative while supplying means for effective faction. It need hardly be said that the liberty of co-operative societies to which advances have been made, is not left uncontrolled. The decree of August 26, 1907, has defined with precision the guarantees required by the state from societies which contract loans : the shares must be held in the members' own names, inust be reserved for agricul- turists, and must not bear interest higher than 4 per'cent; the members, or at least fome of the members of the Committee, must conjointly be answerable for engage- iients undertaken by the society towards the btate; mortgages must be registered for the benefit of the state on real property purchased or reorganized with the sum advanced. The loan is also guaranteed by the interm^iary Eegional Bank, and the accounts and the management of the co-operative society arc placed under the control of the Ministry of Agriculture. The law of 1906, supplemented by articles 25 and 31 of the financial law of the •^pril 8, 1910, by which agricultural co-operative eobieties are exempted from the tax on personal property and from licensing fees, exercises on agricultural co-opera- tion a vast and daily increasing influence. The peasants were not slow to understand the immense advantage which they would derive from these concessions offered by the state to agriculture, and it may safely be stated that the transformation of 886 BOARD OF INQVIRT INTO cultivation in France is in great part due to the law of 1906, the application of which is becoming more widely extended. In 1908, 23 societies obtained loans; 43 in 1909, 73 in 1910, 78 in 1911, 105 in 1912. In 1908 the loans amounted to 964,325 francs; in 1909 to 1,157,250 francs; in 1910 to 2,284,265 franca; in 1911 to 2,364,280 francs, and in 1912 to 2,6'89,014 francs. At the close of 1912, 293 co-operative societies had benefited at least once by the law. These loans haive been granted to societies with widely differing aims, and the law has been extended to every kind of co-opera- tion to which it could be applied. It is especially interesting to see the work accoinplished by this law in every branch of agriculture, and to judge of its results, whether in renewing the activity of old societies by -supplying them with the means of adapting themselves to the conditions of modem production, in reviving languishing societies, or in facilitating the creation of new societies which shall assure to the cultivators the benefits of the recent improvements in agricultural implements. ****** The law of 1906 has probably had most effect in encouraging the formation of societies for the emp]|Oyment of ag^ricultural machinery. Perhaps it is not too much to say that it is only through this law that such societies have arisen in France, and this is not surprising. Cases do airlse,' it is true, where producers are driven to form them upon pain of losing the entire fruits of their labour if they neglect to do so, but, on the other hand, the benefits derived from them are often less evident and more remote. Without speaking of the force of habit, it must be admitted that the cultiva- tor has not a clear notion of the Value of 'time or Mbour. It needed the increase in wages paid to agricultural labourers and, above all, the scarcity of labour to make the importance of machinery in the cultivation of small holdings evident to the peasant. Every member of these societies had also 1;o learn to regulate his work in accordance with that of his fellow-members, and to realize that the necessary machin- ery is not exclusively for his own. use. To prepare the way for the establishment of co-operative societies for machinery, disinclination and established customs had to be overcome in the peasant before the idea of combinajtion took root in his mind. Another difficulty also had to be met; it had reference not only to the distribution of profit or loss in connection with sales effected in common, but also to the outlay of capital in the purchase of machines not yet proved or well understood, and viewed therefore with suspicion by the average peasant. To train these cultivators, it was indispensable to require them at the beginning to disburse large sums, at the same time giving them every assurance that the public authorities were so fully persuaded of the advantages and profit to be derived from the -use of maichinery in agriculture, that the state was prepared to grant credit on the results. The first step thus taken, the co-operative societies for the use of machinery rapidly increased in number and these establishments, small ait first, now rival the larger in the possession of traction- engines, of threshing machines, winnowers, elevators, feeders, propellers, sowers, sorters, reapers, manure-spreaders, corn-sifters, husk-separators, sack-fillers, binders and other machines. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 887 APPENDIX No. 35. AN EXPLANATION OF THE PEOVISIONS OF THE AGRIOULTIJEAL CO- OPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS ACT OF SASKATCHEWAN, 1913. INTRODUCTION. It is now generally admitted that organization is essential to success in practically every phase of industrial activity. Manufacturers, financiers and the others conmionly called the " business classes," have long since accepted this as a fundamental principle in their operations, and the farmers of our country are rapidly awakening to a realization of the fact that the business of farming, both in production and marketing, must be placed on an organized basis if agriculture is to hold its own with other lines of industry, . Eealizing that individual effort would be of little avail against the forces opposed to them, farmers have grasped the idea that as farmers their interests are identical and that in co-operative effort, each helping the other and all working together, lies their hope of success. How to market our grain crop so as to obtain its full value was for years the chief problem confronting western farmers. No solution was found until the farmers of the province united to bring into being the Saskatchewan Co-operative Elevator Company, through which they could place their grain on the markets of the world. This at first despised and ridiculed organization, has during the ':few years of its existence made such rapid progress that it is to-day the largest initial grain handling concern in Canada, and its financial success has demonstrated the soundness of the co-operative principle. Noting the success of co-operative grain marketilig, local grain growers' associa- tions in many districts adopted the co-operative principle in purchasing binder twine, building and fencing material, and other lines of farm* supples. These ventures proved highly satisfactory, but as the associations had no leg'al status each member was indi- vidually liable for any debts which the association mignt contract. This led to a wide- spread desire among farmers for the enactment of such legislation as would facilitate the organization of co-operative associations, for the production and marketing of farm products, and the purchasing of farm supplies, in which shareholders should enjoy limited liability as do shareholders in joint stock companies. To provide for the organization and registration, of such associatiorls. The Agri- cultural Co-operative Associations Act was passed at t)ie 1913 session of the Provincial Legislature, an officer of the Department of Agriculture was appointed Registrar of Agricultural Co-operative Associations, and this leaflet explaining the provisions of the Act has been prepared to aid associations in org^izing. EXPLANATION. What is an incorporated agricultural co-operative association ? An incorporated agricultural co-operative association is a group of farmers, who being desirous of uniting together for some commercial purpose incidental to their business ,have complied with the provisions of The Agricultural Co-operative Associar tions Act, and have, as a group, been invested with legal status and authorized to own real estate and other property, to transact certain linef of business and in other ways to have the rights and privileges enjoyed by individuals. What lines of business are these co-operative assbciations authorized to conduct? 888 HOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Three distinct lines of business are open to the associations. They may produce live stock, grain, vegetables or any kind of farm products, they may market the live stock and other farm products which the shareholders or others have produced, and they may purchase farm supplies for shareholders or others. (Section 4.) Can one association engage in all of these lines gf business or must each associa- tion confine its activities to one line? It is entirely optional with each association which and' how many of the lines of business it will undertake, but each association is 'authorized to conduct only such lines of: work as are stated, in its memorandum of association, to be the objects for which it is formed. Explain this more fully. Give an example. One association might state in its memorandum that its object was the production and sale of pure bred and high grade Shorthorn cattle. This would be a producing and marketing association, but its activities would he limited to the production and sale of pure bred and high grade Shorthorn cattle, aW it could not legally produce or market other farm products or engage in, the purchasing of farm supplies. Another association might state that its object was the marketing of farm products. This association could market live stock or any kind of farm products, but it could not purchase and maintain pure bred sires for the use of its shareholders, nor yet purchase supplies. A third association which stated that its objects were " To produce and market farm products and purchase farm supplies," could produce any kind of cattle or other farm products, could market all kinds of produce and could also engage in a purchasing business. It would cost no more to incorporate an association which included all the purposes for which associations may be incorporated than to register an association including only one, but once an association is incorporated it can con- duct only such lines of business as are specified as its objects in its memorandum of association. What benefit do shareholders derive through having the association incorporated? Through the incorporation of the association, the shareholders secure the privilege of limited liability, that is, each shareholder in an incorporated association is only liable for the debts and liabilities of the association to an amount equal to. the amount unpaid on the share or shares for which he has subscribed. If his shares are fully paid up he has no further liability ; even if his shares are not fully paid up he is not liable to an action until an execution at the suit of the creditor against the association has been returned unsatisfied in whole or part. (Section 12.) In addition to this the association will have continuity of existence, as shareholders wiU continue to be share- holders until they sell their shares, or its affairs are wound up and there wiU he no annual membership fess to pay. Moreover, as a shareholder in a co-operative associa- tion, each man will have an equal voice iu directing the affairs of the concern, and will be in a position to gain much information and experience which will be of value from ail educational and social, as well as from a financial, standpoint. How many shareholders must each assocation have? Five or more persons, upon complying with the provisions of the Act, may be registered as an agricultural co-operative association. (Section 4.) What capital must an association have, and into what number of shares must it be divided? No set amount is required by the Act; it depends entirely upon the line or lines of business which the association purposes underj;aking. A marketing association which does not purchase produce, but simply assembjes shipments and forwards them to market, defraying the expense of marketing by levying a commission on the price received, requires only a small capital, say enough to furnish an office, purchase a weigh scale, equip stock yard, etc. A capital stock of $500 divided into 250 $2 shares should suffice, and all of this need not be subscribed before business is started. If the association purposed breeding live stock, it would be necessary to purchase a number of pure bred sires. If four or five pure bred bulls were needed, it might be COST' OF LIVING IN CANADA 889 well to set the authorized capital at $1,000, divided into 40 $25 shares. On th^ other hand if an association intended to go into a purchasing business, buying farm supplies in carload lots, a paid up capital of $1,500 to $3,000 inight be necessary and a larger amount could be used to advantage. The authorized capital for such an association might be set at $10,000, divided into 200 shares of $50 each. The amount of capital and the value of shares should be regulated by the require- ments of the business to be conducted and the number of shareholders it will be possible to secure. This matter is entirely in the hands of the association, and the authorized capital may be increased or decreased from .time to time by bylaws of the association. (Section Y.) What is meant by the terms Authorized Capital, Subscribed Capital and Paid Up Capital? The authorized capital of an association is the amount set forth in its memor- andum of association, and beyond which it has not the right to sell stock. The sub- scribed capital is the par value of the total shares sold; the paid up capital is the amount which has actually been paid on the shares sold. Do not shares have to be fully paid for when bought? That is a matter which each association decides for itself, shares may be made payable by instalments at such times as may be determined by bylaw of the association. (Section 9.) Are the shares transferable? Tes, shares may be assigned or transferred, or the association may repurchase shares, but no such assignment, transfer or repurchase is valid unless and until approved and authorized by the directors of the association, and no such transaction may be approved by the directors if it would reduce the number of shareholders below five, or the number of agriculturists below seventy-five per cent of the total shareholders. (Section 11.) How is the voting power of shareholders determined? At association meetings each shareholder has one vote only regardless of the number of shares held by him. (Section 14.) Does each association draw up its own by-laws? AU associations incorporated under The Agricultural Co-operative Associations Act are governed by a set of standard by-laws, which have been prepared by the registrar of agricultural co-operative associations and approved by order of the Lieu- tenant Governor in Council. These provide for the holding of meetings, annual and special, the number, election and duties of officers, aii annual audit of accounts and such matters of a routine nature. Copies of the standard by-laws may be obtained free upon request from the Department of Agriculture, Eegina. (Sections 6 and 28.) But what provision is made for the regulation of matters which are of a more local nature ? Each association has power to pass such supplemental by-laws, not inconsistent with the provisions of the standard by-laws, as may be deemed advisable by the asso- ciation. These supplemental by-laws, however, do not become operative until examined and approved by the registrar of agricultural co-opei;ative associations. (Subsections (2) and (3), section 6.) .What matters would remain to be provided for in the supplemental by-laws ? Each association should pass a supplemental by-law regulating the number of directors which the association shall have. (The standard by-laws provide that there shall be three, six or nine directors as the individual association may determine.) Each association should also adOpt a supplemental by-law setting forth the manner in which dividends shall be paid to non-shareholder patrons, e.g., whether paid in cash or credited on account for capital stock. (Section 18.) If aU shares are to be fully paid up when subscribed for, a supplemental by-law to that efiect should be passed. If shares are not to be fully paid up when allotted, a supplemental by-law regulat- ing the manner in which calls may be made on the unpaid portion should be passed. 890 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO If when profits are made the association desires that they shall he distributed quarterly, semi-annually or annually, a supplemental by-law covering that matter should be adopted. Then associations going in for some particular line of production or market- ing will require rules for the regulation of the details of their business. These to be legally binding must be registered as supplemental bylaws. Can an association obtain assistance in drafting its supplemental by-laws ? Yes, the registrar is required by the Act to prepare, upon request, such supple- mental by-laws as may be required for the regulation, government or management of any proposed association provided that such request is accompanied by a full outline of the object and business of the said proposed association. (Section 28,) Can an incorporated association do business on "credit terms? Associations incorporated under this Act are required to conduct a strictly cash business. Goods must be paid for in cash when deKvery is accepted, and in selling no credit may be given. (Subsection (2), section 5.) Is there no exception to this rule? Associations may purchase real estate on credi^ to be used and occupied as business premises, and may give a valid mortgage on property so purchased as security for any unpaid balance of the purchase price. (Subsection (2), section 5.) rjoes the Act include any regulations regarding .the manner in which farm sup- plies shall be handled? The business of associations so far as farm supplies are concerned is confined to the handling of building and fencing material, fuel, flour, feed and such other commo- dities as may be shipped in car lots and distributed from a warehouse. Associations are not authorized to conduct retail stores (clause 3, section 2.) Would it then be necessary for an association to .purchase each commodity by the oar lot? IsTot at all; a carload might be made up of several different. kinds of goods. For instance, a car of mixed groceries might be purchased, or a mixed car of lumber and fencing material might be brought in. How are the profits, which associations may make, to be apportioned? The creation of a reserve fund is made a first charge upon the profits arising from the business of the association. At least ten per cent of the total profits must be set aside each year for this purpose until a reserve has accumulated equal to at least thirty per cent of the paid up capital stock. After deducting the amount for the reserve fund, interest may be paid on the paid up capital stock at a rate not to exceed six per cent. If after putting aside the reserve fund and paying interest on the paid up capital stock any profits remain they must be divided among the patrons of the association, whether shareholders or not, in proportion to the business which they have done with the asso- ciation. (Section 18.) Must the dividends which become due to a non-shareholder patron be paid in cash? This is optional with the association. If the association so desires a supplemental by-law may be passed requiring that the dividends due to non-shareholder patrons may be retained by the association and credited to the account of such patron on account of capital stock until an amount has accumulated equal to the par value of one share. When such sum has accumulated a stock certificate for one share would be issued to the patron and he would thereafter share in the dividends as would other shareholders. What steps are necessary to secure the incorporation of an agricultural co-opera- tive association? 1st. Five or more persons must agree to associate themselves together for some purpose or purposes under the provisions of The Agricultural Co-operative Associations Act. 2nd. Two copies of a memorandum of association must be carefuUy prepared. A form for this document will be found in Schedule A to The Agijicultural Co-opera- 008T OF LIVING IN OANA.DA 891 tive Associations Act, or blank forms may be obtained from the Co-operative Organ- ization Branch, Department of Agriculture, Kegina. 3rd. The two copies of the memorandum of Msociation must be signed in the presence of a witness by the five or more parties wishing to be formed into an associa- tion, and the witness must make an affidavit, setting forth the fact that he saw the parties sign, and that each of them is in his opinion of the full age of twenty-one years. 4th. Two certified copies of whatever supplemental by-laws may be decided upon should then be made out and forwarded along with the duplicate memorandum of association and the affidavit verifying the signatures thereto. A postal note or express order for $4.50, payable to the Registrar of Agricjjltural Co-operative Associations, should be enclosed to cover registration and advertisihg charges, and the whole should be forwarded to the Registrar of Agricultural Co-operative Associations, Department of Agriculture, Regina. What further steps are necessary to get the association legally under way? Upon receipt of notice from the registrar stating that the association has been duly incorporated, the association is authorized to commence business. An organiza- tion meeting should be called within two months. Notice of this should be advertised at least ten days previously in some newspaper circulating in the locality where the association is situated and in addition a notice should be sent by mail to each of the subscribers to the memorandum of association, stating the date, hour and place where the meeting is to be held. At the organization meetirig the board of directors must be elected, an auditor for the current year should be appointed and the general business of the association should be discussed. Immediately after this meeting the board of directors should meet and elect from their own number a president and vice president for the current year and appoint a secretary treasurer"who may or may not be a director. After the holding of this first general meeting the -secretary should forward to the registrar a statement showing the names of the members of the board of directors and the period for which each is elected, the names of the president, vice president, secretary treasurer and auditor and a list of the shareholders, showing in detail the numbers of the shares owned by each and the amount which has been paid on each. This infor- mation is required at the registrar's office so that thd financial standing of the associa- tion may be ascertained by parties interested. What assistance is given associations in organizing? The Co-operative Organization Branch of the Department of Agriculture will suppl;^ copies of The Agricultural Co-operative Associations Act, copies of the standard by-laws and blank memorandum of association forms free of charge. Information regarding the various lines of co-operative effort in other countries can also be obtained from the same source, as well as data regarding freiglit or express rates on farm pro- ducts and available markets for euch produce, and spe'akers will be sent from the branch to aid producing and marketing''associations in organizing. The central executive of the Saskatchewan Grain Growers' Association, from their head office at Moosejaw, are prepared to aid purchasing associations. in organizing and will act as a central purchasing agency through whijch they may cariy on collectively their activities in the purchase of supplies as well as, in the sale and exchange of farm produce. If you wish to obtain copies of the Act, standard by-laws or blank forms, or if there is anything coimected with this matter regarding which you desire further infor- mation, communicate with The Co-operative Organization Branch, Department of Agriculture, Regina. 892 TtOARD OF IlfQVIRY INTO APPENDIX No. 36. UNITED FRTJIT COMPANIES, LTD., OF NOVA SCOTIA. Berwick, N.S., December 6, 1913. Ur. C. 0. Jamks^ 1448 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ont. Dear Sir, — Mr. S. C. Parker, President of the Fruit Growers' Association, tas asked the writer to give you a brief history of the co-operative movement in Nova Scotia. This is rather a large subject to tackle in a letter, but we will endeavour to give you some idea of what is being done and the system under which we work. There are thirty-two companies comprising the United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia, Ltd. These subsidiary companies are incorporated under a special Act passed by the Legislative Assembly at Halifax in the year .1908. Members of these com- panies must be fruit growers and agree when taking stock in the company, to put the whole of their standard varieties of apples through their company. The apples are hauled into the company's warehouses in the fall and stored there, and are packed out as required. Competent managers are employed, supervising the work in each warehouse. These apples are packed under three grades. No. 1, No. 2, and No. S's, and the growers receive the average price obtained for each grade according to the grade into which his fruit packs. In short, the grower pools his apples with those of his feUow members and receives the average price realized. The United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia, or, in other words, the Central Association, is incorporated under a special Act of Parliament passed in 1912. Tou will see by a perusal of this Act the conditions under which these companies unite with the Central Association. Each company has to subscribe to the Central 20 per cent of its own authorized capital. These subsidiary companies hold very much the mme relative position to the Central Association as the individual members of the subsidiary companies to their companies. The Central Association has complete control over the entire output of the whole of the co-operative companies. The United Fruit Companies, or- Central Association, was incorporated in July, 1912, and the first annual report is enclosed herewith, also the financial statement. For twelve months prior to incorporation an eiperimental association was run without incorporate powers and' with absolutely no control over affiliated companies and depending entirely upon the good will of these = companies to support it in the good work it was carrying on. One would hardly expect any very good results from a central association endeavouring to run on these lines, yet it can be said to the credit of th^ affiliated companies that the experimental Central Association .was an unqualified success and gave universal satisfaction. You will understand that as a young association just commencing and having no similar association to use as a model, we have had to shape our course very much on our own ideas. We realize fully that there are m;any weak spots in the organiza- tion, and we are now preparing an amendment to be brought before the present session of the House of Assembly at Halifax to remedy in our charter some of the COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 893 very obvisus defects and to increase our powers to tlje extent of legalizing much of the work which we wish to accomplish in the way of haying and handling supplies. You will readily understand that with the whole of the fruit from all the com- panies being placed in one pool, it is essential that all the companies have some guarantee of a uniformity of pack. This is assured by employing inspectors who visit all the warehouses constantly and are responsible to the executive committee for uniformity of pack. The Central Association alone has the power to make sales or to move the apples in any way, and instructions are sent out from the central office constantly, instruct- ing the companies what to pack, and when, how and where to ship. The purchasing of supplies for the use of the members of subsidiary companies also forms a very important part of the work of the central association : the farmer is able to obtain his fertilizer, seeds, spray materials, power outfits, feed and flour and practically everything required on his farm, through the Central Association and is thus able to save considerable money, obtaining all ihebe supplies at a much lower price than even the wholesale merchants can buy it.* Our contracts already placed for fertilizer amount to over 6,000 tons, so that you will readily understand that the buying power of the central association is tremendoi^s. We have found that things have run exceptionally well this year ; we have practi- cally no friction in the companies and all the company managers are working in per- fect harmony with the central office. We have established an office at Halifax in charge of Capt. C. O. Allen, our super- intendent of shipping, and much valuable work is donp by him; all our bills of lading are made out at this office and our interests at the docks are carefully guarded by our superintendent. We have also established an office in London, in oharge of Mr. J. N. Chute. This office is accomplishing really valuable work and has saved for the central association, and through the central association, for the farmers o'f the valley, many thousands of dollars. Through the superiority of the pack of our fruit we have obtained a most envi- able reputation on the European markets and the co-operative pack of apples are now realizing a much bigger figure both in the auction room and by private sale, than by qny other apples packed in Nova Scotia. This fact, together with the fact that the farmer has obtained all the necessities of farm life through the central association at a much lower figure than ever before, will demonstrate to you what a really valuable work is beitig carried on, and how very much it is to the advantage of the farmers. In addition to this we have accomplished a really valuable work in the way of better transportation of fruit. It is too long a story to be able to relate how this has been accomplished in a communication of this kind, but perhaps later on we may have the opportunity of explaining to you personally. We enclose copies of several circulars issued to *the members of subsidiary com- panies and written by the writer of this communication. These will give you some little idea of what is going forward. Trusting that you will find the informtion contained in this and in the enclosures of use to you, we are. Tours faithfully, THE UNITED FKUIT COMPANIES OF N.S., LTD. (Sgd.) A. E. Adams, Secretary. 894 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO APPENDIX No. 37. PEESS EXTRACTS BE HOUSING PEOBLEM. CO-OPERATIVE VILLAGES WITH GARDEN PLOTS AT REASONABLE RENTS. Through the efiorts of Lord Grey and others like him the problems of providing attractive and suitable cottages for the tenantry of 'English villages is resulting in some commendable work. Eecently Lord Selboume opened one of these new model villages near Petersfleld near Hampshire. This particular village has many fine points. It is situated on a hillside overlooking a beatitiful valley. The cottages are scattered here and there no more than two being placed together. The designs for the cottages are so tasteful that several have already been copied for " week-end cottages " in other parts of the country. This adds to the landscape instead of marring it. The cost of the cottages varies from £300 to £400; the walls are eleven inches thick, hollow in the middle and plastered outside. In many cases the upper storeys are timbered and the out-buildings are half-timbered. The cottages contain five and six rooms. Eents vary from 5s. 9d. to 49. 6d. per week and' with each cottage is included a full quarter acre of land which affords a fine garden plot. If amy of the tenants wish it is possible to take land from the company. Some have taken as much as seven acres. The company owning the village has made it a co-operative affair by allowing the residents to share in the profits. On taking a cottage a tenant takes a certain number of shares in the village. If, later, he wishes to leave he receives his outlay back again. It may be he will wish to keep his connection with the company, in which case he is allowed to do so. Tilmore Gardens is the name of the new village, and if the scheme works well here it argues for success elsewhere because living is high owing to the residentiail character of the neighbourhood. ATTRACTIVE DWELLINGS AT MODERATE RENTAL RETURN FAIR INTEREST ON CAPITAL INVESTED. (Montreal Gazette.) Mr. G. Frank Beer, president of the Toronto Housing Company, Limited, spent yesterday in Montreal on affairs connected with the operations of the company, which is a semi-philanthropic, but eminently business-like Organization engaged in solving the problem of providing decent, hard-working families of the mechanic and clerk class with clean, healthful and attractive dwellings at a rental which, while moderate, returns a/ fair profit on the amount invested. The experiment is one which is being watched with great interest by many municipalities, and the company in its carefully worked-out plans seems to have evolved a scheme which should meet with complete success. " The Company," said Mr. Beer, to a Gazette representative, " was formed in 1912, and the first move made was to work out a plan of financing the project. Hon. W. J. Hanna, Provincial Secretary of Ontario, took a great, interest in the subject from the first, and when our plan was laid before him, he introduced a bill which was later passed tmanimously. The basis of our plan was not to use public funds, but only public credit, and to secure this the bill in question empowered any Ontario city or town to guarantee the bonds of housing companies up to 85 per cent of the actual amount of money required. It was decided that anything less than one million dollars would not be an economic unit for aj housing enterprise and the capital was therefore fixed at that figure, $850,000 to be raised by 5 i)er cent forty year bonds, guaranteed by the City of Toronto, and $150,000, in common stock, payable only in ca,8h as called for by our operations, and the dividends upon which are limited to 6 per cent' by the act. Over $100,000 of the stock was soon subscribed, and this COST OF LIYmG IN CANADA 895 permitted the city to guarantee $500,000 of our bonds.i which were issued as required. This assured the adequate financing of our scheme, and we proceeded with our building plans. " The first building unit was located upon a vacant block on Spruce street, in the rear of the old General Hospital, the land being leased from the hospital trustees. 38 FAMILIES PLACED. This is a respectable residential section, within a nlile of the business centre of the city. Upon this land we erected self-contained cottage flats, providing dwellings for 38 families, at a cost of about $60,000 for construction. These dwellings were completed last fall, and we had three applications for every available flat. The smaller flats con- sisted of living-room, pantry-kitchen, one bedroom and bath. It is part of our plan that families must not be crowded into insufficient living quarters, so occupancy of these small flats are restricted to couples without children, or with but one infant. Couples with one or two growing children were required to take flats with two bedrooms, while our future plans provide for dwellings with three or more bedrooms for larger families. In Spruce Court, as our first unit is called, we have a central heating plant, which supplies heat and hot w^ter for domestic purposes, and we also install electric fixtures, gas stoves and window blinds. The rental of these flats is based uiwn the actual cost, the taxes and the upkeep, plus six per cent dividends upon the common stock funds expended and the interest and sinking fund for the debenture funds expended upon the unit. A reserve repair payment of $1 per month is collected for each flat, but if no repairs are made necessary by the occupants care- lessness this money is refunded at the end of the year or at the expiration of occu- pancy. This puts a premium upon careful tenancy. A charge for heating is also col- lected for eight months of the year, but after deducting the repair payment, the aver- age monthly rental for one of the small flats is $12, and- for the two-bedroom flats $17. Each flat has its separate entrance and separate balcony, with sufficient space for dry- ing clothes at the back. The remainder of the ground space is pooled for the common good the flats all facing, not upon the street, but updn a central grass court, which forms a park for the tenants and a play ground for the children. FLATS ARE CHEAP. " We now have under construction one-third of our second unit, which when com- pleted, will provide dwellings for 200 families on our Bain avenue property, a highly desirable location in Eiverdale, overlooking the Don valley and less than two miles from the centre of the city. The land lies between two public parks and the dwellings will have from one to four bedrooms. The rentals will be in this case also be based upon the actual cost, plus the charges mentioned. " Our next undertaking will be a unit in the jiorthwest section of the city, in a section which has 40 or 50 factories in the vicinity. I|ere we will probably erect indi- vidual houses, and sell some of them upon easy terms. A bowling green for the occu- pants will be one feature of this development. We have also a one-hundred acre farm about two miles from the northeast city limits, where we propose to make a garden suburb, as soon as trolley transportation is available. " TJnder the Act; the city has the right to take over our holdings any time after five years and conduct them as municipal enterprises. We believe that we have already justified oiir existence as a company. We are not attempting to empty the slums or solve the slum problem, which is a result of community mis-management, and they must be solved by the community. We are simply tryipg to prove that it is possible to give the working man of steady habits a fit place to live in at a reasonable rental or a fair purchase price, and that not by pauperizing him under the guise of philanthropy, but by fexacting a fair return upon the capital invested- We do not hope or desire to provide for all working men, for that would be impossible but we can relieve the pres- sure to a certain extent and we are setting an example of what can be accomplished by careful -planning, economical Construction, and fair, dealing all around." 896 BOARD OF INQUIRY 'INTO APPENDIX No. 38. EETTER HOUSING IN CANADA— THE ONTAEIO PLAN. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TORONTO HOUSING COMPANY^ LIMITED^ 1913. Canada should do more than banish the slums. 'The old Countries are doing that. Society is responsible for the slums and society must pay for their removal, which will require something in the nature of a surgical operation on the body politic. But better housing has a far wider application than the .slum problem. It means better living conditions for the great masses of wage-earners, and will bring with it a toning: up of our whole social and industrial systiem. Enabling legislation will be necessary in every province. We, in Ontario, have made a beginning, and the results set out in this pamphlet, obtained under an Act passed this year, would indicate that we are on the right track. I agree with the statement that every Canadian workman of steady habits should be able to own his home. The advantage is as much to the state as to the individual, for the home must always be the starting point for strengthening and elevating the sociaJ conscience and the national life. W. J. HANNA. The Provincial Secretary's Office, Parliament Buildings, Toronto. THE TOEONTO HOUSING COMPANY, LIMITED. Patron — ^His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught. Honorary President — Sir John Morison Gibson, K.C.M.G., Lt.-Governor of Ontario. Officers : President — G. Frank Beer. Vice-presidents — Thos. Findley, G. R. Geary. Treasurer — G. T. Sonjers. Directors : Alexander Laird, Mrs. H. S. Strathy, Miss S. K. C,urrie, Thos. Roden, A. R. Clarke, Mrs. A. W. Grasett, Dr. Helen MacMurchy, J. C. Scott, Arnold M. Ivey, Edward Kylie, Controller J. O. McCarthy. Advisory Board—Sir Edmund Osier, J. W. ElaveUe, Z. A. Lash, K.C. Consulting Board: Architect — Eden Smith; Engineers — C. H. and P. H. Mitchell; Landscape archi- tects — Dunington-Grubb and Harries. Secretary — ^W. S. B. Armstrong, Continental Life Building. ADDRESS OE THE PRESIDENT. The work of the Toronto Housing Company during the first year of its active operations has been chiefly to get a clear understanding of its mission and to form, as far as possible, a well defined plan for its> field, of operations. The problem of COST OF LIYING IN CANADA 897 housing is so many sided it is not to be wondered at "that the members of our Board took some time before seeing eye to eye as to the p6rtion of the problem deserving of our first undertaking. This report will briefly review what has been done, outline our immediate pro- gramriie, and suggest some of the yet untouched fields of usefulness requiring serious consideration. Our accomplishment is not all that we hoped |or. Unforeseen difficulties and unavoidable delays caused the loss of several valuable months, and it was not until the early months of this year that a better understanding of our aims and a .wider sympathy with our proposed work paved the way for the carrying out of any important building operations. This time, however, was not wholly wasted. Plans of finance were carefully thought out, the experience of housing companies in Great Britain aud United States was; further thoughtfully studied, and the needs of our own city more thoroughly ascertained. GOVERNMENT CO-OPERATION. Representations were made to the Ontario Government as to the desirability, indeed the urgency, of the Government showing its interest in the housing problem facing practically every municipality in the province. As is now well known, the Hon. Mr. Hanna immediately took a great interest i-n the whole subject, and with our co-operation a Bill wag framed and later on enacted by the unanimous' vote of the Ontario Legislature that provides a way by which all the cities and towns of Ontario may to a large extent solve the problem of providing houses at moderate prices for their people. Several important principles underlie this legislation. 1. The first of these is that where private initiative fails to provide an adequate supply of a pressing necessity the Government, as representing the whole of the people, should and will lend its assistance to supply the need. 2. The principle of encouraging the voluntary cp-operation of citizens with the Government in solution of social problems. 3. The desirability of leaving the administration of such enterprises in the hands of specially constituted bodies. . 4. In undertakings which by their nature create a value which is the direct result of Government co-operation such value (after providing for the repayment with interest of the private capital employed) shall belong to and be employed for the benefit of those co-operating. In the case of our Housing Company, the co-operators, outside of those supplying the capital, are the city, through its guarantee of the bonds, and the occupants of our houses. These substantially were the principles Mr. Hanna required should be embodied in the Act, if the Government were to lend its encouragement and assistance to housing enterprises. The result is that no legislation could be better adapted to meet the present situation in Ontario than that recently passed by the legislature. Very shortly after the passing of this legislation the city council of Toronto, ty a practically unanimous vote, authorized the guai-antee of bonds to the value of S85(),000, for the purposes of the company upon the bdsis of $150,000 being provided by the company. A few days later this by-law received the approval of the Provincial Board of Health. The vote of Toronto ratepayers was therefore not required. As you are aware, shares to the value of $100,000 only have as yet been subscribed for, so that $50,000 additional mufet be provided to entitle us to the full amount author- ized by the council. LAND ACQUIRED. Our first purchase of land was from the city, some five acres, fronting on Logan avenue. From the nature of the land a carefully planned development of the whole area was necessary to prevent it becoming an eye-SQre to this section of the city. 82696—57 898 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO Opposition to the plans we first considered and still consider wisest prevented us proceeding with building operations during 1912. Our present plans for this land have, however, been approved by the city council and we will spend in all over $400,000 on this development and house 200 families. Tour board carefully considered many types of houses and finally adopted a style of self-contained cottage flats with pleasing and varied* elevation. In this we were able to benefit from the experience gained from our Spruce street buildings as to the requirements of our tenants and as to architectural details. Other features of the development are a central heating plant, a supply of hot water for domestic purposes, and large grass courts for the children of our tenants. In this we were influenced by a desire to effect all economies possible and at the same time to lessen the labour of the house-wives occupying our buildings. The lady members of our board gave valu- able assistance in planning these houses. SPRUCE COURT. While our plans for the land above referred to wfere being held up we leased from the General Hospital Trust a block of vacant land facing on Spruce street opposite the old general hospital. On this land we have spent $55,000 providing homes for 33 families. The type of buildings and general plan of development are practically the same as that referred to in connection with Logan avenue. These houses are now ready for occupancy and applications have been received for double the number of tenancies. Not only were they over applied for but when the building construction had proceeded far enough to indicate with some cleetmess the plans of the flats, keen disappointment was expressed by the applicants for whom we were unable to provide. There seems no reason to doubt th at the type of residence and interior arrangement of our houses will prove exceedingly popular. NORTHWEST LAND. We have purchased 685 feet of land near St. Clair avenue in the northwest of the city and plan to spend there in all about $100,000. The lots are deep and a bowling green for the occupants of the houses "will form one of the* features of this development. It may be found desirable in this locality to build selfcrfntained houses so that if thought wise, and if the demand arises, we may sell them upon easy terms of payment to those desiring and able to acquire their own homes. This completes the list of the work already entered upon within the city limits, the whole involving an outlay of over $650,000. SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT. A suburban development upon co-partnership lines has always been hoped for by those most active in organizing the Toronto Housing Company. The success of housing under this plan has been demonstrated many times in England, and in pro- portion as the price of land in cities becomes excessive, it inevitably follows that such a development is necessary. Shortly after this company was organized an opj>ortunity offered to purchase 200 acres of desirable land situated between Danforth and Eglington avenues in the north- oast district adjoining the city. The price was attractive and was possible only for a quick purchase. As the land was two miles from the existing city limits and without adequate transportation facilities, it was not considered wise to assume the respon- sibility of purchase with the probability of having to wait some years before building at this point would be advisable. At the same tinre it was considered that the low price made the purchase a very desirable one. Five fef our shareholders after learning of the situation agreed to advance the money necessary to acquire the land, accepting a lien upon it as the only security for the loan. To enable the company to retain the C08^ OF LIVING IN CANADA 899 property, a portion of it has been sub-divided and solp. The company has been under no financial responsibilily and we have an equity of large value in the remainder of the land. It is the desire of your board to develop this land (together with the one-third dis- posed of) upon the lines of a garden suburb as soonjas satisfactory transportation is secured. We hope the Hydro-Electric Commission of Ontario will locate the route of their Eastern Suburban Trolley Line through the property. This would practically assure the speedy development of the district and be of far-reaching value as demon- strating the power now in the hands of cities and municipalities to solve their pressing problems of housing and town planning. In fact the actual carrying out of what is now niade possible by Ontario's Hous- ing and Transportation Legislation would be of world-wide interest and The Ontario Plan would be referred to wherever a serious study of these problems was undertaken. Most important of all, however, is the demonstration here made possible of what people may do to help themselves when the Government by wise legislation provides assistance without dispensing charity and guidance without destroying personal initia- tive and public co-operation. This indeed is legislation of a high order framed upon principles which develop public spirit and inspire puhlic service. To develop the suburban land now owned by the company we will require not less than $1,000,000. The city of Toronto so far is only co-operating with us within the city limits. A plan of finance for this suburban undeftaking is one of the tasks ahead of the company. That it may be successfully met and prove of great value to Toronto and Canada I earnestly hope. THE FUTURE. In all the work planned up to this date we have endeavoured to realize a living condition- and environment worthy of Canadian citizens and of which we hope all Canadian citizens may ultimately be able to avail themselves. Building at a lower level might lend itself to establishing or perpetuating a condition neither desirable nor productive of lasting advantage to the community. A less desirable development may be justified, the conditions of thousands of our citizens being what it is. I would strongly urge, however, that for every dollar spent in providing housing accommodation of a less desirable type than we have yet planned, two dollars should be spent by the city, province or Dominion (or by all combined) in 'seeking, finding and remedying the causes that have brought about that lower level of living. It wiU be a lasting dis- credit to XHanada if we permit the reproduction here of the evils from which the coun- tries of the old world are suffering. Many suggestions as to fields of usefulness have reached us. Of these one which your boaTd consider especially worthy comes from a gentleman well known to all citi- zens of Toronto for his benevolence and public spirit. This suggestion is that our company provide a building for women workers living away from home where they would have the advantages of reasonable rent and pleasant social environment. The tenants might furnish their own rooms, and so long as they desired this building would afford a permanent residence and be to them a home. A suggestion from Controller McCarthy that thg company provide a building which would be at the disposal of the Medical Health Officer has not yet reached us officially from the city council. The idea is that when the Medical Health Officer finds houses unsanitary he can have the family removed to one of our houses while the land- lord is putting his house in order. As there are few, or no houses available for such cases at the present time the work of improving existing conditions is hampered. If houses were available for such tenants the Medical fiealth Officer could and would placard houses until they were rendered fit for occupation. The suggestion seems a practical and wise one and will receive the careful consideration of the board when the matter comes before it officially. From another leading citizen, one well acquainted with many phases of social work, came the suggestion that the company acquire from the city the waste and 82696— 57J 900 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO unsightly ends of city parks wMcIl in a number of cases abut tbe rears of adjoining houses. This seems to us a wise proposal for many reasons. Such land is at present waste. If developed along desirable lines, it will means the adding of an attractive feature to the parks referred to, the housing centrally of many who from their work especially need down town houses, and the city will receive from the company in pay- ment for the land a sum which will prove of assistance in improving the parks and adding to their attractiveness and social value. The whole matter is now receiving the attention of the city council and we hope something of value to the city and company may result from the proposal. In this connection it should be stated that it is not our object, nor is it finan- cially possible for the company, to meet the existing demand for small houses. The most we can do is to relieve the pressure- at a point "where it will be of most value. We hope too that private enterprise will adopt some if not all' of the ideas we are endeavouring to realize in our forms of development. This has been the experience in other countries where housing companies such as ours have been in operation. Our company being conducted upon strictly business principles, private enterprise is not prevented from finding profitable investment upop similar lines. Rather, we indi- cate a way which, in our judgment, is safe and attractive. From the outset our efforts have been watched with friendly interest by the other cities and towns of Ontario. A conference of representatives from leading centres was held at the city hall, Toronto, last fall when the details of the Bill, afterward enacted by the Ontario Legislature, wore carefully discussed. The problem in Toronto appears to be repeated to a greater or less dpgree in every town and city in the province. It is gratifying to know that housing companies in other cities are already or are soon to be formed imder the provisions of the Government Act. Many inquiries as to our organization and plans have reached us also from cities and towns in other provinces — -notably Montreal, Quebec and leading western towns. We have supplied freely all the information asked for accompanied by copies of the Ontario Housing Act. A copy of our charter has also been supplied where requested. A CENTRAL BUREAU. It would appear to be highly necessary to esta^ish a central bureau to which all the cities and provinces may apply for information and assistance in the cause of . housing reform. This bureau would prove of great value in co-ordinating the different movements now taking place throughout all Canada. By applying the, experience of each for the benefit of all, much may be done to lessen the labour of those giving freely of their time in this direction. Such a bureau, I believe, could best be organ- ized as a department of the Public Health Section of the Conservation Commission. With Sir Edmund Osier as chairman, it would be influential and efficient and the great forward movement of better housing would receive timely and invaluable assist- ance. There are citizens in every locality with the good- will, but who require advice and assistance to enable them to put their good-will to practical use. THE FOREIGN PROBLESt It has been truly said that America is the melting pot of the world. People of all countries are seeking here, some an easier, others ^a broader, but all a more human life than the old countries of the world afford. They do not come here to idle. They are clearing our forests, building our railways, digging our mines, and in many other ways bearing their full share of the heavy work called for in our country's agricul- tural and industrial, expansion. These people are not different from ourselves, except in the lesser opportunities they have had for development of mind and soul. They are cheerful, virile and in the main thrifty. Given the right environment, with the advantages of education, they will become true and valuable Canadians. I can see neither prudence nor justice in giving these people no better chances than they COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 901 have to-day in Toronto to live in decent surroundings and healthful homes It is not in the best interest of our city or our country thai they should accept with cheer- fulness or indifference a low level of living. At the present they form a menace to the health and morals of some localities and are said to affect injuriously the labour market. A better environment, better houses, better education and some human help can make of their children, sturdy, worthy citizens, bringing strength, endurance and talent as well to share in the great work ahead of us. BUILDING FOR SALE. /•^i; *^^^?/^^''^"V^^ "^'^i d'lty o^ ow Company is doubtless to build houses for rent ihe City of Toronto requires many hundreds more of such houses as we have planned and unless private initiative supplies these the company will be pressed very hard by the demand to extend still further its operations in this direction ihere is a field, however, as yet untouched that deserves our earnest consideration To many working men, their highest ambition is the ownership of their own houses This is especially true where there are several children in the fami^. To give to these some permanent shelter against future possibilities of unemployment, illness or other disability every possible economy will be exercised and eveiy nerve and muscle of the parents unsparingly used. In a country aa generally prosperous as is Canada the ownership of his own house should not be an unrealizable ideal for a Canadian work- man of steady habits. We are in a position to build at a lesa cost than the workman can and a plan of finance could with little difficulty be worked out by which within 15 to 20 years the worker would own his home by a monthly payment little in excess of his present rental. Life Insurance to cover the unpaid portion of the loans- so made may be found necessary. This arrangement would give workmen who are heads of families a comfortable sense of security. That there is a demand for such help as this would give is abundantly proven by the requests already before your Board. A field of usefulness of far-reaching value to Toronto would be open to us if the sum of $50,000 were placed at our disposal by private investors for this special purpose. This sum would enaible us to borrow $275,000 on mortgage bonds and so place at our disposal in all $325,000. As repay- ments of capital are made monthly the plan once in operation would finance itself, the same capital being used over and over again. It is ^eatly to be wished that this beneficent phase of a broad housing policy could be carried out. I cannot but believe that much vacant housing land within the city limits is at present unused owing to difficulties of financing building operations. A safe plan could be worked out if the initial capital were provided*. In this connection I venture to express a hope for the many to whom the owner- ship of their ovm home would appear at present to be an impossibility. If the company were in a position to supply small houses of very moderate price by monthly payments little in advance of rental, would it not develop a desire for ownership among many who now spend their small surplus earnings unproductively ? Their present hopelessness results in no serious effort being made to save. This at least is sure: an increased incentive to save would be provided. from which we might reason- ably hope to have good results. It might also be hoped that some of the money now invested in highly speculative enterprises, frequently resulting in large loss to the investors, would be attracted to this form of investment. The high profits held out as inducements to small investors are frequently imaginary, while the safety and increasing value of such an invest- ment as we would provide is apparent. LEGISLATION. Toronto is fortunate in having a capable and zealous Medical Health Officer in Dr. C. J. Hastings. It has not therefore been necessary for the Housing Company to 902 BOARD OF mQDIRT mTO give any attention to Legislation affecting tenements, slums, etc. We are pleased to afford any help we can in furthering the plans formed by Dr. Hastings and have been grateful for his interest and help in the work pMnned by this company. ADMINISTRATION. We recognize the necessity to conduct our business upon strict business prin- ciples. The rentals payable in advance are estimated to cover cost of up-keep, taxes, iiiburance, interest on bonds, interest on shareholders' capital, and to provide a sink- ing fund to retire all the bonds in 40. years. The whole of this rental is collected in 11 months of the year. A proportionate rental for the twelfth month is also collected but this is rebated to our tenants il upon examination of their premises it is found that everything has been kept in good repair. The amount of the rebate is con- ditional upon the cost to tBe company of internal repairs. Exterior up-keep is included in the rental collected within the eleven months. Any further information as to methods or cost of administration wjll be freely given to shareholders interested. Your Hoard desire at this time to make particular mention of the help and sympathy at ail times during the year shown by His Worship Mayor Hoeken, ihe Board of Control and members of the city council. It is with the greatest satisfaction also that we refer to the appointment of an advisory board consisting of Sir Edmund Osier, Mr. J. W. Flavelle and Mr. Z. A. Lash, K.O. Their help already has been and will continue to be of great value to the work wc all have at heart. In conclusion I desire to express my warmebt personal thanks to the members of the board fbr their hearty co-operation and cheerful willingness at aU times to share in the work of furthering the objects of the |;ompany. Much time has been given to the many questions calling for attention. "From others outside our board invaluable assistance has also been received. I gratefully acknowledge my debt to all and especially to His Honour Sir John Gibson, Mr. Z. A. Lash, K.C., and Sir John Willison. G. EEAITK BEEE, President. THE HOUSING PROPAGANDA. "This is not a company; it is a Cause." This .statement made recently by a shareholder of the Toronto Housing Company aptly explains the company's exist- ence. It expresses the point of view of each one of the 166 shareholders who together have advanced $100,000, an average of $600 each, to assist in the solution of a problem that vitally concerns both the community and the nation^better housing of the working people. To achieve this broader purpose the Board of the Toronto Housing Company have extended the scope of their work so .that the record of the Toronto Housing Company, as such, is not a complete measure of the progress that has been made since the Civic Guild in July, 1911, appointed Prof. Edward Kylie chairman of a committee to consider the question of better housing. About the same time Dr. Charles J. Hastings, medical health officer, presente'd his report of a survey made of six run-down areas in the city, comprising in all 4,696 houses and 26,413 persons.. Among the results tabulated were the following: — Number of houses unfit for habitation 390 Number of houses with two or more families 2,137 One-room dwellings 198 ■ Two-room dwellings >. 411 Three-room dwellings , 646 COST OF LIVING IN OAN'ADA 903 In comparison with conditions in other cities, the facts revealed by Dr. Hastings' inquiry were not alarming, but they showed a disquieting tendency toward slum development. The condition, however, which created most public opinion in favour of some form of active effort for the alleviation of the housing situation was the abnormal increase in rents. Twenty years ago the average working man's house of six rooms rented for from $12 to $16 a month. To-day a moderate rent for such a house is $25. The average wage is still considerably "under $15 a week. The result is that a large proportion of the families who pay rent live in a portion of a house. From the first the object of the company was not to rehouse the slums, nor was it to meet the demand of any class for housing accommodation ; it was to seek a solu- tion for the whole housing problem. Two things were deemed essential — a const;nctive undertaking in Toronto and a nation-wide propaganda for better housing. Substjin- tial progress has been made with the building program in Toronto, and much w)rk has been done in furthering the general propaganda. Consciousness of the need of organized effort for the improvepient of housing conditions was aroused in most of the cities of CanaSa by Earl Grey and Mr. Henry Vivian, whom Earl Grey invited to visit the Dominion. To carry on this propaganda and to assemble and distribute necessary information, ai Canadian Housing Association was from the first considered necessary by the Board of the Toronto Housing Com- pany, which it is to be remembered was the only housing undertaking in operation in the dpnainion. With a view to bringing about sucji an organization it was decided last year to ask the Dominion Government to invite Mr. Adams, the housing and town planning expert of the Local Government Boajd of England, to visit Canada, confer with the ProvinciaJl Government in regard to necessary legislation and address meetings in the principal centres of population. This work came naturally within the province of the Health section of the Commission of Conservation. A petition to Sir Edmund Osier, chairman of this section, askjng that Mr. Adams be brought to Canada/ was circTilated throughout the Dominion *and signed by influential people in practically all the cities and endorsed by a number of the Provincial Governments. As far as we were concerned the matter was entireiljy successful but some misunder- standing arose which necessitated postponement of the undertaking. From the inception of the Company it was apparent that it would be necessary to secure legislation to enable the financing of housing undertakings on a scale sufSciently large to permit of success. The work under this head resulted in the passage of the Hanna Act, already dealt with by ^he President. This Act makes possible housing undertakings in every city and town in Ontario and in addition points the way to similar legislation in the other provinces of the Dominion. Last fall the Secretary addressed the Canadian flJlub of Quebec. That was the beginning of a movement which has progressed so faK that we are assured the Ontario Act will be adopted by the Legislature of Quebec this year. The Secretary attended the Canadian Conference of Charities and Corrections in Winnipeg last month and addressed the conference oh the work of the Toronto Hous- ing Company. Before leaving that city he interviewq^d several of the leading financial and business men and received assurances that an effort would be made to secure the adoption of the Hanna Act in Manitoba. Shortly after the adoption of the Hanna Act movements were started in a number of Ontario cities to organize housing companies ujider the provisions of the new legislation. In this connection the Secretary by invitation addressed meetings m Berlin and Gait. Inquiries have also been received from Sarnia, Montreal, Winnipeg, Quebec, Hamilton, Medicine Hat, St. John, Dundas, Calgary, Edmonton, Ottawa, St. Cathar- ines, Vancouver, Halifax, Kingston, Fort William, Windsor, Brantford, Hespeler, Eenfrew. Indeed the Toronto Housing Company is now known throughout the Dominion and we are constantly in receipt of inquiries with regard to the work. 904 BOARD OF INQUIB7 INTO Inquiries addressed to the Provincial Government, City Officials and other local organizations regarding housing are usually referred to us for reply. Considerable correspondence arises out of our connection veith the National Housing Association of the United States and inquiries from American cities regard- ing our work. As an example, we recently received irom the Homestead Commission of the Commonwealth of Mass., a list of questions covering two typewritten pages. Another branch of this broader phase of the company's work is keeping in touch with the housing movement throughout the world in regard to legislation, methods of finance, plans of land and houses, methods of promoting the social welfare of tenants. The following plans show the character of the company's development at Spruce Street and also at Bain Avenue, where construction 'is under way. The thirty-two cottage flats, which, with six six-room houses, comprise the accommodation at Spruce Street, are shown in the first and third illustrations, there being sixteen of each kind. At Badn Avenue, where there will be accommodation for about two hundred families, there will be cottage flats of all the types illustrated. The company has acquired land in the northwest section of the city, wjiere it is expected to build self- contained houses, plans of which are also shown. COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 905 COTTAGE FLATS No. 1 one'bedroom Th^ smallest Flat Of this type we have now 16 at Spruce Court, and 57 ^re under construction at Bain Avenue. ilf-i.^,'A NO. 2 TWO BEDROOMS The smallest Flat and an Attic 57 of this type are being built at Bain Avenue. 906 BOARD OF INQVIRT INTO VrejjfMl No. 3 TWO BEDROOMS Next larger Flat Of this ^pe we have^now 16 at Spruce Court, and 21 4fe under construction at Bain Avenu^. Z^ NO. 4 THREE BEDROOMS Next larger Flat and an Attic NOTE — One Bedroom added to the JJving Room 21 Flats of this type are being' built at Bain Avenue. CO-ST OF LIYINO 72V CANADA 907 NO 5 THREE BEDROOMS Largest Flat 26 of this type are being- built at Bain Avenue. FOUR BEDROOMS Largest Flat and an Attic NOTE.— One Bedroom added la Uring Room 26 of this type are being built at Bain Avenue 908 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO SELF-CO NTAINED HOUSES TWO BEDROOMS l-lflLl>. ii t-*- \5''6 This house (outside Dieastirement) is 15 ft. 6 in. by 26 ft. THREE BEDROOMS t HflLU. l0'-4'. llV ;, iOo' h This house (outside measurement) is 20 ft by 28 ft. 6 in. COST OF LIVINO IN CANADA Ground Plan, Spruce Sfreet. 909 Front Elevation of Building containing Four of the Largest Size of Cottage- Flats, under construction at Bain Avenue. 910 BOARD OP INQUIRY INTO O O c z D > z DO > > < z c I PLH-r CEOfj/ID ^.■.t.:<;..,.M^ L4=

■',fWrt ■';-■-■■■' 4 ■,>,. r?>TT -s^ i™ s;ST ^XTS r^ =:rK cm; 'J s 7< X. 3) r r in Lo^flv^tflvfi. COST OF LIVING IN OANADA QU APPENDIX No. 38— Continued. COTTAGE FLATS AT EIVERDALE COURTS. The Toronto Housing Company^ Limited. * Patron — H.R.H. Duke of Connaught, Governor-General of Canada. Hon. President — Sir John Gibson, Lt.-Governor of Ontario. President — G. Frank Beer. Vice-presidents — Thos. Findley, J. 0. Scott. Treasurer — G. T. Somers. Advisory Board — Sir Edmund Osier, J. W. Flavelle, Z. A. Lash, K.C. Directors^Alexander Laird, Mrs. H. S. Strathy, Miss S. K. Currie, Thos. Roden, A. E. Clarke, Mrs. A. W. Grasett, Arnold M. Ivey, Edward Kylie, Miss Grace T. Walker, C. "V. Ma&sey, J. 0. McCarthy (Controller), James Simpson (Controller), Walter Harland Smith (Alderman); Secretary, W. S. B. Armstrong; Assistant Secretary, Miss P. C. Wilson. INTEODUCTIOK The Toronto Housing Company was organized two years ago after eight months of study and investigation by a joint committee representing the city council, the civic guild, the Manufacturers' Association and the Board of Trade. The object of the com- pany from the beginning was not to build a few, or many, houses, but to seek a solu- tion for the housing problem. A' first step in this tmdertaking, it was believed, was a comprehensive building programme for Toronto. That was why it was decided to form a company instead of an association, the conduct of business necessitating capital and incorporation. Legislation was required and the Ontario Housing Act was secured from the Legislature, empowering cities and towns to guarantee the bonds of a Hous- ing Company, organized to improve housing and not for profit, to the extent of 85 per cent of the money required, the remaining 15 per cent to be provided by citizens who through desire to be of public service could be induced to become stockholders. A couple of weeks after the Ontario Housing Act became law the city council, almost unanimously, authorized the guarantee of the company's bonds to the extent of $850,000. This, with $150,000 of capital to be provided by the stockholders as required furnished $1,000,000 for an initial building programme. Under the Housing Act the Council exercises close supervision of the Company's undertakings. The Council must approve the sites, plans and method of financing, and appoints three representatives on the Board of Directors. The Company purchased from the City the Bain AVenue property comprising 2,050 feet of frontage. Bain avenue is fifteen minutes by street car from downtown. The Housing Company's property is only one block from the car. Opposite the property on the east side is Withrow Park, an improved play-area of 18 acres, with toboggan slide and skating pond in winter, tennis courts, bowling lawns and ball grounds for summer. A block away to the West is beautiful Eiverdale Park with the largest play spaces in the city. At the comer of the property is a large public school. A block on Spruce street, 167 feet by 204 feet, was leased from the General Hospital Trust. This property, now Sp;ruce Court, is just west of Riverdale Park. 912 BOARD OF INQUIRY tNTO In the northwest section of the city a block of land with 685 feet of frontage on Rockwell, Prescott and Blackthorn avenues was -purchased. On it the Housing Company is planning to erect this fall self-contained houses, for sale on easy terms. The company has also acquired for development as a garden suburb 200 acres north of St. Clair Avenue east. After very careful coTigideration the Housing Company decided that it should first build in the city rather than in the suburbs, and that the most useful and appl'oved type of; accommodation was the cottage flat. A cottage flat is a modern apartment with its own front door to the street. The Bain Avenue buildings of the Toronto Housing Company are arranged around three grass courts. There the small children will have ample room to play, where their parents can see them, and away from the dangers and dust of the street. Each building consists of from two to nine houses; each Jiouse contains two cottage flats, one downstairs and one upstairs, that is one on the ground floor, one on the first and second floors. The entire development is to be heated by steam from a central plant and the same plant will furnish hot water to every flat the year round. There are no dark or poorly ventilated rooms, because the buildings have a wide frontage, and are only two rooms deep, so that every room opens to the air and sunlight. Each flat has its separate bathroom, separate balcony or verandah and separate basement. Gas stoves, electric fixtures and window blinds are installed by the company. In every kitchen there is an e4amelled combination sini and laundry tub. The cottage flats at Eiverdale Courts are finished in Georgia pine. This is stained in the living rooms and finished in natural colour in the other rooms. Most of the floors are hardwood. The architectural design of Eiverdale Courts has been approved by many leading authorities of Great Britain and America. At Spruce Court, which was constructed and occupied last year, there are thirty- two cottage flats and six six-room houses. In the buildings nearing completion at Bain avenue there are 118 cottage flats and in the others under construction there will be 86. The flats are of six sizes and a floor plan of each is shown in the illustrations on pages 913 to 918. The rentals are based upon the cost of the development and are as low as in the opinion of the company it is safe to make them. They include the charges for heat and hot water and a fixed sum for repairs. At the end of the year if no repairs are necessary the reserve fund for repairs is returned to the tenant in cash. J£ repairs are necessary they are made, the cost deducted from the repair fund and the balance is returned to the tenant. The company pays the taxes and water rates; the tenant pays for his gas and electric light and separate meters are installed for each flat. The best guarantee of the character and permaijency of the property is that the Company remains responsible. Each applicant for a flat is required to futni^ two references as to character and suitability. The rents are payable strictly in advance. The company was not organized for profit but for public service — to solve the housing problem. On the other hand, it is not a charity or a philanthropy, but divi- dends are limited to six per cent per annum. Applications for flats should be made to the Housing Company at its head office in the Eyrie Building, Tonge and Shuter streets. 00.97' OF LIYINO IN GAmDA £13 &fD1200M. IO'-o'-IO'-9' PLAN NO. 1. ^ The above floor plan shows the smallest of the Toronto Housing Company's cottage flats. It was designed for occupation By a young couple, possibly with a child under five years of age, or by an older couple whose family has grown vp and left home. It fits exactly also the requirements of a mother and daughter or two si&ters wht), though working, wish to keep house in a home of their own. ' The rent is $14.50, $15, or $16 a month, according to location. The rent includes heat, hot water all the year round, and reserve fund for repairs oJ' $12 a year, to be returned to the tenant at the end of a year if no repairs are necessary. See diagram on page 920. .' . Nos. 11, 13, 15, 23, 25, 27, 43, 45, 69 and 61 (three courts) are $14.50 per month. Nos. 47 and 57 (three courts) are $15 per month. Nos. 17, 21, 49, 51, 53, 55 and 55J (3 courts) are;$16 per month. 82696—58 914 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO PLAN NO. 2. This next largest cottage flat of the Toronto Housing Company at Eiverdale Courts is the same as No. 1, with the addition of a fine large second floor bedroom and large clothes closet. With living-room, alcove pantry-kitchen, hasement room, bathroom, veranda and two bedrooms, it provides self-contained accommodation for a small family wishing domestic privacy. All of tlie&e flats are upstairs, and each stair has three-way electric light switches at top and bottom. Each flat has its own front door to the street. The rent is $16, $16.50, $17 or $18 a month, apcording to location. The rent includes heat, hot water all the year ro,und, and reserve fund for repairs of $12, to be returned to the tenant at the end of a, year if no repairs are nece.ssaiy. Sep diagram on page 920. , Nos. 12, 14, 16, 24, 2G and 28 (three courts) are $16 per month. ISTos. 44, 46, 60, 62a are $16.50 per month. Nos. IS, 22, 48 and 58 (three courts) are $17 per month. Xos. 50, r.2, .-,4. :.f!, r,C,\ are $18 per month. COST OF Lir/xa r\ Canada 915 PLAN NO. 3. Number 3 is another two-bedroom cottage flat, but larger than No. 2, and all these flats are on the ground floor. It has a large living-room, separate pantry-kitchen with gas range, combination sink and laundry tub, shelves and built-in worktable, basement, two bedrooms, two clothes closets, three-piece bathroom, front verandah and back-door stoop. The rent is $19 or $20 a month according to location. The rent includes heat, hot water all the y^ar round, and reserve fund for re- pairs of $12, to be returned to the tenant at the end of a year if no repairs are- necessary. See diagram on page 920. Nos. 3, 5, 7, 31, 33 and 35 (three courts) are $19 per month. No. 19 (three courts) is $20 per month. 82696—58^ 916 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO BALCONY PLAX XO. 4. This^is an up-stair flat and lias two fine, airy bedrooms and trunk room or large clothes closet on the second floor. On the first floor Ahere is a very large and attrac- tive living-room, one bedroom, three-piece bathroom, pantry-kitchen, closets and balcony. Each flat has its own front door to the street and its separate basement room. ' Both stairways have three way electric light switches. The rent is $35 or $26 a month according to location. COST OF LIV]\(1 l\ C'AXADA 917 The rent includes heat, hot water all the year round, and reserve fund for repairs of $18, to be returned to the tenant at the end of a year if no repairs are necessary. See diagram on page 9:20, Nos. 4, 6, 8, 32, 34, 36. and 62 (three courts) are $25 per month. No. 20 (three courts) is $26 per month. PLAN NO. 5. Number 5 is the largest of the ground floor flats. With large living-room, pantry- kitchen, three bedrooms, bathroom, veranda and bas.ement it provides the accommo- dation of a six-roomed house. The rent is $23 or' $24 a month according to location. The rent includes heat, hot water all the year round and reserve fund for repairs of $15, to be returned to the tenant at the 6nd of a year if no repairs are necessary. Bee diagram on page 920. Nos. 9 and 29 (three courts) are $23 per mtinth . Nos. 1 and 37 (three courts) are $24 per month. Nosl 39,. 41, 63, 65 (three courts) have been leased to the Local Council of Women to be rented by them to business women. 918 BOARD OF INQUIRY i:^TO M BAL-COTlY PLAN NO. 6. Almost any size of family can accommodate itseS comfortably in this, the largest, of the Housing Company's cottage flats. It has a very large living-room, pantiy- kitchen, two bedrooms, bathroom and balcony on the first floor and two large bedrooms, COST OF LITINO IN O AN AD A 919 each with a clothes closet, on the second floor. All of these flats are upstairs, and both stairways have three-way electric switches. Each flat has its separate basement room and its own street door. The rent is $28 or $29 a month aiccording to location. The rent includes heat, hot water all the year round and $15 as reserve fund for repairs, to be returned to the tenant at the end of the=year if no repairs are necessary. See diagram on page 920. Nos. 10 and 30 (three courts) are $28 per jnonth. Nos. 2 and 38 (three courts) are $29 per moiith. • Nos. 40, 42, 64, 66 (three courts) have been leased to the Local Council of Women to be rented by them to business women. 920 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO fc iS aca Si (K o 0< o« o t; VD IQ S tn W d S & « CM « lO en CM S3 a S Id ^ NO ■s 4: lo Si " s fc $ 35 Q S ^ s Ov s tr vO p rS 2 crt - 2 CT^ (D Jv, -O ir^ -^ O O t^ ^D *ri -.<> lO S Ch ^ "T ^ o5 ■d ^ o ^ Of so f-i l< 3 5 (^ v\ s 3 f Living Kroblem of finding more economic methods for the sale and distribution of farm products continues imabated in the United States, and on two occasions at least, has occupied the attention of Con- gress. On September 8 of this year Mr. Fletcher introduced in the Senate a " Joint Resolution for the Appointment of a National Marketing Commission," and two days later Mr. Goodwin introduced the same resolution in a slightly amended form in the House of Representatives. As amended the resolution reads thus; — " Whereas it is patent that there are defects 4n the economic system of the United States which affect adversely the producers and the consumers of agricul- tural products; and "Whereas these defects have been accentuated. by the European war, and to a degree justifying the recent utterances of the president of the United States in the matter of the high cost of living; and " Whereat, various attempts have been made from time to time to overcome these defects, mainly through non-govemmental agencies, and recently under governmental agency imder the Bureau of Marketing of the Department of Agriculture; and " Whereas experience has, however, proven th^t the solution of this question is not to be found in non-governmental agencies nor is it to be found in a govern- mental agency. It is to be found in a semi-official governmental agency, as is here proposed, as witness the success in the European countries of such a system, a system which has swept aside the trusts in food products !and which renders the trust an impossibility; and " Whereas the present abnormally high prices for food products not alone offers an opportune time for the establishment of a semi-official governmental agency as COST OP LIVING IN OANADA 929 a means for the temporary solution of this problem, Ijut also for the organization of the agricultural forces of the United States on the lines indicated as a means for the permanent solution of this problem : Now, therefore, "be it " Resolved by the Senate and House of Eepresentatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President be authorized and requested to appoint a "National Marketing Commission to be ccinposed of 29 members, 15 of whom shall be farmers and 14 of whom shall be seleetad with reference to their emi- nence in commerce, law, finance and transportation. Sec. 2. That such National Marketing Commission, shall meet in the city of Wash- ington at a time designated by the President and organize by the election of officers, and adopt a plan of action for the effective organization of the States, counties, and localities of the United States for the economic distribution of the products of the farm, with power to act in so far as affecting individuals and organizations that shall elect to become a part of this national marketing system." It will be seen that the resolution as it stands gives very little information as to what powers it is proposed to confer on the National Commission or as to what its precise duties would be. The resolution was under consideration by the House of Eepresentatives Committee on Agriculture on Septeniber 14, and on that occasion Mr. David Lubin, the United States delegate to the International Institute of Agri- culture, who may be regarded as the real author of the scheme, explained his views at some length. Prom Mr. Lubin's evidence it appears that what is contemplated is the creation of a huge number of commissions which, under the final direction of the National Marketing Commission, will form a single vast organization, not, indeed, for the actual work of selling and distributing farm produce, but for the dissemination of information as to markets and for the provision of all the other facilities necessary for the economic distribution of such produce. The National Commission would be appointed in ihe first instance by the Presi- dent. The governors of the States would then appoint State commissions; the State commissions would appoint county commissions; and, lastly, the county commissions would appoint township commissions. The county and township commissions would make provision for sending the local products to market in the right quantities and at the right time, and would, where necessary, establish open air and covered markets, sample rooms, exchanges and auction rooms, providing separate divisions in the various salesrooms for wholesale and for retail selling. The National Commission in Wash- ington would resemble the German Landwirtschaftsrat inasmuch as it would act as an Advisory Council of the Government in all matters affecting agriculture and parti- cularly in all that related to agricultural legislation, but as its most important func- tion would be to direct the business of selling and distributing farm products, it would resemble even more closely the board of directors of a .co-operative selling association or "exchange." The majority of the members of- all the commissions would be farmers, while the minority, it is intended, would be composed largely of business men of high ability thoroughly familiar with modern methods of distribution and sale. Under the expert direction of the commissions the distribution of farm products would, it is claimed, be affected with maximum regularity at a minimum cost, and as a result the producer receive better prices and at the same time be relieved from the risk and anxiety of selling through agencies over which he has no control; while the consumer would benefit by having assured to him constant supplies of fresh products at fair and reasonable prices. On September 4, 1914, the Senate passed another joint resolution which may in the course 'of a comparatively short time prove to be of immense importance, and which if acted upon will introduce an entirely new fadtor into the problem of distri- buting the world's supply of agricultural staples. The resolution in question aims at securing, through the medium of the international Institute of Agriculture, the con- 82696—59 930 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO vening of an International Conference at Kome for the consideration of the problem of " steadying the world's prices for staples." The resolution as passed by both Houses of Congress is as follows: — "Eesolved by the Senate and House of Eepreseiitativ^s of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That in accordance with the authority of letter (f ) of article nine of the treaty establishing the Institute, which provides that it shall " submit to the approval of the Governments, if there be need, measures for the protection of the common interests of farmers," the American Delegate to the International Institute of Agriculture is hereby instructed to present (during the nineteen hundred and fourteen fall sessions) to the Permanent Committee the following Resolutions, to the end that they may be submitted for action at the General Assembly in nineteen hundred and fifteen, so as to permit the proposed Conference to be held in Rome during the fortnight preceding the session of the General Assembly of the Institute in nineteen hundred and seven- teen : RESOLUTIONS. " The General Assembly instructs the Internajtional Institute of Agriculture to invite the adhering governments to participate in an International Conference on the subject of steadying the world's price of staples. " This conference shall consist of members appointed by each of the Governments adhering to the- Institute, and is to consider the advisability of formulating a Convention for the establishment of a Permanent Ilitemational Commerce Commis- sion on Merchant Marine and on Ocean Freight Rates with consultative, deliberative, and advisory powers. " Said Conference to be held in Rome during the fortnight preceding the session of the General Assembly of the Institute in nineteen hundred and seventeen." It will be observed the steps by which it is proposed to achieve the object in view, . — the establishment of a Permanent Commission on- Ocean Freight Rates, — are of a very deliberate kind, and that even under the most favourable circumstances no formal proposal for an International Convention' for the purpose could be made before 1917. Ample time, it is evident, is allowed for the fullest possible discussion of the whole question, apart from the fact that it would be unreasonably sanguine to hope that a great war will not impose at least some delay upon the materialization of the project. COST OF LIrI^^ its best use, that they may pro- duce the greatest abundance at the lowest possible price, at the same time many others hold the land, not to add to the welfare of their fejlows, but that they may acquire fortune by the impoverishment of the industrious pro'ducers. Between the beneficence of the producers, coming to our markets with the abund- ance of their products, and the empty-handedness of .the speculators, demanding often an enormous share of that product, to which they have contributed nothing, there could not be a greater contrast. Wherever there is a likelihood of an accession of population, there the speculators turn the land into a desert, that they may acquire the result of other people's labour, because public improvements and the growth of the multituide will give increased value to that land. Suppose the whole population pursued the methods of the speculators, where would be the prosperity of the country? would it not be starvation and death? While industry and ingenuity are doing their utmost to enrich, speculation is doing its utmost to impoverish. While one is striving to make life easier for everyone, the other is striving to make life more bitter and hard. The land of the city of Toronto, which the government presented to a few families as a free gift a little more than a century ago, has advanced in value with every increase of population, till now the assessment of the jand stands at about $261,000,000, while the value of the buildings is placed at a little over $181,000,000. ' Hitherto these two values have been treated as though they represented equally an increase of wealth. While the increased value of the buildings indicates a greater abundance of buildings and consequently a greater abundance of wealth, the increase iu the value of the land is an indication of the greater demand of the people for land. It comes from the pressure of population and public ^improvements. The value of the O08T OP LIVING /2V CANADA 937 buildings is an asset while the value of the land is a liability. While labour has added buildings to the value of $181,000,000, the increased value of the land, according to our present rnetbods of ta.xntion, allow the owners of the land to n.uke a claim on tho-e buildings and other assets, to the amount of $261,000,000. When the adjustment of taxation allows the owners of the land to collect the value which comes to the land through the presence of population, then it is of the utmost importance to observe that these landownei^ can appropriate the buildin"-s crops and other labour products, which they do notjiing to produce. Thus they a^re exempt from all toil to provide anything for themselves or for the support of the Government. This subjects one part of society to a double liability; one to support the govern^ ment, the other to support the landowners. This leaves one part of society to do all the work and the other part to carry off the wealth. One part enriches, the other part impoverishes. The following figures will give some idea of the claim of the landowners on the rest of the community as shown by the assessment of the land and the buildings :— Winnipeg, Man., land . . $1S1,T95,Y40 juildings. . $93,997,150 Moosojaw, Sask. " . . 41,451,189 " . . 18,298,870 Eegina, Sask. " .. 63,558,346 " .. 13,'516i720 Calgary, Alta. " . . 102,260,915 « . . 20,813,'620 In the towns and cities of the eastern part of the Dominion is no such excess of the value of the land over that of the buildings. If the owners of the land in Winnipeg have a clpim on the community of nearly $152,000,000, and there are only $93,000,000 worth o^ buildings, the land owners can appropriate all the buildings and also $60,000,000 of -other assets. In ordinary years the liability to the owners of *the land is always so great that a large part of the business is necessarily conducted jon small margins. If, however, a frenzy of speculation strikes any locality, then prices are carried beyond all reason, often beyond the possibility of realization. In that fcase a collapse is inevitable. The landvwhich God gave to humanity as a free gift becomes the dearest thing for which they have to pay. When John Stuart Mill was asked what is the heaviest burden on the land, he replied, "The landlord." In the city of Toronto, since the year 1904, the Value of the land has increased from about $61,000,000 to $261,000,000, or more than four-fold, while the value of the buildings has arisen from $61,000,000 to $181,000,000, just about three-fold, and at the same time the population increasod from 219,000 to 445,000, or a little more than double. Thus the value of the land has increased fully twice as fast as the population, and one-third faster than the value of the buildings. In this way the liability of industry increased faster than the population, and also faster than the products of industry. The histoipy of the last hundred years has shown invariably that when this combination of CQuditions occurs, it is followed invariably by depression. The wholesale bankruptcies of the year 1837 accompanied with the closing of a large number of the banks, was preceded by a wildtat inflation of- land values by the speculators. A similar coUaipse of the year 1857, with the paralysis of its indus- tries and the closure of all the banks of the principal cities was preceded by a frenzy of land speculation. Similar conditions prevailed previous to the depression of 1893. During the last few years we have witnessed th« phenomenal growth of cities, and at the same time the swarming of the speculators, many of whom without add- ing a dollar to the wealth of the community, have won 'ample fortunes. While thus labour has been grinding at the wheel, and after being despoiled by unjust taxation, competing with the advent of Skoals of immigrants, squeezed like a rag by speculators, and stripped of his right to his share in this earth, thus is he reduced to hardship and often to want. 938 BOARD OF IXQUIRT INTO The owner of an acre of land well situated in this city can easily obtain a groimd rental of $10,000 to $100,000 yearly for which he need not do one hour's work in a Ufetime. The cast of living to him is nothing. The returns published by the Grovern- ment show that the average wage is lower than $500 yearly. To the workman the cost of living is the most of his life. So long as the value of the building^ the incomes, and the businesses are assessed for taxation there will always be a margin of land value left, which will lead the speculator and the ground lord to despoil industry, so. that the mass of the people will have to exercise much care, economy and ingenuity to make the income cover the expense. The simple remedy ajid the only one which we can see will be in any way effective, is to remove the taxes as quickly as possible from the products of industry and place them on the value of land. Tours respectfully, (Sgd.) D. B. J4-CQTJES, President. CSgd.) SYDENHAM THOMPSOlSr, Secretary. XEAEIXG THE CAUSE. Ottawa "Citizen, December 11, 1913. (XoT£.— The article herewith reproduced is particularly but by no means solely applicable to conditions in Western Canada, and is therefore recommended to the pre- sent commission on the high cost of living, by a "Westerner.) "Every conceivable cause foT the high cost of living has apparently been men- tioned, ranging from the penalty of prosperity to the amoimt of gold in a dollar. " It is interesting to note that the growing tendency is to look for the real cause in the land. Evidently more, and more people are getting -down to fundamental prin- ciples, \vith good promise that the real cause will be discovered and removed. "In a food producing country like Canada the secret of salvation from the high cost of living must surely be found at home, and not abroad. " Hon. George E. Foster in his speech at Smith's Falls showed unmistakable signs of having recognized this latter fact. " He referred to the effect made upon the cost of living by laud speculation. " He showed that the operations of the land speculators had raised rent in such a way as to greatly increase the cost of distribution, without adding to the price paid the producer. ' They run up real estate to ten times its value, and not a mother's son of them adds one cent to the value of the land.' "Here was a perfectly clear statement concerning unearned increment, and the folly of allowing it to be possessed by private speculators instead of by the community whose activity created it. " If he had continued his argument to its logical and practical conclusion he would have shown that in city and country this process has been going on, until the country is caught in the grip of land monopoly." All of the unthinking are moreover reaching out after this wiU-o'-the-wisp repre- sented by fictitious land values, and must reap the consequence. " The trail of the cause of the high cost of Jiving ends here." So says the Hon. Gleorge Foster So says th^ flttawa Gitizen. COST OF LIViyG ly CAXADA 939 Read also Saturday Night, September 20th and 2Yth, and October 25th, Citizen December 4th and December 2Yth. Montreal Weekly Witness, November 4th. St. John Telegraph, Financial Times and Edmonton Capital, on the unearned increment. Kemedy: Tax the unearned increment of land sales thirty per cent. To the HoxouR.\BLE Walter Scott^ Premier of the Province of Saskatchewan. ' The Petition of the undersigned residents of the .T'rovince of Saskatchewan and adjacent provinces without regard to political party humbly sheweth. 1. That individual ownership of land exists by th^. sufferance of the State. 2. That the progressive increase in the market value of fajm and town land, while as yet unimproved, is correctly attributed to the labours of the people as a whole; that is to say, it is a phenomenon of general and not individual development. 3. Such increases in land values are by the sufferance of the State permitted to accrue to individuals, who administer the said profits'for themselves. 4. That a fictitious increase out of proportion to the normal increase in land values is commonly brought about by a class of citizens who are otherwise engaged in no productive work. 5. That a limitation of these activities is desirable. 6. That the general cost of living is increased in proportion to the number of those people and their families who are so engaged in unproductive labour and more- over a labour which has no ethical value but the reverse; while they subsist on community wealth. We, your petitioners, believe that the day of such unregulated private tenure of land has seen it period of fullest usefulness and that it is now waning; that the speculation in land for rise in value will be productiva of greater evils in the future than in the past if unchecked; and that the public interest demands legislation for an expropriation of the future unearned increment of land,.both farm and town properties being included. It is therefore proposed by an initial tax of thirty (30) per cent on the said future increments as fixed by the sworn records of actual sales, and by a first charge on agreements of sale, to discourage the speculation In land for a rise in value but initially most particularly to discourage the creation of fictitious values and to steady investments. And whereas the enactment of such legislation wo*uld rob no man of what he has by his labour and skill actually produced; And whereas the enactment of such legislation 'would restore to the public a portion of that which they as a whole produce, to be used for the legitima,te objects of public works and social betterments ; without disturbing for the time being the actual tenure of land for productive or for residential purposes or for no purpose in the option of the holder of the said land; ' And whereas the proposed legislation is remedial; And whereas it will materially decrease the cost e>i living and promote industry; And whereas it is in line with those great modern piovements which recognize the indications of social readjustment and seeks means by which the threatening wave may be made to spend its force without destruction, re,storing to the public that which the present system of tenure has alienated from them^ namely community wealth; And whereas the proposed legislation is moderate:^ Therefore we do petition your Government to tak§ such steps in conjunction with the Government of Canada as shall render all lands in the Province of Saskatchewan amenable to the said taxation of thirty per cent on unearned. profits over and above improvement values individually created; such profits being determined by sworn records of actual sales and the opinion of legally constituted boards of assessors; and further for the placing of a first charge on all agreem*ents of sale of not less than ten 940 BOARD OF lyQVIRY INTO (10) -per, cent of the calculated unearned profits accruing; the balance or twenty per cent to be recoverable in its entirety from the seller on the completion of deed. And that only such part of the said levies as your government may deem advis- able becojne a part of the public fund of the municipalities and towns affected thereby ; the balance to become the property of the Province of Saskatchewan for revenue or investment and the needed public betterments. And if the constitutionality of such legislation, be in doubt, may the same be referred by the respective Governments to the Government of Canada or the Parlia- ment of Great Britain, for the needed amendments to the law to the end that the local machinery of governments be made effective for such Appraisals and levies. Also that your Government will, as soon as practicable, make necessary the said appraisements and levies by Sta.tute. '' Land never was private property in that personal sense in which we speak of a thing as our own, with which we may do as we please. It belongs to all the human race.' EespeetfuUy submitted, Note. — The above form of Petition was handed to .the Board of Inquiry atEegino. COST OF LIVIXC I^^ GAN'ADA 941 APPENDIX No. 43. ' THE EC()XOMICAL CONDITION AND RESOURCES OF THE CANADIAN MIDDLE WEST. IXTRODUCTOKY. A study of the causes of the high prices prevaiUng here should begin by taking account of the increase of intelligence in the past century among people everywhere, with an accompanying advance in enterprise. Education and wider reading have awakened fuller consciousness in them; they are more aware of what is going on in the world, and with this knowledge their physical ahd mental wants increase. The spirit of " divine discontent " is abroad, ^purring men to rise in their btandard of living and so promoting civilization; none are content without better fare than their fathers could get. They strive for rAore money as a means to attain more luxury, more amusement, more leisure to enjoy. The love of life has increased with their wider outlook; and the capacity to enjoy is active and eager to be gratified, at first in physical well-being and after in the exercise of the higher faculties of taste and imagination. These larger wants have occasioned a continually growing increase in manu- factures and trade, which has been made feasible by -a concurrently increasing output of gold. Not that the supply of gold in itself directly promotes trade, but that on the fjiiantity of it in circulation and in reserve depends the volume of credit money — of bank notes, loans and credits — available for trade, always in due ratio though to a vastly greater amount than the gold. The possessiion of this by the banks enables credit and credit money to be issued to a proportionate though much larger volume, and so promotes or retards trade as the quantity of gold available expands or shrinks If credit money be in excess, trade is over-stimulated, while any diminution of its volume through a loss of its basis of gold, brings it down to a sober use, though, if the diminution be not very great, trade will still, as an after-effect of the expansion, be stimulated in some measure. The credit money now actually in use might have been still larger in volume but for the continual Iioarding in India of a good deal of the world's gold supply, which withdrawing has Kad the effect of keeping the rest effective in. extending and cheapening credit. It i^ to be noted, however, in this connection that any very large increase in the supply of gold could not stimulate trade to a correspondingly large amount unless it «were gradual, spread over years, for the volume of trade depends first of all on the c£Epacity to do it, and this capacity is not as elastic as the production of gold might conceivably become. Therefore we may say that the price of commodities, depending .on the state of trade and^ credit would not automatically rise, as is sometimes tlought, correspondingly with an overabundant supply of gold. This expansion on all sides went on until at last it seemed a few months ago that the very limit of the business capacity of the western world had been reached. New enterprises were every day begun, and the production of goods was so increased that inevitably this must have equalled or even exceeded; the consumption had it not been (1) for the great stimulus to consumption mentioned above, and (2) for a contmual loss of goods through waste in various ways— in a huge destruction by fire always going on, by shipwreck, in unskilful or careless housekeeping, in an extravagant use 942 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO of necessities and luxuries, in the support of a large non-producing town population, not being distributors; and (but tbis is only abroad) in the maintei^ance of vast armies and of non-producing workmen on strike — all which and the like has used up the increase in goods produced and prevented the fall in prices that should otherwise have taken place, if in these various ways consumptipn had not been made to exceed production. iA marked slackening of business set in last mid- winter; there came a pause, then a receding of the tide; and it looked for a time as if more and more slackness in the trade of the whole western world were coming. That most timorous arid appre- l\ensive thing — credit, over-strained no doubt, taking alarm was shaken when busi- ness showed signs of proving unproiitable ; and available working capital at once grew scarce and dear. Such a stoppage of industrial loans — of industrial working capital would ordin- raily by, checking production tend to raise or maintain prices. Por these are governed by the law of supply and demand, and when there is a scarcity of goods — when demand exceeds supply, prices rule high and tend to rise; and when to ordinary consumption is added such waste as has been spoken of, a scarcity still greater is produced, and prices rise still higher to the consumer. This when irade is good. But when it is bad, consumption falls off as well as production, and hence a check is put to any rise of prices, which indeed may actually fall, from a pressure to sell goods. II. The working capital proper of a nation consists in its accumulated savings, but our capital in Western Canada still lies in undeveloped, or but partially developed resources. Individuals among us have local capital but the West as a whole has not yet accumulated a realized working capital of its own„; it owes more debt payable in gold abroad than it has gold to pay with. But it has had in general credit to supple- ment what gold it owns — credit as a vigorous growing nation, an enterprising and industrious people, with a reputable government, possessing vast latent resources — credit abroad, chiefly as is natural, with^the mother country. To the confidence of England and her generous financial aid we owe all our industrial expansion, develop- ment, and prosperity the past ten years. Through her world-wide trading the savings of England increase her surplus capital so fast that she employs the excess as it grows in loans and ventures the world over; but an over-demand on this surplus from everywhere for trade purposes and loan requirements had come and as an incident used up the portion of it that would otherwise have been available to Western Canada; though perhaps this had been already forestalled by our too lavish demands for (tevelopment purposes, while our credit had been impaired by some ill effects of the inordinate speculation prevailing. At that juncture, however, in England what with vast foreign war and colonial gov- ernment and railway loans and trade commitments, there was not sufiicient surplus savings available to supply all demands on it from every quarter. Despite the con- tinuous strain, however, of these demands they were gradually met except for Canada ; through it all general credit remained unimpaired an4 no sign of panic was seen;— all showing an inherent strength that affords us a hope for the future, when we shall have rehabilitated ourselves. The depression there has I since passed off and trade now seems as flourishing as ever, owing in paopt to an accumulation of available funds through the depression. But the credit of Western Canada has not yet revived; our borrowing power is for the moment at a low ebb. We have no doubt been unconscion- ably lavish in spending the money lent us. Too much has been spent on our towns and cities; the development of our resources has been hastened too much; railway construction in the far West has been too rapid for our ready means. Besides bond capital for railway construction, we have borrowed abroad largely for provincial public works— roads, bridges, and buildings, and for municipal pur- COST OF LIVING IN CAyTADA 943 poses — schools, street construction and lighting, water works, drainage and civic buildings; all this latter on a scale to accommodate town populations far too large. From these borrowings, with the proceeds of our exports, has come our working capital, suppjemented by money sent here from abroad for investment or brought into the country by immigrants, and by commercial and bank credits. On borrowed moneys interest must of course be paid all along, while in general payment of the principal, lent for the development of the country, is properly set over until some fruits of the development shall fall in. But our supply of borrowed money for these purposes failing, the result immedi- ately followed that many important municipal works in the larger cities and towns came to & stop, private building also stopping in gre^t part, except for large institu- tions that could afford to build for the future; and. other industries slackened, the demand for goods falling off; with the consequence everywhere that many workpeople and clerks, with troops of temporary real estate dealers, wore thrown out of employ- ment. Artisans and other workmen expect work to slacken in the winter season; but the past winter there was more unemployment than usual, owing to the many immi- grants that had been allured here before it was seen how our supply of money from abroad would stop and what ill-effects would ensue; and the extra competition of these for what little work has been doing has aggravated the situation for the rest. The stoppage of supply caught everybody under some commitments for spending. Public works then in progress had to be finished; private people had investments in land or buildings only partly paid for that could not be sold, or in businesses whose stocks were full and almost as unsaleable. With everybody money became (as it still is) scarce ; and this through rank after rank from the well-off downward to the smallest trader. A healthier state now happly prevails. People have settled down to the everyday business at hand, of which there is usually plenty to tie found in a new country with an industrious population such as ours. Debts are being paid, slowly it is true, and the banks are able safely to do much for legitimate business purposes — all that it is wise to do in view of the precarious state of the Ca:^ada account in London. Still there is much unemployment. A much larger supply of money is wanted; but while money accumulates in Eng- land from savings and is invested as occasion serves, we cannot expect that it will flow readily into our West yet awhile. This Western Canada is a new country and the populations have not the settled habits of the older provinces. The men are mostly young and among them are mny whom it is hard to' keep at steady employment, with such limitless opportunities as they fancy on all sides. The past ten years has been for us a period of settlement and rapid growth amid v&st undeveloped resources, where speculation might have been expected; and this indeed has hovered about all our trad- ing proper, ready to break in at the least opportunity. The exhilarating climate too fosters a daring sanguine spirit, which, though it be seen only here and there, yet. being most prominent in the public eye, causes a doubt of the general stability of our business men, however little they may be implicated ;: and so is a constant menace to our credit. While therefore if we are open to any suspicion oh this head as well as on that of extravagance such of our industrial securities as aire not conspicuously good are unlikely to be in favour in London, we may yet obtain there a share of their surplus funds for certain municipal- purposes (though we may have to pay high rates), care being taken as to the advisability of the purpose. Our municipal securities are semi- public in character, having virtually the whole respective community at their back; and the supply if adequate in amount, with other moneys for farm mortgage loarts that would continue to come if the demand for such revive, the farmer again feeling he may borrow, — this would also revive industries ever.^iwhere wholesomely. But the demand awaiting London is always enormous; while their finances have lately beeii so disturbed by the Balkan Waa- that any full supply iof money there vrill, for a year 944 BOARD OF IffQUIRT MTO or two, probably be but fitful and occasional ; and for us to succeed at all we must give the best assurance we can that speculative adventures' are no longer in favour with us, and that eschewing all extravagance we are. in the settled resolve that any money lent us hereafter shall faithfully be put to productive use — an earnest and security for which we may adduce in the prudent conservative trading already observable among us under the controlling influence of the banks. Our .actions are the best assurance wo can give, and through them only can we expect to regain access to the English money market, so essentially necessary to our further industfjal progress. III. In common with the east the cities and towns of the West contain too many non- producers and non-distributors : an urban population ^hould always bear a due propor- tion to the rural population the town or city serve^- But perhaps the fault here is, not that the town populations are too large as that those of the country are too small; there are not so many people on the land as there ought to be on such an extensive area in use. A good number of townspeople are necessary; for the purpose of distributing goods, for finance and insurance, and for local domestic industries; while much woik of diverse sorts for local needs may be done most conifeniently near-by. Place may also be found for a light sprinkling of such ardent enterprising spirits as are alluded to above, so quick to perceive and seize opportunities to prosper, whose useful function it is to arouse a slow place to life. Local industries are all-important. The developinent of any local advantage that may profitably be made marketable is by all means to be encouraged, as are grist mills and the like and any other local industries in whose favour there is distance from large industrial centres ; and it should be felt as a loyal duty by every resident to prefer trad- ers on the spot to those at a distance, even at some extra cost. Propertied and moneyed men, while supporting their investments, and others of influence, should too endeavour by all means to render life in their towns so agreeable that people there might be able to live in some degree of comfort. Sound industries and trades suitable to local needs are above all necessary for this, and these should have the active co-operation as well uo the goodwill of wealthy citizens in establishing and sustaining them. But it is waste to carry on an unsuitable business anywhere; our attention in the West had better be given for the present not chiefly to industrial enterprises, but to the agricultural resources of a neighbourhood. On these alone can our rural towns be established well as centres of local industries. The larger a city or town population becomes theibetter will it be able to reach out and compete for trade in smaller towns, for among the larger population will be foimd more skill and experience and ability to do work cheaply ; whereby their industries will grow in importance till they become of the first rank. There are many sound and well established financial and industrial businesses in the Middle West that may be expanded, but the establishment of new ones just yet .on any large scale would be most difiicult. The rise of any very large manufacturing centres — of anything like a great factory system — except where special local advantages exist or the industry depends more on power than labour, has indeed been rendered' unfeasible for the present by the high cost of living here, notably of rent and fuel; for while this condition prevails it will be impossible to get sufficient cheap labour. We have a highly ozonized climate and sunshine of dazzling splendor — creating mirages it would seem on our prairies — under whose exhilarating influence the glamoui of a harvest of hundreds of millions of bushels of wheat predicted for us every spring has had the eifect of plausibly inspiring a vast nomadic host of migrating real estate speculators, operating everywhere, to cover in imagination the whole prairie country presently with flourishing peopled^ farms. This prospect has been lent countenance to by much undistinguishing praise lavished on the country and its resources by casual passers-through; and so English investors have been .misled into buying prairie lands COST OF LIVING IN CANADA 945 at farm prices, many others here being similarly carried away by their own delusive optimism. Much money was made while they could sell as well as buy; but much embarrassment ensued when the selling became less easy, very many of the poorer sort falling into distress. Dealing in real estate was the form the speculative spirit of our sanguine people took. It became the prominent feature — the very centre of their enterprise and a veri- table school of gambling that continually attracted newcomers, who eagerly seized on it rather than settle down to the more arduous work of developing something of our resources. The great access of population to the Western cities and towns within the past ten years — ^the air of prosperity there given (amid much real business) by bustling crowds, enaljled the speculators, by action and reaction, undfer the same stimulating climatic influence, to achieve a corresponding though much greater rise in. the price of town lands. Such a rise is incident to a very sudden great increase in town populations; but it belongs properly only to a period of town growth, and will stop when the real wants of the period are fulfilled. While it lasted with us — ^while the land could be sold on a rising market, great profits were reaped by the speculators, throwing an almost equally great burden on the occupying workers; and under that artificial stimulus prices were gradually carried up to a range that in general can be regarded only as — ^belonging to a stage of development we have not yet reached. With an equally high cost of building, in these conditions, high rents have fol- lowed of course on inflated land values. For wage anji salary earners, after the rent is paid, an inadequately small proportion of earnings is now left for the other necessaries of life, including the most costly article of fuel; and this is felt as a burden by work- people of all kinds, who are in the predicament that while from under-supply high prices prevail in everything else they do not in labour, because this is in over-supply. So many have been attracted here by the lure of the West that labour, especially cleri- cal labour, is over-abundant, which keeps the rate of their pay far below a due ratio to the enhanced cost of living; while shopkeepers and traders, with business stagnant, have a struggle to pay rent, or dividends in the shape of rent, on what is in its effect on them an over-capitalization of the land their premises occupy. But failing any relief to this, which it. would seem is likely to come only from a great expansion of business, it is certain that such inflation of town valu*es must sooner or later, wherever earnings cannot at all be made to pay correspondingly high rents — where interest on land values, in the form of rent, absorbs too large a share of the proceeds of a shop- keeper's sales, or of a tenant's income — ^wherever this is the condition it must end in a cessation of dividends on the excess values; that is, in a lowering of rents to their proper economic level, values being brought, as they always ought to be, to the test of revenue return, or at the most but a little above this. With this inflation, cheap homes are unattainable. Any home indeed — any true home — is unattainable or difScult to maintain where a too great proportion of one's income is taken for interest on the cost and for taxefe, or in the equal burden of high rents. Such a rate of expense therefore is driving people into apartment blocks, into a sort of limited co-operative housekeeping, which perhaps is cheaper, and doubtless is convenient for ladies alone and small families, but for the rest any such nomadic life is not conducive to the discharge of the duties of citizenship or a due feeling of loyalty to the city. There are, however, no lea^ than three hundred and fifty apartment blocks in Winnipeg. Many are highly respectable, but all must be limited in accommodation, some so much so that the city soJicitor warns us that they are on the verge of becoming slums. It iy bad for family life where children have no back yard to play in, but must scamper through passaged and corridors within doors for exercise. Parks, of which we in Winnipeg have plenty, and two or so of the very best on the continent, are a great though but occasional relief to this, but are not at all a substitute. A family must feel that they are but lodging in apartments; it is an encampment rather than a home, which will not arouse affection save in a slight 82696—60 946 BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO degree ; the charm of home in the old fashioned sense cannot be there as a centre of family affection to which one can look back with emotion in after life. A loss of our working capital, and so one cause of high prices, began some years ago with a large amount of money carried out of the We&t by strangers as profits on their real estate operations, burdening the land again to that extent for settlers,; while further losses now come from sending money abroad for foodstuffs that could be produced as well at home, and from many of our moneyed people going abroad to winter. Another though apparently but a remote cause :of loss to us of working capital lies in the erection of life assurance, loan companj, and bank buildings for larger than what is necessary for accommodation, and proportionately costly. The excess here cannot earn any rental. The building— this excess of building, has it is true given employment to workmen, circulating money for both material and wages, but the work finished, the cost of the wages paid directly and on the material is gone- it has been consumed; and so much working capital is sunk for ever afterwards, whose want will be felt -until savings enough have been accumulated by the^ country to replace it. And similarly with residences needlessly large; whose excess is waste, unless their grandeur set forth, as a large house always should, some dignity of position or assumed character in the owners. This country has no surplus capital of its own that would in general warrant such dormant investments. Still, when the buildings are distinguished by beauty or design — when they adorn our streets,, educating us and elevating that part of our nature that ranges above mere utilitarian- ism, we excuse the expense, though it be a little beyond what we can properly afford. Other charges on our resources are interest payments on our vast borrowings abroad and our share of the general governmental expense on the civil service, which last for the whole country withdraws multitudes from productive and distributive industry. With respect to this, it is to state a truism that every dollar earned by the people must bare its share of the taxes levied, and the higher these become the more- does the effective purchasing power of the dollar diminish. The cost of living in Canada is higher than anywhere else; prices rise markedly as you go from east to west, owing partly no doubt to the great distance of the West from the industrial producing centres, the extra freight always adding to the cost of heavy goods here; coal, for instance, must pay so much freight per ton for every mile it is carried from the mine. But the high cost of living is partly due also to extravagant habits of living; though a moderate indulgence in these is not to be blamed overmuch; we are a virile race living in a most exhilarating climate and we must, if haply we are able, live a large generous liie. A high level of prices is not always bad. It is a mark of prosperity when accom- panied by a high level of wages, denoting a higher Standard of living for every one; while low prices with but little money denote the reverse. The prosperity must how- ever be well balanced, founded on a sound and extensive industrialism able to give steady employment to working people of all kinds, and to afford them good wages. But for every one, however fit or unfit, always to have to provide for high prices is too strenuous a life, leaving at best too little leisure; and there is the danger of anxiety and distress should the prosperity fail even but a little; while a certain ill-effect is that they make the leading of a simple frugal life njore difficult by insensibly foster- ing among us a luxuriousness foreign to the general habit of conscientious people. The buoyant sanguine spirit that has done so much to raise the cost of living to us is not to be depreciated — it has also carried the country far on the road to prosperity , but that this advance may endure and be well founded something more is wanted now. The excesses of our late period of growth have ended through exhaustion of the subject and lack of means to go on ; the sources of the seeming prosperity that accompanied it have failed; and we are driven to economy and retrenchment — that we may afterward* enter on a naturally succeeding and it is to be hoped more profitable period of develop- COST OF LIYiyO IN CANADA 947 ment and production, which if we use it right we shall certainly come to regard as a golden opportunity afforded us to firmly settle and establish the growth we have attained so far. This growth is by no means ended; only a pause has come for a staider period of consolidation that must intervene before any considerable further step forward can be taken with the best advantage. Let it be seen that an old fashioned attention to the business before us of producing beeomd now the rule, no countenance being given to disturbing speculation. All should be got somehow at work — at work of useful development and production and distribution, through which alone can any true and permanent prosperity come to the country. IV. Whenever the subject of the resources of this Middle West — of what we produce — is mooted, when we look for what means we have to pay, our way, the mind reverts at once to our wheat fields. We have other products than wheat; the oat and barley crops last year were of the value of 90 million dollars, and v?9 have flax, fish, minerals, the timber that skirts our prairies, and many other things-; but the market value of all these products together is less than the value of the wlfeat ; they do not bulk so large to the mind nor so strike it as of the first importance. This foremost place of wheat in our produce has come about from the good prices once obtainable for it for local consumption. But when under such favour it was grown in great quantity it became necessary to export the excess, and this came into competition in the British market, beside American wheat, with the wheat grown by peasant labour in Kussia, India, Egypt, and Argentina. The price of their greater quantity of wlieat then ruled the price of ours, and the feturn therefore for our higher priced labour became as low as theirs ; though this effect was obscured to us for a time by the accident of good prices for wheat in Britain. The cost of living however is so much higher to our wheat growers than to their foreigfi competitors that when prices fell the profit left to them was at once felt to be insufiiciejit and some relief is now being sought from the high rate of expense, in a new route to the sea, lower freights, a lower tariff, and a free wheat market to the South, And when we consider that we are grow- ing wheat, on the same wages as those peasants, although our scale of living is much higher, and when this is brought home to us, as it has been by the decline in *he price of wheat in Britain in late years, we cannot but conclude that in growing it exclusively to the extent we do at such prices we arc not making' the best possible of our farm lands. In that perhaps we stiU instinctively cling to the traditional axiom that bread is the staff of life — which however it no longer is to the extent it once was for most people, who in becoming better off have got beyond tha|; simplicity of living and now must have a richer and more varied diet of meat and luk.uries of cookery. ^ And as the poorer classes in Britain and Europe (our market) rise in intelligence, their wants too increase and they aim at a higher standard of comfort than any mere living on bread alone; which change it may be is one contributing cause x)f the low price of wheat now ruling. Yet with all this, wheat is a convenient cash crop for us; growing it is a sure means to get the ready money we must have every year to pay our way; we are under a necessity indeed to grow some considerable quantity o*f it to pay our living expenses and our current indebtedness abroad. Still, even for this purpose it should be merely an auxiliary to farming, not its chief object. According to the Dominion Government statisticiaris the wheat crop of the three prairie provinces for 1913, from a cultivated area of 10 million acres, was 209 million bushels, of a total value (at 67i cents the bushel) of 141 million dollars. The yield per acre for the several provinces was, for Manitoba 19 bushels, Saskatchewan 21-3 bushels, and Alberta 22-7 bushels, the average of all beiiig 20-8 bushels, which, valuing the land at $20 the acre, works out to cost with interest. 574 cents per bushel, leaving a surplus to the grower of 10 cents per bushel, or about $2 per acre. The total surplus accruing to the wheat growers of the three provinces i'S about 21 million dollars, the Jemaining. 120 million dollars being the cost of growing the crop with interest on the 82696— 60i 948 BOARD OF IXQUTR7 INTO value of the land. This amount of cost, with a proportion of the 90 million dollars pro- duced by the oat and barley crops, has been the chief "means of supporting a large rural population, in farm labour to a small extent and to a larger one in industries akin to farming, with something to the farmer himself, ftnd so certainly has been a great gain to the country. That we have been able to realize these large sums from the produce of the land is an immensely important fact in considering the value of our resources. It shows the land has a substantial revenue-producing value, which without doubt may be greatly increased by more scientific farming. The difference now between the cost of growing the wheat crop and its sale proceeds is hardly indeed a safe margin of profit. Before all things — and this is the conclusion of the whole matter — the product- iveness of the land somehow should, as it may be*, increased. A note of doubtful value indeed would attach to the land if the result from such farming as obtains must continue always so poor. The Government statisticians cited above state the total yield of wheat for all Canada in 1913 at 232 million bushels, of the value of 156 million dollars, from a cultivated area of 11 million acres, and the share we in the West take in this wheat culture is evidently too preponderant in our farming. The wheat crop of the three prairie provinces was nine-tenths of the total wheat crop of Canada, whereas our oat and barley crops were each only six-tenths of the total foi Canada, So that if our wheat crop had been diminished by one-third or 70 million bushels, it would still have borne the same proportion to the wheat crop of the rest of Canada as our oat and barely crops bear. (The continued preponderance of wheat growing in the West comes now no doubt from the easiness of cultivating our prairie fields.) Uut though the wheat crop may be increased in yield per acre, yet other branches of farming replacing it partly would pay better. We; ought long ago more earnestly to have set about improving our agriculture ; a way to do which would be not merely to increase the acreage under cultivation, as we are always doing, but also to make every acre yield more by higher intensive culture, with rotation of crops, and further by the general adoption of mixed fann- ing, wherever there is some broken park-like land, and from the nature of the soil and a plenitude of water this is suitable and feasible. The amount of this mixed f arming^ought in general largely to exceed the wheat growing in "extent and value ; we should thereby avert th e danger of loss through drought or haU or frost, and avoid the present necessity of rushing our chief crop to market at whatever price may rule, and so also the yearly recurrent problem o'f transportation would be solved. The railways would be busy all the year round instead of being as now over-busy for two months or so in the autumn; while the avoidance of the pressure to ship the crop would besides render feasible a co-operative use of farm machinery, belonging to a number of neighouring farmers instead of as now wholly to one, every one own- ing a set, whose heavy cost is felt by all as too great a charge. And more important still, mised and diversified farming by bringing fartns closer together would afford better opportunties of social intercourses among the yoimg people, so keeping them contentedly on the farm while the elders would also be kept there employed the year round. And as such farming flourishes in a neighbourhood so will local industries. The farm indeed is a field for increased productiveness that by serving also as a foundation for industries can, as nothing else can, ptomote trade and bring perman- ent prosjMrity to the West. That in a general adoption of mixed and widely diversified farming — gradually it must be — lies our best hope, is happily coming to be seen more and more every day; in the last year or two a steady increase in the number of cattle kept on the farms has been discernible in passing through the country. The improvement should be encouraged by aU means. The keeping of a proportionate number of cattle and sheep besides pigs on every farm might be effectually brought about by the banks in their temporary advances to farmers and by loan companies. Some wheat lands are certainly overcropped and cattle and sheep ought to be turned on them to restore their COST OF LITIXG IN CAXADA 949 fertility; signs are not wanting of a deterioration in the wheat we are growing — our old-time pride "No. 1 Hard," for instance is almost -a thing of the past. Homesteads have been allowed too freely to encroach on the ranges in the far West and crowd them out. Their cattle might otherW^ise by this time have stocked all the farms, so cheapening meat for the whole coimtry, whereas now, failing any ade- quate demand from the farms, the western ranges have to export much of their cattle to the South, and this causes scarcity and higli pr'ices to the consumer. This want mixed farming would supply; while also near every town and city there should be extensive market gardens and poultry and dairy farmers the want of which is another great cause of high prices in our housekeeping. With such agricultural resources at hand it is most wasteful not to produce 'enough of such things to supply our townspeople, but to be obliged to import them at a great extra cost from a distance. With ■steady encouragement, the law of supply and demand would by-and-by come into operation here and redress the fault, the better prices obtainable for meats over- coming the excessive wheat growing. This must always be mainly an agricultural country with farming its chief industry, and the ideal before us should for the present be to endeavour to establish lu-st an industrious and prosperous community of farmers, who shall, while farming well, gradually adopt mixed farming where feasible; near whose farms there shall be many small towns and somewhat larger cities, where the farmers' sons on leaving home may build up suitable local industries, which would form the best foundation for more important ones that might afterwards be found advisable and be able to gain a footing in the neighbourhood. iThe people of the Middle West should all know something of farming; and sufficient land ought to be made available to townspeople somewhere near-by as a field for farming practice, in which they may learn (and then teach) its rudiments, raising household garden supplies in the summer season, instead of idling this wholly away camping out. In some such a way, if generally adopted in large towns, might be found a resource that would do much to alleviate the evil of occasional unemployment. When this preliminary work is accomplished and our farms are producing greater wealth — wealth that now lies undeveloped, then will ^rise larger towns and cities here — the few already founded growing much larger, and worthily representing the real- ized wealth and imjKirtance of the Middle West. And then will the country generally be in such a condition of prosperity as farmers have never known yet, while a large population of industrial workers and distributors will Jae living cheaply and at ease. J. H. MENZIES, F.C.A. Bank of Nova Scotia Building, Winnipeg, June, 1914. COST OF LIVIXO IN CAy^DA 951 Board of Inquiry into Cost' of Living^ Ottawa, June 28, 1915. To the Sight Honourable Sir Robert Laird Borden, P.O., G.C.M.G., K.C., JSL.T)., Prime Minister. SUPPLEMENTAHY KEPOET. A report by Mr. E, H. Coats, one of the members of the Board, prepared as an exhibit of the Statistical Branch of the Department 0f Labour, ia tran&mitted here- with — together with two memoranda on the subjects of " Fish " and " Dairying " respectively. The above, while containing materials transmitted with our former report as Appendices Mos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and T, also contains new matter. It is suggested that these materials be printed as Volume II of the report. Mr. K. H. Coats, one of the members, has not signed the former report. His views on the subject of the inquiry, however, appear in Volume 11. EespectfuUy submitted, JOHN MoDOUGALD, Chairman. INDEX TO VOLUME I. Pace. Adulteration and inspection of staple commodities 15 foocIstufEs, — A. McGill , 736 Advertising i j7 Agriculture, — cost of production 773 Agricultural credit in Canada 70 & 830 " " Institutes, Italy ggg " " Report, Saskatchewan 843 " products, — distribution 928 Bacon prices, — England and Toronto compared 42 Beef cattle situation, — An American view. . , 43 Beef, — cost of production 800 Beef cuts, — C.P.R. standard * 41 " — Diagram showing primary cuts , 40 , Boots and shoes 33 Bread 35 Building materials 31 Canadian Middle West — Economical Conditions and Resources 941 Canadian Pacific Ry. lands, — general conditions of sale 68 Capitalization of industrial corporations" ^ 27 Cattle and Beef , 38 Cattle loan companies 812 Cheese 47 Clothing. 32 Cold-storage , 24 " and the public health 681 " butter and eggs 691 " effect on prices 679 fish 695 industry in Canada ' 678 " inspection ■ ■ 688 " marking.. ir 690 meats 694 " poultry 694 " public warehouses in Canada 683 " regulation of industry. . 679 time limit ■ • •■ 682 & 688 by W. R, Ingram, Swift Canadian Company. . , 686 by Frank G. Umer 702 " summary of charges '^* " summary of State Laws *^* Warehouse Act. 717 Combines Investigation Act ^^' Conclusion ■ ^^ Co-operation ; • ^" " Agricultural co-operative Act of Saskatchewan 887 " in agriculture — fundamental principles " in fruit industry. Nova Scotia ^ 009 in agriculture. Prance ■,. Cost of living in former times — press extracts : Crops, Canadian field — cost of production Customs Tariff ''^ 77c Dairy production in Canada, by J. A. Ruddick 20 Deliveries, retail 954 INDEX Page. Eggs — Canadian trade 781 " — Co-operative i)oviltry worlc in Prince Edward Islajid 784 " — Relation of preservation to poultry industry 787 Expenditure, unproductive 18 " weekly family 136 I'arming, mixed .' , 66 Fire waste, by Mr. E. Andrew 741 ■Fish 36 Fisb as food— comparative value 37 Piahingr industry in United Kingdom, by Geo. S. F. Edwards 744 Flour 34 Flour and bread prices, by Mr. W. W. Moore 747 i'lour, price of — consumer's view 750 — ^miller's view 750 Freight and express rates 426 -Gold, exports to Asia .: 76 <3old production — supply and demand 73 ■Gold — world's absorption and rise in prices 73 Hogs and hog products 42 Houses 20 Jlousing accommodation in cities and towns — ^Act to encourage 921 in Canada, "The Ontario Plan" — Report of Toronto Housing Company 896 " problem — press extracts • 894 Induatry — regulation of 71 Industrial combinations 26 " efficiency 12 Information Bureaus 71 Introductory , 5 Xiand settlement 66 " settlement — report of Committee of Vancouver Board .of Trade 931 " speculation 20 " tax ". 20 Xisatheir. , 33 lilve stock 37 ■liUmber and other building materiafls ■ 31 Luxuries ' i, 11 3Iarkeits and marketing 52 " effect on cost of living . . 53 " public in Canada g05 Meat, cost of production 800 Jliledicinal preparations 20 Mergers and trusts , 26 TMilk 45 " — cost of production gQ3 MonojKrties 26 "Mutton — cost of production g02 " Australian — ^bearing on cost of living in Canada . . 789 Uebessltiea H Package goods and short weights ;,• Ig ■population — movement from the land 11 " — rural and urban of Canada in 1901 and 1911 by provinces 11 Pork— cost of production gOl Poultry and eggs 4g S'rloes — high and low 82 ■ " — ^boots and shoes 221 " — clothing 219 " — electric lighting, 1900-1913 39g " —of foods, r^ative, 1911-12-13 r .. .. .. .. .. 103 " — hospital charges and cost of maintenance 431 " — illuminating gas, 1900-1913 4I8 -■• — water service, 1900-1913 , 374 INDEX 955 PAGE. iPrices — commodity, Canada g^ other 6ountri6s. > . 228 United Kingdom .* 235 Australia 261 India 284 New Zealand 272 South Africa 282 Austria-Hungary 28s Belgium 297 Denmark * France -. * 300 '■ 300 Germany jqj Holland • 3jj^ Italy 313 Japan g^g Norway , ^n Russia 319 United States 253 " — the present situation j 33 ■Price movement — significance of data 335 {Prices, — wholesale, Canada, 1900-1913 ,. 35 " —retail, Canada, 1900-1913 130 " — wholesale and retail compared , 222 " — wholesale, index numbers for various countries, 1900-13 337 " — ^retaU, index numbers for various countries, 1900-13 367 iProductlon; '. . 14 Profits of packers and abattoirs 45 iPublic utilities 20 Rents , 20 " Canada, 1900-1913 .• 457 " United Kingdom 491 & 493 " Anstralia 494 " New Zealand ! 495 " South Africa t 495 " Belgium i 498 " France t 497 " Germany , 498 " Norway „ . . 498 " United States :. 492 Hubber .' 33 Salaries in Canada 658 ■Servioes 12 Sheep raising , 49. Single Tax : 936 Standard of living — necessities and luxuries , 11 Statistics 7 Stock yards, abattoirs and refrigeration 66 Telephone. ., 20 Town planning 20 Unemployment 71 Wages and cost of living 516 " " production.. ■* 620 " earnings and " real " 516 " and prices 520 " and hours of labour, Canada *99 " " United Kingdom 627 Australia 537 " " United States 531 "Waste and extravagance I* " Are •. 18 " food 16 Weights and Measures, by Mr. E. O. Way , 732 Wheat and other cereals « ^^ (2) t^e tine at my dlRposal. It has quite a lot of materials that are ncm to Canadian Btatistics. I unCortunately had no time to nfike an index, v/hich is a serious lack, S i n c e r e ly y ou r b , Professor Allyn A. Young , Sccretarv, /jaierican Econoraic Association, Cornell University, Ithaca, IT. Y. ^^,^«TMe<,r^^ '■VtZ Smb ^f^ Census and Statistics Office, Ottawa IvLarch 15th 1916 liy Dee^r ProfeBBor Young, - Very xaany t>ian}:s for your note of March 8th and your promise to give me the benefit of your criticisrti of Volume II. As you know, Commissions p.re not alv^ays satisfactory, I wanted to ma.ke a report from two 'broad points of vievr. Pirst, an examination of the rise in "prices"- that is of the general economic situation; and second, a series of intensive studies in the main necessaries, I only completed the first (v/hich is Volume II«;^ and ms..de an ineffectual "beginning at the second (which is represented hy the -eaBdwJBSa on fish and dairy products at the end of Volume II) . The idea \va.s to follow the latter with similar studies in meats, cereals, etc, and then "get dovv-n to "brass tacks" with a series of crons-section generalizations on the operations of combines, tariff influences, marketing methods, etc, I'ly colleagues, however, had other views, and I had not the energy to complete the job as planned. The result was that they threw their ideas together in Volume I (which, by the way, contains :S "appendices" five or six hundred pages from Volume II- only set up in a mjinner which I do not approve) while I -made the best of the situation from my own point of view in Volume II. You will see that the whole affair has been disappointing. However, I think as far as it goes the main memorandum of Volume II correlates the factors in the Canadian price rise and is about as good as I could mal^e it in xJ^ t^sfc; --^j ^tS- W- ■ *.' ;-. 4r ^ L , , . " B \ ! ; : \